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com

Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815

www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

Thermal stress analysis of eccentric tube receiver using

concentrated solar radiation
Fuqiang Wang, Yong Shuai, Yuan Yuan, Guo Yang, Heping Tan *
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, PR China

Received 28 March 2010; received in revised form 24 June 2010; accepted 8 July 2010
Available online 21 August 2010

Communicated by: Associate Editor Brian Norton

Abstract

In the parabolic trough concentrator with tube receiver system, the heat transfer fluid flowing through the tube receiver can induce
high thermal stress and deflection. In this study, the eccentric tube receiver is introduced with the aim to reduce the thermal stresses of
tube receiver. The ray–thermal–structural sequential coupled numerical analyses are adopted to obtain the concentrated heat flux distri-
butions, temperature distributions and thermal stress fields of both the eccentric and concentric tube receivers. During the sequential
coupled numerical analyses, the concentrated heat flux distribution on the bottom half periphery of tube receiver is obtained by
Monte-Carlo ray tracing method, and the fitting function method is introduced for the calculated heat flux distribution transformation
from the Monte-Carlo ray tracing model to the CFD analysis model. The temperature distributions and thermal stress fields are obtained
by the CFD and FEA analyses, respectively. The effects of eccentricity and oriented angle variation on the thermal stresses of eccentric
tube receiver are also investigated. It is recommended to adopt the eccentric tube receiver with optimum eccentricity and 90° oriented
angle as tube receiver for the parabolic trough concentrator system to reduce the thermal stresses.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Eccentric tube receiver; Thermal stress; Fitting function method; Concentrated solar radiation; Ray tracing

1. Introduction temperature gradients and large deflection of tube receiver.

The parabolic trough concentrator with tube receiver
system is extensively employed for solar power generation.
The incoming solar radiation is converged on the bottom
periphery of tube receiver by a parabolic trough concentra-
tor, and then the concentrated solar radiation is converted
to heat by the heat transfer fluid flowing through the tube
receiver. The tube receiver is enclosed by a glass envelope
to reduce the heat losses to surroundings (Almanza et al.,
1997). The tube receivers are designed to operate under
extremely nonuniform heat flux, cyclic weather and cloud
transient cycle conditions, which in turn will produce high
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 451 8641 2308; fax: +86 451 8641
3208.
E-mail address: tanheping77@yahoo.com.cn (H. Tan).
The high temperature gradients will generate the large ther-
mal stresses which may cause the failure of tube receiver,
and the deflection of tube receiver will induce the rupture
of glass envelop which will result in the increase of heat loss
(Reddy et al., 2008). Therefore, it is necessary to seek some
new approaches to reduce the thermal stresses and deflec-
tion of the tube receiver.
Hitherto, mainly three methods have been proposed to
reduce the thermal stresses or deflection of receiver:
 Optimizing the size of tube receivers or operation
parameters, such as, employing small diameter tubes
(Lata et al., 2008), or controlling the fluid flow rate
(Verlotski and Flores, 1997).
 Receivers with homogenous solar radiation heat flux
distribution on the surface. Generally, these kinds of

0038-092X/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.07.005
1810 F. Wang et al. / Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815
receivers are designed using ray tracing methods to
obtain the isosurface of solar radiation (David et al.,
2008; Shuai et al., 2008a,b). At present, the literature
survey indicates that the research on receivers with
homogenous solar radiation heat flux distribution
remains at the theory stage, and a large amount of man-
ufacturing problems wait to solve further.
 Compound wall copper–steel receiver. The compound
wall receiver is composed of two parts: the internal tube
stratified is made of copper to obtain an excellent heat
transfer performance to reduce the temperature gradi-
ents, and the external tube stratified is made of steel to
strengthen the intensity of the tube receiver. The com-
pound wall copper–steel tube receivers have been
applied to the Solar Power Plant of the National Uni-
versity of Mexico (Flores and Almanza, 2004). Though
the compound wall copper–steel receiver can reduce
the deflection of tube receiver, it will introduce the con-
tact resistance if the two stratifications cannot contact
well and the efficiency of solar radiation absorption will
be affected.
In this study, a new type of tube receiver for the para-
bolic trough concentrator system is introduced with the
aim to reduce the thermal stresses. The ray–thermal–struc-
tural sequential coupled numerical analyses are adopted to
obtain the concentrated heat flux distributions, tempera-
ture distributions and thermal stress fields of tube receiver.
2. Construction of the new type receiver
2.1. The aim of the new type receiver is to
 Reducing the thermal stresses effectively;
 Without adding the mass of tube receiver;
 Easy to manufacture.
y receiver, which is used as the input data for the CFD anal-
Top half periphery
r ful tool for performing radiative equilibrium calculations,
ϕ method is a stochastic technique and does not have the
x truncation error as the other numerical methods of discrete
rout
Bottom half periphery
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of physical domain and coordinate system for
the eccentric tube receiver.
2.2. Construction of eccentric tube receiver
To meet the above requirements of the new type recei-
ver, the eccentric tube receiver for parabolic trough concen-
trator system is introduced.
Fig. 1 shows the diagram of the eccentric tube receiver.
The eccentric tube receiver is proposed on the basis of con-
centric tube receiver. As seen from this figure, the center of
internal cylinder surface of concentric tube receiver is
moved upward (or other directions), which is not located
at the same coordinate position with the center of external
cylinder surface. Therefore, the wall thickness of the bot-
tom half section of tube receiver will increase without add-
ing any mass to the entire tube receiver. With the same
boundary conditions for numerical analyses, the increase
of wall thickness will not only strengthen the intensity to
enhance the resistance of thermal stress, but also can
increase the thermal capacity, which in turn will be benefit
to alleviate the extremely nonuniform temperature distri-
bution situation.
As seen from Fig. 1, the origin of coordinate system is
placed at the center of the external cylinder surface. In this
study, the vector eccentric radius~ r (the origin of coordinate
system points to the center of the internal cylinder surface);
the vector eccentricity~e (the projection of vector ~r on the y-
axis); and the oriented angle / (the angle between the vec-
tor ~
r and the x-axis) are introduced to describe the shape of
eccentric tube receiver (Manglik and Fang, 1995). The ray–
thermal–structural sequential coupled numerical analyses
are adopted to obtain the concentrated heat flux distribu-
tions, temperature distributions and thermal stress fields
of both the eccentric and concentric tube receivers. The
effects of eccentricity and oriented angle variation on the
thermal stresses of eccentric tube receiver are also investi-
gated in this study.
3. Methodology
At the first step, the concentrated solar radiation heat
flux distribution qc on the bottom half periphery of tube
yses, will be calculated by the solar concentration system
program with the Monte-Carlo ray tracing method devel-
oped in Harbin Institute of Technology (Shuai et al.,
2008a,b). The Monte-Carlo ray tracing method is a power-
even in complex geometries. Due to the Monte-Carlo
differential–integral equation, the solutions of the Monte-
Carlo method are generally used to be the reference datum
of the other numerical methods (Tan et al., 2006). The ther-
mal model proposed for the solar parabolic concentrator
with tube receiver system is illustrated in Fig. 2. The geo-
metrical parameters of the parabolic trough concentrator
and tube receiver for this study are illustrated in Table 1.
As seen from this table, the transmissivity of the glass
 F. Wang et al. / Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815 1811

be employed as input data for the CFD analyses by means

of using the boundary condition function in Ansys soft-
Sun
ware. In Steven’s study (Steven and Macosko, 1999), the
receiver is divided into 16 sections, and the average solar
radiation heat flux of each section is calculated. The aver-
age heat flux is used as boundary condition for each corre-
Fluid Outlet
sponding section in the thermal analysis model. This
Fluid Inlet
method is fairly straightforward and simple, but the devia-
tions generated during the heat flux transformation process
are enormous. In this study, the fitting function method is
introduced for the calculated heat flux distribution trans-
formation from the Monte-Carlo ray tracing model to
y External Cylinder Surface the CFD analysis model. The solar radiation heat flux dis-
tribution calculated by the Monte-Carlo ray tracing
Fluid Inlet Fluid Outlet
method along the bottom half periphery of tube receiver
z will be divided into several sections, and the heat flux dis-
tribution of each section will be fitted by a polynomial
x
Internal Cylinder Surface regression function with highly fitted precision. The calcu-
lated heat flux distribution on the bottom half periphery of
Fig. 2. Schematics diagram of the tube receiver with solar parabolic tube receiver is shown in Fig. 3. Six polynomial regression
trough system. functions are employed as the fitted functions and illus-
trated as follows:
envelop is highly close to 1 and the thickness of glass 8
> q ¼ 12 x 2 ½35; 17:82
envelop is very thin, therefore, the values and distribution >
>
>
> q ¼ 13740:23 þ 770556:99  x x 2 ½17:82; 16:54
of heat flux are impacted very slightly when passing >
>
>
< q ¼ 43418:96 þ 2:57  x
through the glass envelop. Hence, the impact of the glass x 2 ½16:54; 0
envelop in this investigation is neglected. During the heat >
> q ¼ 43418:96  2:57  x x 2 ½0; 16:54
>
>
flux distribution calculation process, the external cylinder >
> q ¼ 13740:23  770556:99  x x 2 ½16:54; 17:82
>
>
surface of tube receiver will be discretized to 300 nodes :
q ¼ 12 x 2 ½17:82; 35
along the circumference and 300 nodes along the tube
length direction. Therefore, the solar concentration system ð1Þ
program will obtain 300  300 heat flux values on the dis-
The six fitted function curves are also drawn in Fig. 3. As
crete nodes. No optical errors or tracking errors were con-
seen from this figure, the fitted function curves can match
sidered for the solar concentration system program, and
the calculated heat flux distribution well with high
the calculation conditions are: the non-parallelism angle
precision.
of sunlight is 160 and the solar radiation flow is 1000 W/
At the third step, the CFD analyses will obtain the tem-
m2 (Hasuike et al., 2006), the sunshape is taken to be a dis-
perature distributions. Thermal oil (Syltherm 800) and
tribution with a circumsolar-ratio of 0.05 and a limb dark-
stainless steel are used as the heat transfer fluid and the
ening parameter of 0.8 (Shuai et al., 2008a,b).
At the second step, the concentrated heat flux distribu-
tion calculated by the Monte-Carlo ray tracing method will
40000 Fitted Curves
Calculated

Table 1
2

30000
Heat Flux W/m

Geometrical parameters of the parabolic trough concentrator and tube

receiver.
Parabolic trough concentrator and tube receiver Value 20000
Focal length of parabolic trough concentrator 2000 mm
Length of parabolic trough concentrator 2000 mm
Opening radius of parabolic trough concentrator 500 mm 10000
Height of parabolic trough concentrator 1500 mm
Outer diameter of tube receiver (rout) 70 mm
Inner diameter of tube receiver (rin) 60 mm 0
Glass cover diameter 100 mm -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Length of tube receiver 2000 mm
Reflectivity of parabolic trough collector 0.95 X mm
Absorptivity of tube receiver 0.9
Fig. 3. Calculated heat flux distribution on the bottom half periphery of
Transmissivity of glass over 0.965
tube receiver and the fitted function curves.
1812 F. Wang et al. / Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815

Table 2
Thermal-physical properties of heat transfer fluid and tube receiver.
Property
Density (kg m3)
Specific heat (J kg1 K1)
Viscosity (106 Pa s)
Thermal conductivity (W m1 K1)
Poisson ratio
Young’s modulus (GPa)
Thermal expansion coefficient (106 K1)
material of tube receiver, respectively (Kumar and Reddy,
2009). The thermal-physical properties of the thermal oil
and stainless steel are presented in Table 2. As the key
point of this paper is to put forward a new type of tube
receiver, the comparisons between the new type receiver
and concentric tube receiver are carried out under the same
boundary condition with the hypothesis that there are no
air bubbles in the flow. The boundary conditions applied
on both the eccentric and concentric tube receivers are
illustrated as follows:
 The flow has a uniform velocity u = 0.15 m/s at the
atmosphere temperature at the tube receiver inlet;
 The top half periphery of tube receiver is subjected to a
uniform heat flux distribution which is the sun average
radiation in the air (the value is 1000 W/m2);
 The bottom half periphery of tube receiver is subjected
to the concentrated heat flux distribution calculated by
the Monte-Carlo ray tracing method which is fitted by
six polynomial regression functions;
 Zero pressure gradient condition is employed across the
fluid outlet boundary.
At the forth step, the finite element analysis (FEA) will
obtain the Von-Mises thermal stress fields, which is a syn-
thesis stress of radial stress, axial stress and circumferential
stress. The governing thermal stress equations for hollow
cylinders (Fauple and Fisher, 1981) are expressed as
follows:
 Z ro  420
Ea 2
rz ¼   T ðrÞ  r  dr  T ðrÞ ð2Þ
ð1  mÞ  r2 r20  r2i ri
where rr, rz, rh and rvon are the radial stress, axial stress,
circumferential stress and Von-Mises stress, respectively.
Fluid Tube receiver The resulted temperature fields defined at the nodes of
Thermal oil Stainless steel CFD analysis meshes are interpolated as input data to
881.68 7900 the nodes of the thermal stress analysis meshes. This sim-
1711 500 ulation approach is fairly straightforward and has been
3.86 –
0.1237 25
adopted by many investigators (Steven and Macosko,
– 0.25 1999; Qin et al., 2004; Jae and Allan, 2006; Friedrich
– 220 et al., 2008; Knaus et al., 2005; Wetzel et al., 2007).
– 17.2 The validation of this simulation approach have been de-
scribed in Friedrich et al. (2008), Knaus et al. (2005),
Wetzel et al. (2007), and the comparisons between the
simulation results and the experimentations reveals a high
level of compliance. Compared to meshes of the CFD
analysis, a much finer solid part meshes are used for the
FEA analysis to produce a reasonably accurate degrees
of freedom solution.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Comparison between the concentric and eccentric tube
receiver
The eccentric tube receiver with the center of internal
cylinder surface 3 mm moved upward along the y-axis
(the magnitude of vector eccentricity~ r is 3 mm, and the ori-
ented angle / is 90°) is chosen for the comparison research.
The temperature distributions and thermal stress fields of
eccentric tube receiver are compared with those of concen-
tric tube receiver under the same boundary conditions and
material physical properties.
Fig. 4 shows the temperature distributions along the
internal circumference at the outlet section for both the
concentric and eccentric tube receivers. As seen from this
figure, the concentric tube receiver has a higher value of
peak temperature which is about 11 °C higher than that
of eccentric tube receiver. Along the bottom half internal
Concentric
Eccentric
400
Temperature K

Ea
rr ¼
ð1  mÞ  r2 380
 2 Z ro Z r 
r  r2i θ
 2  T ðrÞ  r  dr  T ðrÞ  r  dr ð3Þ
r0  r2i ri ri
360

Ea
rh ¼ 340
ð1  mÞ  r2
 2 Z ro Z r 
r þ r2i 2 320
 2  T ðrÞ  r  dr þ T ðrÞ  r  dr  T ðrÞ  r
r0  r2i ri ri 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
o
ð4Þ θ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Fig. 4. Temperature profiles along the internal circumference at the outlet
rvon ¼ r2z þ r2r þ r2h  ðrz rr þ rr rh þ rh rz Þ ð5Þ
section for both the concentric and eccentric tube receivers.
 F. Wang et al. / Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815 1813

circumference (the h is between 180° and 360°) where the 320

peak temperatures of both the concentric and eccentric Concentric
tube receivers are found, the temperature gradients of con- 280 Eccentric
centric tube receiver are higher than those of eccentric tube

Thermal Stress (MPa)

receiver which can lead to the higher thermal stresses Ifran 240 ε
and Chapman (2009, 2010), the cause of this phenomenon
should be attributed to the thermal capacity increase on the 200
bottom section of tube receiver due to the wall thickness
increase on this section. 160
The Von-Mises thermal stress fields along the internal
circumference at the outlet section for both the concentric 120
and eccentric tube receivers are presented in Fig. 5. The
80
peak thermal stress values of the two profiles are both
found at h = 270° where the peak temperature values are
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
also located at. Attributed to the lower temperature gradi-
ents and intensity strengthen on the bottom half section of Eccentricity ε
tube receiver, the peak thermal stress value of the eccentric Fig. 6. Relationship between eccentricity variation and peak thermal
tube receiver which is only 80.7 MPa is much lower com- stress values.
pared to that of the concentric tube receiver which is
137.01 MPa. Therefore, adopting eccentric tube receiver
thermal stresses of tube receiver. The peak thermal stress
as the tube receiver for the parabolic trough concentrator
values of tube receivers are increased significantly when
system can reduce the Von-Mises thermal stresses effec-
the direction of vector eccentricity switches from positive
tively up to 41.1%, which means the eccentric tube receiver
to negative (the center of internal cylinder surface is
can meet the requirements of the new type receiver.
moved downward). The thermal stress reduction of tube
receiver only occurs at the positive direction of vector
4.2. Effect of the eccentricity variation on the thermal eccentricity ~
r when adopting eccentric tube receiver as
stresses the tube receiver for parabolic trough concentrator sys-
tem, and the larger magnitude of vector eccentricity is,
The way how the variation of eccentricity affecting the the greater reduction of thermal stresses is. However,
thermal stresses of eccentric tube receiver is investigated the manufacturing cost will increase with the magnitude
with the objective to give instructions to the designer of of vector eccentricity increasing. The eccentric tube recei-
eccentric tube receiver. ver should employ an optimum magnitude of eccentricity
Fig. 6 presents the relationship between the eccentric- to minimize the thermal stresses and prevent the failure
ity variation and the peak Von-Mises thermal stress val- of tube receiver while not incurring excessive manufac-
ues of tube receiver, while keeps the center of internal turing cost.
cylinder surface locating at the y-axis. As seen from this
figure, not all the eccentric tube receivers can reduce the

320
160
Concentric Concentric
280 Eccentric
Eccentric
Thermal Stress (MPa)

120 θ
Effective Stress MPa

240
ϕ
200
80
160

40 120

80
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Oriented Angle ϕ
o
θ
Fig. 5. Thermal stress profiles along the internal circumference at the Fig. 7. Relationship between oriented angle variation and peak thermal
outlet section for both the concentric and eccentric tube receivers. stress values.
1814 F. Wang et al. / Solar Energy 84 (2010) 1809–1815
4.3. Effect of the oriented angle variation on the thermal
stresses
The effect of the oriented angle variation on the Von-
Mises thermal stresses of eccentric tube receiver is also per-
formed with a constant eccentric radius value (r = 3 mm).
The eccentric tube receiver has symmetric property with
the variation of oriented angle, therefore, instead of dealing
with the whole oriented angle range, analyses of half range
of the oriented angle can yield complete results. As seen
from Fig. 7, the variation of oriented angle has a big
impact on the thermal stresses of eccentric tube receiver.
The peak thermal stress value of eccentric tube receiver is
less than that of the concentric tube receiver only when
the oriented angle varies between 0° and 90°. The eccentric
tube receiver with 90° oriented angle has the lowest peak
thermal stress value.
Therefore, it is recommended to employ eccentric tube
with 90° oriented angle and optimum eccentricity as the
tube receiver for parabolic trough concentrator system to
reduce the thermal stresses.
5. Conclusion
Aiming at reducing the thermal stresses of tube recei-
ver, the eccentric tube receiver is introduced in this inves-
tigation. The ray–thermal–structural sequential coupled
numerical analyses are adopted to obtain the concen-
trated heat flux distributions, temperature distributions
and thermal stress fields of both the eccentric and con-
centric tube receivers. The fitting function method is
introduced for the calculated heat flux distribution trans-
formation from the Monte-Carlo ray tracing model to
the CFD analysis model, and the fitted function curves
can match the calculated heat flux distribution well with
high precision.
The sequential coupled numerical analysis results indi-
cate that adopting eccentric tube as the tube receiver for
parabolic trough concentrator system can reduce the
Von-Mises thermal stress effectively up to 41.1%. The
way how the variation of eccentricity and oriented angle
affect the thermal stresses of eccentric tube receiver are
also investigated with the objective to give instructions
to the designer of eccentric tube receiver. When adopting
eccentric tube receiver, the thermal stress reduction of
tube receiver only occurs at the positive direction of vec-
tor eccentricity, and the larger magnitude of vector eccen-
tricity is, the greater reduction of thermal stresses is. The
oriented angle has a big impact on the thermal stresses of
eccentric tube receiver. The thermal stress reduction of
tube receiver only occurs when the oriented angle is
between 0° and 90°.
Therefore, employing eccentric tube receiver with opti-
mum eccentricity and oriented angle for parabolic trough
concentrator system can reduce the thermal stress and
enhance the reliability of tube receiver effectively.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Basic Re-
search Special Foundation of China (No. 2009CB220006),
the key program of the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China (Grant No. 50930007) and the National Nat-
ural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50806017).
A very special acknowledgement is made to the editors
and referees whose constructive criticism has improved this
paper.
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