Aram Nasih Muhammad

Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
[ 1 ] ATTEMPT
Course Name: Heat transfer II
Duration: 60 hours
Starting Time: 24 / 06 /2020, at 09:00 am

First Part: Problem Solving and Open Book [35

Marks]

Q1. A large block of aluminium is initially at a uniform temperature of 43◦C. The surface is exposed to a
heat flux (a) by suddenly raising the surface temperature to 267◦C and (b) through a constant surface heat
flux of 2.1 × 104 W/m2. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 3 cm after a time of 60 seconds for both
these cases.

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Q2. A cylinder having a diameter of 12 cm and a length of 24 cm is initially uniform in temperature at

500◦C. It is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 50 ◦C with h=70 W/m2.◦C. Properties of the
solid are k=15.78W /m.◦C, ρ=7800kg/m3, and c=460 J/kg.◦C. Calculate the time for the axis and a
distance of 3.2 cm from the geometric center to reach a temperature of 180◦C. Also calculate the heat loss
Q
as (Q ).
0

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Q3. A 1.3-kW heater is constructed of a glass plate with an electrically conducting film that produces a
constant heat flux. The plate is 40 cm by 40 cm and placed in an airstream at 25◦C, 1 atm with u∞=4 m/s.
Calculate the average temperature difference along the plate and the convection coefficient at the trailing
edge (hx=L).

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Q4. In a certain application the critical Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 10 6. Air at 1 atm,
25℃, and 12 m/s flows across an isothermal plate with this critical Reynolds number, and with a plate
temperature of 79℃. The Reynolds number at the end of the plate is 5×106. What will the average heat
transfer coefficient be for this system? How long is the plate? What is the heat lost from the plate?

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Second Part: Report [25

Marks]
1. Introduction
Heat exchangers are if truth be told long tubes of metal with openings at either end. They facilitate the
switch of warmness from gas in the burners (which produces toxic by products when it burns) to the
air that can then blow into your home. Heat exchangers are no longer “coils.” They are commonly
made from steel sheet metal and facilitate the gas-to-air exchange. The burning fuel passes through
the warmth exchanger so the poisonous by products can safely vent out of the system. A fan then
passes the air in your home over the heated metal, and that hot air is blown through the ducts of your
system, where it can be safely handed throughout all the corners of your home. heat exchangers don’t
require repair. They have no shifting components and they are designed to ultimate a long time.
Unfortunately, that capacity that when a trouble does occur, it’s a huge deal. Heat exchangers can
crack over time or turn out to be damaged via outdoor circumstances, such as freezing conditions. If
you have a cracked warmness exchanger, unsafe combustion gases can leak into your living spaces.
One of the predominant dangers of a cracked or improperly designed or hooked up warmth exchanger
is CO poisoning.

2. Why does chemical engineer study about Heat Exchanger?

Heat exchangers have been successfully employed for decades in the chemical industry in the most
diverse sectors, such as the cooling and heating of base, intermediate and final products, heat
recovery or also the tempering of containers, reactors and autoclaves. They are mainly used to
transfer the heat from one fluid/gas to another. While there are a variety of applications and
adaptations of the heat exchanger, here are their four typical adaptations:
1.Cooling hot liquids
2.Heating and drying
3.Heating cold liquids
4.Cooling and condensing

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3. Classification of heat exchangers

3.1.Heat Exchangers are generally classified by one of the following four metrics:

 The nature of the heat exchange process:

This first heat exchanger classification method refers to whether or not the substances
between which the heat is being exchanged come into direct contact with each other or
not, or whether they are separated by a physical barrier, such as the walls of their tubes.
 The physical state of the fluids:
Heat Exchangers may also be classified based on the physical state of the hot and cold
fluids. For instance:
Liquid – Gas
Liquid – Solid
Gas – Solid
If the heat exchanger uses direct contact then the classification “immiscible liquid –
liquid” may also exist to refer to liquids that will not blend together. For example oil and
water are immiscible.
 The heat exchanger’s flow arrangement:
The arrangement of the hot and cold fluid’s flow within the heat exchanger is another
major way of categorizing them.

 The design and construction of the heat exchanger:

The design and construction type that a heat exchanger employs is extremely important
because it largely determines what setting the heat exchanger will be used in, what
types of fluids it is suitable for, its capacity and efficiency, the physical size it takes up,
and even how costly, complicated, and frequent the maintenance will be.

3.2. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Describe each types with picture)
These types of heat exchangers work by passing the fluid/gas through a series of tubes that are
enclosed in a large metal shell. You can choose to pass the fluid/gas from the sheel or tube side
depending on the level of corrosiveness of the substance as well as final state (fluid/gaseous) of
the desired product .The shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure

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applications as well as those which require a vacuum condition to carry out the heat transfer
process. Shell and tube heat exchangers are the most popular type of heat exchangers used in the
chemical industry due to its containment abilities which is extremely beneficial when handling
noxious or toxic gases and chemicals.

3.3.Classification according to flow arrangement (Describe each types with picture)

The three major categories based on flow arrangement are: parallel-flow, counter current-flow,
and cross-flow.

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Parallel-Flow – In parallel-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger from the same end and flow parallel to each other.
Counter current-Flow – In counter current-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter
the heat exchanger from opposite sides and flow toward each other.
Cross-Flow – In cross-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
different points and as they travel through the heat exchanger they cross paths with each other,
often at right angles.

 Parallel-flow

 Counter current-flow

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 Cross-flow

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4. Heat Exchanger design

4.1.Prove of The mean temperature difference (∆𝑇𝑚 )

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4.2.Prove of Effectiveness-NTU method

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4.3.Put one example includes equations obtained above.

Example about NTU-method
A double pipe parallel flow H.E. use oil (cp = 1.88 kJ/kg.K) at an initial temperature of 205°C to heat water,
flowing at 225kg/hr from 16°C to 44°C. The oil flow rate is 270 kg/hr. a) what is the heat transfer area
required for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 340 W/m2.K. b) Determine the number of transfer unit
(NTU).

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5. Conclusion
Write about ‘What did you understand by doing this report’
In this report we understand about working principle and design heat exchanger. In any process
industry ,we need to transfer heat for different operation like (cooling heating ,vaporizing or
condensing )to or from various fluid stream in various equipment like condenser ,water heater ,re-
boilers ,air heating ,or cooling device etc.., where heat exchanges between the fluid .in a chemical
process industry ,the heat exchanger is frequently used for such application. A heat exchanger is a
device where two fluids streams came into thermal contact. In order to transfer the heat from hot fluid
to cold fluid stream.

6. References
[1] Kays, W. M., and A. L. London, 1998, Compact Heat Exchangers, reprint 3rd ed., Krieger
Publishing, Malabar, FL.
[2] Mueller, A. C., 1973, Heat exchangers, in Handbook of Heat Transfer, W. M. Rohsenow and J. P.
[3] Saunders, E. A. D., 1988, Heat Exchangers: Selection, Design and Construction, Wiley, New
York.
[4] Shah, R. K., 1981, Classification of heat exchangers, in Heat Exchangers: Thermal-Hydraulic
Fundamentals and Design, S. Kakac¸, A. E. Bergles, and F. Mayinger, eds., Hemisphere Publishing,
Washington, DC.
[5] Engineering, Vol. 2, Compact Heat Exchangers: Techniques for Size Reduction, E. A. Foumeny
and P. J. Heggs, eds., Ellis Horwood, London.

Head of Department: Dr. Arkan Jasim Hadi Signature:

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