Rad physics

Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass

Energy

- is the ability to do work

Potential energy- is the ability to do work by virtue of position

Kinetic energy- is the energy of motion

Chemical energy- is the energy released by a chemical reaction

Electrical energy- represent the work that can be done when an electron moves through an
electric potential difference

Thermal energy- is the energy of motion in molecular level

Nuclear energy- is the energy contained within the nucleus of an atom

Radiation

- energy emitted and transfer through space

-Is the transfer of energy

Ionizing radiation- any type of radiation that capable of removing an orbital electron from a atom

Source of ionizing radiation

Natural environmental radiation
-naturally occurring ionizing radiation including Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation,
internally deposited radionuclides, and radon

Man made radiation

- Artificially produced radiation

Types of ionizing radiation

Particulate radiation
Alpha particles
Is equivalent to a helium nucleus, contains two protons and 2 neutrons
Its mass is approximately 4 amu and it carries two units of positive electric charge
Large and exerts great electrostatic force
Emitted only from nuclei of heavy elements
 Beta particles
Light particles with atomic mass number of 0 carry one unit of negative or positive
charge
The only difference between electrons and negative beta particles is their origin
Originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms, electrostatic exist in shells outside the
nuclei of all atoms

Electromagnetic radiation
Xrays
Produced outside the nucleus on electron shells
gamma rays
emitted from the nucleus of radioisotope and are usually associated with alpha and beta
emission

Work- product of the force on an objects and the distance over which force acts
Power – is the rate of doing work
Heat- is the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules

Heat transfer
Conduction- is the transfer of heat through a material by touching

Convection- is the mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place
to another

Thermal radiation (Radiation)- is the transfer of heat by emission of infrared radiation

Radiologic units

Air kerma(Roentgen)- is the unit of radiation exposure or intensity

Gray(RAD)- is a unit of radiation absorbed dose

Absorbed dose-is the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass

Sievert(REM)-is the unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose

Becquerel(curie)- is the unit of radioactivity

HISTORY
Greek Atom

-scientist this time thought that all matter was composed of four substances: earth,
water, air, and four basic essences: hot, dry, wet , and cold

Dalton atom

-an element was composed of identical atoms that reacted the same way chemically
(hook and eye)

Dmitri Mendeleev

-arrange the first periodic table of elements

Thompson atom

-He described the atom as looking something a plum pudding, in which the plums
represented negative electric charges and pudding as mass of positive electrification

Bohrs atom

-described the atom as a miniature solar system in which the electron revolved around
the nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels

Atomic Structures
Nucleus- center of a atom and consist of two sub atomic particles proton and neutron

Proton- positively charge particle and has a mass of 1.673x10-27 kg

Neutron- uncharged particle and has a mass of 1.675x10-27 kg

Proton and Neutron are made up of quarks that bound together by gluons

Electron- negative charge particle and revolve around the nucleus and has a mass of 9.109x10 -31
kg

Electron binding energy- the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

-The closer the electron to the nucleus the greater the binding energy is.

-the greater the number of electron in an atom, the tightly each is bound
Atomic number(Z)- the number of proton

Atomic mass number(A)- the number of proton + neutron

Isotopes- element that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers

Isobars- elements that have the same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers

Isotone- element that have the same number of neutrons but different number in protons

Isomers- same atomic number and atomic mass number

Radio Activity
Radio Activity- is the emission of particles and energy in order to become stable

Radioisotopes- isotopes that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons

Radioactive decay-results in emission of alpha particle ,beta particle, and usually gamma rays

Beta decay-an electron created in the nucleus with considerable kinetic energy and escapes
from the atom

Alpha decay- a nucleus must be extremely unstable to emit alpha particles, but when it does, it
loses 2 units of positive charge and 4 units of mass(Helium Atom)

Radioactive half-life-is the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half of its
original value

Electromagnetic Energy
Photon- electromagnetic radiation that has neither mass or electric charge but interacts with matter

-move at the speed of light

Amplitude- is one half the range of crest to valley over which the sine waves varies

Frequency- is the number of wavelengths that pass a point of observation per second

Wavelength- is the distance from crest to crest

Electromagnetic spectrum- is the range of all types of EM radiation

Inverse square law- law that states that the intensity of radiation at a location is inversely proportional
to the square of its distance from the source of radiation

Quantum theory- theory in the physics of matter smaller than an atom and of electromagnetic radiation

ATTENUATION- is the gradual loss of x ray photons and decrease in x ray energy as the result of
absorption and scattering

Radiopaque- low density white on the radiograph

Radiolucent- black high intensity in the radiograph

Factors affecting attenuation

1. Materials composition- directly proportional to attenuation

2. Materials thickness- directly proportional to attenuation
3. Photon energy- inversely proportional to attenuation