Safety Management Guide: Saudi Aramco

Saudi Aramco
Safety Management Guide
Excavations and Shoring
Guide Number 06-002-2008
Table Of Contents
1. Purpose ........................................................................................................ 1
2. References ................................................................................................... 1
3. Definitions ..................................................................................................... 1
4. Before Work Starts........................................................................................ 3
5. Work Permits ................................................................................................ 4
6. Underground Utilities and Installations.......................................................... 4
7. Dewatering.................................................................................................... 5
8. Protection Against Sidewall Cave-In ............................................................. 6
9. Entry and Exit ............................................................................................... 8
10. Hazardous Atmospheres and Materials ........................................................ 9
11. Emergency Response................................................................................... 9
12. Edge Protection, Clearances, Barricades, and Fixed Lighting .................... 10
13. Roads, Streets, and Sidewalks ................................................................... 10
14. Inspections.................................................................................................. 10
15. Backfilling.................................................................................................... 10
Attachments
A1 Tables and Figures ..................................................................................... 11
A2 Excavation Safety Checklists...................................................................... 32
Prepared by the Loss Prevention Department

December 14, 2008
Excavations and Shoring Issue Date: December 14, 2008
Excavations and Shoring

1. Purpose
This guide describes the minimum expectations for excavation, trenching, and shoring
activities at Saudi Aramco (SA) facilities and project sites. It is based on and replaces the
“Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring” chapter of the Saudi Aramco Construction Safety
Manual (CSM) and will be included in the next revision of this manual.
2. References
Saudi Aramco General Instructions (GIs):
GI 1021.000, Street and Road Closure, Excavation, Reinstatement and Traffic
Controls
GI 2.100, Work Permit System
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards (SAES):
SAES-A-111, Borrow Pit Requirements
SAES-A-114, Excavation and Backfill
Saudi Aramco Safety Handbook
Saudi Aramco Standard Drawing (SASD):
AB-036899, Standard Specifications for Shoring Trenches
American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
ANSI/ASSE A10.12, Safety Requirements for Excavation
United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR):
29 CFR 1926 Subpart P, Excavations (also cited as OSHA 1926, Subpart P)
3. Definitions
Benching – A method of protecting personnel from sidewall cave-in by excavating the
sides of an excavation to form one or more of a series of horizontal steps, with a vertical
rise between each step.
Competent Person – A person who has and is able to demonstrate the following:
1. Documented training, experience, and knowledge of:
a. soil analysis
b. use of protective systems
2. Ability to detect:
a. conditions that could result in sidewall cave-in
b. failures in protective systems
c. other hazards including those associated with confined spaces, dewatering; and
3. Written authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate existing and
predictable hazards.
Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 1 of 34

Excavation – Any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface that is
formed by earth removal.
Excavation Box – A structure that protects personnel inside it by withstanding the forces
imposed by sidewall cave-in on four (4) sides.
Hydraulic Shoring – A pre-engineered shoring system of aluminum or steel hydraulic
cylinders (cross-braces) used with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails (walers) and
designed specifically to support side walls of an excavation to prevent cave-in.
Protective Systems – Methods used to protect personnel from sidewall cave-in, materials
that could fall or roll into the excavation, or collapse of adjacent structures. Protective
systems include sloping, benching, and shoring.
Shoring – Hydraulic, timber, or mechanical systems that support the sides of an
excavation, which is designed to prevent sidewall cave-ins.
Sloping – A method of protecting personnel from sidewall cave-in by forming sides of an
excavation that are inclined away from the excavation. The safe angle of slope required
varies with different types of soil, exposure to the elements, and superimposed loads.
Soil Classification – A method of categorizing soil and rock deposits as Types A, B, and
C in decreasing order of stability (see definitions below). Soil type is determined by a
analysis of the soil's properties and how it performs under exposure to the elements and
superimposed loads. If the type of soil cannot be accurately determined, then Type C soil
is to be assumed for design of protective systems.
Stable Rock – Natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and
remain intact while exposed. It is usually identified by a rock name such as granite or
sandstone.
Support System – Structures such as underpinning, bracing, and shoring that provide
support to an adjacent structure or underground installation.
Trench – A narrow excavation (in relation to its length), where the depth is greater than
the bottom width.
Trench Shield – A structure that protects personnel inside it by withstanding the forces
imposed by sidewall cave-in on two (2) sides.
Type A Soil
Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 ton per square foot (tsf)
(144 kPa) or greater are classified as Type A. Examples of cohesive soils are: clay, silty
clay, sandy clay, clay loam, and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam.
Cemented soils, such as marl, are also considered Type A. However, no soil is Type A if
one or more of the following conditions are true:
• The soil is fissured.
• The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving, or similar effects.
• The soil has been previously disturbed.
• The soil is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the
excavation on a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater.
• The material is subject to other factors that would require it to be classified as a
less stable material.

Type B Soil
Soils classified as Type B are:
• Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf (48
kPa) but less than 1.5 tsf (144 kPa).
• Granular cohesionless soils including: angular gravel (similar to crushed rock),
silt, silt loam, sandy loam, and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy loam
clay.
• Soil that meets the unconfined compressive strength or cementation requirements
for Type A, but is fissured or subject to vibration.
• Dry rock that is not stable.
• Material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the
excavation on a slope less steep than four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) but
only if the material would otherwise be classified as Type B.
Type C Soil
Soils classified as Type C are:
• Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or
less.
• Previously disturbed soil (e.g., fill) is to be considered as Type C soil.
• Granular soils, including gravel, sweet sand, desert sand, and loamy sand.
• Submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping.
• Submerged rock that is not stable.
• Material in a sloped layered system where the layers dip into the excavation or a
slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater.
4. Before Work Starts

4.1 The following factors need to be evaluated by a Competent Person before
excavation activities begin:
A. Size, purpose, and work to be performed in the excavation,
B. Soil classification (best if determined by a geotechnical/soil analysis),
C. Stability and proximity of adjacent structures, including location and depth of
foundations,
D. Location of underground obstructions, such as pipes, electric cables, and other
utilities,
E. Presence of local process equipment or piping with the potential for release of
hydrocarbon, H2S, or toxic materials (e.g., equipment drains, catch basins),
F. Weather and soil moisture conditions, especially high water table,
G. Sources of soil vibrations (highway traffic, railroads, machinery, etc.),
H. Location and type of barricades, signs, and lighting,
I. Method of excavating and removal of soil,
J. Protective system to be used (such as sloping, benching, or shoring),

K. Emergency rescue equipment required,

L. Impact excavation will have on access for emergency vehicles/personnel and
egress of personnel in the event of an emergency, and
M. Means of entry and exit.
4.2 The above factors dictate the safety measures which are to be implemented prior to
performing work. A Pre-Excavation Checklist is to be properly completed and
available on site prior to starting work on any excavation. See Attachment A2 for a
sample Pre-Excavation Checklist.
4.3 Adequate and suitable protective systems (such as benching, sloping, or shoring)
need to be provided whenever excavations are at a depth of 1.2 m (4 ft) or more in
soil other than stable rock. See section 8. Excavations less than 1.2 m (4 ft) deep
may also require protective systems if sidewall cave-in hazards exist or if the work
involves personnel bending or kneeling.
4.4 All protective systems for excavations (e.g., timber shoring, shielding,
hydraulic/pneumatic shoring, sheet piling, sloping, benching) are to be designed in
accordance with this guide and other applicable SA requirements.
5. Work Permits
5.1 Saudi Aramco (SA) work permit(s) shall be obtained from the appropriate issuing
authority as required before excavation work is started. Refer to GI 2.100 for Saudi
Aramco’s work permit requirements. It is the responsibility of the SA Work
Permit Issuer to ensure that underground utilities/installations have been located
and marked (e.g., by flags or chalk) before excavation activities begin.
5.2 For grassroots projects, Project Management is to develop and implement its own
work permit procedures until such time as the SA work permit system goes into
effect. These work permit procedures are to incorporate the excavation safety
provisions and checklists from this guide.
5.3 For other work sites not covered by the SA work permit system (e.g., non-restricted
areas), the SA proponent organization is to develop and implement excavation
safety procedures in accordance with this guide. Development of these excavation
safety procedures is to include participation by Utilities, Communications, Power
Distribution Department (PDD), Pipelines, etc., as applicable.
5.4 As per GI 2.100, a properly completed Confined Space Entry Permit is required to
enter excavations equal to or greater than 1.2 m (4 ft) deep.
6. Underground Utilities and Installations

6.1 Before excavation activities begin, the SA proponent organization (e.g.,
engineering/technical) is to confirm and mark (e.g., by flags or chalk) the location
of any known or suspected underground pipes, cables, vessels, structures, etc., that
are in the area of the proposed excavation. This includes contacting the appropriate
SA departments, such as Utilities, Communications, Power Distribution Department
(PDD), Pipelines, etc., and asking them to accurately mark the locations of their
underground utilities/installations.

6.2 The SA proponent organization (SAPO) is to ensure that non-Aramco underground

cables or utilities are also located and marked prior to excavating. SAPO inquiries
may be addressed to Government Affairs. SAPOs or Government Affairs may
contact the Saudi Arab Government Telephone Cable Locator Division during
normal Government working hours, or call the national telephone number 906 at
any hour, to verify suspected non-Aramco underground cables and/or utilities.
6.3 Underground utilities and installations are to be located by reference to drawings,
discussion with the relevant departments, and by use of cable/pipe locators.
6.4 Mechanical excavators are not to be used until all underground utilities and
installations have been exposed by hand digging.
6.5 Mechanical excavators are not be used within 3 m (10 ft) of underground utilities or
installations. Pneumatic breakers are only to be used where necessary to break
concrete or other hard surfaces.
6.6 No excavation is permitted under existing foundations. Excavations are not
allowed to intersect a forty-five degree (45o) plane in extending downward from the
bottom edge of an existing foundation, unless an engineered support system is in
place prior to the start of work or the excavation is in stable rock.
6.7 Existing underground piping, manholes, electrical cables, duct banks, sidewalks,
etc., that could potentially be undermined by an excavation are to be properly
braced or shored.
7. Dewatering
7.1 Employees are not to work in excavations where there is pooled water, or in
excavations in which water is accumulating, unless adequate precautions have been
taken to protect employees. The necessary precautions vary with each situation, but
are to include water removal to control the level of accumulating water (e.g., by
pumping) and may also include special support or shield systems to protect from
cave-ins.
7.2 If water is controlled or prevented from accumulating by the use of water removal
equipment, the water removal equipment and operations needs to be monitored by a
Competent Person to verify proper operation. The Competent Person may be an
individual other than the Competent Person for the excavation.
7.3 If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water (such as
streams), diversion ditches, dikes, or other suitable means need to be used to
prevent surface water from entering the excavation and to provide adequate
drainage of the area adjacent to the excavation.
7.4 Excavations that have been subject to runoff (e.g., from a rain storm) need to be
inspected before use by the excavation Competent Person in accordance with
section 14.

8. Protection Against Sidewall Cave-In

8.1 Protective Systems for Excavations
A. Suitable shoring protective systems are to be installed, or the sides benched or
sloped back to a safe angle, for all excavations 1.2 m (4 ft) deep or greater, or
for soil piles over 1.5 m (5 ft) high. See Table 2 and Figures 1 through 8.
B. The determination of the slope angle, benches, or the choice and design of
shoring is to be based on an evaluation by the Competent Person of pertinent
factors, such as:
• Type of soil (i.e., stable rock, soil type A, B, or C),
• Depth of excavation,
• Possible variations in water content of the material while the excavation is
open,
• Anticipated changes in materials from exposure to air, sun, or water,
• Loading imposed by structures, equipment, overlying material, or stored
material, and
• Vibrations from equipment, blasting, traffic, or other sources.
C. Since any previously disturbed soil is considered to be Type C soil,
excavations in previously disturbed soil (e.g., fill) are not to be sloped at an
angle greater than 1½ horizontal to 1 vertical, measured from the horizontal.
D. For excavations greater than 2.4 m (8 ft) deep in Type B or C soil, an
excavation plan (e.g., shoring design calculations and drawings) that meets the
requirements of this guide is to be developed by a degreed civil/structural
engineer. See Table 1.
E. For excavations greater than 6 m (20 ft) deep, regardless of soil type, an
excavation plan (e.g., shoring design calculations and drawings) that meets the
requirements of this guide is to be developed by a degreed civil/structural
engineer and reviewed by the SA Consulting Services Department (CSD).
F. If an excavation plan is required and shoring is used, the plan is to:
• Describe the materials and shoring system to be used,
• Indicate whether or not any components will remain after filling or
backfilling,
• Provide plans, sketches, and/or details along with calculations, and
• Indicate the sequence and method of shoring installation and removal.
G. Shoring materials are to be in good condition.
H. Workers are to taught to look for signs of shoring or sidewall bulge, surface
cracking, sand penetration from behind shoring, or cracked shoring, which can
be a warning sign of a collapse that’s about to happen.

8.2 Excavation Boxes and Trench Shields (see Figure 9)

A. Portable excavation boxes or trench shields may be used for the protection of
personnel instead of shoring, benching, or sloping.
B. Excavation boxes and trench shields are to be designed, constructed, and
maintained to provide protection equal to or greater than the required shoring,
sloping, or benching. The design for custom-made excavation boxes or trench
shields is to be reviewed by CSD before use.
C. Excavation boxes and trench shields are to be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions and to restrict lateral or other movement of the
box or shield. Excavation boxes and trench shields are to be capable of
withstanding any sudden application of lateral loads.
D. Excavation boxes and trench shields are to be extended a minimum of 0.45 m
(18 in) above the excavation.
E. Only authorized personnel are allowed inside the shielded areas whenever
excavation boxes or trench shields are being installed, moved, or removed.
8.3 Hydraulic Shoring for Excavations
Hydraulic shoring can be used for protection against cave-ins in excavations that do
not exceed 6 m (20 ft) in depth. See Figures 12 and 13, and Tables 3 through 5.
8.4 Timber Shoring for Excavations (see Figure 14)
A. Timber shoring can be used as a method of protection against cave-ins in
excavations that do not exceed 6 m (20 ft) in depth.
B. Timbers are to be sound, free from large or loose knots, and have proper
dimensions.
C. Timber shoring is to be designed in accordance with Saudi Aramco Standard
Drawing AB-036899 or Tables 6 to 8. Layout and shoring for trenches not
greater than 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and not more than 2.4 m (8 ft) deep may be as
per Figure 15.
D. Timber used as cross braces or stringers (wales) for shoring is not to be less
than 10 cm x 10 cm (4 in x 4 in) actual cross-section size. Larger size timber
braces and stringers may be required, including for excavations in soft or
loose soils over 1.2 m (4 ft) wide or over 2.4 m (8 ft) deep. See Tables 6 to 8,
or SA Standard Drawing AB-036899.
E. The cross-section sizes of cross braces, stringers and uprights listed in Tables
6 to 8 refer to minimum actual dimensions (not nominal dimensions) of oak
timber or equivalent with a bending strength of not less than 850 psi. Use of
nominal sizes is permitted only if: (1) all nominal size timber is certified and
permanently marked by the lumber mill and/or supplier as being Douglas fir
or equivalent with a bending strength of not less than 1500 psi, and (2)
shoring layout is per Tables C4 to C6 of ANSI A10.12 or Tables C-2.1 to C-
2.3 of OSHA 1926, Subpart P, Appendix C, Timber Shoring for Trenches.

F. Vertical spacing of cross braces and stringers (wales) down the sidewall of the
excavation is not to exceed 1.2 m (4 ft). However, a maximum vertical
spacing of 1.5 m (5 ft) for braces and stringers may be acceptable in some
situations (see Tables 6 to 8, or SA Standard Drawing AB-036899). Cross
braces need to always be used with stringers (wales).
G. Horizontal spacing of cross braces (e.g., along the length of a trench) is not to
exceed 1.8 m (6 ft). However, a larger horizontal spacing for cross braces
may be acceptable in some situations (see Tables 6 to 8, or SA Standard
Drawing AB-036899). At least 2 cross braces (upper and lower) are to be
used at each bracing location.
8.5 When used, excavation screw jacks are to be installed in accordance with Figure 11
and the manufacturer’s instructions.
8.6 Scaffold tubing, with compatible screwjacks and baseplates, may be used as cross
braces for excavations not over 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and not more than 2.4 m (8 ft)
deep. For excavations between 1.8 m (6 ft) and 2.4 m (8 ft) deep, scaffold tubing
cross braces are to be horizontally spaced not more than 1.2 m (4 ft) apart. For
excavations less than 1.8 m (6 ft) deep, scaffold tubing cross braces are to be
horizontally spaced not more than 1.8 m (6 ft) apart. Scaffold tubing used as cross
braces for shoring is to have at least a 4.0 mm wall thickness and be permanently
embossed (stamped) before galvanizing with “BS 1139” or “EN39 - 4” (Type 4) as
per the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook, paragraph 9.7.2.
8.7 The top cross brace is not to be more than 0.6m (2 ft) below the top of the
excavation, and the lowest cross brace is not to be more than 0.6 m (2 ft) above the
bottom of the excavation.
8.8. Steel sheet piling or any other comparable material used as shoring is to be
designed by a degreed civil/structural engineer.
8.9 A minimum clear space of 0.6 m (2 ft) wide is to be maintained on all sides of an
excavation, in order to provide workers a flat surface to walk on next to the
excavation and to keep rocks from falling on workers inside the excavation.
8.10 Where personnel, equipment, or members of the general public are allowed to cross
an excavation, a tightly planked bridge or walkway with standard guardrails needs
to be provided and kept clear of excavated materials or other tripping hazards.
9. Entry and Exit

Stairways, ladders, ramps and/or other safe means of egress are to be located in
excavations that are 1.2 m (4 ft) or more in depth so as to require no more than 7.5 m (25
ft) of lateral travel distance for personnel (i.e., ladders need to be spaced at least every 15
m [50 ft] along a trench). Ladders are to conform to the requirements in the Saudi
Aramco Safety Handbook. Ladders are to rest on the bottom of the excavation and extend
at least 1 m (3 ft) above the top landing point. Personnel are not to be allowed in an
excavation where they could be struck by heavy equipment (mechanical excavators,
loaders, etc.) or exposed to a possible cave-in, such as could be caused by heavy
equipment operating or passing nearby (e.g., within a distance from the edge of the
excavation that’s less than the depth of the excavation).

10. Hazardous Atmospheres and Materials

10.1 Ventilation
Gas tests are to be performed when there is reason to suspect oxygen deficiency or
the presence of a flammable/toxic atmosphere in an excavation. Where necessary,
mechanical ventilation or other appropriate precautions are to be taken before
personnel entry.
10.2 Hazardous Atmospheres
A. Appropriate work permits shall be issued prior to entry into excavations
greater than 1.2 m (4 ft) deep. Gas testing shall comply with the requirements
of GI 2.100.
B. When using controls for the purpose of reducing atmospheric contaminants to
acceptable levels, gas testing needs to be conducted on a regular basis and
before the work crew is to re-enter the excavation (e.g., after breaks, lunch) to
ensure that the atmosphere remains safe.
10.3 Exhaust Gases
When an internal combustion engine is used in or near an excavation, precautions
are to be taken to ensure that exhaust gases are discharged away from the
excavation.
10.4 Hazardous Materials
When hazardous materials are known or suspected, e.g., tetra ethyl lead (TEL)
sludge, asbestos, or any other hazardous material, excavation work is not to be
started (or continued) until the SA Environmental Protection Department (EPD) has
identified the hazard(s) and specified the precautions to be taken. If materials
suspected of being hazardous are unearthed during excavation activities, all work
needs to stop until the material is identified, appropriate removal and disposal
procedures are established, and work practices are modified as needed.
11. Emergency Response

11.1 Appropriate emergency rescue equipment (e.g., breathing apparatus, full-body
harness and lifeline, basket stretcher) is to be readily available during work in
accordance with the excavation plan.
11.2 A Stand-by Man is to be in attendance until the work is completed for any
excavation that has been determined to be a confined space. A Fire Watch is to
remain in place anytime an ignition source (e.g., welding, cutting) is present in the
excavation, and for 30 minutes after the ignition source has been removed.
11.3 Personnel entering bell-bottom pier holes, or other similar deep and confined
footing excavations, are to wear a full-body harness with a lifeline attached to it.
The lifeline needs to be separate from any line used to handle materials, and is to be
individually attended at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline is in the
excavation. Mechanical devices are to be available on site to lift incapacitated
workers from excavations.

12. Edge Protection, Clearances, Barricades, and Fixed Lighting

Whenever it is necessary to place or operate power shovels, derricks, trucks, materials,
soil banks, or other heavy objects near an excavation, the sides of the excavation are to be
sheet-piled, shored, and braced as necessary to safely resist the extra pressure. Only
excavating and backfilling equipment (trackhoes, rock breakers, backhoes, front loaders,
etc.) are permitted within 2 m (6.5 ft) of the edge of an excavation. Motor vehicles,
cranes, and heavy equipment are to be kept away from the edge of the excavation at a
distance of 2 m (6.5 ft) or the depth of the excavation, whichever is greatest, unless the
excavation is in stable rock or is protected against collapse by shoring that has been
designed or approved by a degreed civil/structural engineer (see section 8). Hard
barricades (concrete or water-filled plastic “jersey” barriers, metal fencing, etc.) are to be
used to keep motor vehicles, cranes, and heavy equipment at the proper distance away
from the excavation. Pedestrian barricades are to be placed no less than 1 m (3 ft) from
the edge of the excavation. If people or vehicles could be in the vicinity of the
excavation after dark, fixed warning lights are to be used to mark the limits of the work.
If possible, the grade should slope away from the excavation.
13. Roads, Streets, and Sidewalks

Excavation work on or near roads, streets, and sidewalks is to meet the requirements of
GI 1021.000 and not be performed without prior approval of the relevant authorities.
Saudi Arab Government approval needs to be obtained through Saudi Aramco
Government Affairs prior to excavation work on, under (e.g., thrust boring), or near a
public highway or right-of-way.
14. Inspections
Documented inspections are to be performed by a Competent Person before workers are
allowed to enter the excavation each morning or after a change in site conditions (e.g.,
rain storm, groundwater infiltration, sidewall deterioration, adjacent ground fissuring).
An excavation safety checklist is to be used to document these daily inspections. See
Attachment A2 for a sample daily excavation inspection checklist that is to be completed
and signed each day by the excavation Competent Person. If there is an unsafe condition,
workers are not to be allowed to enter the excavation. Attachment A2 also contains a
sample excavation safety pocket card that may be used by others at any other time (e.g.,
Work Permit Issuers/Receivers, Saudi Aramco and contractor employees who work in or
near excavations, Project Management and proponent personnel).
15. Backfilling
Backfilling and removal of shoring is to be accomplished first by backfilling up to a level
allowing for the removal of the lower braces. Another layer of backfill is to be
positioned in the excavation up to the next layer of braces to be removed. Removal of
shoring is to progress together with the backfill from the bottom to the top of the
excavation. In unstable soil, ropes are to be used to pull out the jacks or braces from
above after all employees have exited the excavation. All excavations are to be
backfilled and completed, and the surface left in good condition.

Attachment A1
Tables and Figures
TABLE 1: EXCAVATION PLANNING AND DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
Depth Stable Rock Soil Type A Soil Type B Soil Type C
1.2 m (4 ft) – Competent Competent Competent Competent

2.4 m (8 ft) Person Person Person Person
> 2.4 m (8 ft) – Competent Competent Civil/Structural Civil/Structural
6 m (20 ft) Person Person Engineer Engineer
Civil/Structur Civil/Structural Civil/Structural Civil/Structural
> 6 m (20 ft) *
al Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer
* CSD review of excavation plan is required.
TABLE 2: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES

SOIL TYPE (H:V)[1] FOR EXCAVATIONS LESS
THAN 6 M (20 FT) DEEP[2]
STABLE ROCK VERTICAL (90o)
TYPE A[3] 3/4 : 1 (53o)
TYPE B 1:1 (45o)
TYPE C 1-1/2 : 1 (34o)
NOTES:
1. Numbers shown in parentheses next to maximum allowable
slopes are angles expressed in degrees from the horizontal.
Angles have been rounded off.

FIGURE 1: SLOPED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL
All simple slope excavations made in Type A soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in
depth are to have a slope of not greater than 3/4 horizontal to 1 vertical.

FIGURE 2: BENCHED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL
All benched excavations made in Type A soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in depth
are to have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4 horizontal to 1 vertical and
maximum bench dimensions as follows.
SIMPLE BENCH
MULTIPLE BENCH

FIGURE 3: SUPPORTED OR SHIELDED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL
All excavations made in Type A soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in depth, which
have vertically sided lower portions that are supported or shielded, are to have a
maximum allowable slope of 3/4 to 1. The support or shield system must extend
at least 0.45 m (18 in) above the top of the vertical side.

FIGURE 4: SLOPED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL
All simple slope excavations made in Type B soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in
depth are to have a slope of not greater than 1 horizontal to 1 vertical.
SIMPLE SLOPE

FIGURE 5: BENCHED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL
All benched excavations made in Type B soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in depth
are to have a maximum allowable slope of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical and
maximum bench dimensions as shown below. Benched excavations that are
unsupported or unshielded are permitted only in cohesive soils.
SIMPLE BENCH
MULTIPLE BENCH

FIGURE 6: SUPPORTED OR SHIELDED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL
All excavations made in Type B soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in depth that have
vertically sided lower portions are to be shielded or supported to a height at least
0.45 m (18 in) above the top of the vertical side. All such excavations are to
have a maximum allowable slope of 1:1.

FIGURE 7: EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE C SOIL
All simple slope excavations made in Type C soil that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in
depth are to have a slope of not greater than 1-1/2 horizontal to 1 vertical.

FIGURE 8: EXCAVATIONS MADE IN LAYERED SOILS
All excavations made in layered soils that are 6 m (20 ft) or less in depth are to
have a maximum allowable slope for each layer as set forth below.

FIGURE 8 (CONTINUED): EXCAVATIONS MADE IN LAYERED SOILS

FIGURE 9: EXAMPLES OF TRENCH SHIELDS

FIGURE 10: GUIDE TO SAFE DISTANCE BACK FROM TOP OF SLOPE FOR
STORAGE OF MATERIALS OR PLACING EQUIPMENT (TYPE A SOIL)

FIGURE 11: EXCAVATION SCREW JACKS

FIGURE 12: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING: TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS

TABLE 3: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING, VERTICAL SHORES FOR SOIL

TYPE A
Hydraulic Cylinders
Width Of Excavation
Depth of Maximum Maximum Up to 8 Over 8 up Over 12 up

Excavation Horizontal Vertical Feet to 12 Feet to 15 Feet
(Feet) Spacing Spacing
(Feet) (Feet)
Over 5 2 inch 2 inch 3 inch
8 4
up to 10 diameter diameter diameter
8 4
7 4
EXCAVATION PLAN TO BE PREPARED BY A DEGREED
Over 20
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER AND REVIEWED BY CSD
TABLE 4: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING, VERTICAL SHORES FOR SOIL

TYPE B
Hydraulic Cylinders
Width Of Excavation
Depth of Maximum Maximum Up to 8 Over 8 up Over 12 up

Excavation Horizontal Vertical Feet to 12 Feet to 15 Feet
(Feet) Spacing Spacing
(Feet) (Feet)
8 4
6.5 4
5.5 4
EXCAVATION PLAN TO BE PREPARED BY A DEGREED
Over 20
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER AND REVIEWED BY CSD

FIGURE 13: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING WALER SYSTEMS
TABLE 5: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING, WALER SYSTEMS FOR SOIL TYPE B
WALES HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS TIMBER UPRIGHTS

MAX. HORIZ. SPACING
WIDTH OF EXCAVATION (FEET) (ON CENTER)
DEPTH VERTICAL SECTION UP TO 8 OVER 8 UP TO 12 OVER 12 UP TO 15

OF EXCA- SPACING MODULUS
VATION HORIZ. CYLINDER HORIZ. CYLINDER HORIZ. CYLINDER SOLID 2 FT. 3 FT.
SPACING DIAMETER SPACING DIAMETER SPACING DIAMETER SHEET
(FEET) (FEET) (IN3) (FEET) (FEET) (FEET)
3.5 8.0 2 IN. 8.0 2 IN. 8.0 3 IN.

OVER 5
UP TO 10 4 7.0 9.0 2 IN. 9.0 2 IN. 9.0 3 IN. --- --- 3X12
14.0 12.0 3 IN. 12.0 3 IN. 12.0 3 IN.
3.5 6.0 2 IN. 6.0 2 IN. 6.0 3 IN.

OVER 10
UP TO 15 4 7.0 8.0 3 IN. 8.0 3 IN. 8.0 3 IN. --- 3X12 ---
14.0 10.0 3 IN. 10.0 3 IN. 10.0 3 IN.
3.5 5.5 2 IN. 5.5 2 IN. 5.5 3 IN.

OVER 15
UP TO 20 4 7.0 6.0 3 IN. 6.0 3 IN. 6.0 3 IN. 3X12 --- ---
14.0 9.0 3 IN. 9.0 3 IN. 9.0 3 IN.

OVER 20 EXCAVATION PLAN TO BE PREPARED BY A DEGREED CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER AND REVIEWED BY CSD

FIGURE 14: EXAMPLE OF A TIMBER SHORING PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

TABLE 6: TIMBER EXCAVATION SHORING - MINIMUM TIMBER REQUIREMENTS*

SOIL TYPE A
SIZE (ACTUAL) AND SPACING OF MEMBERS **

DEPTH OF CROSS BRACES STRINGERS UPRIGHTS
EXCAVATION
(FEET) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE HORIZONTAL
HORIZ. WIDTH OF EXCAVATION (FEET) VERT. VERT. SPACING (FEET)
SPACING SPACING SIZE SPACING
UP UP UP UP UP (INCH)
(FEET) TO 4 TO 6 TO 9 TO 12 TO 15 (FEET) (FEET) CLOSE 4 5 6 8
UP TO Not
6 4X4 4X4 4X6 6X6 6X6 4 Req’d --- 2X6
5 UP TO Not
4X4 4X4 4X6 6X6 6X6 4 --- 2X8
8 Req’d
TO
UP TO
10 4X6 4X6 4X6 6X6 6X6 4 8X8 4 2X6
10
UP TO
12 4X6 4X6 6X6 6X6 6X6 4 8X8 4 2X6
UP TO Not
4X4 4X4 4X6 6X6 6X6 4 --- 3X8
6 Req’d
10 UP TO
8 4X6 4X6 6X6 6X6 6X6 4 8X8 4 2X6
TO UP TO
10 6X6 6X5 6X6 6X8 6X8 4 8 X 10 4 2X6
15 UP TO
12 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 4 10X10 4 3X8
UP TO
6 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 4 6X8 4 3X6
15 UP TO
8 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 4 8X8 4 3X6
TO UP TO
10 8X8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 4 8 X 10 4 3X6
20 UP TO
12 8X8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 4 10X10 4 3X6
OVER 20 AN EXCAVATION PLAN TO BE PREPARED BY A DEGREED CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER AND REVIEWED BY CSD
* Mixed oak or equivalent with a bending strength of not less than 850 psi.
** Timber sizes shown are actual (not nominal) sizes. Manufactured members of equivalent
strength may be substituted for wood.
Note: Maximum spoils height is 0.6 m (2 feet) within a horizontal distance away from the edge
of the excavation equal to the depth of the excavation.


SOIL TYPE B

EXCAVATION
UP UP UP UP UP TO (INCH)
(FEET) TO 4 TO 6 TO 9 TO 12 15 (FEET) (FEET) CLOSE 2 3
UP TO
6 4X6 4X6 6X6 6X6 6X6 5 6X8 5 2X6
5 UP TO
8 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 5 8 X 10 5 2X6
TO UP TO
10 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 5 10X10 5 2X6
10 See Note
(1)
UP TO
6 6X6 6X6 6X6 6X8 6X8 5 8X8 5 2X6
10 UP TO
8 6X8 6X8 6X8 8X8 8X8 5 10X10 5 2X6
TO UP TO
10 8X8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 5 10X12 5 2X6
15 See Note
(1)
UP TO
6 6X8 6X8 6X8 8X8 8X8 5 8 X 10 5 3X6
15 UP TO
8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 5 10X12 5 3X6
TO UP TO
10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 10X10 5 12X12 5 3X6
20 See Note
(1)
Note (1): Member sizes at spacings other than indicated requires an excavation plan to be
prepared by a degreed civil/structural engineer and reviewed by CSD.


SOIL TYPE C

EXCAVATION
UP UP UP UP UP TO (INCH)
(FEET) TO 4 TO 6 TO 9 TO 12 15 (FEET) (FEET) CLOSE
UP TO
6 6X8 6X8 6X8 8X8 8X8 5 8 X 10 5 2X6
5 UP TO
8 8X 8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 5 10 X12 5 2X6
TO UP TO
10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 10X10 5 12X12 5 2X6
10 See Note
(1)
UP TO
10 8X8 8X8 8X8 8X8 8 X 10 5 10X12 5 2X6
6
UP TO
TO 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 10X10 5 12X12 5 2X6
8
15 See Note
(1)
UP TO
15 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 10X10 5 12X12 5 3X6
6
TO See Note
20 (1)
Note (1): Member sizes at spacings other than indicated requires an excavation plan to be
prepared by a degreed civil/structural engineer and reviewed by CSD.

FIGURE 15: LAYOUT OF TRENCHES 1.2 TO 2.4 METERS (4 TO 8 FEET) DEEP

Attachment A2
Excavation Safety Checklists
PRE-EXCAVATION CHECKLIST
PROJECT OR WORK EXCAVATION
ORDER NUMBER LOCATION
ACTIONS REMARKS DONE INITIALS

• Arrange and review excavation drawing ______________________________ ________
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
(e.g., Project Management,
• Arrange demarcation of excavation site ______________________________ ________

Community Services)
• Survey site with proponent operation’s rep. ______________________________ ________

• Arrange sign-off of this checklist by all parties ______________________________ ________
• Provide Work Permit (WP) Issuer’s organization
with this checklist and excavation drawing ______________________________ ________
• Provide notifications as required ______________________________ ________
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION’S REPRESENTATIVE
(Name, phone, signature & date) ___________________________________________________________________
• Determine location of underground (U/G) utilities,

ENGINEERING/TECHNICAL
including contacting Government Affairs if off site ______________________________ ________

(specify Division)
PROPONENT
• Verify operational status and operating condition of

U/G utilities ______________________________ ________
• Arrange cable/pipe detection to locate utilities not
shown on drawings and unmarked in the field ______________________________ _________
PROPONENT’S ENGINEERING / TECHNICAL SERVICES REPRESENTATIVE
• Survey site with sponsoring organization’s rep. ______________________________ _______

(specify Division)
• Review excavation drawing

OPERATIONS
______________________________ _______
PROPONENT
• De-energize cables and isolate piping, if possible ______________________________ _______

• Advise WP Issuer about precautions required ______________________________ _______
PROPONENT OPERATION’S REPRESENTATIVE
• Review Saudi Aramco’s excavation safety

ORGANIZATION OF WP
requirements and implement applicable measures ______________________________ _______

RECEIVER (specify)
• Double-check area for unknown U/G utilities with

cable/metal detector in presence of WP Issuer ______________________________ _______
• Provide WP Issuer with this fully signed Pre-
Excavation Checklist and excavation drawing ______________________________ _______
WORK PERMIT RECEIVER ORGANIZATION’S REPRESENTATIVE

DAILY EXCAVATION INSPECTION CHECKLIST

Project or WO # ______________ Excavation Location ________________________
This checklist must be completed daily and posted on site by the designated “Competent Person(s)” for the
excavation. Inspections are to be performed before workers are allowed to enter the excavation each morning or after
a change in site conditions (e.g., rain storm, groundwater, sidewall deterioration, or adjacent ground fissuring). At the
end of each workday, this checklist is to be given to the contractor’s safety supervisor for review and filing. The
contractor’s safety supervisor is to maintain a consolidated list of all excavations and conduct safety audits of
excavations during the course of the workday. All Saudi Aramco safety requirements are to be complied with at all
times. The excavation’s designated “Competent Person(s)” for the excavation must be knowledgeable of Saudi
Aramco’s safety requirements and have the necessary training and experience to ensure the work is performed safely.
Depth of excavation: _______ meters / feet Width of excavation: _______ meters / feet
YES NO N/A
Has a Pre-Excavation Checklist been completed and is it available on site?
Have all relevant departments been notified?
Are underground utilities, cables, and pipelines located and marked?
Is a Work Permit required, issued, and available on site?
Is a Confined Space Entry Permit required, issued, and available on site?
Is gas testing required and performed; e.g., excavations deeper than 1.2 m (4 ft)?
Is a Stand-by Man and/or Fire Watch required and available on site?
Are pedestrian crossovers required and provided (with guardrails and toeboards)?
Is access to plant equipment maintained?
If excavation is near a roadway, are flagmen with bright orange vests present?
Are shoring/sloping/benching acceptable to prevent sidewall cave-in?
Is shoring material in sound condition and free of damage/defects?
Is shoring installed/maintained by qualified personnel?
Are adequate ladders provided within a travel distance of 7.5 m (25 ft)?
Are ladders properly secured and do they extend 1 m (3 ft) above the surface?
Is excavation free of tension cracks or other evidence of sidewall failure?
Is excavation free of water, hydrocarbons, or other toxic substances?
Are materials and spoils set back at least 0.6 m (2 ft) from excavation edge?
Are underground utilities and piping located, marked and protected from damage?
Are pedestrian barricades/lights placed at least 1 m (3 ft) from excavation edge?
Are hard barricades for vehicles placed at least 2 m (6.5 ft) from excavation edge?
Are cranes not closer than the depth of excavation to the edge of the excavation?
Are scaffolds erected no closer than 1.5 times the depth of excavation from edge?
Are overall conditions acceptable and safe for work?
All deficiencies will be corrected immediately.
____________________________ _________________ ____________________________

Competent Person’s Signature Date Verified by Proponent/PMT

EXCAVATION SAFETY POCKET CARD SUMMARY OF SOIL TYPES AND

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES
Use this safety inspection pocket card when planning,
constructing, entering, and/or restoring excavations and A “Competent Person” is a person properly trained to
trenches over 1.2 m (4 ft) deep or excavations where buried identify existing and potential hazards, soil conditions, and
utilities, pipelines, or cables may be present. proper design (i.e., benching, shoring, and sloping).
PLANNING For sloping when excavation depth < 6 m (20 ft), use the
following maximum allowable sidewall slopes for the type
Has a Pre-Excavation Checklist been completed & on site? of soil, where “d” is the depth of the excavation.
Have all relevant departments been notified?
Are utilities, cables, and pipelines located and marked? • Stable Rock - Natural solid mineral matter that can
Was an excavation plan (calculations & drawing) prepared be excavated with vertical sides, such as sandstone.
by a civil engineer if excavation > 6 m (20 ft) deep?
Has the soil type (see back) been determined by a soil
analysis or by a “Competent Person”?
Is a Confined Space Entry Permit required and on site?
CONSTRUCTION
Is only excavating/backfilling equipment allowed within 2 m • Type A Soil - Previously undisturbed cohesive or
(6.5 ft) of the excavation and are the following clearances cemented soil, such as clay or marl.
maintained (unless properly designed shoring is used):
• Vehicles/cranes/heavy equipment more than the depth
of excavation away from excavation (2 m [6.5 ft] min.),
• Scaffold posts > 1.5 times depth of excavation away?
Has one or more of the following methods of protection
against sidewall cave-in been used and has it been done
per the excavation drawing? • Type B Soil - Less cohesive soil, such as a mix of
• Benching sand, rocks, and clay.
• Sloping (see back)
• Shoring (including trench shields, etc.)
Are spoil piles placed > 0.6 m (2 ft) away from excavation?
Are pedestrian barricades erected > 1 m (3 ft) away?
Are blinking warning lights installed and used?
Is a documented inspection performed daily by a • Type C Soil - Least cohesive soil. Examples are:
“Competent Person”? gravel, sand, muddy or freely seeping soils,
PERSONNEL ENTRY submerged rock that is not stable, or a layered
Do only authorized personnel enter the excavation? system. Previously disturbed soil is Type C soil.
Is any water in the excavation controlled by pumping?
Are gas tests conducted (e.g., low oxygen, toxic gases)?
Is a ladder or other access available within 7.5 m (25 ft)
travel distance (e.g., ladders spaced < 15 m [50 ft] apart)?
Is emergency rescue equipment available?
RESTORATION If a Pre-Excavation Checklist is not on site,
Has the work area been restored? contact your Saudi Aramco Representative
Are the walking surfaces level?
FRONT SIDE BACK SIDE

Safety Management Guide: Saudi Aramco

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Safety Management Guide: Saudi Aramco

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Saudi Aramco

Safety Management Guide

Excavations and Shoring

Guide Number 06-002-2008

Prepared by the Loss Prevention Department

Excavations and Shoring

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 1 of 34

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 2 of 34

4. Before Work Starts

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 3 of 34

K. Emergency rescue equipment required,

6. Underground Utilities and Installations

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 4 of 34

6.2 The SA proponent organization (SAPO) is to ensure that non-Aramco underground

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 5 of 34

8. Protection Against Sidewall Cave-In

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 6 of 34

8.2 Excavation Boxes and Trench Shields (see Figure 9)

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 7 of 34

9. Entry and Exit

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 8 of 34

10. Hazardous Atmospheres and Materials

11. Emergency Response

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 9 of 34

12. Edge Protection, Clearances, Barricades, and Fixed Lighting

13. Roads, Streets, and Sidewalks

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 10 of 34

Tables and Figures

TABLE 1: EXCAVATION PLANNING AND DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES

Depth Stable Rock Soil Type A Soil Type B Soil Type C

1.2 m (4 ft) – Competent Competent Competent Competent

* CSD review of excavation plan is required.

TABLE 2: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES

STABLE ROCK VERTICAL (90o)

TYPE A[3] 3/4 : 1 (53o)

TYPE B 1:1 (45o)

TYPE C 1-1/2 : 1 (34o)

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 11 of 34

FIGURE 1: SLOPED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 12 of 34

FIGURE 2: BENCHED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 13 of 34

FIGURE 3: SUPPORTED OR SHIELDED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE A SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 14 of 34

FIGURE 4: SLOPED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 15 of 34

FIGURE 5: BENCHED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 16 of 34

FIGURE 6: SUPPORTED OR SHIELDED EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE B SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 17 of 34

FIGURE 7: EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TYPE C SOIL

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 18 of 34

FIGURE 8: EXCAVATIONS MADE IN LAYERED SOILS

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 19 of 34

FIGURE 8 (CONTINUED): EXCAVATIONS MADE IN LAYERED SOILS

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 20 of 34

FIGURE 9: EXAMPLES OF TRENCH SHIELDS

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 21 of 34

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 22 of 34

FIGURE 11: EXCAVATION SCREW JACKS

Guide Number 06-002-2008 Page 23 of 34

FIGURE 12: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING: TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS

• Arrange demarcation of excavation site ______________________

• Survey site with proponent operation’s rep. ______________________

including contacting Government Affairs if off site ______________________

• Survey site with sponsoring organization’s rep. ________________________ _

• De-energize cables and isolate piping, if possible ________________________ _

requirements and implement applicable measures ________________________ _

____________________ _ ____________________