FuIl mats: Z0 Time: Tbrce (03) hours

ff.3. Answer six questions, taking three from each section.

The questions are of equal ialue.
Use separate answer scrip for each section.
,- $ECTION-A
gU/("1 what is random number? Find out the 5 (five) random number using + 2
conventional equation fo,r p=53, q=73 and N:2gj'. Suppose
(b) Xo:l l.
A drawer contains a dozen brown socks and a dozenuf.act socks, all unmatched.
3

05
A man takes socks out at random in the drawer.
(i) Ho-ru many socks mysl\
a*
socks of the same color? Xq
fi$en out to make sure that he has at least two
(ii) How many sockg must he tfu.n out to make sure that he has at least two
black socks? \f
(c) g.
Show that 3 is relatively prime to
Oz

QX @) Draw the flow chart of the

'--- algorithm
---o---* by which you wqr generate the perfect
Jvs can 2-
4
V numbers' 3
(b) Explain two techniques by which you can eliminate a congruence relation.
^\ 03

f ^[nrLO/-
?L ,,.t\ inthe.*
(c) f.ing Drjkstr's.Algorithm find out the length of a shortest path between a and z
in the given weighted graph.
a4

r':r,Yn': \tr6e bi,.r

:-'
{q
xrnn a-( \,1\, 'ucq(n+I
^-+L,
\ \lr{u
'/' (a) aL- -r-,--
# Ytl it.ft" cfrgmalic..number for -ko? Find out the minimum numbers of colors q' 2
I

needed for coloring following graph.

I
3

bb ,rJL

tss W
U'

I Determine whether the following directed

l
$aph shown an Euler circuit. 04
Construelao Euler cirsuilitonqe:rists.If nq llqiir".rit-exists,
the directed graph has an Eulerpath. constru"t
detemiae when
* pul.i;;[t#. ;;;;;' ""'
H
ffi Lt3 ,3
ffi
ffi (b) what is completeiBipartite $aph? Determine whether
n the followin$."graph is
L
&
E
E
F
E
h

I
I
i
i
i
t
I

I
t
t
t
(c) Draw the following graphs.
r
I
I
(i) wz (ii) Kr,s (iii) c7
f- SE-GTK)N-B--
;
:

i,
i
Qs. (a) show that a connected graph n vertices'has at least
n-l edges.
.- l23
(b) Show tlrat, flx):cnxo+- an-t{'t +........i :;::*alxtag is -e(g), ,.._=*:.
o0,o1,... ,.:.... ,..on-l,On are real nUmbers.
where- 04
(c) Giv9..a bdg- estimate for each ofthe
9 following functions.
(1) ftf +8)(n1I) gi) (nlogn+*ynt+21
(ii) (n! + 7) (n3 + tog(n21+ I ))
(a) Every function is a relation but not vice versa. Explain
with suitable example. z2
(b) Prove that if A, B and C are sets, then
@nBnq ':A ,UB ,tlC , by using 3

membership table. -/ a 04
(c) Draw the graph of each of these functions
05
(i) F(x):[xJ +[x/2]
(ii) F(x):[[x_t/2J+]/2J tu
(iii)F(x).:[x-2]+txl2l z1 ./\\
,r' ..?r'-\ I <-1
/ ttrai (p1'qtr Ae;i _+(p_+r)is atautology.
\'/ 9l lhow
(b) Express each of these statement
03
using logical operators, predicates and
quantities. + 2
3
(i) "All students of CSE,09 are talent.,, VrrPU)
(ii) "Some students of CSE'09 ard extraordinary),
(iii)"Humming birds are small.,, " )1*ea{r_) I ;:
.J
I
(c) what do you mean by inverse, converse and conha positive?

f\--l
r
{s. (a)
(b)
examPle'
.what
*fiL
are the solutlgns ofthe linear congruence
Explain with

3l!;ilrd ?)? 04
J
I

Why negation is important? ,, .'l

l:- i -.1
3
(c) Prove thatV-E+n:2 1l
03
(d) Let, P(x) denote the statement *x3,,. What are the truth values?
(\ P$) 02
a (ii) P(6)
. /r'
.X ******
G t*
 questions' takingTIIBEIs
rn
t. Oit*"t n"rSD(
I. frilli, irrir'e maigin inilicate tull,marks'
-
sectron'
i. if*"p"."te answer script for each I

i
SECTION.A
04
ers telfie of real nuqlgrs :u'c!
a1(a) Find functions f
(b)
i!ffiHil
ffiTffitiil'fl1',ea;i;;'ri-'.:.1q2(x))'
* 0 ands2(x) + 0 ior att real
ililT'l
ano rz(x)
04

l$ i:
u^F1g',),.9 ); O3Y3
n 1r', dr')
,,n u m be r$'x>€,,t ne

(c) [,,Pffi ilrS:lfilfiit'fil;i.ll{?-i$]!te,r;:"':Tf ,?[';[3i;liJ[T]""snvour

Sln:,:'l;3''fi l'[tt&];''i:#:#F#ril;:l'1*ii1"::1":T*"'
1rr
in (nrogn*r)-j(Iry
rn ,r2
iiy fV:i)
-!--
03

m :lH l[:s,H;J,T,i'i',T dil::* ;4?

A32/s
03

i;i Find ril-.i) (,4 +2\,!=r2x1r(nt')

'1Ln
ii)
n-"rr = q
positive integer and 02
A
a i..r^ n
m when m is
re,h6n ts a positive
of modulo. I
(d) How can you find an inverse
'
ir
,,, ocd(a'm)=1 13(mod 1o).
r.,o *x = 13(n
,{/mnrr^\ and
04
ii,
'/
(a) rns of the system of 'x;-i
congruences x ='4(mod6)
userTT::l:
J=- 04
d Find all solutions,ot:1" :v:::':l;"; when divided.by 3? user
I
I (h\ which intesers re?v1^9 ,"T?,"s;; Ili,:f:t#yf:irLgienne number 2p-1 is or
n

l1
'b) H:i?HlTliTd
(c\ Show that if P i
03%

the form zrp.ilii'"iu x'is u non-negative integer'

ii 04
t.
s#i*twe-oJ
re homeomorp
li
them are isomorPhir

, i I L,'l, L-l'-
?-??1 ',,

T; .+- i?
;-lI | ry (D) (E) (F)
03
{

(b) ProveEulertheorem:V-E+I=2 04%

i;i ?it*";-T::1[]t?vsffi3.or
ot
c
i'J" processed using a DFS algorithm
beginnins at
ii) Find the orier of vertices
verte">
'44 .^-ta
k '***n*:Y
*''-
r a.^rh '*l*!,^.7^*nrA,
rY.( c' *,.,2y'au^r:**,
b* A,*wo'y
yt"t ,tt 4
,/" ffi'hH"-*('t
*I,,1,
* r*Lt'
t,to .o',
ia""*& l"
tl

w* w'M
lP ^/-^n!* Page I of2
 o * ,. t'.q
- . ."
.
,t'-.
; 1;.;:,*, "'". r,r-., X:tqt$ttl}
,..ii.: r-tfi Fr';r_,
.'"., ::...,.i 3i.. _q:i.1 _ -:
*. .-.

ii) Q"
g, ,:i.t.r.
" i
' ''t'
(b) How can the matrix for
irreflexive?
a relation be used to determinp *hether .the,
,
relation. is
(c)
rl

ll
a6(a) inteser 3n+2 is odd if and onry if
fi'"i: r::fiffi:i"rhe
-can
the'integer gn+5 is even, . 04
(b) what techniques you use to show that a. rong computer
correct with respect to in ittiaiasse-rtion program is partiary
ano a finar assertion? a4
) what is the coefficieni ;i xi'!;bTnii"'"rprnsion
or (2x-3y)2oo?
7(a) State whether or,hr-rf aqnh i,-^.^* ,- ^-- . ,, 03%
- A={a, b, cfinto Et{Tm 03%

i)

-':'.
-*-+:g?i!*si'

t2

03
04

(h) ConSider the algebraic expression.

g=(2x+y)(5a_b)3 03.
Draw the tree T which corresponds
to the expressio4-E.
(c) Suppose data items A, B,-C,-b,
, distribution: .\
E, F, G occdr with the foilowing. prdbability a4%

Data item A B D E F L,
Probabititv 10, 30 15t 20 ls/ 5,/
Find a Huffman code for the data.

- gZrl^rl,^1,try i,*J, V*r)r,2or2

I
fgz4u^e-*e-1 ghyvvl2"/fi )
7 $ Course no: CSE 3O5 C,ourseTitlq Discrae Matbematics
Full marks: 70 Time: Three (03) hours
$
Answer six questions, taking three from each section.
^N.8.
? The questions are ofequal value.
i
z>
Use separate answer script for each section.
i--
B- ^ .D
q+? SECTION-A
/<,
9t16 tal
7q,-7Pw
State the converse and contrapositive of each ofthe following implications.
Marks

'1' -l i) If it snows tonight, then I will play at home. 'i)

.S ii) I go to the beaih whenever it is isunny summer day. '' ' ,. ,

;J' (b) iii) When I stay up late, it is necessary that I sleep until noon.
S Let F(x,y) be the statement "x can fool y'', where the universe of discourse is the set of all people in 04
the world.
\.,
_ ..- i) Everybody can fool somebody.
fi>-- iilJ.lun.v can fbot exacrty two people. >**'7
{ iii) Noone can fool himself or herself. j,
+' (c) Let p,q and r be the proposirions *.t] _, ,,4\
' '/ )
p: Today is Monday. ,,A 04:a
q: The grass is wet. J
^\ad V
r: The dish ran away with the spoon, oru
*
"
Now write each of the following in terms of p,q,r and logical connectives.
i) Today is Monday and the dish did not run au,ay with the spoon.
ii) Either the grass is wet or today is Monday.
iii) Today is not Monday and the grass is dry.
iv) The dish ran away with the spoon, but the grass is wet.
Q2 03
F' Find the least integer n such that

il /(x) = 2x3 + x' log x

f(*) tt

iil f G)= 3x3 + (logxfr

iii) /(x) = (xa + 5log x) /(xa + 1)
(b) Translate the statement Vx(C(x)vly(C(y)lF(x,y)))into English, where C(1) is..x has a 02
computer", F(x,y) is "x and y are Iliends" and the unirrerse of discourse for both x an{ y is the set of
/ all students in your school.
:++cl Prove or ,Jisprove: " n2 + 41n +41 is a prime number for every integer n" using methods of proof. 03
T ?:::,'rr i;rE:5r rr,l:u ir,.: s=:e=enr;j#:-::,lg marhemaiicat induction: _ - \ )
u_1
-J
t$ ral r.-er A.B...D ,renote, respectivery,
snrdens in a dormitory, given the data:
fr, o,?,'o, ;.J-'}::IA"# o:o ll" oo-*., o, o*

12 take A 5 take A and B 3 take A,B,C

20 take B 7 take A and C 2 take A,B,D L4'n)
20 take C 4 take A and D 2 take B,C,D
E take D 16 take B and C
4 take B and D
3 take
2 take
A,C,D
all four
k*
3 take C and D 7l takenone

f" Calculate and determine the big-O for each of the following functions.
il f@) - (2' + n')(n' +3',).
ii) f (x): (x2 + xy + xlogy)3 .
Baa
1

: ' c-
iii) f (n) (nt+Zn Xr' + log(n2 + 1)) " €'ry,)'
*SEND"
7&r Describe RSA encryption system. Encrypt the message using RSAcryptosysteryI. 04
d, (a) the
Write the Euclidean algorithm to determine the greatest common divisor of-two integers. Find 03
greatest common divisor of 414 and 662 using the Euclidean algorithm. c/rh (l U)
/* Show that 23uo = l(mod 1 1) by Fermat's Little Theorem and noting that 23aa
= 1210 )34. , 03
(c)
6 (e\f/ 03
prove that pln,r)
= where p,n,r represents their usual meaning. p - 1.b
-+.-
{n r)l
(d) Let m be a positive intelger. Show that amod m=bmodm,if a=b(modm). )
n*'l'
,
02:
J
C\
/--. -t6Y
L./" '
SECTION-B ,Vtl
Marks , trfYt
Q_i (a) Prove that, if m is a positive integer greater than I and ac =bc(modm)andgcd(c,m) =l then 03 -'* a'n'
a= b(modm). rol' ,{'
 degree 6. Ufi eiS
(c)
bg
consider rhe binary
E( F A Gz t I k tt J 6,,nJ,*)
,..i,n o*uo r. Tra'erse , ,r,rl,f:l..
in_s *lf* - f tt
in order" e-.c.-A.rUfir"&:*
/l\
AOoeEFG. t4 rLkl0r-)
D<
DE.Fe0 A-kI."H G-A Cp",fr)
04

{a) Write down the Welch-powel algorithm. pi,r'A

/ following graphs.
rtre mir;lmum number of colors
required to point the
F
Afl

rq

w fflr:*
why not?
each of the
",,Y*
gaphs. Find anEurerparh or an Euler
exisrs. If
circuiq if it exsts. Ifdoes not

hoeB€D
g161'rt o|t [E> n D BADPEA
c 4
tr
-",!r w*;*e/^
0s tar
o '
Find the'shorrest path matrix for the
v
C
t-
@
f following directe{ graph using modified
W ars hall 's algorithm. 04
U

(b) Consider the following graph then

,\ t

i) Find the adjacency structure ofC e' )

ii) Find the order of vertices of G are processed
using DFS and-BFS algorithm beginning
03:I
at vertex J
e- r
bAM b tre'
€9Fc*tuDv Pt€
(c) iagram representing the partial
?,rul.th..Itse d
{(a,blla divides b}on {2,a.6.a|f,.J670r.'
-'-' ordering ft" 04

u' J

k
 I).iJL- r-uElll9Lrur6 -
course No: CSE 305 Course Title: Discrete Mathematics
Full Marks: 70' Time: Three (03) Hours n

N.B. (i) Answer sIX questions, taking THREE.from each section.

(ii) Figures in the margin indicate.Jull marlts.
(iii) Use separated answer script for each section

SECTION- A Marks
e.l (a) What is proposition?-Construct a truth tabie for the following compound proposition 2i
-i-JP(p.- r)
1r -- r) (
glu"4
' (b) What isq;'..--
meant Uy iolically equivalent? Show that - (q, (-l pv
q)) and -p v -q are logically 3
equival ent. g^1, (i u)- i 1,'u{tr4 7' "t' l" o^'a ( i'/o'v'tr' t*l)
- a
:
(c) Let e(x, y) dtnit.i'* * y 0". Determine the truth values of the qualification], Yx Q(x,
y) 3
" i^19*
and v,3r Q(*, y)? fy-i.: pWqO
ffiH$Hffiil::ffi"-".,J.",F..'?'" """" t'ot'
(d) Use quantifiers to express the tollory-ing-statements' ,1 L: _ .r / -, \ *,t o( t-\

of
- pL*)
3
v*t!,t),
iii;rvgry
\rrlurv..I 'u!e
om
is neithef,fraGBmatics ri6ri iuzntifl.s v, [itlrt ,a)
iiiliffiellrtra.nt"in the class whoi;t{?,"t", frJn.,,i(,^,$i+
e 2 (a) Let / and ;;" *'t";";;;; #fr ,k*.-,, ,o fr6 !qi:l iirtegers <renned'bv 3i
'
f(x):ix+3 uia g6)=3x+ 2. What is the composition of l and g? What is thc conrposition
o[ Srg

,O,[l,ff. least integer n such thatf(x) is o(x')[or each of tlrc lirllowing lunctions: . + t), ,
].,rr {*P
(i) /(r) =2x3 +x'-logx (ii) /G)= 3.r3 +(togr)o (iil) /(x)= (ro +slogt)/(.r' 'l 0{
("' ,,,q ]'-
(c)Letp,qandrbethepropositions , i.'rLYU''
flu' ^.:^^ LJ v, t.. \),. ."* "n
.

p: You have the flu. 'h LL{ {'i ;\

I'Lc t+'r-A
q: You miss the final examination.,s{ r,. io o' L ,,'* ,M['
1

,K
]
]

r: You pass the t -IW

"oul?i^-- ^o an
Express each of these propositions as English cenrence
o- E--rich sentence' i
(iip--- q (ii)-q-.-t tiiilq--r (iv)pvqvr (v)(p *-r)v(q ---*'r)

rsu dtiirnHgilr-d! *r
(al A srrwry on a sample of 25 new cars being sold at a local-autoae*1uas csr&rtcd b rc
(Yt) '
$trich of three pop,rt* options, air-conditioning (A) ' radio (R), and power $indor*'
*'here already installed. They survey found:
1 5 had air-conditioning.

12had radio.
11 had Power windows.
5 had air-conditioning and power windows'
t had air-conditioning and radio'
4 had radio and Power windows'
3 had all three oPtions.
Find the number of cars that had:
(i) only power windows (ii) only air-conditioning (iii) only radio (iv) radio and
power
(vi)
*indo*, tut not air-conditioning (r; air-conditioning and radio but not power windows
only one of the options (vii) ai least one option (viii) none of lhe opligp
by varying 4
(b) Translate each oithese statements into logicafexpressions in three different ways
the universe of discourse and by using predicates with one and with two
variables'
(i) A student'in vour school has lived'in Thailand' 3n e [")
t iii fn.r" is fstudent in your school who
can not speak T'ii;ii.
(iii) Everlone in your class enjoys Thai food'
(iv) Someone in y-our class does not play hockey'
(ci fina the inverse functio - of f(x) : x3 + l
ri,

662 using Euclideal algorithm' J

Q.4 (a) Find the greatest corrmon divisor of 414 and
(b) Show that a positir-e integer is divisible b1, 3 if and onl,v if the sum of its decimal digit
is 3

divisible b1' 3.
J
r,/ (cUj-se Fermat's little theorem to complete
f-'" -/ (i) srotti mod 7 (ii) 5r(r i mod I I and (iii) 5''"'' mod i i.
/J tdl U't ut it Mersenne prime? Give some examples of lv{ersenne
prime' 2i
F.
I
'"'i;; :,r^nli*11'--/ 'Y-' -
.tA
f*l en",-rpitli" ilLt*!" nrjrir using RSA cryptosystem with p:43 and q:59

classes dt a university can be scheduled' lf J

e.6 (a) There are 38 different t:ine periods during which
there are 677 different r:lasses, how man! different rooms will be
i needed? i
.+
, (b) Prove that il C ir u c:nnected simfle grapl with n vertices, where n23' then G has a

Hamilton circuit if the degree of eacfr vertex is at least n/2' 4i

(c) Draw the Hase diagram ,'epresentins/he partial ordering {(a, b)l a divides
b} on \2' 4' 6' 8'
12,36, 40\
/ vertelhas even degree'
tnat a finite
frove that
Q.7 (a) Prove oorurs(:tcu grafh
rlnlre conner:ted BraPrr G Eulerian if.and only
rD_rrurvrr"'
is
.".*": ""^t )'if each
-:-*^'^-;-21
"-"r

iq finO a minimal spanninl; tree T for the below *',:ighted

graph.
FItCG ' '/

(c) Draw a planner "6f

t

A , -6
rw l,'1
?f"

F
circuit' Construct
(d) Determine whether the riirected graph in the follor,ving figure has an Euler
an Euler circuit if it exis -;.

V6lb

(a) What is planner.ggph? ls$-Sranh is pl-anier? Justifu.

y%
e' S - 6 ?v)r@Tnff
-
e.8 -bv'gro$6oloring? Find the minimum n of^7Y
colors paint"the
required to 4
di What is meant
following graph'-' . '
h
oV' , 1'
0r i.-
\er Y
a\\
^Qu +
tree shown in below figure' What is the height of J
(c) Find the level of each virrtex in the
thistree?
/'nt) ^ h5 + u
,12 ./'
L
vt 'l* a t
J

6vi \,/*,\
( 4-'L
-z.L.L
rtt
t\
t\ ,+tL ?l
t?,?ia-r:"f5nh with the following adjacent
[.],\.\,
.
qlo o I ol
o-l , o I ol
pLl I I ol
*** ** f[a; ['nfl :tc J< ** :tr
Hi4 LOUTSe n0: LIiL JltS Course Titlq lliscrete Mathematics
F
t, Full marks:70 Time: Three (03) hours
r
N.B. A'swer sIX'questionsr taking TIIREB f'orn each sectio,. \..,.
The questions are ofequal value.
[)se separate answcr script for each sectiorr.

SECTION.A ,.

al. @ihrt is universal quantification? Express the staterneiit.*Bvery studcnt in this cld:ss,has iL
V ;Ualed calculus" as a universal quantification.
g y"'lll be tf e statement "x- has an internet connection" ancl Cl(x,
.y) be the statenrent
,,-r
and .1, 4
have chatted.over the ittlernet". where llre universe of discoursc frrr llre variablcs, o,l,1
,l i,
tlte set of all students in .your class. Use quantifiers to expressi each ol tlre lollorving
statements.
(i) Not every one irr your class has an internet colrrrection.
(ii) No one in the class lras chatted with Bob.
(iii) Exactly one student in your class lras an.internet connectiorr.
(iv)' There are two students in your class who lrave not chattccl
internet.

dtd',*1tu'60;';,1:*J'T;'HTffT;;[:Hi",,,*r7,q9
(d/By the method of irrductio, prove the followirrg proposirion:
following propositio'; -l
"lrnd,uction orou",the a
ry: A".t.€g a
J

/
etermine whether each of tlre following function is a bijection Frofi R to Ii.
=.,F
(i) ./'(.r)= -3x+4
,l (.r') : x2 +l :*r
.lG)= x'+l
./(x) = Q' nt)11*'+ 2),..--, ,,, -,*
'''
1

l* 'Y.tfi.I:j|irtefnirtirntnn ' ', .

,. ":.,1{.
=1.':.

number r of irrtcgers to bc selectcrl lroin ,9: { l. so thit thBttirn

olivo of the r integcrs is even.
;The"
l:
i
ff y " the theorem i r s odct f altd-qgLi&ll isEE!l'.
nteger i i
2-)
t' l
that "lf r is integer aricl 3n +2 is everi. tlrcn n
@rou"by contradictiqn
L

!
2
I

I
I

l
Q3 hat is reflexive closure of the relation R :
{(a,tt)ag}on the'set of irrtegersl)
.,

trt' . be a . positive itttcgcr grcater lhalr t . Slrow llrat tftc relatigl

:]
I

(" . r )o = b (,noo ,r )) is an cquivalerrce ielation on tlre sct o{'irrtcgcrs. .z

maxirlal and nrininral elenrents of the poset ({Z ,q, -5 ,10 ,2A ,25
diagram.
3( ind the greatest lower bound and the lcast upper boLrnd ol sets {3, 9, l2} arrd
{1,2,4,5, l0} if they exist, in tlrc poset (z' ,l).
qOjtycrypt the rnessage 'STAI(T' using RSA cryprosystcnr rvilh 7r -13.q: I 7 arrrl c =7.
,lffate and prove the Chineese Remaindcr Tlreorcrn. ,
is pseudo prirne? Use Fcrnral's little theorcnr to prove Z\'10 : I(mod I l)
afi{*n^t
(U) There are 3-8 dil-ferent time periods durirtg rvtriclr classcs at a urriversity carr bc sclrerlulcd. If
there are 6fi
different classes, how nrany cliffercrrt rooms will be neeclecl'/
 . SECTION-R

q,.&nar is Korrigsbcrg bridgc orno,"',,rlfffivc tliat thc prohlertt is trtrs.lvahlc?

sub graph. Draw all sub graphs of the following graph.
{ J[Ybenrre
a *-h

tlrc slrortesr x of the follorving graph using Warsltall's algtrrithnt' -: i

{- dirrd Y :'l

7 '',1j|

,|

Wlry this concept js inrportattt for colot'ittg the rnap?

@O"n''r" dual map.
/"
are the ways to represerrt graphs in a conrputcr nrctrtory? Ilriel,.ly cxplain thc lirlkecl )-2
a6.dWhat 1

represelttation ofg graPh.

Wjroiu." tlie necesiary and sufficient conclitionsfor Eirlcr circuits arrd lrtrlcr patlts? t]rigO1
explain witlt exantples.
What are called ':tttpoittts and Bridges in a graplt?

Q7 (a) Jiind arr itrvcrse,'135 rnodttlo -l'

one lind thc CCI) ancl I-CM of trro intcScr< rusing prirrtc lactrrrizatltvr? llrlc{I1
f/nl^<loes
xplain _a
Let R i:c an crlui\alcnce relatiiln tm a sil ;{- Prrrre &il ttc totxtlg ffig$!!!c

(ii) [rrl'=[i,l A
*)
M4 n,:^i1..'
"I;llllll.'"?u ",-,,,
* w ir r r cxa * p tc ./
)
wdD"ffi semigrorrp. what is Sornonrorp6isrn of sctttigrott ps?J
-aB.\fr;6
UIfo, ir callJd coset? I-low the concept of cosct is reiatcd to tlre trornral strbgraph?
' gy1>efurc
- lte flol lowirtg tertns:
l
'''
(i) ConcatJnation ,
// (ii) Subwords
./ (iii) Initral scgtncttts. rvitlt an exanrplc- 1
d{ Ari",ny explain the gimmatical construction of a senterrce t1
%j ffr" fottowing dcfines an automata * ith trvo input sy-nrbols and tlrree slates:
(i) A -{u,6}. inPut sYmbols
(ii) ,t - lSo. Sr. .5i). intemal states a
(iii) I:{ So, S;}, "Yes" states
(iv) .So, initial state. .- t .
(v) Next state function F: S x A "' S defined by
F(^So, a) : , n, F(s, , a) = .so, r(s, , a) = ,!', :'
t*{
,
F(Sn, D) = S, F(S, b) = S, F(S,'b) = S, , "t

represeltt tlic rrext state function by the state diagrant' b\ ,a

X !r

{
1"*
.r')/ 1-,-"
, ,(n
? / 4\
1 ,' , t"
' /./
t/

^
7 i
.
'tHeat en's Light i,s
I)epar'{rnent of Colnpulel- Science alrrl Iingirrt,r.ri,rg
l{u.i<tr;rli, Urur:ct'sit}' oi'lingtineer.i,r.p &'["cs[,i:t,li.;,"1
0n {iuide"

r ll,sc. ltrrigine*ring 2'"' Ycirr'-i'd ii*:nies{ir t:xarr-,lrrati'ir. ){)(ifi

Course l'lo: CSII-3{)5 Coursc'l'itlc: [)iscrr:ic i\,lirliitrn,:lir:c
.l
I uil Marks. 70. ilnc: 'ilrrr:r. ((11) I Ilrrr i
h',8,:(i) Anxt,er ,Tix qti<.,:.tit,t1,t fttking fhrct, fi,m ru.h ,\r,r tion
iii) t;'igures in ths mnrgin inctict:ta.iull ,ntrrrk.,;.
liii) I lse sepsroled an.ry,*,r.,rct ipt.fii. da:h .y(r'/irtn

4^cn .1' suq:.ilQry- 4 i\ j:li,i(;

' < bi()Wl.ist
_
.f iti,' fi,!i,rr'irrfilt:**
the clrtlrenlq 1. ,(
\/ ri) A - { ;i:xcz. -1.-:i-l)i (ii) I} ll }ii\r:7" *.r 1 l,)l }
- { x:xFz. r: i::,rdrl. -5.x.'5} . rr,lrr.r.r: z.* lirr!t:r.,rrrs!
!

^l,ii)C 111* slnletlrorrt :f,-Y,Y ((/,(r,.r ),., /.'1r.;),. (.r,*:))

Wlryrlc' 97$r. rir irrlrr Irrrlliclr.
- 'K*,'* Ir(ar-12) ryqitlts-rf irrr,l [i rtrc liicrrrl.s and {[c,,ri,,r'rrl'o['rli{t.r',rrr :r. lirr r" ,, rrrrrl z is
scl ol'all strrrloirts irr a clasi.
r
--.Ulc :,}lyilii;i :#:' ;,,,,, I
@!;,,::i,1,1,"' ;, r,: r ne i i:a r r, *,, i r ;r I i,r, r
1

rrt is rneant bl,r gror.r'cl'sct'l l)ctrmiirc llrr: ;rou,er(A ) crl i\ l;r.lr r..rl)
ri
$t I

()Wv'rite
,'r,-;Kr,-r,-
.r--
the rEuclitli;rrr
tt t. ir!;I'rirhrn
firr lin.li;rr ( i('t) riI r*,.., irrr.i:,. i

al ;yi\ 14J lrv prirrrr- [acrorizatir-rrr.

,W l.ct A - 11.2.31. Il !a.h-cl antl {.i -- lr.i'.2!. (''i'rr'.i.it.r't!r, l:.!1,,'.f1,,. r'r,!,rri,rrrs lt ll
-/ arrd S lrorn A trr iI antl titrrrr t, to (' respe<.lirrlr._ It it t.li|.r ..rr.i l.c)| rnrl

"fr l:in,J the cornpoqition

'{iitlJirrtl
l'clatiorr R1;i{.
tlte lil:tlri,,:'; \1,,. ll.; ;,,,ti 4'l ., ,,1 ilrr'r1s1r,,1. li,,
, ,:,.r r 1!r i,,,i,,,s il :,;,.r i,l !r e
rrrr!..,,r/.,., ,i; :r!!" tL..lr.*!"1, I 1,
rl l.tilrr.J:a i,, .?rlttir titrl\,

I)cscriirc RSn ertcr.i,'lion s\-:t,-:rr. I:i.ri_'r-tgrt tlii. r.:r,..: .i:l.!l{,, '..! ' !}' r;si:r:: jl\..r *4

6ir ilie'set ol'ali i l\ or1-cutpty irit strirrgs o{' lrrriilh rtn( cxr:ccrlirrii I. fjir,l
A, (i frf,i.
an('l
It-l t'"
,
\
_-
('t*r,r.,i,,. *,hcther cai":l.r of' 1!tt: lirllorvin6l fiutf{inrrii is I{ t, , It. *,J.r'r r:
V l\ rneilts thc rctl rrrrnrircrs.
trtl - 2x*1, (iiy f1*; , r, i t.
(iii) tix) s,. anrl (ii,) li.';.i (r.r r I)(xr rl)
lgflrrt rs l'ascal's iriarrgle? []i.,icuss bricfly,
n
)
(tl) Irr horv many y{uas r,irn l7.l studenrs he prrtitioncrl inlr Iiurr {i:;lrirs" (;(} llt,ll cai-'h Ic;rrn ?l
, coniains tlrree sturlilrrls'l
hat is Ilssttclt)'prir:re? {-lse l'clpat's littlc 1firru.r:1r t1 i-:rr1111"11;1E r)i)rr.l ln*tl i. il(){}1
7-"/ ,,#rl
,r-l I! I nrrrl 5'j""'11,.irf
52"01 ,r' i t [1.
tf .

;S *rm hc a positire iuteger, If';i = r:{rrrorl rn) ruidr.:,,rl{r.rr,,ri rrr) l}rr.:r l.rr.{}\,.tir;rl "l
Y *= [r * il (rrrort rrr] flnrl nc,- h,i(rnorl nt) /
;irril the srnallcst positi,,,s ilitcger x such Ihat r.',lrcrr:l i:i riii,ir!r.:rl hr, 1ir 4l
vi*lris rr
rernai1r,1.. 2. uihelr r: is divided by 7 it yieltls a t'i:niairrrlri'11.. lrrrrr illrrn r 'r'11i1i1lr1,i
h1, l0 it yielcl" a rernairrrler' 6',)

. $ECrlilll R
t-r

Q.s (lr) I)cfine lhe {irllou'irlg t\.r'tnti:

i- tA Cornpiete Sr:i1rlr a,rrl (ii) Itcgular graph.

k $l'rove that if G is:r r.onnecred sinrplr: grrp!r r\'ilh tt t't't'l ir:f s. \\"'ittr-r r1--.1.- liri'1 {l itar l
FT q.
L
' ":
k
E'. thtlp;lr[''rrl "rrl'"t i'it: r{( n-hr
the I lasse tliugt;i;n r*pre':cn"ing lhr:
I ,, itiiiri*'*
Fr
F
.{2,4"6,3, 12,36,4011
F, ""o"""0'olinc'
(t{

six .subgiafit lronr the frrllrru irrt: !r iillr

1.]
'1
llefine suhgritph. [iriirv
'q.
Ab,
r\
l\.
<'- z,,r.
'* a

tr 1\
t \
I
I
'.. *"-

'".1 \ n--I...
L''...
.}oi* L

ct I
* , :,
r:l' tr;ti''!r'J l:itrti ili-*''' '
What &re meatt'l l1v graph cclt,rriitg'itnt! r!;rliltrt ii';
itit:tr1:r"'t'

chrcmatic nttn-ther ol'tlre ftrilo'ning graplts' r.\ b ; .,_;

d.-;r;.,*---
=
1

Ilr.'il,' {'(rir';iiili 11ti.' l:ittlrrr' {ree l' iri t}rt] ,i:

, 7ffi,:;H t!:ffi ::,: l': il ;],:;: iH
:
:X i Ll rrrr lr.:t- it prl i rrr,:! t rt"rk:t' tt c I ttliqlll-s.
.' ::

I JH
. ,,'/,A- -
C
o It
i:

,
fr
y''\tr li
,.\
/'t k
F'h 1

,'- l)i:,,'tr';'. l,tirilr lttt: i

vod6u.ntlal represcrrtalion o{' a grap'ir
r';rt'lt <'l-ilegrec -i' Intn
,6i(;;;;r.irrr'i,tcorrnected pta,ar sirnple gr;i1rir lia-q ?(t 1'g1-{iq'rt- I --.-- ,.. i
1

ilil1;;;y ;;g;-;; ti.''** u *prcserrtati<'n ottiris pi;'rt;r' prt,'rit niriii llrr: irlanc'i a-I

rt'r'r ntt irrlctrt'itl 1

,iX$rrlinc integral c{rrrnairr anrl ficltt. supplsei {';rrr:l 'ir"i'lr,rlllrrrtrti;'ls
JpZ' domain thin prove that rleg(f i1''' tlcg,(f) tlet(g! a.r !

pr"p"siti'rrltr crir''"riit:rr lirifir' 't!r; firrr,1\r'irtri I

lt

i Y.Y,::il,:l
/ l utgrrrtrent is *xlffJl ;ii:::::i
ir fiilircy: 1t -> q-:;'ipt] *n
l
:i

rl;:;:t:i;;;,,;r;.r,,; quantirier a.tl cxistc*tir'rl qrrrrrrriiiili. l':1 '{' ,

I
ll'1""j'ri'i'61^ (.1

{' l)ete.rnrine llc lrullr value.f cacir.f'tirc l*ll.r*ing:itrilr'iiir:llls'

(i) (3. e lXx t'3 - 10) Fottrx*
i Ot \v , e',li( r +.-l i' 7) ?o^\Dt' ]?
--1
g,lnrnrri,rtical cirttstrttclirlll rrl lire iit!lrr1r'i;11' st'tt!"tr"'
it,gfti,,rir'the
.r1't
i ," !i11la, l:nr; ste rrn nnntb."
 .,, -,ITfi fl1,;
;$:,il
\'./
l.}'"'+*ll,f *|il,; *, **., i,,,,
N'ii : r\ irsrv'r,ff
a

'ffil::jf
tltlt:'lcitittt
H,..,l.'l.];"11"'u "'

:t
il

:.,);ll}ni$ i I'r i :rl' i ;;

{i:-$' [i:' iri,:iil{ ili}il*i:'.'
:i*i:i[$jt'ffiiiil;i_gi#'ili],'i'*il;; :,", ::- "
*

:'f ttlN;lL
qjr"l'!)Jr-';
rv':iglrictl 11:rPlr
r::ii i, ' rrl.rtr'.!"rllfrLu*Ir,,r 1 ," 1illl'rrvitrlt
slta
.i:r,i t'ils :trttritttal

iI
i
I
l.t
L". .-
'r
&

'E
't,i' I
n.ri
I
ri
I
t
t.,
rj
I
ls

'I
I
t
3&r._
i,

i
i
I
q
rf g ffi';;i;;;:':;-'i?ir d;;no[ sive nn argunrdrrt lo drtrr rvl:v ryr 'trH.:lt eircurr crutls'

,rO Dr*w tltc grnlrlr K2,3

Wclch-i'r'u't l ill1"drilh trr lo 1lllaitt n (:ttlt,t i,,'.,

rlrc Lf,,
,ffi,,*"i:::#::
Qrr trutttntiu ,t,,,,,tti, of
l' of {lrc followirrg graPh.
A...,trr rt,n
---..r. Apltly
a graptr.
'1 !

,t .,
,r, l$ *
I

;t
i 'A(
t
t
t,, I
i
t
, fr/-' rvitlr l'\ B
r1(-11r (r, it'l:':'t
F{ d tr:l C hc fi cgppec:icrl lrrirsrrcr grnirh 1l vcrtices 0tltl(l': lgcl;. I'ttlvc tlr;rt '
iI
tf {, pl3 .
iti,,,! il,* slrortcsl illrtlr rrlaiiix of tiic tQl.llnvirri; grrrirlr trlir18 \t/itt'r;lri{l'r; rrlllotillrtrt'
^,

II
it
tl M tVl
/\\
t, Y
-A
IB
f't
k J.

\ld)
!xplairr Rcrrri group lrontonrorphiirrihnrtisorrrut pltlstrt
.f{1,* li*NxN nrrtl gp. ho thc olrcrntion orr S. t)clittdrl lry (n.h)+(tr'r' U)-(:,n'. trl/)
(' .
- i)Slrotv tlrnt S is n sc'ni llrotrtr. 'i .
ii)ile[irre l:(S,*)-](C,X) by l(n,b)=altt, Slrttvv llrat l'is lt ltttttol.llt,tplri:,r't.-
//.)'
'

!r!!ltilrrl llrccongnrcrr:cretatiolr-irrStlclcrrrritrctl !,ytlt, ltonlrrtttrttgrhi;yrl,i.c..*, ",_,

l{x}-f{y)
iv)L)csu ilrc .S/-'. l)ot s S/- hnve an idcrrtily clcrrrcrrt'l l)r;':s il lrn,c ittvct:'cs'/ fu
$ ir"tridcr llrc rvor(ts rr=a'b:rllr'antt v=frabl l;irrtl i)uv iir-r rr iii)vl
4 i;]'
Q.! ?,('Wlral is l':rsc:rl's lrii rr13lc? I)cscritrc in br'ic[.
:

-b)-lttA; D, (--, I) rtctro'r: respcclivcly Arl, lliology, Chclri;try nlrtl [-]rurr.r .,,11;5c!i t:i111i rll'-i
L/" rrutrrber N olslrrtlcr:ls in a clorrrrilory givcrr tlrc tl:rlir: ,

' -J--,-- l

' ,2ll llkc ll ,' (l

" 7 lnk. A arrrl 2 lnkc n.lr,l) .-l
' :20 tnke C l)
4 lakc A nrrtl hrku ll.(',1) ',1
.,
c { l) )'i
,

iltakt',l}arrttt),2.llrttc:rllliltrr.rI.h.,,n?
 ,Heoven's
light is our guilte"
i Rajshahi tluiteisity of Engineering & Technology
l n..Sc. Engineering Znd 1-ear.irdtemesti ExaminatioriiOOa
Department of Ccrnputcr Science and lingineering
Course no: CSE 305C Ccirrse Title: IJiscrete lr.ilnthcnralics
Full marks: 70 "Iime:'fhree (0ll) hours

N.B. Answer six questions, taking threc fioii, cach see tlon.
The questions arc of er;rrrrl value.
Use separate answer script for each secrion.
{

, '$JtfflgN:A

, ,/
..b

(i) A:{x:xez, 3<xcQ} (ii) B:{x:xez,,x?+ l:i0} (iii) C={x:xe z, x is r.;i!t1.

J
Irrt,$
+
r
\___z
I
t
lt
uI ;

itrtl fog and gpf where (x)=x2+l and g(x)-xf2 ar.e lurrctions [r,)nr t? l*, l?
I
ht is meant by traclable. inlractablc. rrrrsolvahlc rrrrlt1,iss Nl,',|.,r1,t,!r.rrr',
.W)eyrtbe tlre tcr:htrrrlrrr,-,f-iiseud; ;-;'i;.11.!::r:;:::tit:l:.,, r:,-;\-r:ll:il,, i,. r;, .:1-;.. ,r,.;1
Y
,5{congruence. \:;rhy is it called pseir<io random ?
p iig6rir.
- complexityihe Euclidian Algorithm for finding GCI) of tw,, int*g*rh:at is rtre tirirc
-
I' : ._(a) of this Algoi-ithm ?
t Q3 Give as good a trig-O r:slinratc as possihle lirr eaclr of'tlrc ftrll,rr,. in,, lir;ii ii,,,1q.
I \

I
r r,.,lt,r:fc*-
{,
^ _ : ,fift,42,....".........,&n-1.0n are real humt:ers and anl,O. th
i on s a r tlr e svsf em q r cor
si*t e'rc ei:,
Sryi'I,I::';i"'ut r

i *k 3(mod 5)
' x=2(rnod7)
i

i I

(b) why performing arithrtetic with smpll inleger on il proccssor is"

nrrir.h rlrrir:krr
thail duirig orithiretic rvitir iarge tnteger ? Exp!ain the rolc r:l'rrrqriullr"lr.ilhrnetir:
1 in representing large nurpb*r *ith atr exanrple
,Wn computer netrvork consists of six 'compulcrs. Ilaclr cornfruter ir; rlii.cr:l!y,
I connected to zero or more of the othe'r con;ruters. Slrorv that thcrc arc l! lcrst
iu,o
i conrputers in the network that are dircctly connectecl to tlre sanrc rrur;rlr.,
,,i nrt,.,
\gmffirles
\ii (i)
of rcrariorrs R gn A:{l},:r} rravi,g rhe sr:rrerr propcrry:
isbotlisy:nmetric arrd antisj,ninrerric.
"
R
i,,,1\ f t, +) . - -1
iiiff.TJiil{!il::Xi,l;';l,l'Xffil-1,.*l;,,.
(iii) R is transitir,-e but RU R-"r is notirap.sirive. !1,
"' :\ t;'
tt ,l tL).
t\ : E ii
L\ )C
i..- .T
)
Sff,CTION.B
=--
iir itrro
3,v.,v,((iF(x,1,) a tr(.r, z) n 17(1"* ;i; -r
''1"(-r" -
l*nrtot* the statement
**""r.* tng t' u'* and t1* ttttivcrse of riiscotrrsc lirr
,46,ui,:*n*r. F(u,rr) T:lu:
s,a,c,c*s ii i,,, , ,i' sc 'l'i
,Ai::i,:"{*X,lt;*J:'ff::l':ffixi;li::lirrg
'$q the set oryri numhers'
;;;;;;;;f eich;grialle is . .1 -, .-! ,..., * r),

,ffi;i!il,x{l',t*T,;ll';x.;T1**'i:;,r*il-x[:,J:'],,:fi 'li"Tt:
itosleepearly",and*'IfIgo,orr*.pearly,thenl.vrillrvakertpfi:clingrefrcshecl"'
*iiting 15c progratrt' lltcn I rvill rvnkc rtp
r lead to the conclusion " I drr ,',oi. frr;ui,
1:rulol<igY
o-Ir*i"u.t, of tire ftlllowing iimplicatiorrl is rr
(p ' nq) (.p *> 4) (ii) -.'(p -'. q)
t l\tr
' ' \'
' -2 --+ _+.::l pf tllr:rit itr-c illomttrlliic
' y-l 1i$1.!
'?
6n.sicler the 'letters' A,F,K,R ""9J
,,irer: iilitl

an algoril.hnr to cdnstrut:t a litrltr's

circ'tti('
. 6\Write
6,"
'' .Krir,i"" i"ir,rriing figures deterir-.ine
rvhe r'c. 11111 1;i'.'ci: 1'.r'1;r!1
'l ,'i" '1,] :4
ii i,_ao.r, iina'ru.i, cirluit lf
a !t does nr:1. sivr r''r 'rrrl:!tlr--:r" ''l ' 'Jt- ,' -
rr.
- , ,"!U cireu-lt exii'ts- .A
'
'a.b
t-q
"nPk
' .
tl'i '.I
a
,

d I
5 i* ocrn-a-[o

.,,'r [;1rir:t plttlt. ('t:tttilt ttcl

,
q *"

.. t--
ii
 1
t
i

,/ t'
f
r

vi{r;"a
(for the following figurcs) fur which'houses'it is possitrle to nrakc a tour i
retuming to the starting ppint se that each door is rrsed exar:tly oncc ( Inclucling
the outside region), I

:'
iQ8 (4Why a practical approach to the travelling sales man prohlem when rlrcre are I

i many-ve'nices to visir is to use an approximation algorithm ?

i G)*ly. the.travellin$_rulg-rs lman

man problem
probl for the following gra;rh hy fintliing the l
total weight of all Hamil ton circuits
circuits and cletermini
ining the cirr:uit
irr:tri1 1"115 mininturn
1

total weight.
\3
^-

(c) Briefly discu-ss_sonre applications of graph eolourin[s.

i
@Plovethat if G is a co,,nc.t*c: oioiu, simple grap6 witlr e eclgcs *,rt v vcrticcs
where v)3, then eS3v-6.
:

.i
--li--
I
I

.. : : . _.-.::r:
I

:r .' ' "ik: t!: *: '^ -,*'i

. ..+' *; -{; { * -.. - #+B * rl' . :

--d

t-

li
i

: t
ri :

l.: .i
4
I
 'l lr rprslirur< 3!r PI flIn lr vrtc.
t lqc crlrar:rlr rtltlrrr ro ilrl fnt cnrh serlicn-
[: it.
i_
r5-ltC't'.UJJ'l-A'

t
\ vi' (i) tirr!r,lrrrlri is tlrc {'1r1,ilrtI oI tl:rtrlilrrrh'slt.
' (ii) 5 3 7-lil :' :
.(iiilrr2''ll r:'
r.ir')'r\*:rrvei illirr r;rrt'rlfirtt, -
'.j tvi Ilr"lllr litl rlt'll'lrllit. ol lt'rtl ttttrttlrt'tn I ittttl 1"
{vitii{lrni lt 1'r'tt lrtrttrr ?
il't ilt i, rr,:rl r! irr. iirc !rt('!xrrilirttts
I
\" , r: \'r,rt ,ltilr nvi ' ri5 rrriics pcl ltutrt
,'i'
f

rli Y.tt 1,'l n r,1,,',',li,,p liri ,

thr ittt! rllilr olrt fi'i rrlilcq |trl lltttti., o .lr

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