C:\Users\MOHAMMED MOHSIN\Desktop\PUBLIC POLICY- Correction.

inp 15-06-2020 11:50 PAGE 1 (1,1)


 



  

 

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04-06-2020 11:50 PAGE 2 (1,1)

Public Policy
Contemporary Perspectives and Challenges
Dr. Mohammed Ghouse
Year of Publishing 2020
ISBN: 978-81-935416-3-0

 



     
    

  
2020  
   
189  
  

Rs. 500/-  
    

KGN Xerox Digital Press LLP  

 
 
  
    

M/s Noble InfoTech

#204-B, 2nd Floor, Mustafa Towers
Lakdikapul, Hyderabad- 500004
Phone: 040-40032472, Email: info@nobleinfotech.in
Author Email: ghouselecturer@gmail.com

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


4 
    
5   
6   
16  
  

33   
    

47 
  

71    

92   
  

110 
 

133 
  
 
145 
   
 
155 
   

167  

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
 


 
          
   
   
  
 

          
      
   
 
 
 
 
     

   
     
        
     
  
 
   

   
   

    
   

          
 
  
  
  
  
       
  

   


    
   


         

 
     

   
 

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
        

    
  
     

     
 
    
   
    
     


  
    
     
 
  
 
  
        
  
     
  

     
      
    

 
      
  
 
    
        

 

          
  
 
     
         

     
         

       



 

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


 

  
       
   

  
         

   
  
    
  
   
 
        
 
     
        
  


         
   
 

      


 
  
     

    
 
       

    
  
   
    
  

     
    
     
 
     
       
 

        
  
  
          
   


  

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 
             
  
          
               
 
    
    

       
  

                    

      

   
   

  
  
       
 
 
  
    
 
  
  
  
 
        
  
      

          
     
     
    
       
        

      
   

      
     
               

    
  
  

    
 
 
  
       
     
    
   
    
    
 
             
 

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  
       

          
  
  
 
   
   
   
  

 
 
   
 
       
       
   
   
 
     
    
 
  
      
      
      
 

        
 
 
     
 
  
    
    
 
 

      


  
 
  
     
   

  1950  


     

 
   
  
  
  

             
 
     
        
    

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    

      

   
     

  
           

      
           
   


   
 


            
  
    

 
 
         
    
         
  


      
   

  
   
      
   
 

 
 

 
  
    
      
   
 
    
      
   
 
    
 
   
      

 
 

 

   
        
   

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 

  
  
   

 

 

 
   


        

  
  
       
 
    
      
    
  
       

 

      
      
   
            

    
        
    
     
      
    
        
   
       
   
         
 
    
    
    
        
  
     
 
          
    
  
     
    
 
      
 
    
    
 

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      

  
  
   

 
      
    
  
     
   
    

 
  
 
  
  
             

   
    
 
 


                 



      
    

      
  

         
         

 

      

   
   
 
  
    

  
      
 
 
  
    
 
   
 
        
   
    
   


  
       
 
  
    
 
  
  
    
      
    

 
 
  
       
       
 
      
     

  
 
  

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   
 
  
 
 
          
   
     
 
       
     
    

          
 
        
            

         
 
   

  
         
 
      
  
      
  
    
 
 
 
 
    
   
 

 
   
   
  

  

   

 

   

    
 

 

   

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  
  
     


    


       
   

 
    
  
      

     
    

 

  
 
     
 
 
     
 
  
  

    
        
  
        
 
    
      
     
 
   
   
 

 
 
     
      
 
  
    
 
     
 
  

 -      
   

  
 -   
   
  
 
      
     
 
    
   
  
  
  
 

   
   
 
   

   
      


13
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   
     
 
            
 
  
  


 
  
   
       
   
 
  
  
    
 
  
   
   
   
 
        

  
     

          
    
          
     
       
  

 
  
      
 
    
        
   
    
    
    
      
 

  
    
 
 
  
  
  
         
   

         
    
 

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  
 
   
  
 
   

    
 

 
              

          
   
 
  
       
      
     
  


         

   



  
  
 
  
 
 
  
  

 

 
 
     
 
 
 

 
     

     
   
   
 
      
     
  

   
   

 

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


 
 
  
 

   

  
       

    
  
 
  
 

 

    
      
   
 
 
     
 
    
         

 
      
      
 
   
         
    
      
       
   
           
 
             
    
 
 
       
 
 
  
        


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  
     
   
 
          
       
  


    

     
    
  

    
            
  
       
       
     
     
  
  


   
  
   
 

 
  
         
   
 
      
    
 
   
 
  
     

    
   
     
  
    
      
 
      
      
 
  
     
 
  
 

   
       
   
           
      
    

   
 


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
 
            
    
         
  
         
  

 
       
  

    
   
      
           
 

 
   
  

  

 
          
    
         
 
      
   
 
      

  
   
        
  
      
 
 

   
  
 
   
       

 
 -      
 

 
 
     
  - 
 -
     

 

   
     
  
  

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    

       

    
     

    
     
    
  
   
     


   
     
    
 
       
   
        

 
 - 

  
      
 

  
       
       
     
     
     
 

   
 
      
      
 
           
      

  
           
     
       


   
         
   

        
          
   
           


   
  

      
  
 
  
 

      

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   
      
 
     
   

      
  
 
 
     
   
 
  
    

 
 
        
    
           

   
   
  
 
        


 
               

    
   
     
  


          


         


      
 

         
         
     
  
  
 
    
    
    
    
 
   
          

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                  

 
     
   
    
  
       
   


      
      
 
    
    
   
       
        
    
  
 
      
   
  

   
       
      
   
       
   
   
    
 
          
  
  

          
    


       
 


      
  
   

   
    

     

       
     
 
         
 

   
 
  
   
 
  
   

           
 

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
 
 
  
    
  
    
    
  
 
   

       
            
 
 
 
    
     

 
   
     
    
      

  
        
  
   
  
    
        

 
 
      

    
  
  
 
       
     
 
    
     
  
 
            
     
     
  -  
 
  
 

         
  
           
           
     

          

    
  

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    

     
     
    
  

       
 
      
          
 
  
     
      
     
  
  
    
      
   
 
  

         
      
 
   
  

 
 
  
       

 
 
         
    
      
 
  
     
     
  
   
          
    
      
 
 
 
 
    
     
    
      
  

        
    
       
    
 
    
          

23
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
           

 
        
   
    
        

      
      
      
               
               
      
   
   
 
     
     

  
 
  
    
      
     
      

            


           
      
         
     
         
  
   
     
    
 
    
  
     

 
 
    
    
    - 
     
       
 
     
 
 
   
  - 
    

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 
 
   
       

            
  

 
 
         
   
      
       
    
   
   
        
    
 
 
      
  
  
   
               
   
         
 
        
  
   
      
 

     
 
      
    
   
     
  
 

 
     
 
      
 
         
  
         
 
 

 
  
        
 
     
   
  
 
   
    
      

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  
      - 
        
      

 
   
 

  
 
     
           

  
     
    

   
     
 

 
        
   
    

    
      
 
    
 
       

            
    

     
  
 
   
  
  
  
    
 
          
 
         
 
 
 
 
 
     

  
    
        
          
   

       
   

  
   
     

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  
   
  

     
  
          
 
      
 
  
 
 
        
 
          
   


  
     
   
  
   
       - 
             
 


       -      
  
     
  

 
         
   
   
     
  
 

    
 
 
 
  

   
    
    
 
 
        
  
    
 
  
 

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   

 
       
     
   
-    

           



 
      
    
 
 
   
 
-     
 


 
 
  

  
 
     
  
      
 
    
  
    
    
      

         
 
 

  
      
     

  
 
   
       

  

       
  
 
 



         
 
 
    
 
    
    
  
       
  
 
        
     


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   

 

  
     
  

  
  
 
  

  
  
 
        

  
 
    
 
        
   

    
      
  
 
  
   

 
           
 
      
  

 
           
 

              
 
  
  
  
 

  


   
 


           


      
     


      
 
    


    
  

  

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     

     

      
     

 
  

 
    

   
     

         
    
    
   
         
   
 
           
  
 

       
  
 
 

    
  

  
       

  

       
 
 



 
     

 
 
      
 

   
 
  
 
     
        
  

 
    
 

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          

   
         
  
        
   
 
  

 
           
  
  

  
   
    

 
 
  -   
      
   
   
      
     
 

  
             
     
  
     
 
     
    
   
        
   
  
         
  
 
    
   
  
 
           
  
       
    
 
   
     
 
 
      
  
   
    
 

      

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 
 
     
  

            

            
    
          
  
  
 
   
 
           
      
  
 
    

  
  


       
     
     
      
    
  
 
    
  
             
     

 

  
 

     
    
     
     
        
  
 
   


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 


  
  
       
   
 
      
 
 
      
 
    

     
      
  
 
      
        
    
     
 

       
     
  
   

 
           
   
       
      
            
  
              
     
 2000,2002 
 1999   
   


 2002  
 
  
    

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   
     
 
 
 
 
  
     
    
     
 
     (2005) 
 
       
    
     
    
    (1998) 
      
   

     
   2000 1996    17  
 
 
               

      
  
       
     
 
  
       
       

    
  
  
 
                  

     

   
 
    
   -  1
 
 
    
  2
  
   
   3


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  
 
    
        
 
     
        
 

  
  
  
        
          -  


           
 
 
  
   
        
      (2003)    
   (1996)
    
   (2003)     
 
   

        
     
     
        
  
  
   
            
          
   2  2003   
                
                 
          
    
  
     

     (1990)     

          


         (2005)    
   

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
        

  37        
 
   
  
 
 
 
   
   
                  
  
            
   
         
     
 
           
   
 
        
   1980    
  

    

 2000        
       
 
   
        
        
37000  2000    
    
 20000    1990 

 
      
      
  2002  
     (1996)  
 
       
         


        
1980   656   
        
     
      
      
 

       
  
   
 

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
          
     
  
           390  2004 

 
      
      
 656  1996         
 
  
     
  2001
    1999
           

      
     
     
 
  
     

   
                
 

       
   
      
  
  
      
   34  2005     

 
   
         
    
  

  1992     
  


             
  
 

    2002   
 

       
-         
 1999      
2000 
      
      (2004)  
  
  
    18         

      


  
 
    
       

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  
  
 
 

     
 

  
   
   
 
           
       2006      

    
       

         
     
 
   
 
           

   
     2006     -  
               

       
   
        
          
      
   
        


        
 
  
    
               

 
 
      (2005)  
         
 

 
    
  
 
                     
     294  
  
    1990 (2005)  

    
     

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    

  295    
  
   

 314  

    
 
  (2004) 
 
         
 
 
       
  12   
(2004)   12  
     
 
    
   
 
    
  
 
 
      
       

  
   
 
 
       
 
 
           
  
      17  
 
     
 
   
    

  
  

     
      
 
  


 
 
    
  
   
       

 
       
       

      


   
   
          
  

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  
    
   


    

 
        
  
        
  

         
  
 
  
 
   
 
           
  
 
      
    
  
 

 2002 
     
       
     
  
 
 
     
       

            
   
 
 (2006)
  
       
 
      
      
 
   
  
  
  
               
            

  
     

     

      

 
        
   

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 
  
 
   
    
   
  
 
        
 
  

  

     
 
     
      
  
  
   
   
     
 
  
     
    
  447   2001   -       

 
      
  
 
  
        
 
  
   

   
     
    
 

 
 
   

  
 
 
         
    
   


  



  
     
        
               

       


       
  
       
       
 
  
           

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   

   

  
          

   
       
    
 

  
   
  
      
    
  
 
 
     

  
           


 
 
   
         
  
  
       
 
 
   
   
 
    
 
    
   

      
  
 
  

 

  
 
   
   
  
          
    
     
  
   
 

 
       
  
         
        
 

  
   
    
     


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       

  

 
 
  
   

 
         

  
         
         
  
      
  
           
  
      
   

  
           
    
 
        
      
               
  
    
    
 
 
    
 
  
            
        
  
 

   
         


     

     
  
    
 
  
  
     
      
 
 
     
   


 
  
 
   


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      
         
       
      
 
 
  
  
   
        
 
    
 
             
    
       
   
       
   
 
          
    


 2000  

       
  
  
   
      
   
      
   

 
  
         
      
  
      
             
 
    
   
 
  
      
     
   

     
 



      
     

 
  
 
 
  
  

 
 
  

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  

  
   
   
     

  (2006)   
  
      
            

               

         
         
  
 
             

       
   2004       
  
 
    
     
   
     
  
    

                
  
     
 2005    

    
       

    
       
   

 

  
    
   


        

 
   
    
 
    
 
   

           
 
      
     

    1999     
    
 
                
  

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
     
            
 
       
     
 
  1982      
    
   
      
 

        
   2004 
     
  
  
     
  
  
 
 
  
              
            
       
      
        
           
  
  
          
    

  


   
   

        
    
     
         
         
      

   
      2000   1978
   
  
 
   

      
        
 

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 




 
    
   
     
   
    
         
   

 
                 

 
   
    
 
     
     
   
 
      
   
     
 
      
 
  
      
        
       
 
 
 
       

  
        
  
    

      
      
  
 
      

   
 
  
     
 
      
      
   

      
   
     

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
         
 
   
  

      
    
   
    
  
   
   
   
   
   
  
 
  

  


    
  
    
   
   
 
  

      
 
    
      
  
  
 
     
 
   
   
    
     
     

     
'              
  
      
       
 
 
 
         
   
 
 
       
 
        
    

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 
  
 

 
    

 
  
 

     



  
  
  

  

           
    
 
     
 
  
  



 
   
 
    
  

       
   
     
  

 
                 
 
           

  
       
 
 


 
   
      
 
    
  
    

 
   

     
  
 
 
    
   

   
 

 
        
  
 
   
 
    
   
 
  
  
    


 
         
  

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  
        
    


  
 
 
  
 
 

      
    
             
     

  
 
 

   
 
  1
 
    
    
      
   
        
 
  

     
  
 
  2
   
       

 
       
           3
 
        
   


     
 
 
  


 
         
    
 

   
  
     



        
  
    

   

50
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 
         
  
 
  
  
 
 



 
 
 
    
 

  


      
  
 
             
 
 
  
    
         
            
        
     1930     
 
 


          
 

    
       
     
 
       

     
      
                

           
    
 

  
  
 

      
    
 
      
      
    
 
           
     

   
   

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  
     
 
  
        
  
  
 
  
        
 
      
   
 1978     

         
 
   
     


   
     
   
   
  
      
  
       
     
 
    
      
     



         
   
              
 
   
    
 

        
 


 
 

   

       
   
 
   
      
  
   


  
    
 
   
 
  
      
 
     
      
 
  

     
  
 
   

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
   
  
 
   
 

  
         
     
  
  
     
 

      

    
    
    
    
 
 
    

     
 
  
        

 
       
   

 
   
  
    
   
     
 
    
 


 
    
      
       
   
            
       
    
     
     
   
    
  

  
   
   
      
  


   
  
 
   

         
 
  
        
 
    
    


53
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
  
       
              1986   

               
 
    


   
  
     
    
  
    
 
 
 
      
  
  
  
   
  
    
      
    
 
 1980 
            
 
   
  
      

    
   
   
   
       

     

  
     
       
    

 
   
   
    
    
 /  /  
   

   
   
    
  
     


 
   
     
  
 
      
        
     
 




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   
        
   
       
           
  
       
   1960        
  
  1970
 
  
   
    
    
  
  
  
    

 
      
     
     
  
 
      
 

 
  
   
  
         

 



        
    
   
    
           
 
  
      1960  
 
  
   
    
 
  
   
 
 
    
 
 

      
   
     
    
 

55
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
   
 
      
       

        
      
         
       


   
   
         
    
       
     
 

    
       
  
   
      
            
      
 
   
 

       
   
   
 

 
    
  
   


            
  
  
 

    
     
 
     
   

           

 
  
          

 

    
          
      
     
 
     
 
 
 
    



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  
     
      
    
     
      
       
  
  
 
    
     
   
  
  
   

            
      
   
       

           

   
     
  
 
    
 
  

            
 
 
    


         
 
           
  
  
 
      
         
     
    
   
      
    
      
     
             
     
       
     
    
 
  
    
 
  
       
    

          
 


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  
   

   
 
 
  
    
    


  
   
     

    
  
      
  
     
       
 
  
    
   
  
   
     
  

 
      

   
      
    
      
 

  

    
           
            
              
 
    

  
     
   
       
 
   
 

           
       

  
    
   
  


 
    

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  
       
    
                 
        
  
     
    
 
   
 
 
         
    
 
      
  
   


    
 
   
        
  
  
   

 

       
 
  
 
           
   
      
       
   
            

   
  

  
       
       
    
 
   
     
 
      
 
 
    
 
       
 
   
    

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    
 
     
 

         
       
   

   
  
    
  
          

       


     
 
  
         
     

      
     

  
           
   
   

 
    

 

    
 
 
     

    
        
    
 
     
        
     
 
    
       

              
   
  
    

        
    
           

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
  

    
 
  

                  


         
     



 
   
    
         
  
          
 

  
     
    

    
   
   
    
 
     
          
 
 
     
   
 
   

    
         

    
 

          
       
     
    
 
   
 
            
     
 
     
     
   
       
   
   
   

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 
     
    
 
  
   
 
 
   
  
    

  
   
 
       
   


     
        
  

 
      
  
   
     

    
    
    
 
             
 
          
    

    
          
  
   
   
    
  

 
 
 
 
 
      
    
         
  


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    
       
     
       
   
  
 
 
       


     
    
      
  
 
  
           


      
   
 
 
 
  
    
       
    
    
   
         
 
    

 


  
 
 
  
  

   
     
  
   
       
     
     
   
  
 
        
  
     
     
 
             
      
      
         
 

 
    
      
    
  

     
      
  

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 


      
 

         
  


           
    
 

      
  

      
 
      
         
  
   
               
      
        
 
       




       
  
   
   
        
    

      
  
   
        
  
  
   
     

   
    
   
    
     


     
  
  
   
  
 
  

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  
   
    
 
  
     

      
   
     
     

    
 

    
   
         


         

     

       
 
     
     

        
     
   

   

     
           
             
 
      
      
          
  

  
   
    
 
   
   
 
         
    


        
   
     
  
 
  
 
        

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   
   
       
     
 
  
      
  
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
   
    
  
   
 

 

  

     
    
    
     
    

        
     
  

  
 
 
 
 
  
   
  

 
       
     
 
         
 
 
          
    
 /   / 

/  
 
      / 
  /  
        
     
 
 
         
     

  

  
  


    
  
    
 
    
   
    




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 
  
   
 
  
       
  
 
    
 
     
  
   
 
 
  
      
   
 
  

         
    

       
       
     

      
      
  
         
 
        
  
  /   
 

   
 
    
    
  
    
        

  
    
     
   
  
    
  
    
     
 
  

             
  
  
 
 
         

  
    
  


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 
      
      
   
     



 
          
    
 
       
  
      
 
      
   
      
  
     
         
 
         
      
  
    
   
  
  
       
  
        
     
     
  
  
   
 
          

       
     


 
         
  
 

    
       
 
   
   
 
  
   
 
     

    
      
  
              
     
   
         

    
   
       
 
 
  
         
    

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 
     
 

 

          
   
       
    
    
 
   
  
      
     
     
     
   
     
    

   
  

   
  
 

 
             
   
  
       
   
     
   
   
 
  
 
            

          
 

   
     
     
          
    
  

            
  
     
      
   
 
 
 
      
 
    
  
   
   
      

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
       
  
 
    
 

    
 
 
   

   
  
   
        


        


  

 
       
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
    
     
  
      
          
   
 
 

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




  
    
 
 
  
 
  
  

 



  
  -  
   
-    
   
   
 

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 
            
  
    
    
  

 

                
      

     
    
 
  


            
 
  
       
     
   
   
   

    
 
 
   
    
   
  
    
 
   
 
     

   
      
  
 


   
           
         
     
        



 
      
  
 
 
 
   

    




       
    
    


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   - 
  
 
 
   
   
 


   
  
  
 
    



  
     
  
   
  
     
 
        
          
     



    
 
  
   
   
    
   
   

  

   
 
 
   
 
    
 

 
  
 




  
  

 




 
  
 
 

 
 

    
 
    
   
  
           

      
    
    
  

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 
 
      

 
      
      

 

            
           
   
   
    
      
  

  
   
 
  
 

  

 
 
  
 
   
 
   
   



  
 
 

  -  
  

  
 

   
 
  


  

  
  
  
       
   
 
      
   

           

  
 

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


      
  

         
      
   
   
  

  (1)
  (2)

 (3)

  
    
      
   
   
    
 
       
 
 
  
  
           
 

     

  

   
 
 '    
 
 '  
  
 
 
   
  
   

       

    
 
  

  
  (1)

  

 (2)


 
  
   (3)

   (4)


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  (5)

 
   (6)


  
 
 

 (7)

        

  
 
    
 
 
  (1)


   (2)

    
 
   
 
   
  
     
 (1)
  (2)

     (3)


 
   (4)

 
    
     
    
   
   
 
 
   
  
   
 
 
    

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          

         
   


(7)    (6)    (5)    (4) (3) (2)    (1)


  
        
 
         
  
          
 
 
     
 
    

  
 
    
  
  
 
 
  
       
   
 
   ( 5 ) ( 4 ) (3)(2) (1)   
             (7)   (6)
   



      
    
      
 
   
   
   
        
  

      
  
        
 

 
 

  (1)

  
 
  (2)
  (3)
    (4)
 

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 
 (5)
  (6)
  
 (7)

  
 (8)
  (9)
   
     
 

 
 
 
   

  
      
 
  
   

 

 

 

   
    

 
   

      
  
     
      
            

          
  
   

 

  
         
 
     

 
  

 

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 

 
  

   

     
    
   
 

    
     
  
 
           

 
    
        
   

          
   
 
       
  
         
      
      
     
      
      

     
     
  
   
   


 

  
 
    
   
  

  


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  
 

  
 
  
 
 

  
   

   

   

 
  

   
          

 
   
  
 

   
  
  
   
   
  
  


  

  


 
    
  

  



  
 
 
   
  
   
  
    
   
  
  
  
-  

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  
       

 
  
      


 
   


   

 
  
   

 

 
   
  
  
   
       

  

 

  
        
 
 
     
      
  
          
 
    
         
      
     
   
 

  
 
   
 
     
 
 
  
       
  
 
 
    
 

       
   
 

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   
      
      
 
   
 
   
   
           
  
     
 

   


  

 
 

     
    
 
  
  
       
           

        
  
   
       
  
 
  
  

 
 
  
     


   



 

  


     
   


  
 



    

 
 
  
  

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   

 

  
   -     
   
 

 


  

  
  



    
      

  


   
   
        
    
    
      
     
 
   
 

 
 

   
 
 


  
  

   
 
 
 

   
 
  

 
   
   
 
          
   
    
    
 

 
 
 
    
  

       
    
 

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        

    
  

     

  

 
  


  
 
 

   
  
 
        
   
   
     
 
   

         
 
 

   
       
   
     
  
 


    
       

          

    
  
      
     
 


       

   
    
   

       
   

    
  
    
     
    

  

  
 

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     

    
       
 
        
       
  
   

 

      

  
  
 
      
       
                 
  
       
  
  

       
  
  
    
    
   

   - 
    
 
      
          
 
      
 

         
        
 
    
   
 

   
   

    
         

   
       

      
   
 

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 
   
   
 
 
 
        (2)  (1)

  
  
             
  

   
        
      
       

   
      
  
  
  
 

   
  
             
   
      
   
  
   
      
  
     
        
   
   
         
    

  
      
  

  
      
  

          
   

        
   
 
  

  
           
         
   

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           

 
 
        
  
     
  
   
    
  
 


 
   
      
    
 
  
    
     
   
 
  
    
  
 
  
  
     
  
   

   
   
  
       
         

  
         
 

 
       

 

  
   
     
      
    
   
    

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
-            
   
   
 
   
  
 


    
  
   

          

  
       
 
 
           
  
 
 
      
     
  
 

   
  
  

   


  
 
     
  
    
    
  
  
     
 
     
     

    
           
 
  
 

 
 
    
 
             
 


    

       
     

    
    
        

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     

 
   
      
  

  

 
   
    
    
 
     
 
  
     

    
   
 
 
   
 

 
 

 
  
    
          
 
 

  
 
 
  
  
 
   
    
 

  
          

 
        

    
   

   
   
   
    
  
    
   
  
      
    
   
      
  

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  
 
    
     
         
    
 
   
            
  
 

 
           
   
   

     
 
   

 
  
  
     
   
 
  
 
  
  
    
 
 

     
    
  

 
   
 
     
    
 



  


  

           
  
    
    
  
      
 
  
   

 
   
 
 
   
            
   
    
   
 

                

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
  
 
    
    


   
   

 
   
 
          
 
    
        
 


   
    
  
   

    

       

      
  
     

 
               

 
       

    

  
      
  
  
    


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 


  

   
                 
 
     

 

 
      65 
    
65    

 
      
       
  

  
    
   

  
  1984- 1  
 
 
   
    

   
       
  
  
        
           
  
 
 
        
  
     
  
   1970   
    
          

    
      
  
    
 
           

    
     


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 
   
    
   
     
  
  
       
  
 
 
  
1980     

 
    
      
 
         
    
   
 
    
  
 
    

 
   
   
     

    
   
 

    
    
        
 
   
     

  
 

      
 
     
  
    
 
 

    19  
  
  
    

    
 
            
  

  
     1975      
    

  
        
 
      
     
 
  
       
 

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   
          

 
  
     
 
  

 
   
    
  

 
  1974  
   1984 
  
  
 
   
  
 

      
         
 
     
   
 
  
           

    
   
  1990        

  
      
  

        
     
    
    1994    

            
   
    
 
    

    
 
   
 
 
    

        
   
 

 
 
   
 
   

       
 19984   
   
    
   
  
        
     
 
   
   
 
 
     
   
   19  
   20       

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 
  
    
    
 
   1994            

  
        
           
  
19 


  
          
 

       

  
  
  
  
     
 

          
   
    
     6  1984
 

 
 
        
 
  
  
    
 
        
        
  

 

  

     
  

    
   
 
  
  
    
  
  

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  
      
       
   
     
    

   
   
    
   
   
 




         
 
 
    
         
  
   
   
 
   
   

 

 

 

   

 
      
 

    
    
      
 

 


 
      
 
 

  
    
   
  
     
      
   80  60 
        
  
    
         


  
  

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

 
  
      
 
  
      
     

      
  

  
   
 
           1990
 
        

    
    

         
 
   
 
  
 
      
   

 
            
          
    

       
    
 
  
  
        
   
 
  
   1970     
   
  
  50      
 
    

   
 

    
 
 30  
    40      
     
       
     
   
        

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      

     
 
             
    
       
        
    
      
       
   
   
        
     
      
  
 
      
 
        
     
  
  
             
   
        
  
   
     
   
  
       
   
             
      
        

            
       
      
      
     

       
 
      
 
            
 

 
1960  1950    
  
 
  
    
   
 
   
 
          
  
   
  

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      


  
 
  

      

          
   
   
        
 
     
  
 
       
     

 
 
  
    
    
  
       
         
    
    

   
      1990 1980
    
 
       
      

       
     
                      
       
 
     
1990      2000   
    
    
 
 
       

            
  
    
      
     
              

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    
 

          
           
 
         
       
     
    
 
        
 
    
    
     
 
    
         
 

            
   

           

            
   
 
    
       
   

       
     
   
   
 2000
             
           
 

       
   
    
         
   
 1980  1970      
  
  
       
        
  
        
 
   
      2001     
 
   
   
1957 

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
    2004         

   
       
    
   
      
    
  
  
   
 
    

  

   
   1999     
    
 
   
      
      
        
     

             
 
   20   
  
    
   
     
 
    
         
  
   
        1995
 
               

         
      
 
   
       
  
  1995  
 
  

 
   
   
      
       
     
        
   
      

      1990  
  
          
   

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 
      
   
    1980     
      
  
      
   
 1995    

  

   
         
 
   
  
 


     

           1990
        
     
 
    
     
          
      
  
     
     

 
  
      
  
          
      
 
        
  
    
    

   

  

    

    
   
       
     
      

  
  
 
   
 

 
     

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 
  

       
  
 
                

  
    
  
      
 
  2002     


     

    
     
           1995 
   
 
  
 
   
   
    
 

     
  
      
 
    
   
     

   
   1935:288 
        
       
     
     
   

1980        

         
      

 
    
           
    
  
    
  
   
           
 
 
 
    
      

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 
1960    
   
    
   

1960     
  
       1970
1975  
      
  
    
 
     
 
 
   
   
 
   1960   1950   
  
   
    
 
 
  
 1996 1995 
   

       
    
    
    
      
           
      
  

        
          41-3  1994      


1980      
 
    
     
 1990   
 
  

     
  
  
 
            
   1996    
   
    
      
         

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     

   
   


   

      
    

    
 
 
      
    

     
  
        
  1970   
 
 

         1980  
     
   
     
    
   

    
     
  
  1995 
         
      

   
            
         
  
     
    
    
      

 
      
 1990  1980 
   
 2000        
 
   
            
   
      
   
 
        
 

   
  
 

 
           
 

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     
                


 
         

             
    
  
   
          2000
         
 
          
     

 
           
        
    

  
     

 
     
  
 
           
    
    
        
      

   

    


 
  
      
 
    
    
        
   
        
            

 
      
              
       
 

90             1946   
   
  
  
     
 

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 2001           

   

     
 

  
  

       
         (2004)    


      
    
 
        
 

    
   
         
  
 
     
   
  
          
   
 

  
  
    
   

 
   
  
  
  
 
     
   

    
 
       
     


     
   
     1995    
    

         
     
   
  
 

 1998  
    


    
   
  100   
 
  

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
  2000 
        

     
    
 
  
    
      
 1990       
  
         

  
         
        
 
 



 2001       
    
       
      
 
 
  


   

    
      
       
   
            



     
   
 
   
  
        
  
 
 
   
     
 
  
      

   
  
    

   
       
 
       
  
  
 
   
    1973         1970  
  

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  
        
    
    
 
      
    

 
    
      
    
     1970
 
    
  
   
           

       
  
   
          
 
    
         
           
 
            
   
 

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





 

            
 
   
       
 
        
     
 2004   1997     




            
  



  21    


  
          
     

  
 
    
       
         
 
 
 

  
 
 



 
          
      
    

 
   
     
   
     
  1999

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 
     
 
 
  
  1980  1980  
 

      
      
   
     1998
          
  
       
   1996   1996   
 
     
         
   
 
 

 
  
 

  
   
   

    
 

 

 
 1980  
  
    
          
     
      
         1990
  
  
   
    
     
   
   
     
 
  2002              
  
        

   
  
 

 
 
      
  
  1958      
     
  
             
    
       
   1997

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         

         

   
   
        1983  
        1971
 
    
    
        
      
 
     
    


 
    
  
 
    
         1983 

       
   
  

          
       
         
  
 

  
   
 
        
       
         
    1950     
   
  
    
  
   
 


    
        
   

       
             


      
  

  
  1997    

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 
    1997   
    
     

   
       
  
 
  

   
 
  
 
 
  
 
     
  

 
               

      
 
     
          
 

       
        
  
  
       
      

             
   
    1998    
        
   
        

        
  
     
     
      

  
      
     
 
      159  1992     


  
   
  
  
   
         
 
    
  
   
 

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   
   
   
          
      
             

    
         
       
     
 

  
 1950  

  
        

 1970  1960    
   
       


  
     1999     

        

     
      
 
 
     
  
     1980
           
 
       
    
      

      1999   
  
 
 
 
 
      
    
   
   

        
  
   

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  
  

    

  
  1997        
       
      
 
      
 
 

  
  
       
    
  (1)        4   
 (2)  
    2003         (4)    (3)  
 
          

  

 

 
  
   
  
  
             
  
  

 
     
  
    
    
     
   

  
  

      
  
       
     
 
     
         
                 
  
  
           
  
                   
 

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                

     
   
     

 
      
    
  
   

 

      
      4   

      
 

      
    1997    

         


             
    
   
  
        (1994)
    
       
  
 
  
        

  
  
    
         
 
                
   
 
   
    
 
     
          
  
         

        1992 
    
   
   

 
 
           

     (1992)    

 
         
  

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 
      


    
 
   
 
  
  
        
   
    
  
 
   
(2000) 
      
 
 
             

    
   (2003) 
   
  
     
     
      
   
 
     


         
  (1992) 

  
       
   
 
            
 

 
             
 
  

  
 
  
      
      

    
       
     
 
 
 
   (1995)    (1994)   
   
 
 

  

   (1995) 

     
 
    
 

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       

    
          
  
       
   
   
 
          
  


            
   
 
 
          
 
    
  1960        

     
 
      
    
  
    
  4     
 (2) (1)   
        

   (3)    
 
    
 
 
  (4) 
   
 
             
 
 
    

          
    
           
   
20  
      
  


         
    
   

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 
 
  
      

       
  
  
      
 

  
      
   

    

 
 
       
  1988
           
  

          
      
  1990  1980      
       
  
   
         
      

   
    
 

          
  
 
        
  
 
   
   
               
           
     
   
   
     
  
            
    
    



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
  
             
 
  
  
   
  (1987)
    
  
 
       
  
 

  
       
 
        
  
 
       
  (2000)      

    
    
   1987    
            
  

  
    
  
  


          
    
    

   
  
 
  
   
   

 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
          1980



    
    
     

   
           
 
  
 
             

  
    1991  
 
   
  
  
      
 

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  
   
    
  
      

     
    

   
 1997            
    3     
    
   
   
         
 
 
       
  

 
 
        
      
    

 

 
        

        
    
 
 
   
    
             
  20   
   

  


 
 
   
            
   

   
     
  
   
 

               
   
 
    
 
 
  
        
     

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
   


       
  
  
 
           
             
   
 
            




      


           
   
    
  
    
 


   
         
   
  
       
 
       
    
   
  
    
    
 

   
 

  
   
       
 20          
    1945  
     
      
      
 2-3 1999    
     
    
  
    OECD
  30 
30      

              
 1994        

  1995 
  2000    1997   
 

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 
          

    
 
       
 
   
   
    
   



 
  
  
  

   
 

    

  
        
  
    
 

   
     

 
   1990       1977     1975 
    
   
   
     
  
    
   
 
       
   
    
 
    
    
  

      
  
 
 
    
   
 
      
       
      
  
           


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    
 
    
     

  
1970       

 
           

   
      


     
 
 


  
        

 
   
  
 
    
      
   

   
   
  
 
   


     
  
  

60 
       


 
    
 

  
 
 
  
 
   
     
  

     
        
    
          
   
   

 
   
 
  
         
 
  
      
    
  
  

  19            


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    

   
  
   
    

      1982    
    


          
 

1970 
   1975 
  1984    
  
   
     
  
          
 

  

  
  
 
 
  
             
 
 
  
  

 
      
   

  
   
  

  
      
  
 
       
   
 
  
     
  2002 1996   
              
      
      


    
 1992     
             
       
    
           
 
    
      
 
  
  
   
      
     
 
1870 
  1978     
 

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  
          
 
   
  
 
          
  
  
 
  20  


  
   
  
  
                 
 
             
  


     
     
  
  
 

   


    
     

 
 
 
      
   
 

  
        
    
 
        

     
     
 
 
  
    
   
  


      
        

 
         
     
 
 
  
     
 
      
    
     
        
  
  
  
  
  


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   

     
 
 


    
 
    
       

 

 
   
 
   
    

         
    
  
  
   
   
 
            
 

        
   
  
   
 
  
 
  
   

      
   
 

       
     
 
         
     
      
     
    

    

    
 
 
     

 18 1990   

   
      
  
 
1990   
        
       

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          

          


 
         
 
       
    
   
       
 
   
  
    
   
             

         
      
  
 
  
      
  
  
 
 
   
   
   



   
  
   
 
     
 
 
  

     
  

   
  

 
              
 
  
 
 
   
  
    


  
        

  
  
   
          
   
    

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  
     
  
 
       
  
 
     

  
  
      
 
 
       
       
   
        
 
    1948    

 
 
        1948 
                


       
     
  
             
 
  


 
   
        

 
    
      
 
      
   
 
  
      
      
   
   
    
       
      
  
 
        
  

    
  
     

        
 
      
     
    

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     

  
    
   
        
 
  
 


  
 
       
    
 
 
  
   
  
  
 


   
    

 
  
     
     
       
        
  
          

 
      
    
 
 
         
   
   
   
   
   
   

        
      
   
     
 
   
 
 
    
  
                
  
    
  

   

       
   

     
  
  
  

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 
         
    

  
           
   
  
     
    

   
         
  
      
   
    
  
    
  
 
      
         
    
 
    
 
     
 
  
     
 
 
      
  
  
    
   

   
  

    
             

  
           
 

     
     
          
 
     

             
  
    
  
     
  
 
 
          
  

     
      
   
    

      
   

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  
      

          
   
    
    

 
 

 
  
        
 

    
     
 
 
   
    
  
 
   
     
  
 
 
  
    
    
    
       
  
 
  

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
 



 4 
     
     
  
     

  
   
  
 

      
   

  


   
 
           
 


  
    1977       
   
 
  
     
  
     
     

             
  
      
   
     
  
    
    
     
  
 
      
      
      
  

  
   
   
         

       
        

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
 
  1977      
 
        
       
  

    2005  
  1975    
  
      
  
  
  
 
  1996       
     

 
            
  
  
     
       
 
 
        
 
   
 
    
    
   
   
 
 2004 


    
        
 
   
   
     
   
     
  
 
  
    1999    
      
 
 
   


  
         

    
        
   1991 
 
           
   
 

          


   
   
  

              
   2002 

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     

  
    
   
  
   


 
      
     1989 
     
       

 2002       
  
 
  
  
   
      
          
  
    
    
  

     
       
 
 
   
  
      
  
 
     
 
    
     

   
     
 
    
  
 
 


 1991  1993   
    
    
  
      
    

 2003  
             
    
     
    
   

  
   
    
   
 
     


    
 
 
  
  
     
   
         
       

 

      
  
     


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 
  
    
 

 2003 
 
       
   

                 

             
    

    
 
    

    
    

  
      

             
      
   
    
       
    
      
         
     
   
 
        
 
  

      1987             
 
            
   1920  
        
    
       
   
    


     
             
            
     
 
             
     
      
        
    
      
     
 
        
    
               

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  
 
    
   
         
 
  
 
     
         
   



  
   
 
     
 
  
  
 
 
     
  
 


    
    1996      
 
      
       (1991)
  
 1996   

 
    
  
 
 
     
      

      
       
 2000    



  
   
      

 

       
     
   
     
  
    

  
  
   
  
    
       
       
      
    
         
  
 

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
  

 

  
   
  
  
              

   
   
     
 
              1987 
   

  
19             
 
      
       
 

        

    
 
      
   

   

        
 
      

     
    

    
  
      


 
       
   

  
 
  
   

 
           

              
  
   
 

   
 
      
    
 
      
    
   
      

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 
   
    
 
  
     
 
     
 
    
  
      
     
 
    
  
  
 

        


 
    1990 

  

  
   
     
   
 




  
       
 
   
      


              
   

       
   
   
     
    
  

 2001
 
    
    

 
    
    

      
   

  
   
   
 
     
        

        
  
   
   
    
  1995 
  
   

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 

        
 
 
     
   
   
  

 
  
   

 

 
    
      
 
 
  
 1985  
    
           
  
 
 

  
 
  
     

                
  
    


   
    
  
   
    

 
     
  
      
        
 

  1991          
  
  
  
   
       
   
      

   
         
   
    



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
  
    
   

     
 
  
  

 
  
     
 

      
    1987     

   
       
   

  
    
  

 
 
         
 
       
     
  


        
          
  

     
         
 
  
     
  
  
        
    
 

  
  
       
 
          
          

       1996      
    
  




 
     

 
        1982 

141
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
  
   
   
     
    

  
   

     
         

      
     
 
       
   
   
   
 1980 

  
    
       

 
      (1)  
 

         (2)
   
      (3) 
   
  
  
 (4)      
  
       
              

      
 


  
    
 
  
   
           
  
   
  1965 
 
     
      

  

    
 1987   
  
  
  
        
  
 

 
        
    
            

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  

      
   

         
  
        
  
    
      1996    2000 
      
        
  

    
      
     
 
 4

 

      
  
    

   
     

  
    
  

     
    
  
   
     
 
     
   
  
 



  
         
  
  

    
     
  
            
 1951  1949 

 

 
 
   4   


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                

 
  
           
 
     
 
 
  
           
 
  
 
 

    
   
      
     
   
  
 2 
   8    
     


  
 
 7300   548   351   
   1899




      
  

  
 
         
    
  

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



 

        

  
         
 
   
    
    
    
         
   
     
     
 
       
    
   
  
   
  
   
    
   
   
  



 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
    

 
 
      
    
  
     
    
 

 
      
    
         

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    

    

  
         
          
     
  
  
 
      
           
     
 
   
             
      
 
 
   
   
    
 45-531999  
       

    
   
    
 
      
   
    
       CBA
 

  
  
   


   
  
     
        
        
        
    
      
         
    
      
  
     
   
  
         
         
     

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 
  
      
 
      
 
    

   
      
    
 
           
 

 
  
       
 
    
       

 
   
  
 
        
  
    
   

      
     
 
   
    



  


     
    1972
      

       
     

           
    
   
   
   
 
   
    
   
 
   
     
    
 
        
      
 
  
     

   
    


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 

     
  
            

 1998   
 
       
    
            
   
  
     


      
 
     
   
   
 
 
        
        

         
 
 
     
        
    
 



   


 

           
      
     
      
      
         
     
    
  
    
 

 
     
 
 
  
 
 25 
  
  
  
 
      
    
  
        
 

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     
    
   

   1990  
    
  
  
          
   1995   
          



   
    
   
             
    
  
           1997  

  
    
       
 
 
  
    
    

       
  
 
   2001      
 
      
    
  
           
   
    2001 
   
 

       
          


          
    
 2001
  
     
  
   
  
    
  

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     
          

           

 
  

 

   
    
     
          
 

         
    
   

 
           
 
        
    
  
 
    

 
  
 
 
       
       
 
         
 
 
 
 


   
   
    
 
     
    
     
            
    
  

 
 


      
  
   

   
     
  
   


        
 
       
 

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            


  
   

          
 
  
    
 
         
  
 

 
          
  
      
        
 2000
    

    

  
             
 
     
     
  
      


 
     
 
   
  
    
    
    
   
 
               
     
    1996
 
 
        
    
     1999    
    
 

  
     
   
 

  
   
  
   
    
          
  
 
  
 
 
   

  

        
 

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    

      
 
 
      
    
  
      
 
  

      
     
     

     

 
 
   

     


 
 
      

   
  
   
  
 
      
   
 

    
   
  
 

   
   
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
   

         
   
 
          
          
 
       
 
       
     


   
      
      
    
     
  

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      

       
 1995   
 

     
  
    
        
 
                 
 
         
 
  
 


  
      

 
       
  
         

              


 
  
  
  
     
           

   
         
 
  
      
  

 
 
 
    

             
    
   
  
      
    
   
   
 
     
    
   

  
    
      

         
  


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
         
     

        
 18   
  

           

           
    
 
 
       
   
 2003   19

  
         
    


     1992  
          
  
     30    
  
          
   
   
     
 

   
  

              

          
  



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
 


 

  
    
 
  

 8     
 
      
 1975 
   
    
 
 
      
    

      
     
            
 
      381 1975  


 

        
 
      
   
          
  
   
  
  

     
 
   
  
 

  

 
    
   
 
  

     
  

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         

   

 
 
    

   
 
 
  


  
         
        
      



    
  145 1998     

    
   
 
      

 
       

 
  
    11 1999 
    
    1999    

 
  
     
  
    
   
   37 1999    

     
         
   
        1997 
      

   
 
 
      
      
 
    
 
   
       
   
     
      
     
   
 
  
  
     
 
  
  
  

 

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
   
 
    
    
  
 
      
       
   
   
  

 
   
   
 
   
        

 

            
   

   
  5 2002           
            
  
    
           
 
     
          
 
 
    
  
     
        
   
   
     
    
 
  
   
        
 
       

   

       
           
    
 
       
    530 1968        
     
   

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   
      
     
     
    
 
  
   
  

       

   
      
  
     
  
     
 1968  
     
  
    
  

    



    
   
 
  
 
        
 
    
  

      
   
     
       
   
     
          
  
     

   1948     

 
     
          19

     1997   1998    11998     

    
    
   
    
      
 
            15 1986       
 

   
 
  

  1960  1950   

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     

       
 
   
 
 

1960     
       
  

  
  
 
     


 
       
   

  
 
 
   

  215  1995       
 1972  
         


  1980 
 
1972 1973 1978


        
 1984 1972
     
          
         
 

      215-216 1995    
  
     
      
  
1980   1978  1987        

         
    1987  1976
  
       
    
  216-19  1995      

   1954      
     
        
 

 
    1979 1982 1978 
 
 

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
  

   1971

    
     
  1974
  1972        

           1976


1976       
  
  1974 1977
 
      
  
 
 
   
       
    
         
    
    

    20 1936       

    
      
    
    
          
 22  1995   
  
  

      
 
 
    
   
      
  
      1983  

 1990    1998   
   
     
       
  
 
 
      
 
1971
      1979  
       

  

 

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            


         

  222-8 1995    
  

 
  
     


  
      
  
        
  1998     
 
  
  
      
                

  
        
         
      
 
  
         
  
 
     
    
  


 


      
    
 
 
       
      
   


   
     
       
 

   
    1975
   
         
      
      
   

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      

    

  


     
      
     
 
 
      
        
     
            
  
     
         

  
    
        
 
               

       
       
                
      
        1998
   
    
  1999     
 
   

  

   
   

        
    



   1990               
         

      1990   
      
         

  
   
   1990   

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 
          
    
     
     
 
      
       
  
     
   
      
 

  
 
     
      
 
 

1994 1998  1995     20.1    
   
 
     1999  1990  
 
 
  

 
   
        

 
   


    
 
 

    
 
       
     
        
    

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   
     
    

            


             
   
 1996  
  
    
       


  1991  
   
  

               
  45     
  

  
     
    
                 
  
 

        
 
  
        
            
        
 

        
      

               
   
     
  
              1998
 
    
        1995   
   
 
          
 
   1993    19981996 
      1998    


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
  
      
      
 
      
  
      
        
  
        1993     
       
        
  
  
  
    
     
   
        
      
       
 
         
     
  
      

 
     
     1985


 1993 


   
         
   
   
             

1992  2000  2001    
 1997   
       
  1998  
  
  
   
 
  1970    
      

 
   
 
  
       1980
  
 1947  1944      
  
 
       1985    


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 1987     1997    

 
    1994       
 1980  
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
      
    

      
   
  
  

    
    


       
   
  
     
 
   
     
     
  

 
 1969     
 

      1976         
 
        
      
          
 

  
          
  
   
  
 

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 
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