Editor’ Message

Dear readers,
Greetings!
It is highly encouraging and motivating to acknowledge the sincere efforts of
all the devoted members. The diversification of subject areas and the end product
of research work are milestones to judge the escalating standards of journal
in matrix matching the international standards and parameters. On release of
Volume 8 Issue 2 (January-June, 2020), I humbly express my sincere gratitude for
your constant support and participation of acclaimed fraternity of agriculture and
allied fields across India with its connections stringing International participants.
The vision and mission of this journal simply remains to provide platform to the
diversified community of agricultural scientists to showcase their research work,
share ideas and enhance their competences by mutual learning.
This issue of the journal has papers from different domains such as agricultural engineering, extension,
agricultural economics, agro forestry, animal science, crop production, fisheries, home science, horticulture
and plant protection besides parent’s view on importance of regular school during covid-19 pandemic.
Further, the response of authors from across the country for submitting research paper was overwhelming
this time, may be due to lock down as a result of the corona virus COVID-19 pandemic but in spite of our
best efforts, due to decision of editorial board and the referee review board, some of the articles/papers
could not be included in the present issue. However, this shall not restrict any of the authors to send their
original articles for publication in this journal. Thank you all for your active participation and inputs.
With regards.

(Shabnam Sharma)
Editor
Journal of Krishi Vigyan

336
 SCIENTISTS JOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN
3572020 Bhupender Singh Shekhawat, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Kheda ( Gujarat).
3582020 Patu Khate Zeliang, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Jalukie, Peren District (Nagaland).
3592020 Anamika Sharma, Principal Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Gurugram, Sector 78
village Shikohpur (Haryana).
3602020 B L Dangi, Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Husbandry), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barmer 1
(Rajasthan).
3612020 H R Jatav Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension ), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ujjain
( Madhya Pradesh)
3622020 Bijaya Kumar Nanda , Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Engineering ), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Portblair ( Anadaman & Nikobar)
363 2020 Raminder Hundal, Assistant Professor (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amritsar,
(Punjab)
3642020 Pritpal Singh, Assistant Professor (Soil Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mansa ( Punjab)
365 2020 Pinki S Sharma, Scientist (Home science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rajkot II, Junagarh
Agricultural University, Pipalia, Dhoraji 360 410 ( Gujarat)
3662020 Sudhir Singh Bhadroriya, Technical Officer, Directorate of Extension Education, RVSKVV,
Gawalior (Madhya Pradesh).
3672020 Dhiraj Surendra Nehete, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Jalgaon ( Maharashtra)
3682020 Adarsh Kumar Srivastava, Scientist (Extension Education), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhanbad,
Sindri Road, Baliapur, Dhanbad 828201 ( Jharkhand)
3692020 Sangram Paramaraguru, Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gajapati, Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
3702020 Nitin Kachru Yadav, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh)
3712020 Sumita Acharya, Scientist (Home Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Puri, Orissa University of
Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
3722020 Mahendra Singh Chandawat, Sr Scientist cum Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Sirohi (Rajasthan)
3732020 Rohit P Kalma Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Husbandry), Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Surendranagar, Junagarh Agricultural University, Pipalia, Dhoraji 360 410 (Gujarat)
3742020 M Vimalarani, Associate Professor (Home Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kattupukam,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Chennai ( Tamil Nadu)
3752020 H S Kushwaha, Mahatama Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot,
Satna ( Madhya Pradesh).

338
3762020 Vinod Kumar Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhagalpur, Sabour-813 210
(Bihar)
3772020 Dinesh Tiwari, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lalitpur (Uttar
Pradesh)
3782020 Ram pal, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Engineering), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rohtas,
BAU, Sabour,Bhagalpur PO BIkramganj, Rohtas ( Bihar)
3792020 Jyotirmayee Udgata, Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Jharsuguda, Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
3802020 Arti Beena Ekka, Senior Scientist and Head , Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BAU). East Singhbhum.
Darisai, Khariya Colony. V PO Badakhurshi ( Jharkhand).
3812020 Sandeep Todwal, Incharge, CRDE Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sehore ( Madhya Pradesh)
3822020 Shamsher Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khushinagar
( Uttar Pradesh).
3832020 R L Raut, Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Badgaon, PO, Pala, District
Balaghat ( Madhya Pradesh)
3842020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,PO, Badakumari, Umerkote, Nabarangpur
( Odisha).
3852020 Senior Scientist and Head ,Uttar Dinajpur Krishi Vigyan Kendra, UBKV, Islampur, (West
Bengal)
3862020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kalahandi, PO, Bhawanipatna , Kalahandi
– 766 001( Odisha)
3872020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Agricultural Farm,PO. Bolangir Road,
Sonepur ( Odisha).
3882020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malkangiri, Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar (Odisha).
3892020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nayagarh, Orissa University of Agricul-
ture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha).
3902020 P Murugan, Assistant Professor (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nammakal Odisha.
3912020 Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundergarh 1, Orissa University of Agri-
culture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No Title Page
No.
Agricultural Economics
1. Design and Development of a Crop Information System for Technology Transfer 54-59
VG Sunil , P Sujanapal, Berin Pathrose and K Prasanth
2. Effect of Integrated Crop Management Practices on Yield and Economics of Brinjal in Seoni 65-69
district of Madhya Pradesh
N K Singh and N K Bisen
3. Status of Rapeseed and Mustard crop in India: Trend and Decomposition Analysis 279-284
Lovepreet Singh and Surbhi Bansal
Agricultural Engineering
4. Evaluation of Manually Operated Raw Mango Cutting Machine 129-132
V A Salve, V P Kad, P B Kadam and K J Kamble
5. Response of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) under Varying Fertigation and Irrigation 236-241
Applications Grown in Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
Bikarmjit Singh, Nilesh Biwalkar and Ravinder Singh Chhina
Agricultural Extension
6. Adoption status of improved rice varieties and fertilizer use in Sri Muktsar Sahib District of 1-7
Punjab
Karamjit Sharma, N S Dhaliwal and Devinder Tiwari
7. Current Uses and Future Prospects of Ginger Processing and Entrepreneurship Develop- 308-312
ment among Farm Families
Dashrath Bhati, Rita Singh Raghuvanshi and Sudha Jukaria
8. Effectiveness of Multimedia Compact Disc on Dissemination of Knowledge Regarding Dif- 92-97
ferent Practices for Dairy Calf Management
Madhu Shelly and H KVerma
9. Enhancing Farmer Competitiveness– Case of Mango Post Harvest Centre in Palakkad, 104-108
Kerala
Nadhika K and Jayasree Krishnankutty
10. Impact of Demonstrations on Productivity and Profitability of Greengram in Gandhinagar 174-177
district of Gujarat
Vinay Gaur and Prabhatsinh Jadav
11. Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Sesamum Crop in Lalitpur District of Bundelkhand 182-185
Region
N K Yadav, D Tiwari, N K Pandey, M Ahmed, Sarita Devi, A Dixit and A K Chauhan
12. Impact of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Economics and Adoption of Marigold Culti- 178-181
vation
Ravneet Kour, Sheetal Badyal, Rakesh Kumar, Punit Chaudhary and Prem Kumar
13. Knowledge level of Beneficiary Farmers of ATMQIC about Kharif Crop Demonstrations in 195-198
Jaipur District of Rajasthan
Pushpa kumawat, J P Yadav, Nidhi and Krishna Yadav
14. Readership and Women: A Study to Analyze Newspaper Reading of Haryana’s Women 247-250
Shakshi Bisht and VandanaVerma Trar

340
15. Routes Adopted by Bakarwals during Migration of Livestock and its Constraints 242-246
Nazish Rizwan Kirmani, M T Banday, Akeel Wani, Z A Pampori and S Adil
16. Socio-Cultural Belief and Practices Related to Menarche and Menstruation among Tribals of 271-278
Kargil, J&K
Sabiya Asmat, Sarika Manhas, Anupa Sharma, Nassreen Fatima and Nuzhat Hassan
17. Socio-Economic Profile of the Human-Wildlife Conflict Affected Farmers of Tamil Nadu 260-265
K Senthilkumar, P Mathialagan and C Manivannan
18. The Million Farmers School: An innovative Agri-extension Approach 285-292
Bishnu Pratap Singh, Sujit Kumar, Pankaj K. Verma and Preetam Saran
19. Traditional Tools and Implements Used in Jhum Agriculture in Nagaland 293-297
Laishram Kanta Singh and S. Roma Devi
20. Training Need Perception of Extension Personnel and Farmers with Regard to Winter Maize 298-302
Production Technology in Bihar
Vinod Kumar and Ratan Kumar
Agronomy
21. Assessment of Yield and Economics of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Peddapalli district 16-20
of Telangana State
Venkanna Yasa and Bhaskar Rao B
22. Constraints Perceived by Wheat Growers in Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh 49-53
Smriti Singh, Anuj Tiwari and R P Singh Ratan
23. Effect of Different Sowing Dates on the Performance of Maize 78-81
Md. Jewel Alam, Kazi Shahanara Ahmed, Most. Khairun Nahar, Sabera Akter and Md.
Azam Uddin
24. Effect of Sowing Methods and Weed Management Practiced on Growth, Yield, Weed Flora 87-91
and Nutrient Uptake on Late Sown Chickpea
Mandhata Singh, J S Mishra and B P Bhatt
25. Evaluation of Different Mechanical Weed Control Methods in Rice Field 115-119
D K Mohanty and J Bhuyan
26. Evaluation of Different Sowing Methods on Growth Parameters in Chickpea 120-123
(Cicer aritinum L.)
Dharmendra Singh, B S Kasana and S S Kushwah
27. Fortification of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with Zinc and Manganese 142-149
Amandeep Kaur, Simerpreet Kaur , Didar Singh, Satnam Singh and Manpreet Singh
28. Performance of Blackgram Varieties under Rainfed Conditions of Chamarajanagar District 215-218
in Karnataka
Sunil C M, Mahadevu P, Yogesh G S, Chandrakala Hanagi and Mohankumar A B
29. Performance of DBW 110 and HI 8737 Varieties of Wheat under Limited Irrigation Condi- 219-222
tions of Madhya Pradesh
R P S Shaktawat, Divakar Singh Tomar and Ajay Kumar Panika
30. Performance of Pratap Urd 1 Variety of Blackgram in AgroClimatic Zone-V of Rajasthan 210-214
K C Meena and Lokesh Kumar Meena

341
 Agroforestry
31. Response of Albizia lebbeck to Moisture Stress on Seed Germination and Moisture Gradient 229-235
on Seedling Growth
Yadwinder Singh and Avtar Singh
Animal Science
32. Backyard Poultry Farming, A Source of Livelihood Support and Nutritional Security for the 21-24
Tribal People of South Garo Hills
Rupam Bhattacharjya,Athokpam Haribhushan, Thongam Monika Devi and Amarjit
Karam
33. Constraints as Perceived by Vechur Cattle Farmers of Kerala 29-34
Anjali K B and Senthilkumar R
34. Constraints Perceived by Tribal Farm Women in Acquiring Training On Animal Husbandry 45-48
Practices in Chhotaudepur District of Gujarat
B L Dhayal and B M Mehta
35. Effects on Feeds and Housing Management of Livestock During 2014 Floods in Jammu and 98-103
Kashmir, India
Sanober Rasool, SA Hamdani, Aaliya Fayaz, Abdul Hai, Niha Ayman and A H Akand
36. Entrepreneurial Behavioural Characteristics of Tribal Livestock Farmers in Kolhan Region 109-114
of Jharkhand
Pankaj Seth, Mayur Gautam, Shrestha Gautam and Ram Shanker Kureel
37. Farming Practices followed by Dairy Farmers in District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar of 133-137
Punjab
Manoj Sharma, Tejbeer Singh and Gurinder Singh
38. Knowledge and Adoption Level of Poultry Farming Practices in Raigad District of Mahar- 199-204
ashtra State
Mandavkar P M, Hanmante A A, Talathi M S and Manjarekar R G
39. Use of Dry Cow Therapy for Control of Mastitis in Dairy Animals 303-307
R K Tiwari, Ranjan Kumar, R. K. Asthana, Shailesh Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Sanchita
Ghosh and Bharati Upadhaya
Fisheries
40. GIS Application in Mapping and Development of Trout Fisheries Resources along Yargyap 150-156
Chu Drainage in Eastern Himalayas
Deepjyoti Baruah,Ravindra Posti, Parvaiz A. Ganie and Kishor Kunal
Home Science
41. Comparative Study of Working and Non Working Women in Guiding Educational Develop- 25-28
ment of Children
Y. Prabhabati Devi
42. Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups in Amreli district of Gujarat 60-64
M K Bariya1, Hansa Patel, K U Chandravadia and J V Chovatia
43. Harvesting with AARAM Cushioned Seat Technology for Alleviating Drudgery of Women 162-165
Farmers
Charu Sharma , Ram Niwas , Hemu Rathore, and Suman Singh
44. Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status of Service Class Male. 251-256
Shikha Bathla, Kirandeep and Manoj Sharma

342
45. Shelf Life and Sensory Evaluation of Hill Lemon (Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) Juice using 257-259
Organic and Inorganic Preservatives
Kavita Sharma, L K Sharma, S Rahi, D S Yadav and Pankaj Sood
46. Women Empowerment through Additional Crop Cultivation – A Climate Resilient Practice 313-318
of Namakkal District
Sharmila Bharathi C, B Mohan and N Akila
Horticulture
47. Constraints Encountered in Vegetable Cultivation by Farmwomen of Odisha: An Empirical 35-39
study
Sujit K Nath, Sagarika Muna, Sadhna Swastika and Laba Soren
48. Constraints Perceived by Date Palm Growers of Barmer District in Adoption of Date Palm 40-44
Cultivation Technology
B R Morwal, Pradeep Pagaria and Shayam Das
49. Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Biopesticides against Blossom Apple Thrips in Himachal 138-141
Pradesh
Tanuja Banshtu, N S Kaith, Bandana and Divender Gupta
50. Growth and Yield of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) with Different Levels of Ferti- 157-161
gation and Drip Irrigation
S K Nisha and I Sreelathakumary
51. Influence of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Yield Contributing characters and Eco- 186-190
nomics of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Munish Sharma and Yashwant Singh
52. In vitro Plant Regeneration Studies in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L). 166-173
Gurpreet Kaur, Puja Rattan and Anju Pathania
53. Socio Economic Status and Constrains Faced by Organic Vegetable Growers in Wokha Dis- 266-270
trict of Nagaland, India.
Nchumthung Murry and K Lalruatsangi
Plant Breeding
54. Assessment of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Hybrids for Growth and Yield Characters 12-15
C Rajamanickam
55. Evaluation of High Yielding and Blast Resistant Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Varieties 124-128
in North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
Sendhilvel V and Veeramani P
Plant Protection
56. Assessment of the Integrated Pest Management against Insect Pests of Paddy in Eastern 8-11
Uttar Pradesh
Sandeep Kumar, S Nath, S K Kannaujia, A D Gautam and Bishnu Pratap Singh
57. Effect of Different Agro-Waste Substrates on Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom (Pleu- 70-74
rotus sajor-caju )
Pardeep Kumar
58. Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers in Apple Production System in South Kashmir of 223-228
Jammu and Kashmir State
Bashir A Rather, M Zubair Tak, Rukhsar A Dar, Iffat Ghani, Gowher N Parrey and Je-
hangeer A Baba

343
 Soil Science
59. Effect of Liquid Biofertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Brinjal 82-86
(Solanum melongena L.)
L T Kapur , R F Thakor and P R Ahir
60. Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Yield and Disease Incidence in Yard long bean 191-194
(Vigna unguiculata.)
P I Poornima Yadav, C R Manu, B Sudha and S Saparia
61. Optimization of Organic Nutrient Management in Maize (Zea mays) inTawang district of 205-209
Arunachal Pradesh
C K Singh and N D Singh
Short Communication
62. Evaluation of Cabbage Varieties for Earliness and Yield in the Mid hills of Jammu and 319-321
Kashmir
Ravneet Kour
63. Evaluation of Multiplier Onion Varieties Suitable for Ariyalur District 322-325
Y Raja joslin, G Alagukannan, A Rajkala and S Shobana
64. Future of Machines in Agriculture 326-328
Anirudh Sharma and Anoop Kumar Singh
65. Parent’s View on Importance of Regular School during Covid-19 Pandemic. 329-331
Shabnam Sharma
66. Performance of High Yielding Castor Hybrids as Pure Crop Suitable for Namakkal District 332-335
of Tamil Nadu
P Murugan and N Akila

344
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00001.X

Adoption Status of Improved Rice Varieties and Fertilizer Use in

Sri Muktsar Sahib District of Punjab
Karamjit Sharma, N S Dhaliwal and Devinder Tiwari
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar Sahib (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
Rice is major food crop having significance for millions of farmers. It is grown under rice wheat cropping
system on vast area in the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGPs) of India. In Punjab state continuous need was felt
to increase area under short duration recommended rice varieties for better crop yield and to save irrigation
water. Adoption of these short duration recommended varieties and optimal fertilizer use are major factors
that can contribute to enhanced rice productivity in short time span. Periodic data collected from 340 farmers
from 2013-14 to 2017-2018 revealed that extent of adoption of improved rice and basmati varieties increased
during the survey period. Majority of the farmers were applying excessive fertilizer-N doses to rice crops.
Large number of farmers skips phosphorus application to rice and basmati and majority (78%) did not apply
potash fertilizers. The data on adoption status may help the extension agencies to focus on bridging the gap to
enhance yield of rice and basmati and thus, income of farmers along with conservation of natural resources.
Key Words: Adoption. Fertilizer, Improved, Rice, Status, Variety.

INTRODUCTION productivity varies widely depending on climatic

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) are the major food crops in the world.
More than 60 per cent of the cultivable area of the
Indian Punjab State is under rice cultivation during
the kharif season. Therefore, it is imperative that
rice production continue to sustain the ever growing
population. Increase in agricultural production with
limited resources could be possible by shifting more
area under less input intensive crops and achieving
higher crop yield per unit area (Godfray et al, 2010).
The adoption of recommended improved varieties
and production technologies are thus of utmost
importance. Significant increase in yield of rice
has been achieved with adoption of recommended
technologies. Adoption of improved rice varieties
has resulted in increase in production of rice (Singh
et al, 2018, Manan et al, 2018). Rice is grown in
rice-wheat cropping system and this cropping
system occupies more than 26Mha of cultivated
land and vast area (~10 Mha) in the Indo-Gangetic
Plains (IGPs) of India (Singh et al, 2019). Rice
conditions, water availability, soil fertility, fertilizer
applied and other technology factors. Along with
improved rice varieties fertilizer use is one of the
key factors for the increase in rice production.
Efficient nutrient management in rice has assumed
great importance of high production levels of rice
varieties (Smith et al, 1987). Therefore, the present
study was conducted to assess the adoption status of
improved varieties and fertilizer use practices in Sri
Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The total geographical area of district Muktsar
is 2.63 lakh ha with 2.42 lakh ha cultivable area.
Net irrigated area of the district is 2.2 lakh ha. and
cropping intensity 175 per cent. The four blocks
namely Muktsar, Malout, Gidderbaha and Lambi
have 236 villages. Blocks Lambi and Gidderbaha
of the district are un-irrigated. About 95 per cent
area of district is irrigated through canal and rest of
area through tube-wells. Cotton, rice, moong etc.

Corresponding Author’s Email: sharmakaramjit@pau.edu

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7

1
 Sharma et al

are major kharif crops while wheat, barley, raya and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
gram are major rabi crops. Socio-personal characteristics of the farmers
The study was conducted in the Sri Muktsar The results of the study showed that majority
Sahib district of Punjab. Data were collected of the farmers (51.5%) were above the age of 45
from randomly selected 340 farmers through yr. The education level of about one third of the
questionnaire using interview method. The data respondent (35.5%) was up to middle followed by
were collected from the year 2013-14 to 2017- matriculation (29.4%) senior secondary (11.8%),
18 following simple random method. For the graduation (6.5%) and illiterate (5.5%). The
collection of data, pre-tested questionnaire was family size of majority (60.0%) was 5-8 members,
used. The information regarding varieties grown however, about one third (29.4%) were having
and fertilizer used was collected from the farmers family size >8 members. In most of the sampled
of all the four administrative blocks. From each farmers the family member involved in farming
block, five villages were randomly selected through were numbered at two.
checklist method from each village, four farmers
were selected. Adoption status of improved rice varieties
Transplantation times for rice
Transplantation of rice starts in mid of June
month. Very negligible area (0.34%) was transplanted

Table 1: Socio-personal characteristic of the farmers in Sri Mukatsar Sahib district of Punjab.
Characteristics Frequency Percentage
Age of the respondent farmer
<25 yr 12 3.5
25-35 yr 42 12.4
35-45 yr 111 32.6
>45 yr 175 51.5
Family size
1-4 35 10.3
5-8 204 60.0
>8 101 29.7
Family members involvement in agriculture
One 92 27.1
Two 150 44.1
Three 98 28.8
Education
Illiterate 18 5.3
Upto middle 120 35.3
Upto matric 100 29.4
Senior secondary 40 11.8
Graduation 22 6.5

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7

2
 Adoption Status of Improved Rice Varieties and Fertilizer Use

Table 2. Percentage shift in area under recommended paddy varieties over the years.
Rice variety Year wise percentage shift in area
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Recommended
PR 111 5.86 4.12 6.61 1.92 0.00
PR 114 3.84 1.22 0.20 5.24 6.15
PR 116 0.60 2.29 0.66 0.76 0.00
PR 118 2.74 2.44 3.16 3.47 2.68
PR 121 2.92 2.90 2.40 5.87 12.4
PR 122 8.12 3.21 1.35 4.16 7.43
PR 123 0.00 3.36 3.88 3.12 0.00
PR 124 0.00 0.00 19.25 4.42 0.00
PR 126 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.92
Total (A) 24.08 19.54 37.51 28.96 36.58
Un-recommended
Pusa 44 4.34 1.68 4.24 9.50 18.75
Dogar Pusa 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 1.28
Golden 666 0.00 0.00 0.79 2.08 0.00
HKR 127 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00
HKR 47 0.55 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00
Hybrid 257 1.47 0.92 0.00 0.76 0.00
27P31 0.00 7.94 3.16 6.40 2.95
Total (B) 6.36 11.15 8.78 22.08 22.98
Recommended Basmati
Pusa Basmati 1121 64.62 44.43 42.38 47.07 39.73
Pusa Basmati 1509 2.75 7.25 4.74 0.00 0.00
PB 3 0.40 6.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total (C) 67.77 58.4 47.12 47.07 39.73
Un-
recommended
Pusa 1401 1.79 10.92 6.32 1.89 0.72
Lajwab 111 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00
Total (D) 1.79 10.92 6.58 1.89 0.72
Area shift in non-
basmati rice (A+B) 30.44 30.69 46.29 51.04 59.56
Area shift in basmati
rice (C+D) 69.56 69.32 53.7 48.96 40.45

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7

3
 Sharma et al

Table 3. Extent of adoption of improved rice varieties and basmati rice in Sri Muktsar Sahib district
of Punjab.
Particular 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Total area surveyed (ha) 1825 1655 1519 1576 1528
Area under IRV (ha) 483 428 547 570 618
Extent of adoption of improved rice varieties 0.26 0.26 0.36 0.36 0.40
Extent of adoption improved basmati rice 0.56 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.68
Overall extent of adoption 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.54

before 10th of June each year (Fig. 1). A large share of
area under rice (37.84%) was transplanted between
10-19th of June. In case of basmati rice, a large share
of area (26.52%) was transplanted between 1-15th
of July. Rice transplantation before recommended
time was practiced in the areas having water logging
problem. Among basmati rice varieties, Pusa 1121
had highest area (~39.45 - 64.62%) during different
years. Majority of the farmers had also adopted
the recommended transplantation time i.e. second
fortnight of June (Fig: 1).. Singh et al (2018) also
reported that rice nursery is transplanted in the
puddled field after 15th of June in Punjab, India. In
case of rice, highest area was transplanted between
10-20th of June (37.94%) and while in case of
basmati rice highest area was transplanted between
1-15th of July (26.52%)
proportion of basmati rice decreased from 69.56 per
cent during 2013-14 to 40.45 per cent during 2017-
18. On the contrary, area under non-basmati rice
increased from 30.44 to 59.56 per cent. The area
under different improved rice varieties (IRV) varied
increased 24.08 to 36.58 per cent from 2013-14 to
2017-18. However, area under un-recommended
non-basmati varieties was also increased. Area under
un-recommended non-basmati varieties increased
from 6.36 per cent during 2013-14 to 22.98 per
cent during 20117-18. The increase in area under
un-recommended rice varieties was may be due
to poor quality underground water where farmers
prefer un-recommended rice hybrids. Among the
IRV, maximum per cent rise in area was observed in
case of PR 121 (2.92 to 12.4%) followed by PR 114
(3.84 to 6.15%) and PR 126 (0 to 7.92%) in a span
of five years. Among un-recommended non-basmati
varieties area under Pusa 44 variety increased from
4.34 to 18.75 per cent.

Fig: 1. Percent area transplanted during different

intervals
Shift in area under rice varieties
The results of the study show that nearly 65 Fig :2. Temporal trends of change in area (%) under
per cent of the total paddy area was under Pusa rice and basmati rice in Sri Mukatsar Sahib
district, Punjab
Basmati 121 during 2013-14 which reduced to
The extent of adoption of improved varieties of
39.73 in 2017-18 (Table 2). In totality area wise
rice varied between 0.26 and 0.40, while for basmati
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7
4
 Adoption Status of Improved Rice Varieties and Fertilizer Use

Table 4. Percentage distribution of farmers according to extent of nitrogen fertilizer use in rice and
basmati rice in Muktsar district of Punjab
A. Extent of Nitrogen use in rice
Dose of Nitrogen Per cent farmers
(kg/ha) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
87.5-112.5 0 3 0 2 2
112.5-137.5 26 34 35 35 38
137.5-162.5 48 48 49 42 40
162.5-187.5 26 15 17 21 20
B. Extent of Nitrogen use in basmati
37.5-62.5 3 9 12 15
62.5-87.5 13 10 17 16 20
87.5-112.5 55 34 40 25 25
112.5-137.5 16 48 26 39 40
137.5-162.5 13 8 8 7 0
162.5-187.5 0 0 0 2 0

rice it varied between 0.56 and 0.68 (Table 2). Singh It was evident from the data (Table 5) that there
et al (2017) reported that nearly 78-94 per cent of was rise in proportion (26% to 57%) of farmers in
the farmers were growing recommended varieties span of five years which discontinued the practice
in case of wheat crop in south-wertern Punjab. of applying phosphorus to the rice crop. There were
13 per cent of farmers applying 12.5 - 37.5 kg P2O5
Fertilizer use /ha. Only 5 per cent of the farmers were applying P
It was found that majority (40-49%) of the rice in range of 37.5-50 kg/ha. Kaur and Sharma (2017)
farmers were applying fertilizer N in the range reported that small farmers were using fertilizers
of 137.5-162.5 kg N/ha during different years of more optimally than medium and large farmers in
survey period, while 26-38 per cent of the farmers the state. This scenario was found to be same in all
were applying fertilizer in the range of 112.5-137.5 the zones.
kg/ N ha. Earlier, Singh et al (2018) also reported
that about 45-50 per cent of traditional rice growers In case of basmati crop, discontinuance of the
were applying fertilizer-N < 162.5 kg N/ ha practice of applying phosphorus in span of five
years increased in proportion from 19 of the
The application of fertilizer N in case of basmati farmers to 62 per cent. The proportion of farmers
rice was in the range of 87.5-137.5 kg N/ha for applying fertilizer-P upto 50 kg/ ha was ~7.0 per
majority of the farmers. Majority of the farmers cent only. This shows that extension efforts were
were applying fertilizer N in excess to basmati successful in convincing farmers to skip the dose of
during initial years of survey which declined over fertilizer-P in case recommended dose has already
the years (Table 4). Majority of the farmers were been applied to rabi season crop.
applying fertilizer N in excess to basmati during
initial years of survey which declined over the
years.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7

5
 Sharma et al

Table 5. Percentage distribution of farmers according to extent of phosphorus fertilizer use in rice
and basmati rice in Muktsar district of Punjab
A. Extent of Phosphorus use in rice
Dose of Percentage of farmers over years
phosphorus
(kg/ha) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Nil 26 44 51 57 57
12.5-25 0 8 40 13 8
25-37.5 64 36 2 28 30
37.5-50 4 8 5 2 5
50-62.5 6 4 2 0 0
B. Extent of Phosphorus use in rice
Nil 19 50 45 72 62
12.5-25 0 14 47 9 5
25-37.5 71 30 0 19 27
37.5-50 3 2 8 0 7
50-62.5 3 4 0 0 0
62.5-75.0 3 0 0 0 0

Table 6. Percentage distribution of farmers according to extent of Potash fertilizer use in rice and
basmati rice in Muktsar district of Punjab .
A. Extent of Potash fertilizer used in rice
Dose of Potash Percentage of farmers over years
(kg/ha) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Nil 82 86 64 69 79
5-10 2 2 6 8 7
10-15 8 12 13 6 8
15-20 6 0 4 18 7
20-25 0 0 13 0 0
25-30 2 0 2 0 0
B. Extent of Potash fertilizer used in basmati rice
Nil 81 92 45 72 87
5-10 0 0 47 9 0
10-15 0 0 0 19 0
15-20 6 8 8 0 13
20-25 10 0 0 0 0
25-30 3 0 0 0 0

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7

6
 Adoption Status of Improved Rice Varieties and Fertilizer Use
Use of fertilizer-K is in rice crop is recommended
based on soil test report as this nutrient generally
found available in soils to meet crop needs. The
results given in Table 6 show that majority of the
farmers (79%) were not applying K-fertilizers to
the rice as well as basmati rice crop (87%), while
rest of the farmers were applying fertilizer-K in
different doses ranging from 5-20 kg/ ha. The
micronutrient deficiencies reported by farmers were
related to Fe and Zn, however, on small scale. Bell
and Dell (2008) reported that deficiency of micro-
nutrients has become a constraint to productivity,
stability and sustainability of soils. Thus, majority
of farmers were following recommend practices
with aspect to fertilizer use. Kumar (2013) reported
that in case of wheat crop 32 per cent farmers fully
adopted recommended practices while 24.9 per
cent partially adopted recommended practices.
Earlier, Bhowate and Olambe (2017) reported that
recommended fertilizer use resulted in enhanced
wheat yields.
CONCLUSION
Status of crop production practices reveald a
great deal regarding adoption status of recommended
varieties and fertilizer use practices among rice
farmers. The study on farmer practice can generate
great deal of information regarding adoption gaps
and underlying reasons. The extension agencies
can use this information to reduce adoption gaps by
educating farmers regarding balanced use fertilizer
and importance of improved crop varieties. However,
there are various reasons at field level for over and
excessive use of chemical fertilizers and cultivation
of un-recommended crop varieties. The discussion
with the farmers reveals various constraints in
adoption of improved practices of crop production.
Thus, reasons for lack of adoption of recommended
crop varieties, sowing times, fertilizers, insecticides
etc. may be technical, institutional or socio-
economic. Further, analysis of constraints in adoption
of scientific recommendations may lead bridge yield
gaps leading to socio-economic development of the
farmers.
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 1-7
7
REFERENCES
Hossain M, David Lewis, Manik L. Bose, and Chowdhury
A (2003). Rice Research, Technological Progress, and
Impacts on the Poor: The Bangladesh Case (Summary
Report) Environment and Production Technology
Division International Food Policy Research Institute
2033 K Street, N.W. Washington.
Smith J, Neue H U , Gloria U (1987). Soil nitrogen and
fertilizer recommendations for irrigated rice in the
Philippines Agril Systems 24, (3), 165-181
Kaur A and Sharma M (2017). Adoption level of recommended
agricultural practices by Punjab farmers. J Krishi Vigyan
6(1), 1-9
Manan J, Sharma M and Jaidka M (2018) Factors affecting
the adoption of paddy varieties in Kapurthala district of
Punjab, India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(9), 3014-
3020
Singh G, Singh P and Sodhi GPS (2018) Status of crop
management practices for rice and basmati cultivation in
South-Western Punjab. J Comm Mobil Sustain Dev 13(3),
457-462.
Singh P, Singh G and Sodhi GPS (2019) Energy auditing and
optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of
rice cultivation in south-western Punjab, India. Energy
174, 1, 269-279
Sing G, Singh P and Sodhi GPS (2017) Assessment and
analysis of agriculture technology adoption and yield
gaps in wheat production in sub-tropical Punjab Indian J
Ext Edu 53 ( 1): 70-77.
Bell R W and Dell B (2008). Micronutrients for sustainable
food, feed, fiber and bio-energy production, 1st Ed. Inter.
l. Fertilizer Industry Assoc. (IFA), Paris.
Godfray H C J, Beddington J R, Crute I R, Haddad Lawrence
L D, Muir J F, Pretty J S Robinson, Thomas S M and
Toulmin C ( 2010). Food security: the challenge of
feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812-818.
Kumar Ajay (2013). Adoption behaviour and constraints
in wheat production technologies for higher wheat
productivity in hills of Uttarakhand. J Krishi Vigyan 1(
2): 6-9.
Bhowate R T and Olambe A P (2017) Nutrient management
in wheat through front line demonstrations in Hingoli
district. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1):138- 140.
Received on 20/4/2020 Accepted on 22/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 8-11 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00003.3

Assessment of the Integrated Pest Management against Insect

Pests of Paddy in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Sandeep Kumar, S Nath, S K Kannaujia, A D Gautam1 and Bishnu Pratap Singh2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur 222001 (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur conducted frontline demonstrations on the integrated pest management
technology in paddy at 25 farmers’ field in two village viz., Majhauli and Utreejpur of the district Jaunpur
during kharif 2017 and 2018. IPM module comprised of recommended dose of fertilizers + clipping of
rice seedling tips + pheromone traps with 5 mg lure @ 20 traps/ha against yellow stem borer for mass
trapping + Spraying of NSKE 5% at 20 days interval + need based application of chlorpyriphos 20
EC @ 1.0 l/ha and carbofuron 3G @ 20 kg/ha. The results on paddy insect-pests infestation and yield
indicated that integrated pest management was superior to farmers’ practice. The minimum incidence of
yellow stem borer (6.57 % and 5.85%) and leaf folder (5.12 % and 4.72%) was found in IPM module
as compared to farmers’ practice. The population of green leaf hopper and brown plant hopper was also
less in IPM plots. There was 13.05 per cent more yield in IPM demonstration plots than control and the
highest net return and benefit cost ratio was also obtained by application of recommended practices.
Key Words : Benefit Cost ratio, Brown plant hopper, IPM, Leaf folder, Yellow stem borer.

INTRODUCTION Among the major insect pests of rice are

India is the second largest producer and
consumer of rice grown in the world after china.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest rice producing
state of the country with an area of 5.9 Mha under
rice cultivation. The average rice productivity
of the district Jaunpur is about 25.48 q/ha. Rice
crop is highly sensitive for several insect pests
(Prashad, 2003; Singh and Singh,2017).The major
factors that have contributed towards changes in
the pest scenario were extensive cultivation of high
yielding varieties, growing of varieties lacking
resistance to major pests, intensified rice cultivation
throughout the year providing constant niches for
pest multiplication, imbalanced use of fertilizers,
particularly application of high levels of nitrogen,
non-judicious use of insecticides resulting in pest
resistance to insecticides, and resurgence of pests
and out breaks of minor pests (Prakash et al, 2014).
stem borers like yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga
incertulas), belong to order Lepidoptera is the
most destructive pest found all over the world. The
presence of these insects in field is easily identified
by dead heart or white ear in hills at vegetative stage
and panicle at reproductive stages respectively
(Sulagitti et al, 2018). Nilaparvata lugens (Brown
plant hopper) and Nephotettix virescens (Green
Leaf Hopper) belonging to order Hemiptera were
identified or characterized by Hopper burn and
yellow brown leaves in the field are also major
insects of rice (Jadhao and Khurad, 2012). In India,
moreover loss incurred due to a different insects
pests of rice are reported to the tune of 15,120
million rupees which works out to be 18.60 per
cent total losses (Chandramani et al, 2010).The
rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)
earlier considered as a minor pest has gained the

Corresponding Author’s Email:skkvkjnp@gmail.com

1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandauli (UP)
2
Additional Director of Agriculture, UP Govt. Directorate of Agriculture.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 8-11

8
 Kumar et al

status of major pest with the widespread of high
yielding rice varieties and hybrids. Yield loss of
18.30 to 58.40 per cent was estimated due to the
infestation of leaf folder which depends upon the
stage of the crop at the time of infestation Non
judicial and repeated application of insecticides at
improper doses may causes several problems such
as disrupting natural enemy complexes, secondary
pest outbreak, pest resurgence, development of
insecticide resistance and environmental pollution.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is one of the
eco-friendly approach which can be utilized to
control the non-judicial uses of insecticides to
control rice insect pest (Arvind et al, 2018; Trivedi
and Ahuja, 2011). Realizing the benefits of IPM,
International Rice Research Institute, Phillippines
has been advocating rice IPM techniques and
demonstrating their efficiency in the farm level
since 1980 (Samiayyan et al, 2010). Therefore, in
the present study, efforts were to test IPM modules,
using minimum chemical insecticides.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur conducted recorded from randomly selected 10 hills from each
frontline demonstrations on the IPM technology in plot.
paddy on farmers’ field of district Jaunpur during No. of dead heart or white ear in a hill
kharif 2017 and 2018. The demonstrations on Percentage
The experimental material consisted of two
treatment schedules viz., IPM (recommended
practice) and non-IPM (farmers’ practice). IPM
module included recommended dose of fertilizer +
clipping of rice seedling tips + pheromone traps with
5 mg lure @ 20 traps/ha against yellow stem borer
for mass trapping + Spraying of NSKE 5% at 20 day
interval + need based application of chlorpyriphos
1.0 l/ha and carbofuron 3G @ 20 kg/ha. The rice
variety HUR-105 was used as test variety. The
observations were recorded from recommended
practice (IPM) and farmers practice (non-IPM).
The data on stem borer infestation were recorded at
vegetative stage as dead heart and total tillers and
per cent incidence was worked out. Similarly, white
ear and panicle bearing tillers were recorded near
maturity of crop and per cent white ear infestation
was worked out. Similarly, leaf folder damage was
recorded from randomly selected 10 hills from each
plot. For this, total number of leaves per hill and
folded leaves were recorded and per cent incidence
was worked out. The incidence of green leaf
hopper (GLH) and brown plant hopper (BPH) were
of yellow stem borer =
Total no. of tiller in a hill
X 100

integrated pest management (IPM) on rice were

conducted at 25 farmers’ field in two village viz., Percentage of leaf folder =
No. of folded leaves in one hill
X 100
Majhauli and Utreejpur of the district. Altogether Total no. of leaves one hill
totally 25 demonstrations were laid out over an Economic parameters such as yield, cost of
area of 10 ha. Further, soil samples were collected cultivation, net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR)
before transplanting from 15 and 30 cm depths. were calculated by considering all inputs and
Processed soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, outputs.
organic carbon, available N, P and K. The pH of the
soils ranged from 7.3-8.2, and organic carbon (%) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ranged from 0.23-0.34. The status of soil organic The incidence of YSB was recorded 14.17 and
carbon was low in all the soil samples. The available 13.97 per cent in farmer practices in comparison to
N, P and K contents of the soil varied from 185- recommended practices which was recorded 6.57
220 kg/ha, 18-30 kg/ha and 180-250 kg/ha. Since and 5.85 per cent during both the year 2017 and
the balanced use of these nutrients was essential for 2018 respectively. Minimum leaf folder damaged
realizing the full potential of the variety, fertilizer leaves were recorded in IPM module demonstration
recommendation on the basis of soil test data was plot as compared to farmers practice adopted plots.
recommended. The incidence of GLH was observed minimum in
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 8-11
9
 Assessment of the Integrated Pest Management

Table 1. Effect of Integrated Pest Management technology against insects- pests of rice.
Year Treatment % damage % damage of No. of No. of
of YSB Leaf folder GLH / hill BPH / hill
2017 Farmers’ practice (Non IPM) 14.17 17.87 12.32 9.87
Recommended practice (IPM) 6.57 5.12 4.98 4.10
CD (P ≤ 0.05) 6.08 9.14 5.28 4.15
2018 Farmers’ practice (Non IPM) 13.97 16.75 11.98 9.13
Recommended practice (IPM) 5.85 4.72 4.53 3.92
CD (P ≤ 0.05) 4.96 8.83 5.22 4.16

IPM plots 4.98 and 4.53 per hill in comparison to 10G, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrine and other
non IPM plots (12.32 and 11.98 per hill). Similarly, insecticide combinations resulting increased in
the population of BPH was recorded minimum in cost of cultivation. The highest net return and
IPM plots 4.10 and 3.92 per hill in comparison to benefit cost ratio was obtained by application of
non IPM plots, 9.87 and 9.13 during the both year recommended practices. Benefit cost ratio of 2.08
study. Similar finding have been reported by Vikram and 2.13 was calculated in IPM rice in 2017 and
et al ( 2017). 2018 season, respectively, in comparison to control
During both year study, the average yield was plot which rendered 1.87 and 1.92 benefit cost ratio
recorded 54.57 q/ha in recommended practices in respective season and year. The higher net return
whereas in non-IPM farmer practices it was found was obtained in IPM plot due to lower loss in yield
to be 48.44 q/ha. There was 13.05 per cent more caused by insects-pests compared to control plot.
yield was recorded in IPM demonstrations plots
than non-IPM demonstrations. The loss of yield CONCLUSION
was due to improper management of insect-pests The results of present study led to conclusion
by the farmer. In non-IPM farmers also used non that yellow stem borer, leaf folder, green leaf hopper
recommended and repeated doses of chemical and brown plant hopper are major pests of rice
fertilizers and pesticides like cyperethrine, Phorate in irrigated and rain fed lowlands rice. The yield

Table 2. Economic performance of paddy crop with recommended practices (IPM) and farmers’
practice (Non IPM)
Year Yield Yield Cost of cultivation Net return Benefit Cost
q/ha increase (Rs. /ha) (Rs. /ha) Ratio
(%)
FP RP FP RP FP RP FP RP
(Non (IPM) (Non IPM) (IPM) (Non IPM) (IPM) (Non (IPM)
IPM) IPM)
2017 48.23 54.27 13.31 34815 35117 30295 38147 1.87 2.08
2018 48.65 54.87 12.78 35425 35897 32685 40921 1.92 2.13
Mean 48.44 54.57 13.05 35120 35507 31490 39534 1.90 2.11
FP= Farmers’ Practice, RP= Recommended Practice

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 8-11

10
 Kumar et al

losses due to these pests can be managed by the Jadhao MF and Khurad AM (2012). Biology of Scirpophaga
application of IPM modules. It was also concluded Incertulas (Walker). A major pest of Rice in Eastern
Vidrbha, Maharashtra. Int Indexed and Referred Res J
that the demonstrated IPM module is eco-friendly (1):10-14.
and safer to non-targeted organism in comparison
Sulagitti A, Raghuraman M, Reddy MSS and Sathua SK
to conventional insecticides. (2018). Impact of abiotic factors on population fluctuation
of major insect pests of rice under various Condition.
REFERENCES Exptl Zoology 21(2):709-712.
Arvind Kumar Singh, Singh Shiv Pratap, and Rajpoot S K Samiayyan K, Jayaraj T, Selvam S and Sivasubramanian P
S (2018). Evaluation of IPM module against major rice (2010). The ecological and economic perspectives of up-
insect pests of rice in St. Kabir Nagar District of Uttar scaling of rice integrated pest management. Karnataka J
Pradesh. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci Special Issue 7 : Agril Sci 23: 42-46.
4400-4404.
Trivedi T P and Ahuja D B (2011). Integrated pest management:
Chandramani P, Rajendran R, Sivasubramnian P and Muthiah approaches and implementation. Indian J Agril Sci 81:
C (2010). Management of hoppers in rice through host 981-93.
nutrition – a novel approach. J Biopest 2(1):99–106.
Vikram D Singh, Gangwar R K, Guru Prem, Rakesh
Prakash A, David B V and Bambawale O M (2014). Plant Choudhary, Amit Kumar and Ramesh Kumar (2017).
protection in India: Challenges and research priorities, Eficacy of granular insecticide against yellow stem borer
AZRA 170-174. (Scirpophaga incertulas) on basmati rice. J Krishi Vigyan
Prashad K (2003). Survey on the incidence of pests of rice 5(2): 63-66.
imderrainfed low land ecosystem. Karnataka Agri 6(3):
Received on 18/12/2019 Accepted on 15/3/2020
460-466.
Singh S and Singh B K(2017). Survey and fortnightly
observation to find out major insect pests of rice crop
(Oryza sativa) in Patna district of Bihar. J Ento and Zool
Stud 5(1): 766-769.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 8-11

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 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 12-15 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00002.1

Assessment of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Hybrids for

Growth and Yield Characters
C Rajamanickam
Department of Horticulture
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai– 625 104 (Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
Chilli hybrids are grown on Kamuthi and Paramakudi blocks of Ramanathapuram district on nearly 50
ha area. Assessment of chilli hybrids for growth, yield and higher productivity was conducted at five
different farmers’ fields during the year 2017-18 under on farm testing. TNAU Co (Ch) 1, Arka Harita,
Arka Meghana and local variety were used in this study. The results revealed that TNAU CO (Ch)1 hybrid
recorded the highest values for growth, yield and cost economics traits. The growth characters like plant
height (49.63 cm), number of fruits/plant (82.50), fruit weight (5.60 g) and fruit length (10.89 cm) observed
the highest values in TNAU Co (Ch)1 followed by Arka Harita as (48.50cm; 78.30; 5.31g and 10.19 cm
whereas local hybrid recorded the lowest values for all the traits. Arka Harita took the minimum number
of days of 50 per cent flowering (43). Regarding yield, TNAU CO (Ch)1 hybrid recorded the highest plant
yield (449.20 g) and yield/ha (16.76 t/ha) followed by Arka Harita (413.0 g; 15.47 t/ha) whereas local check
recorded the lowest yield of 13.14 t/ha. In the case of benefit cost ratio, CO (Ch)1 recorded the highest
ratio of 3.03 with the net profit of 1,34,920 followed by Arka Harita (2.85) whereas local check observed
the lowest B:C ratio (2.19) and net profit of Rs. 83,200. TNAU CO (Ch)1 hybrid is performed well and
increased yield of 27 per cent with good market preference over the farmers practices. Due to highest
yield TNAU CO (Ch)1 was found to be the most suitable chillies hybrid under Ramanthapuram condition.
Key Words : Chillies, On farm testing (OFT), Fruit length, Fruit weight, Yield, B:C ratio.

INTRODUCTION and cultivated around 30 -50 ha. Private hybrids

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the
most important vegetable as well as spice crop,
belongs to family Solanaceae. Basically chilli is a
crop of tropical and subtropical region. It is a self
pollinated crop bearing a pod like fruit (berry) and
has a predominant position among the spices grown
all over India. India produces about 1.298 MT of
chillies from an area of 0.806 M ha with an average
productivity of 1611 kg/ha (NCPAH, 2017). In
India, chillies are cultivated at Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Though,
it is cultivated in different districts of Tamil Nadu
but Vilathikulam and Kovilpatti of Tuticorin district
are major producers. In Ramanthapuram district
samba chillies were cultivated in Kamuthi block
and local varieties were predominantly cultivated
by the farmers and getting low income. Farmers
were unaware about new high yielding varieties
and technologies. Hence, an assessment on chilli
hybrids for growth, yield and higher productivity
and its suitability in Ramanathapuram district was
carried out.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present experiment was conducted at
five farmers’ fields at Vallanthai and Korapallam
villages of Kamuthi block during Rabi season of
2017-18. TNAU CO (Ch)1 seeds were purchased
from Horticultural College and Research Institute,
TNAU, Coimbatore whereas Arka Harita and
Arka Meghana seeds from the Indian Institute of

Corresponding Author’s Email: rajamanickamctnau@gmail.com

12 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 12-15

 C Rajamanickam

Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru. The
field was thoroughly ploughed, well decomposed
farmyard manure was applied at the rate of 25t/
ha and formed ridges and furrows. The seeds were
sown in portrays during 2nd week of September
and seedlings were transplanted on 3rd week of
October 2017. TNAU CO (Ch)1, Arka Harita, Arka
Meghana and local check (farmers practices) were
used for this study. The seeds were purchased and
distributed to the five identified farmers of Kamuthi
blocks and seedlings were transplanted at a spacing
of 60 x 45 cm on one side of the ridges. One plot size
is 3 x 3 m and 20 cents area was cultivated for each
hybrid. The recommended cultivation practices
were followed as per the crop production guide,
2014 (Anon, 2014). Recommended dose of 30 t
of FYM and NPK 30:80:80 kg/ha were as applied.
Basal application of 2/3rd nitrogen and entire P and
K and top dressing of 30 kg N / ha in equal splits
applied on 30, 60 and 90 days after planting.
Arka vegetable special were purchased
and applied as foliar application during 45th, 75th
and 90th d after transplanting. Soil application of
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2.5 kg/ha at the time
of last ploughing and incorporated and also 10g also
used as seed treatment of chilli seeds. Yellow sticky
traps @ 15 numbers per ha were placed in different
directions of the plot. Neem oil also purchased and
distributed to the farmers to control the insect pest.
Before conductance of the experiment, imparted
trainings to the farmers on protray nursery raising,
nursery management, transplanting of seedlings
to the main field, application of growth regulators
and harvesting methods etc. In addition to this arka
vegetable special and tricontanol booster were also
given for foliar spraying to increase the fruit set
and quality (Mehraj et al, 2014). The observation
on plant height (cm), days to 50 per cent flowering
(days), number of fruits per plant, average fruit
weight (g), average fruit length (cm), yield per plant
(g), estimated yield per ha (t/ha), net income (Rs.),
B:C ratio and market preference were recorded.
The data were analysed with appropriate statistical
method was suggested by Panse and Sukhatme
(1967).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results revealed (Table 1) that among
the four hybrids of chillies, TNAU CO (Ch) 1
recorded the highest values in growth, yield and
cost economics characters than other hybrids.
Plant height of 49.63 cm recorded the highest

Table 1. Testing of chilli hybrids for growth and yield characters.

Sr. Particular TNAU Arka Arka Farmers SEd CD
No. Co (Ch)1 Harita Meghana practice (P= 0.05%)
1. Plant height (cm) 49.63 48.50 47.24 46.26 0.034 0.074
2. Days to 50 per cent 45 43 48 51 0.81 1.68
flowering (days)
3. Days to first harvest 81.58 83.22 84.15 89.85 1.87 2.98
4. No. of fruits per plant 82.50 78.30 67.50 58.20 1.612 3.513
5. Average fruit weight (g) 5.60 5.31 5.20 4.94 0.007 0.015
6. Average fruit length (cm) 10.89 10.19 10.10 10.02 0.003 0.007
7. Yield per plant (g) 449.20 g 413.00 g 388.90 g 343.52 g 1.679 3.660
8. Yield per ha (t/ha) 16.76 15.47 13.26 12.83 0.569 1.24
9. Market preference Very good Very good Good Good
10. Percentage of thrips 15.0 16.25 17.50 25.52
incidence (%)

13 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 12-15

 Assessment of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Hybrids

in TNAU CO (Ch)1followed by Arka Harita of the yield of 15.47 t/ha whereas the local check
48.50 cm whereas local check recorded the lowest registered the lowest yield of 12.83 t/ha. The same
plant of 47.26 cm. In the case of days to 50 per trend was noticed in yield per plant also. TNAU
cent flowering, Arka Harita recorded the earliest CO (Ch)1 recorded the highest yield per plant of
days taken for flowering (43) followed by TNAU 449.20g followed by Arka Harita (413.0 g) whereas
CO (Ch)1 (45), Arka Meghana (48) whereas the the local check registered the lowest yield per plant
longer days taken for flowering was noticed in of 343.52 g. This is in accordance with the findings
local check (farmers practices) of 51. This might of Kavitha et al (2018) stated that demonstrated
be due to genetic makeup of varieties. Mishra et al variety (LCA 625) recorded the highest yield of 12.6
(2017) reported that days to 50 per cent flowering in t/ha when compared with local check under Salem
chilli genotypes required 51 to 58 under Allahabad condition of Tamil Nadu. Demonstrated variety
condition. recorded the higher yield than farmers practice in
Regarding yield characters, TNAU CO (Ch)1 French bean and clusterbean (Muthuramu, 2015;
observed the highest number of fruits per plant Rajamanickam, 2019). The yield variations were
(82.50) followed by Arka Harita (78.30) whereas occurred amongst the genotypes, varieties and
the local check registered the lowest number of hybrids under varying field conditions have been
fruits per plant of 68.20. The same trend was reported by Mishra et al (2017).
noticed for fruit length and fruit weight also. TNAU
CO (Ch)1 recorded the highest fruit length (10.89 ECONOMICS
cm) and fruit weight (5.60g) followed by Arka The gross cost of cultivation almost similar
Harita (10.19 cm; 5.31 g). The local check noticed for three improved varieties but local practice was
the lowest values in fruit length (10.02 cm) and the lowest gross cost (Table 2). Among the chilli
fruit weight (4.94 g). Hadora1 et al, (2017) stated hybrids, market preference was higher for TNAU
that Arka Harita recorded the fruit length of 8.77 CO (Ch1) as well as Arka Harita and both the
cm under Bengaluru condition. Kavitha et al hybrids fetched higher prices. TNAU CO (Ch1)
(2018) reported that demonstrated variety (Lalima) recorded the highest net profit of Rs. 1,34,920/ha
recorded the highest fruit length (9.78 cm) than the with the benefit to cost ratio of 3.03 followed by
farmer’s practices at Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Arka Harita (Rs. 1,20,530/ha; 2.85) while the local
check registered the lowest net profit of Rs. 83,200/-
TNAU CO (Ch)1 recorded the highest yield per ha and B:C ratio of 2.19. It was found that farmers
ha of 16.76 t/ha which was higher than the other were convinced with the performance of TNAU
hybrids followed by Arka Harita which recorded CO (Ch1) fetches higher income, higher yield and

Table 2. Cost economics for different chilli hybrids under Ramanathapuram condition.
Sr. Particulars TNAU Arka Harita Arka Meghana Farmers practice
No. Co (Ch)1
1. Yield per ha (t/ha) 16.76 15.47 13.26 12.83
2. Gross cost (Rs.) 66,250 65,100 68,315 69,900
3. Gross income (Rs.) 2,01,170 1,85,630 1,60,560 1,53,100
4. Net Profit (Rs.) 1,34,920 1,20,530 92,245 83,200
5. BCR 3.03 2.85 2.49 2.19

14 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 12-15

 C Rajamanickam

recorded the low incidence of thirps (15.0 %) when REFERENCES

compared with local check (25.52 %). TNAU CO Anonymous (2014). Crop Production Guide – 2014. Tamil
(Ch)1 hybrid is performed well and increased yield
of 27 per cent with good market preference over the Mehraj H, Tamima M. H, Chowdhury M S N, Ferdous M
farmers’ practices.
CONCLUSION
The present study concluded that
cultivating TNAU CO (Ch1) and Arka Harita at
Ramanathapuram district was more beneficial due
to their yield contributing traits namely number of
fruits per plant, fruit length, average fruit weight,
yield per plant and yield per hectare which were
recorded higher as compared to farmer’s choice
of variety. TNAU CO (Ch1) fetches higher profit
(Rs. 1,34,920/ha) with benefit to cost ratio of 3.03,
higher yield (16.67 /ha) and recorded the low
incidence of thirps (15.0 %) when compared with
local check (25.52 %). TNAU CO (Ch1) performed
well and increased yield of 27 per cent with good
market preference over the farmers’ practices.
Hence, Farmers realized that chillies hybrids TNAU
CO (Ch1) and Arka Harita were better choice in
terms of yield and market under Ramanathapuram
condition. These two hybrids will be promoted as
frontline Demonstrations and mass demonstration
during ensuing season at Ramanathapuram district.
Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
H and Jamal Uddin A F M (2014). Study on morpho-
physiological characteristics and yield performance of
four chilli lines. J Biosci Agric Res 2(1): 1-7.
Panse V G and Sukhatme P V (1967). Statistical Methods
for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, p.381.
Mishra T S, Mishra N K, Singh A K, Singh N D and Tripathi
A N (2017). Performance of different genotypes of
Chilli (Capsicum annum) under Allahabad agro-climatic
condition. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1) : 141-144.
Hadora R, Puttaraju T B and Damodar V (2017). Assessment
of stability patterns in some selected chilli hybrids
(Capsicum annuum L.). Adv in Res 10 (1): 1 – 11.
Rajamanickam C (2019). Assessment of Cluster Bean
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) varieties for growth and yield
characters. J Krishi Vigyan 7 (2): 7-10.
Kavitha P S, Sudha A and Srividya S (2018). Assessment of
chilli varieties in Salem district for higher productivity. J
Hortl Sci 13(1): 119-121.
Muthuramu S, Paulpandi V K, Sakthivel S, Ramakrishnan
K and Karthik R (2015). Assessing the performance
of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in district
Virudhunagar of Tamil Nadu. J Krishi Vigyan 3(2): 5-7.
Received on 23/02/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

15 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 12-15

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00004.5

Assessment of Yield and Economics of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum

L.) in Peddapalli district of Telangana State
Venkanna Yasa˟ and Bhaskar Rao B
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramagirikhilla, Peddapalli-505212 (Telangana)

ABSTRACT
A technology demonstration of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was aimed to improve the production after
bringing new areas in to cultivation in Peddapalli district of Telangana. The vacant fields of rice-fallow
under medium black soils with limited irrigation were selected. Studies were carried out to assess yield
and economics of a full package with a new variety, NBeG3 at the farmer’s field under cluster front line
demonstration (CFLD) for three years (2016-17 to 2018-19). The results of 50 plots each 0.4 ha showed an
increase in yield of 46.15, 28.6 and 22.6 per cent over farmer’s practice during the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and
2018-19, respectively. Overall means of three years was found to be significantly higher for yield (1447 kg/
ha), net profit (Rs. 37998/ha) and B:C ratio (2.3) compared to control. This study revealed the fulfillment of
extension yield gap (337 kg/ha) by incurring Rs. 1333/ha which fletched an additional profit of Rs. 14921/ha.
Key Words: Chickpea, Extension gap, Front Line Demonstration, Rice fallow, Technology gap, Technology
index.

INTRODUCTION under open and bore well irrigation system. Due to

In India, pulses are playing an important role in
regular diet by contributing a major share to the total
intake of proteins. Apart from the supply of protein,
pulses adds nitrogen to soil and improve physical
structure of soil, fit in to mixed/inter cropping
system/crop rotation, provide green pods used
as vegetable and foliage as nutritious fodder for
cattle. Among the various pulses Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop. Even
though India ranks first in area and production of
chickpea, it was importing from Australia (85.1%),
Russia (4.7%) and other countries to meet its own
consumption. One of the reasons for this was the
low productivity (995 kg/ha) as against world’s
highest productivity of 3759 kg/ha (Anon, 2016).
Over the past two decades there was a shifting
in pulses production from northern states to central
and southern states of India. Telangana is one of the
important states grown chickpea with higher yield
(1459 kg/ha) compared to national average (995 kg/ production, chickpea production technology was
ha). In Telangana, rice is one of the major crops grown demonstrated as a whole package under rice-fallow
Corresponding Author’s Email: yvkanna@gmail.com
insufficient availability of ground water, majority of
rice area was kept as fallow during Rabi. In some
packets of rice fallow chickpea was in practice
under broadcasting method of cultivation in black
soils. In those farming situations where black soils
existed with limited irrigation sources, chickpea
can be promoted with new technologies. To bridge
the yield gap between the potential and realized
yield, some of the technologies were recommended
as critical viz., deep summer ploughing once in 3
years, soil test based fertiliser application, seed
treatment with Rhizobium, application of PSB and
Trichoderma viridi, use of wilt tolerant varieties,
installation of bird perches, nipping at 15-20 cm
height, two irrigations first at branching and second
at pod initiation stage, timely weed control and
spray of NSKE 5% or Azadirachtin 0.03% (300
ppm) at pre-flowering stage (PJTSAU).
Keeping in view the need of increasing pulses

16 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20

 Venkanna and Bhaskar

in Peddapalli district of Telangana under cluster Chickpea fields from adjacent area in the same village
front line demonstration programme. were considered as control (farmer’s practice). The
demonstrations were laid out for three consecutive
MATERIALS AND METHODS years from 2016-17 to 2018-19. In each year a pre-
The area of rice fallow under medium-black seasonal training and three trainings during the crop
soils having considerable irrigation facilities was period were conducted to prepare the farmers on
selected in the villages of Peddapalli district of implementation of selected package of practices.
Telangana State. Pre-seasonal interaction was The critical inputs were supplied to the farmers by
conducted during the initiation year, 2016-17 and procuring foundation seed of NBeG3 from KVK,
collected information on existing practices, yields, Yagantipally, Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh,
profits and problems faced by the farmers. Based on T. viridi and PSB from Bio Control Laboratory,
the collected information, technological gaps were Karimnagar and remaining were purchased from
identified and a suitable demonstration package was local market. Data on cost of cultivation, yield and
prepared. As the seed was an important factor, a gross returns were collected from each selected
new chickpea variety, NBeG3 was selected against farmer as well as from non-practicing farmer for the
existing old variety, JG11 and demonstrated as a comparison. From the collected data, mean values
whole package with a recommended package of for cost of cultivation, yield, gross returns, net profits
practices by state agricultural university (Professor and B:C ratio were worked out. To know the overall
Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural impact over three years of assessment, data were
University) (Table 1). analysed for cumulative mean and variance using
With the improved package of practices, F-test. By analysis of technology gap, extension
assessment was carried out by taking 0.4 ha as a gap and technology index (Samui et al, 2000) final
unit and covered a total of 20.0 ha with 50 farmers. conclusions were drawn.

Table 1. Details of different components of assessed technology against the farmer’s practice of
chickpea.
Sr. No. Component Farmer’s practice Assessed technology Gap
1 Seed rate (kg/ha) 62.5 75 Partial gap
2 Seed treatment No Seed treatment with Carbendizum @ Full gap
3 g/kg
3 Method of sowing Broadcasting Line sowing Full gap
4 Bio-fertiliser No Rhizobium & PSB Full gap
5 Chemical fertilisers DAP @ 125 kg/ha Soil test based application Partial gap
6 Weed control No Spraying of Pendimethalin @ 2.5 l/ Full gap
ha as Pre-emergence
7 Wilt management No Tricoderma viridi soil application @ Full gap
5 kg/ha
8 Number of irrigations 2 2 No gap
9 Pest management Chemical spray Azadirachtin 0.03% @ 5 ml/l at Partial gap
pre-flowering stage and need based
chemical spray

17 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20

 Assessment of Yield and Economics of Chickpea

yields were obtained in demonstration with an

Technology gap (Kg/ha) = Potential yield (kg/ha) - Demonstrated yield (Kg/ha)
Extension gap (Kg/ha) = Demonstrated yield (kg/ha) – Control yield (kg/ha)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Yield and Economics
During the first year of assessment (2016-17)
obtained higher yields in technology demonstration
with a mean of 1,140 kg/ha which was 46.15 per
cent higher than farmer’s practice (780 kg/ha).
With mean gross returns of Rs. 68400/ha realised
higher net profits in demonstration (Rs. 32,570/
ha) compared to control (Rs. 18,300/ha). However,
cost of cultivation was higher in demonstration as
incurred towards critical inputs particularly seed.
Overall superior performance of demonstrated
technology over farmer’s practice was resulted an
additional income of Rs. 14,270/ha with high B:C
ratio (1.91) compared to control (1.64). Despite of
increased cost of cultivation for the first year (2016-
17), it was reduced during subsequent years by
saving Rs. 1472/ha and Rs. 1,860/ha over control
in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. This
cost reduction was achieved due to use of own seed
and practicing of other cost effective management
practices. For both the consecutive years, increased
increase of 28.6 and 22.6 per cent for the year 2017-
18 and 2018-19, respectively. With combined effect
of yield increase and cost saving, achieved higher
net profits of Rs. 33,600/ha and Rs. 47,825/ha for
the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively as
compared to control (Table 2). The results obtained
in the present study were in line with the findings
of Mauria et al (2017) who reported the higher
net returns (Rs46250/ha) and benefit cost ratio
(3.53) for chickpea gained through the improved
production technologies demonstrated under CFLD
programme.
During the second year of demonstration (2017-
18), increased yield (28.6 %) and cost saving (Rs.
1472/ha) were contributed to an additional income of
Rs. 14,772/ha by recording higher B:C ratio of 2.28
over control (1.68). The same trend was continued
in the third year (2018-19) with an additional
income of Rs. 15,720/ha and high B:C ratio of 2.75
as against 2.10 of control. These results were in
accordance with the earlier findings of Mauria et
al (2017), Meena (2017), Purushottam et al (2012)
and Narwale et al (2009) as reported higher yield
of demonstration plots compared to the control
plots. The cumulative data analysis over three
years revealed that, the superiority of demonstrated
technology by recording yield increase of 32.5 per

Table 2. Yield and economics of chickpea demonstration (2016-17 to 2018-19).

% Cost of Cost Gross Additional B:C ratio
Yield (kg/ Net profit
Year Plot increase cultivation saving returns (Rs/ income (Rs/
ha) (Rs/ha)
in yield (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ha) ha)
Demon. 1625 22.6 27250 1860 75075 47825 15720 2.75
2018-19
Control 1325 - 29110 - 61215 32105 - 2.10
Demon. 1575 28.6 26250 1472 59850 33600 14772 2.28
2017-18
Control 1225 - 27722 - 46550 18828 - 1.68
Demon. 1140 46.15 35830 -7330 68400 32570 14270 1.91
2016-17
Control 780 - 28500 - 46800 18300 - 1.64
Demon. 1447±112 32.5 29777±1433 -1333 67775±2314 37998±1661 14921 2.3±0.12
Mean
Control 1110±92 - 28444±1129 - 51522±2115 23078±1063 - 1.8±0.09
F(0.05) - Sig. - NS - Sig. Sig. - Sig.

Values are with Mean±SE, NS-Non significant, Sig.-Significant

18 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20

 Venkanna and Bhaskar

cent with the average additional income of Rs. in the soil fertility status, time of sowing and
14921/ha over control. Similarly the yield increase seasonal weather conditions as similarly concluded
of chickpea was ranged from 7.10 to 47.28 per cent by Tomar et al (2010) and this could be overcome
under demonstration over the farmer’s practice as by developing fine tuned location specific package.
reported by Lakshmi et al (2017). The overall findings of present study were in
concurrence with the earlier findings of Kaur et
Benefit to Cost ratio al (2019) who reported 16.28 per cent increase in
The overall cumulative mean for B:C ratio yield of chickpea demonstration plots over farmer’s
was recorded as 2.3 and 1.8 for demonstration and practice, and also similarly found technology
farmer’s practice, respectively. Overall superior gap of 125kg/ha, extension gap of 264 kg/ha and
performance was proved for the demonstrated technology index of 6.23 per cent.
technology by exhibiting significant higher values
for yield, net profit and B:C ratio (Fig 1). Present CONCLUSION
results were in line with the earlier findings of Improved technology for cultivation of
Jayalakshmi et al (2018) who reported higher net chickpea under rice-fallow was proved profitable
profits in demonstration with an additional income in the present yield economics assessment. It could
of Rs 7743/ha and B:C ratio of 2.09 against control help the farmers to better utilize the vacant land of
(1.59). rice-fallow and it adds to the pulses production in
Over three years of chickpea demonstration the district.
with improved package of practices including a new
variety (NBeG3), identified 337 kg/ha as extension ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
yield gap which was filled through the assessed Financial help received from ICAR - ATARI,
technology with an additional investment of Rs. Zone X, Hyderabad under NFSM-Pulses,
1333/ha. However, still there was a considerable Directorate of Pulses Development, Ministry of
technology yield gap (303 kg/ha) to catch the Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Gov’t of India is
potential yield of 1750 kg/ha as signified by the duly acknowledged.
technology index of 17.3 per cent. Technology yield
gap found in this study might be due to variations REFERENCES
Anonymous (2016). Agricultural statistics at a glance-2018.
Figure 1. Cumulative mean yield and economics
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of
of chickpea over three years. Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Gov’t of India.
Jayalakshmi M, Prasad Babu G, Chowdary K R,
Vijayabhinandana B and Subba Rao M (2018). Impact
of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on pulse
production productivity, profitability and transfer of
Technologies in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh,
India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(12): 937-947. doi.
org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.117.
Kaur J, Singh V, Aulakh G S and Raina D (2019). Assessment
of front line demonstrations on chickpea in Ferozepur
district of Punjab. J Food Leg 32(1): 49-52.
Lakshmi D V, Vijay Kumar P and Padma Veni C (2017).
Impact of cluster frontline demonstrations to transfer of
technologies in pulse production under NFSM. Bull Env
NS-non significant, *significant at P<0.05, bars for Pharmacol Life Sci 6(1): 418-421.
±SE.

19 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20

 Assessment of Yield and Economics of Chickpea
Mauriya A K, Kumar V, Kumari A, Kumar P, Kumari M
and Hoda M Z (2017). Impact of cluster front line
demonstrations on productivity and profitability of
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).  J Food Leg 30(1): 57-60.
Meena M L (2017). Effect of front line demonstrations of
chickpea Cv. RSG-888 on farmer’s field in rainfed
condition of Rajasthan, India. Asian J Agril Extn Econ
and Sociol 18(2): 1-7.
Narwale S S, Pawar A D, Lambade B M and Ugle N S (2009).
Yield maximization of chickpea through INM applied
to sorghum-chickpea cropping sequence under irrigated
condition. Legumes Res 4: 282-285.
Purushottam, Singh S K, Chaudhary R N, Kumar K, Praharaj
C S and Krishana B (2012). Assessment of technological
inputs for major pulses in Bundelkhan region. J Food Leg
25: 61-65.
Roy B, Singh R, Singh S K, Singh Lakhan and Singh A
K (2006). Adoption of improved pulses production
technologies and related constraints in Uttar Pradesh.
Indian J Pulses Res 19: 104-106.
20 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 16-20
Samui S K, Maitra S, Roy D K, Mondal A K and Saha D
(2000). Evaluation on front line demonstration on
groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). J Indian Soc Coastal
Agril Res 18: 180-183.
Singh J, Dhillon B S , Astha and Singh P (2012). Front
line demonstration-an effective tool for increasing the
productivity of summer moong in Amritsar district of
Punjab. Asian J Soil Sci 7: 315-318.
Tiwari A K and Shivhari A K (2017). Pulses in India Retrospect
& Prospects -2017. Directorate of Pulses Development,
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Gov’t of
India, pp.330.
Tomar R K S (2010). Maxmization of productivity for chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) through improved technologies in
farmer’s field. Indian J Natural Products and Res 1: 515-
517.
Received on 14/01/2020 Accepted on 20/04/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 21-24 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00069.0

Backyard Poultry Farming, A Source of Livelihood Support and

Nutritional Security for the Tribal People of South Garo Hills
Rupam Bhattacharjya1,Athokpam Haribhushan2, Thongam Monika Devi3 and Amarjit Karam4
KrishiVigyan Kendra, South Garo Hills, Chokpot, Meghalaya, CAU, Imphal

ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Garo Hills intervened to make backyard poultry farming as more
productive and economically viable by introducing improved breeds like Vanaraja and Srinidhietc.
The farmers were trained regarding management practices such as feeding, watering and vaccination,
etc. And 28 days old Vanaraja chicks were supplied to hundred individual farmers.The study was
conducted to assess the knowledge gained and adoption of the technology along with the limitations
faced by respondents. It was found that moderate knowledge (81%) was gained by the respondents on
the improved poultry farming and adoption was satisfactory with 64 and 21 percentages in moderately
good and high categories respectively.Educational status was positively correlated with the knowledge
gained. In South Garo Hills district the benefit-cost ratio in Vanaraja and local breeds are recorded as
2.63 and 2.20, respectively.There is enormous scope and perspective in the improved poultry farming
in the area. The farmers were very much enthusiastic to adopt the technology of improved backyard
poultry farming in commercial basis. Only drawback is availability of inputs like quality chicks, feeds,
and medicines etc. with less knowledge about new and improved breeds and a structured market.
Key Words: Livelihood, backyard Poultry farming, Vanaraja.

INTRODUCTION similar to existing poultry population. The high

Backyard poultry is a part of farming systems
mainly run by women farmers in rural areas.
Livestock and poultry provide a major contribution
to India’s economy (Nath et al, 2012). In rural
economy poultry farming contributes an important
role especially for the socio-economic development
of the weaker section of the society in the state of
Meghalaya. It generates self-employment, provides
additional income and supplements protein rich diet
at relatively low cost. In this part of the country,
poultry rearing is traditional practice among the
tribal people with local breeds. There is a huge
base for poultry rearing in the rural mass which
constitute about 85 percent of the total population.
Poultry farming also helps in income generation for
unemployed rural youth and women (Padhi, 2016).
The major challenge with local birds is low egg
production and less weight gain. These breeds need
to be replaced by superior breeds phenotypically
Corresponding Author’s Email- rpmbhatta@gmail.com
yielding layers and broilers cannot survive under
sub-optimal nutritional and managerial condition
within stressful environment. Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
South Garo Hills introduced breed Vanaraja, which
is more productive, laying 120-140 egg annually
and growth up to 2.5 kg in only 3 months period
(Pathak and Nath, 2013). The benefit and cost ratio in
Vanaraja and local breeds was recorded as 2.66 and
2.27, respectively in Assam by Islam et al (2015). It
is a dual purpose chicken variety developed by the
Project Directorate on poultry in Hyderabad which
is suitable for rural communities and can be reared
in backyard feeding mainly from natural scavenged
food with minimal supplementation. It grows faster
and produces more eggs than the available Desi
variety of poultry. The additional income with
less care will give economical support to farmers.
Birds can be reared with less investment and less
technicality. Promotion of backyard poultry farming

21 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 21-24

 Bhattacharjya et al

with new poultry varieties could help to substitute male counterparts in this profession.
the loss due to crop failure to some extent. Hence a Table 1.Distribution of the respondents according
study was conducted. to their age and gender.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Age Male Female Total

The present study was based on the survey Young (18-35 yr) 8 47 55
conducted at three villages of Chokpot block in Middle (36-50 yr) 7 28 35
South Garo Hills district of Meghalaya namely Old (more than 50 yr) 5 5 10
Dobogre, Bibragre and Dagalgopgre on Vanaraja Total 20 80 100
breed as backyard poultry.The respondents of the From the observation it was marked that most
study were from the list of farmers involved in of the respondents had very poor educational
backyard poultry farming. One hundred farmers background and majority of the respondent were
were selected randomly as the sample for the either illiterates (44.00 %) or up to primary level
study involving only tribal farmers of South Garo (35.00 %) followed by middle school level (16.00
Hills. A pre-tested interview schedule was used %) and Matriculation and above (05.00 %). It may
to elicit information from the respondents. The be due to the fact that majority of the respondents
proclamations as specified in the interview schedule belonged to landless category (85.00 %) and an
were asked methodically. The data were analysed annual family income less than Rs 50000/-.
using appropriate statistics tool.
It was derived that the status of knowledge
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION gained and adoption of improved backyard poultry
farming was in the medium range by majority of the
Socio-economic Profile of Respondents tribal poultry farmers.
It was found that most of the respondents
(55.00 %) belonged to young age group (between To find out the relationship between the
18- 35yr) engaged in the backyard poultry farming knowledge gained and adoption with the
and female (80.00 %) were more dominant than the independent variable of socio-economic traits,

Table 2.Distribution of the respondents according to their Educational Status.

Sr. No. Education Status Number Percentage
1 Illiterate 44 44.00
2 Primary Level 35 35.00
3 Middle school Level 16 16.00
4 Matriculation and above 5 05.00

Table 3. Distribution of the respondents according to their status of knowledge gained and adoption.
Sr. No. Status knowledge Percentage Adoption Percentage
gained (No.) (No.)
1 High (>Mean+1SD) 8 8.00 21 21.00
2 Medium (In between) 81 81.00 64 64.00
3 Low (<Mean-1SD) 11 11.00 15 15.00

22 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 21-24

 Backyard Poultry Farming

Table 4. Correlation of the independent variables with the knowledge gained and adoption of
improved backyard poultry rearing.
Sr. No. Independent variable Correlation coefficient
Knowledge gained Adoption
1 Age 0.0154 -0.0242
2 Educational status 0.1987* 0.0664
3 Land holding -0.0414 0.0077

*significant at the 1% level of probability

Pearson’s test was employed. It was observed that
only educational status was positively correlated
with the knowledge gained.All other variables were
none significantly correlated with knowledge and
adoption of backyard poultry farming. Accordingly,
Ondersteijn  et al (2003) observed that education
level was one of the main factors that improved
the performance of dairy production. Similarly,
Andreakos  et al (1997) and Wilson et al (2001)
stated that the education level has a substantial
effect on the financial performance of agricultural
activities.
It was inferred that difficulty in availability of
inputs like feeds, medicines etc. followed by less
knowledge about new and improved breeds and
poor availability of quality chicks are some of the
critical constraints faced by the respondents.
CONCLUSION
Majority of the farmers are of young age and they
are very much enthusiastic to rear Vanaraja breed
of poultry as backyard farming. Only drawback is
availability of inputs like quality chicks, feeds, and
medicines etc. withless knowledge about new and
improved breedsand a structured market.

Table 5. Constraints faced as perceived by the respondents for rearing improved backyard poultry.
Sr. No. Constraint Most Appropriate% Least Rank
Appropriate Appropriate
% %
1 Difficulty in availability of inputs like 55 32 13 I
feeds, medicines etc.
2 Less knowledge about new and 52 29 19 II
improved breeds
3 Poor availability of quality chicks 46 38 16 III
4 Disease outbreak and mortality 30 18 52 IV
5 Not taking it commercially 36 31 33 V
6 Absence of structured market system 40 34 26 VI
7 Poor acceptability by the consumers 12 26 62 VII

23 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 21-24

 Bhattacharjya et al

REFERENCES environmental and economic performance of dairy farms.

Andreakos I, Tzouvelekas V, Mattas K, Papanagiotou E
(1997). Estimation of technical efficiency in greek
livestock farms. Cahiers d’Economieet Sociologie
Rurales 42:93-107
Islam R, Nath P, Bharali A and Boroh R (2015). Analysis of
B:C ratio of Vanaraja and local chicken of Assam under
backyard system of rearing. J Res Agric and Ani Sci 3
(7), 7-10
Nath B G, Pathak P K and Mohanty A K (2012). Constraints
analysis of poultry production at Dzengu area of North
Sikkim in India. Iranian J Applied Ani Sci 2 (4), 397-401.
Ondersteijn CJM, Giesen GWJ, Huirne RBM (2003).
Identification of farmer characteristics and farm strategies
explaining changes in environmental management and
Agric Systems 78:31-55
Padhi M K (2016).Importance of indigenous breeds of
chicken for rural economy and their improvements for
higher production performance. Scientifica http://dx.doi.
org/10.1155/2016/2604685.
Pathak P K and Nath P (2013). Rural poultry farming with
improved breed of backyard chicken. J World’s Poult Res
3 (1), 24-27.
Wilson PW, Hadley D, Asby C (2001). The influence of
management characteristics on the technical efficiency of
wheat farmers in eastern England. Agric Econ 24:329-
338.         
Received on 08/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

24 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 21-24

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 25-28 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00005.7

Comparative Study of Working and Non Working Women in

Guiding Educational Development of Children
Y. Prabhabati Devi
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel, ICAR, Manipur Centre

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to find out the role of working and non working women in guiding
educational development of children. For the study, 300 working and 300 non working women having children
of at least 5 years old were selected randomly from Imphal East district, Manipur. Comparison has been made
between the two groups. For collecting data the respondents were directly interviewed personally on the basis
of the structured schedule. The data were analyzed in the light of the objectives. Percentages were calculated
from the raw score obtained by the subject. Chi Square test was used to calculate the significant impact and
the variations between the two categories. The finding of the present study showed that there was significant
difference between working and non working women in guiding the children’s educational development.
Key word: Education, development, randomly, working and non-working women.

INTRODUCTION (Ravnbol, 2011). Most of the children who are

Working women refers to those who work
outside the domestic engagements like working
in government offices, business establishments,
private firms etc., whereas non-working women
mean only those women who are engaged in
non-profitable household daily domestic chores
only. Women play multiple roles as housewife,
mother and wage earner in the family. In every
society around the world, women are assigned by
custom to be the primary caretakers of the infants
and children .The activities performed by women
such as breastfeeding, preparing food, seeking
preventative and curative medical care are crucial
for children’s healthy development (Singh, 2018).
Women also play important roles as generators of
family income by engaging in household farms,
businesses or as wage employees. Especially in the
developing countries such works are considered
to be essential to family survival (Glick, 2002). A
mother’s role is important not just because she has
special skills. She is with her children spending
much longer time than any other person and her
instructions reflect a very strong influence on
attitudes, abilities and behavior of the children
Corresponding Author’s Email: prabhayumnam@rediffmail.com
successful and well-adjusted generally come from
homes where parental attitudes are favourable and a
wholesome relationship is existed between children
and parents (Aeri and Jain, 2017). Mothers give
the children love, affection and care since birth.
Nowadays child-care and child education becomes
a major issue in most of the countries of the world.
It is a universal truth that children require mother’s
love and daily care the most (Almani et al, 2012).
On one side, the tradition holds that women
should continue their former life and play a
mother’s role and on the other hand, many of the
roles are modified as a result of women’s prolonged
daily engagement and absence from home. In such
a context, an attempt was made to assess the socio
economic profile of working and non working
women and also to find out the difference between
working and non working women in guiding
educational development of the children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For conducting the study three stage sampling
designs were used for the selection of sample. The
Imphal Municipal areas form the first stage of

25 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 25-28

 Y. Prabhabati Devi

sampling, while different areas of Imphal District
were taken as the second stage of sampling. Working
and non-working mothers having younger children
of at least 5 yr old were taken as the third stage
of sampling. A total of 600 samples were taken
for the study. For collecting data the respondents
were directly interviewed personally on the basis of
the structured schedule. Data of the present study
were analyzed in two phases. In the first phase,
data on background information of the respondent
household and data gathered to extract various
information keeping in view objectives of the study
were calculated. Percentage was also calculated
from the raw scores obtained by the subject. In the
second phase Chi Square Test was also used to see
the difference between the two groups of sample
under study. The total numbers of frequency of
scores for both the groups were calculated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSTION
The data (Table 1) depicted the demographic
profile of the respondents who fall under different
categories of age groups, working hours, educational
levels, family types and family monthly income.
Women’s role in guiding the children’s
educational development
In the present study, women’s role in guiding
the children’s educational development showed that
the number of working women and non-working
women who took care of their children during
study hour was 38% and 36 per cent, while 54 per

Table1. Socio economic profile of working and non- working women.

Working Women Non-Working Women
Age group Frequency Per cent Frequency Per cent
20 – 30 72 24 132 44
30 – 40 168 56 120 40
40 – 50 60 20 48 16
Working hour
5 - 8 hr./day 172 57.3 153 51
> 8 hr./day 128 42.7 147 49
Educational level
VIII-X 00 00 24 08
X-XII 06 02 150 50
XII- B.A 198 66 120 40
B.A- Above 96 32 06 02
Family type
Nuclear 148 49.4 135 45
Joint 152 50.6 165 55
Family income
Up to Rs. 10,000/- 12 04 153 51
10,000 - 20,000/- 45 15 147 49
20,000 - 30,000/- 145 48.3 00 00
30,000 and above 98 32.7 00 00

26 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 25-28

 Comparative Study of Working and Non Working Women

Table 2. Comparison of working and non working women in guiding children’s educational
development.
Working women Non working women SD
Parameter
N % N % (=)
Taking care during study hour
Wife 114 38 108 36 0.33
Husband 162 54 174 58 0.83
In-laws 00 00 18 06 18
Other family members 18 06 00 00 00
Neighbour 06 02 00 00 00
X2= 19.16 is significant at 0.05
Engaged private tutor during study hour
Always 120 40 162 54 10.89
Frequently 48 16 12 4 108
Occasionally 60 20 48 16 03
Rarely 24 08 36 12 04
Never 48 16 42 14 0.86
X2= 126.75 is significant at 0.05
Encouraged to get good mark in examination
Giving reward 168 56 50 16.7 278.48
Praising verbally 126 42 30 10 307.2
Patting 06 02 100 33.3 88.36
Praising in front of other 00 00 120 40 120
Any other 00 00 00 00 00
X2= 794.04 is significant at 0.05
Look after everyday class-work
Always 168 56 150 50 2.16
Frequently 54 18 42 14 3.43
Occasionally 36 12 48 16 03
Rarely 30 10 50 16.7 08
Never 12 04 10 3.3 0.4
X2= 16.99 is significant at 0.05
Checking monthly progress report of children
Always 204 68 144 48 60
Frequently 24 08 36 12 04
Occasionally 42 14 48 16 0.75
Rarely 24 08 54 18 16.67
Never 06 02 18 06 08
X2= 89.42 is significant at 0.05

27 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 25-28

 Y. Prabhabati Devi

cent of husband of working and 58 per cent of non- or as a house-wife or in parenting of children. From
working women took care of their children during this study, it was found that most of the working
study hour. women look after everyday class work, home work,
In case of keeping private tutors for their checking monthly progress report and also take
children, the percentage of working and non- care during study hour. From the study, it was also
working women who always kept private tutors found that husband, in laws, other family members
were found to be 40 and 54 per cent, respectively, and neighbour also helped during the study hour of
whereas 16 and 14 per cent working women did children. Some of the women engaged private tutor
not keep private tutor for their children. Further, during study hour as they do not much time to look
there was a significant difference between the after their children. The working women balance
two groups in these aspects. Difference was also the two cordial roles of a partner in nation building
found between these two groups with respect to and molding of the family values. There is also a
whether they encouraged their children to get good little relaxation necessary in between the working
marks in examination or not. Majority of working hours, devoting time for the children and the family
women (56%) and non-working women (50%) do members, which indirectly will contribute to the
always look after their children’s everyday class- total being of the family, society and nation. This
work while only 18 per cent working women and study will help the future researchers in their pursuit
14 per cent non-working women occasionally for further study and innovative new perspectives.
look on children’s everyday class-work which is
found to be statistically significant. In checking REFERENCES
Aeri P and JainD (2017). Effect of employment status of
the monthly progress report of their children, mothers on conceptual skills of pre schoolers. Department
majority of the working women (68%) and non- of Human Development, Guru Nanak girls college,
working women (48%) always check the monthly Haryana,India https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2010.11
progress report of their children but the working 892858
and non-working women who check the monthly Almani A S, Abro A and Mugheri R A (2012). Study of the
report of their children frequently are 8 and 12 effects of working mother on development of children in
per cent, respectively. Result of the present study Pakistan. Int J Humanities and Soc Sci 2(11): 164-171
also showed that there was a significant difference Glick P (2002). Women’s employment and its relation to
between working and non working women in children’s health and schooling in developing countries;
conceptual links, empirical evidence and policies.
guiding children’s educational development. Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working
paper No.131: Cornell University.
CONCLUSION Ravnbol C I (2011). Women motherhood early childhood
Women play an important role in developing development, UNICEF Report.
family and society. They can put their entire efforts Singh Lal Kumar (2018). Impact of working mothers on their
and managing skills in the whole things very children’s development. Innovation the Res Concept
smoothly, no matter whether she works at work place 3(03) :18-20.
Received on 05/02/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

28 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 25-28

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00006.9

Constraints as Perceived by Vechur Cattle Farmers of Kerala

Anjali K B and Senthilkumar R
Directorate of Entrepreneurship,
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur – 680 651 (Kerala)

ABSTRACT
A study was undertaken to analyse the constraints faced by the Vechur cattle farmers in Kerala. By employing
chain referral sampling technique, a total of 60 cattle farmers from three districts of the state were selected as
respondents for the study. Three districts namely Kottayam, Palakkad and Thrissur were selected. The data
were collected through personal interview method using a structured pretested interview schedule and focus
group discussion. Poor availability of green fodder round the year, non-availability of artificial insemination
service in time, poor quality of available Vechur semen, lack of proper marketing channels for Vechur cattle
milk and milk products, low availability of good quality pure Vechur animals and lack of government
support to encourage Vechur cattlefarming were identified as some important constraint faced bythefarmers.
Key Words: Breeding, Constraints, Feeding, Indigenous breed, Management, Marketing, Vechur cattle.

INTRODUCTION are identified, they would be helpful to bridge the

Animal husbandry is one of the important
economic activities in rural areas of India next
to agriculture imparting remarkably towards
employment and income generation for rural
families especially the landless, small and marginal
farmers. As per the 20th livestock census, 2019 the
cattle population in the country is 192.49 million,
which comprises indigenous– identified/descript
or non-identified/non-descript animals, and exotic
cross breeds animals. Vechur cattle of Kerala,
was once popular and known for its higher milk
yield when compared to the other local varieties.
In recent years its population has been decreased
drastically due to the vigorous implementation
of cross breeding programme in the state. Vechur
cow rearing is ideal for a low-input, neco-friendly
system as it requires only very low quantities of
grass and other feed materials besides the fact that constraints as perceived by Vechur cattle farmers
it can also be fed on by-products of agriculture.
Constraints imply the problems or difficulties
faced by dairy farmers while adopting day-to-
day animal husbandry practices in their dairy
enterprise (Patil et al, 2009). If these constraints among the Vechur cattle farmers in Kerala state. By
gap in the adoption of dairy technologies by dairy
farmers (Rathod et al, 2014). Sharma ( 2015)
reported that poor knowledge about the nutritive
value of feed ingredients (86.5%) , high cost of
raw feed ingredients (28% ), shortage of skilled
and committed labour (32.5%) were found to be
major bottlenecks regarding adoption of cattle feed
formulation technology at the dairy farm. Sharma
(2016) revealed that the farmers in the age group
of 20-30 yr were found to be more interested in
acquiring trainings, demonstrations and exposure
visits and acquired high level of knowledge as
compared to the elder group of more than 40 yr
of age. On the other hand the adoption of various
management practices was found to be higher in
elder than the young group.
Hence, study was undertaken to identify various
of Kerala.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An ex post facto research was conducted

Corresponding Author’s Email: anjalikbabu2015@gmail.com ,senthilkumar@kvasu.ac.in

29 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 Anjali and Senthilkumar

employing chain referral sampling technique, a total
of 60 Vechur cattle farmers from three districts of
the state were selected as respondents for the study.
Three districts namely Kottayam, Palakkad and
Thrissur were selected. Constraints were analysed as
those factors which hindered the successful farming
as perceived by the dairy farmers; for the purpose of
the present study. The finalized interview schedule
was administered to the respondents who were
asked to mention the constraints. For qualitative
analysis of the constraints in Vechur cattle farming
system, Focus Group Discussions (FGD’s)were
used. The constraints of Vechur cattle farming
were elicited from two different groups of farmers
using Focus Group Discussions. The constraints
experienced by them were noted and classified
under nine major domains viz., feeding, breeding,
animal health, finance, marketing, management,
social and education, policies and insurance. Based
on this a structured interview schedule was prepared
and which was then used for the final study.
The respondents were contacted in person at
home and rapport was established to get unbiased
information. Each was asked to rank the constraints
in a four-point continuum of most severe, severe,
least severe and not a constraint. The scores
assigned were 3, 2, 1 and 0 , respectively. For each
constraint, the frequency of the response under
each domain was multiplied with its respective
weightage and added up to get the total score of
that particular constraint .The obtained score was
divided by the total number of respondents and the
number of constraint in a particular domain to arrive
at the mean score of the domain.The domains were
then ranked based on the mean scores obtained. The
mean score of each constraint under a domain was
calculated by arriving at the total score for it and the farmers, other farmers lack of awareness about
then dividing it by the number of respondents.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Various types of constraints reported by the
farmers have been given in Table 1.The main farmers for improving the status of dairy farming
constraint reported by the respondents was poor and also to make dairy as a commercial venture.
availability of green fodder throughout the year, Waste created in Vechur cattle farm causes difficulty
similar results were reported by Patil et al (2009).
High price of concentrate feed was ranked last in
case of feeding constraints. This was in contrary
with the findings of Singh et al (2015) in their
study high price of concentrate ranked as the first
constraint in feeding domain.
Non availability of artificial insemination
service in time was the major constraint. This was in
consonance with the findings of Singh et al (2015)
they reported that inadequate facilities for artificial
insemination centre was the major constraint. Lack
knowledge about disease control cited as the major
constraints in animal health care domain. Patil et
al (2009) reported that inadequate knowledge on
diseases, their prevention and control as the major
constraint. Similarly, Dhaka et al (2017) observed
that lack of knowledge about animal health care is
one of the constraint adoption of new technology.
In the financial domain, constraints raised by
the farmers include high price of Vechur animal and
non-availability of Vechur calf for rearing. Lack of
proper marketing channel for Vechur milk and value
added products was ranked first in the category
of marketing constraints. Similarly, Kumar et al
(2017) reported that non-availability of facilities
for selling exclusively milk and milk products of
indigenous cows was the important constraint
reported by the farmers. Low availability of good
quality pure Vechurbreed ranked first. Bhattu et
al (2013) in their study revealed that poor quality
animals available with majority of small dairy
farmers was also a cause of concern. Vicious nature
of Vechur animal make it difficult to hold ranked
second constraints.
In social and education related constraints by
the importance of Vechur cattle farming ranked
first and lack of availability of training on Vechur
cattle farming ranked second. Sharma et al (2013)
suggested that it is necessary to develop trained

30 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 Constraints as Perceived by Vechur Cattle Farmers

Table 1. Constraints perceived by Vechur cattle farmers.

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
1. Constraints related to feeding
1 Poor availability of green fodder round the year 1.8 I
2 Non availability of grazing land 1.75 II
3 Non availability of land for fodder cultivation 1.7 III
4 Non availability of dry fodder 1.25 IV
5 High price for paddy straw 1.2 V
6 Lack of knowledge of balancing ration 0.6 VI
7 Low quality of branded compounded feed 0.55 VII
8 High price of concentrate feed 0 VIII
2. Constraints related to breeding
1 Non availability of AI service in time 1.45 I
2 Poor Vechur semen quality 1.45 I
3 Non availability ofVechur semen in all veterinary dispensaries 1.35 II
4 Lack of availability of credible information on breeding 0.95 III
5 Distant location of AI centre and vet hospital 0.8 IV
6 Non availability of Vechur breeding bulls 0.75 V
7 Problems of Repeat breeding 0.4 VI
8 Problems of animal not coming to heat 0.1 VII
9 Cost of Vechur semen is high 0.1 VII
10 Problems in calving 0.05 VIII
3. Animal health related constraints
1 Lack knowledge about diseases control 1.7 I
2 Lack of veterinary services at the night time 1.65 II
3 High charge by veterinary personnel 1.65 II
4 Non availability of services of vet doctor in time 1.6 III
5 Inadequate knowledge on animal disease symptoms 1.5 IV
6 High cost of veterinary medicine 1.5 IV
7 Veterinary service providers far away 1.4 V
8 Non availability of vaccine in time 0.95 VI

31 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 Anjali and Senthilkumar

9 Outbreak of FMD 0.95 VI

10 Reduction in milk production due to vaccination 0.7 VII
4. Financial constraints
1 High price of Vechur animal 2.1 I
2 Non availability of Vechur calf for rearing 2.05 II
3 Requirement of high capital investment 0.95 III
4 High labour cost 0.8 IV
5 Lack of Mechanization 0.6 V
6 High interest rate for credit 0.6 V
5. Marketing constraints
Lack of proper marketing channel for Vechur milk and value
1 2.5 I
added product
2 Inadequate price for Vechur milk 2.15 II
3 People are unaware of qualities of Vechur milk 2.1 III
4 Low milk yield per animal 1.8 IV
6. Management constraints
1 Low availability of good quality pure Vechur breed 2.45 I
2 Vicious nature make it difficult to hold 2.45 I
3 Difficulty in milking Vechur cattle 1.15 II
4 Non availability of hired labourers 0.9 III
5 Casting of sick animal is difficult 0.7 IV
6 Not suitable for machine milking 0.5 V
7 Allow only one or a few persons to milk 0.5 V
8 Caring of animal consumes much time 0.05 VI
Younger generation in our family not interest to rear Vechur
9 0.05 VI
cattle
10 Non-availability of family labour 0.05 VI
11 Family members discourages Vechur cattle farming 0 VII
12 Climatic condition prevailing in this area affect 0 VII
7. Social and education related constraints
Other farmers lack of awareness about importance of Vechur
1 2 I
cattle farming
2 Lack of availability of training on Vechur cattle farming 1.85 II

32 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 Constraints as Perceived by Vechur Cattle Farmers

3 Lack of scientific knowledge in Vechur cattle farming 1.3 III

Difficulty in transition from crossbred cattle to Vechur cattle
4 0.9 IV
farming
5 Vechur cattle farming causes low social participation 0.3 V
Waste created in Vechur cattle farm causes difficulty to
6 0 VI
neighbours
8. Policy related constraints
1 Lack of government support to encourage Vechurcattle farming 3 I
2 Lack of government agencies to provide guidance to farmers 2.85 II
3 Non availability of credit to indigenous animal farming 2.25 III
4 Lack of timely supply of inputs 2.15 IV
5 Credit agencies focus only on profit 1.45 V
9. Insurance related constraints
1 Lack of knowledge about animal insurance 1.45 I
2 Procedures in getting insurance amount is very 1.3 II
3 High premium amount 1.25 III

to neighbours was not a constraint for any of the participants reported the high price of concentrate
farmers. feed as a minor problem in case of Vechur farming
Policy related constraints raised by the farmers but in case of rearing other crossbred dairy it was a
include, lack of government support to encourage major constraint. Regarding the breeding constraint,
Vechur cattle farming and lack of government participants opined that the non-availability of AI
agencies to provide guidance to farmers were the service in time as a major constraint.Problems of
major constraint. This was in consonance with repeat breeding, problems in calving and problems
the findings of Poonia et al (2014) that inadequate of coming to heat nevertheless were reported as not a
government policies and social awareness were constraint by all the respondents. All the respondents
the major constraints emerged in the study. Lack reported that disease incidence was less inVechur
of knowledge about animal insurance ranked first, cattle compared to other crossbred dairy.The more
procedures in getting insurance amount ranked serious constraint reported by all participants alike
second and high premium amount ranked third as were those regarding marketing. Lack of proper
the major constraint in insurance related constraints. marketing channel for Vechur milk and value added
products, low milk yield per animal and inadequate
Constraint analysis using Focus Group price for Vechur milk were serious issues reported
Discussion by the respondents. In case of social and education
In case of constraints regarding feeding, the related constraints the respondents opined that lack
respondents opined that the non-availability of of availability of training in Vechur cattle farming as
green fodder in summer season and non-availability a constraint. Regarding management constraint, it
of grazing area as major constraints except some of was reported that non availability of hired labour as
the respondents they had large farm land area. All the a serious issue. Regarding policy related constraint

33 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 Anjali and Senthilkumar

lack of government support to encourageVechur Sharma M, Singh G and Shelly M (2013). Technological
cattle farming and non-availability of credit to problems and training needs of dairy farmers. J Krishi
Vigyan 2(1): 59-63.
indigenous animal farming were major constraint
reported by all the farmers. Sharma M (2015). Bottlenecks in adoption of feeding practices
for dairy animals in district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan
3(2) : 12-18
CONCLUSION
Sharma M (2016). Effect of age and educational level of dairy
The result of the present study indicated that farmers on knowledge and adoption of dairy farming
the existing condition of Vechur cattle farming in practices in Kapurthala district of Punjab. Int J Farm Sci
the study area was not satisfactory as farmers face 6(4): 254-262.
many problems with respect to breeding, feeding, Poonia, A, Payasi A and Kumar D (2014). Management issues
health care, finance, management, marketing, social and prospects of dairy industry in Varanasi district of
and education, policy and insurance. In both the Uttar Pradesh, India. Asian J Dairy Food Res 33(3): 159-
methods it was found that poor availability of green 165.
fodder round the year, non-availability of green Rathod P, Balraj S, Dhanraj G, Madhu, R and ChennaveerappaA
M (2014). Knowledge level of dairy farmers about
fodder in summer season and non-availability of
artificial insemination in Bidar district of Karnataka.
grazing area were the major constraint faced by Indian Vet Res Int 2(2): 46-50.
the farmers.
Singh M, Chakravarty R, Bhanotra A and Wani S A (2015).
There was a synchrony in the result that lack Constraints perceived by the tribal dairy farmers of
of proper marketing channel for Vechur cattle milk Ranchi, Jharkhand in animal health care and management
practices. IndianJ Dairy Sci 68:519-521.
and value added products as a major constraint.
The most important suggestions received from Dhaka B L, Meena G S, Meena N L, Bairwa R K and Nagar
B L (2017). Constraints analysis in adoption of improved
the respondents to overcome this constraint
dairy farming practices in Bundi District of Rjasthan.
was organising awareness campaign about the Chem Sci Rev 6: 995-999.
importance of the indigenous breeds through
Kumar S, Subash S, Baindha A and Jangir R (2017). Perceived
various media. Hence efforts must have made to constraints of farmers in indigenous cattle dairy farming
arrange training programmes to the indigenous dairy in Rajasthan. Indian J Anim Health Prod 5(4): 172-175.
farmers about various aspect of farming. Rajpoot J S (2018).Constraints faced by dairy farmers while
adopting animal management practices in Dhar District
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Patil A P, Gawande S H, Nande M P and Gobade M R (2009). 7:3163-3166.
Constraints faced by the dairy farmers in Nagpur district 20thLivestockCensus-2019.All India Report. Department of
while adopting animal management practices. Vet Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of
World 2(3):111. Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GoI, NewDelhi.
Bhattu B S, Dhaliwal A S and Singh G (2013). Dairy farming Received on 13/03/2020 Accepted on 12/05/2020
practices followed by different categories of dairy farmers
in south western Punjab. J. Krishi Vigyan 1(2):13-16.

34 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 29-34

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00007.0

Constraints Encountered in Vegetable Cultivation by

Farmwomen of Odisha: An Empirical study
Sujit K Nath, Sagarika Muna, Sadhna Swastika and Laba Soren
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deogarh768 108
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (Odisha)

ABSTRACT
Deogarh and Bolangir, two agriculturally dominated districts of Odisha were purposefully selected to
find out the constraints faced by farm women while performing their roles as vegetable growers. One
hundred and twenty farm families were selected randomly for the study from both the districts. The
pool of constraints was grouped into four categories viz., technological, infrastructural, economic
and social. Lack of knowledge in selection of appropriate variety, pesticide and other inputs was
found as the most important technical problem while performing their role in vegetable farming.
Non-availability of defined marketing system was perceived as the most important infrastructure
related problem. Gender bias in sanctioning of credit to independent female vegetable growers was
perceived as a non-effective entity and had the least role to determine vegetable farming by women.
Key Words: Constraints, Farmwomen, Gender, Vegetable farming.

INTRODUCTION state. It indicates a significant work force of the

Farmwomen play a pivotal role in production
to consumption chain of vegetables. They perform
the work of cleaning of land, sowing of seeds,
transplanting of seedlings, scaring of birds, animals
and harvesting in vegetable farming (Kumari and
Laxmikanta, 2015). Joshi and Kalauni (2018) found
in Nepal that in vegetable production, females
contribute more in seedling transplanting (83.3%),
cleaning and harvesting (83.8%). Bathla and Sharma
(2019) reported that 94.6 per cent of farm women
were engaged in various agricultural operations to
earn livelihood for the family. Odisha is a leading
state of the nation in production of vegetables. With
ten agro-climatic zones present, it has the potential
to produce various types of vegetables throughout
the year. There is a lot of scope and opportunity
of production of vegetables in the state which can
be exported. Das (2015) reported that according to
2011 census, the percentage of female cultivators in
Odisha was 13 percent and the agricultural labourer
was 57.8 percent of total female workforce of the
state engaged in agricultural sector. She further
stated that work participation of rural women in
homestead gardening and post harvest management
was more than any other activities. Tripathy et al
(2015) also found participation of rural women
in vegetable farming in Odisha was more than
their male counterparts. In most of the cases,
kitchen gardening is their sole domain where as in
commercial vegetable farming, they also contribute
immensely. With the growing status of involvement
of female population in agriculture and particularly
vegetable farming, their problems should be
identified and sorted out to increase the production
and productivity. Keeping in view of the above
facts, an empirical study was done in the vegetable
growing areas of the state to find out the constraints
encountered by farm women in vegetable farming.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in purposively
selected two districts of Odisha state representing

Corresponding Author’s Email: sujitnath75@gmail.com

35 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39

 Nath et al

two different agro-climatic zones. Agriculturally constraint in vegetable cultivation. Non-availability

dominated, Bolangir district is present in western of climate resilient technologies was the second
part of Odisha and Deogarh district is also a no major constraint. Farmers are the first to face the
industry district where 93 per cent of total population
wrath of climate change in the world. As Odisha
lives in villages and depend on agriculture. Three state is facing abnormal climate in most of the
blocks from each district were randomly selected. years, the farmwomen were found much concern
From each block one village was selected by for the befitting technologies to face the vagaries
purposive random sampling method. The villages of climate change. It came at the second position
were selected beyond 5km of KVK adopted village in rank analysis. Lacking of appropriate knowledge
and where no such agri-based training institute is was found as the third major concern of the
working. While selecting, it was also kept in mind respondents. It secured much higher mean score of
that vegetable farming must be a major source of 2.24 in comparison to the fourth one (1.68). During
livelihood of that village. Accordingly six villages
the survey, it was observed that farmwomen were
from both of the districts were selected for the very much worried about the growing menace of
study. Chandanabhati of Bolangir block, Pathabahal insect pest diseases in vegetable farming. Singh et al
of Loisingha and Saragada of Gudvela block, all (2009) found from their studies on farmwomen that
belonging to Bolangir district were selected for the
they had high desire to acquire knowledge on pest
purpose. Similarly, Baraghat village of Tileibani management and pesticides but most of them had
block, Medinipur of Reamal block and Kadapada knowledge on local methods of pest management.
village of Barkote block were selected from Availability of trainers in village level came at
Deogarh distict. Twenty vegetable growing farm eighth position indicated that many government
families were selected randomly for the purpose. and non- government organisations were working
Information on various parameters was collected by to cater knowledge on vegetable farming. Nath et al
a semi-structured interview schedule from the 120 (2012) had also opined that farmwomen perceived
farm women. Constraints on vegetable farming were selection of timing of training and much theory
quantified with 0, 1, 2, 3 scores allotted to disagree,
involved in trainings were major hindrances in
partially disagree, partially agree and totally agree,
achieving the objectives of training. Awareness and
respectively. Then mean score of each constraint use of various tools for cost and drudgery reduction
was found out. Rank analysis was done and secured the lowest position implied the grey areas
accordingly inferences were drawn. The constraints of technology transfer in this major aspect. It was
were broadly classified into four categories, e.g. worth mentioning that during discussion with
technological, infrastructural, financial and social
farmwomen, most of the farm women showed
types. Information was collected from the sampled their lack of concern about use of machines. Lack
120 farmwomen. of awareness on availability of drudgery reducing
machines secured the last position in rank analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION indicated that focus should be given in increasing
Technological constraints application of such machines in vegetable farming
Farm women of the selected districts were to reduce cost of production and drudgery in farm
found more serious not having enough knowledge women. It corroborates the findings of Khadatkar et
on selection of proper varieties, chemicals to al (2018).
control insect pest and diseases. It secured the Infrastructural constraints
first position in rank analysis. Sahu et al (2013) Non-availability of proper marketing avenues
also found out that poor knowledge on scientific was the first constraint in vegetable farming, as
technologies and adoption of them was the major

36 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39

 Constraints Encountered in Vegetable Cultivation

Table 1. Technological constraints (n=120).

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
1 Lack of knowledge in selection of appropriate variety, pesticide and other 2.54 I
inputs
2 Non-availability of climate resilient technologies 2.50 II
3 Difficult to control Insect pest and diseases in vegetable farming 2.24 III
4 Lack of awareness of cost reduction technologies in vegetable farming 1.68 IV
5 Poor knowledge on post harvest management 1.4 V
6 Non-availability of inputs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides 1.32 VI
7 Lack of knowledge on different aspects scientific vegetable farming 1.11 VII
8 Trainers are not available to impart technical know-how at village level 1.06 VIII
9 Drudgery prone activities are performed by women 0.78 IX
10 Non-availability of machines for hiring 0.34 X

perceived by the sampled farm women. Getting Economic Constraints

assured market, remunerative price was their
major concern, as observed during the study. Lack
of storage structures came at the second position
during rank analysis of infrastructural constraints.
Samantaray et al (2009) also opined that lack
of enough storage structures is the predominant
impediment in vegetable farming. As both the
districts have less irrigated area, farmwomen
opined assured irrigation can be helpful for growing
vegetables around the year. Some of the sampled
farm women also told about the absence of any
organisation or farmers association to put forth
their demands. Most of them were of the opinion
that for supply of various inputs, supply agencies or
traders should be available near their villages. They
were also concerned about spurious medicines and
adulterated inputs.
It was observed that most of the responding
farm women were worried about non-coverage
of vegetable farming in crop insurance scheme.
During the survey, it was revealed that vegetable
farming requires higher investment as well as
higher risk. Risk was multidirectional in nature
i.e. from input, climate as well as market. Hence
all the vegetable crops should be covered under
crop insurance scheme. This came at the top rank
followed by credit to vegetable farming is not given
due importance by the financial institutions (FI). As
because vegetable farming is not covered under any
insurance scheme, they perceived FI are reluctant to
sanction loans for them. Getting loan for vegetable
farming is a cumbersome process which secured
third position in rank analysis. Many sampled farm
women told that loan was not available in time

Table 2. Infrastructural constraints (n=120).

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
1 No cooperative society or systematic structure available nearby for marketing 2.68 I
2 Non availability of godown, storage structures etc 2.35 II
3 Non availability of water sources for year round vegetable farming 2.22 III
4 No farmers association to solve farmers problem 1.75 IV
5 No training agency is available to provide them training at their village level 1.44 V
6 No trustworthy input supply agency available near village 1.30 VI

37 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39

 Nath et al

Table 3. Economic constraints (n=120).

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
1 Vegetable farming is not covered under crop insurance scheme 2.66 I
2 Vegetable farming is not given priority while sanctioning loans 2.08 II
3 Sanctioning of loan for vegetable farming is a time taking, cumbersome 2.00 III
process
4 Loan is not available in time 1.92 IV
5 Higher interest rate in institutional lending 1.72 V
6 Credit amount is not sufficient for vegetable farming 1.46 VI
7 Gender biasness in giving credit by FIs 1.24 VII
8 Independent women not given credit for vegetable farming 0.86 VIII

from banks. Credit amount fixed by banks against vegetable farming beyond the rice crop period are
vegetable farming through scale of finance was notvery much susceptible to these animals. These were
the observations of most of the farmwomen while
enough occupied sixth position. This indicated their
lack of knowledge on scale of finance to various undergoing the survey. It came at the first position
crops, as provided by banks. Gender biasness in securing 2.60 mean score while analysing the data.
sanctioning loan was perceived baseless by most Younger women preferred for other vocation to
of the women. Gender related issues came at the farming, it lowers their social status like social
issues came at next ranks. Kaur and Sharma (2018)
last position in the study. It indicates increasing of
education level, leadership quality and exposure also revealed from their studies in Punjab that
of farmwomen which reduces gender inequalities. women, especially the youths were less interested
Capacity development for access of women to to participate in the farming related activities.
financial services and markets was of paramount It was surprising to note that gender biasness in
importance as per the studies of Patil and Babus decision making secured the fifth position. Role of
(2018). male members in small scale farming is very poor
whereas in commercial vegetable farming, role of
Social constraints women in decision making is gradually increasing.
Now-a-days, stray cattle, monkeys and wild In many cases, it was observed that males were
animals are causing lots of damage to farming and no more the sole decision makers. The gradual

Table 4. Social constraints (n=120).

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
1 Stray cattle, monkeys, elephants cause lots of damage to vegetable farming 2.60 I
2 Younger women are not interested any more to go for farming 2.35 II
3 Vegetable farming by women lowers social status 2.16 III
4 Less preference to farming as a profession by women 2.06 IV
5 Decision making in vegetable farming is mainly taken by male members of 1.36 V
family
6 Some activities in vegetable farming are restricted to women 1.20 VI
7 Higher caste women are not allowed to go for vegetable farming 1.08 VII
8 Farming by women is a social taboo 0.48 VIII

38 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39

 Constraints Encountered in Vegetable Cultivation

shift of decision making capacity towards female Joshi P and Kalauni R (2018). Gender role in vegetable
indicates the women empowerment in both social production in rural farming system of Kanchanpur,
Nepal. SAARC J Agri 16(2): 109-118
and economic terms. But still in financial aspects,
the male members of family were found as the Kaur A and Sharma M (2018). Study on constraints faced by
farmers in adoption of kitchen gardening in central plain
real decision makers. It was at the fifth position. zone of Punjab. Int J Farm Sci 8 (1):79-81
Farming by women is not a taboo in the farming
Khadatkar A and Potdar R. And D J Srinivas (2017). Drudgery
society, as per the study. It secured the lowest rank reducing harvesting tools and equipments used by Indian
in constraint analysis. farm women. Innov farming 2(4):.212-214
Kumari A and Laxmikanta (2015). Participation of rural
CONCLUSION women in vegetable production. Adv Res J Soc Sci 6(2)
From the above study it could be concluded :258-60
that though farmwomen were involved with most Nath S K, Chowdhury S and Raj R K (2012). Impact of
of the activities related to vegetable farming, training in rice cultivation on farm women of Odisha.
awareness about their constraints and steps taken Oryza, An Int J on Rice 49(1): 45-49
up by the development agencies were not adequate Patil B and Babus V S (2018) Role of women in agriculture.
to eradicate them. Gender bias in most of the basic Int J Applied Res 4 (12): 109-114.
issues was found out. Though lots of steps are Sahu R P, Sachan V K and Singh R (2013). Constraints
taken to bridge the gender gap, still it is found in in adoption of vegetables production technology in
Uttarakhand hills. Indian J Ext Edn 2(2): 31-34
some cases. Proper infrastructural facilities are
still not available with them. Hence Government Samantaray, S K, Prusty S and Raj R K (2009). Constraints
in vegetable production-Experiences of tribal vegetable
should take necessary steps to reduce the problems growers. Indian Res J Ext Edu 9(3): 32-34.
faced by farmwomen to boost the production and
Singh A, Singh H S, Nath V and Sadangi B N (2009).
productivity in vegetable farming. Farmwomen participation in Vegetable pest management
in coastal Odisha. Veg Sci 36(3): 368-371
REFERENCES Tripathy P C, Babu N and Prusy M (2015). Analysis of
Bathla S and Sharma S (2019). Factors responsible for participation of women in horticultural activities. J
contributing anxiety among the working women in Business Mgt and Soc Sc Res 4(3) :241-244
Punjab. J Krishi Vigyan 8(1): 128-132
Received on 11/04/2020 15/05/2020
Das L (2015) Work participation of women in Agriculture in
Odisha. IOSR J of Humanities and Soc Sc 20(7):66-78

39 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 35-39

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00008.2

Constraints Perceived by Date Palm Growers of Barmer District

in Adoption of Date Palm Cultivation Technology
B R Morwal1, Pradeep Pagaria 2 and Shayam Das3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Danta, Barmer 344 001 (Rajasthan)

ABSTARCT
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most potential fruit crop for dry arid zone of the
country with irrigation facilities. It is cultivated for its sweet edible fruits and is considered to be the
oldest amongst the cultivated tree fruits. In Western Rajasthan fruits of date palm mature one month early
in comparison to Gulf countries having its own advantage in international markets. Date palm is very
good source of nutrition having 70 per cent carbohydrates. The present study was conducted in Western
Rajasthan and a total of 80 farmers were selected from Barmer district. The data were collected through
personnel interview method through questionnaire prepared and care was taken to collect the unbiased and
correct data. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed to draw conclusion. The study has clearly
revealed that the major technical constraints perceived by date palm growers were high price of good
quality off shoots and lack of knowledge about improved variety. The major financial constraints were
irregular supply of electricity and high charges of electricity. The extension and marketing constraints
were related with lack of extension services and poor marketing facilities. In order to improve quality
date palm production, these constraints may be overcome by the concerned state departments.
Key Words: Constraints, Date palm, Knowledge, Market, Technology.

INTRODUCTION salty and alkaline soils. Date palms require a long,

The date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) is one of intensely hot summer with little rain and very low
the most potential fruit crop for dry arid zone of the humidity during the period from pollination to
country with irrigation facilities. It is cultivated for harvest, but with abundant underground water near
its sweet edible fruits and is considered to be the the surface or irrigation. One old saying describes
oldest amongst the cultivated tree fruits. Major area the date palm as growing with ‘‘its feet in the water
and production of date palm is currently dominated and its head in the fire.’’ Such conditions are found
by Middle East and other African countries. India is in western Rajasthan for the requirement of heat
the largest importer of date fruits (286 MTA) in the summation unit for date palm varies from 1950 to
world while Iran is the largest exporter (143 MTA). 3650 depending upon cultivars. The heat summation
In India, it is cultivated in 12493 ha area in Kachchh unit in the Indian desert during March to August has
district of Gujarat with a production of 85351t per been worked out to be 2000 to 2400, above a base
annum of doka stage fruits. There are date palm of 180C and from 3500 to 4000 above a base of
research farm located in Jodhpur, Bikaner and 100C. This suggests that Indian desert meets this
Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan and Abohar district requirement.
of Punjab. Date palm has very specific conditions In Western Rajasthan fruits of date palm
required for its successful cultivation i.e. prolonged mature one month early in comparison to Gulf
hot dry climates, and are relatively tolerant of countries having its own advantage in international

Corresponding Author’s Email: morwalhorti@gmail.com

1,3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Danta, Barmer 344001 (Rajasthan)
2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gudamalani, Barmer344031(Rajasthan)

40 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44

 Morwal et al
markets. Rajasthan has an established export
market and poses bright opportunities for export
fresh and processed in the international market.
It was considered to carry out the study with the
objectives to document the constraints faced by
date palm growers in adoption of improved date
palm cultivation technology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted in Barmer
district of Western Rajasthan. Total 80 farmers
who were date palm growers from last 5 yr were
selected. The data were collected through personnel
interview. The data were collected through
personnel interview method through questionnaire
prepared and care was taken to collect the unbiased
and correct data. The data were collected, tabulated
and analyzed to draw conclusion. The constraints
as perceived by respondents were scored on the
basis of magnitude of the problem. A close ended
questionnaire containing all possible common
difficulties which can hinder the adoption of
scientific date palm cultivation technology by the
farmers was prepared to document the constraints.
The constraints were operationally defined as the
difficulties experienced by the date palm growers
in adoption of scientific date palm cultivation
technology.
Table 1. Technical constraints faced by the Date Palm Growers. n= 80
Sr. No. Technical Constraint
1 High price of good quality offshoots
2 Lack of knowledge about improved variety
3 Unavailability of offshoots of improved variety
4 Unavailability of tissue cultured plants
5 High price of tissue cultured plants
6 Unavailability of sufficient labour in time
7 Low fertility status of the soil
8 Insufficient water for irrigation
41 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44
A list of the probable constraints which can
hinder the adoption was prepared based on past
studies. The respondents were asked to mention
the constraints experienced by them in adoption of
date palm cultivation technology in the form of yes
or no. Based on the opinion of the respondents, the
frequency against each constraint was calculated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Technical constraints
The respondents were requested to express the
constraints faced by them in adoption of scientific
date palm cultivation technology. Frequency and
percentage for each constraint were calculated
(Table 1).
It was observed that majority (78.75%) of
respondents expressed constraints related to
high price of good quality offshoot followed
by lack of knowledge about improved variety
(71.25%), unavailability of offshoots of improved
variety(65.00%). These all constrains are related
to improved variety / offshoots which play a very
vital role for both quality as well as quantity date
palm production. Other technical constraints were
unavailability of tissue culture plants (57.50%),
high price of tissue cultural plants (52.50 %),
unavailability of sufficient labour in time (45.00%),
low fertility status of soil (38.75%) and insufficient
Frequency Percent (%)
63 78.75
57 71.25
52 65.00
46 57.50
42 52.50
36 45.00
31 38.75
26 32.50
 Constraints Perceived by Date Palm Growers

Table 2. Financial constraints faced by the Date Palm Growers. n= 80

Sr. No. Financial constraint Number (Frequency ) Percent (%)
1 Irregular electricity supply 67 83.75
2 High charges of electricity 58 72.5
3 High cost of insecticides /pesticides (plant protection) 24 30

Table 3. Marketing constraints faced by date palm growers. n= 80

Sr. Constraint Number (Frequency ) Percent (%)
No.
1 Non remunerative price 63 78.75
2 High cost of transportation 58 72.50
3 Poor marketing facility 53 66.25
4 Higher charges of middle man 48 60.00
5 Poor transport facilities 39 48.75

water for irrigation (38.75%). The probable reason Extension constraints

for having constraints related to tissues culture
plants was due to fact that the research work on
tissue culture plants on date palm is under progress
in India and hence only imported tissue culture
plants were available for propagation, which is
costly.
Financial constraints
Major financial constraints expressed by date
palm growers were high rate of electricity (83.75%)
followed by irregular electricity supply (72.5 %)
and high cost of insecticide/ pesticide (30.0%). Date
palm requires too much water for plant growth and
water is insufficient in these areas, hence, irregular
electricity supply and high rate of electricity might
have been mentioned as major financial constraints
perceived by date palm growers.
Marketing constraints
Major marketing constraints perceived by date
palm growers were non remunerative price (78.75
%) followed by high cost of transportation (72.50
%) , poor marketing facilities (66.25 %), high
charges of middle man (60.00 %) and poor transport
facilities (48.75 % ). Similar results were reported
by Pandya et al (2017).
Major extension constraints expressed by date
palm growers were lack of timely and appropriate
extension services (61.25 %) followed by inadequate
mass media sources (22.50 %) and soil testing
laboratory is far away from destination (16.25 %).
Knowledge level of recommended cultivation of
practices of Date palm growers
The practice wise scores were assigned to all
13 practices on the basis scores obtained by the
respondents adopting particular practices. The mean
scores were worked out for all the 13 practices. The
frequency score further converted into percentage
and ranks were assigned to each practice. It was
evident (Table 4) that the highest level of knowledge
was observed in planting time (92.50 %), selection
of variety (90.00%), plant spacing (88.75%), use of
chemical fertilizer (68.75 %), Soil type & selection
of field (66.25%), irrigation management (65.00
%), planting method (63.75 %), Plant protection
(Insect Pest & Disease management (55.00%), Use
of organic manure (48.75 %), Use of micronutrient
(43.75 %), Pollination methods (35.00 %),
Maturity indices for harvesting (27.50 %) and Post
- harvest management (11.25 %).Similar results

42 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44

 Morwal et al

Table 4. Extension constraints faced by the Date Palm Growers. n= 80

Sr. Constraint Number Percent (%)
No. (Frequency )
1 Lack of timely and appropriate extension services 49 61.25
2 Inadequate mass media sources 18 22.5
3 Soil testing laboratory is far away from destination 13 16.25

Table 5. Distribution of respondents according to their practice wise knowledge about date palm
cultivation technology.
Sr. Date palm cultivation practice Respondents Rank
No. Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Selection of varieties of date palm 72 90.00 i
2 Plant spacing 74 92.50 ii
3 Planting time 71 88.75 iii
4 Use of chemical of fertilizer 55 68.75 iv
5 Soil type & selection of field 53 66.25 v
6 Irrigation management 52 65.00 vi
7 Planting method 51 63.75 vii
8 Plant protection measures 44 55.00 Viii
9 Use of organic manure 39 48.75 viii
10 Use of micronutrient 35 43.75 ix
11 Pollination methods 28 35.00 x
12 Maturity indices for harvesting 22 27.50 Xii
13 Post - harvest management 9 11.25 Xiii

were reported by Deshmukh et al (2016), Naik was observed data (Table 6) that majority (65.0%)
and Deshmukh (2016) and Mehta and Sonawane of respondents were having medium level of
Madhuri (2012). adoption followed by 21.25 and 13.75 per cent of
Table 6. Distribution of respondents according the respondents with high and low level of adoption
to level of overall lknowledge about for recommended package of practices of date palm
recommended package of practices of date palm. cultivation respectively. These findings were in the
line with the findings of Naik and Deshmukh (2016)
Sr. Category Frequency Per cent and Badgujar (2014).
No.
1 Low 11 13.75 CONCLUSION
2 Medium 52 65.00 The study has clearly brought out that the
3 High 17 21.25 major technical constraints perceived by date palm
growers were high price of good quality off shoots
The respondents were categorized into three and lack of knowledge about improved variety. The
groups of date palm grower according to level of major financial constraints were irregular supply
overall knowledge about recommended package of of electricity and high charges of electricity. The
practices date palm like low, medium and high. It extension and marketing constraints were related

43 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44

 Constraints Perceived by Date Palm Growers
with lack of extension services and poor marketing
facilities. In order to improve quality date palm
production, these constraints may be overcome
by the concerned stated departments. It can be
highlighted that most of the growers fell in illiterate
but knowledge was found to have significant
association with socio-economic. Research ought
to be directed towards indicating other important
social, economic and training factors that has an
important role on knowledge of growers.
REFERENCES
Pandya S P, Patel G R and Thakkar K A (2017). Constraints
perceived by the date palm growers of Kachchh district
in adoption of date palm cultivation technology. Gujarat
J Ext Edu 28 (1): 169-171.
44 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 40-44
Deshmukh A N, More G B, Katole R T and HirulkarPA(2016).
Knowledge of production technology of banana growers.
Agri Update 11 (3): 250-254.
Naik K S and Deshmukh PR (2016). Knowledge and adoption
of recommended package of practices by banana
growers. Agri Update11 (1): 41-44.
Badgujar C D (2014). Knowledge and adoption of the
recommended package of practices for Banana crop. J
Krishi Vigyan 2(2): 85-87.
Mehta B M and Sonawane Madhuri (2012). Characteristic and
adoption behavior of mango growers in Valsad district
of Gujarat. Agri Update. 7 (1 & 2): 37-41.
Received on 19/04/2020 Accepted on 20/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 45-48 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00009.4

Constraints Perceived by Tribal Farm Women in Acquiring

Training On Animal Husbandry Practices in Chhotaudepur
District of Gujarat
B L Dhayal1 and B M Mehta2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vadodara -391 125 (Gujarat)

ABSTRACT
Dairy farming is one of the most important agro based industries for solving the problems of employment
and rural poverty in India. Management of Livestock and milk production has been one of the sectors in
India where female work force participation is high. Training plays an important role in the advancement
of human performance in a given situation and provides a systematic improvement of knowledge and skills
which in turn helps the trainees to function effectively and efficiently in their given task on completion of
the training. The present investigation was carried out in Chhotaudepur district of Gujarat located in the
eastern part of the State of Gujarat. The boundary of Chhotaudepur district touches to Vadodara, Panch
Mahal, Dahod, Narmada and State of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The Chhotaudepur district is
an important tribal majority milk pocket in the Gujarat state. The present study indicated that seasonal
migration for labourers was the most serious constraint (86.11 %) followed by low literacy rate in tribal
area (85.00 %), tribal farm women are very shy in nature (83.61 %), poor economic condition (83.00
%), inadequate support from government to purchasing dairy animals (81.11 %), and least constraints
perceived by farm women was social security (54.72 %), lack of local farm women organizations
(48.89 %), and non availability of training facilities related to livestock management (40.55 %).
Key Words: Training, Tribal Farm Women, Improved Animal Husbandry Practices, Constraints.

INTRODUCTION kg of milk produced by cow in some countries

The emergence of Green Revolution seems to
have acted like a pace setter for the introduction
of White Revolution in India. At present Milk
and milk products account for about 7 to 8 Per
cent of the total consumption expenditure by the
households. The production and availability of milk
and milk products per capita in India is very low as
compared with that in some of developed countries.
With the world cattle and buffalo population, India
has about one half of the world’s buffaloes and
one fifth of world’s cattle. In spite of the fact that
India has enormous cattle population; it is rather
pity to note that the average milk production of
Indian cow is very low. On an average a cow in
India produced only 1500 kg of milk per annum
and buffalo yields 1200 kg annually against 4000
advanced in dairying (Anon, 2018). Thus, there
is a wide gap between the number of animals and
milk production. The remarkable low productivity
of animals in India is largely due to traditional
animal husbandry practices. Owing to these facts,
the need for increasing the milk production rapidly
in the country is being pertinently felt. During
the last decade dairying and animal husbandry
programmes have received considerable attention
in India’s planned development. In many tribal
areas, dairying assumes a special significance as an
effective instrument for economic and social uplift
of the weaker sections. Sakthivel and Narmatha
(2019) have reported that livestock keeping is an
important enterprise for the socially backward,
landless and marginalized sections of the rural

Corresponding Author’s E mail:dhayalextn@yahoo.co.in

45 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 45-48

 Dhayal and Mehta
society. Sharma (2016) reported that the farmers in
the age group of 20–30 yr were found to be more
interested in acquiring trainings, demonstrations
and exposure visits and acquired high level of
knowledge as compared to the elder group of more
than 40 yr of age. On the other hand, the adoption
of various management practices was found to be
higher in elder than the young group.  The present study (Table 1) indicated that
In the dairy development map of India, Gujarat
occupies a pride place. This is mainly due to the
impressive strides which it has taken in organizing
a chain of Co-operative dairies in many parts
of the state in the post-independence period.
Livestock farmers of Chhotaudepur district are
follow traditional methods of rearing in animal
husbandry practices. So, effective training requires
a clear picture of how the trainees will need to use
information and technology after training in place of
such local practices what they have adopted before
in their situation. Hence, a study was undertaken to
analyse constraints perceived by tribal farm women
in acquiring training on animal husbandry practices
in Chhotaudepur district of gujarat
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was carried out in
Chhotaudepur district of Gujarat located in the
eastern part of the State of Gujarat. The boundary of
Chhotaudepur district touches to Vadodara, Panch
Mahal, Dahod, Narmada and State of Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra. The Chhotaudepur
district is an important tribal majority milk pocket in
the Gujarat state consist 6 talukas and out of these,
four talukas i.e. Naswadi, Kawant, Jetpur Pavi and
Chhotaudepur having more than 90 percent tribal
population were selected purposively. Out of four
taluka’s the three villages selected from each taluka
based on the highest livestock keepers (according
to milk cooperative society), all the twelve villages
were selected for the present study.
The list of tribal women livestock keeper
was obtained from twelve selected villages of
Chhotaudepur district. Thereafter, random sampling
46 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 45-48
method with proportional allocation was followed
to select the respondents for present study. In all 120
tribal women were selected from twelve selected
villages under study.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Constraints perceived by tribal farm women
seasonal migration for labour work was the most
serious constraint (86.11 %) followed by low
literacy rate in tribal area (85.00 %), tribal farm
women are very shy in nature (83.61 %), poor
economic condition (83.00 %), inadequate support
from government to purchasing dairy animals
(81.11 %), high burden of farm activities (80.27
%), lack of self confidence in tribal farm women
(79.17 %), limited access to market information
(77.78 %), non availability of female extension
staff for livestock practical exercise (76.67 %),
limited access to credit facilities (75.83 %), limited
access to proper transport facilities and cost of
transportation for training (74.72 %), lack of time
to attend livestock meetings or trainings’ (73.33 %),
poor communication skills (71.11 %), less interest
shown by female youth in dairy farming (69.72 %),
living in nuclear family (68.61 %), high burden
of house work(66.94 %), care and management of
milch animals (64.17 %), care and management
of children and parents (62.78 %), social barriers
(61.39 %), not found the suitable age group among
the villages (60.55 %), farm women are interested
in off campus training then on campus (57.22 %),
social security (54.72 %), lack of local farm women
organizations (48.89 %) and non availability of
training facilities related to livestock management’
(40.55 %). These findings were in agreement with
Shabeena et al (2005). Gupta et al (2017) suggested
that continuous feeding of mineral mixture
bettered performance of dairy cross bred animal
in respect of their production and reproductive
performance. Similarly, Sharma (2015) revealed
that poor knowledge about the nutritive value
of feed ingredients (86.5%) , high cost of raw
 Constraints Perceived by Tribal Farm Women

Table 1. Constraints perceived by the tribal farm women. n=120

Sr. No. Constraint Total Score Mean Score Mean Percent Rank
Score order
1 Seasonal Migration for labour work 310 2.58 86.11 I
2 Low literacy rate in tribal area 306 2.55 85.00 II
3 Tribal farm women are very shy in nature 301 2.50 83.61 III
4 Poor economic condition 299 2.49 83.00 IV
5 Inadequate support from government to 292 2.43 81.11 V
purchasing dairy animals
6 High burden of farm activities 289 2.40 80.27 VI
7 Lack of self confidence in tribal farm 285 2.37 79.17 VII
women
8 Limited access to market information 280 2.33 77.78 VIII
9 Non availability of female extension staff 276 2.30 76.67 IX
10 Limited access to credit facilities 273 2.27 75.83 X
11 Limited access to proper transport 269 2.24 74.72 XI
facilities and cost of transportation for
training
12 Lack of time to attend livestock meetings 264 2.20 73.33 XII
or trainings
13 Poor communication skills 256 2.13 71.11 XIII
14 Less interest shown by female youth in 251 2.09 69.72 XIV
dairy farming
15 Living in nuclear family 247 2.05 68.61 XV
16 High burden of house work 241 2.00 66.94 XVI
17 Care and management of milch animals 231 1.92 64.17 XVII
18 Care and management of children and 226 1.88 62.78 XVIII
parents
19 Social barriers 221 1.85 61.39 XIX
20 Not found the suitable age group among 218 1.81 60.55 XX
the villages
21 Farm women are interested in off campus 206 1.71 57.22 XXI
training than on campus
22 Social security 197 1.64 54.72 XXII
23 lack of local farm women organizations 176 1.47 48.89 XXIII
24 Non availability of training facilities 146 1.22 40.55 XXIV
related to livestock management

47 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 45-48

 Dhayal and Mehta
feed ingredients (28% ), shortage of skilled and
committed labour (32.5%) were found to be major
bottlenecks regarding adoption of cattle feed
formulation technology at the dairy farm. Lack of
awareness among dairy farmers (82 %), regarding
role of mineral mixture and its use followed by
its non availability in villages (90%) were the
main limitations in its adoption. Non availability
of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB, 95%),
poor infrastructure available for milking lactating
animals ( 92.5%), no knowledge about fodder
preservation( 95%) and lack of knowledge about
disease symptoms ( 90%) were considered the major
problems faced by the dairy farmers in the adoption
of feeding practices by the dairy farmers in the
Kapurthala district of Punjab. Chandravadia (2018)
revealed that majority of the farm women were in
middle aged group, educated up to primary level,
had 6 to 10 yr experience in agriculture practices,
animal husbandry plus farming as their occupation,
small size of land holding, annual income up to
Rs. 50,000/-, belonged to joint family, having
membership in one organization, medium mass
media exposure, medium extension contact and
medium cosmopolitans. Significant correlate was
observed with education, experience in agriculture
practices, occupation, land holding, annual income,
family type, social participation, mass media
exposure, extension contact and cosmopolitans in
agriculture practices.
CONCLUSION
From the study it revealed that it was help the Sharma M (2016). Effect of age and educational level of dairy
extension agencies to organized the suitable training
programmes for the dairy farm women in improved
animal husbandry practices to improve their milk
Received on 20/04/2020 Accepted on 20/05/2020
production and make the dairying a successful
enterprise. The constraints were mostly higher level
in tribal area because maximum goods and animal
feeds are available of inferior quality and at higher
48 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 45-48
price compared to non tribal area There is a need to
aware and train the tribal farm women on quality
branding of feed, food and fodder for improvement
in animal production and animal productivity.
The findings of the study clearly indicated that
the training is essential for less educated women
who are in the profile of low income, small land
holding and less participation in different social
organization.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2018). Basic animal husbandry statistics.
Ministry of Agriculture Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying and Fisheries. New Delhi.
Chandravadia Kiran, Bariya Minaxi and Kumbhani Sandip
(2018). Socio-economic profile of tribal farm women
and its relationship towards involvement in agriculture
practices in Chhotaudepur district of Gujarat state. J
Krishi Vigyan 7 (Special Issue) : 139-143
Gupta R, Singh K , Sharma M and Kumar M (2017). Effect
of mineral mixture feeding on the productive and
reproductive performance of crossbred cattle. Int J
Livestock Res 7 ( 12): 231-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/
ijlr.20170717113236
Sakthivel K M and Narmatha N (2019). Characterization of
households of marginal and landless livestock farmers in
rural Tamil Nadu. J Krishi Vigyan 8 (1): 23-27.
Shabeena Mustafa, Daba P S, Avadhesh Kumar and
Dwaipayan Bardhan (2005). A study of training needs of
rural women towards improved dairy farming practices. J
Dairying, Foods & Home Sci 24(2):101-104.
Sharma M ( 2015). Bottlenecks in adoption of feeding
practices for dairy animals in district Kapurthala. J Krishi
Vigyan 3(2) : 12-18
farmers on knowledge and adoption of dairy farming
practices in Kapurthala district of Punjab. Int J Farm Sci
6(4): 254-262, 2016
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00010.0

Constraints Perceived by Wheat Growers in

Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh
Smriti Singh, Anuj Tiwari and R P Singh Ratan
Department of Agricultural Extension,
Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to investigate the constraints perceived by wheat growers in adoption
of scientific wheat technologies in Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Twenty five respondents were
selected randomly from each of the selected four villages. Thus, a total of 100 respondents who were
practicing wheat cultivation were interviewed by using pre tested interview schedule. The constraints
were classified into four major categories such as technological, administrative, and financial and
resource. Each category of constraints was further bifurcated into several sub heads and rank analysis
was done based on the frequency. Unawareness about seed treatment, lack of technical know-
how of the agricultural staff, problem of marketing, non availability of pesticides and equipments
were perceived as the major constraints encountered by the wheat growers of Sitapur district.
Key Words: Adoption, Constraint, Extension, Improved technology, Wheat.

INTRODUCTION The major wheat growing states of India are

Wheat is the second most important staple
cereal food after rice in India. It is not only the
staple food for wheat consuming population of
India but also the major source of their dietary
energy. Wheat is grown globally in about 217 Mha
area with a total production of 632 Mt. In India,
wheat is cultivated in about 29.6 Mha of the total
cultivated area with an annual production of 93.5
Mt. The average wheat productivity of India is
31.5 q/ha (FAO, 2013). Wheat is one of the major
crops, which has benefitted tremendously from the
1st green revolution. Over the last 50 years, area
under wheat cultivation was increased from 10 Mha
to 26 Mha in India. Wheat productivity has been
showing a similar pattern of improvement from
7.0 t/ha in 1950 to 28 t/ha in 2019. This increase
in wheat productivity may be attributed to the
increase increased irrigation facilities, application
of inorganic fertilizers, improved varieties and
socioeconomic support provided to the farmers.
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Bihar (https://www.intechopen.com/
online-first/wheat-production-in-india-trends-and-
prospects). Uttar Pradesh is largest wheat growing
state of the country with an annual production of
30.30 Mt from an area of 9.73 mha. The average
productivity of the Uttar Pradesh is 31.14 q/
ha (Anon, 2013). The major wheat production
constraints in Uttar Pradesh were declining soil
health due to multinutrient deficiencies, soil
salinity/alkalinity and low input use efficiency.
Poor agronomic practices such as higher seed
rate, unsuitable variety, use of imbalance fertilizer,
improper use of weed control measures and
unavailability of irrigation facilities etc. were
also affecting negatively on wheat productivity
in the state. There is no scope for area expansion,
additional production has to come by increasing
the per hectare productivity (Joshi et al, 2007).The
yield gaps between potential and realizable vary

Corresponding Author email: smritisingh1199@gmail.com

Former Director Extension Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

49 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53

 Singh et al
Table 1. Unawareness about wheat production technologies.
Sr. No Perceived constraint
1 Knowledge about seed treatment
2 Knowledge about harvesting technology
3 Knowledge about control of weeds
4 Knowledge about high yielding varieties
5 Knowledge about dose of fertilizers
6 Knowledge about depth of sowing
7 Knowledge about Irrigation
from on zone to another zone due to prevalence of
various biotic and abiotic factors. The major gap
in productivity noticed were prevalence of rain fed
condition in hills, improper nutrient management,
non availability of improved varieties and lack of
knowledge of improved agronomical practices
(Paswan and Sinha, 2014).
Several transfer of technology programmes are
operational in the country yet the new improved
technologies have not penetrated the target audience
as expected. The prominent reasons behind this
were non adoption/ low adoption of recommended
technologies by the farmers because of their lack
of technical know how, lack of awareness and
knowledge about resources, credit and marketing
facility (Sharma, 2003). The major constraint
perceived by farmers was lack of irrigation facility
followed by lack of mechanization (Singh et al,
2012) If these constraints are managed somehow
then farmers can harvest more yield with the same
level of inputs which would definitely improve
their socio-economic status. Hence, a study was
undertaken with an objective to assess the various
constraints being perceived by the farmers regarding
wheat cultivation so that KVK can make changes in
their mode adopted for technology transfer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh was purposely
selected for the study because the area under
wheat cultivation was more in this district. Sitapur
district is comprised of 19 community development
blocks and farmers were using recommended
50 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53
(n=100)
Per cent Rank
72 I
71 II
68 III
65 IV
62 V
60 VI
31 VII
technologies for wheat cultivation. Two community
development blocks i.e. Khairabad and Biswan and
the two villages from each block were selected
namely Kodari and Ashrafpur and from Biswan
(Paindapur and Matikarpur). A list of the wheat
growers from each selected village was prepared.
Twenty five respondents from each of the four
selected villages were identified for the purpose
by random method. Hence the total sample size for
the present study comprised of 100 respondents.
Data were collected with the help of pre tested
structured schedule covering all aspect of the study.
Frequency, percentage and rank analysis was done
for analyzing the data collected. Rank was assigned
to each sub category on the basis of frequency.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Technological Constraints
Observation of Table 1 reveals that knowledge
on seed treatment technology (72%) was realized as
a constraint with high intensity by wheat growers
which are indicated by their first rank. This was
followed by harvesting technology (71 %), weed
control measures (68%), selection of high yielding
varieties (65%), dose and timing of fertilizer
application (62 %), depth of sowing of seed
(60%) with 2nd , 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th rank assigned
in orders, respectively. Irrigation technology (31%)
was perceived as least important constraint. These
constraints may be due to lack of training and
capacity building programmes in the research area
and lack of interest among farmers to improve their
production and socio-economic status. These results
 Constraints Perceived by Wheat Growers

Table 2. Depiction of Administrative and financial constraints perceived by wheat growers. (n=100)
Sr No Perceived constraint Per cent Rank
A. Administrative constraint
1 Lack of technical knowhow of the Agril. Deptt.staff 77 I
2 Irregular visits of the staff during crop season 72 II
3 Barriers in the distribution of required varieties and seed 66 III
4 Inefficiency of extension workers 64 IV
B. Financial constraint
5. Problem of marketing 86 I
6. High cost of fertilizer 69 II
7. High cost of Chemicals and equipments 67 III
8. Less risk bearing capacity of farmer 62 IV
9. Labor enhanced wage rates 56 V

were aligning with Mahawar (1998) who found
that unawareness about seed treatment technology
and plant protection measures were the major
constraints among technological constraints faced
by wheat growers. Shriram (1999) also reported
that low production and productivity of wheat was
due to these technological constraints. In a similar
study Ajay (2003) stated that under technological
constraints, non-availability of quality seeds
(68.6%) of wheat, followed by high weed infestation
(57.1%) and non-availability of chemical fertilizer
(50%) were expressed as perceived constraints by
the respondents.
Administrative constraints
The data (Table 2) show that lack of technical
knowhow of the staff was perceived as important
constraint with top priority and accorded first rank
by the farmers. This was followed by irregular
visits of the staff during crop season, barriers in
the distribution of required varieties and seed
and inefficient extension workers with 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
5th and 6th rank assigned in orders, respectively
which hinder the wheat production. Thus, the most
important constraint in extension related constraints
found is due to lack of competency of extension
staff, low credibility of extension agents and no
efforts of rapport building with farmers, vacant
posts of extension professionals etc. These findings
were similar to the findings of Singh et al, (2019).
Financial constraints
A glance at the Table 2 depicts that unregulated
marketing facility was perceived as the major
constraint by wheat growers. This was followed by
high cost of wages (69%), high cost of chemicals
and equipments (67%), less risk bearing capacity
of farmers (62%), enhanced labor wage rates (56%)
with 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th rank, respectively. Till date
farmers depend on local merchants/ commission
agents for credit who exploit them accordingly,
government policies are still lacking in clear cut
subsidy framework for fertilizers, unavailability
of equipments at subsidized rates, poor literacy
and pathetic condition of farmers prevent them to
take risks at the cost of their only livelihood source
are some of the factors behind these constraints.
These findings were similar to the study undertaken
by Kumar (2012). Furthermore, the results were
also in agreement with Singh and Rajput (2000)
who concluded that lack of capital, high prices of
fertilizers, lack of irrigation facility, low price of
farm produce, lack of communication were major
constraints faced by wheat growers.

51 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53

 Singh et al

Table 4. Depiction of Resource constraints perceived by wheat growers. (n=100)

Sr. No Perceived constraint Per cent Rank

1 Non availability of chemicals and equipments 78 I

2 Scarcity of labours 74 II
3 Lack of regular electricity 69 III
4 Untimely and inadequate availability of credit from the formal source 53 IV
5 Non availability of improved and healthy seed 48 V

Resource Constraints regular supply of electricity, result demonstrations

The resource constraints reported by wheat should be conducted to win trust of farmers about
growers about adoption of wheat production recommended wheat technology and suitable
technology are depicted in Table 4. Looking to HYVs should be made available to all the farmers
the figures in the above table reveals that non- in the area.
availability of chemicals and equipments at the right
time was perceived as the major constraint followed CONCLUSION
by scarcity of labors (74 %), lack of regular supply Agricultural transformation is of utmost
of electricity (69%), untimely and inadequate importance for regional development. If the
availability of credit from the farmer sources (53 productivity has to be improved then massive
%) and non-availability of improved and healthy efforts from extension personnel are required
or quality seeds (48%) respectively. The reason who acts as change agents among farming
behind these constraints is lack of linkages among community. The study revealed that unawareness
different stakeholders, low extension to farmer about seed treatment, lack of technical knowhow
ratio, lack of information about the credit facilitiesof the agricultural departmental staff , problem
and unawareness about different agencies for the of marketing , non availability of chemicals and
supply of inputs. Similar constraints were reported equipments were the major constraints perceived
by Sriram and Chauhan (2005). Additionally the by wheat growers in the district of Sitapur of Uttar
results were in agreement with the study undertaken Pradesh. These constraints can be minimized if
by Kumbhare and Singh (2011). Extension department staff would be imparted with
the necessary skills, timely credit would be made
Suggestions available to the farmers and regular inspection of
Some suggestions for wheat growers for the crop during crop season and high quality inputs
minimizing the constraints faced by them in would be arranged for the farmers.
adopting improved wheat production technology
are knowledge should be increased in various
REFERENCES
aspects of wheat production technology like seed Anonymous (2013).. Statistical Abstracts of Punjab. http://
treatment, harvesting technology and quality seeds ww.esopb.gov.in/ static/PDF/ Statistical -Abstract2013.
through systematic training, credit facility should pdf, 2013
be extended at proper time to wheat growers, FAO. FAO Agricultural Production Statistics, 2013.
extension agency should convey the relevant http://faostat3.fao.org/ as accessed on 17 April 2015,
information at right time, adequate institutional 6. Gurumukhi DR, Mishra S. Sorghum front-line
demonstration, A success story. Agril. Ext. Rev. 2003;
support should be ensured, unconventional source 15(4):22-23.
of energy like solar panels should be established for

52 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53

 Constraints Perceived by Wheat Growers
Joshi A K, Mishra B, Chatrath R, Ortiz Ferrara G, Singh R Singh K, Singh P and Lakhera J P (2012). Constraints in
P (2007). Wheat improvement in India: Present status, adoption of wheat production technology perceived by
emerging challenges and future prospects. Euphytica, the small farmers. Rajasthan J Ext Edu 20:112-116.
157(3):457-64 Singh S, Tiwari A and Ratan Singh R P (2019). Constraints
Kumbhare N V and Singh K (2011). Adoption behaviour and perceived by tribal farmers in adoption of improved
constraints in wheat and paddy production technologies. production technologies of Rapeseed-Mustard in Ranchi
Indian Res J Ext Edu 11 (3) 41-44. District. J Krishi Vigyan 7 (2) : 46-50.
Kumar A (2012). Adoption behaviour and constraints in wheat Singh R L and Rajput A M (2000). Constraints in adoption of
production technologies for higher wheat productivity in wheat production technology. Maharshtra J Ext Edu XIX.
hills of Uttarakhand. J Krishi Vigyan 1(2):6-10. Sriram and. Chauhan, M S (2005). Constraints in the non-
Mahawar, S K (1998). Transformationof tribals through adoption of improved technology of wheat,development
Jakham irrigation project in Southern Rajasthan. PhD initiatives for farming community, extension strategy.
Thesis (Unpublished), RAU, Bikaner. Seminar paper published by ISEE:413-417.
Paswan A K and Sinha K K (2014).Constraints faced by
the wheat growers in adoption of wheat production
Details about Authors:
technology. Agriculture Update 9 (2): 166-169. Smriti Singh- Ph.D Scholar, Department of
Sendhil Ramadas, T.M. Kiran Kumar and Gyanendra Pratap Agricultural Communication, Govind Ballabh Pant
Singh (July 12th 2019). Wheat Production in India: University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar,
Trends and Prospects [Online First], IntechOpen, DOI: Uttarakhand.
10.5772/intechopen.86341. Available from: https://www.
intechopen.com/online-first/wheat-production-in-india-
Anuj Tiwari - Ph.D Scholar, Department of
trends-and-prospects Agricultural Extension, Narendra Deva University
Sharma D (2003). Adoption of improved wheat cultivation of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad,
technology in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan.M.Sc Uttar Pradesh.
Thesis (Unpublished), Maharana Pratap University of Received on 04/02/2020 Accepted on 15/02/2020
Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan.
Shriram (1999). Impact of the Mahi Bajaj Sagar Irrigation
Project, Banswara on adoption of improved technology
of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in tribal areas
of Rajasthan. Ph.D Thesis, RAU, Bikaner.

53 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 49-53

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00013.6

Design and Development of a Crop Information System for

Technology Transfer
VG Sunil *, P Sujanapal**, Berin Pathrose***, and K Prasanth ****
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram
Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Thrissur 680651 (Kerala)

ABSTRACT
Kerala Forest Research Institute have documented over 5000 plants from the state of Kerala of which
around 1300 are crop plants. A comprehensive information system comprising the plant identification
details, photos of various parts of the plant, botany for plant identification, and agro techniques was
found necessary. The crop information system was designed and developed with this objective in mind.
There are over 3,12,000 permutations and combinations through which the selection of plants can be
made. The Agile software development approach was used for the development of the software. The
interactivity and easiness of the use were specially taken care in the development phase. The developed
software was tested with a group of research scientists, extension officials and progressive farmers for final
validation. It was made available in the website www.farmextensionmanager.com. The application can
act as a ready to use guide for the farming community in the area of plant identification and cultivation.
Key Words: Crop, Directory, Extension, Farm Manager, Information systems.

INTRODUCTION Plant identification can be challenging for the

Plants form a fundamental part of life on earth,
providing us with breathable oxygen, food, fuel,
medicine and more besides. Estimates of numbers
of species of flowering plants vary from about
220,000 (Scotland and Wortley, 2003) to 4,20,000
(Govaerts, 2003). A better understanding of plants
is important to improve agricultural productivity
and sustainability, to discover new pharmaceuticals,
to plan for and mitigate the worst effects of climate
change, and to come to a better understanding of
life as a whole (Cope et al, 2012).
Plant identification is important for various
reasons. It is currently important because of concerns
about climatic change and the resultant changes in
geographic distribution and abundance of species.
inexperienced. The growing cities and biodiversity
loss has made plant identification an important
problem for number of professionals such as
foresters, environmental protectors, land managers,
unprofessional gardeners and agronomists
(Mzoughi et al, 2013). The traditional approach
to identify the species and their relationships is to
train taxonomists who can examine specimens and
assign taxonomic labels to them. However, there
is a shortage of such skilled subject matter experts
which leads to create a taxonomic impediment as
well as a limit on financial support from the funding
agencies (Carvalho, 2007). The use of computers
has brought tremendous changes in the field of plant
taxonomy and its allied disciplines. Automated

Corresponding Author’s Email:sunil.vg@kau.in

*Assistant Professor, Communication Centre, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Thrissur District, Kerala PIN 680651
**Scientist B, Silviculture, KFRI Peechi, Thrissur District, Kerala PIN 680653
*** Assistant Professor, Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur District,
Kerala PIN 680656
****Assistant Professor, KVK Malappuram, Kerala Agricultural University, KCAET Campus, Tavanur, Malappuram District, India, PIN
679573

54 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59

 Sunil et al

identification of plant species is a worthwhile goal effort in this direction to develop a crop information
because of the current combination of rapidly system for technology transfer was attempted.
dwindling biodiversity and the dearth of suitably
qualified taxonomists, particularly in the parts of the MATERIALS AND METHODS
world which currently have the greater numbers of The information system for crop plants was
species and those with largest number of endemics designed to serve as an online resource material
(Ramasubbu et al, 2015). for plant identification and imparting knowledge
Information Retrieval (IR) is the science of on agro techniques.The design was planned to
searching for documents for information within include 1300 plants relevant to Kerala. The need
documents and for metadata about documents, as identification process was carried to identify the
well as that of searching relational databases and user need and requirements for the crop information
the World Wide Web (Singhal, 2001). Nowadays, system. Data from 100 respondents were collected
the e-technology has developed in a wide range through a questionnaire. The respondents include
of application and occupies almost in all the agricultural students, research scientists, extension
fields of science, even in the plant taxonomy workers and progressive farmers.
too. Development and installation of web-based Agile software development approach was used
identification tool for regionally useful and common for design and development of the information
plants found in the country is very vital. Hence, an system for plant identification (Sunil, 2019). The

Table 1. List of crop information system relevant to Kerala.

Sr. No Name of the information system Institution responsible for development
1 Flowering plants of Kerala KFRI, Peechi
2 Medicinal and aromatic plants AMPRS, Odakkali, KAU
3 Fruitipedia Dr Chiranjith Parmar
4 Garden plants of humid tropics KVK Thrissur, KAU
5 Karshika Vivara sanketham oru viral thumbil Department of Agriculture, Kerala
6 KAU Agri-infotech Portal KAU, Vellanikkara
7 Farm Extension Manager KVK Malappuram, KAU
8 Kissan Kerala Information System Kissan Kerala project

Table 2. Required design specifications for the system.

Sr. No Parameter Per cent of respondents
1 Specific photos on various plant parts and cultivation aspects is needed 95
2 The system should have information on as many plants as possible 92
3 The plant nomenclature should be in all possible Indian languages 88
4 The users should able to navigate within the system with minimum 81
hardship
5 The plant botany should be in common man language 79
6 The users should able to arrive at their choice in a number of ways 76
7 The importance and cultivation details of the plant should be there 73
8 The software should be in the form of free entry and use to all 68

55 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59

 Design and Development of a Crop Information System

agile development approach enables requirements (Fig.1.). The model was arrived after taking input
and solutions to evolve through the combined effort from the need analysis part and detailed discussion
of the development team and the customer (Collier, with expert in the field.
2011). It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary
development, early delivery and continuous
improvements. Content materials and photoswith
regard to nomenclature, plant botany and agro-
techniques were collected and validated with expert
to serve as a database. The validation of database
for the system was done in three stages. First, the
content materials were prepared and corrected by the
research team. Then the materials are given to two
experts and their suggestions were incorporated. At
a third level technological workshops were arranged
with research scientists, agricultural students,
extension personal and progressive farmers and the Fig.1. Functional diagram for the prototype
materials were validated. design
Hereafter, the software was developed and tested The model has a crop part, name part,
for its working. The final software was uploaded in classification part and description part. The crop part
the online website www.farmextensionmanager. has information on all the crop plant included in the
com and was observed continuously for user system. The user will select the crop group which
feedback and comments. can be fruit plants, vegetable plants, spice plants,
medicinal plants or garden plants during the first
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION stage.The second layer was the name part. Here, the
Discovering the user requirements Scientific name, Malayalam name, English name
There are a number of comprehensive and Regional name of the selected crop plants were
information system developed for crop plants that displayed. The user has to make a selection in this
are relevant to Kerala(Table 1). layer to go further.

An in depth analysis of these information systems The third layer contain twelve classification
was done to find out to what extent they satisfy the criteria under each crop group. The specific criteria
user needs and requirements. Accordingly, the user used in this layer will help the users to narrow their
needs and design specifications were worked out selection. The fourth layer was the descriptive
and presented in Table 2. layer. The crop information starting from photos
on different aspects, detailed nomenclature, plant
Based on the results, it can be inferred that botany and agro techniques will be displayed on
users need specific photos on various plant parts selection of individual plants.
like branches, flowers, fruits, cut opened fruits
and complete plant as a whole (95 %). This was Preparation of the database
followed by the need to have more number of plants The database of the software was designed with
in one information system (92 %). help of primary and secondary data sources. First,
Arriving at the prototype design a list of all cultivated plants in Kerala was enlisted.
The various literature and CD pertaining to this was
The functional model for the prototype design used. A total of around 1500 plants were identified
for the crop information system was developed taking scientific name as base. Hereafter, with

56 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59

 Sunil et al

Table 3.Specific classification criteria for the plants.

Sr. No Fruit plant Vegetable plant Spice plant Medicinal plant Garden plant
1 Summer fruits Leafy vegetables Cool season Ayurveda medicine Foliage
2 Winter fruits Toots and tubers Root/tubers Folk medicine Water
3 Dry fruits Warm season Leaf/Bark Homeo medicine Indoor/bonsai
4 Fleshy fruits Cold season Vegetative Sidha medicine Butterfly
grown
5 Exotic plants Seed propagated Seed grown Unnani medicine Religious
6 Annual plants Vegetative Annual plants Modern medicine Fragrant
propagated
7 Perennial plants Annual plants Perennial plants Poisonous plants Cactus plants
8 Climbing plants Perennial plants Climbing plants Climbing plants Climbing plants
9 Herb plants Climbers/trailers Herb plants Herb plants Herb plants
10 Shrub plants Herbs/Shrubs Shrub plants Shrub plants Shrub plants
11 Tree plants Tree vegetables Tree plants Tree plants Tree plants
12 All fruit plants All vegetable plants All spice plants All medicinal plants All garden plants

expert support the plants were further studied to
avoid repetitions. There were plants included with
old and new scientific name in the list. Hence, plant
ID was given to all plant to keep its individuality. A
total of 1300 plants were finally identified through
the process.
The identified plants were further classified
into broad categories like fruit plants, vegetable
plants, spice plants, medicinal plants and garden
plants. Specific criteria for classification was also
identified under each category (Table 3). With
expert support the 1300 plants were classified
into each of the above criteria. A total of 3,12,000
combinations were identified. It was further wetted
in technological workshop.
The scientific name, english name, regional
name and malayalam name was collected and
included for all the plants. Later, the photos of the
crop plants were collected from various available
sources. The thump rule kept was to have one photo
each of whole plant, branches, flowers, fruit and cut
open fruit. The plant botany and agro techniques
were also prepared simultaneously. The layman
style of writing botany was adopted. In agro-
techniques, the emphasis was on basic technology
for cultivation. The content materials thus prepared
was wetted with experts in that field to ensure its
authenticity.
Development of the software
Converting the theoretical design to computer
design is meant by the term software development.
The development of software was done in such a
way so as to work both in offline and online mode.
And based on the analysis of data structure, it found
necessary to develop the software in three basic
layers. The three basic layers include the user side
interface layer, the business logic layer and the
database layer at the bottom.
The user side interface layer represents the
layer of the programme that appears in front of us.
The user interface was designed using Hyper Text
Markup Language. The business logic layer acts as
the connecting link between the database layer and
client side interface layer. The request from the users
are processed and replied through this layer. The
business logic application layer for the programme
was developed through Java script. Database layer
represent the area where the basic data to be used by

57 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59

 Design and Development of a Crop Information System

Table 4. Observation of respondents about the crop information system.

Sr. No Parameter Per cent of respondents
1 The photos used in the system help a lot in identification of the plant 82
2 The plant botany is really in common man language and help a lot in plant 80
identification
3 The system have basic information on almost all cultivated plants of 75
Kerala
4 The users are able to navigate within the system with minimum hardship 65
5 It is possible to identify the plant based on different nomenclature 63
6 The broad classification parameters identified are relevant 60
7 The importance and cultivation details of the plant should be covered 53
much more
8 The facility to enlarge photos is very much useful to have a larger 45
perspective

the system was stored. The data base layer for the the results, it can be inferred that the overall design
system was developed in java script language. of the interactive tool has a very high acceptance
The software thus developed was tested in three among the respondents.
stages. During the first stage the working of the
programme were tested. In the second stage, the CONCLUSION
language parts of the software were checked for A comprehensive crop information system for
spelling and grammatical errors. In the third stage, crop plant identification was developed as part
the programmes were used in different computers of the project. A total of around 1300 plants were
with different operating systems to see its working. included in the crop information system. There
The problems noticed were rectified every now and are over 3,12,000 permutations and combinations
then. And the final software was made available in taken care in the system development that makes
the domain www.farmextensionmanager.com the retrieval of required information easy. The
Agile software development approach was used for
Testing and validation of the tool the development of the software. The interactivity
The final testing of the crop information and easiness of the use are specially taken care in
system was done with 100 numbers of respondents the development phase. The developed software
comprising agricultural officers, research scientists, was tested with a group of research scientists,
agricultural students and progressive farmers. The extension officials and progressive farmers for final
respondents were first demonstrated and later asked validation. It was made available in the website
to use the crop information system for half an hour. www.farmextensionmanager.com. The application
Then they were asked list out their observations can act as a ready to use guide for the farming
about the system. The responses of the participants community in the area of plant identification and
were content analyzed and classified to arrive at the cultivation.
final result of testing (Table 4).
The respondents found the photos used in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
system as highly useful (82 %). This was followed Department of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare,
by 80 per cent of the respondents find the style of Kerala for the financial assistance provided for the
writing of the botanical details most useful. Based on project.

58 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 54-59

 Sunil et al
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Carvalho M R, Bockmann F A, Amorim D S, Brando C
R F, Vivo M and Figueiredo J L (2007). Taxonomic
impediment or impediment to taxonomy? A commentary
on systematics and the Cybertaxonomic-Automation
paradigm. Evol Biol 34: 140– 143.
Collier K W (2011).Agile Analytics: A Value-Driven Approach
to Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing. Addison-
Wesley Professional. pp.121.
Cope J S, Corney D, Clark J Y, Remagnino P and Wilkin
P (2012). Plant species identification using digital
morphometrics: A review. Expert Systems with
Applications 39(8):7562–7573.
Govaerts R (2003). How many species of seed plants are
there? Taxon 52(3):583-584.
Mzoughi O,Yahiaoui I, Boujemaa N and Zagrouba E (2013).
Advanced tree species identification using multiple leaf
parts image queries, IEEE International Conference on
Image Processing, Melbourne, VIC, 2013, pp. 3967-
3971.
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Ramasubbu R, Sathya S and Manikandan G (2015).Computer
aided alternative tool for the identification of angiosperm
families (dicots) of south India.Recent Advances in
Computer Science and Applications. International
Conference on Evolution in Engineering & Management
(ICEEM-2015): 359-362.
Scotland R W and Wortley A H (2003). How many species of
seed plants are there? Taxon 52(1): 101–104.
Singhal A (2001).Modern information retrieval: a brief
overview. Bull. IEEE Comp. soc. tech. Comm. Data Eng.
24(4), 35-43.
Sunil V G, Berin Pathrose and Prasanth K (2019). Design and
development of an expert support system for fertilizer
calculation. J Krishi Vigyan 8(1): 38-42
Received on 10/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 60-64 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00021.5

Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups in Amreli

district of Gujarat
M K Bariya1 , Hansa Patel 2, K U Chandravadia3 and J V Chovatia4
College of Agriculture, Junagarh Agricultural University Amreli 365 601(Gujarat)

ABSTRACT
Economic independence is one of the means to empower the women. Enhancing women’s economic
productivity is an important strategy for improving the welfare of 60 million Indian households living
below the poverty line. Self help groups (SHG) are small informal associations created for the purpose
of enabling members to reap economic benefit out of mutual help, solidarity, and joint responsibility. The
benefits include mobilisation of savings and credit facilities and pursuit of group enterprise activities. The
group-based approach not only enables the poor to accumulate capital by way of small savings but also helps
them to get access to formal credit facilities. The overall objective of the present study was to analysis the
economic empowerment of women though SHGs in ten villages of Amreli District of Gujarat State. Totally
180 respondents were selected from the ten villages by using simple random sampling method and 9 SHG
and 9 Non SHG members were selected from the same villages for comparative study. The result revealed
that the independent sample ‘Z’ test showed that there was highly significant difference in the mean values
of SHG members and Non SHG members in case of components of economic empowerment of women
like saving and investment, self sufficiency, knowledge about banking system and skill development.
Key Words: Economic empowerment, Self Help Groups, Women, SHG and Non SHG members.

INTRODUCTION It is evident from the past studies conducted

Poverty and unemployment are the major
problems of any under developed countries, to
which India is no exception. The rate of growth of
women employment in India is very low. This is
because of the low growth rate of new and productive
employment. The more attractive scheme with less
effort is self help group (SHG). It is a tool to remove
poverty and improve the women entrepreneurship
and financial support in India. A self help group is a
small economically homogeneous affinity group of
the rural poor voluntarily coming together to save
a small amount regularly, which is deposited in a
common fund to meet members emergency needs
and to provide collateral free loans decided by the
group. Self Help Groups enhance the equality of
status of women as participants, decision-makers
and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic,
social and cultural spheres of life.
Corresponding Author’s Email: minaxibariya@gmail.com
1
Asso. Professor, College of Agriculture, JAU, Amreli, 2Scientist, KVK, Ambuja Foundation, Kodinar, 3 Assit. Professor, College of Agricul-
ture, AAU, Jabugam and 4Assit. Professor, College of Agriculture, JAU, Khapat
in various part of the country that these local
organizations are contributing in empowering
women economically and socially to considerable
extent by increasing their livelihood options.
Keeping in view the importance and role of SHGs in
changing the life of rural women, the present study
was planned with the specific objective to know the
economic empowerment of women through Self
Help Groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was based on survey research design
covering five talukas of Amreli district of Gujarat
State to provide a comprehensive picture of the
status of SHGs for empowering women in the
Amreli district. The study was restricted to the SHGs
promoted under integrated watershed management
programme. Ten villages were selected purposively

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 60-64

60
 Bariya et al

Table 1. Distribution of the respondents according to self sufficiency. n= 180

Sr. Category SHG Member Non SHG Member n=90
No. n=90
P F P F
1 Very Low (0.0 to 1.2 score) 00 00.00 25 27.78
2 Low (1.3 to 2.4 score) 11 12.22 52 57.78
3 Medium (2.5 to 3.6 score) 59 65.56 13 14.44

4 High (3.7 to 4.8 score) 20 22.22 00 00.00

5 Very High (Above 4.8 score) 00 00.00 00 00.00

Mean 3.54 1.87

Mean difference 1.68
Z value 13.67**
F= Frequency P= Per cent

from the each of five talukas where SHGs are of SHG members (3.54) and Non SHG members
working from more than four years. From each of (1.87) in case of self sufficiency. It could be seen
the village nine SHG and nine Non SHG women in Table 5.27 vast majority (87.78%) of the SHG
members were selected for comparative study. Thus members were medium to high level of change in
total 180 respondents were selected for the study. self sufficiency due to joining SHG. Therefore, it
Data were collected through personal interview was concluded that after joining in the SHGs, the
technique with the help of pre-tested interview members’ well-being was increased as compared to
schedule. The data were processed; tabulated, Non SHG member.
classified, analyzed and statistical analysis was
Saving and Investment
carried out in the light of objectives.
It was evident (Table 2) that SHG members
nearly half (48.89 %) of the SHG members were
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
medium level of saving and investments followed
Self sufficiency by 26.67 per cent and 24.44 per cent with low and
The data (Table 1) revealed that more than high level, respectively and no one was in very low
three-fifth (65.56 %) of the SHG members was and very high level of category.
medium level of change in self sufficiency followed
In case of Non SHG women three-fifth (65.56%)
by high and low level with 22.22 and 12.22 per
of the respondents was very low level of saving and
cent, respectively
investment followed by 34.44 per cent with low
whereas, in case of Non SHG respondents level of category. It is interesting to note that no one
more than half (57.78 %) of the respondents was from the medium, high and very low level of
belonged to low level of self sufficiency followed categories. The independent sample ‘Z’ test showed
by very low and medium level of self sufficiency that there was highly significant difference in the
with 27.78 and 14.44 per cent, respectively. The mean values of SHG members (3.76) and Non SHG
independent sample ‘Z’ test showed that there was members (1.02) in case of saving and investment.
highly significant difference in the mean values
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 60-64
61
 Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups

Table 2. Distribution of the respondents according to their saving and investment. n=180
Sr. Category SHG Member n=90 Non SHG Member
No. n=90
P F P F
1 Very Low (00 to 1.4 score) 00 00.00 59 65.56
2 Low (1.5 to 2.8 score) 24 26.67 31 34.44
3 Medium (2.9 to 4.2 score) 44 48.89 00 00.00

4 High (4.3 to 5.6 score) 22 24.44 00 00.00

5 Very High (Above 5.6 score) 00 00.00 00 00.00

Mean 3.76 1.02

Mean difference 2.73
Z value 16.11**
F= Frequency P= Per cent

It could be inferred from the findings that majority were medium level and no one were high and very
of the SHG members were medium to low level of high level of knowledge about banking system. The
change in saving and investments as the economic independent sample ‘Z’ test showed that there was
growth of SHG members could not reach up to the highly significant difference in the mean values
marks. This might be cause of this result whereas, of SHG members (2.77) and Non SHG members
in case of Non SHG members this might be due (0.69) in case of knowledge about banking system.
to poor economic condition and were landless and It can be concluded from the above result
marginal farmers and not taken up entrepreneurial in case of SHG members many numbers were
activities on regularly. This finding was in line with educational level up to primary and because of in
Anonymous (2004), Mehta et al (2011), Palani some SHGs all members have a chance to become
and Selvaraj (2008), Pradhan et al (2016), Sail and president and secretary and that’s why they became
Kumbharjuvenkar (2013), Samantaray and Ananth aware about banking system. While in case of Non
(2018) and Sendilkumar (2015). SHG respondents were poor educational level and
Knowledge about banking system could not got opportunities to know about banking
It was evident (Table 3) that nearly half (47.78 system. This might be the probable reason.
%) of the SHG members were medium level of Skill development
knowledge about banking system followed by Skill building can be viewed as an instrument
37.78 per cent and 14.44 per cent of them with low to improve the effectiveness and contribution
and high level of knowledge about banking system, of women to the overall development. It is as an
respectively. No one was from very low and very important ingredient to push the hidden quality of
high categories. In case of Non SHG group the women to achieve their socio-economic status. Skill
knowledge level about banking system, more than development could also be seen as an instrument
three-fourth (77.78 %) were very low level followed to empower the individual and improve her social
by low level with 18.89 per cent and it is interesting acceptance or value. It was revealed (Table 4) that
to note that only 3.33 per cent of the respondents more than half (57.78 %) of the respondents were
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 60-64
62
 Bariya et al

Table 3. Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge about banking system.
n=180
Sr. Category SHG Member n=90 Non SHG Member
No. n=90
P F P F
1 Very Low (0.0 to 1.0 score) 00 00.00 70 77.78
2 Low (1.1 to 2.0 score) 34 37.78 17 18.89
3 Medium (2.1 to 3.0 score) 43 47.78 03 3.33

4 High (3.1 to 4.0 score) 13 14.44 00 00.00

5 Very High (Above 4.0 score) 00 00.00 00 00.00

Mean 2.77 0.69

Mean difference 2.08
Z value 17.46**
F= Frequency P= Per cent

from medium level of skill development followed
by high and low level of skill development with
27.78 per cent and 13.33 per cent, respectively
and only one respondent were very high level of
skill development, whereas in case of Non SHG
respondents nearly three-fifth (58.89 %) of the
respondents were from very low level of skill
development followed by low level (41.11 %) of
skill development. No one was in the categories of
medium, high and very high level.

Table 4. Distribution of the respondents according to their skill development. n=180

SHG Member Non SHG Member
Sr. Category n=90 n=90
No. P F P F

1 Very Low (0.0 to 3.2 score) 0 00.00 53 58.89

2 Low (3.3 to 6.4 score) 12 13.33 37 41.11

3 Medium (6.5 to 9.6 score) 52 57.78 0 00.00

4 High (9.7 to 12.8 score) 25 27.78 0 00.00

5 Very High (Above 12.8 score) 01 01.11 0 00.00

Mean 9.23 2.89
Mean difference 6.34
Z value 21.30**
F= Frequency P= Per cent

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 60-64

63
 Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups
The independent sample ‘Z’ test showed that
there was highly significant difference in the mean
values of SHG members (9.23) and Non SHG
members (2.89) in case of skill development. Reason
behind it is that majority of the women had one or
two skill sets which were common in all women.
Because of inadequate infrastructure facility and
training they could not upgrading number of skill
and in case of Non SHG members had very limited
opportunities to develop different skill. This finding
was in conformity with Anonymous (2002) and
Parmar (2014) and Kapila (2015).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results it can be recommended that
the SHGs are contributing significantly in increasing
the economic status and livelihood options of
women in the study area and therefore such local
organizations should be promoted. Since SHGs help
women to achieve economic empowerment, these
policy measures can contribute a lot to the nation.
To conclude, the economic activities of SHGs under
integrated watershed management programme are
quite successful.
REFERENCES
Anonymus (2002). MYRADA, Mysore, Paper presented on
the seminar of SHG –bank linkage programme at New
Delhi :17-47.
Anonymous (2004). Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Department of Women and Child
Development, New Delhi. A comparative study of Self
Help Groups (SHGs) organised and promoted by Non-
Governmental organizations (NGOs) and Kudumbasree-
A Government organised Non-Governmental organization
(GONGO) in Kerala, Towards empowerment of poor
women. Final report. Kerala, India :97-98.
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Dwarakanath H D (1999). DWCRA in Andhra Pradesh.
Kurukshetra 47(12): 14-18.
Kapila Prerna (2015). Impact assessment of skill development
programme for rural women in district Ludhiana. J Krishi
Vigyan 3(Special Issue): 55-58.
Mehta S Mishra H and Singh A (2011). Role of SHGs in socio-
economic change of vulnerable poor of Jammu region.
In: International conference on economics and Finance
Research, IPEDR, IACSIT Press, Singapore, 4:519-523.
Palani E and Selvaraj V M (2008). Socio-economic
Empowerment of women through SHGs, Indian
Cooperative Rev : 211-218.
Parihar P Kher S K Slathia P S and Ahmed N (2012). Impact
of Self Help Groups on Rural Women in Jammu District.
Indian Res J Ext Edu Special Issue (I): 112-114.
Parmar S J (2014).Quintessential Paradigm of SHGs’ Women
in relation to Group Dimensions in Junagadh District.
M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). JAU, Junagadh.
Pradhan L Das P and Nayak M P (2016).Empowerment of
farm women through income generating activities. J
Krishi Vigyan 4(2) : 40-43
Sail N and Kumbharjuvenkar R (2013). Empowerment of
Women through SHG’s: An Analysis. Int J Sci and Res
(IJSR). 4(1): 2840-2843.
Samantaray Santosh Kumar and Ananth P N (2018).
Empowerment of rural women through self help groups:
A socio-economic analysis. J Krishi Vigyan 6(2): 84-87
Sendilkumar R ( 2015). Farmers driven value chain of kadali
banana: a gadget for women empowerment. J Krishi
Vigyan 3(Special Issue): 40-43.
Shylendra H S (1998). Micro-finance and self-help groups. A
study of the experience of two leading NGOs – SEWA
and AKRSP on Gujarat. Search Bulletin 14 (3): 56-79.
Received on 09/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 65-69 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00016.1

Effect of Integrated Crop Management Practices on Yield and

Economics of Brinjal in Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh
N K Singh1* and N K Bisen 2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni, JNKVV, Jabalpur ( Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The studies were conducted on impact of frontline demonstrations in adoption of production technology
and economics of brinjal at farmers’ field of Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh state during the year 2017-
18 to 2019-20. Prevailing farmer’s practices were treated as control for comparison with demonstrated
technology. The main objective was to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technologies at the farmer’s field under different agro-climatic regions and farming situations. The
extension gap ranged between 74.94 to 111.21 q/ha, whereas the trend of technology gap ranged
between 203.74 to 220.34 q /ha. The benefit cost ratio (B:C) was recorded higher i.e. 2.35 to 2.77 under
demonstrated practice, while it was 1.95 to 2.17 under check practice. Besides this, the demonstrated plots
gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice.
The results clearly showed the positive impact of front line demonstrations over farmers practice towards
increasing the productivity of brinjal in Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. On an average 34.11 per cent
yield increase was observed in demo plots over farmers’ practice. Demonstrated technologies proved
more remunerative and economically feasible to the brinjal growers than their conventional methods.
Key Words: Brinjal, Economics, Extension gap, Technology gap, Technology index, Yield.

INTRODUCTION crop occupies an area of 7.30 lakh hectares with

To cater the needs of farmers and for transfer production of 128.01 lakh tones and productivity
of technology from lab to land, Krishi Vigyan of 17.50 t/ha in India. West Bengal, Odisha,
Kendras (KVKs) have been established in all the Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
states. One of the main mandated activities of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are leading states
KVKs is organizing front-line demonstrations of in brinjal cultivation in India. Madhya Pradesh
newly released crop production and protection occupies with an area of 51350 ha and production
technologies and its management practices in the of 1073630 tones and average productivity being
farmers’ field under different agro-climatic regions20.91 tons / ha which is 19.48 per cent higher than
the national average of 17.50 t /ha during 2017-18
and farming situations for the benefit of farmers. It
is a long term educational activity conducted in a (Anon, 2018). The brinjal is cultivated all season of
systematic manner in farmers’ field to show worth the year in Seoni district, which gives good returns
of a new practice/technology Seeing is believing is to the farmers. In recent years the brinjal shoot
the basic philosophy of field demonstration. and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenne has
Madhya Pradesh with its huge geographical become very serious problem in the district which
area and diverse agro-climatic conditions favours affect considerable yield loss of 50 to 70 per cent.
growing of large number of vegetable crops. Brinjal Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni conducted integrated
(Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop management on brinjal yield and economics
*Corresponding Author”s Email: nikhilsingh478@gmail.com
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni, JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P. India
2
Raja Bhoj Collage of Agriculture, Waraseoni, Balaghat , JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P. India

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 65-69

65
 Singh and Bisen
through frontline demonstration at farmers’ field. convincing farmers and extension functionaries
The main objective of frontline demonstration was together about the brinjal production technologies
to demonstrate newly released crop production, for further wide scale diffusion. Therefore, a study
protection technologies and its management on effect of integrated crop management practices
practices at the farmer’s field under different agro- on yield and economics of Brinjal in Seoni district
climatic regions and farming situations and also of Madhya Pradesh was conducted during 2017-18
to 2019-20
Table 1. Adoption of Demonstration Package and Farmers’ Practice in Brinjal FLD.
Particular Technological intervention Existing practices Gap
Variety Kashi Sandesh Local or unknown private Full gap
hybrid/variety
Seed rate 150 g /ha 200 g /ha Partial gap
Seed treatment Seed was treated with carbendazim+ Not Known Full gap
mancozeb @ 2.5 g /kg seed
Seedling treatment Seedling root dip with Chlorantranilprole18.5 Not Known Full gap
SC@ 0.5ml / L water for 30 min
Transplanting Transplanting on raised bed Flat bed Full gap
method
Spacing 90 cm x 60 cm 60 cm x 30 cm Partial gap
Application of Fertilizer @ 125 kg N, 80 kg P2 O5 and 80 kg Nil/without Partial gap
recommended dose K2o recommendation
of fertilizer
WSF Spray Foliar spray of 2% N:P:K 19:19:19 at No application Full gap
20,40,60 DAT
Application of Bio Soil application of Azospirillum No application Full gap
fertilizer & PSB @ 2 kg/ha mix with FYM
Plant protection Need based application of plant protection Not followed, irrespective Partial gap
measures for bio-pesticides and chemical for control: of disease and pest used
control of insect Fruitfly, mites and sucking pest - Spraying plant protection chemical
pest and disease with diamethoate (30 EC) 2.0 ml/L of combined together without
water. Shoot and fruit borer: Installation of compatibility of chemicals
Pheromone trap @ 10/ha + Baveria Basiana and not identified pest and
@ 1 L/ha + Spray of 5 %NSKE, Spray of
Emamectin benzoate 0.6 gm/L of water. Leaf disease for spraying.
curling – spraying with Imidacloprid 0.3
ml/L of water for vector control.
Powdery mildew – spraying of carbendizim
1g/L of water
Fussarium wilt – Drenching with copper oxy-
chloride 3 g/L of water.
Bacterial wilt - Drenching with streptocycline
0.5 g/L of water
Harvesting Manual Manual No Gap

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 65-69

66
 Effect of Integrated Crop Management Practices
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Front line demonstrations were conducted
on brinjal crop at farmers’ field of Seoni district,
Madhya Pradesh state during the year 2017-18 to
2019-20 (three consecutive years) in three villages
namely Chikhli ,Babai and Dheka. During these
three years of study an area of 12 ha was covered
under FLD with active participation of 30 farmers
for demonstrating the yield potential in brinjal.
The critical inputs were supplied to farmers and
applied as per the package of practices for brinjal
crop recommended by JNKVV, Jabalpur .Before
conducting FLDs, a list of farmers was prepared
from group meeting and specific skill training was
imparted to the selected farmers regarding different
aspects of cultivation. The difference between
the demonstration package and existing farmers
practices are mentioned in Table 1.
In demonstration plots, use of quality seeds
of improved hybrid Kashi Sandesh procured
from IIVR, Varanasi were sown in nursery and
transplanted in raised bed with using balanced
fertilization, timely application of herbicide and
pesticides. The traditional practices were taken as a
local check. The data on output were collected from
FLD plots as well as control plots, and finally the
extension gap, technology gap, technology index;
economics of demonstration along with the benefit
cost ratio were worked out. The demonstrated
trials were regularly monitored and necessary
data related to all necessary traits of the new
varieties were collected. In addition to this, data on
traditional practices followed by the farmers were
also collected. Technology gap, extension gap and
technology index were worked out as per formula
suggested by Samui et al (2000) and Dayanand et
al (2012) as given below:
1. Technology gap = Potential yield (kg/ha) - Demonstration
yield (kg/ha);
2. Extension gap = Demonstration yield (kg/ha) - Farmers
yield (kg/ha)
(PI - DI)
3. Technology index = x 100
PI
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 65-69
67
Yield of Demonstrated plot-
Yield of Control Plot
4. Impact on Yield = x 100
Yield of Control Plot
(% increase over control)
RESULTS AND DISCCUSION
It was observed that the productivity of brinjal
in Seoni district under improved production
technologies ranged between 379.66 to 396.26 qha
with a mean yield of 387.78 qha. The percent increase
yield under improved production technology ranged
from 24.59 to 40.26 in respective years. This yield
indicated the significant difference in yield before
and after conduct of FLD. It means that even after
FLD, there was wider adoption of demonstrated
technologies. These findings were in line with
research of Yadav et al (2004). Increased fruit yield
of brinjal was mainly because of high yielding
potential variety, soil type and proper management
of crop as well as need based application of pesticide
to control insect pest. The result revealed the
positive effects of FLD over the existing practices
as it enhanced the yield of brinjal in Seoni district
of Madhya Pradesh. The above findings were
similar with the findings of Singh et al (2011). The
extension gap ranging between 74.94 to 111.21 q/
ha during the period of study emphasizes the need
to educate the farmers through various means for
the adoption of improved agricultural production to
reverse the trend of wide extension gap. The trend of
technology gap ranging between 203.74 to 220.34
q /ha reflected the farmer’s cooperation in carrying
out such demonstration with encouraging results
in subsequent years. The technology gap observed
may be attributed to the dissimilarity in soil fertility
status and weather condition. Similar findings were
also recorded by Singh et al (2016). The technology
index shows the feasibility of the demonstrated
technology at the farmers’ field. The technology
index of demonstration varied from 33.95 to 36.72
per cent. On an average technology index was
observed 35.36 per cent under FLD programme
 Singh and Bisen
Table 2. Technology gap, Extension gap, Technology index and Productivity enhancement in Brinjal.
Year Fruit yield (q/ha) (%) Increase Technology Extension Technology
Potential Demonstration Control in productivity gap (q/ha) gap (q/ha) index (%)
2017-18 600.00 379.66 304.72 24.59 220.34 74.94 36.72
2018-19 600.00 396.26 288.17 37.50 203.74 108.09 33.95
2019-20 600.00 387.43 276.22 40.26 212.57 111.21 35.42
Average 387.78 289.70 34.11 212.21 98.08 35.36

which showed the efficacy of good performance of
technological interventions. Lower technological
index of the crops shows the more adoption of
technological intervention and increased yield
performance of the crop. The findings of the present
study were in line with the findings of Mitra et al
(2010) and Katare et al(2011).
Economic of brinjal production
In order to ascertain the economic feasibility
of the demonstration technologies over and above
the control economic impact of demonstrated
brinjal production technology was worked out by
calculating total cost of cultivation, gross return,
net return and B:C ratio (BCR) of before FLD
plot and after FLD plot. Total cost of cultivation
was calculated by total sum of expenditure of
land preparation, seed, manure and fertilizers,
plant protection measures, irrigation and labour
component. It was found that the cost of production
of brinjal under demonstration varied from Rs
80555 to Rs. 97644 /ha with an average of Rs
89246 as against Rs 78066 to 88964/ha with an
average of Rs 82450/- under control. The additional
cost increased in the demonstration was mainly
due to more cost involved in balanced fertilizer,
procurement of improved hybrid and IPM practices.
This finding was in corroboration with the findings
of Mokidue et al (2011) and Tomar (2010) The data
revealed that the net return from the demonstration
were substantially higher than control plots. B:C
ratio was recorded to be higher under demonstration
against control during all the years of study.
Scientific method of brinjal cultivation can reduce
the technology gap to a considerable extent, thus
leading to increased productivity of brinjal in the
district which in turn will improve the economic
condition of the growers. Moreover, extension
agencies in the district need to provide proper
technical support to the farmers through different
educational and extension methods to reduce the
extension gap for better brinjal production in the
district.
CONCLUSION
Frontline demonstration was effective changing
of farmers towards the adoption of integrated
crop management in brinjal production. Most of
the farmers became aware about recommended
production practices of brinjal after conducting
the frontline demonstration on farmers field. Yield
of brinjal, net return and B:C ratio were found
to increase in demonstrated plot as compared to
farmers practice. The productivity gain under FLD
over existing practices of brinjal cultivation created
greater awareness and motivated the other farmers
to adopt suitable production technology of brinjal in
the district. The demonstrated improved practices
were superior compared to farmers’ practice.
The farmers expressed positive attitude towards
the demonstrations through their perception on
the technology. However the technology need
to be popularized to decrease the extension gaps,
technology gap, technology index, adoptions
gaps and there by yield gap so as to increase the
income of farmers. The economic details of the
demonstrations give us a green signal to further
popularize them among the farming community for
large scale adoption.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 65-69

68
 Effect of Integrated Crop Management Practices

Table 3. Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha), net return (Rs/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of Brinjal as affected
by demonstration and local practices control.
Year Yield (q/ha) Cost of Cultivation Gross Return Net Return Benefit Cost ratio
(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio
Demonstration Control Demonstration Control Demonstration Control Demonstration Control Demonstration Control

2017-18 379.66 304.72 80555 78066 189830 152360 109275 74294 2.35 1.95
2018-19 396.26 288.17 89540 80321 237756 172902 148216 92581 2.65 2.15
2019-20 387.43 276.22 97644 88964 271201 193354 173557 104390 2.77 2.17
Average 387.78 289.70 89246 82450 232929 172872 143682 90421 2.59 2.09

REFERENCES
Annonymous (2018). Horticultural Statistics at a Glance.
Horticulture statistics division. Department of
Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Ministry of
Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Government of India
Chapke R R (2012). Impact of Frontline Demonstrations on
Jute (Corchorus olitorius). Journal of Human Eco 38 (1):
37-41
Das P (2007). As quoted from: Proceedings of the Meeting of
DDG (AE), ICAR, with Officials of State Departments,
ICAR Institutes and Agricultural Universities, NRC
Mithun, Jharnapani on 5th October 2007,‘ Zonal
Coordinating Unit, Zone – III, Barapani, Meghalaya,
India.
Dayanand V R K. and Mehta SM (2012). Boosting mustard
production through front line demonstrations. Indian Res
J Ext Edu 12 (3): 121-123.
Katare S , Pandey S K and Mustafa M (2011). Yield
gap analysis of Rapeseed-mustard through front line
demonstrations. Agric Update 6: 5-7.
Manan J, Sharma M, Singh G and Singh G (2015). Package
of practices followed by farmers and its effect on Wheat
yield in district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan 4(1): 67-71.
Mitra Biplab and Samajdar Tanmay (2010). Yield gap analysis
of rapeseed –mustard through frontline demonstration.
Agric Extn Rev 22 (1) : 16-17.
Mokidue I, Mohanty A K and Sanjay K( 2011). Correlating
growth, yield and adoption of urd bean technologies.
Indian J Ex Edu 11(2): 20-24
Samui SK, Maitra S, Roy DK, Mandal AK and Saha D (2000).
Evaluation on front line demonstration on groundnut. J
Indian Soc Costal Agric Res 18:180-183
Singh A, Singh L and Prasad R (2002). Effect of front line
demonstration on pulse yield during different seasons in
Uttar Pradesh. Indian Res J Ext Edu 2 (2):64-66
Singh D V, Mukhi S K and Mohapatra M R (2016). Yield Gap
Analysis of Toria (Brassica campestris ) through Front
Line Demonstration in Kandhamal District of Odisha,
Indian J Ext Edu 52 (3& 4): 167-170
Singh R, Soni R L, Singh V and Bugalia HL. (2011).
Dissemination of improved production technologies of
solanaceous vegetable in Hanswara district of Rajasthan
through Frontline demonstration. Rajsthan J Ext Edu 19:
97- 100
Tomar R K S (2010). Maximization of productivity for
chickpea (Cicer arietinum Linn.) through improved
technologies in farmers field. Indian J Natul Produ Resou
1(4): 515-517.
Yadav D B , Kamboj B K and Garg R B (2004). Increasing
the productivity and profitability of sunflower through
front line demonstrations in irrigated agro-ecosystem of
eastern Haryana. Haryana J Agron. 20 (1&2): 33-35
Received on 03/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

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69
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00014.8

Effect of Different Agro-Waste Substrates on Yield Performance

of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju )
Pardeep Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra- 176 001 (Himachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer) was cultivated on different agro-wastes viz.,
wheat straw, black gram straw, maize straw, maize hulled cobs and okra straw and their combination
in 1:1 proportion to determine the effect of these agro-wastes on different parameters such as spawn
running, fruiting bodies formation pinhead formation, yield and biological efficiency (BE). Black
gram straw+ wheat straw showed significantly highest yield (3.78kg/5kg straw) with 75.6 per cent
BE and lesser time for spawn run (13.44 d) and pin head appearance (18.66 d) followed by maize dry
leaves+ hulled cobs+ wheat straw (3.60kg/5kg straw) with 72.0 per cent BE and wheat straw resulted
(3.45kg/5kg straw) yield with 69.0 per cent BE. Maize hulled cobs required 16.66 and 23.33 days time
for spawn run and pin head appearance, respectively and resulted less yield (2.75kg/5kg straw) with
55.0 per cent BE. All the tested substrates were found suitable for the growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju.
Key Words: agro-wastes, biological efficiency, Pleurotus sajor-caju, yield.

INTRODUCTION to their flavor, texture, nutritional value and high

Oyster Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr. Singer) is an
edible mushroom represent basidiomycetous fungi,
characterized by fruiting bodies with eccentric
stalk attached to the pileus that opens like an oyster
shell during morphogenesis. These mushrooms
namely Pleurotus species are described as food
delicacies because of their characteristic biting
texture and flavor. It can be grown at temperature
ranging from 20 to 300 C and 80-90% RH. The best
growing season is from March/April to September/
October and in the lower regions from September/
October to March/April. P. sajor caju is rich source
of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals & vitamins.
Mushroom contains digestible proteins (10-40%),
carbohydrates (3-21%), dietary fiber (3-3.5%),
on dry weight basis which is higher than those
of vegetables and fruits and of superior quality
(Mallavadhani et al, 2006). High potassium to
sodium ratio contain in Pleurotus species helps to
cure patients suffering from hypertension and heart
diseases. Mushroom as an excellent food source to
alleviate malnutrition in developing countries due
Corresponding Author’s Email: pkdogra2007@rediffmail.com
productivity per unit area (Eswaran et al, 2000).
Bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues through
cultivation of Pleurotus species offers an opportunity
to utilize renewable resources in the production
of edible protein rich food that will sustain food
security for people in developing countries
(Sanchez et al, 2002). Mushroom production gives
additional or alternative income to farmers looking
for a value added product and a way to supplement
farm income while making use of byproducts from
other crops. Therefore, present investigations were
undertaken with a view to find the feasibility of
utilizing several locally available lignocellulosic by
products as potential substrates for the cultivation
of oyster mushroom and determination of their
optimum yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The different substrates selected for cultivation
of oyster mushroom were wheat straw (Triticum
aestivum) black gram straw (Vigna mungo), maize
(stem, leaves, cobs) straw (Zea mays), okra straw

70 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74

 Pardeep Kumar
(Abelmoschus esculentus). All the substrates were
dried and cut into 3-4cm long pieces except wheat
straw. The maize cobs were crushed into small
pieces and all the substrates were soaked in water
for 8-10 hr in cemented pond to obtained 70-75
per cent moisture level. All the substrates were
sterilized by boiling method where the substrates
were boiled for one hour at 70-75oC, stalked on the
steep cemented floor so as to remove the excessive
moisture from the substrates to get 65-75 per cent
moisture level. The substrates were cooled up to
room temperature (25oC). A local method was
developed for determination of moisture in which
moisture was determined by pressing a handful
mixture. If there was no water runoff and the
material stayed in form indicates that the moisture
content was around 65 per cent.
Five kilogram of each substrate was filled in
transparent polythene bag (30x45cm) and seeded
with 150g of P. sajor-caju. The pinholes at 10-
12cm distance were also done in the bags with help
of sterilized led pencil in 2 per cent formaldehyde
solution. The bags were incubated in dark cropping
room where ambient temperature ranged between
22-28+10C. The humidity 80–90 per cent of the
room was maintained by spraying of water twice
a day on the floor covered with jute bags. After
complete colonization of substrate polythene was
removed and bags were put on the bamboo made
structure for fruiting. The humidity of the bags was
accomplished by spraying of water on them twice
a day. The experiment was laid out in complete
randomized design (CRD) with three replications
and five treatments. Time was recorded in days for
the completion of growth of mycelium on substrates,
appearance of pinheads and maturity of fruiting
bodies in different treatments. The data on average
values of observations were also recorded for the
yield, number of fruit bodies. Biological efficiency
of mushroom on fresh weight basis was calculated
by using formula given by Chang and Miles (1989).
Yield of fruiting body (g)
Biological efficiency (%) = ----------------------------------×100
Total weight of substrate used (g)
71 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The three phases of mushroom cultivation i.e.,
spawn running, pinheads formation and fruiting
bodies require proper temperature and humidity.
Temperature 22+28 and 80-90 per cent humidity
showed good results.
Spawn running
It was evident (Table 1) that the time taken to
colonize the substrates was 2-3 wk after spawning.
Maximum duration of spawn run was recorded
on okra straw (18.22d) followed by maize straw
(17.66d) and wheat straw (17.33d). Among all
the test substrate combinations, least duration for
spawn run was taken by blackgram starw+ wheat
straw (13.44 d) whereas black gram straw alone
taken 16.33 d. Similar studies were also undertaken
by Asraf et al (2013) on cotton, wheat and rice straw
and observed fastest (minimum number of days)
spawn running, primordial initiation, harvesting
stage, maximum number of fruiting bodies and
maximum yield on cotton waste.
Pinhead formation
The pinhead formation is the second stage of
mycelia during cultivation of mushroom. Small
pinhead like structures were observed, these
pinhead were formed 3-9 d after spawn running
(Table1). The data revealed that maximum duration
was taken by the maize stem straw for the pinhead
formation (8.78d) followed by blackgram straw
(7.92d) whereas in combined treatments, maize dry
leaves+ maize hulled cobes+ wheat straw took only
2.77 d for primordial formation followed by maize
hulled cobes+ wheat straw (3.67d) and wheat straw
alone took (4.33d). Our results corroborated with
Ahmed (1986) who stated that Pleurotus ostreatus
completed spawn running in 17-20 days on different
substrates and the time for pinhead formation was
noted as 23-27d. These findings are conformity
with Quimio (1978) who reported that fruit bodies
appeared within 3-4 wk after inoculation of spawn.
Fruiting bodies formation
The fruiting bodies appeared 3-7 d after pinhead
 Effect of Different Agro-Waste Substrates

Table 1. Days taken for completion of spawn running, fruit bodies formation and pinhead formation
of P. sajor-caju on different agro-wastes.
Substrate Spawn Pinhead Fruiting bodies Number of
running formation formation fruit bodies
(days) (days) (days) (Average)
Black gram straw 16.33 24.22 26.66 28.45
Maize stem straw 17.66 26.44 27.33 24.54

Maize hulled cobs 16.66 23.33 26.77 26.14

Okra straw 18.22 25.33 31.44 23.33
Black gram straw+ wheat straw 13.44 18.66 23.33 32.66
Maize straw + wheat straw 16.67 24.66 26.65 30.55
Maize dry leaves+ wheat straw 14.33 19.33 21.69 26.22
Maize hulled cobs + wheat straw 15.66 19.33 22.66 29.33
Okra straw + wheat straw 16.66 23.66 26.22 28.33
Maize dry leaves+ hulled cobs+ wheat straw 15.67 18.44 22.21 35.66
Wheat straw (Check) 17.33 21.66 28.33 26.33
CD (0.05%) 2.09 2.21 3.45 3.22

formation and took 18-28 da= later after inoculation
of spawn (Table1). Sharma and Jandaik (1981)
reported that P. sajor-caju cultivation on wheat
straw took 32 d for the first harvest. Similar
results were reported by Chandra et al (2013) who
observed faster colonization (22.80d), primordial
initiation (29 d) and first harvest in maize stalk with
rice bran followed by pea waste and rice bran.
Average number of fruit bodies ranged between
23.33-35.66 d in three flushes (Table1). Highest
number of fruit bodies (35.66) were produced
by maize dry leaves+ hulled cobs+ wheat straw
followed by black gram straw+ wheat straw
(32.66), maize straw + wheat straw (30.55), maize
hulled cobs + wheat straw (29.33) and black gram
straw (28.45) whereas least number of fruit bodies
(23.33) were harvested from okra straw. Similar
studies were also reported by Tupathar and Judhao
(2006). Asraf et al (2013) reported that cotton waste
produced maximum number of fruit bodies 4.33 ±
0.42 followed by wheat straw (3.80 ± 0.30) and rice
straw (3.53 ± 0.24).
Yield of oyster mushroom
The crop was harvested in three flushes where
maximum yield was obtained in first flush than the
second and third flush. The results obtained (Table
2) showed that out of five substrates evaluated for
their potential to produce sporophores of P. sajor-
caju, black gram straw+ wheat straw supported 9.56
per cent higher yield as compared to wheat straw as
check. The significantly highest yield of mushroom
was recorded on black gram straw+ wheat straw
(3.78kg) and Maize dry leaves+ hulled cobs+ wheat
straw (3.60kg) followed by wheat straw (3.45kg).
The mushroom yield obtained in case of black gram
straw was 3.30kg whereas with okra and maize
straw it was 3.10 and 2.82 kg, respectively. Other
substrates have also proved to be the promising
substrates for the cultivation of oyster. Mane et al
(2007) grew P. sajor caju in several agro-industrial
residues viz., cotton processing residue, wheat straw,
soy straw, pea stalk and peanut stalk. Tupatkar and
Jadhao (2006) conducted the similar studies on
different substrates including wheat straw, paddy

72 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74

 Pardeep Kumar
straw, soybean stalks and reported that paddy straw
(613 g/kg of dry straw) followed by soybean straw
(557 g/ kg of dry straw) and combination of soybean
straw plus wheat straw 1:1 w/w (508 g/kg of straw)
gave optimum yield. The lower performance and
yield of different agricultural wastes might be
due to low lignolytic and cellulolytic activity.
However, high and significant performance
of other substrates ensures the possibilities
of utilizing the locally available substrates for
Pleurotus sajor- caju cultivation.
Biological Efficiency
Considerable variation was found in yield of
oyster mushroom using different substrates. The
biological efficiency was calculated on the dry
weight basis of the substrate. It was evident that
the substrates, black gram straw+ wheat straw
showed best biological efficiency (75.6%) followed
by maize dry leaves+ hulled cobs+ wheat straw
(72.0%), wheat straw (69.0%), black gram straw
(66.0%) and maize straw + wheat straw (65.8%).
Similar results were reported with P. sajor-caju
by Dias et al (2003). Patil (2012) reported faster
mycelial growth and highest yield (348.13 g per 25
cm × 15 cm bag) with 87.03 per cent BE from maize
stalk with rice bran and second best yield (299.53
g) with 74.88 per cent BE was recorded from pea
residue with rice bran. Dehariya and Vyas (2013)
reported that among all the combinations soybean
straw + wheat straw showed significantly highest
yield (with 87.3 per cent B.E.) and soybean straw +
saw dust showed significantly lesser yield (43.8%
B.E). Pleurotus sajor- caju was found to utilize all
the agricultural wastes and were observed suitable
for spawn run, yield and biological efficiency (Das
et al, 2000).
CONCLUSION
It was evident from the study that different
substrates significantly affected the number of
primordia and fruiting bodies, and the amount of
fresh weight or yield of oyster mushroom. The
highest number of primordia and fruiting bodies and
73 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74
the amount of fresh weight was obtained with black
gram straw+ wheat straw in all flushes whereas, the
lowest with maize straw alone. However high and
significant performance of other substrates ensures
the possibilities of utilizing the locally available
agricultural wastes for Pleurotus sajor- caju
cultivation.
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caju). Agri Sci Digest 26(3): 224-226.
Received on 6/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

74 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 70-74

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 75-81 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00015.X

Effect of Different Sowing Dates on the Performance of Maize

Md. Jewel Alam1*, Kazi Shahanara Ahmed2, Most. Khairun Nahar3,
Sabera Akter4 and Md. Azam Uddin5
Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensigh, Dhaka (Bangladesh)

ABSTRACT
The research experiment was conducted on maize in order to find out the effect of different sowing dates
on the performance of maize at Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh
Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensigh during Rabi season of 2016-17. The experiment was laid
out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. BARI Hybrid Butta-09 variety
of Maize and nine sowing dates viz. 3rd(S1) & 4th(S2) week of October; 1st(S3), 2nd(S4), 3rd(S5) & 4th(S6)
week of November; 1st(S7), 2nd(S8) & 3rd(S9) week of December were used as experimental crop and
sowing dates, respectively.All sowing dates showed significantly different effect on yield. The results of
present investigation revealed that maximum morpho-physiological characters, yield components and
yield was obtained with better quality sown on 1st week of November as sowing dates than others due
to ensuring the highest plant height (223.66cm), number of cob/ plant (1.73), cob length without husk
(23.23cm), number of grain/ cob (641.21), grain weight/cob(235.16) and maximum grain yield (10.56
t/ha), which was followed the increasing order of yield were S4<S5<S6< S7< S8< S9< S2< S1.In case of
correlation between different sowing dates and yield, the present study showed that very strongly significant
negative correlation between sowing dates and grain yield of maize. Therefore, considering all facts, 1st
week of November as sowing date could be recommended to the maize grower for the most effective for
producing of maize. Henceforth, in addition, 2nd week of November could also be suggested for second
best effective sowing date where second crop of cropping pattern is not available or not apply in the field.
Key Words: Maize, Performance, Morpho-physiological characters, Sowing dates, Yield attributes, Yield

INTRODUCTION feeding a bourgeoning poultry and fish feed and rests

In Bangladesh, maize (Zea mays L.) is the
second most important cereal crops after rice both in
terms of area and production (Alam et al, 2020). Its
production in Bangladesh is about 3.3 MT annually
in 2018-2019 (BBS, 2020). Maize is often referred
as ‘king of grain crop’ due to its highpotential of
productivity. The productivity of maize is very
low compared to neighboring countries but, more
than about 90per cent of the home grown maize is
are used as human food (Alam et al, 2019a,b&c,
2018, 2014). In addition, it is a rich source of
food and fodder now a day for rearing of poultry
and fish. Maize is also used in many industries for
manufacture of corn sugar, oil, protein, corn-flacks,
soup, salad, starch, glucose, dextrose and corn syrup
etc. This demand should be meet up by increasing
yield of maize. For obtaining optimum production,
seed must be sown on proper time so that insect pest

*Correspondent Author’s Email:agjewel32251@bau.ed.bd

1
PhD Researcher, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
2
Professor, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
3
Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
4
Metropolitan Agriculture Officer, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
5
Additional Deputy Director, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh

75 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 75-81

 Alam et al

infestation may be minimumor not. Yield loss due performance of maize with respect to crop morpho-
to insect pest infestation occur if the crop sown to physiological characters, yield attributes and yield.
early or late (Sanp and Singh, 2018). It is the matter
of worried that maize production is hindered by MATERIALS AND METHODS
sowing dates (Alam et al,2019a,b, 2020). The research experiment was conducted at
Farmers who plant maize early are concerned Entomology Field Laboratory under Department of
about frost, poor emergence and poor growth of plant. Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University
On the other hand, farmers who late plant maize are (BAU), Mymensingh during Rabi season of 2016-
concerned about that how late planting might affect 17 in order to know the best sowing date of maize
the final grain yield and grain moisturelike mustard production so that maximum yield will be produced.
crop (Ahmed et al,2011 and Alam et al, 2015a,b,c). The site was situated at 24.75 N latitude and 0.50
Drought occurring at flowering can lead to greater E longitudes at an average altitude of 18m above
losses than when it occurs at other developmental the mean sea level. The site of experiment belongs
stages (Ahmed et al, 2011). High temperature at to the Sonatola series of the dark grey floodplain
very early sowing which has detrimental effects soil type under Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Agro-
like inhibits pollination, increase respiration and Ecological Zone (AEZ-9) (Alam et al, 2019b,
transpiration rates, and in this way, limit dry matter c). The details of weather information regarding
accumulation, which can cause loss the grain yield temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine
(Ahmed et al, 2011). If sowing is delayed as a hours prevailed at the experimental site during the
result the plant doesn’t get the proper conditions study period is presented in Table 1. The field was
for its growth and results in low productivity or a medium high land with well drained silty-loam
complete failure of the germination. Maize yield texture having pH value 6.5 and moderate fertility
is note worthy reduced by hot, dry conditions at level with 1.67per cent organic matter content and
inflorescence stage. It is the most important that other nutrient components well (Table 2). The land
this inflorescence stage be reached when there is a well-drained silty-loam texture and the condition
would normally be maximum chance of cloud of climate was moderately cold and high humid with
cover and reasonable moisture (Khan et al, 2002). frequent wind during the vegetative stage.
Low yield rate in the late sown crop is mainly due Before final ploughing, all fertilizers were
to unfavorable environmental effects encountered applied during land preparation except urea and
during the reproductive phase and due to the low Muriate of Potash (MOP). One-fourth of urea
net assimilation rate (Sharma and Saxena, 2002). and MOP were applied at the time of final land
Sowing date is probably the most important preparation. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
reason to variation due to the great differences in sulphur, mangnishium, zinc and boron fertilizers
weather at sowing time between seasons and within were applied in form of urea, triple super phosphate,
the range of climates (Alam et al, 2020).Therefore, MOP, gypsum, magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate
to skip the yield loss and safe eco-system through and boric acid at the rate of 250, 80, 120, 45, 8,
proper sowing of maize in field, scientists are 3 and 2.4 kg/ ha, respectively (FRG, 2012, Alam
endeavoring to find out the suitable sowing dates et al, 2019b, c, 2020). Maize var. BARI Hybrid
for achieving higher yield, which don’t have such Butta-09 variety was used as experimental crop.
negative impacts on the production of maize and The experiment consisted of nine (09) dates of
the environments. Keeping in view above scenario, sowing (Table 3).
the present experiment was conducted with the The seed rate of maize was 20kg/ha. Remaining
objective to effect of different sowing dates on the urea and MOP were applied three equal installments

76 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 75-81

 Effect of Different Sowing Dates

Table 1. Meteorological data recorded at the experimental site during the study period.
During 2016-17
Month Average Temperature Relative Humidity (%) Average Rainfall Total sunshine
(0C) (mm) (hr)
Max. Min. Av. Max. Min. Av.
January 23.5 12.0 18.0 97.0 56.0 84.0 18.2 84.70
Feb 27.8 16.8 22.3 96.0 52.0 80.0 4.0 137.8
March 31.0 20.1 25.5 94.0 52.0 75.0 104.8 190.2
April 32.4 24.3 28.4 92.0 65.0 81.0 25.6 171.2
May 32.0 23.7 27.9 93.0 65.0 81.0 331.1 165.3
June 32.7 26.2 29.5 94.0 70.0 84.0 388.8 149.5
July 31.6 26.5 29.1 95.0 74.0 87.0 522.7 101.8
Aug 33.2 26.8 30.0 92.0 66.0 81.0 97.6 179.6
Sept 32.0 26.1 29.1 95.0 73.0 87.0 408.6 125.6
Oct 32.4 24.2 28.3 96.0 64.0 84.0 31.70 200.9
Nov 29.5 18.1 23.4 97.0 52.0 81.0 1.0 204.8
Dec 27.5 14.6 21.1 97.0 48.9 81.4 0.0 180.3
Source: Weather Record (2018), Department of Irrigation and Water Management, BAU, Mymensingh

at pre-vegetative stage, full vegetative stage and
early corn formation stage. Weeding, irrigation and
other intercultural operation were done properly
as and when necessary for better growth and
development of maize.
The investigated field experiment was laid out
in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
BARI Hybrid Butta-09 variety, replicated thrice
with nine (09) sowing dates as treatments. The crop
was sown in line according to mentioned treatments
wise in the experimental fields with a plot size of
10m2 (4m×2.5m), spacing of 60×30cm between
row to row and plant to plant, respectively, and the
distance was 70cm between the two plots. Total
number of plots was 27. To assess the impact of
different sowing dates on the performance of maize,
the whole grain was harvested when 95per cent of
the cobs became matured. The harvested cobs were
then threshed, cleaned and dried to moisture content
of 12-14per cent. The grain yield was received from
each replication of each treatment, were weighed
and recorded, and data were converted into yield
per hectare basis according to each replication
of treatment. Plant height was measured using
measuring tape based on centimeter scale just
after harvest of cob and averaged. Cob length (cm)
without husk and diameter of cob without husk
were measured from five randomly selected plants
in each plot (replication) from the middle portion
by measuring tape stretching. They were measured
in centimeters and averaged. Number of cobs and
grain in the five (05) randomly selected plants and
cobs was counted from each replication of treatment
after harvest, respectively. After shelling the grain
from cobs and were divided by the number of cobs.
Then all grains received from each replication
were weighed and on the basis of grain yield per
plot, grain yield per hectare was calculated in
kilogram by using digital weight machine. During
observation, different data were collected on two
main parameters such as morpho-physiological
characters (Plant height, cm) and yield attributes
& yield (number of cob/ plant, cob length without
husk (cm), diameter of cob without husk (cm),
number of grain/ cob, grain weight/cob(g) and grain
yield, t /ha).

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 Alam et al

Table 2. Status of Soil at the research conducted area, Entomology Field Laboratory under
Department of Entomology, BAU, Mymensingh during the Rabi season, 2016-17.
Sites pH OM (%) Total N (%) (meq/100g soil) (ug/g soil)
K P S Zn B
BAU Campus 6.5 1.67 0.082 0.044 8.92 26.73 1.33 0.31
Source: Alam et al, 2020
Table 3. Detail of sowing dates as treatments observed from the date of sowing on 3rd week of
tested on the maize yield. October (S1) which confirms the finding of Buriro et
Sr. Treatment Sowing time Seasonal al (2015). The early and late sowing had significant
No. status effect on plant stature where plants with decreased
height were obtained by sowing of maize earlier as
1. S1 3rd week, Oct Early
compared to 1st and 2nd week of November planting.
2. S2 4th week, Oct
3. S3 1st week, Nov Timely Number of cob/ plant
4. S4 2nd week, Nov There were significant differences among the
5. S5 3rd week, Nov different dates of sowing at 1% level of probability
(Table 4). The highest (1.75) no. of cob/ plant was
6. S6 4th week, Nov Late
obtained from S3(1stweek of November ), which was
7. S7 1st week, Dec found at par with S4 (1.71). They were followed by
8. S8 2nd week, Dec Very late 1.44, 1.42, 1.23, 1.17, 1.11 and 1.06 in S5, S6, S7,
9. S9 3rd week, Dec S8, S9 and S2, respectively. The lowest (1.00) no.
All the recorded data were evaluated for analysis of cob/ plant was recorded in S1. The findings were
of variance (ANOVA) following randomized supported by Sharma and Saxena( 2002) and Sanp
complete block design was performed by using and Singh( 2018)who revealed that maize sown on
R statistics software version 3.5.3 to find out the mid-November had maximum number of cob per
treatment effect, and the mean differences were plant.
adjudged by Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) Cob length (cm)
Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Relation of The sowing dates significantly (P≤0.05) affected
variables with different sowing dates and yield of on length of cob without husk (Table 4). The length
maize was calculated by using Pearson’s Correlation of cob without husk was recorded in the range of
Coefficient and Multiple Regression analysis with 13.68 to 22.72cm. Among the different sowing,
the help of R statistics software version 3.5.3. the maximum (22.72cm) length of cob without
husk was found sown on 1st week of November
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (S3) followed by S4 (22.00cm), S5 (19.06cm),
Plant height (cm) S6 (17.33cm), S7 (17.02cm), S8 (16.29cm), S9
The results of analysis of variance showed that (15.59cm) and S2 (14.15cm), respectively, whereas,
plant height of maize varied significantly (P≤0.05) the minimum (13.68cm) cob length was obtained
due to the effect of different sowing dates (Table sown on 3rd week of October (S1). The results were
4), where maximum (221.62cm) plant height in line with the findings of Gurung et al (2017). In
was noted sown on 1st week of November (S3), this study, 1st week of November had the highest
whereas the minimum (196.76cm) plant height was cob length whereas from sown on mid-December
minimum cob length was obtained.

78 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 75-81

 Effect of Different Sowing Dates

Table 4. Morpho-physiological characters, yield attributes and yield of maize.

Treatment Plant No. of cob/ Cob length No. of Grain wt. Grain Yield
height plant without husk grain/ cob /cob (g) (t/ ha)
(cm) (cm)
S1 196.76gh 1.00f 13.68g 364.75f 128.30h 5.60g
S2 199.25g 1.06f 14.15fg 369.90f 133.90g 5.82f
S3 221.62a 1.75a 22.72a 639.23a 233.18a 10.53a
S4 218.14b 1.71a 22.00ab 603.69b 208.32b 10.21b
S5 215.33cd 1.44ab 19.06c 528.14c 178.04c 9.92c
S6 211.17d 1.42bc 17.33d 498.89c 170.52cd 9.83c
S7 208.80de 1.23cd 17.02de 448.36d 158.19e 7.91d
S8 206.22e 1.17d 16.29e 418.53e 150.49f 7.00e
S9 203.42f 1.11e 15.59ef 398.45e 140.70g 5.97f
Level of significance * ** * ** * *
CV (%) 6.75 8.22 6.17 7.52 5.85 6.76
LSD 2.24 0.08 0.22 21.55 8.01 0.17
SE (±) 1.24 1.16 0.98 1.02 1.45 1.03
In column, means followed by different letters are significantly different, *means at 5% level of probability, **means at 1%
level of probability, CV= Coefficient of variation, LSD= Least significant difference, SE (±) = Standard error, SD= Symbol of
sowing dates.

Number of grain/ cob 158.19g, 150.49g, 140.70g and133.90g in S4, S5,

There were significant different at 1% level of
probability among the different dates of sowing.
Henceforth, number of grain/ cob was significantly
influenced by various sowing dates. Highest
(639.23) number of grain cob-1was obtained sown
on 1st week of November (S3), which was followed
by S4 (603.69), S5(528.14), S6(498.89), S7(448.36),
S8(418.53), S9(398.45) and S2 (369.90), respectively
whereas the smallest (364.75) number of grain/ cob
was observed sown on 3rdweek of October (S1).
Similar type of result was found by Amjadian et al
(2013).
Grain weight/ cob
The results showed that there were significant
differences among the different dates of sowing at
5% level of probability (Table 4). The maximum
(233.18g) grain weight/ cob was got in S3(1stweek of
November) followed by 208.32g, 178.04g, 170.52g,
S6, S7, S8, S9 and S2, respectively. The minimum
(128.30g) grain weight /cob was recorded in S1. This
result agree with the finding by Dahmardesh (2010)
that optimum planting dates resulted in higher grain
weight per cob than early and late planting dates
because of higher cob numbers and greater grain
number per plant.
Grain yield
A significant variation in grain yield of maize
was found under various sowing dates at 5% level
of probability. Maximum (10.53 t/ha) grain yield
was observed sown on 1stweek of November (S3)
followed by S4(10.21t/ ha), S5(9.92t/ ha), S6(9.83t/
ha), S7(7.91t /ha), S8(7.00t /ha), S9(5.97 t/ ha) and
S2(5.82t/ ha), respectively. However, minimum
(5.60t/ ha) grain yield was noted sown on 3rdweek
of October (S1). The results were in agreement with
the finding of Gurung et al (2018).

79 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 75-81

 Alam et al

Table 5. Regression equation between sowing dates and infestation & yield of aphid.
Parameter Correlation Regression equation Coefficient of
Coefficient (r) Y=a + bX determination (R2)
Sowing dates v/s Grain yield -0.983 Y1=7.37-0.663×X1 0.972***
**means at 1% level of probability, ***means at 0.1% level of probability, X1=Sowing dates, Y1= Grain yield

Correlation between different sowing dates and
grain yield of maize
The correlation co-efficient (r) of sowing
dates with pooled data of yield revealed similar
trend viz. -0.983. Thus, there was a strong
significant (P≤0.001) negative correlation between
sowing dates and grain yield of maize during the
experimental season in Bangladesh (Table 5). In
case of the different dates of sowing with grain
yield, the regression equation (Y1=7.37–0.663×X1)
of sowing dates on grain yield (t/ ha) showed the
relationship between the dates of sowing as X1 and
grain yield as Y1, respectively, where the equation
gave a good fit to the data and the co-efficient of
determination (R2=0.972***) fitted regression line
had a significant regression co-efficient. It may be
concluded that if sowing dates early, late or very
late by one (01) week, the grain yield of maize
decrease due to delay in sowing of maize by 0.663
t/ ha. That means sowing dates (early, late or very
late) was strongly negatively correlated decrease
with the grain yield of maize. The equation showed
the decreasing trend of the yield as sowing was
delayed or early.
CONCLUSION
It may be concluded that significant variations
existed among the different sowing dates. The sowing
dates adversely affected on yield components which
ultimately caused a significant decline in grain yield/ Alam M J, Ahmed K S, Mollah M R A, Tareq M Z and
ha. Among the different dates of sowing, maximum
morpho-physiological characters, yield components
and yield was obtained with better quality sown on
Alam M J, Ahmed K S, Sultana A, Firoj S M and Hasan I M
1st week of November as sowing date than others. In
case of correlation between different sowing dates
and yield, the present study showed a very strong
significant negative correlation between sowing date
and grain yield of maize. It is therefore, suggested
that in order to produce maximum yield, maize may
be sown best on 1st week of November as sowing
date in Bangladesh, and 2nd week of November is
the second best, where second crop of cropping
pattern is not available or not apply in the field.
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Buriro M, Bhutto T A, Gandahi A W, Kumbhar I A and Shar
M U (2015). Effect of sowing dates on growth, yield and
grain quality of hybrid maize. J Basic & Appli Sci 11:
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Received on 29/05/2020 Accepted on 05/06/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 82-86 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00017.3

Effect of Liquid Biofertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
L T Kapur1 , R F Thakor2 and P R Ahir3
Gujarat Vidyapith, Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Valsad 396 191 (Gujarat)

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted at Ambach village of Pardi block of Valsad district of Gujarat to study the effect
of liquid biofertilizers (LBF) application including Azotobactor, Phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB)
and Potash mobiliser bacteria (KMB) on the growth and yield attributes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
variety Mukta round. Liquid biofertilizers developed by Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari applied
through seedling treatment @ 30ml/10 l water prior to transplanting and with soil application @ 1l/ha
after 35 days of transplanting as per treatments. The treatments were T1: Control, T2: 100 per cent RDF
(200 kg N: 50 kg P2O5:50 kg K2O /ha), T3: Sole application of LBF i.e Azotobactor, PSB and KMB ,
T4: 75per cent RDF (150 kg N: 37.5 kg P2O5: 37.5 kg K2O/ha) + LBF and T5: 50 per cent RDF (100
kg N: 25 kg P2O5: 25 kg K2O /ha)+ LBF. An application of 100 per cent RDF i.e. T2, through chemical
fertilisers recorded 61.72 per cent more fruit yield than control with BCR 5.66 but it reduced 6.25 per
cent organic carbon, increase salinity and alkalinity after harvest as compare to pre sown status, however
60.73 per cent more fruit yield over control with BCR 5.69 recorded with the application of 75 per cent
RDF (150 kg N: 37.5 kg P2O5: 37.5 kg K2O/ha) with LBF i.e. T4 without deterioration in soil health. An
application of LBF with reduction in RDF up to 25 per cent found more profitable than 100 per cent RDF.
Key Words: Liquid biofertiliser, Azotobactor, Growth hormones, Soil health, Organic carbon, BCR.

INTRODUCTION which can play a key role of the conservation of the

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is most environment (Jangral and Lakra, 2014).
adoptable vegetable in Valsad district with the Eco-friendly liquid biofertilizer (LBF)
production 54.33 Mt (Anon 2018). The soil of Valsad formulation is a promising and updated technology
district is medium black, hilly laterite and coastal can be a safe alternative to chemical fertilizers
saline soils which are poor in fertility. The farmers to minimize the ecological disturbance as they
use large quantity of chemical fertilizers with a view provide nutrients in addition to plant growth
to boost the production. Sole application of costly hormones, vitamins, amino acids etc. (Gurumurthy
chemical fertilizers decreases the profitability of et al, 2019). Liquid biofertilizers (LBF) used in
brinjal cultivation, deteriorates environment and conjunction with chemical fertilizers improves crop
cause harmful impacts on soil microorganism. productivity and nutrient use efficiency. Positive
Chemical fertilizers have various adverse effects effect of LBF application on growth and yield of
on soils i.e. depletes water holding capacity, soil Brinjal also been reported (Saiyad, 2007). Thus,
fertility and disparity in soil nutrients, thus, it should Gujarat Vidyapith, Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Valsad
be replaced with the natural and organic fertilizers

Corresponding Author’s Email:ltkvkambheti@gmail.com, lalit.soilscience@gmail.com

1.Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Valsad(Gujarat)
2.Senior scientist and head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Valsad(Gujarat)
3.Programme assistant, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Valsad(Gujarat)

82 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 82-86

 Kapur et al
conducted experiment to study the effect of liquid
biofertilizers (LBF) (Azotobactor, Phosphorus
solubilising bacteria (PSB) and Potash mobiliser
bacteria (KMB) application with chemical
fertilizers on the growth and yield attributes of
brinjal (Solanum melongena L.).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was conducted with 10
replications during Kharif 2018-19 at Ambach
village of Pardi block of Valsad district with
Randomized block design. The brinjal variety
Mukta round was transplanted with spacing 90 x
75 cm. Overall the soils of experimental plots was
medium black, alkaline, with pH 8.12 , Electrical
conductivity 0.34 dSm-1, Organic carbon 0.48
per cent, Available nitrogen 137 kg/ha., Available
phosphorus 32.8 kg/ha. and Available potash 315
kg/ha. The recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF)
of brinjal crop was 200 kg N: 50 kg P2O5:50 kg
K2O/ha. NPK fertilizers were given in split doses
as top dressing by ring placement. The treatments
were T1: Control, T2: 100 per cent RDF (200 kg N:
50 kg P2O5:50 kg K2O /ha), T3: Sole application of
LBF i.e Azotobactor, PSB and KMB , T4: 75 per
cent RDF (150 kg N: 37.5 kg P2O5: 37.5 kg K2O/ha)
+ LBF and T5: 50 per cent RDF (100 kg N: 25 kg
P2O5: 25 kg K2O /ha)+ LBF.
The bioinoculant cultures (Azotobacter
chrochoccum as Azotobactor, Bacillus polymyxa
as PSB and Bacillus circulans as KMB) were
developed by the Navsari Agricultural University,
Navsari. For seedling treatment, seedlings were
dipped in the culture of liquid biofertilizers @ 30
ml/10 l water for 10 to 15 min. Seedlings were then
allowed to air dry prior to transplanting. After 35
days of transplanting, soil application of LBF @1 l/
ha was carried out. Mean data of plant height at 150
days after transplanting (DAT), number of fruits
per plant, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per
treatment plot were recorded from each plot. Cost
of cultivation per hectare, gross income, net profit
and BCR of each treatment plot was calculated.
Soil samples were collected after harvesting of crop
83 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 82-86
electrical conductivity and pH of soil measured
with a soil-to-water ratio of 1:2.5 at 250 C by
conductometric method and potentiometric method
respectively. Soil organic carbon was measured with
Walkley and Black titration method. Extraction 0.5
M NaHCO3 pH (8.5) Colorimetric method was used
to test the soil available P, and soil available K was
determined with Extraction:1 N H4OAC pH (7.0)
Flame photometric method. The other agronomic
practices were followed uniformly during cropping
season and need based protection measures were
taken.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on growth and yield
The data (Table 1.) showed that maximum plant
height (98.26 cm) at 150 DAT was recorded with
T4 i.e 75 per cent RDF + LBF followed by T2: 100
per cent RDF (98.18 cm), T5: 50 per cent RDF +
LBF (92.13 cm) and T3: Sole LBF application
(84.06 cm), however, minimum plant height (71.44
cm) was recorded in control treatment (T1). Highest
number of fruits per plant was also recorded with
T4 (38.20) was 2.55 per cent higher than T2 (37.25),
which was decreased with T5 (34.62), T3 (31.26)
and T1 (25.13). Result proved that reduction in
RDF upto 25 per cent may be compensated by the
LBF application (Doifode and Nandkar, 2014).
Plant height increased by the application LBF,
attributed to the increased uptake of nutrients in the
plants leading to enhanced chlorophyll content and
carbohydrate synthesis and increased activity of
hormones which in turn helped better proliferation
of root growth and uptake of other nutrients to the
greater extent. So that the enlargement in cell size
and cell division, which might have helped in plant
height and number of fruits per plant. Upadhya et
al (2018).
Highest fruit yield per plant (1075.5 g) and fruit
yield (39.04 t/ha) were recorded with T2. Fruit yield
data recorded with T2 (39.04 t/ha), T3 (29.30 t/ha),
T4 (38.80 t/ha) and T5 (37.12 t/ha) were 61.72per
cent, 21.38per cent, 60.73per cent and 53.77per
 Effect of Liquid Biofertilizer Application

Table 1. Effect of LBF application on growth and yield of brinjal.

S r . Treatment Plant height at 150 No. of fruits per Fruits yield per Fruit Yield
No. DAT(cm) plant plant(g) (t /ha)
1. T1 71.44 25.13 665.0 24.14
2. T2 98.18 37.25 1075.5 39.04
3. T3 84.06 31.26 807.2 29.30
4. T4 98.26 38.20 1068.9 38.80
5. T5 92.13 34.62 1022.6 37.12
CV% 0.645 2.062 0.061 1.838
CD @ 5% 0.521 0.623 0.514 0.561

cent respectively, higher than T1 (24.14 t/ha).
These results were in conformity with the Doifode
and Nandkar, (2014) and Umalaxmi et al (2016).
Such increase in yields due to liquid inoculums
have been attributed to N2-fixation, development
of better root system, production of plant growth
hormones, enhancement in uptake of NO3-, NH4+,
H2PO4-, K+ and Fe++, improvement of plant water
status and increase in nitrate reductase activity.
The increase in fruit yield also was attributed
to the fact that phytohormones produced by the
LBF stimulated root growth and induced changes
in root development and root morphology, which
in turn affected the assimilation of the nutrients
Gurumurthy et al (2019), Aditya Kumar Singh and
Kushwaha (2018).
Effect on soil fertility status
Data (Table.2) revealed that treatment T2 i.e
application of 100 per cent RDF increased the pH
and EC value, 8.17 and 0.36 respectively, although
25 to 50 per cent reduction in RDF in combination
with LBF decreased the pH and EC values, up to
8.09 and 0.29, respectively as compared to status of
soil before crop sown. It indicated that the chemical
fertilizers were responsible for the enhanced
alkalinity and salinity of the soil. These findings
were in close agreement with Jangral and Lakra
(2014) and Doifode (2017). The post-harvest soil
analysis has also found highest values of organic
carbon per cent with T5 (0.54) followed by T4
(0.52), T3 (0.51) and T1(0.47). Sole and combined
application of LBF improves the soil organic carbon

Table 2. Effect of LBF application on soil fertility status after harvest of brinjal.
Sr. Treatment pH (1:2.5) EC Organic Available Available Available
No. at 250C (dSm-1) carbon (per Nitrogen phosphorus potash
cent) ( kg/ ha) (kg/ ha) (kg/ ha)
1. T1 8.07 0.32 0.47 85.0 32.67 227.0
2. T2 8.17 0.36 0.46 140.0 42.19 350.0
3. T3 8.08 0.31 0.51 142.0 41.09 337.0
4. T4 8.10 0.30 0.52 154.0 44.92 354.0
5. T5 8.09 0.29 0.54 158.0 45.62 372.0
Initial 8.12 0.34 0.48 137.0 32.83 315.0
CV % 0.199 3.668 2.547 0.988 2.786 0.505
CD @ 5% 0.015 0.010 0.012 1.217 1.044 1.502

84 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 82-86

 Kapur et al
Table 3. Effect of LBF application on economic parameters of brinjal cultivation

Gross income (Rs./ Total cost of Net profit (Rs.

Sr, No. Treatment
ha) cultivation (Rs./ha)
1. T1 3,13,820.0
2. T2 5,07,520.0
3. T3 3,80,900.0
4. T4 5,04,400.0
5. T5 4,82,560.0
CV % 0.504
CD @ 5% 2001.52
*Selling price @ 13 Rs/kg
up to 12.50 per cent, however application of 100
per cent RDF reduced 4.17 per cent as compared to
status of soil before crop sown. The data indicated
that the chemical fertilizers were responsible for
the reduction of organic carbon from soil, while the
LBF improved it (Doifode, 2017).
Highest value of available nitrogen after harvest
of brinjal was found with T5 (158 kg/ha) followed
by T4 (154 kg/ha), T3 (142 kg/ha), T2 (140 kg/ha),
and T1 (85 kg/ha). Sole and integrated application of
LBF i.e Azotobactor, PSB and KMB were increased
the available nitrogen 3.65 to 15.33 per cent and
sole chemical fertilizer application increased
available nitrogen 2.19 per cent compare to status
of soil before crop sown. Treatment T5, i.e. 50 per
cent RDF + LBF was recorded highest content of
available phosphorus (45.62 kg/ha) and available
potash (372 kg/ha) after harvest of brinjal. It was
also observed that the application of LBF increased
the available phosphorus 25.16 to 38.96 per cent
and available potash 12.38 to 18.10 per cent as
compared to pre sown soil status. Azotobacter fixing
atmospheric nitrogen in soil, however phosphate
solubilizing bacteria and potash mobilising bacteria
increased phosphate and potash availability in soils
which enhances the soil fertility. These findings are
in close agreement with Doifode (2017).
BCR
ha)
68,857.3 2,44,962.7 4.56
91,697.0 4,15,823.0 5.66
69,307.3 3,11,592.7 5.50
88,409.3 4,15,990.7 5.69
87,175.1 3,95,384.9 5.54
0.804 0.591 0.790
591.10 1911.98 0.038
Effect on economic parameters
Data pertaining to economics of brinjal
cultivation (Table 3) noted the highest gross income
(5,07,520 Rs./ha) with T2 i.e. 100 per cent RDF
having a maximum fruit yield, however , maximum
net profit (4,15,990.7 Rs./ ha) and highest
BCR(5.69) was recorded with T4 i.e. 75 per cent
RDF (150 kg N: 37.5 kg P2O5: 37.5 kg K2O/ha) +
LBF due to reduction in cost of cultivation. Data
of experiment revealed that an application of LBF
with reduction in RDF upto 25 per cent found more
profitable than application of 100 per cent RDF.
Singh et al (2015) and Mallick and Patnaik (2018)
also studied that benefit cost ratio was appreciable
when the crop was raised with combined application
LBF and chemical fertilizers.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that maximum yield of fruits
obtained with the 100 per cent RDF (200 kg N: 50 kg
P2O5:50 kg K2O /ha) application although it reduce
organic carbon content, increase pH and EC of soil
and cost of cultivation. However an application of
LBF with 25 percent reduction in RDF (150 kg N:
37.5 kg P2O5: 37.5 kg K2O/ha) i.e. T4 slightly lower
yield, besides improve soil fertility and net profit
with highest BCR. So, Integrated and judicious use
of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers is essential
for soil fertility in the modern agriculture.

85 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 82-86

 Effect of Liquid Biofertilizer Application
REFERENCES
Singh Aditya Kumar and Kushwaha H S (2018). Assessment of
Soybean (Glycine max Merill L.) based cropping systems
through organic and inorganic inputs in Bundelkhand
rgion. J Krishi Vigyan 6(2): 7-12
Anonymous (2018). Horticultural statistics at a glance-2018,
Ministry of agriculture and farmer`s welfare, Govt. of
India. Open access on www.agricoop.nic.in
Doifode V D (2017). Effect of biofertiliers on the soil status of
brinjal fields. Int J Life Sci, 4(1): 06-09.
Doifode V D and Nandkar PB (2014). Influence of biofertilizers
on the growth, yield and quality of Brinjal Crop. Int J
Life Sci, Special Issue A2: 17-20
Gurumurthy H, Shivaprakash M K and Maina C C (2019).
Effect of liquid bioinoculants on biocontrol activities and
growth promotion of Amarathus (Amaranthus cruentus).
J Krishi Vigyan 7 (2) : 94-99
Jangral J and Lakra H (2014). Impact of fertilizers on the
environment sustainability development and agriculture.
GE-Int J Management Res, 2 (2): 160-166
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Mallick JR, Dash S and Patnaik HP (2018). Efficacy of
biorational and eco-friendly control strategies in brinjal
against Epilachna beetle, jassids and whiteflies. J Ento
and Zoology Stu 6 (4): 1581-1585
Saiyad Mohsinali Mehboobali (2007). Field efficacy of
liquid formulation of Azotobacter chroococcum and
Azospirillum lipoferum on brinjal (Solanum melongena
L.), MSc(Thesis), Dept Microbio, B.A College of
Agriculture, AAU, Anand(Guj.)
Singh Rama Kant, Kumar Pankaj, Prasad Birendra and Singh,
S B (2015). Effect of biofertilizers on growth, yield and
economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int Res Agric Eco &
Stat 6 (2) : 386-391.
Umalaxmi T, Dipa K, Rubina K, Dipa M, Victor T.(2016)
Integrated nutrient management in Brinjal- A Review
Study. Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 1(3): 555562.
Upadhyay Megha, Naruka I S, Shaktawat R P S and
Chundawat R S (2018). Evaluation of different sources
of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of
Isabgol (Plantago ovate). J Krishi Vigyan, 6(2) : 105-108
Received on 31/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/02020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00018.5

Effect of Sowing Methods and Weed Management

Practiced on Growth, Yield, Weed Flora and Nutrient Uptake on
Late Sown Chickpea
Mandhata Singh, J S Mishra and B P Bhatt
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Buxar (Bihar)-802 103
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
Chickpea is highly sensitive crop to weed competition as early stage of growth. In the light of fragmental
information available on the response of application of sequential application of herbicides under different
sowing methods, a field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2013-14 to 2015-16. Results
revealed that chickpea sowing in reduced tillage performed better and produced higher number of pods per
plant, seed yield, protein yield and nutrient uptake over conventional tillage. In weed management treatment,
sequential application of pendimethalin@0.75 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence followed by imezethapyr @40g a.i./
ha post-emergence improve the crop growth and produced higher seed yield (1515 kg/ha), protein yield and
nutrient uptake. Weed density and weed dry weight of different species were recorded minimum under reduced
tillage at both 30 and 60 days after sowing. Application of pendimethalin @0.75kg a.i./ha pre-emergence
followed by imezethapyr @40g a.i./ha post-emergence reduced theweed density and weed dry weight
over other treatments and recorded minimum. Weed control efficiency recorded higher with conventional
tillage (70.04%) and closely followed by reduced tillage (70.81%). Pendimethalin@0.75kg a.i./ha pre-
emergence fbimazethapyr @ 40g a.i./ha post-emergence recorded highest weed control efficiency (92.93%).
Key Words: Chickpea, Economics, Growth, Weed management, Yield.

INTRODUCTION stage of crop growth is important since crop-weed

Chickpea or gram (Cicer arietinum)is an
important pulse crop of the semi-arid tropics,
particularly in the rainfed ecology of the Indian
sub-continent. The daily per caput availability of
14g chickpea is a source of approximately 2.3%
(56kcal) energy and 4.7% (2.7g) protein to Indian
population besides, being an important source
of calcium and Iron (10-12%).Chickpea being
slow in its early growth and short stature plant
is poor competitor to weeds, especially during
initial growth period suffers 17-85 percent yield
loss depending upon the nature and intensity of
weed flora and management practices (Singh et
al, 2014).Weed management in chickpea at initial
competition is higher at this stage (Chouhanet al,
2018). Among all the agronomic practices sowing
method assumes the great significance as it brings
considerable change in plant environment with
respect of spacing, light and availability of soil
moisture and consequently influences the crop-weed
competition and crop productivity (Bhargav et al,
2018). In southern part of Bihar, manual weeding
is the most common method of weed management
(Singh, 2018). However, this conventional method
of weed control in chickpea is time consuming,
expensive and laborious. Therefore, it is more
favourable to use herbicides due to non-availability
of human labour resource during peak crop season.

Corresponding Author’s Email: mandhataagro@gmail.com

87 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91

 Singh et al
Pendimethalin at 1.0kg/ha as pre-emergence is the
most common herbicide used in chickpea. There is
a need of post-emergence herbicide to control the
second flush of weeds in chickpea and to reduce
human labour. Recently some of the post-emergence
herbicides such as imazethapyrand quizalofop ethyl
have been found effective in controlling weeds in
pulses. Keeping in view these facts, the present
investigation was undertaken to test the performance
of sowing method and post-emergence herbicide
in combination with pre-emergence herbicides for
providing effective weed control in chickpea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted during
winter season2013-14 to 2015-16, at the Research
farm(25˚34’6.33”N, 83˚59’0.18” E and 63 m above
sea level) of KrishiVigyan Kendra (ICAR Research
Complex for Eastern Region), Buxar.The soil of
experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture
with neutral in reaction (pH-7.2). It was low in
organic C (0.33%) and available nitrogen (168.9kg/
ha), medium in available phosphorus (26.6kg/ha)
and potassium (242.5kg/ha) in soil surface. The
field was kept under rice - wheat cropping system
for the last five years. The experiment was laid out
in split plot design with two sowing methods viz.,
S1- reduced tillage(sowing was done by zero-till
seed cum fertilizer drill after two tillage operation
by cultivator), S2- conventional tillage and five
weed management practices viz., W1- weedy,
W2- weed free, W3- pendimethalin 1.0kg/ha pre-
emergence, W4- pendimethalin0.75kg ai/ha pre
emergence fbimazethapyr (40g ai/ha) at 25 DAS
post-emergence and W5-pendimethalin0.75kg ai/ha
pre-emergencefbquizalofop-ethyl 50g ai/ha at 25
DAS post-emergence.The chickpea variety KWR
108used for test crop. Seed was sown on first week
of December in each year. Herbicides were applied
as per treatments with hand sprayer fitted with
flat-fan nozzle and the spray volume was 500 l/ha.
Density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of weeds
were recorded at different stages of weed growth.
88 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91
Weed and crop samples were analyzed for nutrient
concentration as per the standard procedure. Nutrient
uptake (kg/ha) were calculated by multiplying their
nutrient concentration with weed biomass and crop
yield.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on crop
The number of branches, number of nodules/
plant, nodule dry weight/plant, 100 seed weight and
protein content were not significantly influenced by
sowing method (Table 1). Number of pods per plant
was recorded highest (72.64) with reduced tillage
and significantly superior over conventional tillage
sowing of chickpea (67.42). Seed yield (1382 kg/
ha), stover yield (3021 kg/ha), protein yield (290
kg/ha) and nutrient uptake was associated highest
with reduced tillage and super imposed over
conventional tillage. It could be ascribed due to
reduced tillage enhanced the seed germination and
more absorption of light; proper spacing between
row to row and plant to plant suppress the weed
population and better crop growth resulting more
number of pods/plant led higher seed, stover,
protein yield and nutrient uptake (Mishra et al,
2012).Amongst weed management practices no
of branches/plant and number of nodules/plant,
nodule dry weight were recorded highest with W5.
Number of pods/plant (80.30) and 100 seed weight
(23.6 g)recorded highest under W4 over other weed
management practice, except W5. Protein content
in chickpea grain was not influenced by any weed
management practices. Minimum pod/plant was
recorded with weedy check. Weed management
treatment showed marked improved in seed yield
and maximum seed yield (1515 kg/ha) was recorded
under W4.This result can be attributed due to
marked improvement in yield attributes and better
weed control efficiency. The minimum grain yield
was recorded in weedy check which was attributed
due to more weed growth and poor yield attributes
formations. Results were in agreement with the
findings of Singh et al(2014) and Singh (2016).
89
Table 1. Effect of sowing method and weed management on growth, nodulation, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and
weed control efficiency of chickpea (Pooled data over 3 years).
Treatment No of No of Nodule No of 100 seed Seed Protein Protein Total nutrient Nutrient uptake by Weed control
branches/ nodules/ dry pods/ weight yield content yield (kg/ uptake by crop weeds efficiency (%)
plant plant weight/ plant (g) (kg/ha) (%) ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
plant
N P K N P K
Sowing method
S1 21 25 22 73 24 1382 21 290 81 17 28 2.6 0.5 1.9 70
S2 20 26 21 67 23 1174 21 245 70 14 23 2.7 0.6 2.1 70
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS 4 NS 68 NS 14 4 1 1 0.1 0.03 0.1
Weed management
W1 12 13 11 38 22 619 20 129 35 7 11 9.0 1.9 6.7 0
W2 25 33 30 84 24 1572 22 336 94 20 32 0.0 0.0 0.0 100
W3 19 25 22 71 23 1213 21 246 71 15 23 2.3 0.5 1.8 74
W4 23 28 24 77 24 1515 21 316 89 19 29 0.6 0.1 0.5 93
W5 24 30 25 80 23 1469 21 309 88 19 30 1.3 0.3 1.0 85
CD (P=0.05) 1 1 1 3 1 65 NS 14 4 1 1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Table 2. Effect of sowing method and weed management on weed density of different weed flora (Pooled data over 3 years).
Treatment Density of Density of Vicia Density of
Density of Density of Avena Density of Chenopodium Density of Rumex Density of sativa other weeds
Phalaris minor ludoviciana Cynodon dactylon album retroflexus Anagalis arvensis
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91

Sowing method
S1 3 4 2 3 3 3 10 11 6 8 1 3 10 11 5 6
S2 5 6 3 2 2 2 11 11 8 8 2 2 12 14 6 7
Effect of Sowing Methods and Weed Management

CD (P=0.05) 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 NS 0.4 NS 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3
Weed management
W1 14 17 6 7 5 7 38 43 24 26 5 7 36 42 17 21
W2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W3 3 4 3 2 2 3 11 9 7 8 3 4 11 13 5 6
W4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 2
W5 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 4 2 2 6 6 3 4.
CD (P=0.05) 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.5

A-30 DAS, B-60 DAS

90
Table 3.Effect of sowing method and weed management on weed dry weight of different weed flora (Pooled data over 3 years).
Treatment Dry weight of Dry weight of Dry weight of Dry weight of Dry weight of Dry weight of Dry weight Dry
Phalaris minor Avena ludoviciana Cynodon dactylon Chenopodium Rumex retroflexus Anagalisa rvensis of Vicia weight
album sativa of other
weeds
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Sowing method
S1 1 2 0.4 2 0.4 2 3. 6 2 5 0.2 0.8 2 3 1 2
S2 2 3 0.6 1 0.2 1 4 6 3 6 0.4 1.0 3 4 1 3
CD (P=0.05) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 NS 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 NS 0.1
Weed management
W1 4 9 2 3 0.8 3 13 26 6 17 0.9 3 7 11 4 8
W2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W3 2 2 2 1 0.4 2 4 5 2 5 0.3 2 2 4 2 3
W4 1 1 1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4 1 0.4 1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5
W5 2 2 2 1 0.2 1 2 3 1 3 0.3 1 1 2 1 2
CD (P=0.05) 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

A-30 DAS, B-60 DAS

Singh et al

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91

 Effect of Sowing Methods and Weed Management

Effect on weeds CONCLUSION

In the experimental plot eight weed species On the basis of above finding sowing of
identified and grouped in grasses, sedges and broad chickpea through reduced tillage enhanced the crop
leaved weeds. Composition of weed flora varies growth and suppresses the weed flora population
from sowing methods and weed management and weight resulting crop produced higher seed,
practices. In conventional tillage and weedy check stove and protein yield and greater monetary return.
plot percent weed population recorded was 10 Weed management treatment W4-pendimethalin@
Phalaris minor, 4 Avena ludoviciana, 4 Cynodon 0.75kg a.i./ha (pre-emergence) followed
dactylon, 26 Chenopodium album, 15 Rumex byimazethapyr@ 40g a.i./ha (post emergence)was
retroflexus, 4 Anagalis arvensis, 25 Vicia sativa and found very effective for minimizing weed growth
12 others. andmaximizing seed yield.
Density of different weed species was influenced
by different sowing methods. Maximum density of REFERENCES
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DAS and Cynodon dactylon at both 30 and 60 DAS Madhya Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 6(2) : 172-175.
(Table 2). Among the weed management treatments, Chauhan A, Jha G, Chourasia A and Jha Amit (2018).Effect of
W4was found very effective to controlling the tillage and weed management practices on soil microbial
density of different species of weed flora and super population in chickpea. J Pharma and Phytochem (1)
imposed over other weed management treatment. :1106-1108.
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highest under crop sown by conventional method (2012).Effect of imazethapyr on weed control and yield
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and Cynodon dactylon at both 30 and 60 DAS
Mishra J S, Singh V P, Bhanu Chandra and Subrahmanyam D
(Table 3). Among weed management practices, (2012). Crop establishment, tillage and weed management
W4was found effective to controlling the dry weight techniques on weed dynamics and productivity of rice
of weed flora. It could be ascribed due to fact that (Oryza sativa)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping
pendimethalin controlled the germination of initial system. Int J Agril Sci 82 (1): 15–20.
flushes of weeds and imazethaypr controlled the Mishra J S and Singh V P (2011). Effect of tillage and weed
grassy and broad leaved weeds emerged at later control on weed dynamics, crop productivity and energy
stages. Higher weed control and long lasting effects use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping
systems in Vertisols. Int J Agril Sci 81 (2): 129–33.
of imazethapyr in reducing density and weed dry
Singh B D (2018). Constraints and shifting of area of chickpea
matter might be primarily due to broad-spectrum
cultivation in tal area of Patna district in Bihar. J Krishi
activity of these herbicides particularly on both Vigyan 6(2) : 17-21.
narrow and broad leaf weeds (Gupta et al, 2012).
Singh R P, Verma S K, Singh R K and Idnani L K(2014).
Maximum weed control efficiency was Influence of sowing dates and weed management on weed
recorded under conventional tillage (70.81%) growth and nutrients depletion by weeds and uptake by
chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under rainfed condition. Int J
closely followed by reduced tillage. Among weed
Agril Sci 84 (4): 468–72.
management treatment W4 (92.93%) recorded
highest weed control efficiency followed by W5 Singh R (2016). Productivity enhancement of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) through improved production technologies on
(85.41) and W3 (73.78%). This is due to lesser farmer’s field. Int J Agril Sci 86(10):1357–60.
number of weed germinate under this treatment
Received on 17/12/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020
(Singh et al, 2014).

91 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 87-91

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00019.7

Effectiveness of Multimedia Compact Disc on Dissemination

of Knowledge Regarding Different Practices for Dairy Calf
Management
Madhu Shelly1# and H KVerma2
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education,
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
Compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) is a popular electronic media which makes learning
easy, interesting, multisensory and leaves a long lasting impression on the trainee. Therefore, this
study aimed to develop a compact disc-read only memory on scientific calf management practices and
to analyze its effectiveness in terms of knowledge gain as well as level of satisfaction among exposed
dairy farmers. The study was conducted at Ludhiana where 120 dairy farmers were randomly selected
among the various dairy trainings conducted from 2016-17. The CD-ROM was designed and contents
were validated in consultation with subject matter specialists from the fields concerned. Suitable
modifications were also introduced. Dairy farmers were exposed to it in order to measure their knowledge
gain. There was significant (P≤.01) increase in the knowledge score from 5.74 ± 0.14 at pre-exposure
stage to 12.68 ±0.14 at post exposure stage. Moreover, 76.67 per cent farmers were satisfied with respect
to the suitability of contents of CD-ROM to their needs. The results of the study clearly indicated the
importance of prepared CD-ROM in transfer of knowledge about scientific calf rearing practices.
Key words:- CD-ROM, Knowledge score, Scientific calf rearing practices, Level of satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION offered by interactive video CD-ROM has made

it very promising in bringing desired change in
The scientific knowledge about any enterprise
behavior of audience. Laaser (2004) has pointed out
imparted through training, is crucial for the success
of that enterprise. Effective communication that many communication tools wear out but CD-
is required to provide knowledge for correct ROMs hold their place for a long time in addition
to having a superior picture quality and several
application of technology and ensuring its maximum
times the information storing capacity. He further
adoption. In an effort to make dairy farmers better
informed in the use of an innovation, suitable states that better colour resolution, easy portability
communication devices are must for an extension and superior data storage of CD-ROM besides its
capacity to store information in layers and that too
worker to overcome the barriers of illiteracy and
on both sides makes it far better than other tools if
traditions which are prominent among the resource
poor farmers (Hai et al, 2003). we compare the cost and size of these tools. A CD-
Extension work cannot be thought complete ROM requires a personal computer but a recordable
without effective and efficient communication CD-ROM has many advanced feature like advanced
media. Among those available, the many benefits menu systems, with subtitles and also still pictures
Corresponding Author’s Email: Madhu Shelly:gsmadhu786@gmail.com
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar sahib (Goneana) Punjab.
2
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University, Punjab.

92 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97

 Shelly and Verma
which can be easily played by CD-ROM players.
Therefore the advantages of interactive video –
CD-ROM along with its affordability make it one
of the most powerful communication device for
information dissemination.
CD-ROM is a storage medium that together
with a microcomputer offers rapid access to a very
large volume of data like text, sound, computer
graphics, animation, slides and motion video in a
synchronized manner. Other advantages of CD-
ROM can be its great storage capacity, durability
and data safety, easy transportability, usability
and above all low cost to suit all stakeholders.
Multimedia CD-ROM (compact disc-read only
memory) is a popular electronic media which
makes learning easy, interesting, multisensory and
leaves a long lasting impact on the trainee. Further
it has capacity to reduce the cost and time involved
for the same activity. As an instructional device, it
helps in dissemination of exact information. Such
resources once prepared in a careful manner can be
multiplied easily and distributed for learning across
wider sections of population in a relatively short
time. Kadian and Gupta (2006) designed a Video
Compact Disc (VCD) on dairy calf management
practices and on comparing it with other methods of
instruction i.e. lecture only, audio only and literature
only, found that VCD was far more superior in

Table I. Measure of Appropriateness of Multimedia elements for CD-ROM on Calf management.

Sr.No. Multimedia elements Mean score (out of 4) Mean score
Content/Text
1. Font size 3.8 3.65
2. Font colour 3.5
Visuals/Stills
3. Illustrativeness 3.7
4. Sharpness 3.8 3.7
5. Placement 3.6
6. Rationality 3.7
Videos
7. Clarity 3.8
8. Rationality 3.7 3.67
9. Duration 3.5
Graphics
10. Understandable 3.5 3.6
11. Rationality 3.7
Audio
12. Rationality of manuscript 3.7
13. Pronunciation 3.6
14. Speed 3.7
15. Pause 3.6
3.66
16. Emphasis 3.7
17. Synchronization 3.8
18. Background music 3.5
Over all mean score 3.66 3.66

93 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97

 Effectiveness of Multimedia Compact Disc

knowledge dissemination. Vidya and Manivannan and Genetics. The audio element of the video
(2010) in a study on development of an educational commentary and background narration were
interactive video CD-ROM on dairy health recorded in vernacular language i.e. Punjabi.
management practices clearly demonstrated that The audio files were synchronized with text
video CD-ROM was very successful in its mandate and video for cohesiveness. Background music
to equip the respondents with more awareness was inserted with text to make light mode
and higher knowledge. The pre - exposure mean learning and to break the monotony. Once the
knowledge score was 7.98 and the mean knowledge multimedia elements are developed, the screen
score of the post-exposure stage was almost double was designed by using background colours and
since the mean value was 14.91. Therefore, this design for brightness.
study was carried out by GADVASU, Ludhiana c) Tables and bold column messages were also
to see the effectiveness of developed CD-ROM on inserted according to need for enhanced
scientific calf rearing practices. understanding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS For multimedia application, the script was

For developing the manuscript on calf
management, available articles in various journals,
magazines, book chapters and websites were
searched thoroughly. The concerned teachers
from various departments were also consulted.
Then the manuscript was written and suggestions
from various experts were invited. Thereafter the
contents were modified according to the feedback
received. In order to motivate the trainees for
enhanced understanding as well as adoption of
suitable calf management practices, the information
was arranged in a logical sequence and cohesive
manner. The salient feature of instructional modules
were as under-
a) The text was typed neatly with the use of
Microsoft office word software in Punjabi font
AnmolLipi for benefit of majority learners so
that they can benefit without requiring the
services of an instructor as in a self learning
module.
b) Clear images and video content were added
at appropriate places to increase the grasp of
learners and making the content more effective
and attractive. The graphics were produces by
clicking photos and scanning of photographs,
slides, textbooks or internet images. Majority
of the video shooting was done in the dairy
farm of the Department of animal Breeding
developed before final setting of text, tables,
graphics, images and illustrations, audio and video
elements. The script was developed by making the
blueprint for the requirement of graphics, video etc
as per the content need. After the topic was decided
storyboards were prepared logically for presenting
information. Consequently the screen wise
description of sequences of text along with image,
illustration, tables, video and soundtracks were
mixed and arranged in order. All these multimedia
elements like text, graphics, videos and audio were
developed separately according to the need and
manner of the developed story board contents.
Multimedia instructional CD-ROM for
awareness about calf management practices in dairy
animals was prepared with the basic aim of having
an instructional, soft form, resource material for
wider use by the dairy farmers and other users. After
using different software for creating the multimedia
files, editing and integration, the raw CD-ROM was
prepared. Care was also taken while authorizing
the software that the text, graphics, audio files and
digitized video files that were developed by using
other software got imported into the final software
and hence smooth running was ensured. Different
software used in development of CD-ROM were
Adobe Premier CS-5 Pro for video editing, Sony
Sound Fonge-10 for audio editing, Adobe Premier
CS-5 Pro for animation and Adobe Photoshop for

94 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97

 Shelly and Verma
photos and special effects. Separate questionnaire examined for completeness and correctness before
was prepared covering different aspects of scientific tabulation. For analysis, simple tabular techniques
calf management practices in dairy animals and and appropriate statistical methods like frequency
all the related knowledge was provided in the and percentage analysis, mean and standard error,
prepared CD-ROM. The questionnaire consisted of repeated measures ANOVA analysis were employed
20 questions each of one mark. One hundred and by using SAS version 9.3
twenty respondents were selected from the trainings
conducted on Dairy farming at Guru Angad Dev RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Appropriateness of multimedia elements used
(GADVASU), Ludhiana. The trainees were tested for designing CD-ROM
for their knowledge on calf management practices Multimedia elements of a video include various
in dairy animals, before and after exposure to components like audio, video, stills, developed
prepared CD-ROM. graphics and various other depictions etc. which
The scores obtained by the respondents and mean are rendered in specific sequence and manner to
of the scores before and after exposure to CD-ROM produce a meaningful message for the viewer
were calculated. Percentage analysis of change in and audience. The better quality and efficient
scores was done to calculate the impact of learning. execution of the multimedia elements of a video
CD-ROM developed on calf management practices based instructional device determine its success in
in dairy animals was validated after development, achieving target of effective delivery of message.
as follows: The appropriateness of the multimedia elements
a) The contents were validated by the subject matter was evaluated on 18 attributes by subject matter
specialists of the department of Veterinary and experts from Department of Veterinary and Animal
Animal Husbandry Extension Education and Husbandry Extension Education and department
Livestock Production Management. of Livestock Products Management, GADVASU,
Ludhiana. The attributes were related to text,
b) The validity of the working script along with visuals, videos, graphics and audio used in CD-
the graphic illustrations including photographs, ROM.
illustrations was done by the experts from
Department of Veterinary and Animal These attributes included font size and colour,
Husbandry Extension Education and Livestock illustrativeness and sharpness of visuals, clarity,
Products Management. rationality and duration of video, complexity and
appealing value of graphics, pronunciation speed,
c) Multimedia elements used in the CD-ROM pause, emphasis, synchronization and background
were evaluated by faculty of department of music/voice of audio used in CD-ROM. The
Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension results regarding the appropriateness of multimedia
Education and subject matter specialists, using elements used for CD-ROM on calf management
a marking scale out of 4. practices have been presented in Table I.
d) Thereafter an overall rating score (out of 4) The mean score of different aspects of
based on the five attributes was given to the multimedia elements as judged by experts ranged
prepared CD-ROM. from 3 to 4, with an average of 3.66 out of 4. The
On the basis of suggestions and feedback from maximum individual score of 3.8 was assigned to
experts after validation, suitable modifications font size of content, sharpness of visuals, clarity
were made and final CD-ROM was prepared for of videos as well as synchronization of audio. The
further use. The collected data were carefully minimum score of 3.5 was obtained by font colour

95 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97

 Effectiveness of Multimedia Compact Disc

Table 2. Effectiveness of developed CD-ROM on calf management.

Sr.No. Parameter Pre-exposure (n=120) Post exposure to CD-ROM
1 Knowledge score(Mean±S.E.) 5.74a±0.14 12.68b±0.14
2 Range of knowledge score 3-9 10-16
Figures with different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P<.01)

of content, duration of videos, understandability of Effectiveness of developed CD-ROM on calf

graphics and background music in the CD-ROM.
The mean scores of all the multimedia elements were
more than 85 percent. Content/text score averaged
3.65 (91.25 %), attributes of still photographs had
average score of 3.7 (92.50 %), videos attributes
scored 3.67 (91.75 %), graphics scored 3.6 (90 %)
and audio attributes got 3.66 (91.50 %) score. The
overall mean score of 3.66 (91.50 %) assigned to
all the multimedia elements, proved that developed
CD-ROM possessed all the qualities of a standard
video based instructional device. Similar results had
been observed by Singh (2012) who designed a CD-
ROM on dairy enterprise and reported that mean
score of the multimedia elements as rated by the
subject matter experts was 3.67 (out of 4). Sharma
(2015) designed a CD-ROM on abortion in dairy
animals and reported mean score of the multimedia
elements as rated by the subject matter experts was
3.74 (out of 4). Kasrija (2016) designed two DVDs,
one on repeat breeding with a mean score of rated
multimedia elements of 4.41 (out of 5) and another
on anoestrus with a mean score of 4.47.
management
There was significant (P<.01) increase in the
knowledge score (Table 2) from 5.74 ± 0.14 to 12.68
± 0.14 after exposure to CD on calf management
indicating its effectiveness for education gain. Singh
(2012) reported an initial score of 10±0.48 and final
score of 15.42 ± 0.4 after exposure to CD-ROM
on dairy enterprise and also an average impact of
learning to be 58.12±6.07. Block et al (2000) who
developed a CD-ROM for nutrition reported that
80 % of the respondents (n=284) reported learning
something new about nutrition. Sharma (2015) also
reported a gain of 71.77 % in knowledge about
overall aspects of abortion in dairy animals.
Level of satisfaction among farmers after
exposure to CD-ROM
The level of satisfaction among farmers was
noted on three point continuum. The data (Table 3)
indicated that for suitability of contents to the need
– 76.67 per cent farmers were satisfied, 20 per cent
were satisfied to a little extent and 3.33 per cent

Table 3. Level of satisfaction among farmers after exposure to CD-ROM on Calf management.
Sr.No. Parameter Response (n=120)
Satisfied Satisfied to a Not satisfied
little extent
1 Suitability of the contents to your needs 92 (76.67) 24 (20.0) 4 (3.33)
2 Coverage of the contents 87 (72.5) 28 (23.33) 5 (4.17)
3 Level of understanding of contents 78 (65.0) 36 (30.0) 6 (5.0)
4 Overall visual quality 82 (68.33) 34 (28.33) 4 (3.33)
5 Visual effects provided 79 (65.83) 36 (30.0) 5 (4.17)
6 Overall sound quality 81 (67.5) 33 (27.5) 6 (5.0)
7 Easiness in using the CD-ROM 95 (79.17) 22 (18.33) 3 (2.5)
Figure in parenthesis indicate percentage.

96 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97

 Shelly and Verma
were not satisfied. Only 5.0 per cent of farmers were
unsatisfied with level of understanding of contents
and 4.17 per cent were not satisfied with coverage
of contents as well as visual effects provided. For
easiness in using the CD, only 2.5 per cent were
unsatisfied. This indicated that the developed
CD-ROM is quite farmer friendly and meets the
satisfaction level of majority farmers. Kasrija (2016)
in a study on DVD for repeat breeding developed
by him reported that majority farmers were most
satisfied with the suitability of contents to their
needs (62.96%), coverage of contents (60.74%),
level of understanding of contents (62.22%),
overall visual quality (64.44%) and easiness in
using the video-DVD (75.56%). Corresponding
values for another DVD on anoestrus developed by
Kasrija (2016) were 66.67, 59.26, 51.85, 62.96 and
74.07 per cent. Similarly, Meena et al (2014) who
developed an educational DVD on improved dairy
farming practices and tested its effectiveness on 90
dairy farmers reported that majority respondents
were satisfied regarding its usefulness in enhancing
knowledge, suitability of the information to field
situation and logical presentation of information.
CONCLUSION
In an effort to make dairy farmers better
informed in the use of an innovation, suitable
Vidya P and Manivannan C ( 2010). Development of an
communication devices are must for an extension
worker to overcome the barriers of illiteracy and
old traditions prevalent among resource poor
farmers. The multimedia CD-ROM regarding calf Received on 30/01/2020
management practices will help dairy farmers in
reducing calf mortality in a cost effective manner
thereby making dairy enterprise more profitable as
calf is the future of dairy and it is always best to
invest in future.
97 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 92-97
REFERENCES
Block G, Miller M, Harnack K, Kayman S and Cristofars
(2000). An interactive CD ROM for nutrition screening
and counseling. Am J Public Health 90 (5): 781-85.
Hai A, Srivastava R M and Singh R P (2003). Livestock
farmer’s preference of communication media and their
use by extension workers in tribal Bihar. Indian J Ext Edu
39 (1&2): 31-34.
Kadian K S and Gupta S ( 2006). Effectiveness of a Video
Compact Disc (VCD) on Dairy Calf Management
Practices. Indian J Ext Sci 1 (1): 57-62.
Kasrija R ( 2016). Effectiveness of instructional material
designed on the basis of felt needs of the dairy farmers of
Punjab regarding common reproductive conditions. Ph.D
Thesis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University, Ludhiana.
Laaser W (2004). Regular article: CD-ROM – A new
component in educational technology. Learning tech
newsletter 6 (1): 51-57.
Meena B S, Kumar R and Singh A (2014). Effectiveness
of multimedia digital video disc on knowledge gain of
improved dairy farming practices. Indian J Dairy Sci 67
(5): 441-45.
Sharma M K( 2015). Designing a CD-ROM for awareness
about abortion in dairy animals. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Guru
Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
Ludhiana.
Singh S ( 2012). ‘Designing a CD-ROM for a dairy enterprise.
M.V.Sc Thesis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal
Sciences University, Ludhiana.
educational interactive video-DVD on dairy health
management practices. Int J Edu Dev Inform and
CommunTechnol 6 (1): 30-39.
Accepted on 15/04/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00020.3

Effects on Feeds and Housing Management of Livestock During

2014 Floods in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sanober Rasool, SA Hamdani, Aaliya Fayaz, Abdul Hai, Niha Ayman and AH Akand
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, (SKUAST-K), Shuhama , Alusteng,
Srinagar-190 006, (Jammu & Kashmir)

ABSTRACT
India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world which is mainly due to its high geo-climatic
conditions as well as its higher degree of social vulnerability. There has been an increase in the frequency
and intensity of disasters that has posed a threat not only to the people but to livestock as well. The state of
Jammu and Kashmir was hit by severe floods in year 2014 which left a great impact on people as well as on
the livestock. The present study was purposively carried out in Kashmir Division of Jammu and Kashmir
state that was severely hit by devastating floods in September 2014. Among the various flood affected
districts of Kashmir Division, the three districts namely Bandipora, Srinagar and Pulwama were purposively
selected based on the highest inundation levels reported in these areas. Livestock production system
includes the various aspects of livestock rearing ranging from livestock housing, feeding, breeding, health
care, marketing of livestock produce. Most of the variables covered under the ambit of livestock production
system were studied to have a look into the pre and post flood scenario in the study area. The major findings
of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents (50.00%) were having kutcha type of animal
houses before floods of 2014 and among the different districts, Bandipora District had the highest cumulative
role in the mixed type of animal houses (22 to 47) post floods. With respect to the extent of damaged animal
houseshalf of the respondents (50.00%) reported that their animal houses were completely collapsed during
floods with the highest percentage reported from Srinagar district.It was also reported that about (49.17%)
rebuilt/repaired their animal houses in less than one month. The respondents also complained about the non
existence of special type of animal houses in their village where animals could be kept during any natural
calamity.The findings revealed that the extent of scarcity of feed and fodder was severe in case of concentrates
(50.42%) followed by dry fodderand the scarcity of fresh drinking water was to such an extent that animals
drank flood water during that particular period. However the tap water turned out to be the major source
of drinking water for animals both pre and post floods with a marginal increase after floods. The results
also depicted that about (52.92%) of the respondents houses were not collapsed during the floods of 2014.
Key Words: Disaster, Flood, Livestock, Scarcity, Housing, Feeding.

INTRODUCTION health, low productivity, unavailability of feeds and

Economy of Jammu and Kashmir is agriculture
dependent and livestock farming occupies an
important component of it. About 70 per cent of
the livestock is owned by 67 per cent of the small,
marginal and landless people thereby contributing
25.6 per cent of agricultural output and 4.11 per cent
of total GDP (Anon, 2012). Despite its immense
contribution in economy of the nation the livestock
sector is facing many difficulties in terms of ill
forages, poor infrastructure, increased incidence of
emerging and re emerging diseases and the most
drastic being the natural calamities/disasters. (Anon,
2013). Disasters are not new to mankind they have
been the constant and inconvenient companions
of human being since time immemorial. World
Health Organization (WHO, 2002) defines disaster
as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of

Corresponding Author’s Email:drsnoberrasool@gmail.com

98 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 Rasool et al

health and health services on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from outside the
effected communication or area. There has been an
increase in the frequency and intensity of disasters
that has posed a threat not only to the people but to
livestock as well.
According to Thole et al (1993) the occurrence
of any natural disaster like flood aggravates the
economy of nation by leaving direct and indirect
effect on livestock as well on their owners.The state
of Jammu and Kashmir had experienced its worst
flood since 60 yr during the first week of September
which was mainly due to unprecedented and
intense rains. Heavy rainfall caused flash flooding
with localized damage across the state along with
landslides which impacted road connectivity
(Agarwal et al, 2014). Thousands of villages and
many urban areas were submerged into 10 to 30
feet of water causing loss of life, livestock and
destruction of houses, public infrastructure, lifeline
structures and loss of business (Anon, 2014a).
More than 280 people were reported dead, about
10,136,063 population were severely affected and
543,379 houses had been completely displaced
and flooded in 2014 floods. The devastating floods
left a major impact on livestock, with the losses of
cattle, sheep and goats thereby hindering the state’s
economy. Large animal losses above 7000 were
recorded besides the total number of sheep that
perished in the disaster was 65,000. In addition to
this, nearly 500,000 sheep and goats were severely
affected due to lack of fodder and 99305 huts and
cowsheds were completely destroyed in floods
Shah et al (2017).This study made an effort to
elaborate the deleterious effect of floods on feeds
and housing management of livestock during 2014
in Jammu and Kashmir.

Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to type and pattern of animal housing followed with
respect to effect of floods of 2014. N=240
Housing aspect District Total
Srinagar Bandipora Pulwama
i. Type of prevalent animal houses
Pre-flood 43 (53.75) 38 (47.50) 49 (61.25) 130 (54.17)
Kacha Post flood 26 (32.50) 14 (17.50) 18 (22.50) 58(24.17)
Pre-flood 5 (6.25) 20 (25.00) 9 (11.25) 34 (14.17)
Pucca Post flood 3 (3.75) 19 (23.75) 27 (33.75) 49 (20.42)
Pre-flood 32 (40.00) 22 (27.50) 22 (27.50) 76(31.67)
Mixed Post flood 51 (63.75) 47 (58.75) 35 (43.75) 133 (55.42)
ii. Extent of damage to animal houses
Partially collapsed 22 (22.75) 32 (40.00) 29 (36.25) 83 (34.58)
Completely collapsed 48 (60.00) 34 (42.50) 38 (47.50) 120 (50.00)
No damage done to animal house 10 (12.50) 14 (17.50) 13 (16.25) 37 (15.42)
iii. Time of rebuilding of damaged animal houses since floods
<1 month 44 (55.00) 33 (41.25) 41 (51.25) 118 (49.17)
1-2 month 8 (10.00) 20 (25.00) 21 (26.25) 49 (20.42)
>2 months 18 (22.50) 13 (16.25) 5 (6.25) 36 (15.00)
No new animal house build 10 (12.50) 14 (17.50) 13 (16.25) 37 (15.42)
(Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage)

99 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 Effects on Feeds and Housing Management of Livestock

Table 2. Distribution of respondents as per scarcity of feed and fodder faced during floods of 2014.
N=240
Type of feed / fodder Extent of District Total
scarcity Srinagar Bandipora Pulwama
Low 26 (32.50) 33 (41.25) 22 (27.50) 81 (33.75)
Green fodder Moderate 18 (22.50) 19 (23.75) 23 (28.75) 60 (25.00)
High 36 (45.00) 28 (35.00) 35 (43.75) 99 (41.25)
Low 17 (21.25) 12 (15.00) 19 (23.75) 48 (20.00)
Dry fodder Moderate 26 (32.50) 28 (35.00) 30 (37.50) 84 (35.00)
High 37 (46.25) 40 (50.00) 31 (38.75) 108 (45.00)
Low 18 (22.50) 17 (21.25) 14 (17.50) 49 (20.42)
Concentrate Moderate 22 (27.50) 21 (26.25) 27 (33.75) 70 (29.17)
High 40 (50.00) 42 (52.50) 39 (48.75) 121 (50.42)
(Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage)

MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study was purposively carried out in
Kashmir Division of Jammu and Kashmir state that
was severely hit by a devastating flood in September
2014. Among the various flood affected districts
of Kashmir Division, the three districts namely
Bandipora, Srinagar and Pulwama were purposively
selected based on the highest inundation levels
reported in these areas. The Kashmir Division of
Jammu and Kashmir State consists of 10 districts.
The present study was purposively carried out in
three severely flood affected districts viz., Pulwama
in south, Srinagar in central and Bandipora in north
of Kashmir. From each selected district two (2) flood
affected blocks were purposively selected based on
their livestock population for data collection from
affected farmers. Further from each selected block
four (4) affected villages were randomly selected for
questioning of respondents. Finally ten (10) affected
farmers were randomly selected from each of the
selected village making a total of two hundred and
forty respondents. Survey was completed through
interview method and observations were recorded
through questionnaire.
Livestock Housing
It is very essential for animal’s wellbeing.
Housing includes any type of shelter, refuge
affording protection to animals.
Type of animal houses pre and post
floods of 2014
The results (Table 1) show that majority of the
respondents (54.17%) were having kutcha type of
animal houses before floods of 2014. Interestingly,
the overall numbers of kutcha houses were reduced
by more than half post floods of 2014 in the study
area and most of them being converted to mixed type
of houses.Among the different districts, Bandipora
district had the highest cumulative role in the mixed
type of animal houses (22 to 47) post floods.The
reason was that such type of animal house is cheaper
to build and has a great tensile strength as compared
to that of kutcha house.
Extent of damage of animal houses
Findings indicate that half of the respondents
(50.00%) reported that their animal houses were
completely collapsed during floods of 2014 with

100 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 Rasool et al

Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to source of drinking water used for livestock by
farmers. N=240
Source of drinking District
Time period Total
water Srinagar Bandipora Pulwama
Pre-flood 0 (0.00) 2 (2.50) 2 (2.50) 4 (1.67)
River water During flood 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
Post flood 3 (3.75) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 3 (1.25)
Pre-flood 74 (92.50) 56 (70.00) 64 (80.00) 194 (80.83)
Tap water During flood 3 (3.75) 4 (5.00) 1(1.25) 8 (3.33)
(Public supply) Post flood 67 (83.75) 73 (91.25) 75 (93.75) 215 (89.58)
Pre-flood 6 (7.50) 22 (27.50) 14 (17.50) 42 (17.50)
During flood 0 (0.00) 4 (5.00) 1 (1.25) 5 (2.08)
Tube well
Post flood 40 (50.00) 7 (8.75) 5 (6.25) 22 (9.17)
Flood water During flood 77 (96.25) 72 (90.00) 78 (97.50) 227 (94.58)
(Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage)

the highest percentage reported from Srinagar
district, followed by 34.58 percent respondents
whose animal houses were partially collapsed. The
probable reason for the collapse was that most of the
animal houses were not able to withstand/resist the
gushing force of flood water as they were primarily
made of mud and in other cases with tin sheets and
thatched roofs. Srinagar’s maximum damage could
be attributed to the fact that inundation period was
higher in Srinagar than the other counterparts.
Rebuilding/Repair of animal houses
The data (Table 1) clearly indicate that majority
of the respondents (49.17%) rebuilt/repaired their
animal houses in less than one month. Among the
various districts 22.50 percent respondents from
Srinagar district rebuilt/repair the damaged animal
house lately that is after two months. The non
availability of shelter for animals might have forced
most of the respondents to immediately repair/
rebuild their houses in a short span of time. The
results also show that 15.42 percent respondents
didn’t built/repair their houses till date probably Source of drinking water
due to lack of financial resources or complete loss
of animals during floods of 2014.Respondents were
asked about existence of special type of animal of 2014. Majority of the respondents i.e. (94.58%)
houses where majority (100%) reported the non
existence of such type of animal houses in their
village where animals could be kept during any
natural calamity.
Scarcity of feed and fodder
The results of the study (Table 2) revealed that
the extent of scarcity of feed and fodder as reported
by respondents (50.42%) was severe in case of
concentrates followed by dry fodder and was least
in case of green fodder.The results could probably
be explained by the fact that there was immense loss
of vegetation, damage of the feed and animal sheds,
non availability of concentrates in the market,
submerged feed and washing away of feed with
flood water. Scarcity of feed/fodder was to such
an extent that animals ate unconventional non feed
stuffs like polythene bags during the floods of 2014.
Moreover inaccessibility was another hindrance
due to which livestock owners couldn’t feed their
livestock timely and properly.
Findings (Table 3) clearly point out that there
was scarcity of drinking water during the floods
reported that their animals drank flood water as

101 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 Effects on Feeds and Housing Management of Livestock

Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to the extent of damage done by floods of 2014 to
dwelling houses of livestock farmers. N=240

Extent of damage to farmers house by District Total

flood Srinagar
Partially collapsed 21 (26.25)
Completely collapsed 12 (15.00)
No damage to house 47 (58.75)
(Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage)
fresh drinking water was not available. Moreover
(89.58%) respondents switched on to the use of tap
water after floods of 2014. A slight increase in usage
of tube well was seen in Srinagar district, whereas
the number came considerably down in other two
districts.However the tap water turned out to be the
major source of drinking water for animals both
pre and post floods with a marginal increase after
floods. The easy access and availability with low
cost of tap water makes it a popular choice among
masses in study area while the rest of the sources
are either costlier or have less availability of water
making it difficult to use.
Extent of damage of dwelling houses of the
livestock farmers
It was found that majority (52.92%) of the
respondents houses were not collapsed during the
floods of 2014. However partial damage of houses
was reported much higher than the complete
damage of the houses during floods. Since majority
of respondents resided in pucca houses the flood
water could not do much damage to the houses and
hence withstood the same. The number of houses
completely damaged was highest in Bandipora
district as compared to other two districts.
CONCLUSION
In an unfortunate incident in September 2014,
Kashmir valley was hit by worst ever floods, which
affected not only the people but also livestock Agarwal S, Fulzele T U and Aggarwal G (2014). Flood
from almost all walks of life.The study concluded recovery management in jammu and kashmir: A tool
that majority of the respondents (50.00%) animal for Resilience. Asian Environ and Disaster Manage 6
Bandipora Pulwama
24 (30.00) 23 (28.75) 68 (28.33)
20 (25.00) 13 (16.25) 45 (18.75)
36 (45.00) 44 (55.00) 127 (52.92)
houses were completely collapsed during the floods
of 2014 with highest percentage reported from
Srinagar District.The overall number of Kutcha
Houses was reduced by more than half post floods
of 2014 with Baramulla District having the major
cumulative role (22 to 47) in conversion to mixed
type of animal houses. It took almost less than one
month for the respondents (49.17%) to rebuilt/
repair their animal houses post floods of 2014.
With respect to livestock feeding, the extent of
scarcity of feed and fodder was severe in case of
concentrates (50.42%) followed by dry fodder and
the scarcity of fresh drinking water was to such an
extent that animals drank flood water during that
particular period.However, the tap water turned out
to be the major source of drinking water for animals
both pre and post floods with a marginal increase
after floods.It is concluded based on the findings
of the study that considering the contribution of
livestock to local and national economy and the
dependence of poor farmers on livestock for their
livelihood the preparedness, response and recovery
mechanism should be given better attention both by
the Government as well as NGOs and special type
of animal houses should be built in the respective
villages in order to minimize the economic, social
and psychological loss to the livestock farmers
during any natural disaster.
REFERENCES
(3):215-229.

102 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 Rasool et al
Anonymous (2012). All India report, ministry of agriculture Shah A A, Khan H M and Dar P A (2017).Natural Disasters
department of animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries and Livestock –Effects and Mitigation. Life Sciences
KrishiBhawan, New Delhi, Government of India, Leaflets, 88:22-29.
Conserving the Environment: 65-69. Thole N S, Sharma D D, de Wit J and Singhal K K (1993).
Anonymous (2014). Department of Ecology, Environment and Feeding strategies during natural calamities. www.
Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, cazri.res.in
(2014). A satellite based rapid assessment on floods in WHO. (2002). Disasters and Emergencies definitions Training
J&K –September, 2014. Package. www.whointi disasters/ repol756.pdf.
Anonymous (2013). Government of India Ministry of
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Agriculture Department Animal Husbandry, Dairying
and Fisheries.
Anonymous (2014a). Sphere India, (National Coalition of
Humanitarian agencies in India) Jammu and Kashmir
Floods.https://reliefweb.int/report/india/secondary-data-
analysis-jammu-and-kashmir-floods.

103 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 98-103

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00022.7

Enhancing Farmer Competitiveness– Case of Mango

Post-Harvest Centre in Palakkad, Kerala
Nadhika K1# and Jayasree Krishnankutty2
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Horticulture,
Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara-680 656, Thrissur( Kerala)

ABSTRACT
Mango is a crop that is being commercially cultivated over a substantial area in Palakkad District, Kerala.
The crop has shown a steady trend with good opportunities not only for the small holder farmers but also
entrepreneurs. However, the sector is not devoid of problems. Marketing, generally, is not very efficient
for the small holders. The presence of many intermediaries in the value chain leaves the farmers at the
mercy of the smarter players. To rectify this and to support farmers, marketing functions like collection,
packaging, storing etc., can be done on a collective basis. This study attempted to focus on one such
initiative, i.e., a post-harvest centre for fruits, operating in Palakkad, whose bulk produce dealt with
were mangoes. Taking the center as a case, the marketing functions, marketing margins to two actors
associated with the center were analysed. The traders were found to enjoy much higher marketing margin
than the producer farmers. Though the farmers were showing entrepreneurial behavior through scientific
cultivation of mangoes in leased land under the guidelines of the Farmer Producer Organization, they
had a setback in the marketing function as the farmers were extensively dependant on traders. The major
production constraints faced by the farmers were scarcity of labour, unpredictable climatic condition
and incidence of pest and diseases. The major marketing constraints include dominance of middle men,
lack of market information and price fluctuations in the market. The study indicated a great necessity for
extension interventions aimed at entrepreneurship development among the small holder mango farmers.
Key Words: Constraint, Marketing, Post-harvest centre, Value chain.

INTRODUCTION Satish (2015) reported that mango farmers

Mango is a crop that is being commercially
cultivated over a substantial area in Palakkad
District, Kerala.Mango orchards spread in 45,000
ha of land sharing borders with Tamil Nadu.
Muthalamada is the biggest centre of mango
production in the country and the fruit varieties are
the first to reach global markets much before the
mangoes mature in the gardens of the competitors.
Mango export alone is worth Rs.200 crores. It is
known for its early mango harvest and mango
export, which is said to use hi-tech technology in
sorting, grading, ripening, packing and export of
mangoes and reportedly produces 1.1 lakh tones
of mangoes annually, hence the name mango city
(Shaji, 2015).
Corresponding Author’s Email: nadhikakaladharan@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Scholar 2
Professor and Head, Communication Centre, KAU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala
of Muthalamada had taken a big step in the post-
harvest handling of mango. They came upwith
a 100 t ethylene based ripening cum processing
centre coming up atNaripparaChalla. This system
is having pre-cooling chambers and refrigeration,
anti-ageing, preservation and humidity controlling
processes. They also provide facilities for washing,
grading, sorting and packing mangoes. Earlier
calcium carbide was widely used for ripening
mango, where the acetylene gas liberated was
reported to be carcinogenic. The ripening centre
employs ethylene-based ripening, which is
recognized internationally as a safe method for
ripening fruits. This allows to get more orders and
good prices in national and international markets,

104 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108

 Nadhika and Krishnankutty

mango should be organically cultivated and ripened chosen from this centre. The marketing cost and
(Prabhakaran, 2010). margins were worked out using actual transaction
Ignorance of the growers about the real price of information collected from farmers. Two way
their produce and lack of marketing facilities which contingency tables were used to classify and
result in interference of middle men, as the major analyse the farmers profile characteristics. Estrada
problems in mango sector in Palakkad District and Batanero (2006) considered two-way tables,
(Radha and Nair, 2000). Farmers do not want they were investigating conditional probability not
to take risk of price and income variation due to the dependence or independence of variables. This
perishability, quality variations and seasonality and table is a fundamental tool for pattern discovery
lack of knowledge of marketing (Gopalakrishnan, with conditional probabilities (Psumoto, 2004).
2013). If wider market connections were established The statistical software SPSS version 20 was used
by means of a value chain analysis, the villages for data analysis. Constraint analysis was done
could even manufacture products for export to using Garrett’s ranking technique which generated
neighboring states and countries (Mannambethet ranks of constraints expressed by farmers using the
al, 2015). Thakor and Mehta (2018) revealed that formula
education, area under mango cultivation, annual Percent position =
income, social participation, awareness regarding
value addition, mango yield index, employment Where, Rij= Ranking given to the ith attribute by
generation, extension participation, mass media the jthindividual
exposure, extent of adoption, management Nij= Number of attributes ranked by the jth
orientation, innovativeness, progressiveness and individual (Garrett and Woodworth, 1969).
knowledge of mango growers had significant
Constraints expressed by different stakeholders
relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour of
in the value chain namely farmers, intermediary
mango growers, whereas age, land holding,
functionaries (traders and collection agents) and
irrigation facility, family size and cropping intensity
post-harvest centre representatives were collected
had no association with entrepreneurial behaviour.
and presented.
This paper triedto study the farmer producers
who utilized the post-harvest centre and post-
harvest dynamics of the produce as it is marketed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It also examined the constraints experienced Socio-economic characteristics of the
by the farmers with respect to production and respondents
marketing and formulate suggestions for enhancing Some of the socio-economic characteristics of
competitiveness of farmers. the respondents were as classified as follows using
a two way contingency table.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 1 showed that more young farmers (less
Muthalamada was selected as the study area than 30-50 yr) were leasing orchards in addition
having the largest area under mango cultivation to their owned land for mango cultivation. This
in Palakkad district. The study used case study indicate the entrepreneurial behavior of the
approach and customer farmer and other value emerging farmers and their willingness to take risk
chain functionaries of V plus fruits and vegetables and try out innovative technologies. The young
Pvt. Ltd. were interviewed for information farmers were also more affiliated to organizations
collection. Data collection was carried out using when compared to traditional and old farmers. All
pre tested well-structured interview schedule. Sixty the young farmers had membership in the farmer
farmers and thirty intermediaries were randomly

105 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108

 Enhancing Farmer Competitiveness

Table 1. Two way table showing respondent distribution according to selected profile characteristics
(n=60).
Age Land ownership (%) Organizational membership (%)
Owned Both owned Non member Membership in 1 Membership in
and leased organization more than 1 or 2
organizations
Less than 30 yr - 100 - 40 60
30-50 yr 28.57 71.43 - 9.52 90.48
51-70 yr 70 30 - 73.33 26.67
More than 70 yr 75 25 25 50 25

producer companies and were well connected to the was found that, respondents having an area more
cooperative society as well as other youth clubs in than 6 ha (60 %) were having the highest annual
income from Rs. 1.5 to 2.5 lakh/ha whereas their
the locality. It was found that majority of the farmers
were having more than one source of family income. production cost was only around Rs. 50,000-
About 35 per cent of the respondents depended 75,000/-ha. In case of respondents having 1-2
on agriculture alone. An equal proportion of the ha of total area, the annual income was less than
respondents (35 %) was involved in agriculture Rs. 50,000 to 1.5 lakh /ha and for majority these
along with agriculture related business activities respondents (83.33%), production cost was almost
especially as collection agents. This clearly showed similar to that of the large farmers, i.e., Rs. 50,000-
that for majority of the respondents, agriculture was75,000/-ha. It could be inferred from the results
the key source of income. that, with the increase in area, there was an increase
As far as mango was concerned, there is in annual income and with decrease in area there is
generally no need for strict maintenance. For the an increase in production cost. This was in line with
important maintenance activities like agrochemical the findings of Saripalle (2019).
application, intercultural operations, irrigation After carrying out the post-harvest operations
and other infrastructural facilities (pump house, (Table 3), the traders market the produce at the
agricultural equipments, etc.), approximately Rs. rate of Rs. 60/-kg. Traders get a margin of about
24,000/- ha was incurred annually. The farmers Rs.23.50, which was more than seven times the
had to incur around Rs. 3,60,000/-ha for the overall margin obtained by the farmers. This magnifies the
establishment and maintenance of an orchard. Table fact that the intermediaries were more involved in
2, gives the distribution of respondents based on the value chain activities than farmers.
total area, annual income and production cost. It

Table 2. Distribution of respondents based on total area, annual income and production cost (N=60).
Total Annual income Rs. /ha (%) Production cost Rs. /ha (%)
area <50,000 50,000-1.5 1.5-2.5 >3 lakh 25,000- 50,000- 75,000- 1.25-2
(ha) lakh lakh lakh
50,000 75,000 1.25 lakh
1-2 36.67 36.67 20 6.67 10 83.33 6.67 0
2.5-4 31.25 31.25 25 12.50 6.25 56.25 25 12.50
4.5-6 22.22 55.55 11.11 11.11 0 11.11 77.77 11.11
>6 0 40 60 0 0 80 20 0

106 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108

 Nadhika and Krishnankutty

Table 3. Cost at two levels of the supply chain (per kg).

Particular Farmers’ level (in Rs.) Intermediary (trader) level (in Rs.)
Total cost of mango cultivation 27 -
Total procurement cost - 30
Ripening cost - 0.50
Loading and unloading cost - 0.25
Grading and packing - 2.25
Cost of transportation - 3.25
Cost of labour - 0.25
Total cost 27 36.50
Selling price of mango 30 60
Marketing Margin 3 23.50

As the export of mangoes from Muthalamada payment to the farmers is in the form of cash. The
gained importance, endeavors like V plus fruits procurement price varies from Rs.20-50 during
and vegetables were welcomed by actors in the March-April (on season) to Rs.50-100 during off
mango sector. The extended demand for chemical season. Mode of transportation during procurement
free mangoes attracted the traders in using the and marketing is through either owned or hired
ripening units for exported mangoes. But the vehicle. The important markets to which fruits
farmers remained ignorant about such facilities. are sold include Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and
Most of the post-harvest operations were done by Allahabad. The fruits are graded and packed in 7
kg carton boxes which costs Rs.30/-. These boxes
the intermediaries and farmers only involved in the
are then taken to the next trader at the market
production activity. Rarely do the farmers take up
grading and packing of the produce. place. The traders sell the produce within 1-2 days
even though the mangoes can be kept without
Marketing by the intermediaries deterioration for 15 days, as there were chances for
The intermediaries procure mangoes directly loss due to wastage like spoilage and loss of weight,
from the farmers in unripe form and sell it in which accounts for about 5 percent. For exporting of
both unripe as well as ripened form. The mode of mangoes, traders made use of the ethylene ripening

Table 4. Constraints experienced by the farmers.

Sr. No. Constraint Mean score Rank
Production constraits
1 Difficulties in labour availability 61.65 I
2 Unpredictable/ varying climatic condition 55.55 II
3 Increasing incidence pest and diseases 47.63 III
4 High cost of labour 32.68 IV
Marketing constraints
1 Dominance of middle men 62.07 I
2 Lack of proper and timely market information 56.82 II
3 Price fluctuations 46.68 III
4 Lack of fair price 35.43 IV

107 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108

 Enhancing Farmer Competitiveness

unit at NaripparaChallasince it is the nearby unit a need for upgrading policies for safeguarding the
from the traders shed in Muthalamada. farmers from price fluctuation. All these could open
up everlasting opportunities in farmer inclusive value
Constraint analysis chains benefiting not only the producers but also the
The constraints expressed by different intermediaries and such innovative endeavours.
stakeholders associated with post-harvest centre
namely farmers, intermediate functionaries REFERENCES
(traders and collection agents) and post-harvest APEDA [Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
representatives are given below. Development Authority]. 2016. APEDA home page
[on-line]. Available: http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/
Scarcity of labour, unpredictable climatic SubHead_Products/Mango.htm [6 June 2017].
condition and pest and disease incidence were
Estrada R A and Batanero C B (2006). Computing probabilities
the major production constraints. Overpowering from two way tables: An exploratory study with future
middlemen, lack of proper and timely market teachers. In: Rossman A and Chance B (eds.), Proceedings
information and price fluctuations were the major of the seventh international conference on teaching
marketing constraints expressed by the farmers. statistics: Working cooperatively in statistics education,
The constraint analysis gave an indication as to Salvador, Brazil. CD-ROM, International Association
for Statistical Education and the International Statistical
the necessity of extension interventions in capacity Institute Voorburg, Netherlands.
building among the stakeholders in accessing update
market information, developing entrepreneurship Garrett H E and Woodworth R S ( 1969). Statistics
skills among the farmers and educating the farmers in Psychology and Education. Vakils, Feffer and
Simons Pvt. Ltd, Bombay, India, 329p.
in the need for maintaining varietal uniformity,
which will surely enhance their profit margins. Gopalakrishnan S (2013). Marketing system of mangoes in
India. World Applied Sci J 21 (7):1000-1007.

CONCLUSION Mannambeth R, Parameswaran N K, Rajeevan P K, Zucker J

Though the mango sector is having many
bottlenecks, there are still untamed markets and
opportunities waiting to be advanced. The increasing
demand for pesticide free fruits and vegetables
can be addressed by making use of post-harvest
facilities as that of V plus fruits and vegetables. The
emerging young farmers need to be encouraged to
carry out more marketing functions so as to avoid
the dominance of many layers of intermediaries.
The present scenario of over dominance of
intermediariesin the mango sector should be ruled
out. For this, the Farmer producer organizations
could extend initiatives to undertake marketing
functions on a collective basis. Farmers should be
given awareness about the benefits of using ethylene
ripening as well as value addition of their produce.
Education among producer farmers regarding
opportunities and possibilities both domestically and
internationally. Timely market information should
be made available to the producer farmers. There is
and Sthapit B (2015). A preliminary appraisal of mango
biodiversity in Kerala, India. Indian J Plant Gen Resour
28(1):62-71.
Prabhakaran G. (2010). Muthalamada ‘mango city’ goes hi-
tech.The Hindu, 10 May 2010, p.3.
Psomoto S (2004).Rank and independence in contingency
table. Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol.5433:178-189.
Radha T and Nair S R (2000). Status of mango cultivation in
Kerala. Acta Hort 509, pp.117-121.
Saripalle, M (2019). Market awareness and profitability: case
study of mango production in Karnataka, India. Econ and
Political Weekly 54 (4), 26 January 2019.
Sathish A (2015). Palakkad Mango Growers to Ditch
Carcinogenic Ripener. The New Indian Express, 2
January 2015, p.4.
Shaji K A (2015).Muthalamada filled with scent of mango:
EU decision to lift ban, coupled with bumper harvest,
proves a boon. The Hindu, 5 March 2015, p.3
Thakor R F and Mehta B M (2018). Correlates of
entrepreneurial behaviour of mango growers in Valsad
District of Gujarat. J Krishi Vigyan 7(1) : 55-57
Received on 18/12/2019 Accepted on 15/03/2020

108 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 104-108

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00023.9

Entrepreneurial Behavioural Characteristics of Tribal Livestock

Farmers in Kolhan Region of Jharkhand
Pankaj Seth1, Mayur Gautam2, Shrestha Gautam3 and Ram Shanker Kureel4
Krishi vigyan Kendra, Saraikela-Kharsawan, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
The entrepreneurship is a critical input of socio-economic development of society. The entrepreneurs not
only bring economic change in financial system but also socially and culturally. In present study, an attempt
was made to understand entrepreneurial behavioral characteristics of tribal livestock farmers. For this
purpose two districts were purposively selected viz; East Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan in Kolhan
region of Jharkhand state (India). From these two district further four blocks viz; Potka and Patamda of East
Singhbhum, Gamharia and Kharsawan of Saraikela-Kharsawan were also randomly selected. The data were
collected using structured interview schedule from 120 randomly selected farmers. The results of the study
revealed that respondents were found to possess medium level of decision making ability (57.50%), risk
taking ability (52.50%), achievement motivation (44.33%), level of knowledge (51.66%), leadership ability
(44.16%) and cosmopoliteness (49.16%) innovativeness (64.16%), planning ability (48.33%). However, it
was observed that majority of the farmers had low level of self confidence (41.66%). Majority of farmers had
high information sources utilization (44.17%) and medium level of aspiration (60.83%) which was found
to influence entrepreneurial behavior of the farmers. Entrepreneurship development programme based on
the attributes identified in the study would further boost entrepreneurial interest of the state in future.
Key Words: Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Tribal, Livestock, Farmers.

INTRODUCTION and economic factors. Livestock based enterprises

Entrepreneurship has been accepted worldwide
as an effective tool for widening the entrepreneurial
base for those who have poor financial resources
or managerial background. In the present era,
entrepreneur is considered as a person who
initiates, organizes the activities, manages and
controls the affairs of business unit combining the
factors of production to supply goods and services.
Farmers deciding to take particular enterprise or
use scientific methods to establish enterprise also
exhibit entrepreneurial behavior. The emergence of
entrepreneurs in communities depends upon closely
interlinked social, religious, cultural, psychological
and other agriculture and allied enterprises viz;
dairy, poultry, bee-keeping, mushroom farming
etc. when adopted on scientific lines can provide
employment opportunities (Singh et al, 2016).
Livestock farming is a crucial component of rural
economy that has the highest potential of generating
income and employment through augmenting
productivity of animals. It is one of the promising
sectors for entrepreneurship development in India
(Lazar, 2014).It is recognized that tribal livestock
farmers constitute the poorest section in rural areas
of India. They possess few assets and generally
are dependent on agriculture, mostly as labourers.

Corresponding Author E-mail psethext@gmail.com

1
Scientist, Krishi vigyan Kendra, Saraikela-Kharsawan, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
2
Research Scholar, Faculty of Social Sciences, JMI Central University, New Delhi
3
Research Scholar, Institute of Management Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Indore
4
Director Extension Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

109 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114

 Seth et al

Improving their living standard is a gigantic task. Further in Kolhan region of Jharkhand, the tribal
Due to their low educational level and lack of skills, people are mainly dependent on agriculture and
they are unable to secure employment. allied activities. Most of the tribal people inhabit
The economy of Jharkhand state of India is in undeveloped areas which are remote and lack of
primarily agrarian and characterized by high rate basic amenities, education and employment. Due to
of poverty and low income among the farming low literacy most tribal farmers follow the traditional
community. Agriculture in Jharkhand depends farming. Majority of tribal farmers are marginal
largely on rainfall, 82per cent of which is received farmers with small land holding. Tribal farmers
during four months from June to September. The are confined to crop-livestock based enterprises.
State is a mono- cropped region. Farming activities Sakthivel and Narmatha (2019) have reported that
are confined largely during the Kharif season from livestock keeping is an important enterprise for
June to November-December. the socially backward, landless and marginalized
sections of the rural society. There is high potential

Table 1. Distribution of the respondents on the basis of Socio-economic characteristics of the tribal
livestock farmers: (N=120)
Sr. No. Characteristic Level Frequency Percentage
1 Age Young ( < 35 yr) 45.00 37.50
Middle (36-50 yr) 64.00 53.33
Old (> 50 yr) 11.00 09.17
2 Education Illiterate 00.00 00.00
Primary school 18.00 15.00
Middle school 35.00 29.17
Matriculation 57.00 47.50
Graduate 10.00 08.33
3 Occupation Farming 71.00 59.17
Farming + Labour 13.00 10.83
Farming + Caste occupation 15.00 12.50
Farming + Business 09.00 07.50
Farming + Service 12.00 10.00
4 Income Low( up to Rs.50,000) 18.00 15.00
Medium( Rs 50,000 – Rs70,000) 87.00 72.50
High ( Above Rs. 70,000) 15.00 12.50
5 Land holding 1-2 ha 89.00 74.17
3-4 ha 18.00 15.00
Above 4 ha 13.00 10.83
6 Level of aspiration Low 29.00 24.17
Medium 73.00 60.83
High 18.00 15.00

110 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114

 Entrepreneurial Behavioural Characteristics

Table 2. Distribution of the respondents based on Entrepreneurial behavior characteristics of tribal

livestock farmers (N= 120).
Sr. No. Dimensions of entrepreneurial Level Frequency Percentage
characteristics
1 Innovativeness Low 23.00 19.16
Medium 77.00 64.16
High 20.00 16.67
2 Achievement motivation Low 38.00 31.67
Medium 52.00 43.33
High 30.00 25.00
3 Decision making ability Low 34.00 28.33
Medium 69.00 57.50
High 17.00 14.17
4 Risk taking ability Low 39.00 32.5
Medium 63.00 52.50
High 18.00 15.00
5 Level of knowledge Low 28.00 23.34
Medium 62.00 51.66
High 30.00 25.00
6 Coordinating ability Low 50.00 41.67
Medium 56.00 46.66
High 14.00 11.67
7 Planning ability Low 52.00 43.33
Medium 58.00 48.33
High 10.00 08.34
8 Information seeking behaviour Low 35.00 29.16
Medium 32.00 26.67
High 53.00 44.17
9 Leadership qualities Low 15.00 12.50
Medium 53.00 44.16
High 52.00 43.34
10 Cosmopoliteness Low 27.00 22.50
Medium 59.00 49.16
High 34.00 28.34
11 Self confidence Low 50.00 41.66
Medium 45.00 37.50
High 25.00 20.84

111 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114

 Seth et al

for enterprises like dairy, goat rearing poultry qualities, cosmopoliteness and self confidence
farming etc. and therefore, the entrepreneurial were measured in the study. The collected data were
opportunities are plenty which can be exploited tabulated, classified and analysis of data was done
by making concerted efforts. Entrepreneurship using multidimensional scaling techniques of SPSS
being the backbone of any economy can be used besides conventional correlation and regression
to improve the living standard of tribal livestock analysis.
farmers of Jharkhand. Thakor and Mehta (2018)
revealed that education, area under mango RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
cultivation, annual income, social participation, Socio-personal characteristics
awareness regarding value addition, mango Socio-personal characteristics of farmers play
yield index, employment generation, extension an important role in shaping and development of
participation, mass media exposure, extent of entrepreneurial traits has been proved by earlier
adoption, management orientation, innovativeness, studies. The data (Table 1) revealed that 53.33per
progressiveness and knowledge of mango growers cent were of middle age group, 47.50 per cent
had significant relationship with entrepreneurial of respondents received formal education up to
behaviour of mango growers, whereas age, land matriculation and about sixty percent (59.17%) of
holding, irrigation facility, family size and cropping
the respondents were having farming as their main
intensity had no association with entrepreneurial occupation. The result also showed that majority
behavior. In view of the above the present study of the respondents (72.50%) were earning up to
was undertaken with an objective to ascertain the Rs.50,000-70,000 per annum, about seventy five
entrepreneurial behavior of tribal livestock farmers percent (74.17%) were marginal farmers and had
and to identify the factors influencing it. medium level of aspiration (60.83%). These results
were in accordance with the findings of Seth (2012),
MATERIALS AND METHODS Seth et al (2014), Yuan et al (2017) and Bose and
The study employed multistage random Samad (2018).
sampling technique to select the ultimate
sampling units. The present study was conducted Entrepreneurial behaviour of tribal farmers
in two districts East Singhbhum (22.48670N and Entrepreneurial behavior of farmers may be
86.4997 E) and Saraikela-Kharsawan (22.8561 N
0 0 operationally defined as the outcome of different
and 86.0122 E) in Kolhan region of Jharkhand. dimensions such as innovativeness, achievement
0

The data were collected using structured interview motivation, decision making ability, risk orientation,
schedule from 120 farmers selected from four level of knowledge, coordinating ability, planning
blocks Potka and Patamda of East Singhbhum and ability, information seeking behavior, leadership
Gamharia and Kharsawan of Saraikela-Kharsawan ability, cosmopoliteness and self confidence. All
district, respectively. From each block two villages the activities are performed by an individual with
were selected randomly, further from each village respects to his entrepreneurial characteristics. It
15 respondents were again randomly selected was evident (Table 2) that more than sixty percent
thus, a total of 120 respondents constituted the (64.16%) of the respondents were in medium degree
sample size for the present investigation. Eleven of innovativeness, 43.33 per cent of the respondents
selected components of entrepreneurial behaviour had medium level of achievement motivation and
viz. innovativeness, achievement motivation , more than one half (57.50%) were in medium
decision making ability, risk taking ability, level decision making ability. Majority of the respondents
of knowledge, coordinating ability, planning (52.50%) falls in medium risk orientation, 51.67%
ability, information seeking behavior, leadership of the respondents falls in medium level of

112 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114

 Entrepreneurial Behavioural Characteristics
Table 3. Correlation between socio-economic characteristics with overall Entrepreneurial behaviour
of respondents.
Sr. No. Variable
1 Age of respondents
2 Education
3 Land holding
4 Social participation
5 Annual income
6 Level of aspiration
7 Mass media participation
8 Information sources utilization
** Significant at 0.01 level of probability, NS-Non significant
knowledge, 46.67 per cent of the respondents falls
in medium degree of coordinating ability, 48.33% of
the respondents falls in medium degree of planning
ability, 44.17% of the respondents falls in high
degree of information seeking behaviour, 44.16 per
cent of the respondents falls in medium degree of
leadership, 49.16 per cent of the respondents falls
in medium degree of cosmopoliteness. It is evident
from Table 2 that 41.67 per cent of the respondents
fall in low level of self confidence although the
overall entrepreneurial behavior of the respondents
was at medium level. The results were in conformity
with the studies of Seth (2012), Sinha and Pandey
(2012), Gamit et al (2015), Raina et al (2016), Seth
et al (2018), Bose and Samad (2018), Seth et al
(2019).
Relationship of socio-personal characteristics
with entrepreneurial behavior
The correlation analysis of entrepreneurial
behaviour and socio-economic variable given in
Table 3 reveals that out of 8 variables tested, two
variables such as level of aspiration (r=0.457),
and information sources utilization (r=0.486)
were positively and significantly correlated with
entrepreneurial behavior. Age had a negative
but non-significant relation with entrepreneurial
behavior which was also reported by Thakor and
Mehta (2018). Hence, it may be inferred that
respondents with higher level of aspiration and
113 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114
Correlation coefficient (r)
0.016NS
0.143NS
-0.079NS
-0.012 NS
0.132 NS
0.457**
0.098 NS
0.486**
utilization of different information sources influence
the entrepreneurial behavior to great extent. Similar
finding were reported by Porchezhiyan et al (2016).
Estimation of contribution socio-personal
characteristic on entrepreneurial behavior
It was evident (Table 4) that the regression
coefficient of the predictor variable like age, size
of landholding and mass media participation
were found having an inverse relationship with
the response variables, however, it was non-
significant. On the contrary the regression
coefficient of other predictor variables like level of
aspiration and information source utilization were
having significant role in determining the level of
entrepreneurial traits to the respondents and was
significant at 0.01 and 0.05 %, respectively. R2
explains socio-personal characteristics contributes
of 38 per cent towards entrepreneurial behavior.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above discussion
that as far as entrepreneurial attributes are concerned,
majority of the tribal livestock owners possessed
medium level of achievement motivation, decision
making ability, risk taking ability, knowledge
and information source utilization. The levels
of aspiration and information source utilization
were important in influencing the entrepreneurial
 Seth et al

Table. 4. Multiple regression analysis of the predictor variable and response variables - overall
entrepreneurial behavior of the respondents
S. No Variables b SE(b) ‘t’ values
1 Age -0.741 0.863 -0.852NS
2 Education 0.782 0.647 1.222NS
3 Land holding -1.329 1.047 -1.525NS
4 Social participation -1.438 1.834 -0.769 NS
5 Annual income -0.231 0.765 -0.283 NS
6 Level of aspiration 0.586 0.194 2.935**
7 Mass media participation -0.336 0.235 -1.395
8 Information sources utilization 0.259 0.112 2.631*
R2=0.388, F=5.646 significant at 0.01 level probability. ** Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
NS= Non significant
attributes of the tribal livestock farmers. Based on Seth P (2012). Diffusion and Adoption of ‘T&D’ Pig
the study, it was suggested that the entrepreneurship Innovation. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research
Institute ( Deemed University), Izatnagar, India
development program may be taken up as selected
beneficiary based on socio-personal traits of Seth P, Singh K, Chander M and Kumari R (2018). Adoption
of ‘T&D’ pig breed innovation in eastern region of India.
tribal farmers having influence on entrepreneurial J Krishi Vigyan 7 (1): 1-3
behavior. This will improve the entrepreneurial
Seth P, Chander M, Rathod P K and Bardhan D (2014).
behavior, income and employment thereby, ensuring Diffusion of crossbreeding technology in piggery: A case
equitable development of the state. of ‘T&D’ breed in Eastern region of India. African J Agril
Res 9 (3): 407-417.
REFERENCES Seth P, Singh N, Saroj P, Kumari R and Singh B (2019).
Bose D K and Samad A A (2018). Entrepreneurial behaviour Entrepreneurial behavior of tribal livestock farmers in
of tribal crop producers in Saraikela – Kharsawan District Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, National
of Jharkhand. IOSR J Agri Vety Sci 11( 9): 31-34 Conference, 10-11 August, Birsa Agricultural Univesity,
Gamit M P, V D R, Bhabhor I N, Tyagi K K and Rathod A Ranchi, India, pp. 253-254 (Abstr.).
D (2015). Entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers in Singh G, Tiwari D and Yadav SP (2016) Income Enhancement
Surat district of South Gujarat, Int J Adv Multidisciplinary and Employment Generation Through Apiculture
Res 2(8): 50–56. Enterprise for Rural Youth in Punjab. Indian Res J Ext
Lazar N (2014). Role of women entrepreneurs in dairy Sector Edu 16 (1): 112-115.
with special; reference to Thrissur district of Kerala. Sinha M and Pandey D K (2012). Aquaculture and fisheries
Indian J Appl Res 4(11): 296-298. potential for blue revolution in North-East. Kurukshetra
Porchezhiyan S, Umamageswari M and Manjunatha G 61(1): 40-42.
(2016). Correlation effect of entrepreneurial behavioural Thakor R F and Mehta B M (2018). Correlates of
components in dairying. Vety Sci Res J 7(1): 21-24. entrepreneurial behaviour of mango growers in Valsad
Raina V, Bhushan B, Bakshi P and Khajuria S (2016). District of Gujarat. J Krishi Vigyan 7(1) : 55-57.
Entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers. J Anim Res Yuan P, Liu Y, Ju F and Li X (2017). A Study on Farmers’
6 (5): 1-7. Agriculture related Tourism Entrepreneurship Behavior,
Sakthivel K M and Narmatha N (2019). Characterization of Science Direct Procedia Computer Science 122: 743–
households of marginal and landless livestock farmers in 750.
rural Tamil Nadu. J Krishi Vigyan 8 (1): 23-27. Received on 02/04/2020 Accepted on 10/05/2020

114 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 109-114

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00024.0

Evaluation of Different Mechanical Weed

Control Methods in Rice Field
D K Mohanty1 and J Bhuyan2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mayurbhanj-I, Shamakhunta ( Odisha)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate different mechanical weed control methods in rice field by
using three types of mechanical rice weeders i.e., single row cono weeder (T2), single row mandwa weeder
(T3) and two row power weeder (T4) were compared with hand weeding (T1). The results revealed that
among the mechanical weeders, the highest weeding efficiency (88.62 %) was obtained with T4 and the
lowest value (78.67 %) with T2. The average of damaged plants in mechanical weeders was obtained as
3.78 , 2.83 and 1.76 per cent, in T4, T2 and T3 treatments, respectively as compared to 0.11 per cent in hand
weeding. The highest effective field capacity of 0.064 ha/h was measured with T4 and the corresponding
lowest values of 0.017 and 0.012 ha/h were obtained with T3 and T2 , respectively. The weeding cost was
reduced by 34.9, 53.9 and 49.65 per cent in T2, T3 and T4 , respectively as compared to T1. Among the four
treatments, highest grain yield of 43.6 q/ha was recorded in T4 followed by 37.5q/ha, 36.75q/ha and 34.04 q/
ha in treatments T3, T2 and T1 ,respectively. Among the tested weeders T4 showed a proper field performance.
Key Words: Cost of cultivation, Drudgery, Field performance, Weeder, Yield.

INTRODUCTION (Nagesh Kumar et al, 2013).

Weed control is one of the most difficult tasks
in agriculture that accounts for a considerable share
of the cost involved in agricultural production.
Reduction in yield due to weed alone is estimated
to be 16-42 per cent depending on crop and location
and involves 1/3 rd of the cost of cultivation
(Raosaheb et al, 2020). Weeding and hoeing is
generally done 15-20 days after sowing. The weed
should be controlled and eliminated at their early
stage. Depending upon the weed density, 20-30
per cent loss in grain yield is quite usual which
might increase up to 80 per cent if adequate crop
management practice is not observed. Rice and
groundnut are very sensitive to weed competition
in the early stage of growth and failure to control
weeds in the first three weeks after seeding reduce
the yield by 50 per cent (Sridhar, 2013). Weeds
compete with crop plants for nutrients and other
growth factors and in the absence of an effective
control measure, remove 30 to 40 per cent of applied
nutrients resulting in significant yield reduction
The nutrient uptake by the weeds was found
to be directly related with weed population and
inversely related with grain yield (Dubey et al,
2013). In India about 4.2 billion rupees are spent
every year for controlling weeds in the production of
major crops. At least 40 Mt of major food grains are
lost every year due to weeds alone (Kishore Kumar
et al, 2018). Therefore, timely weeding is very
much essential for a good yield and this can only be
achieved by using mechanical weeders which can
reduce the time spent on weeding (man-h), cost of
weeding and drudgery involved in manual weeding.
Mohanty et al (2010) in his study on cono weeder
indicated that the grain yield significantly increased
(13.6 to 14.2%) under weeding by cono weeder at
10 DAT, 20 DAT and 30 DAT in SRI method of rice
cultivation against manual weeding.
Weeding is an important but equally labour
intensive agricultural unit operation. Weeding
accounts for about 25 per cent of the total labour

Corresponding Author’s Email: jhuni.chutki@gmail.com

115 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119

 Mohanty and Bhuyan
requirement during a cultivation season (Basavaraj
et al, 2016). The most common methods of weed
control are mechanical, chemical, biological and
cultural methods. Chemical method of weed control
is more prominent than manual and mechanical
methods. However, its adverse effects on the
environment are making farmers to consider and
accept mechanical methods. Researcher claimed
that herbicides can reduce the labour requirement
tremendously, but there was inconsistency in
their performance. So, mechanical method of
weed control is the best with little or no limitation
because of its effectiveness. Out of these four
methods, mechanical weeding either by hand tools
or weeders are most effective in both dry land and
wet land. Mechanical weed control not only uproots
the weeds between the crop rows but also keeps
the soil surface loose, ensuring better soil aeration
and water intake capacity (Upendar et al, 2018).
Manual weeding can give a clean weeding but it is
a slow process. Chanakyan et al (2017) evaluated
wet land power weeder and results indicated that
effective field capacity, field efficiency, plant
damage and fuel consumption was observed as
0.065 ha/hr, 78.9 per cent, 84.8 per cent, 4.12 per
cent and 16.9lt ,respectively. In the testing of push
type cono weeder by Anantachor et al (2018) results
indicated that field capacity was in the range of
0.016 to 0.019 ha/hr with weeding efficiency in the
range of 72.16 to 85.5 per cent. Nowadays, finding
the suitable methods of weed control has been
aimed beside the consideration of environmental
hazards, reducing cost and drudgery with higher
yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to
evaluate field performance of different mechanical
weeders available in Odisha and compared to hand
weeding for developing appropriate mechanical
control practice in the paddy fields.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in five locations
of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha by KVK,
Mayurbhanj-1 in the form of on farm trial (OFT).
116 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119
The treatments consisted of T1 - control treatment,
where three hand weeding ware accomplished,T2
- application of mechanical weeding without
engine power-1 (Cono weeder), T3 - application
of mechanical weeding without engine power-
II (Mandwa weeder) and T4 - power mechanical
weeding (SRI power weeder). The experiments
replicated in five locations and the high yielding rice
variety of MTU 7029 was chosen in the experiment.
Paddy seedlings were transplanted in line with the
help of rope in rows with row spacing of 25 cm and
hill to hill spacing of 16 cm. Weeding was done in
between the rows and first weeding was done at
20 days after transplanting (DAT) when height of
weeds were about 3-5 cm. Subsequent weeding was
done at 30 and 40 DAT. All the weeders were tested
in similar field conditions with same procedures.
The size of each experimental plot was 200 m2. The
type of soil was found to be sandy loam (sand: 73.7-
76.9 %, silt: 13.6-14.1 %, clay: 12.7-13.4 %) with
bulk density of 1.65 to 1.69 g/cm3. Working speed
of weeders were kept within the range of 0.9 to
1.10 km/hr. Agricultural workers free from cardiac
and other aliments were selected for operating the
weeders. Test was carried out as per RNAM test
code (1985). The experiments replicated five times
and were laid out in randomized block design
(RBD) and the experimental data (yield) obtained
was analyzed statistically using analysis of variance
(ANOVA).The specification of experimental
weeders is mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1. Specification of Cono and Mandwa
weeders.
Detail Cono Mandwa
weeder weeder
Length, mm 2040 1500
Nominal width, mm 194 150
Working width, mm 125 120
Weight, kg 6.1 5.1
Height of handle from 1120 1000
ground level, mm
Width (Handle), mm 500 460
 Evaluation of Different Mechanical Weed Control Methods

Table 2. Technical specifications of Power Paddy Weeder.

Sl. No. Particular Specifications
1. Weight, kg 17
2. Vertical height, mm 850
3. Width, mm 720
4. Power, hp 1.5
5. Type of weeder Rotary
6. Blade shape L type
7. No. of blades per rotor 4
8. Row spacing, mm Adjustable 220, 240, 260 and 300
9. Width of weeding rotor, mm 150, 140 and 130 variable by changing the blade

For all the treatments the average actual field Weeding efficiency (%) = …. (4)
capacity, weeding efficiency and plant damage were Where, W1 = Number of weeds/m2 before
recorded and performance indices were calculated weeding, W2 = Number of weeds/m2 after weeding.
to compare the performance of weeders. Different Higher the value weeding efficiency means the
test parameters were calculated as per the formula weeder is more efficient to remove the weeds.
depicted below.
Plant damage
Theoretical field capacity Plant damage per cent is measured by using
Theoretical field capacity was calculated with following relation (Anon 1985).
standard formula as suggested (Anon, 1985).
Plant damage (%) = {1- (Q/P)} x 100
Theoretical field capacity
………………… (5)
(ha/h) = .....(1)
Where, Q = Number of plants in a 10 m row
where, Working width in m and speed in km/h length after weeding, P= Number of plants in a 10
Effective field capacity m row length before weeding
Effective field capacity is an average output
of the weeder per hour and calculated from the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
following formula (Anon, 1985). Grain Yield
Effective field capacity Result (Table 3) indicated that the treatment
means differ significantly and grain yield of rice
(ha/h) = ......(2) was significantly influenced by different methods
Where, Area covered in m and total time in hr
2
of mechanical weed control and T4 (Power paddy
weeder) had its most significant effect on yield
Field efficiency performance standpoint, which was 43.6 q/ha in its
It is the ratio of effective field capacity to highest peak with 27.8 per cent increase over local
theoretical field capacity and expressed in % (Anon, check . T (Mandwa weeder) was ranked as second
1985). 3
influential with 37.5 q/ha with 9.9 per cent increase
Field efficiency (%) = ..... (3) over manual weeding. In addition, under T2 (Cono
weeder) and T1 (Hand weeding) treatments, 36.8 q/
Weeding efficiency
ha and 34.1 q/ha of yield recorded respectively and
It is calculated by using the following formula
there is a 7.9 per cent increase in yield in treatment
(Anon, 1985).

117 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119

 Mohanty and Bhuyan

Table 3. Comparison of experimental treatments on yield

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 32.4 33.7 36.4 35.8 32.2 34.1
T2 37.1 36.5 38.5 38.1 33.8 36.8
T3 38.3 35.1 36.7 37.9 39.5 37.5
T4 44.5 45.2 42.1 43.5 44.9 43.6
CD at 5 % = 2.65, SEM ± = 1.15, CV=5.03

T2 against treatment T1. The results were close to T4 (16 man-hr/ha) and maximum time for T1 (149
conformity with findings of Mohanty et al (2010). man-hr/ha).
This may be due to better aeration of top horizon of
Weeding efficiency
the soil and the regeneration of newer roots due to
The results also revealed that among all weed
the pruning effect by power weeder.
control methods, the highest weeding efficiency
Field capacity and cost of weeding (98.34 %) was obtained with treatment T1 and
Comparative performance of power weeder, among the mechanical weeders, the highest
mandwa-weeder and cono-weeder in line weeding efficiency (88.62 %) was obtained with
transplanted rice (25cm x 16 cm) at 20, 30 T4 and the lowest value (78.67 %) was measured
and 40 days after transplanting indicated the with treatment T2. The results confirmed the
average field capacity of 0.064, 0.017 and 0.012 test conducted by Chanakyan et al (2017) and
ha/hr, respectively which is almost similar to Anantachar et al (2018).
findings obtained by Chanakyan et al (2017) and
Plant Damage
Anantachar et al (2018). The cost of weeding of the
The average of damaged plants in mechanical
above weeders per hectare were being Rs.1578/-,
weeders was obtained as 3.78, 1.76, 2.83 per cent
Rs.1445/- and Rs. 2040/- , respectively. Whereas in
in case of power weeder (T4), mandwa weeder (T3)
case of control treatment cost of weeding per hectare
and cono weeder (T2) respectively compared to 0.11
derived as Rs. 2520/-, Rs. 3150/- and Rs. 3780/- at
per cent in hand weeding (T1).
20, 30 and 40 DAT with 0.0067 ha/hr field capacity.
Thus the weeding cost was reduced by 34.9, 53.9
CONCLUSION
and 49.65 per cent for T2, T3 and T4 , respectively
The performance analysis results demonstrated
as compared to control i.e., hand weeding. It was
that mechanized weeding can produce large
also evident that, the minimum time duration of
reductions in the weeding costs and significant
performed action for controlling weeds was related
reductions in labour time, whereas hand weeding
Table 4. Comparison of experimental treatments on field performance.
Treatments
Mean
Field capacity Cost of Weeding Average Labour requirement
(ha/hr) weeding (Rs./ efficiency damaged plant (man-hr/ha)
ha) (%) (%)
T1 0.0067 3150 98.34 0.11 149
T2 0.012 2040 78.67 2.83 83
T3 0.017 1445 81.54 1.76 58
T4 0.064 1578 88.62 3.78 16

118 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119

 Evaluation of Different Mechanical Weed Control Methods

reached the best efficiency in weed control. nutrient uptake and yield of rice. J Krishi Vigyan 2(1):
The study could conclusively identify weeding 19-22.
operation, as one of the major factors which can Kishore Kumar G, Raj Kiran B and Murali Krishna Ch
pose a great influence on crop yield. (2018). Performance and evaluation of power weeder,
wheel hoe, star weeder under dry land conditions. Int J
Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(12): 1669-1675.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (1985). RNAM test codes and procedure for farm Mohanty D K and Mohanty M K (2010). Assessment of yield
machinery, Technical series No. 12, Economic and Social using cono weeder in SRI method of paddy cultivation.
Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Regional Network Agril Engg Today (ISAE) 43(1): 21-24.
for Agricultural Mechanization, Bangkok, Thailand. Nagesh Kumar T, Sujay Kumar A, Nayak M and Ramya V
Anantachar M, Mareppa N B, Sushilendra and Sunil Shirwal (2014). Performance evaluation of weeders. Int J Sci Env
(2018). Development, testing and performance evaluation & Tech 3(6): 2160-2165.
of push type cono weeder for wet land paddy crop. J Raosaheb G N, Petkar A P and Bhutada S H (2020). Design
Pharmaco & Phytochem 7(2): 2394-2397. and development of rotary power weeder. Int J Curr
Basavaraj, Surendrakumar A and Divaker Durairaj C (2016). Microbiol and App Sci 9(2):1063-1068.
Study of agronomical and soil parameters in paddy Sridhar H S (2013). Development of single wheel multi use
field for the development of paddy weeder. Int J Sci manually operated weed remover. Int J Modern Engg Res
30(8):1627-1631. (IJMER) 6(3): 3836-3840.
Chanakyan C and Mohanty S K (2017). Performance Upendar K, Dash R C, Behera D and Goel A K (2018).
evaluation of power operated wet land paddy weeder in Ergonomical evaluation of power weeder in wet land
Odisha. Int J Multidisciplinary Res and Development. paddy cultivation. J Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
4(1):140-146. 7(5): 2605-2609.
Dubey P K, Jha R K, Singh V P and Kumar S (2013). Received on 04/02/2020 Accepted on /15/04/2020
Effectiveness of different weedicides on weed biomass,

119 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 115-119

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 120-123 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00025.2

Evaluation of Different Sowing Methods on Growth Parameters

in Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.)
Dharmendra Singh, B S Kasana and S S Kushwah
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena , RVSKVV, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Chickpea is a major pulse crop of India and major protein source for vegetarian population of this
country. The average yield of this crop is stagnated due to many reasons like method of sowing. Present
experiment was conducted at instructional farm of KVK Morena to evaluate the different sowing methods
to achieve maximum productivity in chickpea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design
with four replication. The results revealed that the FIRB system of sowing gave maximum crop yield
(16.37q/ha) and showed significant increase on other growth and yield parameters. The Zero tillage
and ridge and furrow sowing were also proven better than conventional method of sowing of chickpea.
Key Words: Chickpea, Configurations, FIRBs, Ridge & Furrow, Zero tillage.

INTRODUCTION 94 mg-1), fiber (3%), minerals (calcium, magnesium,

Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) is a major pulse phosphorus, iron, zinc) and vitamins (Yadav et al,
crop of India the major protein source for vegetarian 2007). Amongst the agronomic practices, land
population of this country. Chickpea is used as a configurations and proper spacing are of great
common source of carbohydrate and protein hence importance (Reddy et al., 2003). Several workers
making it more economical and affordable for the have reported the positive response in seed yield
developing countries without compromising the of chickpea to planting methods under protective
nutrition quality (Malunga et al, 2014).  Among the irrigated condition. So, there is need to adopt
pulses, chickpea occupies 30 per cent of area with a suitable management practices like a proper
38 per cent of annual production in India (Teggelli planting method for ensuring yield increment in
et al, 2017 ). It ranks first in area cultivated in India, chickpea at Madhya Pradesh. Therefore, study was
grown over an area of 8.25 Mha with production conducted to evaluate the different sowing methods
of 7.34 M t with average productivity of 889 kg/ on seed yield in chickpea.
ha (Anon, 2016). Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh MATERIAL AND METHODS
and Karnataka are the major chickpea producing Present experiment was carried out at the
states sharing over 95 per cent area. Land area instructional farm of KVK Morena. The experiment
devoted to chickpea has increased in recent years was laid out in randomized block design with four
and now stands at an estimated 14.56 Mha.  replications. The climate of the region is tropical
Chickpea is valued for its nutritive seeds with an sub-tropical receiving an annual rainfall of 810 mm
inexpensive and high quality source of protein (18- with maximum and minimum temperature of 45°C
22%), carbohydrate (52-70%), fat (4-10%), crude and 2°C, respectively. The soils of experiment sites
fibers (1.37%), lysine (195-205 mg-1), carotene (89- were sandy loam soil with pH 7.5 to 7.8, organic

Corresponding Author’s Email:kasanabrajraj@gmail.com

Scientist (Agronomy) Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Morena
Scientist (Agronomy) Directorate of extension services, RVSKVV, Gwalior (MP)

120 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 120-123

 Singh et al

Table 1. Effect of Different method of sowing on growth parameter in Gram.

Treatment Plant Height No. of Branch/ No. of pod/ No. of Grain/ Grain Weight /
(cm) plant plant plant plant (g)
M-1 56.40 10.10 20.20 30.0 5.13
M-2 53.67 9.80 19.18 28.0 4.88
M-3 53.50 9.02 19.00 27.0 4.80
M-4 52.50 8.98 18.28 26.50 4.21
SEm+_ 12.51 0.12 0.21 0.39 0.11
CD@5% 36.30 0.37 0.64 1.16 0.30

carbon (OC, 0.28 to 0.40 %) at the time of initiation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of field experiment. It was low in available N (167 Effect of Sowing Methods on growth
kg/ha), medium in P (13.2 kg/ha) and K (315 kg/ha) parameters of chickpea
and S (12.8 kg/ha). Maximum increase in the parameters i.e. plant
Four different sowing methods (M1- Furrow height at harvest (cm), was observed in the Furrow
Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB), M-2 Zero Tillage, M3- irrigated raised bed (56.40 cm) which, was followed
Ferti-cum-seed drill and M4- Traditional (Single by zero tillage method (53.67 cm) of sowing, ferti-
seed drill)) were used for the experiment. The cum seed drill (53.50 cm) and lowest plant height
improved variety of gram JG 130 was used as test was recorded under conventional single drum seed
crop. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the drill method (52.50 cm). However the differences
different sowing method in subtropical condition in were non-significant. The maximum no. of branch
regards of growth yield and economics of chick pea per plant was also recorded under the FIRB system
crop under pearl millet –chickpea cropping system. of sowing (10.10) which was at par to zero tillage
The field was prepared and trapezoidal shape raised (9.80) and significantly superior over the seed cum
beds were made mechanically by tractor driven fertilizer drill (9.02) and conventional seed drill
furrow irrigated raised bed planter. The width of (8.98).
bed was adjusted to 40 to 45 cm with two rows The maximum number of pod per plant
of chickpea on each raised bed. Recommended followed the same trend however, the maximum
seed rate 80 kg/ha was used for sowing along with number of pod recorded in FIRB system (20.20)
recommended package of practices including use of was significantly superior over all other treatments
fertilizers and appropriate Rhizobium inoculation. in the experiment. The minimum number of pod
First irrigation was applied at the time of branching was observed in traditional method of sowing
(35-40 days after sowing) and second at the stage (18.28) which was the significantly lower to all
of pod formation (90-95 days after sowing) through other treatment.Grain weight (g/plant) was also
the furrow. Required plant protection measures lowest in traditional method (4.21 g/plant) which
were taken as and when found necessary. Data was significantly lower than all other treatments.
pertaining to crop growth, yield attributes and yield However, the FIRB (5.13 g/plant) and Zero tillage
were collected at harvest and analyzed statistically. (4.88 g/plant) were significantly higher over the
The B: C ratio was calculated based on the net conventional method of sowing.
return and cost of cultivation in each treatment.
Pearl millet – chickpea-fellow was the cropping The improvement in root and shoot weight
system of experimental area. under raised bed and ridge planting over flat bed

121 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 120-123

 Evaluation of Different Sowing Methods

Table 2. Effect of Different method of sowing on yield parameter in Gram.

Treatment Biological yield Grain Yield Straw Yield 100 grain weight
(q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha) (g)
M-1 40.73 16.37 24.37 23.18
M-2 36.80 14.14 22.66 22.46
M-3 35.52 15.29 20.23 22.15
M-4 34.05 14.37 19.69 22.20
SEm+_ 0.614 0.264 0.790 0.184
CD@5% 1.796 0.773 2.313 0.539

was mainly due congenial soil environment and
better soil depth. Raised bed also encourage initial
root and shoot growth of plant (Pramanik et al,
2009). Moreover, significant increments in growth
and yield attributes such as branches/plant (49%),
pods/plant (19.3%) and seed yield (20.1%) were
also recorded under 75 cm raised beds (Kumar et
al, 2015).  Effect of different sowing method on Economic
Effect of different sowing methods on yield
The yield parameters of chickpea crop were
also significantly affected by sowing method in
chickpea crop. The maximum biological yield
(40.73 q/ha), grain yield (16.37 q/ha) and straw
yield (24.37 q/ha) was recorded under FIR
system which was significantly superior over the
conventional seed drill sowing (34.05, 14.37 and
19.69 q/ha) respectively. The test weight of crop
was also observed maximum in FIRB system (23.18
g) was significantly superior to all other treatments.
The improvement in above parameters was mainly
due to better plant growth under raised and ridge
planting system. Similarly, significant improvement
in seed yield of chickpea was recorded under ridge
and raised bed planting system (Mishra et al 2012).
Enhanced nodulation, root and shoot growth and
yield attributing characters also resulted in higher
grain yield of chickpea under improved planting
system of raised bed ( Pramanik et al, 2009; Rathore
et al, 2010; Bhooshan and Singh, 2014).
parameters
The maximum profit was recorded in FIRB
system in terms of net return 23902 Rs/ha and B:C
ration 2.43 which was followed by zero tillage
and fertilizer-cum seed drill and the lowest returns
were obtained through the conventional method of
sowing. Similar findings in chickpea under raised
bed were also reported ( Pramanik et al, 2009).
CONCLUSION
It was concluded from the study that crop planted
on raised bed with proper production technology
gives good yield as well as economically feasible
as compared to other methods of sowing of chick
pea. Thus, the overall performance of chickpea was
superior in furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) over
other planting systems.

Table 3. Effect of Different method of sowing on Economic parameter in Gram.

Treatment Cost of Cultivation Gross return Net Return (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio
(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
M-1 22976 55878 32902 2.43
M-2 20476 48840 28364 2.39
M-3 23476 51868 28392 2.21
M-4 24476 48530 24054 1.98

122 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 120-123

 Singh et al
REFRENCES
Aggarwal P and Goswami B (2003). Bed planting system
for increasing water use efficiency of wheat grown on
Inceptisol (TypicUstochrept). Indian J Agri Sci 73: 422-
425.
Anonymous (2016). Krishi Darshika, I.G.K.V., Raipur
(C.G.)., 5
Bhooshan B and Singh V K (2014). Effect of planting method,
irrigation schedule and weed management practice on the
performance of fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. arvense). J
Food Legumes 27: 112-116
Kumar N, Singh M K, Praharaj  C S, Singh Ummed
and  Singh S S (2015). Performance of chickpea under
different planting method, seed rate and irrigation level
in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. J Food Legumes 28(1):
40- 44
Malunga L N, Bar-El S D, Zinal E, Berkovich  Z, Abbo S,
& Reifen R (2014). The potential use of chickpeas in
development of infant follow-on formula. Nutrition J
13(1), 8. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-8
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Pramanik S C, Singh N B and Singh K K (2009). Yield,
economics and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) under various irrigation regimes on raised bed
planting system. Indian J Agron 54: 315-318.
Rathore R S, Singh R P and Nawange D D (2010). Effect
of land configuration, seed rate and fertilizer doses
on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.)
Hepper). Legume Res 33: 274-278.
Reddy B V S, Reddy P S, Bidinger F and Blummel M (2003).
Crop management factors influencing yield and quality of
crop residues. Field Crops Res 84:57-77.
Teggelli Raju G, S Suresh S M and Zaheer Ahamed B (2017).
Increasing yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum Linn.)
through improved production technology in Kalaburagi
District of Karnataka. J Krishi Vigyan 5(2) : 83-86
Yadav SS, Longnecker N, Dusunceli F, Bejiga G, YadavM,
Rizvi A H (2007). Uses, consumption and utilization. In:
Chickpea Breeding and Management (Yadav, S S,Redden
R, Chen W and Sharma B,Eds). CAB, Wallingford, UK.,
71-100
Received on 26-02-2020 Accepted on 18/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00026.4

Evaluation of High Yielding and Blast Resistant Finger

Millet (Eleusine coracana) Varieties in
North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
Sendhilvel V1 and Veeramani P2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vellore – 632 014 (Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
Finger millet (Eleusinecoracana) is the major staple food crop cultivated in rain fed and irrigated condition
in the zone of North Eastern Region of Tamil Nadu. However the productivity of the crop is affected by
blast disease caused by Magnaporthe griseaand lack of high yielding varieties. An investigation was made
to identify suitable high yielding and blast resistant varieties through on farm trials in Velloredistrict during
2017-18. The results of the study revealed that TNAU Finger millet Co15 recorded the higher plant height (128
cm), number of tillers per plant (8.0), number of ear head per square meter area (76.2). The reaction to the blast
incidence was moderately resistant to leaf blast with the disease score of 2.1. The per cent incidence of neck
and finger blast was 5.2 and 5.7, respectively against ruling variety GPU 28 which recorded 14.3 and 19.2 per
cent. The maximum grain yield (2268 kg/ha) was recorded in finger millet CO15followed by ML 365. The
feedback from the farmers also revealed exultant with CO 15 due to its high tillering per plant, more number of
ear head per square meter and moderately resistant to blast disease and high yielding nature. The economical
parameter such as maximumnet income of Rs.44,850 /ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.93 was recorded in CO 15
compared to the other finger millet varieties. Considering the above facts, CO 15 would be a better option to
the farming community for enhancing the productivity of finger millet in North Eastern Zone of TamilNadu.
Key Words: Blast, Farmers, Finger millet, Variety and Yield.

INTRODUCTION hasbeen reported to be around 28 per cent and has

Among the coarse cereals, finger millet accounts
for 7 per cent area and 11 percent of production in
India. The major finger millet growing states in
India are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat.
Thoughthe finger millet is considered as one of
the hardiest crops, it is affected by several diseases
such as blast, foot rot and streak. Among these, blast
caused by fungus Magnaporthegrisea (anamorph
Pyricularia grisea) is the most devastating disease
affecting different aerial parts of theplant parts
like stem, leaf, neck, and fingers and thedisease is
accordingly termed as stem blast, leaf blast,neck
blast, and finger blast. In Tamil Nadu, the neck and
finger blast are causing the significant yield loss up
to 37.5 per cent. The average loss dueto blastdisease
Corresponding Author’s E mail: veera.agri@yahoo.com
1
Department of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003 (Tamil Nadu)
been reported ashigh as 80-90 per cent in endemic
areas Ramappa et al(2002).
Finger millet grains produced from the blast
infected crop are poor in quality and are unfit for
utilization in preparation of value added products.
The disease is known to occur almostevery year
during rainy season in all major finger millet
growingareas and is perceived as one of the major
disease causingrecurring yield losses in all the states
of India. The irrelevant and indiscriminative use of
pesticides may enhance resistance in phytopathogens
and cause environmental and groundwater pollution.
Traces of such chemicals have been reported to
get deposited in agricultural produce Bhanti and
Taneja (2007) and Gurusubramanian et al (2008).

124 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128

 Sendhilvel and Veeramani

Consumption of such contaminated produces may
cause serious health problems in human being.
Keeping hazardous effects of plant protection
chemicals into consideration, development of
alternate ecofriendly means of disease control has
become quite necessary. One such alternative is
exploration of resistance genotypes against the target
pathogen.Varieties play an important role in crop
production and the potential yield of a variety within
genetic limit is determined by its environment. The
release of high yielding varieties has contributed
a great deal toward the improvement of finger
millet yield. The yield of any crop depends on the
production potential of the cultivar and climatic,
edaphic and management practices to which the
cultivar is exposed. Plant disease resistance though
remains the mosteffective strategy of disease
management at the endof farmers, yet sources of
stable resistance to thepathogen remain elusive.
Plant protection measuresare uneconomical and
hence are not quite oftenconsidered by resource
poor farmers. Accordingly, the objective of the
present investigation was aimed to evaluate thehigh
yielding variety with blast resistantsuitable for
North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu to manage the
blast disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out by
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Vellore in Gudiyatham block which
is located in North eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu
during Rabi season 2017-18. A total of five fields
were selected to conduct the experiment under
assured irrigation during maturity stage. On the
receipt of monsoon, the sowing was performed
by the farmers as per the scientist guidelines.
Two improved varieties like CO 15 and ML 365
varieties along with the ruling variety (GPU 28)
were taken for the trial purpose. Each variety sown
in an area of 0.2 ha in each farmer’s field and the
recommended cultivation practices were followed.
Thinning was done on 15 days after germination
tomaintain the plantpopulation. Weeding was done
twice to keep the crop free from weed.The trial
was laid out in randomized block design (RBD)
with three treatments and five replications and
data were analysed statistically. Five plants were
selected at random from each net plot forrecording
observation. The periodical observations on growth
characters and yield contributing characters of
finger milletwere recorded. The blast (leaf, neck
and finger) disease incidence were recorded and
per cent disease incidence (PDI) was calculated
using the given score chart. The resistance of the
varieties to leaf blast was scored at vegetative stage
using the following rating as given by Nagaraja
et al (2007). The varieties of finger millet were
screened under natural epiphytotic conditions and
no artificial inoculation was made. Infected plants
were examined for lesion development and disease
severity was assessed on the basis of lesion length
by using 0 to 5 scales (Anon, 1995).

Table 1. Standard Evaluation System (SES) scale for leaf blast disease.
Score Description Reaction
0 No lesions/symptoms on leaves No disease/HR
1 Small brown specks of pinhead to slightly elongate, necrotic grey spots with R
a brown margin, less than 1% area affected
2 A typical blast lesion elliptical, 5-10 mm long, 1-5% of leaf area affected MR
3 A typical blast region elliptical, 1-2 cm long, 6-25 % of leaf area affected MS
4 26-50 % leaf area affected S
5 More than 50 % of leaf area affected with coalescing lesions HS

125 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128

 Evaluation of High Yielding and Blast Resistant Finger Millet
Table 2. Disease reaction for neck blast.
Reaction
Immune (I)
Resistant (HR)
Moderately susceptible (R)
Susceptible (MS)
Highly susceptible (S)
Neck blast
For recording the incidence of finger millet
neck blast, thetotal numbers of healthy panicles
and total numbers of blastinfected panicles were
counted in the dough stage at each fiverandom sites
of 1 x 1 square meter area and percent incidence
wascalculated by using the following formula as
adopted by Ravi kumar (1988). The maximum
grades out of recordedobservations were considered
as final reaction of therespective entry. According
to grades exhibited, the entrieswere categorized as
I (Immune), H R (Highly resistant), R (Resistant),
M S (Moderately susceptible) and S (Susceptible)
(Hittalmani, 2004)
Neck blast (%)=Numberof infected panicles/Total
Numberof panicles×100
Finger blast
For recording the incidence of finger blast, three
middle linesin a plot were selected. Total numbers
of healthy fingers andtotal numbers of blast
infected fingers were recorded fromeach variety.
Counting of healthy and blast infected finger
was done at dough stage and percent finger blast
incidencewas calculated by using the following
Table 3. Disease reaction for finger blast.
Reaction
Immune (I)
Resistant (R)
Moderately susceptible (MS)
Susceptible (S)
Highly susceptible (HS)
126 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128
Disease rating (%)
0.0
0.1-5
5.1-10
10.1-25
Above 25
formula as adopted by Ravi kumar (1988). The
maximum grades out of recordedobservations were
considered as final reaction of therespective entry.
According to grades exhibited, the entrieswere
categorized as I (Immune), R (Resistant), M S
(Moderately susceptible), S (Susceptible) and H S
(Highlysusceptible) Babu et al (2013).
Finger blast (%) = Number of infected fingers /
Average number of fingers X Total number of
panicles X 100
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth attributes
Different varieties exerted significant influence
on growth attributes of finger millet, the data (Table
4) showed that the plant height was significantly
higher under CO 15 (128 cm) followed ML 365
(120 cm) and minimum plant height was recorded
under GPU 28 (112 cm). Variation among the
varieties in respect of plant height appears due to
influence of genotypic variation.The variation in
plant height due to the characteristics features of
the plant and management practices adopted by the
farmers. The findings of the present study were in
line with the findings of Hiremath and Nagaraju
Disease rating (%)
0.0
0.1-10
10.1-20
20.1-30
Above 30
 Sendhilvel and Veeramani

Table 4. Effect of finger millet varieties on growth parameters and blast incidence.
Variety/ Plant height (cm) Number of No. of ear Leaf Neck blast Finger blast
Parameter tillers/plant heads /m2 blast (%) (%)
GPU 28 112 6.3 69.7 4.0 14.3 19.2
CO 15 128 8.0 76.2 2.1 5.2 5.7
ML 365 120 7.2 72.4 3.3 10.9 13.3
SEd 3.37 1.01 2.01 1.26 2.37 2.10
C.D (P=0.05) 7.65 2.15 4.20 2.73 5.21 4.52

(2009) and Dhaka et al (2010) that the vigor of the Blast disease
crop is positively correlated with disease resistance. The data on evaluation of different finger millet
varieties against blast disease revealed that the leaf
Yield attributes blast grade ranged from 1 to 5. The minimum disease
All the yield attributes had significantly score (2.1) was recorded in finger millet CO15
influenced by different varieties of finger millet against 4.0 in existing variety finger millet GPU 28
(Table 5). Among the varieties CO 15 recorded whereas neck blast ranged from 5.2 (CO15) to 14.3
significantly more number of ear headper Sq. meter (GPU 28). In case of finger blast, it ranged from
(76.2) which were significantly superior to ML 5.7 to 19.2, in which lowest incidence was found in
365 (72.4) and GPU 28 (69.7). The grain yield was CO 15 (5.7) followed by ML 365 (13.3) and highest
greatly influenced by different varieties of finger in GPU 28 (19.2). Among the three varieties, the
millet (Table 5). Among them CO 15 recorded the finger millet CO15 was found to be resistant to all
statistically highest grain 2268 kg/ha followed by the stages of the blast viz., leaf, neck and finger
ML 365 (2045 kg/ha) and GPU 28 (1896 kg/ha). blasts. Our findings get support from Kumar and
Higher yield of CO 15 was due to the production Kumar (2011), who reported the suppression of
of better growth and yield parameters by these finger millet blast disease by Induced Systemic
varieties. Similarly the use of improved variety Resistance using the seed treatment and foliar
CO 15 produced significantly higher yield than the sprays of P. fluorescens even under field conditions.
local varieties. Similarly, Karthikeyan and Gnanamanickam (2008)

Table 5. Effect of different finger millet varieties on yield parameters and economics.
Variety/ Grain yield Straw yield Gross cost Gross Net Benefit cost
Parameter (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) Return Return ratio
(Rs./ha (Rs./ha)
GPU 28 1896 3654 25450 56880 31430 2.23
CO 15 2268 4067 23190 68040 44850 2.93
ML 365 2045 3802 24350 61350 37000 2.51
SEd 63.8 43.56 - - - -
CD (P=0.05) 152.3 98.20 - - - -

127 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128

 Evaluation of High Yielding and Blast Resistant Finger Millet

found that fluorescentpseudomonads could suppress and related health risk assessment in northern India.
88 percent of disease (Setaria blast) under field Chemosphere 69: 63–68.
conditions by triggering the defense mechanisms Dhaka B L, Meena B S and Suwalka R L (2010). Popularization
in the cultivars. Neeraja et al(2016) reported that of improved maize production technology through
frontline demonstrations in south-eastern Rajasthan. J
screened 25 finger millet varieties and reported that Agric Sci 1(1): 39 – 42
nine varieties were resistant to moderately resistant
Gurusubramanian G, RahmanA, Sarmah M and Ray Bora
to leaf blast and three were moderately resistance to S (2008). Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem,
both neck and finger blast. The yield attributes were their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ
positively correlated with the resistance sources. Biol29:813–826.
Hiremath S M, and Nagaraju M V (2009). Evauation of
ECONOMICS frontline demonstration trials on onion in Haveri district
Among the different finger millet varieties, the of Karnataka.Karnataka J Agric Sci 22 (5): 1092-1093
highest netincome obtained from CO 15 finger Hittalmani S, S and Leong Devos K (2004).Development of
millet variety wasRs.44,850 /ha. In case of local high yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant Finger
millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn). In: Progress Report
finger millet variety GPU 28 was Rs. 31,430 /ha.
of the Mc Knight Foundation funded Project
The additionalincome obtained from the CO 15
Karthikeyan V and Gnanamanickam S S (2008). Biological
finger millet variety was Rs. 13, 420 /ha. The highest
control of Setaria blast (Magna porthegrisea) with
benefit cost ratio of 2.93 recorded in CO 15 followed bacterial strains.Crop Prot 27:263–267.
by 2.51 in ML 365. Mechanical harvesting was
Kumar Band and Kumar J (2011). Management of blast
the only source to Reduction of cost of cultivation disease of finger millet (Elusine coracana) through
in finger millet, similar findings reported Syed fungicides, bioagents and varietal mixture. Indian
Mazaril et al (2017) farmers opinedthat adoption Phytopathol 64:272–274.
of mechanization not only reducesthe drudgery, Nagaraja A, Jagadish P S, Ashok E G and KrishneGowda K T
reduces cost of cultivation but alsoincreases more (2007). Avoidance of finger millet blast by ideal sowing
returns per unit time and area. time and assessment of varietal performance under
rainfed production situations in Karnataka. J. Mycopath
TRes45 (2) 237- 240
CONCLUSION
Neeraja B, Patro T S, Rani S K, Triveni Y S and Geethanjali
Based on the results of the present investigation, K (2016). Studies on three forms of blast (leaf, neck and
it can be concluded that for obtaining higher grain finger) in finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) incited
yield, high tillering capacity, more of ear heads and by Magnaporthegrisea. Barr.in vivo. 6th International
Blast Disease Resistance realized in finger millet Conference “Plant, Pathogens and People”. February
variety CO 15 would be identified as a better variety 23-27, 2016, New Delhi, India. 269.
for sown under irrigated conditions during Rabi Ramappa H K, Ravishankar C R and Prakash P (2002).
season under North Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu. Estimation of yield loss and management blast disease in
finger millet. Proc. Asian Cong. Mycol. Pl. Path. Oct 1-4,
2002, Univ. of Mysore P. 195
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Ravi kumar R L (1988). Genetic and biochemical basis of
Anonymous(1995).Package of practices for high yielding
blast resistance in finger millet. Ph.D. thesis submitted to
varieties, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore,
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Univ. Agric.
India
Sci., Bangalore, India.
Babu K T, Thakur R P and Upadhaya Sarma D R K (2013).
Syed Mazaril, Kamalabai and Ranganatha S C (2017).
Resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) in a mini-core
Performance of mechanical reaper for ragi(Eleusine
collection of finger millet germplasm. European J Pl
coracana L.) harvesting. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1) : 145-147
Path 135(2):299-331.
Bhanti M and Taneja A (2007). Contamination of vegetables Received on 19/11/2020 Accepted on 15/03/2020
of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides

128 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 124-128

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 129-132 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00027.6

Evaluation of Manually Operated Raw Mango Cutting Machine

V A Salve1, V P Kad2, P B Kadam3 and K J Kamble4
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 702 (Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
Raw mangoes in India are mostly used as pickles and chutneys. Pickles are prepared in almost every Indian
house and also commercially and famous within country.The developed manually operated raw mango cutting
machine consists of the main frame, tray, cutting unit having cutting blades, cutter guide, handle, pedal lever
and spout. The machine was easy to operate with higher output capacity of 400kg/day with 54 per cent labour
saving over traditional tool. The blades of the machine were made by stainless steel, so after cutting no blackish
colour was observed on cutting portion of raw mango. The average of 10 subjects for overall discomfort
rate of raw mango cutting machine was found to be 3.70 and 4.90 for first and second test, respectively.
Key Words: Labour saving, Machine, Manually operated, Output capacity, Raw mango.

INTRODUCTION operated machines which can reduce the time as

Mango is a seasonal fruit, about 20 per cent
of fruits are processed for products such as puree,
nectar, leather, pickles, canned slices, and chutney
(Ravani and Joshi, 2013). Pickles are prepared in
almost every Indian house and also commercially
and famous within country. In Maharashtra, mango
is grown in an area of 157.07 thousand ha with
514.87 thousand MT production (Anon, 2017).Raw
mangoes are available only for 2-3 months of year
and have very limited shelf life. Mango is a rich
source of carotenoids and provides high contents
of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds and has
been recognized as king of the fruit in India (Pott
et al, 2003). Mango is one of the most cherished
fruits, not only in flavour and taste, but also for its
nutritional value (Kad et al, 2017).
The cutting raw mango by using traditional
tool is time and lobor consuming operation also
is not safe because it lead to injuries like cutting
workers hand and fingers and also difficult to cut
the mango because of presence of its hard seed.
The mild steel blade used in traditional tool, so
after cutting blackish colour was observed on cut
portion of raw mango and in unhygienic ways.
Hence, it is very necessary to developing manually
well as cost of operation under hygienic conditions.
Patil and Chendake (2017) reported that highest
cutting rate of raw mangoes observed with standing
model of multipurpose machine might be due to
most comfortable working posture than other two
models. At the same time, traditional cutting blade
required to be operated in sitting posture by holding
the frame with leg which lead to more stress in legs
hence least cutting rate was recorded.
Therefore, the present study was undertaken
to develop an appropriate manully operated raw
mango cutting machine for the small scale pickle
processing industry.Freshly harvested mango fruit
of cultivar Phule Abhiruchi recommended for pickle
by MPKV, Rahuri (Gaikwad et al, 2018) were used
to test the peformance of the machine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The developed manually operated raw
mango cutting machine consists of the following
components.
1. Main frame 2. Tray 3. Cutting unit a) Cutting
blades b) Cutter guide
4. Handle and pedal lever and 5. Spout

Corresponding Author’s Email:

1& 3Assistant Professor, 2 & 4Associate Professor

129 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 129-132

 Salve et al

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The development and performance
evaluation of manually operated raw mango
cutting machine was carried out at Department of
Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr A S College
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist.
Ahmednagar (MS). The average length, width,
thickness and weight of mango Cv. Phule Abhiruchi
were 91.45mm, 67.80mm, 62.51mm and 224.50g,
respectively.The machine was operated by two
operators using hand and pedal. The first operator
used single blade for two halves of raw mango
and second operator used cross blade for further
cutting of raw mangoes into four halves. The
Fig 1 :Manually Operated Raw Mango Cutting output capacity of the machine was found 55.01
Machine kg/hr (Table 1). The comparison of traditional tool
and developed raw mango cutting machine (Table
2) stated that the machine was easy to operate with
higher output capacity. The output capacity of Phule
raw mango cutting machine was 400 kg/day with
54 per cent labour saving over traditional tool. The
blades of the machine were made by stainless steel,
so after cutting no blackish colour was observed on
cutting portion of raw mango.
Overall discomfort score
The average of 10 subjects for overall discomfort
rate for raw mango cutting machine showed in
Table 3 were 3.70 and 4.90 for first and second test,
respectively.

CONCLUSION
Fig 2 :Top view, Front view and Side view The developed manually operated raw mango
of Manually Operated Raw MangoCutting cutting machine is easy to use with output capacity
Machine. 40-60 kg/hr. No blackish colour was observed on
Overall discomfort score cutting portion of raw mango. The labour saving
For the assessment of overall discomfort rating, was found to be 54 per cent over traditional method.
a 10-point Visual Analogue Discomfort Scale (0- The average of 10 subject for overall discomfort
No discomfort, 10- Extreme discomfort) was used rate for raw mango cutting machine were 3.70 and
(Corlett and Bishop, 1976). A scale having 0 to 10 4.90 for first and second test, respectively.
digits marked on it equidistantly. At the end of each
trial, subjects were asked to indicate their overall REFERENCES
Anonymous (2017). Horticulture Statistics at a glance, Govt.
discomfort rating on the scale. of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,
Horticulture Statistic Division publication, pp.187
130 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 129-132
 Evaluation of Manually Operated Raw Mango Cutting Machine

Table 1. Test data of performance evaluation of manually operated raw mango cutting machine.
Sr. No. Particular Obtained data
1 i. Test duration, hr 40
ii. Weight of raw mangoes, kg 2200.44
iii. Output capacity, kg/hr 55.01
iv. Number of labour required 2
2 Ease of operation Easy
3 Labor saving over traditional method, Per cent 54

Table 2. Comparison of traditional tool and developed raw mango cutting machine.
Particular Traditional method Raw mango cutting machine
Time, min 60 60
Output capacity, kg/hr 8 -15 40 - 60
Ease of operation Difficult Easy
Collecting unit Not available Available
Metal of cutting blade Mild Steel Stainless Steel
Colour of cut portion of raw mango Blackish No colour change
Output capacity, kg/day (for 8 hrs and 2 labor) 184 400
labor saving over traditional method, Per cent - 54

Table 3. Overall discomforts rating.

Particular Overall discomfort rate
Test 1 Test 2
(Day 1) (Day 2)
S1 3 4
S2 5 6
S3 4 5
S4 3 4
S5 4 5
S6 3 5
S7 3 4
S8 5 7
S9 4 5
S10 3 4
Average 3.70 4.90
*S1 to S10 is the different operating persons

131 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 129-132

 Salve et al
Corlett E N and Bishop R P (1976). A technique for assessing
postural discomfort. Ergonomics 19 (2): 175-182.
Gaikwad S P, Chalakand S U and MIdate G (2018). Mango
cv. Phule Abhiruchi, new cultivar for pickle industry. J
Krishi Vigyan 6(2): 153-156.
Kad V P, Dhemre J K, Doke N L, Kadam D G and Patil R
V (2017). Effect of ethylene on physiological changes
during ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv.
Kesar. Indian J Agri Res 51(5): 437-442.
Patil S B and Chendake A D (2017). Development of
multipurpose punching and cutting machines. Int J Agri
Sci and Res 2:177-188.
Pott I, Marx M, Neidhart S, Muhlbauer W and Carle R (2003).
Quantitative determination of b-carotene stereo isomers
in fresh, dried, and solar-dried mangoes (Mangifera
indica L.). J Agri and Food Chem 51: 4527.
Ravani A and Joshi D C (2013). Mango and it’s by product
utilization–a review. Trends in Post Harvest Tech 1(1):
55-67.
Received on 09/11/2019 Accepted on 15/04/2020

132 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 129-132

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00029.X

Farming Practices followed by Dairy Farmers in District

Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar of Punjab
Manoj Sharma, Tejbeer Singh and Gurinder Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Langroya, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
A study has been conducted on farming practices followed by the dairy farmers in the district Shaheed Bhagat
Singh Nagar who were possessing small land holding and mainly dependent on milk production by the dairy
animals. Forty two farmers of the district were randomly selected and contacted on telephone by the KVK
team. Detail information was collected personally regarding various management practices like feeding and
grouping of animals, silage making, rearing of calves and the milk yield obtained from the animals. A total
of 13 farmers had a land holding of up to 0.8 ha, 6 farmers between 0.8 to 1.6ha, 11 were in the range of 1.6
to 2.4 ha, 4 farmers between 2.4 to 4ha whereas 3 farmers were holding more than 4 ha. and 5 farmers were
identified as landless farmers. It was also observed that landless category of farmers obtained the minimum
wet average (4.27 L/d) and herd average (2.78 L/d) contrary to the large farmers having land holding of
more than 4 ha area where wet average and herd average were 9.09 and 6.17 L/d, respectively . Therefore,
depending on the feeding management practices followed, there was a difference in the milk yield obtained. A
lot of variation was observed within different categories of farmers using different practices. Thus, this study
showed that for making the dairy farming a profitable market, farmers must follow the recommendations of
the research institutes and take maximum care so that productivity as well as profitability can be sustained.
Key Words : Dairy, Farming, Land holding, Management, Milk, Practices.

INTRODUCTION (2018) that consumption of milk was in the form

Indian economy largely depends on agriculture of butter milk, tea, curd, paneer and as sweet dish
which has a very deep connection with dairy like kheer and vermicelli in the diet of rural women
farming. The demand for milk is always increasing of district Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar. The initial
and there is a great scope for expansion of dairy mean daily intake of milk and milk products among
business in India. Now days, big commercial dairy the selected subjects was 217±15.1g/day. However,
farms, housing hundreds of high yielding cows are the mean intake of milk and milk products was
upcoming catering to the need of growing demand found less as compared to suggested dietary intake
for milk and milk products. Dairy farming in India value of 300g/day by ICMR (2011). Kaur and
contributes to 4 per cent of its GDP. It is not only Sharma (2014) observed that 45.3 percent farming
considered a lucrative business but also a symbol families were not keeping any dairy animals and
of prestige in India. Milk is part of healthy diet for therefore, the milk availability was only 0.456 kg/d/
every person, whether infant, youth, male, female, family. Likewise, 40-45 percent of farm women
old, athlete, businessman or a laborer. The day of were suffering from lower backache in district
most of Indians starts with a cup of tea with milk Kapurthala of Punjab.
and ends with a cup of whole milk. Sweets made of The dairy business also provides a tool for
milk, pure ghee etc are not only part of diet but also socio-economic development and the Government
an integral part of festivals and rituals. Bathla et al of India has introduced various schemes and

Corresponding Author’s Email: drmanojsh1@gmail.com

133 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137

 Sharma et al

initiatives aimed at the development of dairy farms RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

in India. A couple of years ago, cows and buffaloes Land holdings of the dairy farmers
were reared as backyard farming in almost every Out of 42 farmers, 13 farmers had a land
household in rural Punjab. Now backyard dairy holding of up to 0.8 ha, 6 farmers between 0.8
farming is replaced by big commercial dairy farms to 1.6ha, 11 were in the range of 1.6 to 2.4 ha, 4
in villages where educated and technology oriented farmers between 2.4 to 4ha whereas 3 farmers
young men and women are adopting dairy farming were holding more than 4 ha. and 5 farmers were
as whole time occupation. Therefore, a study was identified as landless farmers. Sharma et al (2013)
conducted to assess the various farming practices made it evident that majority of dairy farmers were
followed by the dairy farmers in the district SBS either land less or small and medium. On the other
Nagar of Punjab. hand only 8 percent farmers who were possessing
land more than 10 ha. kept dairy animals which
MATERIALS AND METHODS show that large farmers gave more attention to crop
A random survey was conducted in the district production than the dairy farming. Similarly, it was
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (SBS Nagar) of observed that 44.5 and 48.8 per cent of population
Punjab to realize the ground zero situation to was keeping up to 5 and 15 animals, respectively.
analyze scope of dairy farming in the district. Forty Only 4.3 per cent farmers possessed between 16
two farmers of the district were randomly selected to 25 animals and a small population (2.4%) was
and questions were asked about rearing practices, possessing more than 25 animals. This showed
feeding, breeding and marketing of the milk as that few farmers were practicing dairy business on
well as milk products. Initially, some of the farms commercial scale (2.4%) and majority of farmers
were recruited using a snowball technique, whereby (93.3%) were having up to 15 animals. They also
farmers that had agreed to participate were asked reported that dairy farmers (74.9%) were possessing
to recommend other farmers that would be willing cows with daily milk yield varying from 4 to 10 L/d
to participate. Farmers were contacted by telephone and 85.8 per cent of farmers were keeping buffaloes
by the KVK team to make an appointment for a visit with daily milk yield ranging between 2 to 8 L/d.
on a further occasion. The on-farm assessment took
half of a day and included an hour-long interview In district SBS Nagar, the average number of
with closed and open questions and an inspection dairy animals (27) was recorded in farmers with
of the environment in which the animals were kept land holding of more than 4 ha whereas lowest
in the village. average (4.6) was in landless farmers. Similarly,
highest average milk yield (9.09 L/ animal) was
Additionally, on a second visit of the KVK recorded with farmers having land holding of 4
team, 42 farmers from 42 farms participated in ha and above. The main reason behind this was
an in-depth interview. A detailed information was attributed to farmer’s purchasing power to purchase
collected from individual dairy farmer about his dairy animals with good production potential as
cultivable land possessed by him and based on the compared to landless farmers. The situation was not
land holdings, farmers were classified in categories found different than district Kapurthala of Punjab
A (0.8 ha), B (0.8-1.6ha), C (1.6-2.4ha), D (2.4 to state where Sharma (2015) reported that 27.5 and
4ha), E (>4 ha) and F (landless). Similarly, complete 39.5 per cent of farmers were having animals
interview was undertaken individually regarding between 1 to 5 and 6 to 10, respectively. On the
various management practices followed by them other, 46.5 per cent farmers were keeping less than
and the milk yield obtained. The data were analysed 5 lactating animals and 28 per cent were possessing
using average and mean values. between 6 to 10 lactating animals. Only 5.5 per cent

134 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137

 Farming Practices followed by Dairy Farmers

Table 1. Animals and total cultivable land available with dairy farmers. (N=42)
Sr. Category Land Number of Total Number Total Wet Avg. Herd
No. of farmers holding farmers number of of milking milk (L/d) Avg.
(ha) animals animals yield (c/b) (L/d)
(a) (b) (L) (c/a)
( c)
1. A 0.8 13 99 67 380 5.67± 3.84±
(31.0) 0.83 0.16
2. B 0.8 to 1.6 6 58 31 182 5.87± 3.14±
(14.3) 0.70 0.46
3. C 1.6 to 2.4 11 150 97 731 7.54± 4.87±
(26.2) 0.63 0.66
4. D 2.4 to 4.0 4 103 68 460 6.76± 4.47±
(9.5) 0.41 0.54
5 E >4.0 3 81 55 500 9.09± 6.17±
(7.1) 0.72 0.83
6. F Landless 5 23 15 64 4.27± 2.78±
(11.9) 0.48 0.25
Figures in parenthesis represent percent farmers; ± indicates standard deviation

farmers were keeping lactating animals more than of animals (150) followed by highest milk yield
20. (731L). Further, the difference between category
A and B of farmers was negligible for wet average
Milk yield values (5.67 and 5.87 L/d) whereas difference was
The data (Table 1) revealed that landless category found in herd average values (3.84 and 3.14 L/d)
of farmers obtained the minimum wet average (4.27 indicating that farmers must keep high producing
L/d) and herd average (2.78 L/d) contrary to the animals so that margin of profit can be earned
large farmers having land holding of more than 4 and this is reflected by the herd average ( Table
ha area where wet average and herd average were 1). It was worth to mention that herd average was
9.09 and 6.17 L/d, respectively . This clearly shows found highest in E category (6.17 L/d) but under
that management of animals depending upon the this category, only 3 farmers were there out of 42
resources available which greatly affected the milk farmers. This was mainly probably due to land
production to a large extent. However, the dairy holding as small farmers were unable to keep a
enterprise can be a livelihood security for landless large herd of dairy animals due to limited resources
farmers as daily milk produced gave a regular such as land and capital.
income throughout the year to the farmer’s family.
The values of wet average and herd average were Practices followed by different categories of
observed to be second best in the category C of the dairy farmers
farmers who were possessing land between1.6-2.4 More and more farmers are now a day opting
ha area. This category possessed maximum number for silage feeding not only during scarcity period

135 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137

 Sharma et al
but throughout the year but still 71.43 percent of
farmers were found to be feeding green fodder and
28.57 percent silage to the dairy animals. A lot of
efforts need to be put into encourage farmers to
use home mix feed as only 28.57 percent farmers
were feeding home mix feed whereas 71.43 percent
dependent on commercial feeds. An unusual
reason for dependency on commercial feed was
quoted by the farmers saying that cooperative
and private buyers who buy milk from them insist
on buying commercial feeds from them so that
they don’t have to pay hard cash. Sharma (2015)
reported that poor knowledge about the nutritive
value of feed ingredients (86.5%) , high cost of
raw feed ingredients (28% ), shortage of skilled
and committed labour (32.5%) were found to be
major bottlenecks regarding adoption of cattle feed
formulation technology at the dairy farm.
As farmers were in transition phase from
backyard dairy farming to commercial dairy
farming, they are still not aware about importance
of grouping of animals depending upon age, stage of
lactation, milk yield etc. Despite this fact, 35.71 per
cent farmers have opted for grouping of animals on
the basis of age, production level, reproductive stage
and feed/ fodder requirement. A scientific and cost
effective way to rear calves in calf pens still seems
to be distant dream as only 1.4 per cent farmers
were rearing calves by this method. Sharma (2016)
revealed that the farmers in the age group of 20-30
yr were found to be more interested in acquiring
trainings, demonstrations and exposure visits and
acquired high level of knowledge as compared to
the elder group of more than 40 yr of age. On the
other hand the adoption of various management
practices was found to be higher in elder than the
young group. He also reported that the practices
found to be negatively correlated with knowledge
were animal in heat, feeding of colostrums to newly
born calf, record maintaining and dehorning of calf
whereas period of insemination, dairy management
practices, foot and mouth disease and symptoms
of haemorrhagic septicaemia showed a significant
positive correlation with the age of the farmers.
136 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137
Practices like animal in heat, feeding newly born
calf, colostrums feeding, fodder and concentrate,
record maintaining, clean milk production and
dehorning of calf were positively correlated with
the education level whereas all other practices were
found to be negatively correlated. This shows that
as the education level went on increasing farmers
became reluctant to do field operations. Education
level helped in acquiring the knowledge but adoption
was found to be less in highly educated persons.
The data (Table 2) indicated that landless
farmers fed their animals mainly on green fodder
and commercial feeds, which may be the one of
the reason for getting low wet average because
readymade feeds may not have fulfilled the
nutritional requirements of lactating animals
especially with reference to minerals and lead to
reproductive disorders. The best feeding practices
followed seems to be in category C of the farmers
where animals were fed green fodder as well as silage
for maintaining a good body score of animals and
it is known fact that silage feeding during scarcity
period of green fodder maintains the milk yield
and reduces loss of farmer by maintain production.
Similarly, under this category maximum number of
farmers used home mix cattle feed which contained
3percent of mineral mixture and balanced in energy
and protein ratio. Moreover, this category of farmers
fed animals in various groups according to their age,
production, lactation number and pregnancy status.
Category A farmers were solely dependent on
green fodder whereas category B used home mix
feed (Table 2). From the data, it can be inferred that
depending on the feeding management there was a
difference in milk yield obtained. Therefore, it can
be said that if farmers are to keep dairy animals they
must focus feeding of green fodder along with silage
and good quality commercial feed to the animals.
Further, feeding of animals should be in groups
and if possible home mix cattle feed must be used
for better results than commercial feed available
but there are various constrains felt by practicing
farmers. This observation was in agreement with
Sharma (2014).
 Farming Practices followed by Dairy Farmers

Table 2. Practices followed by different categories of dairy farmers.

Sr. Management of No. of Category of farmers
No. animals farmers (%) A B C D E F
1. Green fodder 71.43 9 5 7 2 2 5
2. Silage feeding 28.57 4 1 4 2 1 0
3. Commercial feed 71.43 12 4 6 2 2 4
4. Home mix 28.57 1 2 5 2 1 1
5. Grouping of animals 35.71 3 2 4 3 2 1
6. Calf pen availability 14.29 0 1 2 1 2 0

CONCLUSION
Scientific information gathered in on-farm
surveys can be valuable to guide public policy, and
research and extension programs aiming to support
on-farm adoption of best practices to improve animal
welfare and productivity. The study revealed that
depending on the feeding management there was
a difference in the milk yield obtained. Different
categories of dairy farmers performed different
farming practices depending upon the resources
available with them and therefore, results were also
variable. This showed that for making the dairy
farming a profitable venture, farmers must follow
the recommendations of the research institutes and
take maximum care so that productivity as well as
profitability can be sustained.
REFERENCES
Bathla Shikha, Sharma M and Renu Bala (2018). Assessment
of food habits and dietary intake of rural women. J Krishi
Vigyan 7(1) : 25-29
ICMR (2011). Dietary Guidelines for Indians. National
Institutes of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
Kaur Avneet and Sharma M (2014). Milk consumption pattern
among rural farm women of district Kapurthala. J Krishi
Vigyan 3(1): 48-53.
Sharma M (2015). Bottlenecks in adoption of feeding practices
for dairy animals in district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan
3(2) : 12-18
Sharma M (2016). Effect of age and educational level of dairy
farmers on knowledge and adoption of dairy farming
practices in Kapurthala district of Punjab. Int J Farm Sci
6(4): 254-262.
Sharma M, Singh G and Shelly M (2013).Technological
problems and training needs of dairy farmers. J Krishi
Vigyan 2 (1) : 59-63
Received on 10/05/2020 Accepted on 28/05/2020

137 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 133-137

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 138-141 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00030.6

Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Biopesticides against Blossom

Apple Thrips in Himachal Pradesh
Tanuja Banshtu*, N S Kaith, Bandana and Divender Gupta**
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shimla at Rohru-171 207
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (Himachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The present investigations on efficacy of insecticides and biopesticides namely Thiacloprid, Chlorpyriphos,
Beauveria bassiana and Azadirachtin against blossom thrips infesting apple crops were carried out at the
experimental farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Shimla, during two consecutive years. The experiment comprised
of five treatments viz., T1-Thiacloprid @0.012%, T2-Chlorpyriphos @0.04%, T3-Beauveria bassiana @0.5%,
T4-Azadirachtin @0.0003% and T5-Control (water only). Spray was applied at pink bud stage and the data on
thrips population were recorded after 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. The thrips population decreased in all the treatments
except control. The minimum thrips count was recorded with the spray of Thiacloprid (2.0 thrips/ flower)
followed by Chlorpyriphos (2.1thrips/ flower). The treatment with the biopesticides namely B. bassiana (4.2
thrips/ flower) and Azadirachtin (4.5 thrips/ flower) were though superior over control (12.0 thrips/ flower)
but was not as effective compared to insecticides. The per cent fruit set varied between 38-40 per cent with
all treatments except for control (32%). No phytotoxicity symptoms were recorded in any of the treatments.
Key Words: Apple, Thrips, Thiacloprid, Chlorpyriphos, Beauveria bassiana, Azadirachtin.

INTRODUCTION (Sharma and Verma, 2005). Besides these, thrips

Apple is one of the most important temperate
fruit crops in terms of land use efficiency with
better opportunities for higher returns, friendly
environment and employment generation. In
India, it is commercially grown in the states of
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Kumaun
and Garhwal hills of Uttrakhand and parts of
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh (Sharma et al,
2018). In Himachal Pradesh, apple cultivation has
revolutionized the socio-economic conditions of
farmers and is a leading commercial fruit crop being
cultivated over 1.13 lakh ha with annual production
of 3.7 MT (Anon, 2019). The major biotic factors
inflicting huge economic losses are the insect pests,
the prominent among them being San Jose Scale
(Quadraspidiotus perniciosus), Woolly Apple
Aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), Stem borer (Apriona
cinerea) and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)
Corresponding Author’s Email: twinkle_banshtu5@yahoo.in
**Department of Entomology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni,
Solan-173 230 (Himachal Pradesh)
are economic pests of deciduous fruit trees, which
cause direct damage during the fruit development
when females oviposit eggs in flower buds and
flowers (Pearsall and Myers, 2000). A number of
thrips viz. Thrips flavus, T. florum, Haplothrips
tenuipennis, Frankliniella dampfi, Taeniothrips
rhopalantennalis etc. are of significance in temperate
fruit orchards (Broughton et al, 2011; Shellhorn et
al, 2010). These infest number of temperate fruit
crops like apple, pear, peach, plum and apricot.
Thrips are small insects having asymmetrical
rasping and sucking mouth parts by which they
damage the plant parts. Both nymphs and adults
lacerate floral parts and also damage the vegetative
buds. The attacked flowers become sickly in
appearance and are withered, as a result the fruit set
is less and the fruits fall off prematurely. Therefore,
the present study was undertaken to evaluate the

138 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 138-141

 Banshtu et al

field efficacy of insecticides and biopesticides RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

against blossom apple thrips as the period of Efficacy of insecticides and biopesticides against
flowering coupled with inclement weather makes it blossom apple thrips
very difficult to control the pest and further study The data (Table 1) depicted at pink bud stage
their effect on the per cent fruit set in the apple trees during the year 2017, that all the chemicals used
of district Shimla. in the study were significantly superior over the
control wherein the thrips population increased
MATERIALS AND METHODS from 5.00 (Precount) to 6.20 (3DAS). Thiacloprid
The field experiments were carried out to study proved to be the best chemical in managing the
the efficacy of insecticides and biopesticides namely pest wherein the pest population was brought down
Thiacloprid, Chlorpyrifos, Beauveria bassiana significantly from 8.00 (Precount) to 2.10 (3DAS)
and Azadirachtin against blossom thrips infesting followed by Chlorpyrifos which managed the pest
apple orchards in randomized block design at population substantially from 7.33 (Precount) to
experimental farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Shimla 2.20 (3DAS). Similar trend was observed during
at Rohru, during two consecutive years i.e. 2017 2018 where Thiacloprid proved to be the best
and 2018. Spray was applied at pink bud stage with treatment in managing the pest population wherein
insecticides and biopesticides namely Thiacloprid the pest population was brought down from 7.33
@0.5ml/lt, Chlorpyrifos @2ml/lt, Beauveria to 2.03. This was followed by Chlorpyrifos which
bassiana @5ml/lt, Azadirachtin @2ml/lt. Control showed the drastic reduction in pest population
plots with only water spray were maintained from 7.00 to 2.18. Both the treatments were equally
simultaneously for comparison. Thrips densities effective.
were recorded one day before insecticide spray
and at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after treatment. Pre and The treatment with the biopesticides namely
post count of thrips was taken by dipping flowers in B. bassiana (4.52 thrips/ flower) on 3DAS
70 per cent alcohol and the number of thrips were decreased from 6.00 thrips/ flower in Precount
counted after straining through filter paper. and Azadirachtin (4.42thrips/ flower) on 3DAS
reduced the thrips pest from 5.66 thrips/ flower in
Per cent reduction in the population of thrips Precount. These treatments were though superior
were calculated by the given Henderson & Tilton’s over control (6.20 thrips/ flower) on 3DAS but were
formula:
100 x [1-n in Co before treatment x not as effective as the insecticides. (Table 1) The
n in T after treatment] present findings were in agreement with those of
Corrected (%) = Abid et al (2019) who reported Thiacloprid as the
n in Co after treatment x best insecticide in managing the pest population of
n in T before treatment thrips followed by Chlorpyrifos at pink bud stage at
their recommended doses.
Where, n= Insect population, T= Treated, Co= The data (Table 2) revealed that the pest
Control population was reduced drastically by 79.00 per
The effect of insecticides and biopesticides on cent with Thiacloprid (3DAS) during the year
the per cent fruit set in apple trees was studied by 2017 followed by Chlorpyrifos which reduced the
the below given formula: pest population by 76.16 per cent. B. bassiana and
Azadirachtin reduced the thrips pest population to
Per cent Fruit Set= No. of fruit set x 100
39.13 and 37.68 per cent respectively during year
No. of flowers 2017. The data during the year 2018 also followed

139 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 138-141

 Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Biopesticides

Table1. Field efficacy of insecticides and biopesticides against blossom apple thrips
Treatment Pre Mean number of thrips per Pre Mean number of thrips per flower
Count flower (days after spray) in Count (days after spray) in 2018
2017
3 5 7 10 3 5 7 10
Thiacloprid 8.00 2.10 2.50 4.38 8.47 7.33 2.03 2.25 4.05 8.08
(0.012%)
Chlorpyriphos 7.33 2.20 2.60 4.40 8.52 7.00 2.18 2.40 4.53 8.15
(0.04%)
Beauveria 6.00 4.52 4.77 6.43 10.60 5.66 4.10 4.40 6.23 10.50
bassiana (0.5%)
Azadirachtin 5.66 4.42 4.88 6.40 10.43 5.33 4.08 4.60 6.38 10.55
(0.0003%)
Control (Water 5.00 6.20 6.40 7.80 11.73 4.66 6.00 6.31 7.43 11.88
only)
CD (p=0.05%) NS 0.99 0.92 0.48 0.64 NS 0.98 0.42 0.52 0.62

the same trend and Thiacloprid proved to be the
best treatment in managing the pest population with
78.55 per cent followed by Chlorpyrifos with 75.88
per cent reduction in the thrips pest population,
whereas B. bassiana and Azadirachtin reduced the
thrips pest population to 43.76 and 40.64 per cent
respectively during the year 2018. These findings
were in agreement with Abid et al (2019) who
reported of 84 and 74 per cent reduction in thrips
population when Thiacloprid and Chlorpyrifos was
applied at their recommended doses, respectively.
From the table 3 it was evident that Thiacloprid
has the maximum per cent fruit set in the apple trees
i.e., 40.00 per cent and 39.70 per cent during the
years 2017 and 2018, respectively. The per cent
fruit set ranged from 38-40 per cent with all other
treatments except control where it was 32 per cent.

Table 2. Per cent reduction in pest population of blossom apple thrips after the spray of insecticides
and biopesticides during 2017 and 2018.
Treatment Per cent reduction in pest population of thrips over control
*DAS 2017 *DAS 2018
3 5 7 10 3 5 7 10
Thiacloprid (0.012%)
79.00 74.74 55.81 14.40 78.55 76.17 57.10 14.47
Chlorpyriphos
(0.04%) 76.16 71.52 51.50 06.00 75.88 73.38 49.81 10.00
Beauveria bassiana
(0.5%) 39.13 35.65 13.50 -* 43.76 39.65 14.61 -*
Azadirachtin
(0.0003%) 37.68 30.39 09.00 -* 40.64 33.00 07.00 -*
*Increase in the thrips population. *DAS- Days after spray

140 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 138-141

 Banshtu et al

Table 3. Effect of the insecticides and biopesticides on the per cent fruit set in the apple trees during
2017 and 2018.
Treatment Per cent Fruit Set
2017 2018
Thiacloprid (0.012%) 40.50 39.83
Chlorpyriphos (0.04%) 39.83 39.10
Beauveria bassiana (0.5%) 39.00 38.20
Azadirachtin (0.0003%) 38.21 38.03
Control (Water only) 32.00 31.00
CD (p=0.05%) 2.206 1.740

CONCLUSION Pearsall I A and Myers H J (2000). Effect of Neem on

Results showed that Thiacloprid was superior oviposition choice and larval survival of Western
Flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera:
over all other treatments except for Chlorpyrifos Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 93: 389-395.
where it was at par with Thiacloprid at recommended
Sharma J N and Verma K D (2005). Integrated management
doses. However, the highest per cent fruit set in of foliar and fruit diseases of apple in Himachal Pradesh.
apple trees was observed with Thiacloprid (40%). J Mycol Plant Pathol 35: 368-380.
Hence, Thiacloprid @ 0.012 per cent may be used Sharma U, Kaith N S and Gupta B (2018). Management of
for the management of apple blossom thrips in premature leaf fall in apple by using different combination
apple. of fungicides. J Krishi Vigyan 6(2): 259-261.
Shellhorn N A, Glatz R V and Wood G M. (2010). The risk
REFERENCES of exotic and native plants as hosts of four pest species
Abid S, Parveena B, Ishtiyaq A K, Showket A D, Nazir A B, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Bull Entomol 23: 1-10.
Dar K R and Zakir S K (2019). Chemical control of apple Received on 28/01/2020 Accepted on 15/03/2020
blossom thrip (Thrips carthami) in Kashmir valley. J
Entomol Zool Stud 7(3): 934-937.
Anonymous (2019). http//.hphorticulture.nic.in
Broughton S, Bennington J M A and Cousins D A (2011).
Thrips (Thysanoptera) damage to apples and nectarines
in Western Australia. Crop Prot 72: 47-56.

141 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 138-141

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00031.8

Fortification of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

with Zinc and Manganese
Amandeep Kaur1, Simerpreet Kaur 2* Didar Singh3, Satnam Singh4 and Manpreet Singh 5
* PG Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar-143 005 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The field experiment on fortification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with zinc and manganese was
conducted during the Rabi season of 2018 at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Amritsar.
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments with four replications viz.,
T1: Control; T2: ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha in wheat at sowing time; T3: ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/ha in wheat at sowing
time; T4: ZnSO4 @ 90 kg/ha in wheat at sowing time; T5: MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution spray 2-4 days*;
T6: MnSO4 @ 1.0% solution spray 2-4 days*; T7: ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @
0.5% solution spray 2-4 days*; T8: ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 1.0% solution
spray 2-4 days*, T9: ZnSO4 @ 90 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution spray 2-4
days*, T10: ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 1.0% solution spray 2-4 days*, T11:
ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution spray 2-4 days*, T12: ZnSO4 @
90 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 1.0 % solution spray 2-4 days. The soil of experimental site
was sandy loam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.40%) with 194.62, 19.75 and 248.68 kg/ha of
available N, P and K, respectively along with 0.60 and 3.81 ppm of available Zn and Mn, respectively.
Results revealed that T12 recorded significantly highest growth parameters and yield attributing
characteristics as compared to other treatments except T11 and T4 which were at par with T12. The soil
parameters such as pH (7.41), CaCO3 (2.85%), available P (16.37 kg/ha) decreased in T12 whereas values
of EC (0.34 dS/m), OC (0.44%) increased in the same treatment after harvesting of the crop. The highest
grain and straw uptake of Zn (155.57 and 153.38 g/ha) and Mn (89.36 and 80.47 g/ha) were observed
significantly higher in T12 than other treatments except T11, T4 for Zn and T11, T6 for Mn, respectively.
Key Words: Fortification, micronutrients, nutrient uptake, soil and foliar application, wheat.

INTRODUCTION world’s population suffers from inadequate intake of

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) native of South micronutrients in diet as Zn, problems of anaemia,
West Asia, is one of the most important staple weekened immune system contributing 40 per cent
and winter cereal crop that has been labeled as of women and children all over world. (Sangeetha
king of cereals (Akhtar et al, 2018). India is the and Premakumari, 2010).
2nd largest wheat producer country in the world Zinc (Zn) is considered as one of the prime and
occupying about 29.58 mha of area alone producing essential micronutrient for growth of plant which
99.70 Mt (Anon, 2018). Due to poor quality food is absorbed by plant roots in the form of Zn2+. It
intake about 50 per cent of the world’s population has role in plant metabolism and its deficiency has
is suffering from micronutrient malnutrition (Aziz effects on plant growth though there are number
et al, 2019). Health index in developing countries of different mechanisms by which plants can
is declining due to low levels of malnutrition in the tolerate Zn deficiency via Zn translocation in both
diet (Jankowska et al, 2012). About 75 percent of shoot and root of wheat plant. Zinc is essential

Corresponding Author’s Email: sehgalenv@gmail.com

142 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 Kaur et al

for activating plant’s enzymatic systems, protein farm, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The
synthesis (Hafeez et al, 2013), photosynthesis, climate of the experimental site is semi-arid with dry
reproduction of genetic material (DNA) during hot summers and cold winters with average annual
cell division and the synthesis of chlorophyll and rainfall of 75 cm, 80 percent of which is received
carbohydrates (Kobraee et al, 2011). Zinc deficiency through south-west monsoon during July-September.
not only retards the growth and yield of plants but Soils are sandy loam in texture. A uniformity trial on
also affects human beings (Ayalew, 2016) with wheat was undertaken during Rabi 2018-19 to ensure
malnutrition, neuronal disorders of susceptibility to uniform soil physico-chemical status in the entire
various infectious diseases (Hafeez et al, 2013). field. The soil (0-15 cm layer) had pH 7.61 (1 : 2 soil
Manganese (Mn) also plays an important and water ratio), organic carbon (0.40%), available
role in plant metabolic processes as an essential N (194.48 kg/ha), P (19.78 kg/ha) and K (247.91 kg/
micronutrient. It is available to plants as Mn2+ and can ha) to be observed before sowing. The soil contained
be easily transported into root cells then translocate diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA)-extractable
to the shoots, where it is finally accumulated. Mn Zn and Mn were 0.57 mg/kg and 3.78 mg/kg soil.
plays an important role being cofactor of enzymes The experiment was laid out in a randomized block
like MnSOD (superoxide dismutase), MnCAT design (RBD) and replicate four times. Unnat PBW
(catalase) and TCA (decarboxylases of tricarboxylic 343 wheat variety was used in this study. Experiment
acid) (Millaleo et al, 2010). Mn deficiency is also one comprises of T1: Control; T2: ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha
of the common occurring deficiencies in the world in wheat at sowing time; T3: ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/ha
which may lead to poor reproductive performance, in wheat at sowing time; T4: ZnSO4 @ 90 kg/ha in
growth retardation, congenial malformation in wheat at sowing time; T5: MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution
human beings (Aschner and Erickson, 2017). In spray 2-4 days*; T6: MnSO4 @ 1.0% solution
case of plants, Mn deficiency is highly sensitive spray 2-4 days*; T7: ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha in wheat
and revealed noticeable decline in yield of crop at sowing + MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution spray 2-4
as it affects photosynthesis by causing interveinal days*; T8: ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/ha in wheat at sowing
chlorosis (Jhanji et al, 2014). + MnSO4 @ 1.0% solution spray 2-4 days*, T9:
ZnSO4 @ 90 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4
Therefore, to reduce the deficiency of essential @ 0.5% solution spray 2-4 days*, T10: ZnSO4 @
nutrients, agronomic strategies are used to increase 30 kg/ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 1.0%
micronutrient content and their bioavailability for solution spray 2-4 days*, T11: ZnSO4 @ 60 kg/
human nutrition in the edible parts of crops by ha in wheat at sowing + MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution
adding micronutrient fertilizers to the soil or plant spray 2-4 days*, T12: ZnSO4 @ 90 kg/ha in wheat
leaves, called fortification (Kadam et al, 2017). at sowing + MnSO4 @ 1.0 % solution spray 2-4
Micronutrients such as Zn, Mn are considered days*).
as essential nutrients. Keeping the importance
of nutrients in view, the study was undertaken to N, P and K were applied through urea and di
assess the effect of application of Zn and Mn at ammonium phosphate (DAP). Nitrogen was applied
different rates on physico-chemical properties of in three splits i.e., one half at sowing and remaining
dose was applied before first irrigation and 15 days
soil including the status of Zn and Mn in soil, their
effect on yield of wheat and on nutrient uptake inlater than that. Zn was applied as basal dose at
wheat grains. time of sowing at 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha, respectively
according to treatments whereas Mn was applied as
MATERIALS AND METHODS foliar application @ 0.5% and 1.0% before 2-3 d
A field experiment was initiated during winter of first irrigation and subsequent three sprays were
(Rabi) seasons of 2018-19 at Students’ research applied at 10 d intervals. Wheat crop was raised by

143 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 Fortification of Wheat

following the standard recommended package of
practices and harvested in the second fortnight of
April during the year. Macro and micro-nutrients
content at the time of harvesting in the plant was
determined by drying the samples in hot-air oven
at 60°C ± 2°C till a constant dry weight obtained.
Nitrogen content in soil samples was analyzed by
using Kjeldahl’s apparatus and expressed as kg/
ha. The available P was determined by using Olsen
method (Olsen et al, 1954). Also, available K was
determined by Merwin and Peech (1950) using the
flame photometer and expressed as kg/ha. Available
Zn and Mn were also determined by DTPAextractable
solution and analysed by using Microwave Plasma-
atomic Emission Spectrometer (Agilent 4200 MP-
AES). The micro-nutrients uptake was computed
by multiplying the nutrient content with respective
crop yield and was expressed as nutrient uptake in
g/ha. The data obtained from study, were analysed
statistically using CPCS-1 software developed by
the department of Mathematics and Statistics, PAU,
Ludhiana. The comparison was made at 5 percent
level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil parameters : pH, EC, OC and CaCO3
The data pertaining to soil pH, EC, OC and
CaCO3 as influenced by application of different
levels of Zn and Mn through different methods of
application at harvest of wheat crop is presented in
Table 1 which depicted that various treatments had
shown no significant results on soil parameters.
Nutrient availability
The effect of different treatments on soil available
N, P, K, Zn and Mn after harvesting of wheat is
presented in Table 1 which represented that among
various treatments, T12 (201.09 kg/ha) recorded
the significant highest amount of nitrogen in soil
after harvest followed by T11 (200.63 kg/ha) and T4
(200.11 kg/ha) and proved significantly superior to
rest of the treatments. It was due to the fact that Zn

Table 1. Effect of different treatments on soil pH, EC (dS/m), Organic Carbon (OC%) and CaCO3
(%),available N (kg/ha), available P (kg/ha), available K (kg/ha), available Zn (mg/kg) and available
Mn (mg/kg) of soil after harvest of wheat crop.
Treatment pH EC OC CaCO3 Available nutrients
N P K Zn Mn
T1 7.59 0.29 0.40 2.95 194.62 19.75 248.68 0.60 3.81
T2 7.57 0.29 0.40 2.93 197.34 18.56 251.35 0.75 5.45
T3 7.54 0.29 0.41 2.91 198.54 17.59 252.42 0.84 6.02
T4 7.53 0.29 0.43 2.93 200.11 16.84 253.21 0.95 8.57
T5 7.55 0.31 0.41 2.92 196.31 19.21 249.93 0.66 4.21
T6 7.53 0.31 0.42 2.89 196.40 18.99 249.61 0.69 4.98
T7 7.54 0.31 0.40 2.88 197.39 18.32 251.37 0.77 5.74
T8 7.51 0.31 0.41 2.87 197.99 18.25 251.83 0.80 5.89
T9 7.52 0.34 0.42 2.88 198.93 17.48 252.68 0.87 6.32
T10 7.50 0.32 0.42 2.86 199.26 17.09 252.91 0.91 7.63
T11 7.42 0.34 0.43 2.85 200.63 16.56 253.58 0.99 8.76
T12 7.41 0.34 0.44 2.85 201.09 16.37 254.00 1.03 9.49
CD (0.05%) NS NS NS NS 0.90 0.51 NS 0.04 0.75

*before first irrigation and three sprays afterwards at 10 days intervals.

144 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 Kaur et al
and N showed positive (synergistic) effect with each
other which helped to improve the available N in
soil after harvesting the crop. When Zn application
was adequate, both soil and foliar N applications
significantly increased grain Zn concentration.
Nitrogen application remained ineffective on grain
Zn when Zn supply was sub-optimal because of
positive effect of Zn and N in improving the grain
Zn concentration (Cakmak, 2010). Also, Zn exerts
a great influence on basic plant life processes such
as nitrogen metabolism-uptake of nitrogen (Zeidan
et al, 2010). Also, Mn along with Zn has an effect
on protein biosynthesis by adjusting the activity of
peptidases and controlling protein metabolism which
is due to the availability of nitrogen in higher amount.
Therefore, application of Zn and Mn showed highest
available N content (Stepian and Wojtkowiak,
2016). P showed negative effect with Zn and Mn
which results in the reduction of available P with
increasing levels of zinc and manganese application
either alone or in combination with each other. It was
due to the fact that P is present in unavailable form
in soil (Kanubhai, 2013). In case of low availability
of Zn and Mn also enhanced expression of P-
transported genes in root cells and P accumulation
in increased in plants. Also, soil or foliar application
of micronutrient fertilizers reduced shoot and grain
P concentrations. The highest available K was found
in T12 attributed to direct K addition in the potassium
pool of the soil. Also, it might be due to reason
that K have positive relation with Zn and Mn both
(Adekiya et al, 2018). The experimental soil being
low in available Zn might have resulted in increased
available Zn linearly with the increasing level of Zn
application. It could possibly caused solubilization of
native Zn with increase in the rate of Zn application.
Maximum available manganese (9.49 mg/kg) in
T12 was observed because Mn availability to plants
is controlled by its concentration in soil solution,
which depends on the chemistry of soil matrix and
Mn forms (Rehman et al, 2016). Mn in soil solution
generally represents a very small proportion of total
soil Mn, exists in equilibrium with mineral forms and
with organically complexed and exchangeable Mn.
145 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149
However, supplementation may increase the uptake
and availability to plants.
Effect of Different Levels of Zn and Mn
Application on Growth and Yield Attributes of Wheat
Crop
Periodic plant height (cm)
Plant height is an important index of the plant
development. It gives an idea to predict the growth
rate and yield of crop. The data (Table 2) indicated
that plant height was significantly increased in T12
as compared to T1 due to the reason that Zn and Mn
have structural role in chlorophyll. These elements
can be easily sprayed on leaf, thus leaves chlorophyll
concentration increased by micronutrient soil and
foliar application, which in turn, lead to an increase
in plant height and yield. Also, Zn increased plant
height via increasing internodes distances (Bameri et
al, 2012).
Leaf area index (LAI)
Leaf area index is an important plant growth
indices that determines the capacity of plants in
trapping solar energy for photosynthesis and has
marked influence on growth and yield of crop. The
greater leaf area index in T12 at 120 DAS could be
attributed to significant increases in leaf expansion
i.e. length and breadth due to Zn application.
Greater leaf expansion was ascribed to higher rate
of cell division and cell enlargement in wheat plant.
Dry matter accumulation (DMA)
DMA is most important parameter and has
a marked effect on final yield realization of crop.
The optimum accumulation of dry matter followed
by adequate partitioning of assimilates to the
developing sink and enables the crop to attain
its true yield potential. Dry matter accumulation
increased in all the treatments with the increase in
age of crop.
Number of tillers per m2
Among the yield contributing characters, the
number of tillers per square meter not only reflects
the proper crop establishment but has a great effect
 Fortification of Wheat

on grain yield because it contribute to higher number compared to other treatments except T11 which is
of grains to increase the yield of wheat crop. The at par to T12 (Table 2). It was due to the favorable
important role of Zn in initiation of primordial for effect of Zn and Mn on productivity of wheat
reproductive parts and bio-synthesis of IAA might and might be due to function of Zn as catalyst or
had resulted in better development of these yield stimulant in most of the physiological and metabolic
contributing characters (Sharma et al, 2017). processes and metal activator of enzymes helping
in carbohydrate and protein synthesis. While Mn is
Number of grains per ear and test weight absolutely required for photosynthesis which cannot
Data on number of grains per ear and test be carried out without this element because Mn is
weight (Table 2) showed non- significant increase the central part of the oxygen evolving complex
in both parameters in T12 than rest of the treatments. at photosystem II. The increase in yield attributes
The number of grains per panicle is an important may be due to increased supply of available Zn and
factor influencing the final grain yield of wheat Mn to plants by way of its addition to soil which
and depends on the genetic makeup of genotypes resulted in proper growth and development (Ullah,
(Nadim et al, 2012). et al, 2017).
Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield is an important parameter of
The data with respect to grain yield highlighted biological yield to evaluate its productivity index
that T12 produced significantly higher yield as for judging the ultimate performance of wheat

Table 2. Effect of different treatments on plant height (cm), leaf area index, dry matter accumulation
(kg/ha) and number of tillers per m2, grains per ear, test weight (g), grain yield (q/ha), straw yield (q/
ha) and biological yield (q/ha) at harvesting of wheat.
Treatment Plant LAI DMA Tillers Grains per Test Grain Straw Biological
height at at at per m2 ear weight yield yield yield
harvest 120 harvest
DAS
T1 91.60 2.72 99.5 190.08 41.34 37.80 42.35 55.56 97.91
T2 92.35 2.89 101.82 204.78 41.41 37.81 44.57 57.89 102.46
T3 93.76 2.97 103.76 219.38 41.46 37.92 44.83 58.39 103.22
T4 94.63 3.07 106.28 235.69 41.52 38.02 45.57 59.07 104.64
T5 93.62 2.98 104.01 221.42 41.48 37.96 44.98 58.74 103.72
T6 94.24 3.08 106.42 240.78 41.55 38.04 45.79 59.59 105.38
T7 96.04 3.11 108.63 256.29 41.64 38.32 46.68 60.87 107.55
T8 96.31 3.17 110.59 259.44 41.70 38.35 46.79 60.95 107.74
T9 98.07 3.19 111.84 266.83 41.72 38.40 47.03 61.81 108.84
T10 98.76 3.22 113.68 270.15 41.79 38.43 47.45 61.99 109.44
T11 100.55 3.23 114.02 284.36 41.81 38.48 48.25 62.36 110.61
T12 102.02 3.26 114.28 289.00 41.90 38.67 48.54 62.71 111.25
CD 1.76 0.25 2.20 2.16 NS NS 0.78 0.70 1.02
(0.05%)
* before first irrigation and three sprays afterwards at 10 days interval

146 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 Kaur et al

crop and it has economic value as it is fed to the
cattle. Biological yield refers to the total dry matter
accumulation of the plant system. The combined
effect of (soil + foliar application) micronutrients
could be due to possibility of exploring greater soil
volume for nutrient absorption, which might have
resulted in increasing straw yield and biomass of
crop (Kanubhai, 2013). Highest biological yield in
T12 was due to the fact that soil + foliar application
of Zn and Mn, respectively played a significant role
in the crop growth, involving in photosynthesis
processes, respiration and other biochemical and
physiological activates and thus importance in
improving higher yields (Zeidan et al, 2010).
Grain and straw Zn and Mn uptake (g/ha)
It was clearly evident from the data in Table
3 that when wheat crop was fertilized with Zn
might have improved the nutritional environment
of rhizosphere, which resulted in greater nutrient
uptake by the crop and caused higher metabolic
and photosynthetic activity in plant leading to
the higher yield. There was significant difference
in Zn uptake by wheat straw due to different
micronutrient application through soil either alone
or in combination with foliar Mn application. It
was attributed to the fact that with the increasing
level of the Zn, the straw Zn uptake also increased.
However, the increasing dose of Zn showed a little
increase in the uptake of Mn because wheat fertilized
with Zn improved the nutritional environment of
rhizosphere, which resulted in greater uptake of
zinc by crop and this caused higher metabolic and
photosynthetic activity in plant leading to higher
plant (Abbas et al, 2009).
The highest grain Mn uptake i.e. 89.36 g/ha was
also noticed in treatment T12 which was significantly
higher than that of all other treatments except T11
due to higher absorption of Mn in foliage of wheat
but its further translocation to grain was not in same
proportion, even though an increase in Mn uptake by
grain with increase in rate of application of MnSO4
was noticed (Kanubhai, 2013). The Zn uptake was
important in enhancing yield and nutrient content.
Considerable increase in either nutrient content or
in yield may increase uptake. The uptake of Zn
is a function of its improved metabolic reactions,
activation of enzymes that leads to improvement in
quality parameters (Jeet et al, 2012). The significant
difference in straw Mn uptake of wheat may be due
to the fact that the continuous uptake of Mn by
roots takes place through xylem tissue of plant. The
significant positive correlation of Mn influx with
grain Mn uptake supported the higher direct Mn
supply to grain, hence produced higher Mn uptake
in straw of wheat (Jhanji et al, 2014). Also, the
increase in Mn solubility by microbial or chemical
mobilization would increase Mn uptake by wheat
plant (Abbas et al, 2009).

Table 3. Effect of different treatments on Zn and Mn uptake (g/ha) in grain and straw of wheat crop.
Treatment Zn uptake Mn uptake Treatments Zn uptake Mn uptake
Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw
T1 86.43 86.11 44.72 42.39 T7 135.46 134.46 65.51 56.57
T2 102.95 94.01 59.45 52.90 T8 138.87 137.5 67.95 58.30
T3 116.78 101.36 69.95 59.22 T9 143.39 144.14 76.70 64.33
T4 128.59 109.22 79.98 70.18 T10 147.14 147.59 79.90 66.47
T5 117.44 99.97 72.60 69.94 T11 153.77 150.72 84.99 79.56
T6 128.12 107.85 77.58 72.02 T12 155.57 153.38 89.36 80.47
CD (p=0.05) 8.46 9.45 4.52 1.20
* before first irrigation and three sprays afterwards at 10 days interval

147 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 Fortification of Wheat

CONCLUSION application of micronutrients enhance crop stand, yield

The present research revealed that micronutrients
and their application methods had significant effect
on the growth and yield of wheat. Based on the results
obtained, it might be concluded that combined
application of micronutrients could be useful
for improving the nutrient status, physiological
performance of wheat plants. It proved best for
fortification to enhance their content in grains. It
is pertinent to say that increase in the contents of
zinc and manganese in wheat grains is possible by
applying them with different combinations to have
Zn and Mn enriched wheat grains.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the Department Jeet S, Singh J P, Kumar R, Prasad R K, Kumar P, Kumari
A and Prakash P (2012). Effect of nitrogen and sulphur
of Soil Science, Khalsa College, Amritsar for levels on yield, economics and quality of QPM hybrids
providing them viable sources and space for the under dryland condition of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. J
research work. Agric Sci 4(9): 31-38.
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Abbas G, Khan M Q, Jamil M, Tahir M and Hussain F (2009).
Nutrient uptake, growth and yield of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) affected by zinc application rates. Int J Agric
Biol 11: 389-396.
Adekiya A O, Aboyeji C M, Agbede T M, Dunsin O and
Adebiyi O T V (2018). Effect of ZnSO4 fertilizer on soil
chemical properties, performance and proximate quality
of sweet potato in a derived savanna ecology of Nigeria.
Open Agric 3(1): 644- 651.
Akhtar N, Ramani V B, Yunus M and Femi V (2018). Effect
of different nutrient management treatments on growth,
yield attributes, yield and quality of Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). Int J Curr Microbial App Sci 7: 3473-3479.
Anonymous, (2018). Pocket Book on Agricultural Statistics
2014, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture
and Cooperation, Government of India, New Delhi.
Aschner M and Erickson K (2017). Manganese. Adv Nutr
8(3): 520-531.
Ayalew A (2016). Effects of Zinc Fertilization on Yield and
Tissue Concentrations of Manganese, Copper, Iron and
Zinc in Leaves and Seeds of Different Haricot Bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties in Southern Ethiopia. J
Res Devel Manage 17: 61-68.
Aziz M Z, Yaseen M, Abbas T, Naveed M, Mustafa A,
Hamid Y, Saeed Q and Ming–gang X U (2019). Foliar
and the biofortification essential for human health of
different wheat cultivars. J Integr Agric 17: 5-7.
Bameri M, Abdolshahi R, Nejad G M, Yousefi K and
Tabatabaie S M (2012). Effect of different microelement
treatment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and
yield. Int Res J Basic Appl Sci 3(1): 219- 223.
Cakmak I (2010). Biofortification of cereal with zinc and iron
through fertilization strategy. 19th World Congress of Soil
Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World.
Hafeez B, Khanif Y M and Saleem M (2013). Role of zinc in
plant nutrition: A review. Am J Exp Agric 3(2): 374-391.
Jankowska M M, Lopez-Carr D, Funkc C, Gregory J H,
Zoe A C (2012). Climate change and human health:
Spatial modeling of water availability, malnutrition, and
livelihoods in Mali, Africa. Appl Geogr 33: 4–1
Jhanji S, Sadana U S, Shankar A and Shukla A K (2014).
Manganese influx and its utilization in wheat. Indian J
Exp Biol 52: 650-657.
Kadam S S, Kumar A and Arif M (2017). Zinc mediated
agronomic bio-fortification of wheat and rice for
sustaining food and health security: A review. Int J Chem
Stud 6(1): 471-475.
Kanubhai P K (2013). Effect of manganese application
on growth, yield and its agronomic biofortification in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Typic Ustochrept soil.
M.Sc. Dissertation, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat (India).
Kobraee S, K Shamsi and B Rasekhi (2011). Micronutrients
fertilizer and soybean nutritional. Ann Biol Res 2(2):
468-475.
Millaleo R, Reyes – Diaz M, Ivanov A G and Alberdi M (2010).
Manganese as essential and toxic element for plants:
Transport, Accumulation and resistance mechanisms. J
Soil Sci Plant Nutr 10(4): 476-494.
Nadim M A, Awan I U, Baloch M S, Khan E A, Naveed K and
Khan M A (2012). Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) to different micronutrients and their application
methods. J Anim Plant Sci 22(1): 113 -119.
Rehman A, Farooq M, Nawaz A and Ahmad R (2016).
Improving the performance of short duration basmati rice
in water saving production system by boron nutrition.
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 Kaur et al
Sangeetha N and Premakumari S (2010). Effect of micronutrient
supplementation on the nutritional and immune status of
school going children with Fe deficiency anaemia. Int J
Nutr Metab 2:45-55.
Sharma R P, Neha, Sepehya S, Kumar P and Sharma G D
(2017). Influence of potassium, zinc and boron on
productivity of wheat in an acid alfisol. Himachal J Agric
Res 43(1): 16-22.
Stepian A and Wojtkowiak K (2016). Effect of foliar application
of Cu, Zn and Mn on yield and quality indicators of winter
wheat grain. Chil J Agr Res 76 (2): 220-227.
Ullah A, Farooq M, Rehman A, Arshad M S, Shoukat H,
Nadeem A, Nawaz A, Wakeel A and Nadeem F (2017).
Manganese nutrition improves the productivity and grain
biofortification of bread wheat in alkaline calcareous soil.
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of foliar fertilization of Fe, Mn and Zn on wheat yield
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Received on 20/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

149 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 142-149

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00032.X

GIS Application in Mapping and Development of Trout Fisheries

Resources along Yargyap Chu Drainage in Eastern Himalayas
Deepjyoti Baruah*,Ravindra Posti, Parvaiz A. Ganie and KishorKunal
ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal-263136, Nainital (Uttarakhand)

ABSTRACT
A study was carried out by using Geo-informatics on the basic morphometry of the aquatic resources of Shi
Yomi district of Arunachal Pradesh in the Eastern Himalayas with an objective to develop strategic plans
for trout fisheries development along the drainage system of river YargyapchuatMenchukha circle. The
river Yargyapchuflows a distance of 53 km and have a stream frequency of fourth order. The upland lake
resourcesaccounts6 in numbers and covers an area of 39.15ha.Eight categories of Land Use Land Cover
(LULC) were classified for the Menchukha circle where the major percentage of land is covered by forest
(80percent) followed by snow area (10percent), wasteland (9percent) and agricultural land (1percent). The
slope class developed from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) shows 41percentof the total geographic area was
within 0-21 degree slope, 50percent area in 21-35 degree slope and 9percent area within 36-78 degree slope.
Furthermore, the elevation class up to 2000m MSL and above encompasses 76percentand 24percentof the total
geographic area respectively. These selected input feature classes were superimposed in the spatial analyst
ArcGIS v 10.7 to determine 27.84 ha in the slope range of 0-10 degreeas highly suitable and 22.34 ha in the slope
range of 10-20 degree as moderately suitablefor trout fish farmingin the Menchukha circle of Shi Yomi district.
Key Words: Coldwater, Eastern Himalayas, Fisheries, Resources and Spatial.

INTRODUCTION of Menchukhacircle and the name Men-chu-kha

The district of Shi Yomiin Arunachal Pradesh is means medicinal water of snow where ‘men’ is
located between 94°00ʹ – 94°60ʹ E longitudeand28°15ʹ medicine, ‘chu’ is water and ‘kha’ is snow (Baruah
– 29°00ʹ N latitude sharing international boundaries et al, 2018).
withChina in the north and district boundaries with Recreational fisheries in the form of angling
Upper Siang in the east, Upper Subansiriin the together with trekking, rafting, paragliding and
west and West Siang in the south (Fig. 1). The Shi camping have become much prevalent in recent
Yomidistrict encompasses an area of approximately times on the river Yargyapchu. The river is known
2803.02 km2and is divided into four administrative for harbouring the exclusive exotic brown trout
circles viz., Menchukha, Monigong, Tato and (Salmotruttafario L, 1758) and rainbow trout
Pidi with the district headquarters at Tato. All {Oncorhynchusmykiss(Walbaum, 1792)} along
these circles experience very moderate climate in with seven more fish species belonging to four
summer and autumn (March to May and October families in this eastern Himalayan belt of the
to November) and extreme cold during the winter country (Anon, 2014).The existing fish diversity
season (December to February). The South-West and the aquatic resources of the region are largely
monsoon season from June to September brings influenced by the nature of these terrains varying
heavy rainfall to the district. Most of the high peaks climate from sub-tropical in the south to temperate
in this district are covered with snow during winter. and alpine in the north (Baruah and Singh, 2018).
The river Yargyapchu flows through the valley Despite of having such vast resources in this

Corresponding Author’s Email: deep_baruah@rediffmail.com

150 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156

 Baruah et al

region, very less attention has been made for their
judicious utilization to develop income generating
avenues and a means of nutritional security among
the rural mountain dwellers of Eastern Himalayas.
Therefore, a study was conducted by integrating
GIS tools and ground information in developing a
supportive database for framing strategic developed
action plans for trout fisheries improvement in hill
locked Menchukha valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
for a distance of 53 km before it joins river Siyom
near the district headquarter Tato (Fig. 2). The river
Siyom further travels downstream to merge into
the river Siang in East Siang district. The length
of river Siyomwithin Shi Yomi district is about 59
km gorging through very steep slopes in the upper
section at Monigongcircle.The river Siang is the
main source of water to the mighty Brahmaputra
in Assam.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Stream Order

The first step in drainage basin analysis is the
Spatial Analysis labelling of streams order wise and it was estimated
The area, district boundaries and aquatic the river Yargyapchu is afourth order stream. The
resources of Shi Yomi district were identified first order streams are the most in numbers followed
and demarcated using the shape file data and by second order and so on in all the circles (Fig.
Toposheetson scale 1:50000. Land use land cover 3). The first order streams within the Menchukha
(LULC) classification was adopted using NRSA valley are 296 in numbers and flows for a combined
1995 classification scheme for making eight major distance for 481.03 km; the second order streams are
land use classes. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 75 in numbers and has a combined length of 139.25
and slope map of the study area was obtained from km; the third order streams are 29 in numbers and
USGS (https://www.usgs.gov). The road network flows for a distance of 85.95 km; the fourth order
was digitized and road buffer was generated on streams are 4 in numbers and flows for a distance of
similar lines. Digital globe Quick Bird and ASTER 74.69 km. The first order streams are snow fed and
satellites data were imported on to the system and therefore they remain perennial always and pour
were subsequently geo-referenced, digitized and their water into second and third. The final order
mapped for the resources of Shi Yomiusing suitable stream (here the fourth order) is generally advised
geo-processing tools of ArcGIS v 10.7. not to be considered for establishing a trout farm due
Non-spatial Analysis to the chances of getting the drainage overflowed
Different locations within the Menchukha with excess water causing a flood situation.
circle of Shi Yomi district was marked by handheld Therefore, the sites along the first, second or third
GPS GARMIN Oregon 650. Water samples were order streams are selected for construction of trout
collected and estimated from various aquatic raceways and ova houses based on the gradient in
resources during field survey with officers and local the Menchukha circle.
fishermen adopting the standard methods (APHA, Upland lakes
AWWA and WPCF, 2005). Fish samples were Upland lakes form an important geographical
collected by using cast nets and line fishing (Baruah,
component of Eastern Himalaya as a source for
2014)andthe morphometric and meristic counts of the development of aquaculture and recreational
the specimenswere recorded (Jayaram, 1999). fisheries for revenue generation. From the geo-
spatial analysis, it was found that the district of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Shi Yomi is bestowed with 41 numbers of upland
Drainages lakes covering an area of 219.74 ha. The total
The river Yargyapchu is the major drainage in number of upland lakes in the Menchukha circle is
the Menchukha circle of Shi Yomi district flowing 6 situated at an altitudinal regime between 3500-

151 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156

 GIS Application in Mapping and Development
4000m MSL (Fig. 4).The developmental drift of
a water body is mainly determined by its location
and its connectivity with the road transport lines,
especially in a hill locked areas where railway and
air connectivity is not prevalent. The buffer analysis
showed that all of the upland lakes are scattered
within the range of 5-10 km from their nearest road
transport lines (Fig. 5). The road buffer analysis
provides herewith the necessary information on
the possibilities of transportation of critical inputs
in the form of fish seeds, feeds and individuals in
this hilly terrain of the eastern Himalayas, in order
to design strategic plans for development of these
wetlands on fisheries perspectives.
Land use and land cover (LULC)
Information on land use and land cover allows a
better understanding of the land utilization aspects
for planning and management activities as it is
considered as an essential element for modelling
and understanding the earth feature system. Eight
categories of LULC were classified for Menchukha
circle of Shi Yomi district (Table 1). Forest covers
80percent of the total area and occupied by hills and
mountains. Snow area occupies 10percent of the
total area and 6 upland lakes were found scattered
at an altitude ranging between 3500-4000m MSL in
Menchukha circle. Wasteland occupies 9percent of
the total area which may consist of marshy, swampy
and unutilized water-logged areas. Agricultural land
occupies 1percent of the total area of the region.
Table 1. Land use land cover categorization of Shi Yomi district.
Sr. No Land use category (Area in ha)
1 Agricultural land
2 Built up
3 Forest
4 Grassland & Grazing land
5 Shifting Cultivation
6 Snow / Glacier area
7 Wastelands
8 Water bodies
152 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156
Human habitation is sparsely distributed in the
district. Fig. 6 shows the distribution of the major
land use land cover categories of the study area.
Digital elevation model and Slope
A digital elevation model (DEM) is defined
as ‘any digital representation of the continuous
variation of relief over space’ (Burrough, 1986),
where relief refers to the height of earth’s surface
with respect to the datum considered such as
Mean Sea Level (MSL). The DEM studies infer
herewith that the Menchukha circle is classified
into four different elevation gradients (Fig. 7).
The elevation class ranging from below 1000m to
2000m MSL encompassing 76percent of the total
geographic area can provide the most suitable sites
for undertaking aquaculture activities provided the
other conditions are conducive. The elevation class
ranging from 2000m to 3000m MSL encompassing
24percent area represent moderate aquaculture
suitability sites.
The percentage share of different slope degree
classes of the study area is represented herewith
by a colour map (Fig. 8). The slope class 0-21
degree in green colour comprising 41percent of
the total geographic area has better probability in
considering potential sites for undertaking fisheries
developmental activities as compared to slope class
21-35 degree (50 % area) and the slope class 35-78
degree (9% area) of the Menchukha region.
Menchukha Circle Shi Yomi District
4.08 4.08
2.32 4.10
621.37 2136.56
0.18 0.46
3.16 15.83
75.31 486.55
67.11 189.11
2.97 10.93
 Baruah et al

Fig. 1: Location of Menchukha Fig. 2: The major aquatic resourc- Fig. 3: Stream order in
valley in es of Shi Yomi district Menchukha circle
Shi Yomi district in India

Fig. 4: Altitudinal distribution of Fig. 5: Distribution of upland Fig. 6: LULC of

upland lakes at Menchukha lakes from the road Menchukhacircle

Fig. 7: Percentage share of different elevation gra- Fig. 8: Percentage share of different slope degree
dients of Menchukha region classes of Menchukha region

153 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156

 GIS Application in Mapping and Development

The trout fisheries and organizing angling competitions based on

The most sought after the trout group for ‘catch and release’ practice. In this pursuance,
recreational and aquaculture avenues in the GPS coordinates were taken over the probable
coldwater regime of the Menchukha valley are the breeding grounds of the brown trout along the river
brown trout (SalmotruttafarioLinnaeus, 1758) and Yargyapchu and its adjoining streams. These GPS
rainbow trout {Oncorhynchusmykiss(Walbaum, coordinates were put into a line for considering
1792)} respectively. a10 km stretch of the river as ‘Trout Protected
Zone’ (Fig. 9) as a measure for conservation and
Trout angling propagation of brown trout. The field analysis of
The river Yargyapchu flowing through the valley the abiotic and biotic components of the river water
of Menchukha harbour a good population of brown was found extremely conducive for trout survival
trout stocked since 30 yrs, as a result of concerted and auto recruitment (Table. 2).
effort made by the Department of Fisheries, Govt.
of Arunachal Pradesh in the past. The largest catch Trout aquaculture
of the brown trout recorded during the present The success of any aquaculture project or fish
investigation was of 3 kg in weight and 55 cm in farming depends to a large extent on the proper
length. The average catch of the brown trout in the selection of the site to be developed into a fish
river was of 16.70 cm in length and 100-150 g in farm or fish hatchery. The utilization of Remote
weight. The earlier catch of brown trout recorded in Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
the river was of 12.5 kg size as reported by the avid (GIS) is considered to be the most favourable
anglers of the valley (Baruah et al, 2019). Brown option by employing different input feature classes.
trout, therefore, can be an ideal candidate species The features taken as input criteria to designate the
in the region for promotion of angling fisheries on a probable potential areas for trout farming in Shi
tourist platform by inviting avid anglers worldwide Yomiwere - Drainage network buffer for 200m,

Table 2. Major water quality parameters of river Yargyapchu and its adjoining streams.
Water quality parameters Dorjeeling Dolong Gyapchu Gyapchu Yargyapchu
Phujchu Phujchu
Temperature ( C)
o
8.90±0.42 12.70±0.20 8.43±0.12 13.40±0.26 8.50±2.26
Air temperature (oC) 12.33±0.58 13.67±1.53 13.00±0.00 14.67±0.58 13.00±1.00
pH 8.53±0.12 8.00±0.20 7.57±0.06 7.30±0.10 8.07±0.42
DO (mg/l) 6.70±0.41 6.70±0.10 7.06±0.04 7.71±0.07 7.09±0.13
Total hardness (mg/l) 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00
TDS (ppm) 25.33±1.15 24.67±1.15 12.00±0.00 37.33±1.15 30.00±2.00
Turbidity (NTU) <10.00 <10.00 <10.00 <10.00 <10.00
Conductivity (µS/cm) 010 011 00 020 001
Nitrate (mg/l) <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10
Iron (mg/l) <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20
Fluoride (mg/l) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Chloride (mg/l) 10.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 10.00
Altitude (m msl) 1967 1931 2030 1957 1934

154 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156

 Baruah et al
Fig. 9: Map on trout protected area and potential
sites for trout aquaculture
Road network buffer for 5 km, Slope class of 0-10
degrees and 10-20 degrees of the region and Land
Use Land Cover (LULC) comprising wasteland and
agricultural land. Based on these above facts, the
selected input feature classes were superimposed
in the GIS environment and probable trout fish
farming areas were identified (Fig. 9&10). An area
of 27.84 hain the slope range of 0-10 degree and an
area of 22.34 ha in the slope range of 10-20 degree
was found suitablein the entire Menchukha circle of
Shi Yomi district for undertaking trout farming.The
two lone trout hatcheries established in the State of
Arunachal Pradesh along Nuranang stream (27.535
N, 92.050 E) at 3674 m MSL in Tawang district
and Shergaon (27.133 N, 92.277 E) at 1980m MSL
in West Kameng district can serve the source of
trout eyed eggs or young ones for Menchukha trout
farms(Baruahet al, 2017).
CONCLUSION
The identification and management of habitats
of these trout fishes can be much effective with
spatial assessment of the aquatic resources and
understanding the range of land use pattern
affecting their distribution. Advancements in spatial
technologies such as global positioning systems,
geographic information systems, remote sensing,
satellite imagery and toposheets blended with
non-spatial information revolutionized the ability
155 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156
Fig. 10: Map of potential fisheries
development areas
to spatially represent resources relevant to the
decision context by integrating hardware, software
and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and
displaying geographically referenced information.
The integration of GIS with site suitability criteria
depicted in this communication is expected as
supportive database in framing strategies and
developing action plans for fisheries improvement
in remote hill locked state of Arunachal Pradesh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are highly grateful to the officers
of the Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Arunachal
Pradesh and fishermen and local residents
of Menchukha for providing the necessary
information and support during the field work. The
encouragement received from the Director and the
Nodal Officers, I/C PME, scientific and technical
staffs of ICAR-DCFR, Bhimtal in carrying out the
analysis is highly obliged.
REFERENCES
Anonymous(2014).Environmental Impact Assessment for
Pemashelpu HE Project (81 MW). West Siang district,
Arunachal Pradesh, Final Report,RSEnviro link
Technologies Pvt Ltd.
APHA, AWWA and WPCF (2017). Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater, 23rd edition.
American Public Health Association, 800, Street, NW,
Washington DC.
 GIS Application in Mapping and Development
Baruah D (2014). Indigenous bamboo-made fishing
implements of Assam. J Krishi Vigyan 3 (1): 37-41.
Baruah D and Singh N D (2018).Rice-Fish Cultivation of
Apatanis: A high altitude farming system in Arunachal
Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 7(1): 187-191.
Baruah D, Ganie P A, Kunal K, Posti R, Chisi K and Yonggam
T (2019).Trout fisheries resources and potentialities at
Menchukha region of Arunachal Pradesh. Aquaculture
Asia 23(3): 30-39.
Baruah D, Kunal K, Sarma D, Ahmad P, Sharma P, Singh A
Kand Singh N D (2018). Aquatic biodiversity in upland
streams of kameng drainage in Arunachal Pradesh.
J Krishi Vigyan 7(1): 10-15.
Baruah D, Kunal K, Sarma D, Singh A K, Kamut K and
Thungon P K (2017). Trout fisheries in the uplands
of Arunachal Pradesh: Resources and opportunities.
Aquaculture Asia 21(2): 3-11.
Burrough PA (1986). Principles of Geographic Information
Systems for Land Resource Assessment, Monographs
on Soil and Resources Survey No. 12, Oxford Science
Publications, New York.
Jayaram K C(1999). The freshwater fishes of the Indian region.
Narendra Publishing House, Delhi-110006, India.551 p.
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) (1995).Integrated
Mission for Sustainable Development.Guidelines for
Field Survey and Mapping, 52.
Received on 08/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

156 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 150-156

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00033.1

Growth and Yield of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) with

Different Levels of Fertigation and Drip Irrigation
S KNisha* and ISreelathakumary
Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani 695 522 (Kerala)

ABSTRACT
The effects of different levels of fertigation and drip irrigation on growth and yield of watermelon were
investigated. The experiment was carried out at Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture,
Vellayani, Kerala. Fertigation treatments were 75, 100 and 125 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers
(RD) and irrigation treatments at 0.6 and 0.8 evapotranspiration (ET) rates. One control was taken
with surface irrigation and conventional soil application of fertilizers. It was noticed that vine length
increased linearly with increase in fertigation and irrigation levels. Increasing irrigation levels increased
fruit equatorial and polar diameters. Levels of fertigation and irrigation exerted significant influence on
number of fruits/plant and yield/plant. Total yield was highest at 100 per cent RD (91.1 t/ha) compared
to 125per cent RD (80.13 t/ha). There was increase in number of fruits/plant and fruit yield with increase
in irrigation level from 0.6 to 0.8 ET. Fertigation at 100 per cent RD recorded the highest yield of 8.51
kg/ plant. Fertigation and irrigation levels had no influence on fruit weight and days to first harvest.
Key Words: Citrullus lanatus, Watermelon, Fertigation, Irrigation.

INTRODUCTION excess concentrations of fertilizer in the soil and

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) is
grown in an area of 1.01 lakh hectare with a
production of 25.2 lakh tonnes (GOI, 2018).Mineral
nutrition is one of the important factors contributing
to watermelon yield. However, the suggested rates
varied considerably. Goreta et al (2005) found that
total and marketable yields did not increase with
nitrogen rates above 115 kg/ ha. On the contrary,
increased use of fertilizer led to rise in yield and
dry weight of watermelon fruits (Hendericks et al,
2007). Generally, watermelon is cultivated using
surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers.
Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer along
with irrigation. It allows placement of nutrients
directly into root zone through emitters during
critical periods of nutrient requirement. It allows an
accurate and uniform application of nutrients to the
wetted area where most active roots are concentrated.
Fertigation can improve nutrient use efficiency by
supplying nutrients and water precisely avoiding
consequent leaching.The nutrient use efficiency of
fertigation is about 90 per cent compared to that
of conventional methods, where it is only 40-60
per cent. Drip fertigation is highly profitable as it
saves input, labour and energy to about 54 per cent
than that of conventional methods. The application
efficiency of water and nutrients is improved by
drip fertigation. At the same time marketable
yield is maintained or improved (Monaghan et al,
2010). Under water scarce conditions, fertigation is
considered as the most effective tool for managing
nutrients and irrigation water.
Watermelon contains more than 91per cent
water and therefore, water supply during critical
stages of plant growth and fruit development is very
important. Water availability for irrigation will be
a major constraint for agriculture in coming years.
So strategies to reduce water loss are the need of
the hour. Use of micro irrigation facilities like drip
system can play a major role towards this end. In

Corresponding Author’s Email:nishask2@gmail.com

157 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161

 Nisha and ISreelathakumary
drip irrigation, water is delivered near the plant
root zone in a precise quantity so as to maintain
soil moisture content close to field capacity. Drip
irrigation also increases the uptake of plant nutrients
and water use efficiency.Generally, in watermelon
marketable yield decreased linearly in response to
an increase in water stress (Fernandes et al, 2014).
In Kerala, watermelon is cultivated only in a
very limited area of 100 ha (GOI, 2018), even though
the demand for the fruit is very high. Being a high
value crop, its exploitation on commercial scale can
generate handsome income to farmers.The effect of
irrigation strategies and interaction with fertigation
rates is not well investigated in watermelon under
sandy clay loam soils of southern Kerala. Hence,
this study was carried out to evaluate the influence
of different fertigation and drip irrigation levels on
growth and yield of watermelon.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment with watermelon
hybrid Prachi was carried out at Department of
Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani,
Kerala Agricultural University during 2015-
16. Mechanical composition and moisture
characteristics of the soil are provided in Tabl e 1.
Table 1. Mechanical composition and moisture characteristics of the soil.
Particular
Mechanical composition
Coarse sand (per cent)
Fine sand (per cent) 30.50
Silt (per cent)
Clay (per cent)
Textural class
Soil moisture characteristics
Particle density (g cc-1)
Bulk density (g cc-1)
Maximum water holding capacity (per cent)
Porosity (per cent)
Field capacity (per cent)
Permanent wilting point (per cent)
158 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161
The treatments were factorial combinations of three
fertigation levels (75, 100 and 125 % recommended
dose (RD) of 70:50:120 kg NPK/ ha) and two
irrigation levels (0.6 and 0.8 evapotranspiration
(ET) rates) arranged in randomized block design
with three replications and control with surface
irrigation and normal soil application of fertilizer.
The experimental area was deeply ploughed up
to 50 cm and weeds and stubbles were removed.
Farm yard manure @ 25 t/ha was applied before
last ploughing. Raised beds of one meter width and
one foot height were taken with channels of 50 cm
between beds; so that the row to row spacing was
1.5 m. Drip lines were laid with a lateral per bed
and drippers with a discharge rate of 2 l/hr spaced
every 60 cm. The beds were covered with silver
on black polyethylene mulch of 50 μ thickness.
Seedlings were raised in protrays using cocopeat and
vermicompost as media. Twelve days old seedlings
at 2-3 true leaf stage were transplanted to main field
at 60 cm spacing. Uniform irrigation was given to
the seedlings up to one week after transplanting.
Irrigation scheduling was started thereafter. Drip
irrigation was scheduled daily to meet the crop
water requirement based on the pan evaporation
data of previous day from Class A open pan evapo
Value
16.30
25.80
26.10
Sandy clay loam
2.30
1.40
23.70
31.10
21.90
9.10
 Growth and Yield of Watermelon

Table 2. Effect of fertigation and drip irrigation on growth and flowering characters of watermelon.
Treatment Vine length Days to first Node to first Days to first Node to first Days to first
(m) male flower male flower female flower female flower harvest (DAT)
Fertigation
75% RD 3.41 16.19 5.63 27.63 13.88 51.57
100% RD 3.96 16.25 5.63 27.94 14.38 51.94
125% RD 4.84 17.88 6.38 26.50 13.32 50.57
SE(m)± 0.093 0.431 0.271 0.518 0.372 0.512
CD at 5% 0.288 1.342 NS NS NS NS
Irrigation
0.6 ET 3.69 16.83 6.08 27.45 13.58 51.50
0.8 ET 4.03 16.70 5.67 27.25 14.13 51.20
SE(m)± 0.076 0.353 0.220 0.424 0.305 0.419
CD at 5% 0.238 NS NS NS NS NS
Control 3.21 18.50 6.25 29.00 14.50 53.00
NS-Non significant
meter near the trial plot. Total irrigation applied was levels had no effect on female flowering. With
184.02 mm, 239.79 mm and 330.86 mm for 0.6 ET, respect to fruit characters the fertilizer levels had
0.8 ET and control, respectively. Fertigation was no significant influence on fruit equatorial diameter,
done at three days interval using fertigation pump. but 100 per cent RD recorded highest polar diameter
The data were analysed statistically by applying of 18.84 cm which was on par with 75 per cent RD
the techniques of analysis of variance (Panse (17.69 cm). Irrigation treatments were significant,
andSukhatme, 1985). with irrigation at 0.8 ET recording the highest fruit
equatorial and polar diameters. Rind thickness was
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION significantly influenced by fertilizer levels, with
The Vine length increased linearly with an the lowest rind thickness of 0.58 cm exhibited by
increase in fertigation level from 75 to 125 per 125per cent RD followed by 100 per cent RD (0.69
cent RD. Irrigation at 0.8 ET registered longer vine cm). Levels of irrigation were also significant,
length (4.03 m) than 0.6 ET (3.69 m). Lowest vine with lowest rind thicknesss (0.63 cm) in 0.8 ET.
length of 3.21 m was noted in control. Cucurbits The treatments as well as control had no effect on
require considerable amount of moisture during number of days to first harvest.
their most vigorous growth phase and it extends There was significant difference among
up to the maturity of fruits. The reduced growth in treatments for number of fruits/plant. Fertigation at
basin irrigation could be attributed to the movement100 per cent RD recorded highest number of 4.13
of water and nutrients beyond the effective root which was on par with 125 per cent RD (3.76).
zone leading to a reduction in the uptake of nutrients
Among the irrigation treatments, 0.8 ET registered
(Table 2 &3). the highest number of fruits/plant. Fruit weight was
Fertigation treatments significantly influenced not influenced by the different treatments. Levels
male flowering with earliness in male flower of fertigation and irrigation exerted significant
anthesis as well as flower production in the lowest influence on yield/ plant. Fertigation at 100 per
node at 75 per cent RD. Irrigation and fertigation cent RD recorded the highest yield of 8.51 kg/plant

159 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161

 Nisha and ISreelathakumary

Table 3. Effect of fertigation and drip irrigation on fruit characters and yield of watermelon.
Treatments Fruit Fruit polar Rind Fruits/ Fruit Yield/ Yield
equatorial diameter thickness plant weight plant (t/ha)
diameter (cm) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg)
Fertigation
75% RD 15.08 17.69 0.75 3.59 2.17 7.55 80.41
100% RD 15.71 18.84 0.69 4.13 2.24 8.51 91.10
125% RD 14.64 17.04 0.58 3.76 2.11 7.52 80.13
SE(m)± 0.380 0.427 0.033 0.126 0.097 0.056 2.554
CD at 5% NS 1.328 0.103 0.393 NS 0.715 7.947
Irrigation
0.6 ET 14.33 17.27 0.72 3.60 2.06 7.28 77.49
0.8 ET 15.93 18.42 0.63 4.06 2.28 8.42 90.25
SE(m)± 0.309 0.349 0.028 0.101 0.083 0.187 2.085
CD at 5% 0.962 1.085 0.086 0.315 NS 0.582 6.489
Control 12.55 14.85 0.75 3.71 1.51 5.12 52.76
NS-Non significant
followed by 75 per cent RD (7.55 kg) which was at increases the osmotic potential of soil solution,
par with 125 per cent RD (7.52 kg). Fertigation at causing reduction in water uptake by the plant roots
100 per cent RD significantly increased number of (Maluki et al, 2016). The application of fertilizer
fruits/plant, yield/ plant and yield/ hectare. Nitrogen through drip was found superior to conventional
promotes vegetative growth and P stimulates root solid fertilizer application (Choudhari and More,
development. Better vegetative growth leads to 2002). Fertigation treatments recorded higher
enhanced chlorophyll content along with higher values for number of fruits/plant and fruit weight
stomatal conductance and thereby increased than conventional soil application of fertilizers.
photosynthesis. Moreover, sufficient availability Similar observation was also made by Prabhakar et
of K might have encouraged increased transport of al (2013).
photosynthates to the sink leading to higher yield The highest fruit yield of 8.42 kg per plant was
(Maluki et al, 2016). Under open condition, fruit recorded at 0.8 ET against 7.28 kg with irrigation
weight was not influenced by fertilizer dose. Similar at 0.6 ET. Proper balance of moisture in plants not
result was reported by Andrade Junior et al (2009) only increases the photosynthesis but also helps in
where fruit yield was more influenced by number higher uptake of nutrients to meet accelerated rate
of fruits than fruit weight. The yield attributes of growth and ultimately yield.The drip irrigation
like fruit weight, fruits/plant and yield/ plant were levels gave higher yield of watermelon than surface
decreased at the highest fertilizer level (125 % irrigation. The increased yield under drip irrigation
RD) tried. This might be attributed to early fruit system might have resulted due to excellent
set in lower nodes which resulted in competition soil-water-air relationship with higher oxygen
between the fruit and vegetative parts during early concentration in the root zone, higher uptake of
fruit development. Moreover, early formed fruits nutrients and continuous maintenance of higher soil
also recorded reduced fruit weight (Watanabe, moisture content to fulfil the evapotranspirational
2014). Increased concentration of soluble fertilizers need of the crop. Leskovar et al (2003) reported

160 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161

 Growth and Yield of Watermelon

highest total yield at 1.0 ET (53.9 t/ ha) compared to Hendericks G S, Shukla S C, Ushman K E, Obreza T A ,Roka
0.5 ET (26.8 t/ ha). Reduction in number of fruits/ F M ,Portier K M and Mc Avoy E J (2007). Florida
watermelon production affected by water and nutrient
plant and total yield caused by deficit irrigation management. Hort Technol 17: 328-335.
are similar to those obtained by Kirnak and Dogan
Kirnak H and Dogan E (2009). Effect of seasonal water stress
(2009). However, McCann et al (2007) reported imposed on drip irrigated second crop watermelon grown
that irrigation levels had no significant effect on in semi-arid climatic conditions. Irr Sci 27: 155-164.
yield of seedless watermelon. Leskovar D I ,Bang H, Kolenda K, Franco J A and Perkins-
Veazie P (2003). Deficit irrigation influences yield and
CONCLUSION lycopene content of diploid and triploid watermelon.
The results of the present study revealed that the Acta Hort 628: 147-151.
yield of watermelon increased under drip irrigation Maluki M, Ogweno J and Gesimba Rbvz M (2016). Evaluation
and fertigation than the conventional surface of nitrogen effects on yield and quality of watermelon
grown in coastal regions of Kenya. Int J Plant Soil Sci
irrigation and soil application of fertilizer. Deficit
9 (2): 1-8.
irrigation will reduce the yield in watermelon.
For open precision farming in watermelon, the McCann I, Kee E, Adkins J, Ernest E and Ernest J (2007).
Effect of irrigation rate on yield of drip irrigated seedless
fertigation level of 70:50:120 kg NPK/ ha was watermelon in a humid region. Sci Hort 113: 155-161.
found ideal.
Monaghan J M, Rahn C R, Hilton H W and Wood M (2010).
Improved efficiency for high quality field vegetable
REFERENCES production using fertigation. Acta Hort 852: 145-152.
Andrade Junior S A, da Silva CR, Dias N S, Rodrigues B H
Panse V G and Sukhatme P V(1985). Statistical Methods
N and Ribeiro V Q (2009). Response of watermelon to
for Agricultural Workers (4thEd.). Indian Council of
nitrogen fertigation. Irriga 14(2): 115-122.
Agricultural Research, New Delhi 347p.
Choudhari S M and More T A (2002). Fertigation, fertilizer
Prabhakar M ,Hebbar S S and Nair A K (2013). Influence of
and spacing requirement of tropical gynoecious cucumber
various sources and levels of fertilizer applied
hybrids. Acta Hort 588: 233-240.
through fertigation on hybrid watermelon grown in rabi-
Fernandes C N V, de Azevedo B M, Neto J R N ,Viana T V summer. J Hort Sci 8(1): 60-64.
A and de Sousa G G (2014). Irrigation and fertigation
Watanabe S (2014). Fruit productivity of vertically trained
frequencies with nitrogen in the watermelon culture.
watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum.
Bragantia 73 (2): 106-112.
&Nakai) plants. Japan Agri Res Quart 48 (2): 121-131.
GOI [Government of India](2018). Horticultural statistics
Received on 13/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
at a glance 2018. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare, New Delhi458p.
Goreta S, Perica S, Dumicic G ,Buca L and Zanic K (2005).
Growth and yield of watermelon on polyethylene mulch
with different spacings and nitrogen rates. Hort Sci
40(2): 366-369.

161 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 157-161

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 162-165 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00034.3

Harvesting with AARAM Cushioned Seat Technology for

Alleviating Drudgery of Women Farmers
Charu Sharma1, Ram Niwas2, Hemu Rathore3 and Suman Singh4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Pokaran,SKRAU, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT
Isabgol (Plantago esculenta)is commercially important medicinal cool season crop is grown in rabi
season in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh mainly for its seeds and husk. Isabgol is harvested
by women and men farmers manually. Study was conducted on randomly selected women farmers from
selective villages of Pokaran, Jaisalmer who performed harvesting of Isabgol crop manually with the
objective to analyze drudgery perceived by women workers during harvesting without any technology
and with use of AARAM cushioned Seat. Likewise, to assess its impact on their work efficiency and
postural discomfort occurred due to nature of harvesting work.Data were collected through structured
interview schedule and through field operation observations of individual women farmer. Results of the
study showed significant change in drudgery of women farmers after using improved AARAM cushioned
Seat during harvesting work with less difficulty and performing harvesting with more postural comfort
as well. Similarly, improved work efficiency up to 25.14 percent due to comfortable working condition.
Key Words : Drudgery reduction , Harvesting , Women farmers, Improved technology.

INTRODUCTION Isabgol (Plantago esculenta) is one of the

Women farmer plays significant role in the
agricultural operations and allied fields like the
livestock production, horticulture, post-harvest
operations, agro / social forestry, fisheries etc. Their
involvement is in various farm activities whether
the work performed by women only or equal
participation of men and women worker can also
be seen in fields. Women exclusive and dominated
farm activities performed by them namely removal
of stalks and stubbles, transportation of manure,
weeding , harvesting, plucking heaping, bundling
storage of crops. All these activities involve high
manual labour and work difficulty, monotony
and drudgery as well. Farm women conceive that
manual harvesting and weeding is quite tedious
tasks amongst agriculture activities performed in
cultivation of crop (Anon, 2012).
major crop of Jaisalmer district due to its use in
medical and food industry especially in ice creams,
biscuits and candies. Harvesting of Isabgol occurs
5 to 6 m after sowing and harvesting is generally
done cutting at the ground level early in the
morning to avoid seed shattering or uprooting
plants when soil is very loose.Manual harvesting
is time consuming, monotonous and involves
high work load and labour oriented. When farm
women perform harvesting work in squatting and
bending posture, they experience backache and
body pain due to continuous labour intensive and
repetitive work nature. Unavailability of suitable
technology retards efficiency of workers and also
continuous physical discomfort and drudgery fall
them into occupational health hazards.The Study
analyzeddrudgery occurred to women workers in

Email of corresponding author: sharmacharu30@gmail.com

1
Subject Matter Specialist(Home Science) and 2Subject Matter Specialist(Animal Science),
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Pokaran,(SKRAU, Bikaner), Rajasthan, India.
3
Associate Professor and4Professor, AICRP –FRM, College of Community and Applied science,MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

162 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 162-165

 Sharma et al

harvesting work of Isabgol cropwithout improved were purposively selected from Dudhia village
technology and with use of AARAM cushioned seat of Pokaran tehsil of Jaisalmer districtwho were
designed for postural comfort of harvesting person. performing manual harvesting of isabgol crop from
many years for present study. Data were collected
Detail of Technology - AARAM’ cushioned seat through observation during field work performed
Women performs majority by women farmers and with personal interview of
of the farming activities every selected farm women.
either in bending or squatting
posture. The squatting posture Improved Technology AARAM seat was
puts strain on the thigh compared in terms of traditional practice of
muscles, legs and feet. Thus, harvesting in squatting and improved practice of
to reduce this stress of women harvesting sitting on cushioned stool in same squat
farmers in weeding and harvesting activities an posture. Assessment of drudgery in traditional and
AARAM cushioned seat was designed and tested at improved method and improvement in their work
AICRP-FRM, College of Home science, MPUAT efficiency was recorded on certain parameters
centre. The design of stool was conceived and four during harvesting of Isabgol.Hardship / drudgery
designs were fabricated and field tested. Based experience of farmwomen in harvesting activities
on testing the fourth prototype was finalized. The was calculated on 6 psycho-physical parameters
technical specifications of technology are: on a continuum of 5 point scale with total score
of 30 (Corlette & Bishop, 1976). The parameters
Weight: 597 g; Height: seat 5” + 2” cushioning with rating were on work demand, feeling of exhaustion,
1” slanting in front.Seat circumference: 9” posture assumed, perception on manual loads
Advantages: Easy, soft, convenient to use, lessens operative,difficulty perception andwork load
the stress on the thighs and the calf. (Anon, 2016) perception.

MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

KVK Pokaran team conducted an On-farm trial
on use of AARAM seat, a technology for relief of
pain which was caused during squatting posture and
for reducing drudgery of women workers during
harvesting of Isabgol crop. A total of 10 farm women
Isabgol crop is a delicate in natureand manual
plucking technique is used for harvesting of
crop. This is reason that harvesting work is time
consuming, monotonous and involves more work
load and labour. Results of the study revealed that

Table 1. Assessment of drudgery in traditional and improved method of harvesting . N =10

Sr. Farm activ- Work Feeling of Posture Perception Difficul- Work load Total
No. ity demand exhaus- assumed on manual ty per- perception Drudgery
(5) tion in work loads oper- ception (5) Score
(5) (5) ative (5) (30
(5) Score)
1 Harvesting [Plucking and Stacking]
a Traditional 4.51 4.66 4.86 4.10 4.56 4.45 27.14
b Improved 2.75 2.10 2.15 2.6 1.20 2.35 13.10
Percent 39.02 54.93 55.76 36.58 73.68 47.19 51.73
Change

163 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 162-165

 Harvesting with AARAM Cushioned Seat
farm women of selected area traditionallyperformed
harvesting work through manual plucking of crop.
They experienced backache and body pain due to
continuous labour intensive and repetitive work
of harvesting. Reason of excessive fatigue was
reported by women farmer was lack of appropriate
technique for comfort during harvesting activity
increased the work load of farm women. Gender
participation in Isabgol harvesting activity was
recorded as equal participation of men and women
workers. Drudgery experienced by women workers
scored on six parameters.
The data (Table 1) indicated that women
workers scored 4.86 highest on difficulty in posture
assumed by them during harvesting work of crop.
The posture load was calculated on the basis
of the discomfort rating and body part discomfort.
Majority of the body parts experienced moderate to
severe discomfort in the body parts, nearly 13 body
parts experienced more or less degree of discomfort.
The average body discomfort felt was in the range
of severe to moderately severe. The average
PostureLoad Factor was 1.98/5. Results showed
considerable shift of postural discomfort prevail
among women workers during harvesting of crop.
Squatting posture of workers put strain on their toes,
thigh and back muscle. It increases their fatigue and
Work Posture – Traditional Practice Vs
164 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 162-165
also retards their work efficiency and speed as well.
On contrary in cushioned seat use during harvesting,
women workers feel less drudgery as score was
2.51. Thus, it can be concluded that the women
farmer were not sensitive of the consequences of
the faulty posture and resulting load on the body.
Women workers expressed that use of AARAM
Cusioned seat during harvesting fills the gap lies in
their squatting posture and relieves their strain and
provide comfort during work.
The women working in field do not give much
importance to the time spent but do feel the load
of time as they work in home, farm and allied
activities. Nearly 6 hr/day was spent by them in
performing agricultural task on2 ha of land / season.
Women worker expressed very demanding work
with score of 4.51 and also expressed work load of
harvesting work to score of 4.45. Further, repetitive
manual harvesting exhausted the women workers to
large extent as score was 4.66 out of 5 score. Scores
given on above stated drudgery parameters without
support of any improved technique women farmers
hardships was higher. Women farmers performing
manual harvesting in squatting position without any
technology but withuse of AARAM Seat, they could
minimize their work demand (2.75), work load
(2.35) and exhaustion (2.10) to a large extent.
Improved Practice
 Sharma et al

work force. Proper utilization of workers work

efficiency can only be possible through comfortable
working situations and inclusion of improved
drudgery reducing tools and techniques. Besides
equal consideration needed for mitigating the
occupational health hazards or disorders workers
faced but agony of workers manual work is not
given due consideration. Singh and Arora (2010)
emphasized in their study that there is a need to
increase awareness of musculoskeletal disorders
and associated risk factors and to train farm
women periodically for the proper and safe ways
Use of AARAM cushioned seat of handling tools and equipment in order to avoid
Postural comfort affects work performance musculoskeletal disorders.
of worker during any activity. Study also analyze Improved technology AARAM cushioned seat
impact of work efficiency which was calculated designed for providing postural comfort during
through time taken or man-days for harvesting working situation and relief in their physical body
activity of an area . In the assessment of work strain and pain.
efficiency of worker during harvesting of Isabgol
, difference of seven hour in harvesting one hectare REFERENCE
area by a women worker reduce their man-day Anonymous (2012). Bench mark report-2011-12 of Project on
“Mitigating hardship of Indian women farmers through
up to 0.88 and work efficiency improvement was
technology Intervention”, College of home science,
calculated up to 25.14 percent. MPUAT, Udaipur(Rajasthan).
Anonymous (2016). Annual report of AICRP-Hsc. (FRM)
CONCLUSION 2014-16. College of home science, MPUAT, Udaipur
Results of study indicated reduced drudgery load (Rajasthan).
of women workers with considerable improvement Corlette E N and Bishop R P ( 1976). A technique for assessing
in work efficiency aspects in comparison of their postural discomfort. Ergonomics 19: 175-182.
traditional practices. Women workers are prominent Singh Surabhi and Arora Renu (2010). Ergonomic intervention
labour force in performing manual agricultural for preventing musculoskeletal disorders among farm
tasks. In present scenario focus is more on work women. J Agri Sci 1(2): 61-71.
and production through speedy work efficient Received on 28/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

Table 2. Assessment of work efficiency during harvesting of Isabgol. N =10

Sr. No Parameter Man-days Time Labour Work Area
(hr) employed
1. Traditional Practice 3.5 28 1 1 ha
Manual plucking in squatting posture
2. Improved Practice 2.62 21 1 1 ha
Plucking with AARAM seat use
Work efficiency improvement (%) 25.14

165 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 162-165

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 166-173 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00040.9

In vitro Plant Regeneration Studies in Brinjal

(Solanum melongena L)
Gurpreet Kaur, Puja Rattan and Anju Pathania
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Jalandhar 144 012 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken to standardize the protocol for high frequency invitro regeneration
of brinjal variety Navkiran which is the essential pre-requisite step of application of biotechnological
interventions for crop improvement. Multiple shoot regeneration via callus induction was achieved using
epicotyl and hypocotyl as explant at various concentrations and combinations NAA (Naphthalene acetic
acid) (0.5mg/L and 1mg/L) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) (1.0mg/L, 1.5mg/L and 2.0mg/L) in
MS media. Earliest callus induction (6.33±0.33d), was observed when epicotyls was inoculated in MS
media fortified with 0.5mg/L NAA and 2.0mg/L BAP. However, maximum callus weight (1.35±0.10g)
was obtained in MS media fortified with 0.5mg/L NAA and 2.0mg/L BAP when hypocotyls was used as
explant. Ninety percent callus induction was obtained in MS media supplemented with 0.5mg/L NAA
and 2.0mg/L BAP in both the explants. Regarding the quality characters of callus, both explants showed
variable response in different treatments used under the study. Colour of the callus was dark green, light
green and cream, texture of callus was loose, friable and compact and abundance was plenty, moderate and
poor. Among the explants used, epicotyl gave the best response to shoot regeneration, it was 52.77±2.61
and took minimum days of shoot regeneration (29.33±0.88), maximum shoot length (3.96 ± 0.06) in
MS media fortified with 0.5mg/L NAA and 2.0mg/L BAP. In vitro rooting (68.82±2.70) was obtained
within 14.33±1.20 days with 19.10±0.86 number of roots in MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L
IBA. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened in a mixture of cocopeat, vermiculite and perlite
in ratio of 1:1:1 for 15 days and then transplanted in the main field with survival rate of 95 per cent.
Key Words: BAP, Callogenesis, Eggplant, Hardening, IBA, Invitro, NAA, Root regeneration, Shoot
regeneration.

INTRODUCTION the pests and diseases by the use of pesticides and

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L., 2n=2x=24) is
also known as brinjal belongs to family Solanaceae.
It is widely adaptive and highly productive vegetable
crop of tropical and subtropical regions of the
world. It is an important non tuberous solanaceous
crop grown primarily for its large oval fruit. It is
normally warm season crop and can be grown three
times in a year i.e., spring summer, rainy season and
autumn winter. Its production is suffered due to its
infestation by different pathogens such as viruses,
fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, nematode and insect-
pest which cause huge yield losses. Controlling
insecticides is costly and simultaneously causes
pollution. Development of resistant varieties is one
of the most effective methods for the control of
losses caused by diseases and pests. Conventional
breeding approaches for developing insect
resistance for brinjal have not been very successful
due to sexual incompatibilities and difficulties in
obtaining fertile progenies (Pratap et al, 2011).
Thus, use of biotechnological techniques can be
an alternative approach to tackle such issues. The
regeneration of plants from cell and tissue culture
is a pre-requisite for the exploitation of various

Corresponding Aurho’s Email:rattanpooja16@gmail.com

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 166-173

166
 Kaur et al

biotechnological applications. It can serve as a without any growth hormone. All the aseptic
platform for the transfer of economically important manipulations were carried out under vertical
traits through genetic engineering, inducing laminar flow chamber. The inoculations were carried
somaclonal variations, in vitro mutations, double- out under laminar air flow. After inoculation, the
haploid induction, development and utilization of cultures were kept in culture room at 26±2°C with
somatic hybrids, determining herbicide or pesticide 16/8 hr photo-period for normal seedling growth.
tolerance limits in eggplant. The application of in Aseptically grown 14-15 d old seedlings of brinjal
vitro methodologies to brinjal improvement has were used as a source of explants viz., epicotyl
resulted in considerable success. Its tissues have and hypocotyl for plant regeneration studies. The
high morphogenetic potential that is useful for seedlings were cut into two parts and sub cultured
developmental studies as well as for establishing in the test tubes on MS medium supplemented with
biotechnological approaches to produce improved two different concentrations and combinations of
varieties with resistance to pests and diseases Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.5mg/l and 1mg/l)
(Collonnier et al, 2001; Magioli and Mansur, 2005). and three different concentrations of 6-Benzyl
Therefore, a remarkable progress can be achieved in Amino Purine (BAP) (1mg/l, 1.5mg/l & 2mg/l) to
eggplant through the combination of conventional study the various callogenesis parameters and shoot
and biotechnological approaches. The main factor regeneration. The root regeneration studies were
affecting explant’s regeneration capacity is the carried out on MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA
choice of segment used in tissue culture as explant. and MS medium without hormone to get complete
Different explants had differential response to plantlet by the formation of roots. The hardening
regeneration (Kanna and Jayabalan, 2010; Kaur of regenerated plantlets was done on mixture of
et al, 2013) on different media combinations cocopeat: vermiculite: perlite (1:1:1). The effect of
containing cytokinins and auxins. Nature and different concentrations and combinations on callus
concentrations of a given growth regulator in induction, plant regeneration and root regeneration
association with specific genotype and explants can data were recorded for days to seed germination,
cause significant result in morphogenetic response days to callus initiation, number of callus initiated,
of brinjal (Magioli et al, 1998). Hence, keeping percent callus induced, weight of callus, colour
in view the importance of the crop and need to of callus, nature of callus, abundance of callus,
standardize the explants and concentrations of number of days taken to shoot regeneration,
growth regulators for morphogenesis in the desired shoot regeneration percentage, number of shoots
cultivar the present investigation was executed. regenerated per callus, shoot length of regenerated
shoots, number of days taken for root regeneration,
MATERIALS AND METHODS number of roots regenerated, root regeneration
The F1 hybrid seeds of brinjal percentage, root length of regenerated roots. The
(SolanummelongenaL. cv. Navkiran) were procured experiment was laid in complete randomized
from local seed market. The seeds were washed design (CRD) with three replications and data were
gently with Tween-20 under running tap water for 20 analyzed by using OP STAT statistical software
min. The surface sterilization of seeds was carried package for agricultural research workers.
out under a laminar air flow chamber. The seeds were
treated with 0.1 percent HgCl2 (mercuric chloride) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
for 30 second afterwards seeds were washed with Effect of different treatments on callogenesis
sterilized distilled water for 3 times to remove the Invitro regeneration was achieved in MS media
forces of HgCl2. These surface sterilized seeds supplemented with two different concentrations and
were then ready for inoculation on the MS medium combinations of NAA (0.5mg/l and 1mg/l) and three
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 In vitro Plant Regeneration

different concentrations of BAP (1mg/l, 1.5mg/l &
2mg/l) (Table 1). The number of callus/explant and
percentage of callus initiation was studied to find the
best combination and concentration of hormones
in MS media for the hypocotyl and epicotyl. It
was observed that MS media supplemented with
0.5mg/l NAA+2.0mg/l BAP resulted in highest
callus initiation percentage (90.00±0.00) from
epicotyl and hypocotyl. These findings were in line
with the findings of Ray et al ( 2011) and Naseer
and Mahmood (2014) who also observed higher
callus induction/explant in brinjal when higher
concentration of BAP was supplemented in the MS
media. Mir et al (2011) also reported 100 per cent
callusing in both cotyledon and hypocotyl explants
on medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin.
Weight of the callus was maximum (1.04±0.13g)
in the MS media supplemented with 0.5mg/l
NAA+2.0mg/l BAP when epicotyl was used as
explant and (1.35±0.10) when hypocotyl was
used as explant in the same media. The findings
of the present investigation were in accordance
with the findings of Ray et al ( 2011) who also
observed highest callus weight when MS media
was supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of NAA + 2.0 mg/l
BAP.
Size, colour, nature of the callus affects the
regeneration potential of the callus (Taha and
Tijan, 2002). Green calli have greater organogenic
potential Zayova et al (2010). Dark green,
loose and plenty of callus was observed in most
responsive concentration of NAA and BAP i.e., MS
media supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA+2.0mg/l
BAP in both the explant of brinjal. However,
variable response of different explants in different
concentrations and combinations of hormone in
brinjal with respect to the colour, size, and nature of
the callus has been observed, which is in agreement
with Alim et al ( 2014).
Effect of different treatments on shoot
regeneration Effect of different treatments on root
The type and concentration of given growth regenration
hormone in association with specific genotype and Rooting is the vital part for getting complete
explant used can cause significant difference in
shoot regeneration response of brinjal (Kanna and
Jayabalan, 2010; Shivraj and Srinath, 2011; Kaur
et al, 2013; Muktadir et al, 2016). Rapid and
efficient shoot regeneration from callus is essential
for complete plantlet development. In the present
investigation epicotyl explant was more responsive
than hypocotyl for shoot regeneration from the
callus (Table 2). These findings were in line with
the findings of earlier researcher (Zhang, 1999)
who reported different morphological potential of
hypocotyl and cotyledon explant for organogenesis
and (Sarker et al, 2006) also reported that cotyledon
explants are more suitable explant as compared to
hypocotyl.
Most rapid shoot regeneration (29.33±0.88)
was observed when MS media was supplemented
with 0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l BAP. These findings are
in agreement with the findings of Ray et al ( 2011)
who also observed rapid shoot regeneration from
callus obtained from MS media supplemented with
0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l BAP and Pawar et al (2013)
reported that cotyledon explant showed less days to
shoot initiation as compare to the hypocotyl explant.
Highest number of shoots/callus (4.66±0.33) and
highest shoot regeneration percentage (52.77±2.61)
was observed from epicotyl explant in MS media
supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l BAP.
These findings were in agreement ( Pawar et al,
2012; Sagare and Mohanty, 2012; Zayova et al,
2012 and Naseer and Mahmood, 2014) who also
reported highest frequency of shoot regeneration
and maximum number of shoot/explant when
MS media was supplemented with 2.0mg/l BAP.
Longest shoot length (3.96±0.06) were observed in
MS media supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l
BAP. These findings were in line with Naseer and
Mahmood ( 2014) who also reported longest shoots
when MS media was supplemented with 2.0mg/l
BAP.

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 Table 1. Effect of different combinations and concentrations of NAA and BAP in MS media on invitro regeneration of callus

169
from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants of brinjal(Solanum melongena) variety Navkiran.
Treatments MS media Days to No. of Percent Weight of Days to No. of Callus Percentage Weight of
+ Hormone (mg/l)) callus callus callus callus in callus initiated in (%) of callus Callus in
initiation initiated initiated in epicotyls (g) initiation in hypocotyl initiated in hypocotyl
in epicotyl in epicoty epicotyl hypocotyl hypocotyl
0.5 NAA + 1 BAP 8.66±0.66 8.83±0.16 70.08±1.45 0.96±0.10 10.66±0.33 8.66±0.72 72.38±9.04 1.02±0.06
0.5 NAA +1.5 BAP 8.33±0.33 9.83±0.16 85.68±4.31 0.99±0.12 9.83±0.16 9.33±0.33 77.69±6.15 0.99±0.02
0.5 NAA + 2 BAP 6.33±0.33 10.00±0.00 90.00±0.00 1.04±0.13 8.33±0.33 10.00±00 90.00±0.00 1.35±0.10
1 NAA + 1 BAP 8.16±0.16 10.00±0.00 90.00±0.00 0.97±0.25 9.33±0.33 9.66±0.33 83.84±6.15 1.26±0.37
1 NAA + 1.5 BAP 9.33±1.45 8.66±0.33 68.82±2.70 0.83±0.01 10.33±0.88 8.16±0.16 64.68±1.25 1.08±0.08
1 NAA + 2 BAP 10.33±0.33 7.667±0.66 61.69±4.92 0.80±0.03 12.66±0.33 6.33±0.33 52.75±2.00 0.93±0.03
CD (5%) 2.17 0.99 9.20 N.S. 1.42 1.19 16.25 N.S.
NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine)

Table 2. Effect of different combinations and concentrations of NAA and BAP in MS media on colour, nature and abundance
Kaur et al

of callus from epicotyl and hypocotyl of brinjal(Solanum melongena) variety Navkiran.

Treatments MS media Colour of Nature of Abundance of Colour of Callus Nature of Callus Abundance of callus
+ Hormone (mg/l)) Callus in Callus in callus in epicotyl in hypocotyl in hypocotyl in hypocotyl
epicotyl epicotyl

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0.5 NAA + 1 BAP Light green Friable Moderate Light green Friable Plenty
0.5 NAA +1.5 BAP Light green Loose Plenty Light green Friable Plenty
0.5 NAA + 2 BAP Dark green Loose Plenty Dark green Loose Plenty
1 NAA + 1 BAP Light green Loose Plenty Light green Loose Plenty
1 NAA + 1.5 BAP Cream Friable Moderate Cream Friable Moderate
1 NAA + 2 BAP Cream Compact Poor Cream Compact Poor
NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine)
 Table-3 Effect of different concentration and combinations of NAA and BAP in MS media on shoot regeneration of

170
brinjal(Solanummelongena) variety Navkiran.
Treatments No. of days No. of days Number Number Percent Percent shoot Shoot length in Shoot length
for shoot for shoot of shoots/ of shoots/ shoot regeneration in epicotyls callus in hypocotyl
regeneration regeneration epicotyl hypocotyl regeneration hypocotyl callus callus
from hypocotyl callus callus in epicotyls
epicotyl callus callus
callus
0.5 NAA + 1 No response No response No response No response No response No response No response No response
BAP
0.5 NAA +1.5 42.33±0.33 No response 2.33±0.33 No response 36.22±1.73 No response 1.93±0.21 No response
BAP
0.5 NAA + 2 29.33±0.88 No response 4.66±0.33 No response 52.77±2.61 No response 3.96±0.06 No response
BAP
1 NAA + 1 BAP 33.33±0.66 No response 3.83±0.16 No response 44.02±3.46 No response 2.73±0.37 No response
1 NAA + 1.5 35.33±0.88 No response 2.83±0.16 No response 38.22±0.98 No response 2.33±0.17 No response
BAP
1 NAA + 2 BAP No response 35.33±0.88 No response 2.56±0.21 No response 33.14±1.81 No response 2.10±0.10
CD (5%) 1.84 1.12 0.67 0.27 6.07 2.30 0.59 0.12
NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine)
In vitro Plant Regeneration

Table 4. Effect of IBA and No hormone in MS media on in vitro root regenration of brinjal(Solanum melongena) variety

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Navkiran.
Treatments MS media + No. of days required for No. of roots regenerated Percentage root regeneration Root length at the time of
Hormone (mg/l)) root regeneration hardening
MS media + 1mg/l IBA 14.33±1.20 19.10±0.86 68.82±2.70 11.13±0.95
MS media without 27.33±0.88 12.77±1.39 54.76±2.00 7.56±0.61
hormone
CD 5% 4.25 4.67 9.61 3.22
NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine)
 Kaur et al

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171
 In vitro Plant Regeneration
plantlets from in vitro shoots. Healthy root
development helps in better establishment of
plant in soil. Therefore, adequate root generation
is necessary (Anisuzzaman et al, 2008). For the
initiation of roots the shoots were excised and
transferred to MS medium supplemented with
1mg/l IBA and MS medium without hormone
(Table 3). Rapid root regeneration was observed
in (14.33±1.20) days, maximum number of
roots regenerated (19.10±0.86), highest root
regeneration percentage (68.82±2.70) and longest
roots (11.13±0.95) was observed in MS medium
supplemented with 1mg/l IBA. These findings are
in line with (Mallaya et al, 2013 and Rattan et al,
2015) who also reported 1 mg/l IBA was best for
root induction in eggplant. (Hossain et al, 2007;
Chakravarthi et al, 2009; Shivraj and Rao, 2010;
Zayova et al, 2012; Panwar et al, 2013) they also
observed higher root regeneration with addition of
IBA.
Hardening of plants
After proper invitro development, the plantlets
were taken out of the test tubes without damaging
the delicate root system. The roots were washed
gently under running tap water to remove adhering
agar completely. The plantlets were treated with 0.5
% bavistin to avoid the fungal contamination and
then transferred to potting mixture. For hardening
of regenerated plantlets mixture of cocopeat:
vermiculite: perlite (1:1:1) was sterilized in an
autoclave at 15 lbs/inch² for 15-20 min at 121.5°C.
After sterilization the plastic cups were filled with
mixture of (1:1:1) cocopeat: vermiculite: perlite
and plantlets with washed roots were transferred to
the pots. After 15 days of hardening the regenerated
plants were shifted to soil for further development
and growth.The flowering in tissue culture raised
and acclimatized plants was observed after 55-60d.
A protocol for plant regeneration from epicotyl and
hypocotyl explants has been standardized inbrinjal
(Solanum melongena L. ).
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172
CONCLUSION
The present research work was undertaken with
an objective to standardize a protocol for efficient
plant regeneration in brinjal (Solanum melongena
L. cv. Navkiran) and to find out the most effective
explant for efficient plant regeneration in brinjal.
It was concluded that the epicotyl explant was
more responsive than hypocotyl explant. The
earliest callusing highest number of callus induced,
highest callus initiation percentage, heaviest callus
and dark green, loose and plenty of callus was
observed when MS media was supplemented with
0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l BAP from epicotyl explants.
Earliest shooting ,highest number of shoots per
explant, best shoot regeneration and longest shoot
length from callus obtained from epicotyl explant
were observed when MS media was fortified with
0.5mg/l NAA+2mg/l BAP. The earliest rooting,
highest number of regenerated roots, highest root
regeneration percentage and longest root length
were observed when MS media was supplemented
with 1mg/l IBA.
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Received on 25/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

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 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 174-177 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00035.5

Impact of Demonstrations on Productivity and Profitability of

Greengram in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat
Vinay Gaur and Prabhatsinh Jadav
Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Gujarat Vidhyapeeth Randheja,Gandhinagar (Gujarat)

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted by KVK during 2017 to 2019 in the summer seasons with 172
demonstrations across 13 villages of Gandhinagar district of Gujarat. The improved technologies
consisted use of disease resistant variety, seed treatment with bio-fertilizers, integrated nutrient and
weed management, pest and disease management. The results revealed that the highest seed yield was
obtained in demonstrated plot with an average of 963.3kg/ha as compared to 733.3kg/ha. Higher
net return (Rs 29056/ha) was obtained in the demonstration plots compared to farmers’ practice plot
(Rs 20766 /ha). The increase in the demonstration yield over farmer’s practices was 31.3 per cent.
The average extension gap was 230kg/ha and average technology gap 536.6kg/ha was recorded.
Key Words: Bio fertilizer, Greengram, Productivity, Profitability.

INTRODUCTION and popularization of new agro technology,

Pulses play vital role in nutritional security
and are a major source of vegetable proteins in
our country. India is the world’s largest producer
of pulses, it imports a large quantity of pulses to
meet the growing domestic needs. Thus, India is the
largest importer, producer and consumer of pulses.
Pulses contribute 11per cent of the total intake of
proteins in India (Reddy, 2010). In India, frequency
of pulses consumption is much higher than any other
source of protein, which indicates the importance
of pulses in their daily food habits. Keeping the
cheapest source of protein, it is important to increase
pulses production to increase balanced diet among
the socially and economically backward classes.
Over a period of time, a number of improved pulses
varieties and production technologies have been
developed, but full potential of these varieties as
well as technologies could not be exploited due to
low rate of adoption and low yields. Thus, factors
limiting the productivity cannot be overlooked.
Research and extension programme need to be
diverted to produce value additive pulses. It
may emphasize on quality attributes, adoption
Corresponding Author’s Email: vvgaur1@gmail.com
evolving better varieties for stress conditions and
improving present yield potential. The aim of these
demonstrations in general was to raise production
through transfer of farm technology. The efforts
were taken with planning, execution and follow up
action of the pulses production technology through
front line demonstrations (Sumathi, 2012).
The productivity of pulses in India (694 kg/ha)
is lower than most of the major pulse producing
countries. In Gujarat, kharif and summer green
gram was cultivated in an area of 2.65 Lakh ha with
production 1.20 Lakh tones and productivity of 455
kg/ha during the year 2011-12 (DOA, 2011-12).
The main objective of front line demonstrations
is to demonstrate newly released crop production
technologies and its management practices in the
farmers’ field under different farming situations and
at different agro climatic regions. The present study
has been undertaken to evaluate the difference
between demonstrated technologies vis-a-vis
practices followed by the local farmers in green
gram crop.

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 Gaur and Jadav

Table 1. Differences between farmers’ practices and technological intervention for green gram crop.
Sr. Practice
No.
1 Farming situation
2 Field preparation
3 Method of sowing
4 Time of sowing
5 Variety
6 Seed treatment
7 Seed rate & spacing
8 Manures and Fertilizers
9 Weed management
10 Plant Protection
Demonstrated practice
Irrigated
2 ploughings
Line sowing behind the plough
First fort night of march
GAM-5
Seed treatment with Rhizobium, No seed treatment
PSB and Imidacloprid
16 kg / ha and 45 x 10 cm
Urea @ 43 kg/ha and SSP@
222 kg/ha
Sulphur 20kg/ha
One interculture and manual
weeding
Neem oil @ 5ml/l and for
control of sucking pest.
Farmers’ practice Critical inputs
Irrigated
Single plough -
Broad casting -
15th Feb to 5th March -
K-851 & local seeds Seeds of variety GAM-5
PSB, Rhizobium and
Imidacloprid
24 kg/ha Broad cast 16kg
Irrational use of nitrogenous 20kg sulphur
fertilizers and less use of
phosphate fertilizers.
No weeding/ manually
Injudicious use of and Neem oil
insecticides and fungicides.

MATERIALS AND METHODS high yielding variety, recommended chemicals and

The present study was carried out by the Krishi
Vigyan Kendra during summer season from 2017
to 2019 at the farmers’ fields of different 13 villages
of Gandhinagar district of Gujarat. In total 172
Cluster frontline demonstrations in 80ha area in
different villages were conducted. A group of co-
operative farmers were identified based on their
participation and feedback received during the
preliminary survey and interactive meeting. All 172
demonstrations on 80 ha area were conducted by the
active participation of farmers with the objective to
demonstrate the improved technologies of pulses
production potential in different villages.
Assessment of gap in adoption of recommended
technology before laying out the cluster frontline
demonstrations (CFLD’s) through personal
discussion with selected farmers. The awareness
programme was organized for selection of
farmers and skilled development about detailed
technological intervention with improved package
and practice for successful cultivation. Critical
inputs for the technologies were demonstrated
(Table 1) after imparting the training like improved important with technological intervention for
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175
literature and regular visit, monitoring and pest and
disease advisory services management by the KVK
scientist. The satisfaction level of participating as
well as neighboring farmers’ for the performance of
improved variety demonstrated was also assessed.
The economic-parameters (Gross return, net return
and B:C ratio) were worked out on the basis of
prevailing market prices of inputs and minimum
support prices of outputs. The data output were
collected from both FLD as well as control plot
and finally the extension gap, technological gap,
technological index along with the benefit-cost ratio
were calculated (Samui et al,2000). The data were
collected through personal contact with farmers at
farmer’s field. The statistical tool like percentage
used in this study for analyzed data. The extension
gap, technology gap and the technology index were
work out with the help of formulas given by Samui
et al (2000) .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The improved package of practices was more
 Impact of Demonstrations on Productivity

Table 2. Grain yield and gap analysis of cluster frontline demonstrations on Green Gram.
Year Number of Average yield % Increase in Extension Technology Technology
Recommended gap (kg/ ha) gap Index
Demonstrations Kg/ ha
Practice (RP)
Recommended Farmers (kg/ ha)
practice practice
2017 68 980 750 30.6 230 520 34.6
2018 60 960 720 33.3 240 540 36
2019 44 950 730 30.1 220 550 36.6

productivity and profitability of pulses. It was also Extension gap

observed that farmer’s use injudicious and un- The extension gap is the difference or gap
recommended insecticides. Similar observations between demonstration yield and farmers’ practices
were reported by Singh et al (2011). The seed (control). The extension gap was 230, 240 and 220
yield of demonstration plots was higher as kg/ ha, respectively for three years. The average
compared to farmers practice due to high yielding extension gap between demonstration practices and
YMV resistance variety and other integrated crop farmers practices was recorded 230kg/ha (Table 2).
management practices. A comparison of yield This extension gap should be assigned to adoption
performance between demonstrated practices and of improved transfer technology in demonstrations
local checks was shown in Table 2. practices resulted in higher seed yield than
The data revealed that average grain yield of traditional farmer practices.
demonstrated field’s was higher from farmer’s Technology gap
practice in all three years. The results revealed that The technology gap is the difference or gap
average grain yield of Greengram under cluster between the demonstration yield and potential yield.
frontline demonstrations were 980, 960 and 950kg/ It was found 537kg/ha (Table 2). The technology
ha as compared to 750, 720 and 730 kg/ha recorded gap observed may be attributed to dissimilarity
in farmer’s practice and average yield increase of in the soil fertility status and weather conditions.
30.6,33.3 and 30.1 per cent, respectively. Similar Hence, location specific recommendation appears
yield enhancement in different crops in front line to be necessary to bridge the gap between the yields.
demonstration has been documented by Poonia and These findings were similar to the findings of Patel
Pithia (2011), Patel et al (2013) and Raj et al (2013). et al (2013).
Yield of the front line demonstration trials and
potential yield of the crop was compared to estimate Technology index
the yield gaps which was further categorized into The Technology index shows the feasibility
technology and extension gaps (Hiremath and of the technology at the farmer’s field. The results
Nagaraju, 2009). revealed that the technology index value was 35.7

Table.3 Economics of front line demonstration.

Year Total returns Gross cost Net return Additional B:C ratio
return (Rs./
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
ha)
RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2017 39200 27400 19050 27400 20150 18150 2000 2.06:1 1.51:1
2018 48000 36000 18750 17200 29250 18800 10450 2.57:1 2.09:1
2019 57000 43800 19300 18450 37770 25350 12420 2.951 2.37:1
Average 48061 35733 19033 21016 29056 20766 8290 2.53:1 1.99:1

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 Gaur and Jadav

per cent. This indicates that a gap existed between
technology evolved and technology adoption
at farmer’s field. The similar results were also
observed by Gangadevi et al(2017), Kumar et al
(2014), Thakral and Bhatnagar (2002), Bairwa et al
(2013), Hiremath and Nagaraju, (2010) and Dhaka
et al (2010). The results of economic analysis of
green gram production revealed that average cost
of cultivation increased in demonstration practice
(21016 Rs/ha) as compared to Farmers practice plot
check (19033 Rs/ha). It was observed that front
line demonstrations recorded higher gross returns
(Rs 48061/ha) and net returns (Rs 29056/ha). The
benefit cost ratio of demonstration plot (2.53) was
also more than the farmers’ practice (1.99). Average
net return increased by Rs 8290/-ha.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the study revealed that wide gap
Reddy A A ( 2010). Regional Disparities in Food Habits and
exist in demonstration yield and farmers’ practice
in green gram cultivation due to technology and
extension gap in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat. Samui S K, Maitra S, Roy D K, Mondal A K and Saha D
The per cent increment in yield of green gram to
the extent of 31.3 under demonstrations over the
farmers’ practice created greater awareness and
motivated the other farmers to adopt the improved Singh G, Dhaliwal NS, Singh J and Sharma K (2011). Effect
package of practices of green gram.
Ganga Devi M, Anil Kumar C H and Srinivas Kumar D (2017).
Impact analysis of trainings and frontline demonstrations
in Black Gram (Vigna mungo) cultivation. J Krishi Vigyan
6(1): 97-100
Hiremath S M and Nagaraju M V 2009. Evaluation of front
line demonstration trials on onion in Haveri district of
Karnataka. Karnataka J Agric Sci 22 (5):1092-1093
Kumar S, Singh R and Singh A (2014). Assessment of gaps
in pulse production in Hamirpur district of Himachal
Pradesh. Indian Res J Ext Edu 14 (2): 20-24
Patel H R, Patel F H, Maheriya V D and Dodia I N ( 2013).
Response of kharif green gram (Vigna radiata L) to
sulphur and phosphorus with and without biofertilizer
application. Bioscan 8(1):149-152.
Poonia T C and Pithia M S (2011). Impact of front line
demonstrations of chickpea in Gujarat. Legume Res
34(4): 304- 307
Raj A D, Yadav V, Rathod J H (2013). Impact of front line
demonstrations (FLD) on the yield of pulses. Int J Sci &
Res Public 3(9):1-4.
Nutritional intake in Andhra Pradesh, India. Regional and
Sectoral Economic Studies 10: 2.
(2000). Evaluation of front line demonstration on
groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) in Sundarbans. J Indian
Soc Coastal Agri Res 18(2): 180-183.
of frontline demonstrations on enhancing productivity of
mustard. Asian J Soil Sci 6: 230-33.

REFERENCES Thakral S K and Bhatnagar P (2002). Evaluation of frontline

Bairwa R K, Verma S R, Chayal K and Meena N L (2013). demonstrations on Chickpea in north-western region of
Popularization of improved black gram production Haryana. Agri Sci Digest 22 (3):217- 218.
technology through front line demonstration in humid Received on 03/02/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
southern plain of Rajasthan. Indian J Ext Edu and R D
21: 97-101.
Dhaka B L, Meena B S and Suwalka R L ( 2010).
Popularization of improved maize technology through
Frontline Demonstration in South-eastern Rajasthan. J
Agril Sci (1):39-42

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 174-177

177
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 178-181 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00037.9

Impact of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Economics and

Adoption of Marigold Cultivation
Ravneet Kaur, Sheetal Badyal, Rakesh Kumar, Punit Choudhary and Prem Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Jammu
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Jammu

ABSTRACT
The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jammu conducted the frontline demonstrations on marigold crop during
years 2014 to 2019 in three blocks of district Jammu in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
with the objective to determine the impact on yield, adoption and economic impact of marigold
cultivation. One hundred and forty beneficiary farmers were selected as the sample for the present study.
The farmer practice was considered as local check in demonstration cluster. These check plots were
maintained by the farmers according to their own traditional cultivation practices. The KVK provided
critical inputs such as seed of improved varieties viz. Pusa Basanti and Pusa Narangi and required
agro chemicals to the farmers under demonstration plots. The findings showed an increase in the
average yield of demonstration plot (100.0 q/ha) over the control local check (80.0 q/ha) of marigold
crop . There was a positive impact on the yield of marigold crop, replacement of local varieties with
improved varieties such as Pusa Basanti and Pusa Narangi and adoption of production technologies of
marigold crop. The adoption of improved technology under FLDs resulted in higher gross returns (Rs
1,41,333/ha), net return (Rs 1,07,500/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (4.32:1) as compared to farmer’s practice.
Key Words: Adoption, Cultivation, Demonstrations, Economics, Marigold, Yield.

INTRODUCTION a meager income from the agriculture. To motivate

Frontline demonstrations (FLDs) a flagship the farmers towards diversification and bring
programme on farmer’s field is one of the mandates floriculture as a subsidiary source of income in
of krishi vigyan kendra. Therefore, KVK emphasized addition to their already adopted farming, FLD’s on
the frontline demonstration as an educational marigold were conducted by KVK Jammu during
activity in a systematic manner at farmers’ fields the years 2014 to 2019. About 65.52 ha of land
to show the worth of new technology/enterprise. (2016-17) was under floriculture in district Jammu
Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is endowed which included major share of marigold cultivation
with diverse agroclimate suitable for growing (Anon, 2016). Hence, the study was undertaken to
different types of crops and Jammu district being a assess the impact of frontline demonstrations on
place of temples offers a huge demand for marigold yield and adoption of marigold crop, to know the
flowers. Floriculture especially marigold cultivation varietal replacement and its economic impact.
can be a major thrust area for diversification. The
commercial cultivation of marigold can be a good MATERIALS AND METHODS
source of income and employment to marginal as The study was conducted in Nagrota, Bhalwal
well as large farmers as this crop fetches more price and R S Pura blocks of district Jammu in the Union
per unit area as compared to cereals. The farmers of territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Krishi Vigyan
Jammu were growing traditional crops and getting Kendra Jammu conducted the FLDs on floriculture

Corresponding author’s Email: kourravneet24@yahoo.com

178 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 178-181

 Kaur et al
crops during 2014 to 2019 in Karotana, Badyal, Salher,
Raipur sazda, Jandial and Kattal Battal villages
of Jammu district on 7.00 ha area. Therefore, the
present investigation was carried out in six adopted
villages purposively. The FLDs were conducted on
farmers’fields according to package of practices
recommended by Sher-e-kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu. The
farmer’s practice was considered as local check
in demonstration cluster. These check plots were
maintained by the farmers according to their own
traditional cultivation practices. The KVK provided
critical inputs such as seed of improved varieties
viz. Pusa Basanti and Pusa Narangi and required
agro chemicals to the farmers under demonstration
plots. The demonstrations were laid out under the
close supervision of KVK scientists. Total 140
farmers were selected for the organization of FLDs
on marigold crop in the above mentioned villages.
The average yield data of demonstration plots as
well as control plots were collected after harvesting
to assess the impact of FLDs intervention on the
yield of marigold crop. The personal interview was
conducted with the beneficiary farmers in the year
2019 by using structured and pre-tested interview
schedule to elicit the information from beneficiary
farmers about adoption, varietal replacement and
horizontal spread of marigold crop technologies
in adopted villages. The following formulae were
used to assess the impact of FLDs on the different
parameters of marigold crop.
Table 1. Impact of Frontline demonstrations on marigold crop yield.
Year Variety Number Demonstrated
of area (ha)
farmers
2014-15 Pusa Narangi 40
2016- 17 Pusa Narangi 50
2018-19 Pusa Narangi and Pusa 50
Basanti
Total 140
179 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 178-181
Impact on yield (% change) = Yield of
demonstration plot –Yield of control plot x 100
Yield of control plot
Impact on adoption (% change) = No. of
adopters after FLD.- No. of adopters before FLD x
100 No. of adopters before FLD
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact on crop yield
It was evident (Table 1) that the average flower
yields of demonstration plots of marigold varieties
Pusa Narangi and Pusa Basanti for the years 2014-
15, 2016-17, 2018- 2019 were 85, 105, 110 q/ha.
However, the average flower yields of control plot/
local check were 70, 85 and 85 q/ha in the years
2014-15, 2016-17, 2018- 2019,respectively. This
showed that there was a positive increase in the
mean yield of marigold demonstration plots over
the farmer’ practice by 21.42, 23.52 and 29.41
per cent during the years 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-
2019, respectively. The main reasons of the low
yield of control plots in adopted villages were the
use of poor quality seeds, traditional varieties and
traditional cultivation methods with poor nutrient
and weed management practices. However, KVK
scientists used improved varieties of seed, adopted
scientific cultivation practices like timely sowing,
pinching, recommended spacing, balanced use
of manure and fertilizers with time to time weed
management and integrated disease management
for the demonstration plots which recorded 24.78
Average yield (q/ha) Impact
Check Demonstration (%
Plot (q/ Plot (q/ha) Change)
ha)
1.0 70 85 +21.42
3.0 85 105 +23.52
3.0 85 110 +29.41
7.0 80 100 24.78
 Impact of Frontline Demonstrations

per cent higher mean yield over that of control
plots. Similar results were obtained by Khadekar
et al (2017) in chick pea FLD’s and Patil et al.
(2018) in oilseed crops. There was a positive impact
on flower yield by use of improved varieties and
scientific package of practices. Tiwari et al (2015)
indicated that the existing local cultivar Saathi of
marigold was out performed by the variety Pusa
narangi in all the crop growth parameters in malwa
region of Madhya Pradesh. The improved variety
was significantly taller than the local by more than
31 cm.
Impact on economics
The inputs and outputs prices of commodities
prevailed during the study of demonstration were
taken for calculating net return and benefit: cost
ratio (Table 2).
The data indicated that cultivation of marigold
under improved technologies gave higher net return
of Rs. 110000/-, 103500/- and 109000/- ha in the
years 2014-15, 2016-17 and 2018-19, respectively
as compared to farmer’s practices. Similar
findings were reported by Khadekar et al (2017)
in chickpea cluster FLDs. The benefit cost ratio of
marigold cultivation under improved cultivation
practices were 4.92:1, 4.63:1 and 3.42:1 where as
they were 3.23:1, 3.33:1 and 2.97:1 in farmer’s
practices during 2014-15, 2016-17 and 2018-
19 respectively. This may be due to higher yield
obtained under improved technologies compared
to local check (farmer’s practice). This finding was
in corroboration with the findings of Bhowate and
Olambe (2017) for wheat.
Impact on adoption
The data (Table 3) revealed that a number of
adopters for land preparation and application
of FYM to marigold were 75 per cent before
demonstrations, which increased to 96.42 per cent
after frontline demonstrations in adopted villages.
A similar trend was also observed in the case of use
of improved varieties and sowing time and spacing
as the percentage of adopters increased from 24.28
to 92.85 per cent and 41.42 to 98.57 per cent. The
number of adopters for application of fertilizers
and weed management were increased during pre
and post-demonstrations period from 27.85 to
90.0 per cent and from 15.71 to 62.85 per cent,
respectively. The FLDs intervention made highly
positive impact on adoption of technologies as
majority of the participant farmers in FLD program
had full adoption of improved practices viz., land
preparation, use of high yielding varieties, sowing
time, spacing application of manures and fertilizer,
weed management operations and integrated
disease management.
CONCLUSION
The frontline demonstrations (FLDs) organized
by the KVK Jammu enhanced the production of
marigold crop. The FLDs made a positive and
significant impact on yield of marigold by 24.78 per
cent. The FLDs showed a great impact on the use

Table 2. Impact of Frontline demonstrations on economics of marigold cultivation.

Year Cost of cultivation Gross income (Rs /ha) Net income (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio
(Rs /ha)
Demo Check Demo plot Check plot Demo plot Check plot Demo Check
plot plot plot plot
2014-15 28000 26000 138000 84000 110000 58000 4.92:1 3.23:1
2016-17 28500 25500 132000 85000 103500 59500 4.63:1 3.33:1
2018-19 45000 40000 154000 119000 109000 79000 3.42: 1 2.97:1
Mean 33833 30500 141333 96000 107500 65500 4.32:1 3.17:1

180 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 178-181

 Kaur et al

Table 3. Impact of frontline demonstrations on adoption of marigold production technologies.

Sr. Technology Number of Adopters (N=140) Change Impact
No. in no. of (% change)
Before After adopters
demonstration demonstration
1. Land preparation and use of FYM 105 (75) 135 (96.42) +30 +28.57
2 Improved varieties (Pusa Narangi, Pusa 34 (24.28) 130 (92.85) +96 +282.35
Basanti)
3 Sowing time and spacing 58 (41.42) 138 (98.57) +94 +162.06
4 Fertilizer management NPK 39 (27.85) 126 (90.0) +87 +223.07
5 Weed management and IDM 22 (15.71) 88 (62.85) +66 +300.0
6 Pinching off operation 30 -40 DAT 34 (24.28) 140 (100.0) +106 +311.76

of improved varieties, intercultural operation viz., REFERENCES

pinching off and adoption of other recommended
practices of the crop. The local varieties of
marigold crop were replaced by improved cultivars
like Pusa Narangi and Pusa Basanti on a large
scale in demonstration cluster. Therefore, it can
be concluded that FLDs had positive impact in
enhancing the marigold crop productivity and
adoption of floriculture as an enterprise. Therefore,
it is recommended that frontline demonstrations
(FLDs) may be organized on large scale by adopting
cluster approach for harnessing the productivity
potential of a crop and to ensure rapid spread of
flagship technologies. Most of the low yielding local
Varieties were replaced due to FLDs in adopted
villages. This varietal replacement strategy through
FLDs may help to increase the crops productivity at
micro and macro level.
Anonymous (2016). Regional digest of statistics. Directorate
of economics and statistics. Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir.
Bhowate R T and Olambe A P (2017). Nutrient management
in wheat through frontline demonstrations in Hingoli
district. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1) : 138-140
Devi M G, Kumar A, Kumar D S (2017). Impact analysis
of trainings and frontline demonstrations in blackgram
(Vigna mungo) cultivation. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1) : 97-100
Khedkar K, Shinde V, Chaudhari P (2017). Role of cluster
frontline demonstrations in enhancement of chickpea
production. J Krishi Vigyan 6(1) : 172-174
Patil S S, Mahale M M, Chavan S S (2018). Impact of
Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) on Oilseed Crops in
South Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra. Curr Agri
Res 6(3) : 6-9
Tiwari Rekha, Tomar D S , Dixit A K and Saxena A K (2015).
Cultivation of Pusa Narangi variety of marigold for crop
diversification and empowering farm women in Malwa
plateau of Madhya Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 3 (Special
Issue) : 14-18
Received on 13/02/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

181 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 178-181

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 182-185 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00036.7

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Sesamum Crop in

Lalitpur District of Bundelkhand Region
N K Yadav*, D Tiwari, N K Pandey, M Ahmed, Sarita Devi, A Dixit and A K Chauhan
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lalitpur,
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The cluster front line demonstrations on Sesamum were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lalitpur during
2017-18 to 2018-19 during kharif season. All the 200 demonstrations on Sesamum were carried out on 80
ha by the active participation of farmers. Farmers were selected and in demonstration plots seed was treated
with thiram fungicide @2g/kg seed. In improved package of practices, good quality seed, recommended
seed rate @5 kg/ha, recommended NPK fertilizer (30:15:0) and sulphur 25 kg/ha, timely sowing, effective
plant protection and manual weed management and monitoring the farmers field time to time during
cropping season were demonstrated. The maximum yield was obtained under demonstrated plots 4.5 and
3.25q/ha during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The per cent increase in yield over farmers’ practices
was 60.71 and 47.72 per cent during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The benefit to cost (B:C) ratio for
demonstration was 2.9 and 3.4 and farmers’ plots were 2.1 and 2.5 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively.
Key Words: B:C ratio, Bundelkhand, Front Line Demonstration, Lalitpur, Sesamum.

INTRODUCTION management and unavailability of high yielding

Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is the oldest
indigenous oilseed crop cultivated in India.
Sesamum or Gingelly is commonly known as Til
and Tili in Bundelkhandi language. Sesamum seeds
are rich in oil (40-50%), protein (20 %), unsaturated
fatty acids, vitamins, minerals folic acid used in
baking, candy making and health care products. It
is used in edible oil products and it also medicinal
and cosmetic uses. The crop is grown in almost all
parts of country. More than 85 per cent production
of Sesamum is from West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana state. In Uttar Pradesh, major
Sesamum growing districts are Jhansi, Hamirpur,
Jaluan, Mahoba, Hardoi, Banda, Unnao, Lalitpur,
Fatehpur, Sitapur, Shahjahanpur and Sonbhdra. The
area, production and productivity of Sesamum in
Lalitpur district are 6943 ha, 778 MT and 1.12 q/ha,
respectively (Anon, 2017). The main reasons for low
productivity of Sesamum are its rain fed cultivation
in marginal and sub marginal lands under poor
*Corresponding author’s E-mail:nitin_agril@rediffmail.com
varieties. An improved verities and scientific
cultivation technologies are capable for increasing
the productivity levels of Sesamum. In order to
increase the area, production and productivity
of Sesamum, cluster front line demonstrations
were evaluated in the Bundelkhan region of Uttar
Pradesh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lalitpur conducted
cluster front line demonstrations on Sesamum high
yielding varieties namely Shekhar and Pragati
at the farmers field of Gadhiya, Basatguwan,
Bamhorikhadet, Ladwari Paron, Baruad,
Pipariabansa of Lalitpur district during 2017-18
to 2018-19. The soil of demonstrated plots ranged
from red series to black series soil. The district is
divided into two agro-ecological situations (AESs)
as AES-I is having red soil series as Rakar and Parwa
with medium slope, AES-II black soil series as Mar
and Kabar with slight to medium slope. In district

182 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 182-185

 Yadav et al

Table 1. Set of practices followed at the farmers’ field and under demonstration plots.
Sr. No. Particular Demonstration Package Farmers’ practice
1 Improved variety Shekhar and Pragati Local Variety
2 Seed rate 5 kg/ha 6 kg/ha
3 Time of sowing First fortnight of July First week of July
4 Method of sowing Line sowing (30 cm x15 cm) Broadcasting
5 Seed treatment Thiram @2 g/kg seed No seed treatment
6 Basal application of NPK (30:15:0) and 25 kg sulphur/ha DAP and no use of sulphur
fertilizers
7 Weed management One hand weeding No weeding
8 Control of phyllody Removal of disease infected plants, No control measures
spraying of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5
ml/l water for Jassids.

Lalitpur, soil strata is rocky, terrain is undulating
and slope ranges between (0.5 to 10%) and hillocks
spreading here and there. Red soils originate from
barren rock genesis granite and sometimes from
sand sup ton. Black in contrast are formed partly in
situ and partly transported with material like lime
stone and trap.
For conducting cluster front line demonstration,
farmers were selected on the basis of survey. The
required inputs were provided to selected farmers
and regular visits of scientist to the demonstrated
field. Under demonstrated technology trainings,
grouping meetings and field day were organized
to increase awareness of technologies among the
farmers. The sowing was done in first fortnight
of July during all trial years. In demonstration
plots seed was treated with thiram fungicide @2g/
kg seed. In improved package of practices, good
quality seed, recommended seed rate @5 kg/ha,
recommended NPK fertilizer (30:15:0) and sulphur
25 kg/ha, timely sowing, effective plant protection
and manual weed management and monitoring the
farmers field time to time during cropping season
were demonstrated. The yield data were recorded
from demonstrated plots as well as farmers’
practices plots. Cost of cultivation, gross return, net
return and B:C ratio were computed and analyzed.
Crop yield was recorded and gross return calculated
on the basis of market value of Sesamum. Further
technology index, technology gap extension
gap, and B:C ratio calculated using the following
formula as given by Samui et al (2000).
Technology index = Potential yield - Demonstration
yield/potential yield x 100
Technology gap = Potential yield - Demonstration
yield
Extension gap = Demonstration yield - Yield under
farmers’ practices
B:C = Net income (Rs./ha) / Cost of cultivation
(Rs./ha)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of cluster front line demonstrations
conducted 2017-18 and 2018-19 in different villages
of Lalitpur district comprised of use of high yielding
variety, line sowing, judicious use of fertilizers and
management of insect pests and diseases showed
that the maximum yield was obtained under
demonstrated plots 4.5 and 3.25 q/ ha during 2017-
18 and 2018-19, respectively. An intensification in
yield by using technical interventions in FLDs plots
reported by Patil et al (2019) in oilseed . The per
cent increase in yield over farmers’ practices were
60.71 and 47.72 per cent during 2017-18 and 2018-
19, respectively. Similar results also have been
reported by Teggelli et al (2018) and choudhary and
Suri (2014) in Sesamum. The technology gap was

183 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 182-185

 Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Sesamum

Table 2. Grain Yield performance of cluster frontline demonstration on Sesamum.

Variety & Area No. of Yield (q/ha) Per cent Technol- Exten- Tech-
year farm- Poten- Recom- F arm- increase ogy gap sion nology
ers tial mended ers Prac- over farm- (q/ha) gap Index
Practic- tices ers prac- (q/ha) (%)
es tices
Shekhar 40 100 7.0 4.5 2.8 60.71 2.5 1.7 35.71
Pragati 40 100 7.5 3.25 2.2 47.72 4.25 1.05 56.67

Table 3. Economic performance of cluster frontline demonstration on Sesamum.

Yield (q/ha) Economics of demonstration plot Economics of farmers plot
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Years Demo Check Gross Gross Net BCR Gross Gross Net BCR
Cost Return Return (R/C) Cost Return Return (R/C)
2017-18 4.5 2.8 11000 31500 20500 2.9 9400 19600 10200 2.1
2018-19 3.25 2.2 12450 42250 29800 3.4 11340 28600 17260 2.5

found to be 2.5 and 4.25 while extension gap was of practices performed well in the lalitpur district of
recorded 1.7 and 1.05 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, Bundelkhand region and front line demonstrations
respectively. These results were in conformity with on Sesamum at farmers’ field revealed that adoption
findings of Anand Naik et al (2016) and Singh et al of improved technologies significantly increased
(2018). The technology gap was observed due to yield and net returns to the farmers.
high rainfall and soil fertility status. These results
were in conformity with findings of Sagar and
Chandra (2004) in Sesamum.
Yield of Sesamum varied in different years,
which might be due to the rainfall, pests attacks and
change in soil types. The data (Table 3) indicated
that the gross returns of demonstration plot were
Rs. 31,500/- and 42,250/- and for farmers’ plot Rs
19,600/- and 28,600/- during 2017-18 and 2018-19,
respectively. B:C ratio for demonstration 2.9 and 3.4
and farmers plots were 2.1and 2.5 during 2017-18
and 2018-19, respectively. Similar results also have
been reported by Meena et al (2018) and Singh et
al (2018). Higher net returns in demonstration plots
as compared to farmer practices. Similar results also
reported by Sandhu and Dhaliwal (2019) in rapeseed.

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that newly introduced
variety of Sesamum along with improved package Fig. a and b Field monitoring of
demonstration plots.
184 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 182-185
 Yadav et al
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Received on 28/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 186-190 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00038.0

Influence of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Yield Contributing

characters and Economics of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Munish Sharma* and Yashwant Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, S A S Nagar (Mohali)
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 001 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
Radish is one of most important root vegetable grown in district Mohali for its edible roots. The
productivity of radish is low because of non adoption of available technological options by the farmers.
Thirty five demonstrations were conducted during 2016-17 to 2019-20 in different villages of Mohali
district of Punjab to disseminate the production technology of high yielding (652.5 q/ha) Radish
variety Punjab Safed Mooli-2. Various extension approaches ensured proper production and protection
technologies. These activities ensured higher yield over local practice of cultivation in the range of
20.59-33.33 per cent. An average net profit of Rs 223,687/- was recorded under recommended practice
while it was Rs 158,000/- under farmers’ practice. Benefit/ cost ratio ranged from 2.60 to 4.0 under
demonstration while it ranged from 2.16 to 3.20 under control plots. With frontline demonstration
(FLD) of proven technology it could be shown that yield potential and net income from radish
cultivation could be enhanced to a great extent resulting in higher income to the farming community.
Key Words: Radish, Yield, Demonstration, BC ratio, Technology Index.

INTRODUCTION from September to October in northern plains.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of most However there are lot of varieties by which it can be
important root vegetable grown for its edible roots sown round the year. This is short duration crop and
belongs to family Cruciferae and has originated also fits in many cropping systems. Therefore, there
from the central and western China and India is ample scope for improvement of production and
(Thamburaj and Singh, 2005). Radish has the productivity of radish and raising the income level
potentiality to play vital role in the economy of of the farming community. However the cultivation
the vegetable farmers of district Mohali of Punjab of the crop was not practiced and adopted by the
who grow this crop traditionally without adequate farmers as expected. Transfer of technology is thus
knowledge of the production practices. Radish is paramount to spread new ideas from originating
grown for its young tender tuberous roots which are sources to the end users. With an objective to
eaten raw as a salad or cooked as a vegetable. It is combat the causes of low yield and low economic
relished for its pungent flavour and is considered as returns, dissemination of recommended technology
an appetizer (Dongarwar et al, 2018) .It is a good through frontline demonstration was attempted in
source of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and minerals like the Mohali district for four years continuously.
calcium, potassium and phosphorus. In homeopathy,
it is used for neurological, headache, sleeplessness MATERIALS AND METHODS
and chronic diarrhoea. Radish is predominantly a Krishi Vigyan Kendra, SAS Nagar (Mohali),
cool season vegetable crop. But, Asiatic types can Punjab carried the technology to the farmers field
tolerate higher temperature than European varieties. through 35 frontline demonstrations in various
Being a cool season crop, it is sown during winter villages of district between 2016-17 and 2019-20.

Corresponding Author’s Email: munish_uhf@yahoo.co.in

186 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 186-190

 Sharma and Singh

The average area under each demonstration was 0.25 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ha with 35 beneficiaries. Through various extension
A comparison of productivity levels between
approaches like trainings, method demonstrations
demonstrated variety and local check was shown
and interactions etc. the factors contributingin table 3. Performance in terms of yield and
to low productivity like lack of knowhow on contributing parameters of Radish variety Punjab
improved variety, improper management practices,
Safed Mooli 2 was found to be substantially higher
negligent plant protection measures were identified.
under the demonstration plots than under control
Critical inputs were applied as per the package of
plots during all the years (Table 2 & 3). The mean
practices for vegetable crops recommended by the
values (Table 2) over the years reveal that days
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The taken for first harvest in demonstration was 47.43
recommended practices included sowing of seed as compared to 56.63 in farmers’ practice whereas
during mid September to October. Seed rate forplant height (cm) of 55.59 cm was recorded as
sowing in one ha was 12.5 kg. Spacing of 45 cmagainst 50.81 in local check. Mean values over the
is kept between ridges and 7.5 cm in plants. Plant
years reveal that root length (cm) in demonstration
spacing was maintained by thinning at the timewas 30.96 and 26.31 in local check whereas root
of true leaf formation. 37.5t of farm yard manure,
diameter (cm) was 4.92 and 4.09 in RP and local
137.5 kg of Urea, 187.5kg of SSP per ha was applied.
check, respectively. Root weight/plant (g) was
For weed control, one weeding about 2-3 wk after
recorded to be 165.81 and 149.69 in local check. ).
sowing and immediately followed by earthing up.
The yield under demonstrations was 480, 500, 512.5
In case of local check (control plots) no change was
and 605 q/ha during 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19
made in the existing practices of indiscriminate
and 2019-20 respectively. It was, thus, evident that
use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and little
improved high yielding variety Punjab Safed Mooli
or indiscriminate use of fungicides and pesticides
2 performed well as comparison to local check at
as well. Five plants were selected at random from
different locations in the district. The productivity of
each plot for recording observations. Based onlocal varieties is observed to be low because of non
the net plot yield, yield per ha was calculated and
adoption of available technologies by the farmers.
expressed in quintal (q) per ha. Yield data were
Chandra et al (2005) and Rajput et al (2016) have
collected from the control and demonstration plots
shown similar trend of yield results. The yield
and cost of cultivation, net income and benefit/cost
enhancement due to technological intervention was
ratio were computed. The economical assessmentto the tune of 31.50, 33.33, 20.59 and 27.37 per cent
was done as per prevailing market prices. The data
over control. The cumulative effect of technological
output were collected from both FLD plots as well
intervention over four years revealed an average
as farmer’s practice plot and finally the extension
yield of 524.38 q/ha i.e. 28.20 per cent higher over
gap, technology gap, technology index along with
local check. The results clearly indicated that the
the benefit cost ratio were worked out (Samui et al,
higher average root yield in demonstration plots
2000) as given below: over the years compared to local check was due to
Technology gap= Potential yield-demonstration proper knowhow and full adoption of package of
yield practices. Yield enhancement under recommended
practice might be due to balanced nutrition as per
Extension gap= demonstration yield-farmer’s soil test value, integrated approach, involving
practice yield fertilizers and bio fertilizers which play a vital role
Technology Index = (Technology gap/ Potential in making availability of plant nutrients. Similar
yield) ×100 results were observed by Tiwari et al (2003).

187 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 186-190

 Influence of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Yield Contributing characters

Table1. Improved production technology and Farmers practices of Radish under FLD.
Sr . Technology Improved practices Farmers practice GAP (%)
No.
01 Farming situation Irrigated Irrigated No gap
02 Variety Punjab Safed Mooli-2 Local Full gap (100%)
03 Land preparation Deep ploughing followed by Deep ploughing followed No gap
rotavator by rotavator
04 Time of sowing Mid September-October September -October No gap
05 Seed treatment Seed treatment with Bavistin No treatment Full gap (100%)
06 Seed rate 12.5 Kg 15 Kg 20% more than
recommendation
07 Method of sowing Line sowing Line sowing No gap
08 Nutrients application 15 tonn FYM, 55 kg Urea, Indiscriminate use Full gap (100%)
75 Kg SSP
09 Weed management One weeding about 2-3 No weeding Full gap (100%)
weeks after sowing
10 Plant protection measure As per recommendations Indiscriminate use Full gap (100%)

Table 2. Performance of Radish variety Punjab Safed Mooli 2 for various parameters.
Year Days to first Plant height Root length Root diameter Root weight per plant
harvest (cm) (cm) (cm) (g)
RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2016-17 47.25 52.75 51.50 48.50 27.87 25.50 4.66 3.85 157.50 140.50
2017-18 48.75 55.50 51.00 47.25 28.25 24.50 4.83 3.70 184.25 160.25
2018-19 46.50 58.25 60.25 54.00 34.00 27.25 5.08 4.30 153.25 145.50
2019-20 47.25 60.00 59.62 53.50 33.75 28.00 5.10 4.50 168.25 152.50
Mean 47.43 56.63 55.59 50.81 30.96 26.31 4.92 4.09 165.81 149.69
RP= Recommended practice, FP= Farmers practice

Table 3. Yield Performance and economic indicators of Radish variety Punjab Safed Mooli 2.
Year No of Yield % Gross Gross return Net return BC ratio
Demo (q/ha) increase Expenditure (Rs,000/ha) (Rs,000/ha)
over FP (Rs,000/ha)
RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2016-17 05 480 365 31.50 72 75 280 240 208 165 3.88 3.20
2017-18 05 500 375 33.33 75 85 300 225 225 14 4.0:1 2.65:1
2018-19 15 512.5 425 20.59 137.5 137.5 358.7 297.5 233.7 160 2.60 2.16
2019-20 10 605 475 27.37 142 138 370 305 228 167 2.60 2.21
To t a l / 35 524.38 410 28.20 106.6 108.8 327.1 266.8 223.6 158 3.27 2.56
Mean
B:C ratio= Benefit/cost ratio

188 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 186-190

 Sharma and Singh
Data in table 3 clearly revealed that the cost
involved in the adoption of improved technology
in radish varied and was more profitable. The
fluctuations in yield and cost of cultivation during
different years can be explained based on variations
in microclimatic conditions and marketable price
in particular year. Mukherjee (2003) also reported
that depending on identification and use of farming
situation specific interventions may have greater
implications in enhancing systems productivity.
Similar variations in results have been documented
by Mishra et al (2009) and Kumar et al (2012) in
different crops. The data clearly reveal that the
net returns from the demonstration plots were
substantially higher than control plots during all
the years. An average net return was observed to be
Rs 2,23,687/- in comparison to control plot i.e. Rs
1,58,000/-. Thus on an average additional income
of Rs 65,687/- was attributed to the technological
intervention provided in demonstration plots.
Economic analysis revealed that benefit/cost ratio in
demonstration plots was comparatively higher than
control plots and this may be due to higher yield
obtained under improved technologies compared
to local check (farmers’ practice).. The highest
benefit cost ratio (4.0:1) was observed in the year
2017-18 followed by 3.88 in the year 2016-17. The
variation in B: C ratio could be due to price variation
during the study years. The average B: C ratio
of demonstration and control plots was 3.27 and
2.56 respectively during the study period. Hence
favourable B: C ratio proved the economic viability
of the intervention made under demonstration and
convinced the farmers on the utility of intervention.
Similar findings were reported by Kushwah et al
Table 4. Impact of FLDs on yield gap and yield index.
Year Technology gap (q/ ha) Extension gap (q/ha)
2016-17 172.5
2017-18 152.5
2018-19 140
2019-20 47.5
189 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 186-190
(2017) in pea, Suryavanshi et al (2019) in greengram
and Sharma et al (2019) in Bottle gourd.
Yield gap and yield index
Considerable variations in technology gap (47.5–
172.5 kg/ha) reflected the influence of recommended
technology used in FLDs in subsequent years (Table
3). These results were in close conformity with the
findings of Mitra and Samajdar (2010) and Pathak
(2018) .The yield index showed the feasibility
of the evolved technology at the farmers’ fields.
Lower value of yield index mean more feasibility
of disseminated technology (inverse relations).
The reduction in Technology index (7.28) is good
indicator of increased feasibility of demonstrated
technology in these demonstrations and it can be
gainful proposition for the farmers of the district.
The extension gap ranging between 87.5-130 q/
ha during the study period emphasizes the need
to educate the farmers through various means
for adoption of improved agricultural production
technologies to reverse the trend. Similar trends
were reported by Teggelli et al (2017).
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study convincingly
proved that the yield of Radish could be increased
by 28.20 per cent with the adoption of better
technological intervention. Favourable benefit
cost ratios proved the economic viability of the
interventions and further adoption by the farmers.
The technology is suitable for enhancing the
productivity of Radish crop and this is appropriate
time for area expansion under Radish production
in Mohali district of Punjab as the crop is of short
duration, fits in various cropping cycle and promotes
Technology index (%)
115 26.44
125 23.37
87.5 21.46
130 7.28
 Influence of Frontline Demonstrations on Yield, Yield Contributing characters
crop diversification. The selection and adoption of
appropriate varieties under favourable climate for
its growth and development can transform lives of
vegetable growers.
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Chandra R, Yadav D S, Rai N and Sarma P (2005). Megha
Turmeric 1: a new turmeric for Meghalaya. Indian Hort
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Dongarwar L N, Sumedh R. Kashiwar S, Ghawade M
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Kumar A, Avasthe R K, Lepcha B, Mohanty A K and Shukla
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Mishra D K, Paliwal D K, Tailor R S and Deshwal A K (2009).
Impact of frontline demonstrations on yield enhancement
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Mitra B and Samajdar T (2010). Yield gap analysis of
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Mukherjee N (2003). Participatory learning and action.
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Pathak J (2018). Yield performance of Soybean (Glycine max
L.) in Madhya Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 6(2) : 253-256.
Priyanka Suryavanshi, H Kaur, Munish Sharma and
Yashwant Singh (2019). Impact of Improved Production
Technologies in greengram through Frontline
Demonstrations. J Pharm and Phytochem SPI:118-120.
Rajput Savita, Angad singh Rajput, S K Verma and V Jain
(2016). Impact of front line demonstration on Okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.). J Krishi Vigyan 5(1): 74-
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Samui S K, Maitra S, Roy D K, Mondal A K and Saha D
(2000). Evaluation of front line demonstration on ground
nut (Arachis hypogeal L.) in Sundarbans. J Indian Soc
Coastal Agric Res 18 (2): 180-183.
Sharma Munish, Singh Yashwant and Priyanka Suryavanshi
(2019). Assessment of bottle gourd varieties for fruit
yield and component traits in district Mohali of Punjab. J
Krishi Vigyan 8(1):5-7.
Teggelli Raju G, S Suresh S M and Zaheer Ahamed B (2017).
Increasing yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum Linn.)
through improved production technology in Kalaburagi
District of Karnataka. J Krishi Vigyan 5(2) : 83-86.
Thamburaj S. and Singh N ( 2005). Vegetables, Tuber Crops
and Spices. New Delhi: Indian council of Agriculture
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Ext Edu 22 (1): 19.
Received on 06/02/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 191-194 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00039.2

Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Yield and Disease Incidence

in Yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata L.)
P I Poornima Yadav1#, C R Manu2, B Sudha3 and S Saparia4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kerala Agricultural University, Sadanandapuram P.O, Kollam Kerala

ABSTRACT
A farmer participatory research was carried out during the summer season of 2017-18 at farmers’
field of Kollam district, Kerala to study the effect of microbial inoculants viz., arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi and pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs on the pod yield and disease incidence of yard
long bean. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design at the farmers’ fields at 7 different
locations. This experiment consisted of three treatments; T1 – farmer’s practice (without any microbial
inoculants), T2- Use of Arbuscular mycorrhizhal fungi (AMF) (@ 9 g/ pit as basal application, T3 - Use
of Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) @1 % foliar spray thrice at 30 days interval.
Significantly higher pod yields were obtained with the use of AMF @ 9g/ pit as basal application (14.51
t/ha) compared to PPFM foliar spray @ 1% (12.53 t/ ha) and Farmer’s practice (10.27 t /ha) . Lowest
incidence of diseases was also observed with the use of AMF which was significantly superior to both
the other treatments. The same treatment also registered the highest net returns and benefit: cost ratio.
Based on the results of the study, inoculation with AMF @ 9g/ pit as basal could be recommended
for Yard long bean for wide spread adoption in Kollam district during summer season.
Key Words: Yard long bean, microbial inoculant, AMF, PPFM, pod yield, disease incidence.

INTRODUCTION plant hormones (Sullivan, 2001) and improve the

Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata var. tolerance of plants to several diseases and other
sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt), a member of stress. Use of microbial inoculants for sustainable
Fabaceae family is a popular vegetable among crop production is gaining popularity among farmers
consumers because of its varied nutritional benefits. globally. Commonly used microbial inoculants
The crop is a big hit among farmers as well, owing include Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Azotobacter,
to its adaptability across seasons, demand all year plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, AMF,
round, as well as stable and reasonable price.The PPFM, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Verticillium,
tender, long, green, and succulent pod which is Metarrhizium etc. Among these microbial
highly nutritive contains crude protein (28%), iron inoculants,AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and
(2.5mg/ 100 g), calcium (80 mg /100 g), phosphorus PPFM (Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs)
(74 mg/ 100 g), vitamin A (941 IU/ 100 g), vitamin are two promising microbial inoculants especially
C (13 mg/ 100 g), and dietary fibre (2 g/ 100 g), that beneficial for use during summer season.
make it an excellent vegetable (Singh et al, 2001). Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kollam, functioning
The crop also enriches soil by fixing atmospheric under Kerala Agricultural University is the sole
nitrogen. production centre of AMF in Kollam district and
Microbial inoculants are beneficial micro the Kendra has produced 2.5 t of AMF during
organisms which improve plant nutrition and the financial year 2018-19. In recent years, the
promote plant growth by stimulating production of Department of Agricultural Development and
Corresponding Author’s Email: poornimayadavpi@gmail.com
1,2,4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KAU, Sadanandapuram
3
Integrated Farming System Research Station, KAU, Karamana

191 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 191-194

 Yadav et al

Farmers Welfare, Government of Kerala has Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Research
conducted demonstrations on the use of PPFM Station, TNAU, Madurai. All the agronomic and
(Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs) plant protection measures as per the package of
against moisture stress in Kerala. The Kendra has practices of KAU were followed. Observations
also conducted an on farm testing programme on pod yield (t/ ha), pod length (cm), pod weight
to evaluate the effect of PPFM and AMF under (g) and disease incidence (%) i.e., Fusarium wilt
organic package in rice and identified it a promising were recorded. There was direct involvement of
technology. So far no research work has been done farmers at all stages of the experiment right from
in Kollam district to compare the effect of these the conduct of field experiments, recording of
microbial inoculants in vegetable cowpea. Hence observations, evaluation of data and arriving at
the KVK undertook a farmer participatory - on conclusions. The data were analyzed using standard
farm testing programme to evaluate the effect of the statistical procedures (Panse and Sukhatme,1985).
microbial inoculants AMF and PPFM to enhance Economical analysis (net income and benefit cost
crop production and to protect the crop from biotic ratio) of the technologies was also performed.
and abiotic stress.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of microbial inoculants was
This on farm testing programme was conducted significant in improving pod yield and pod weight
during the summer season of 2017-18 at the farmers’ as well as lowering of disease incidence while its
fields of Kottarakkara and Sasthamkotta blocks of effect on pod length was not significant.
Kollam district. The programme was implemented Yield and disease incidence
with the active participation of farmers from The results revealed that the use of microbial
cultivation practices right from sowing to harvest. inoculants had a significant influence in determining
The experiment was laid out in randomized block the yield of yard long bean. Inoculation with AMF
design and the farmers’ fields of 7 different locations @9g /pit resulted in an yield of 14.51 t /ha which
were taken as replications. was significantly higher than PPFM foliar spray(T ) 2
The plots selected under this study experiences and farmers practice (T1). The yield increase with
tropical humid monsoon type climate and come use of AMF was 15% higher over PPFM spray
under the Agro Ecological Units (AEUs) 9 and 3. (12.53 t/ ha-. Farmer’s practice recorded the lowest
AEU 9 holds a probability of moderate drought once pod yield of 10.27 t /ha which was significantly
in ten years and in AEU 3 a probability of moderate lower to all other treatments.
drought exists twice in ten years. In general, the Soil application of AMF @ 9g/pit recorded
selected plots had low to medium organic carbon, the highest pod weight (21.96g) which was
high available P, and low to medium available K. statistically on par with foliar spray of PPFM
The plot size was 100 m2. The variety selected was @1% (21.61 g) and was significantly higher
Vellayani Jyothika having long and light green pods compared to farmers practice (20.93 g).Treatment
and a potential yield of 19.33t/ ha. This trial consisted T1 (Farmers practice) registered the maximum
of three treatments; T1 - Farmers’s practice (Without incidence of Fusarium wilt (22.86%) and was
any microbial inoculants), T2 - Use of AMF(@ 9 g comparable with T3 (PPFM as 1 % foliar spray).
/pit as basal application, T3- Use of PPFM @1 % Significantly lower incidence of Fusarium
foliar spray thrice at 30 days interval. AMF used in wilt (6.29%) was noticed in plants which were
the trial was obtained from the Kendra and PPFM inoculated with AMF, compared to both the
was purchased from the Department of Agricultural above treatments.

192 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 191-194

 Influence of Microbial Inoculants

The increased pod yield could be related to the were observed for the treatment T2 (inoculation of
increased pod weight and lower incidence of disease. AMF). This was followed by treatment T3 (foliar
AMF increased the solubility of nutrients viz., P, K, application of PPFM ) with a net return of 87,270/-
Mg as well as micro nutrients (Jiang et al, 2013; Liu and Benefit: Cost ratio of 1.31. Farmer’s practice
et al, 2002) in soils there by facilitating increased recorded the lowest net income (Rs.25,130/-) and
uptake of nutrients (Rouphael et al, 2010; Ali et Benefit: Cost ratio (1.09).
al, 2018). The growth of roots were also improved
(Wu et al, 2011) through the stimulation of auxin CONCLUSION
production in mycorrhized roots (Ruzzi and Aroca, From the results of the present experiment it
2015; Colla et al, 2015) which in turn improved could be concluded that inoculation of AMF@9g/
the growth parameters resulting in increased pod pit in yard long bean at the time of sowing could
weight and pod yield of yard long bean. increase the pod weight and disease tolerance which
Inoculation of AMF reduced the incidence eventually resulted in higher pod yield, net income
of Fusarium wilt also. This might be due to and benefit : cost ratio. Hence, this management
the proliferation of beneficial organisms in the practice could be recommended for wide spread
rhizosphere which increases the plant tolerance to adoption in Kollam district during summer season.
phytopathogens. Smith and Read (2008) reported
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Table 1. Effect of microbial inoculants on the yield and disease incidence of yard long bean .
Treatment Pod yield Pod length Pod weight Disease incidence
(t/ ha) (cm) (g) (%)
T1 10.27 51.04 20.93 22.86
T2 14.51 51.63 21.96 6.29
T3 12.53 51.83 21.61 14.86
CV 5.890 1.454 1.778 22.64
CD(0.05) 0.863  NS 0.445  5.740
SEm + (P<0.05) 0.277 0.283 0.144 1.842

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 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 195-198 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00043.4

Knowledge level of Beneficiary Farmers of ATMQIC about

Kharif Crop Demonstrations in Jaipur District of Rajasthan
Pushpa Kumawat1, J P Yadav2, Nidhi3and Krishna Yadav4
Department Extension Education SKNAU, Jobner303328(Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT
Agriculture Technology management Quality Improvement Center (ATMQIC)project of Rastriya Krishi
Vikas Yojana was started in Shri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in the year 2014-2015
to provide a single windowsystem for farmers.Users knowledge about any programme plays important
role in acceptance or rejection of given technology of that programme. Keeping in view the facts,
the study was conducted in three selected villages of Jaipur District of Rajasthan and 120 respondent
farmers were selected through proportional allocation to the size of the population .The knowledge of
ATMQIC beneficiary farmers was measured and found that majority of respondents of ATMQIC (68.34
%) belonged to middle level of knowledge category followed by high (19.16%) and low (12.50%)
knowledge category of respondents of ATMQIC about kharif crop demonstrations. The crop wise findings
of the study indicated that majority of respondents of ATMQIC were found to have adequate knowledge
regarding cultivation techniques of Bajra crop followed by Groundnut , Moong , Guar and Cowpea.
Key Words: ATMQIC, Agriculture, Crop,Demonstrations,Farmers, Knowledge, Schemes,Technology.

INTRODUCTION farmer, farmers’ groups, public and private

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy
and plays an important role in achieving certain
national goals, such as reducing rural poverty,
providing food and nutritional security, supplying
raw materials to major industries where as central
and state govt. were started a number of projects to
increase agriculture production to mitigate demand
of growing population.In this sector Sri Karan
Narendra Agriculture University(SKNAU) Jobner
started various projects specially for infrastructure
development and transfer of technology. The
Agriculture Technology Management and Quality
Improvement Centre (ATMQIC) project sanctioned
under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
was one of them introduced in selected areas
of SKNAU,Jobner to transfer the Agriculture
technology . In addition to supporting individual
agencies in supplying quality materials techniques/
technologies/ knowledge etc. the information
services and supplies under ATMQIC projectwere
included i.e.agriculture technologyof kharifcrops
and demonstration. Because crop demonstration is
an important tool to transfer advance agronomical
practices and innovative technology to the farmers.
Under ATMQIC project kharif crop demonstrations
of Bajra, Ground Nut,Moong, Guar and Cowpea
werelaid out at farmers’ field toenhance their
knowledge about cultivation technologies of
kharifcrops.Most of the selected villages of
this project were rainfed and thus farmers were
dependant on rain fed crop.Therefore, a study
was conducted to assess the knowledge level of
beneficiary farmers of ATMQIC about kharifcrops
Jaipur District of Rajasthan

Corresponding Author’s Email : kwt1995harsh@gmail.com

1
Programme Assistant, at KVK, Nagaur-I,Pincode-341001 2Dr. J.P. Yadav, Professor and Head of Department Extension Education
SKNAU, Jobner, Pincode-303328 3Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, Nagaur-I Pincode-341001 and Ph.D. Scholar (Extension Education),
S.K.N.C.O.A., Jobner Jaipur, India, Pincode-303328

195 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 195-198

 Kumawat et al

Table 1. Distribution of beneficiary farmers regarding knowledgelevel of kharifcrop demonstrations.

n=120
Sr. No. Knowledge Category Frequency Percentage
1. Low (<26.60 scores) 15 12.50
2. Medium ( between 26.60- 32.87 scores) 82 68.34
3. High (>32.87 scores) 23 19.16
Mean =29.73, SD = 3.13
MATERIALS AND METHODS that majority of the beneficiaries were found to
The district Jaipur of Rajasthan was selected have medium knowledge level about kharif crops
purposely because the ATMQIC project activities demonstrations.Similar findings were also reported
were implemented in three selected villages by Choudhary and Sharma (2012) and Dhayal and
viz.,Dhani Boraj and Khejrawas of Panchayat Bairathi (2017).
Samiti Sambhar Lake and village I Dan ka Bas of
Dudu. A list of all the respondents/farmers of three
selected villages who have been benefited under
ATMQIC was prepared with the help of project staff
and 120 beneficiaries were selected randomly from
these villages through proportional allocation to the
size of the population. An interview schedule was
developed based on expert opinion and literature
reviewed which was pre-tested and applied in the
field. The data regarding given technology about
demonstrations of crops namely bajra,moong,
groundnut, guar and cowpea were collected with Fig. 1: Distribution of beneficiary farmers regarding
the help of interview schedule. The collected data knowledge level of kharif Crop .
were classified, tabulated, analysed and interpreted
in order to make the findings meaningful. The Crops wise Knowledge of beneficiary farmers
statistical measures such as percentage, mean, mean Crop wise knowledge was also worked out to
percent score, standard deviation etc.were used to get a clear picture of knowledge possessed by them.
reach at conclusion. For this, mean per cent scores for each crops was
calculated and ranks were awarded accordingly.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results revealed that first rank was given to
the knowledge level of bajra crop production
Knowledgelevel of kharifcrop demonstrations
technology (85.42 MPS) followed by groundnut
The knowledge of kharif crops demonstrations
(77.92 MPS), moong (72.92 MPS), guar (72.40
by the beneficiaries of ATMQIC was divided into
MPS) and cowpea (63.54.03 MPS) production
three categoriesviz., low,medium and high based on
technology and second, third, fourth and fifth ranks
the mean and standard deviation.
were awarded, respectively.
The data (Table 1)reveal that majority of
beneficiary farmers (68.34 %) belonged to category Knowledge of beneficiaries about recommended
of middle knowledge level followed by high (19.16 cultivation practices of kharif crops
%) and low (12.50 %) category related to kharif crop The data (Table 3) revealed that kharif crop
demonstrations.Therefore, it might be concluded demonstration beneficiary gave first rank to

196 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 195-198

 Knowledge level of Beneficiary Farmers

Table 2. Crop wise Knowledge of beneficiaries about kharif crops. n=120

Sr. No. Name of Crop MPS Rank
1. Bajra 85.42 I
2. Groundnut 77.92 II
3. Moong 72.92 III
4. Guar 72.40 IV
5. Cowpea 63.54 V

appropriate time for crop sowing (95.83 MPS)
followed by field preparation before sowing(91.67
MPS), recommended seed rate (76.67 MPS),
appropriate time of harvesting (85.83MPS), yield
of the crop (85.00MPS), diseases of the crop (84.17
MPS), common insect pests of crops (81.67 MPS)
and recommended variety of the crop (72.50 MPS)
and second, third, fourth fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth
ranks were awarded, respectively.
It might be concluded from the findings that
majority of respondents were having knowledge
level about bajra cultivation practices which got
the toprank and the second highest rank was
assigned to knowledge about groundnut.This might
be due to the fact that bajra can easily be grown
in rainfed area which gives maximum production
in comparison to other kharif crops and also fulfill
basic requirement of farmers. It was also found that
the highest knowledge was found about appropriate
time for crop sowing and obtained the highest
rank followed by recommended seed rate of crop,
appropriate time of harvesting while the lowest
knowledge was found about common insect pests
of crops and recommended variety of the crops.
These parameters were observed because kharif
crops production technologies generally involves
the knowledge about integrated application of new
technology about field preparation before sowing,
recommended variety of the crop, appropriate time
for crop sowing, recommended seed rate of crop,
common insects of crops, common diseases of the
crop, appropriate time of harvesting, expected yield
of crop etc.These finding were in agreement with
findings of Devi et al (2013), Kumar and Kumawat
(2019) and Choudharyet al (2019).
CONCLUSION
It might be concluded that the bajra crop growers
had more knowledge about major practices of bajra
cultivation than other kharif crops due to suitability
of crop under rainfed conditions and fulfilling of
farmers basic requirement of feed and fodder. Other

Table 3.Knowledge level of beneficiaries about recommended cultivation practices of kharif crops.
n=120
Sr. No. Practice MPS Rank
1. Appropriate time for crop sowing 95.83 I
2. Field preparation before sowing 91.67 II
3. Recommended seed rate of crop 86.67 III
4. Appropriate time of harvesting 85.83 IV
5. Yield of the crop 85.00 V
6. Diseases of the crop 84.17 VI
7. Insect pests of crops 81.67 VII
8. Recommended variety of the crop 72.50 VIII

197 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 195-198

 Kumawat et al

reasons to grow bajra crop were duration of crop Devi Ganga M, Kumar Ch. Anil and Srinivas Kumar D (2017).
whichcan easily be grown in low rainfall area and Impact analysis of trainings and front line demonstrations
in Black Gram (Vigna mungo) cultivation. J Krishi Vigyan
easily managed. 6(1) : 97-100
Dhayal BL and Bairathi R (2017). Knowledge level of
REFERENCES farmers towards Pradhan Mantri Crop Insurance Scheme
Choudhary Mahesh, Asiwal B L and Dular R K (2019).
in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Indian Res J Ext Edu18
Knowledge level of farmers about improved production
(1): 53-57.
technology of onion crops in sikar district of Rajasthan. J
Krishi Vigyan8 (1) : 191-196. Kumar, Mahendra and Kumawat S R (2019). Knowledge
level of farmers about chickpea production technology
Choudhary PC and Sharma R (2012). Knowledge of chilli
in nagaur district of Rajasthan. J Krishi Vigyan 8 (1) :
growers about various interventions of chlli cultivation
187-190.
under institution village linkage programme. Indian Res
J Ext Edu12 (2):25-28 Received on 16/05/2020 Accepted on 31/05/2020

198 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 195-198

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00042.2

Knowledge and Adoption Level of Poultry Farming Practices in

Raigad District of Maharashtra State
Mandavkar P M1, Hanmante A A2, Talathi M S3 and Manjarekar R G4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raigad 402 116
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415 712 (Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Raigad district of Maharashtra State. Out 100 trained farmers, 33 farmers who
actually started poultry farming were selected as a respondent of the present study. Data were collected
by interview method with the help of questionnaire comprising general information, background of the
farmers, poultry profile, poultry farming practices like brooding management, ventilation and lighting, water
management, feed management etc and also data on employment and income generation were studied. Study
revealed that there was good knowledge with respect to brooding management and ventilation and lighting,
water management and feed management to the respondents. In case of adoption maximum respondents
following brooding management followed by cleaning of poultry house and equipments. More than 75 per cent
respondents followed proper ventilation and lighting. In feed management and health care practices more than
66.00 per cent respondents used balanced feed and followed vaccination schedule. Maximum respondents got
employment for more than 181 days per year from poultry farming. Lack of timely veterinary facility at taluka
level was the major constraints in poultry farming followed by non availability improved breed on demand.
Key Words: Constraints, Employment, Income, Poultry, Training.

INTRODUCTION of eggs and fifth in the broiler sector. Present per

The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
is to develop entrepreneurship amongst the rural
people especially the farmers, farm-women, rural
youth and the entrepreneurs in different areas of
agriculture. In Raigad district, KVK Roha had
conducted various need based and skill oriented
training with a special emphasis on poultry farming
by KVK scientist during last five years. It was
expected that the participants after being trained
will translate the acquired knowledge and skill into
action.
The poultry industry has rise from what was
purely a backyard activity to a well organized,
scientifically oriented and technologically driven
industry. Globally we stand fourth in the production
capita availability of animal protein is 14 gm from
fish,egg, meat which is makes 11.00 per cent of
the total requirement. However, aim is to produce
55 gm of animal protein from poultry per day (30
from eggs and 25 gm from meat). this means that
availability should be 180 eggs and 9 kg of chicken
per capita per year.(Prasad 2013). To provide high
quality protein and supplemental income to rural/
tribal areas rural poultry farming was concentrated.
Adopting rural poultry farming in backyards of
rural household can ensure the availability of eggs
and meat in rural and under developed areas; which
will help in alleviating the incidence of protein
deficiency in the susceptible groups (women,
children, expectant mothers, etc.) in rural areas.

Corresponding Author’s Email:mandavkarpm@rediffmail.com

1
Subject Matter Specialist (Agril. Extn), KVK, Roha-Raigad,
2
Programme Coordinator, KVK, Lanja- Ratnagiri,
3
Programme Coordinator, KVK, Roha-Raigad,
4
Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture),KVK, Roha-Raigad,

199 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 Mandavkar et al

Keeping in view the different species of poultry practices after training the data were recorded as
being reared by the farmers, the improved poultry full adoption, partial adoption and no adoption.
farming practices were transferred to the end users A data on employment and income generation in
through training programmes, farm and home visit, poultry farming were also collected by observing
personal contact, diagnostic visits, exposure tour etc.
the records kept by the respondents. The collected
The present study was conducted to know the data were analyzed by using suitable statistical
post training performance of recipients of poultry tools.
farming organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Roha-
Raigad with the objectives to study the socio- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
personal and livestock profile of trainees, to know Socio-personal profile of the respondents
the knowledge and adoption status of technologies The data (Table 1) showed that 42.42 per
learned during training, to know the employment cent respondents were in middle age group who
and income generation and the constraints in poultry can physically look after the poultry birds. More
farming. than fifty per cent of trainees educated up to high
school level (51.51 %) and had farming and animal
MATERIALS AND METHODS husbandry occupation (54.54 %). Regarding land
The study was conducted in Raigad district of holding, it was seen that 45.45 per cent possessed
Maharashtra state. A list of 100 farmers who attended less than 1.0 ha land (Lenka and Bibhu, 2015). It
vocational training on poultry farming organized was noticed that trainees were from middle age
by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Roha- Raigad during group and therefore maximum respondents (60.60
the year 2011-12 to 2015-16 and technological %) were having medium farming experience. In
interventions provided to poultry farmers was made case of experience in poultry farming 42.42 per
available. A total of 33 farmers who started poultry cent respondents had less experience about poultry
farming were selected as a respondent of the present farming.
study. The data were collected by interview method
with the help of questionnaire comprising general Livestock kept by the respondents
information, background of the farmers such as their The data (Table 2) revealed that the total number
age, education, occupation, land holding, livestock of poultry birds at the time of interview with all
profile etc. The data regarding knowledge about the respondents was 30000. Out of total broiler/
poultry management practices after training were improved birds population, maximum share was
recorded as full knowledge and partial knowledge. broilers strains i.e. 10 farmers having average 2500
Also, regarding adoption of poultry management birds followed by Kaveri and DP Gavran birds. In

Table 1 Socio-personal profile of the respondents.

Sr. Characteristic Category Average Respondents(n=33)
No. No. Percentage
1 Age(yr.) Middle 41 14 42.42
2 Education(Std.) High School 10th 17 51.51
3 Occupation Farming + animal husbundry - 18 54.54
4 Land holding (ha) < 1.0 ha 1.14 15 45.45
5 Farming Experience (yr.) Medium 12 20 60.60
6 Poultry farming experience (yr.) 1 to 3 yr 2.5 14 42.42

200 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 Knowledge and Adoption Level of Poultry Farming

Table 2. Livestock (poultry )profile of the respondents .

Sr. No. Type of poultry bird No. of farmers Total no. of poultry birds
A. Broilers/ improved birds
i. Broilers – starins of venky, premier, godrej co. 10 25000
ii Kaveri 06 1800
iii DP Gavran 06 1500
iv Giriraja + Vanaraja 01 600
v Vanraja + Kadaknath 01 300
Total A 24 28200
B. Layers/ improved birds
Giriraja 04 800
Vanaraja 03 600
Suvarnadhara 02 400
Total B 9 1800
Total A+B 33 30000

layers Giriraja, Vanaraja and suvarnadhara breeds Knowledge and adoption of poultry farming
were reared by 9 respondents having average 200 practices by the respondents
birds per respondents. Knowledge is one of the components of
behavior. It plays an important role in the covert
Status of poultry farming practices as well as over behaviour of an individual. The
The data (Table 2) depicted that, 81.81 per cent data (Table 4) depict that under the head brooding
of the respondents had constructed the permanent management practices, cleaning of poultry house
poultry shed whereas, 18.19 per cent respondents and cleaning of the equipment’s more than 90.00
poultry shed was temporary structure. Maximum per cent respondents were having full knowledge
respondents (78.79 %) followed semi-intensive whereas, the adoption was 66.67 and 72.73 per cent,
feeding management and using commercial feed respectively. Regarding preparation of brooding unit
for poultry birds. The results were in line with Saha
(2003).

Table 3. Status of Poultry farming practices.

Sr. No. Particular Respondents(n=33)
No. Percentage
A. Poultry shed
Permanent structure 25 81.81
Temporary structure 08 18.19
B. Feeding management
Intensive (Deep litter- broilers) 26 78.79
Semi-intensive (DP Gavran, Kaveri breeds) 7 21.21
C. Use of feed
Commercial feed 26 78.79
Homemade feed 07 21.21

201 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 Mandavkar et al

Table 4. Distribution of the respondents according to knowledge and adoption of poultry management
practice.
Sr. Poultry Management Practices Knowledge (N=33) Adoption (N=33)
No. Full Partial Full Partial No
knowledge knowledge adoption adoption adoption
A. Brooding management
1. Cleaning of poultry house 30 03 22 11 00
(90.91) (9.09) (66.67) (33.33) (0.00)
2. Cleaning of the equipments 30 03 24 9 00
(90.91) (9.09) (72.73) (27.27) (0.00)
3. Preparing the brooding unit 22 11 20 4 9
(66.67) (33.33) (60.60) (12.12) (27.27)
4. Use of brooders 24 9 24 0 9
(72.73) (27.27) (72.73) (0.00) (27.27)
B. Ventilation and lighting 30 03 25 8 00
(90.91) (9.09) (75.76) (24.24) (0.00)
C. Water management 20 13 19 14 00
(60.61) (39.39) (57.58) (42.42) (0.00)
D. Feed management and Health
care practices
1. Use of balanced feed 25 8 25 8 00
(75.76) (24.24) (75.76) (24.24) (0.00)
2 Vaccination schedule 24 9 22 11 00
(72.73) (27.27) (66.67) (33.33) (0.00)
3.. Management of ecto and 12 21 8 15 10
endoparasite (36.36) (63.64) (24.25) (45.45) (30.30)

4. Debeaking of birds 33 0 8 11 14
(100.00) (0.00) (24.25) (33.33) (42.42)
E. Litter management 24 9 18 15 00
(72.73) (27.27) (54.55) (45.45) (0.00)

66.67 per cent respondents having full knowledge
and full adoption was 60.30 per cent. The results
were similar to Ravindra (2004). Further, it was
observed that use of brooders was well known
to 72.73 per cent respondents and all of them are
adopting the practice. No adoption regarding
brooding practices was by the respondents who are
rearing layer birds.
In case of ventilation and lighting it was
found that 90.91 per cent respondents were having
full knowledge and 9.09 per cent having partial
knowledge. However, more than 75.00 per cent
adopting the practice fully. With respect to water
management 60.61 per cent respondents having
full knowledge and almost all of them (57.58
% ) adopting the practice to full extent.

202 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 Knowledge and Adoption Level of Poultry Farming

Table 5. Distribution of respondents according to employment generation through poultry farming.

Sr. No. Employment generation Broiler poultry farming Layers poultry farming Total
(Man Days) (n=24) (n=9) (n=33)
1. Up to 90 3 (12.50) 0 (0.00) 3 (9.09)
2. 91 to 180 8 (33.33) 2 (22.22) 10 (30.30)
3. More than 181 13 (54.17) 7 (77.78) 20 (60.61)
Regarding feed management and health care had full knowledge but complete adoption was
practices it was seen that 75.76 per cent and 24.24 followed by 54.55 per cent respondents.
per cent respondents were having full and partial
knowledge, respectively and same percentage was Employment and income generation through
seen in case of adoption. Regarding vaccination poultry farming
schedule 72.73 per cent respondents having full Employment generation
knowledge and full adoption was 66.67 per cent. From Table 5, it was seen that maximum (60.61 %)
(Ahire et. al. 2007) In case of management of ecto respondents got employment for more than 181 days per
and endoparasite maximum respondents (63.64 %) year from poultry farming followed by 91 to 180 days
were having partial knowledge. per year (30.30 %). Only, 9.09 per cent respondents got
The full adoption was followed by only 24.25 employment up to 90 days per year.
per cent respondents whereas 30.30 per cent Income generation
respondents not adopting this practice. With respect The data with respect to income generation
to debeaking of birds, despite of all the respondents through poultry farming was analysed with respect
known the practice fully 42.42 per cent respondents to cost of rearing, income and net profit as per large
not following the practice. Regarding litter scale and small scale broiler poultry rearing and
management, though 72.73 per cent respondents layer poultry birds rearing.

Table 6. Average cost, income and net profit through poultry farming.
Sr. Income generation Broiler poultry Layers poultry
No. (Rs.) farming farming

(n=24) (n=9)
Large scale Small scale Av. Batch
(N=10) (N=14) 200 birds***
Av. Batch 2500 birds* Av. Batch 300 birds** for 1 year
for 6 weeks For 8 weeks
1. Average cost(Rs.) 2,12,500 32,600 1,75,000
2. Average
2,50,000 60,000 2,80,000
Income(Rs.)
3. Net profit (Rs.) 37,500 27,400 1,05,000
*Average rate- Rs.100 for 1 Kg body wt of bird)** Rs. 200 for 1 kg body wt of bird)
*** Average rate Rs. 8 per egg (150 eggs/yr/bird) and Rs.200 per bird(culling price)

203 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 Mandavkar et al

Table 7. Constraints experienced by the respondents in poultry farming.

Sr. Respondents(N=33)
Constraint
No. Number Percentage
1. Lack of timely veterinary facility at village level 14 42.42
2. Non availability of improved breed on demand at Taluka level 13 39.39
3. High cost of commercial feed 11 33.33
4. Lack of finance 10 30.30

It was found that net profit from large scale management of ecto and endoparasites. In case
broiler poultry farming from the period of 6 wk of adoption maximum respondents following
was Rs.37,500/- and Rs. 27,400/- from small scale brooding management followed by cleaning of
broiler poultry farming from the period of 8 Wk poultry house and equipments. More than three
yet. Though the net profit from small scale broiler fourth respondents followed proper ventilation and
farming was giving good returns, yet there was lighting. Maximum respondents got employment
limited market for the poultry birds like giriraja, for more than 181 days per year from poultry
vanaraja, DP Gavaran and Kaveri etc. The net profit farming. The net profit from small scale broiler
from layer poultry farming was Rs.1,05,000/- per farming was good but there is limited market for
year. the poultry birds like giriraja, vanaraja, DP Gavaran
and Kaveri etc. Lack of timely veterinary facility
Constraints experienced at taluka level was the major constraints in poultry
In the present study the efforts were also made farming followed by non availability improved
to know the constraints faced by poultry farmers breed on demand.
during poultry farming. The data (Table 6) show
that lack of timely veterinary facility at village REFERENCES
level was the major constraint reported by 42.42 Ahire MC, Birari D and Kambale D K(2007). Adoption of
per cent respondents. Non availability of improved poultry management practices in Solapur, India. The
breed on demand at Taluka level and high cost of Asian J Anim Sci 2 (1/2):55-58
concentrate feed were the constraints reported by Jagdish Prasad (2013). Poultry farming. Book on poultry
39.39 and 33.33 per cent respondents, respectively. production and management. Kalyani Publishers 4:1-5
The problem of lack of finance was reported by Biswajeeta Lenka and Bibhu S B (2015). Study on Adoption
10.00 per cent respondents. of scientific poultry Management practices by farmers
of Cuttack district of Odisha. Int J Social Relevance and
Concern (IJSRCS) 3(10) : 23-46
CONCLUSION
The respondents were middle aged and their Ravindra M (2004). A study on Knowledge adoption and
perception of recommended poultry management practices
occupation was farming and animal husbandry among poultry farmers of Bangalore district. M.Sc (Agri)
indicating natural background. There was good Thesis. University of Agril. Science, Bangalore
knowledge to the respondents with respect to Saha D (2003). Status of rural poultry production in North
brooding management and ventilation and 24 Paragans district of West Bengal. M.V.Sc. Thesis.
lighting, water management and feed management. Division of Extension Education. IVRI, Izatnagar.
The respondents had partial knowledge about Received on 09/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

204 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 199-204

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00044.6

Optimization of Organic Nutrient Management in Maize (Zea

mays) inTawang district of Arunachal Pradesh
C K Singh and N D Singh*
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tawang, Changbu ( Arunachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2017 and 2018 at three villages Lemberdung, Khinmey and
Changprong in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh to study the effect of combination of organic nutrient
sources for maize production. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments, comprising different levels of
compost manure equivalent (75, 100 and 125kg N/ha) with FYM @ 10 t/ha, beejamrith + Jeevamrith. The
results indicated that, application of 100% N equivalent compost + FYM @ 10 t/ha +beejamrith +jeevamrith
@ 500l/ha. recorded significantly higher grain yield (5.3 t/ha), cob length (14.5 cm) and plant height (225.5
cm), which was closely followed by application of 100% N equivalent compost +beejamrith + jeevamrith
@ 500 l/ha and 125 % N equivalent compost +beejamrith + jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha. Soil chemical properties,
viz., soil pH, organic carbon and electric conductivity were not influenced by application of organic manures.
However, an increasing trend was observed in the soil chemical properties selative to initial soil data.
Application of 100% N equivalent compost + FYM @ 10 t/ha + beejamrith + jeevamrith recorded significantly
higher available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in the soil compared to the other treatment.
Key Words: Beejamrith, Compost, FYM,Grain yield, Jeevamrith, Maize.

INTRODUCTION up of organic matter, good soil aggregation,

Maize is the second most important food crop
of Arunachal Pradesh after rice. In Arunachal
Pradesh it is grown over an area 48,800 ha with
total production 78,500 mt and average yield is
16.08 q/ha. In Tawang district, it is cultivated over
an area of 762 ha. With total production 1434
mt and the average yield is 18.82 q/ha. As maize
demands nutrients continuously in large amounts
and use of large quantity of chemically formulated
fertilizers alone is not only feasible but also costly
to the resource-poor farmers, as majority of the
maize is grown by small and marginal farmers.
Apart from this, use of chemical fertilizers has
resulted in progressive rise in multi-nutrient
deficiencies, nutrient imbalances, deterioration of
soil health and productivity. Although the organic
manure contains plant nutrients in small quantities
compared to fertilizers, they influence in building
Corresponding Author’s Email: chandrasinghagronomy@gmail.com
KVK Tawang, Changbu, Arunachal Pradesh
*KVK West Kameng, Sangti, Arunachal Pradesh
permeability of soil and related physical properties
in addition to long-lasting supply of several
macro and micronutrients, vital plant-promoting
substance apart from increasing the density of
microbes in the soil. This helps in maintenance and
possible improvement of soil fertility and health
for sustaining crop productivity. Keeping this in
view, a field experiment was conducted to study the
influence of organic manures on soil fertility and
productivity of rain fed maize.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted during the
rainy season of 2017 and 2018 in the three villages’
Lemberdung, Khinmey and Changprong ofTawang
district .The area falls under humid, subtropical
climate. The daily temperature of the experimental
site during the year varies widely between minimum

205 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209

 Singh and Singh

150c and maximum 300c with an average rainfall
of 2,220.0 mm. The soil was sandy loam with
pH was 7.0 ( neutral in reaction). The initial soil
analysis indicated that it was low in organic carbon
(0.32%), available nitrogen (225kg/ha), medium in
phosphorous (18.2 kg/ha) and potassium (133kg/
ha). The experiment consisted of eleven treatments
and three replications. The treatments included
were, T1,75% N equivalent compost;T2, 100% N
equivalent compost; T3,125% N equivalent compost
; T4, 100% equivalent compost + FYM @ 10 t/ha;
T5, 75% N equivalent compost + beejamrith; T6,
100% N equivalent compost + beejamrith; T7, 125%
N equivalent compost +beejamrith ; T8, 75% N
equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith@500l/
ha; T9,100%N equivalent compost +beejamrith+
jeevamrith @ 500l/ha; T10, 125% N equivalent
compost+ beejamrith + jeevamrith @ 500l/
ha;T11, 100% N equivalent compost + FYM @
10 t/ha +beejamrith+ Jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha. The
recommended dose of nutrients is 120:60:40 kg NPK/
ha. Maize variety HQPM 1 was sown in first fortnight
of May 2017 and 2018 with a spacing of 60 cm x 30
cm. using a seed rate of 20 kg/ha. The seed were
soaked with beejamrith over night and then dried
under shade before sowing. The manures were applied
in the form of compost. The liquid organic formulation
beejamrith and jeevamrith were prepared as per the
procedures given by Palekar (2006). Beejamrith was
prepared by soaking 5 kg of local cow dung in 20
litres of water and 50 g lime in 1 litre water overnight
.Next day morning squeeze the cow dung into the
lime –soaked water and to this add 10 l local cow
urine , stir thoroughly and add lime solution and mix
well. Jeevamrith is prepared by mixing 10 kg local
cow dung with 10 l cow-urine , add 2kg local jiggery,
2kg pulse flour and handful of garden soil and the
volume is made up to 200 l . Keep the drum in shade
covering with wet gunny bag and stir the mixture
clockwise thrice a day and incubate. The nutrient
content of FYM was 0.58% N, 0.32% P and 0.52%
K, of compost was 1.13% N, 0.67% P and 1.13% K.
The recommended dose of the FYM and compost
were applied as basal dose 20 days before sowing.
After 30 days of sowing Jeevamrith was sprayed @
500 l/ha. Standard package of practices were adopted.
Growth, yield parameters and yield were measured
and estimated using standard procedures. The data
collected from the experiment at different growth
stage were subjected to statistical analysis.

Table 1. Influence of organic manures on growth and yield of maize (pooled data of 2 years).
Treatment Plant No. of Cob Grain
Height leaves Length Yield
(cm.) (Cm.) (t/ha.)
T1 75% N equivalent compost 177.2 8.87 11.42 2.90
T2 100% N equivalent compost 189.3 10.13 13.25 3.77
T3 125% N equivalent compost 178.3 10.00 12.39 3.93
T4 100% N equivalent compost +FYM@ 10 t/ha. 193.0 10.93 13.12 4.34
T5 75% N equivalent compost+beejamrith 183.9 10.13 13.32 4.03
T6 100% N equivalent compost+ beejamrith 191.6 9.87 13.74 3.31
T7 125% N equivalentcompost+ beejamrith 177.1 10.53 12.42 3.62
T8 75% N equivalent compost +beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha. 191.1 10.00 14.07 4.13
T9 100% N equivalent compost+beejamrith +jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha. 202.4 11.67 14.20 4.80
T10 125% N equivalent compost +beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/ha. 195.0 11.30 13.87 4.82
T11 100% N equivalent compost+ FYM@ 10t/ha. beejamrith+jeevamrith 225.5 12.77 14.50 5.3
@ 500 l/ha.

206 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209

 Optimization of Organic Nutrient Management in Maize

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION weight, number of rows/cob and number of grains/row

Growth parameters
The growth parameters, plant height at
harvesting and number of leaves/plant at 60 DAS
of maize, varied significantly due to application of
different organics. Among the difference sources of
organics, application of 100% N equivalent compost
recommended FYM+ beejamrith+jeevamrith
recorded higher plant height and number of leaves
(225 cm. and 12.77 respectively) compared
to other treatment (Table 1). This was closely
followed by 125% N equivalent compost
+beejamrith+Jeevamrith and 100% N equivalent
compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith. This increase in
plant height and number of leaves may be owing
to higher N availability throughout the crop-growth
period owing to its slow release. Manjhi et al (2016)
also reported similar increase in maize growth
parameters with the application of organics.
Yield parameters
The application of different sources of organic did closely followed by 125% N equivalent compost
not influence the yield -attributing parameters, viz test +beejamrith+jeevamrith (4.82t/ha.) and 100% N
significantly. However, the cob length was influenced
significantly. The longer cob was observed in application
of 100% N equivalent compost+ recommended
FYM+beejamrith+jeevamrith (14.50cm) compared to
the other treatments. This was closely followed by 125%
N equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith and 100%
N equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith. This
increased cob length was mainly attributed to diversion
of more photosynthesis to reproductive parts. Similar
increase in maize yield parameters with the application
of FYM was also reported by Dhiman (2014).
Yield
The results indicated that, the grain yield of
maize varied significantly among different levels
and source of organic manures (Table 1). The grain
yield was significantly higher with application
100% N equivalent compost+recommended
FYM+beejamrith +Jeeva mrith(5.3 t/ha)
compared to other source of organics. This was

Table 2. Influence of organic manures on economics of maize (pooled data of 2 years).

Treatment Gross Cost of Net B: C
return cultivation Return ratio
(Rs. /ha.) (Rs. /ha.) (Rs. /ha.)
T1 75% N equivalent compost 58,000 48,000 10,000 1.2
T2 100% N equivalent compost 75,400 48,400 27,000 1.5
T3 125% N equivalent compost 78,600 53,200 25,400 1.4
T4 100% N equivalent compost +FYM@ 10 t/ha. 86,800 62,100 24,700 1.3
T5 75% N equivalent compost+beejamrith 80,600 42,100 38,500 1.9
T6 100% N equivalent compost+beejamrith 66,200 49,200 17,000 1.3
T7 125% N equivalentcompost+ beejamrith 72,400 57,100 15,300 1.2
T8 75% N equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/ha. 82,600 40,200 42,400 2.0
T9 100% N equivalent compost+beejamrith +jeevamrith @ 500l/ha. 96,000 42,200 53,800 2.2
T10 125% N equivalent compost+beejamrith +jeevamrith @ 500l/ha. 96,400 58,100 38,300 1.6
T11 100% N equivalent compost+ FYM@ 10t/ 106,000 68,100 37,900 1.5
ha.+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/ha.

207 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209

 Singh and Singh

Table 3. Influence of organic cultivation practices on soil chemical properties after the harvesting
of second crop.
Treatment Soil-available Nutrient uptake
PH
EC Organic Nutrient (kg/ha) (Kg/ha)
(dS/m) carbon
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O

T1 75% N equivalent compost 7.72 0.325 0.36 231.5 20.8 135.2 145.6 15.2 89.56

T2 100% N equivalent compost 7.35 0.351 0.37 242.3 24.9 152.1 156.9 16.21 92.65

T3 125% N equivalent compost 7.25 0.358 0.36 251.8 33.2 158.9 165.8 17.85 96.32

T4 100% N equivalent compost 6.78 0.341 0.41 269.8 31.3 170.1 150.6 16.25 112.3
+FYM@ 10 t/ha.

T5 75% N equivalent 7.85 0.328 0.39 235.6 23.6 135.2 160.2 18.41 105.6
compost+beejamrith

T6 100% N equivalent compost+ 7.62 0.341 0.38 251.2 28.2 153.6 168.9 18.96 110.5
beejamrith
T7 125% N equivalent 7.28 0.351 0.36 261.2 35.6 162.3 160.2 20.12 115.6
compost+ beejamrith
T8 75% N equivalent compost 7.00 0.335 0.37 245.6 25.6 142.5 175.6 20.15 118.9
+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/
ha.
T9 100% N equivalent compost 7.03 0.359 0.39 245.3 33.8 156.3 180.5 22.36 120.3
+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/
ha.
T10 125% N equivalent compost 7.52 0.361 0.41 265.4 35.7 168.5 185.6 23.62 125.6
+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/
ha.
T11 100% N equivalent 6.78 0.371 0.42 263.5 32.5 172.3 186.2 24.01 130.2
compost+ FYM@ 10t/ha. +
beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/
ha.

equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith (4.80t/ Economics

ha.) This was mainly owing to the fact that apart
from source of nutrient, application of organic
manures improved the physico-chemical properties
of soil that resulted in better root system with
increased absorption of moisture and nutrients from
the deeper layers, which inturn enhanced the growth
and yield attributing parameters of maize and
finally grain yields. These results were in line with
the findings of Sujatha et al (2008) and Choudhary
and Suresh Kumar (2013). Praveen et al (2012) and
Suresh Naik et al (2012).
Among the treatments, application of 100%
N equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith @
500 l/ha was found superior in obtaining higher net
returns (Rs. 53,800/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.2)
as compared to other treatments. This was closely
followed by application of 75% N equivalent
compost+beejamrith +jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha. This
increased net returns and B: C ratio was mainly
owing to reduced cost of cultivation and increased
grain yield. Though, the highest cost of cultivation
was recorded in application of 100% N equivalent

208 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209

 Optimization of Organic Nutrient Management in Maize
compost + FYM @ 10 t/ha +beejamrith+jeevamrith
@ 500 l/ha. (Rs 68,100/ha.), this treatment recorded Choudhary V K and Suresh Kumar (2013). Maize production,
the highest yield but economically not viable. These
results are in line with Mohammad et al (2017).
Soil physico-chemical properties
The soil physico-chemical properties, viz.PH,
electrical conductivity and organic carbon were
not influenced at the end of the second crop cycle.
However, these parameters were enhanced greatly
as compared to initial soil-test value. In the present
investigation, there was a significant difference
among the different sources of nutrient with respect
to soil-available nutrients. Application of 125%
N equivalent compost +beejamrith+jeevamrith
registered significantly higher amount of soil
available nutrients (265.4, 35.7 and 168.5kg
N,P2O5 and K2O/ha) and was at par with
100% N equivalent compost +recommended
FYM+beejamrith+jeevamrith (263.5,32.5 and
172.3N, P2O5 and K2O/ha respectively). This was
owing to build up of more amount of organic carbon
in the soil and which in turn enhanced the nutrient-
supplying capacity of the soil because build up of
more and more soil micro-organisms. The uptake
of major nutrients were significantly higher in
application of 100% N equivalent compost +FYM
@10 t/ha+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500 l/ha
(186.2:24.01:130.2kg N:P:K/ha) as compared to the
other treatments. However, it was at par with 125%
N equivalent compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith @
500 l/ha (185.6: 23.62:125.6kg NPK/ha) and 100%
N equivalent compost +beejamrith+jeevamrith @
500 l/ha. These results were in line with earlier
findings of Praveen et al (2012) and Choudhary and
Suresh Kumar (2013)
CONCLUSION
Application of 100% N equivalent
compost+beejamrith+jeevamrith @ 500l/ha to
maize proved economically superior and ecological
viable in improving the maize grain yield coupled
with improving soil physico-chemical properties.
209 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 205-209
REFERENCES
economics and soil productivity under different organic
source of nutrients in Eastern Himalayan region, India.
Indian J Plant Prod 7 (2): 167-170.
Dhiman M (2014). Influence of integrated nutrient management
on productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of maize-
yellow sarson cropping system under rain fed mid hill
condition. Indian J Agron 59 (2):436-442.
Manjhi RP, Mahapatra P, Shabnam S and Yadava MS ( 2016).
Long term effect of nutrient management practices on
performance of quality protein maize under maize (Zea
mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivam), cropping sequence.
Indian J Agron 61 (4): 436-442.
Mohammad H, Shiva D, Vyas AK, Pramesh V and Bipin K
(2015). Integrated nutrient management in maize –wheat
cropping system. Indian J Agron 60 (3): 352-359.
Palekar S (2006). Textbook on Shoonya Bandovaladanaisargika
Krushi Swamy Anand. Agri. Prakashan, Benguluru,
Karnataka.
Praveen M, Patil V, Kuligod B, Hebsur NS, Patiland NS and
Kulkarni GN (2012). Effect of phosphate solubilising
fungi and phosphorous levels on growth, yield and
nutrient content in maize (Zea mays). Karnataka J Agri
Sci 25 (1): 58-62.
Sujatha MG, Lingaraju B S, Palled YB and Ashalatha KV
(2008). Importance of integrated management practices
in maize under rain fed conditions. Karnataka J Agri Sci
21 (3): 334-338.
Suresh Naik KP, Narayana S, Mavarkar Basavaraj, Naik T,
Krishnamurthy N and Sowmyalatha BS (2012). Effect
of farm yard manure and bio digester liquid manure on
growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under rain fed
condition. Crop Res 44 (3): 279-282.
Received on 02/02/2020 Accepted on 10/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00047.1

Performance of Pratap Urd 1 Variety of Blackgram in Agro-

Climatic Zone-V of Rajasthan
K C Meena and Lokesh Kumar Meena
College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT
The present study has been conducted to assess the actual spreading of new variety of Black gram in terms
of area, production and productivity in comparison to existing varieties. The Pratap Urd1 (KPU 07-08) is
a high yielding cultivar of blackgram. It was released from Agriculture Research Station, Kota for rainfed
conditions of Rajasthan and notified in the year 2013.The area under blackgram in the agro-climatic zone
v was increased from 0.065 mha in kharif 2014 to 0.439 mha in kharif 2017 and the decreasing trend was
observed during kharif 2018 (0.391 mha). The same trend was found in the production and productivity of
black gram crop. The annual growth rate of black gram productivity in Kota zone and Rajasthan were worked
out as -0.34, 0.50, 0.07 and -0.28 per cent as against of -0.30, 0.66,-0.02 and 0.58 per cent in Rajasthan
during the year of 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The area under improved variety pratap urd1
continuously increased from 10 ha to 38175 ha in kharif 2014 to 2018. The study clearly indicated that the
Pratap urd1 variety was cultivated on 9.74% area (kharif 2018) of the total black gram area in Kota zone of
Rajasthan. The characteristic of Pratap urd1 which scored highest among producers was tolerance to yellow
mosaic virus, reported by 89.16% of producers depending on the variety and assigned Ist rank in their choice.
Key Words: Adoption, Black gram, Farmers, Pratap-urd 1 and Production trend.

INTRODUCTION Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Jharkhand,

The productivity of pulses in India continues Gujarat and West Bengal (Chand and Kumar, 2017
to be quite low (622 kg/ha) on account of several and Roy et al, 2017).
biotic and abiotic stresses besides unavailability The variety is the pivot around which the entire
of quality seeds of improved varieties in time and production system revolves. Therefore, scientific
poor crop management due to unawareness and black gram cultivation must start with the selection
non-adoption of recommended production and of appropriate variety for the agro-climatic zone,
plant protection technologies. India is the world’s soil type and season concerned. New varieties are
largest producer as well as consumer of black gram. continuously evolved by the research system all over
It produces about 1.5 to 1.9 million tons of black India. The outcome of this research in kind of new
gram annually from about 3.5 mha of area, with black gram variety capable of producing economic
average productivity of 500kg/ha. Blackgram crop importance and help to improve the economic
is also gaining momentum since 2015-16 and there conditions of black gram growers. The Pratap Urd1
has been a phenomenal increase in its coverage. (KPU 07-08) is a high yielding cultivar having seed
During 2017-18 the crop was cultivated over an yield potential of 9-10 q/ha, matures in 72-78 d,
area of more than 50 Lakh ha. More than 90 percent moderately resistant against MYMV, leaf crinkle,
of blackgram production comes from nine states of web blight, and powdery mildew and resistant to
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra anthracnose & bacterial leaf spot diseases. This
Corresponding Author’s Email: kamalkvkanta@gmail.com
*Assistant Professor (Extension Education), College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Raj.)
**Assistant Professor (Agriculture Economics), College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Raj.)

210 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214

 Meena and Meena
variety is semi-spreading, determinate growth
habit, the ovate shape of the terminal leaflet, hairy
and long pods having 6-9 seeds/pod and bold seed
size (4.5g/100 seed). It is also tolerant to stem fly
and whitefly.
The spread of the newer varieties replacing the
older varieties need to be closely monitored to take
advantage of the superior characters of these newer
varieties released by various research Institutions.
This will help to break the yield plateau that has
been experiencing in pulses crops in the recent past
and to increase the production and productivity of
the crop. Though many steps are being taken by
the Government to popularize these varieties like
Frontline Demonstration, mini kit supply, organizing
training programmes for farmers, farm women,
seed growers, seed production personnel of public
and private seed agencies, extension functionaries
of state departments of agriculture, officials of
state agricultural universities and NGOs, there is
no concrete data to prove that the newer variety of
black gram are spreading faster and replacing the
older ones. However, there has been no systematic
monitoring of the adoption of these varieties, and
economic impacts on producers were not evaluated.
The majority (64 %) of farmers adopted improved
chickpea varieties (Nain et al. 2014). Key socio-
economic research questions remain unanswered;
especially whether this improved variety has
effectively contributed to achieving their intended
impacts. Therefore, the present study has been
conducted to assess the actual spreading of this new
variety in terms of area, production, productivity
and total income generated in comparison to
existing varieties. This study was aimed to analysis
the determinants of varietal uptake and the socio-
economic impact of this variety on black gram
growers with the objective to document the trends
of black gram production and the extent of adoption
of improved blackgram variety Pratap urd1 in the
agro-climatic zone-v of Rajasthan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Present investigation was conducted in agro- 1.The gathered data were processed, tabulated,
211 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214
climatic zone v of Rajasthan. The study was based
on both secondary and primary data. Secondary data
relating to the area, production and productivity
of black gram were collected from government
publications and web sites to arrive at the trends in
the area, production, and productivity. The approach
used for this investigation was to gather information
from both adopted and non adopted farmers so that
the impact of variety can be measured by comparing
with and without technology. A survey was carried
out in all four districts of the Kota zone in Rajasthan
during April-May 2019. An exploratory survey was
conducted by a team of researchers along with
local partners to acquire a broad overview of the
adoption process and pattern in the area. The data
were collected through personal contacts with
the help of a well-structured interview schedule.
The team tested the instruments with the farmers
and adjusted the interview schedule based on the
lesson learned from field testing. The structured
interview schedule/questionnaire used for the
survey was designed to generate information on
socio-economic characteristics of farmers, farmers’
preference towards the traits of the variety, crop
input, crop outputs, production costs, gross and net
return.
The multistage stratified random sampling was
used to select the respondents. Each district area was
classified into different strata based upon estimated
adoption levels observed during the exploratory
survey. The proportion of each of the selected
district’s black gram area to the total black gram
area of the entire selected region was considered
as a criterion to decide the number of villages and
sample sizes from each district. The villages from
each block/strata were randomly selected to ensure
the representativeness of the sample concerning
landholding size, crop yield, etc. After a discussion
with key informants in the selected village,
5blackgram growing households were selected
from each village for collecting the required and
relevant information. The sampling framework for
the collection of primary data is shown in Table
 Performance of Pratap Urd 1 Variety

Table 1. Sampling framework for the collection of primary data of black gram.
District Blackgram Area No. of Strata/ No. of Households sample
( ’000ha) Block villages Adopting Non-adopting Total
Kota 99 2 5 30 15 45
Bundi 139 2 7 40 20 60
Baran 104 2 5 30 15 45
Jhalawar 50 2 3 20 10 30
Total 392 8 20 120 60 180

classified and analyzed in terms of suitable statistics MT in Kharif 2017 and decreased during the year
in the light of objectives of the study. 2018 (0.211MT). The productivity of black gram in
the Kota zone was higher as compared to Rajasthan
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION state during the year 2014 to 2017 and low (539kg/
Production trend ha) as compared to Rajasthan (988kg/ha) during the
The data (Table 2) indicated that the share of year 2018. The similar observations were recorded
the area in Kota zone to the area of Rajasthan was Rimal et al (2014) in the chickpea production.
increased from 32.33 to 52.26 percent during the Growth Rate
year 2014 to 2018. The area under black gram in the The annual growth rates of black gram area in
agro-climatic zone v was increased from 0.065 mha the Kota zone and its comparison to Rajasthan were
in Kharif 2014 to 0.439 mha in Kharif 2017 and worked out. Table 3 depicted that the percent growth
the decreasing trend was observed during Kharif rate of black gram area of the Kota region was
2018 (0.392 mha). The same trend was found in 0.87, 0.82, 0.96 and -0.10 percent as against 0.48,
the production and share of the Kota zone to the 0.59, 0.76 and -0.10percent in Rajasthan during the
production in Rajasthan was increased from 42.19 year of 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
to 63.21 percent from Kharif 2014 to Kharif 2017 The annual growth rates of black gram production
and also decreased during Kharif 2018 (28.55%). in the Kota zone and its comparison to Rajasthan
The production of black gram in the zone was were also worked out as 0.06, 2.16, 1.08 and -0.36
increased from 0.047 MT in Kharif 2014 to 0.330 percent as against 0.01, 1.67, 0.71 and 0.41percent

Table 2. Trend in area, production, and yield of blackgram in Kota zone of Rajasthan.
Share of Kota zone in
Kota zone Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Year
Area Production Yield Area Production Area Production Yield (Kg/
(Mha) (MT) (Kg/ha) (%) (%) (Mha) (MT) ha)
2014 0.065 0.047 720 32.33 42.19 0.201 0.112 556
2015 0.122 0.050 471 40.93 44.21 0.298 0.114 384
2016 0.223 0.158 708 46.84 51.91 0.476 0.305 641
2017 0.439 0.330 758 52.32 63.21 0.839 0.523 624
2018* 0.392 0.211 539 52.26 28.55 0.750 0.741 988
Source:- Source:-www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in *Joint Director(Agriculture)Kota,Raj., (Mha=Million hectare, MT=Million Tons)

212 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214

 Meena and Meena

Table 3. Growth rate of blackgram area, production, and yield in Kota zone of Rajasthan.
Year Area (%) Production (%) Yield (%)
Kota zone Rajasthan Kota zone Rajasthan Kota zone Rajasthan
2014 - - - - - -
2015 0.87 0.48 0.06 0.01 -0.34 -0.30
2016 0.82 0.59 2.16 1.67 0.50 0.66
2017 0.96 0.76 1.08 0.71 0.07 -0.02
2018 -0.10 -0.10 -0.36 0.41 -0.28 0.58

in Rajasthan during the year of 2015, 2016, 2017
and 2018, respectively. The annual growth rate
of black gram productivity in the Kota zone and
Rajasthan were worked out as -0.34, 0.50, 0.07 and
-0.28 percent as against -0.30, 0.66,-0.02 and 0.58
percent in Rajasthan during the year of 2015, 2016,
2017 and 2018, respectively. It might be due to the
fact that the rainfall and weather conditions at the
time pod formation and maturity stage of black
gram crop.
Adoption of blackgram
The estimated data regarding the horizontal
spread of improved variety Pratap urd1 in the agro-
climatic zone v of Rajasthan is presented in table
4. It was observed that the area under improved
variety Pratap urd1 was estimated only 10ha during
the year 2014 which was horizontally spread out
and estimated 52ha in Kharif 2015, 490ha (2016),
5120ha (2017) and 38175ha (2018) respectively.
It was shown that the horizontal spread of Pratap
urd1 was from about 52 ha during 2015to 38175ha
during the year 2018. The Pratap urd1 variety of
black gram was introduced during the year kharif
2014 in the Kota region and shares only 0.01
percent area of total black gram cultivated area. In
aggregate, the Pratap urd1was cultivated on 0.04%
(2015), 0.22% (2016), 1.17% (2017) and 9.74%
(2018) of total area of black gram, respectively. The
study clearly indicated that the Pratap urd1 variety
was cultivated on 9.74 Percent of the total black
gram area in the Kota zone of Rajasthan within five
years of its introduction in this agro-climatic zone.
It was low adoption due to unavailability of Pratap
urd1 seed in the area but it was superior in terms
of productivity, bold seeded, early maturity and
tolerance to MYMV and fetches good marketing
value as compared to T9, Krishna and existing old
varieties in the zone. These results were in line with
the findings of Rimal et al (2014) and Mazid et al
(2009).
Reasons for adoption by adopting farmers
Producers’ preferences for certain characteristics
are critical for variety adoption. Therefore,
understanding the criteria used by producers
to evaluate new crop varieties allows breeders
to effectively set priorities and target different
breeding strategies to different communities.
Producers’ evaluations of new varieties are also
useful to determine whether they have maintained
their intrinsic characteristics and if their agronomic,
as well as quality and price performances, are
satisfactory from the view of the end-users.
The characteristic which scored highest among
producers was tolerance to yellow mosaic virus,
reported by 89.16 percent of producers depending
on the variety and assigned Ist rank in their choice
(Table 7).Other characteristics also scored highly
among producers was short duration (85.83%),
better in yield(84.66%), bold seeded (77.50%), good
in market prices (75.00%) and less insect attack due
to hairy pods (72.50%) respectively and assigned
IInd, IIIrd,IVth, Vth and VIth rankrespectively.The
similar results were also reported by Mazid et al
(2009) in adoption of wheat varieties.

213 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214

 Performance of Pratap Urd 1 Variety

Table 4. Characteristics of Pratap urd 1 variety preferred by adopting farmers.

Trait No. of black gram grower % of black gram grower Rank
Tolerance to MYMV 107 89.16 I
Matures in 72-78 day 103 85.83 II
Better in yield 101 84.66 III
Bold seeded 93 77.50 IV
Good in the market price 90 75.00 V
Less insect due to hairy pods 87 72.50 VI

CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the productivity of black
gram in the Kota zone was higher as compared to
Rajasthan state during the year 2014 to 2017 and
estimated low as compared to Rajasthan during the
year 2018. The area under black gram in the agro-
climatic zone v was increased from 0.065 mha in
kharif 2014 to 0.439 mha in kharif 2017 and the
decreasing trend was observed during kharif 2018
(0.392 mha).The area under improved variety
Pratap urd-1 continuously increased from 10 ha to
38175 ha from the year kharif 2014 to 2018.The
study clearly indicated that the Pratap urd1 variety
was cultivated on a 9.74 percent area (kharif 2018)
of the total black gram area in the Kota zone of
Rajasthan. The characteristic which scored highest
among producers was tolerance to yellow mosaic
virus, reported by 89.16 per cent of producers
depending on the variety and assigned Ist rank in
their choice.
REFERENCES
Mazid A, Amegbeto K N, Keser M, Morgounov A, Peker K,
Bagc, A, Akin M, Kucukcongar M, Kan M, Karabak S,
Semerci A, Altikat A and Yaktubay S (2009). Adoption
and impacts of improved winter and spring wheat
varieties in Turkey. International Center for Agricultural
Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
Chand P, Pal S and Kumar, S (2017). Recent Strategies and
Policies for Enhancing Pulses Production in India.
ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and
Policy Research, New Delhi-110012,Vol.28, 2017
Nain M S, Bahal R, Dubey S K and Kumbhare N V (2014).
Adoption gap as the determinant of instability in Indian
legume production: perspective and implications. Food
Leg 27(2): 146–50.
Narayan Sharma Rimal, Shiv Kumar, Chahal V P and Vikram
Singh (2014).Impact of adoption of improved varieties
of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) on yield and income in
Madhya Pradesh. Indian J of Agril Sci 85 (4): 555–60.
Roy D, Joshi P K and Chandra R (2017). Pulses for Nutrition
in India Changing patterns from farm to fork. A Peer-
Reviewed Publication, International Food Policy
Research Institute Washington, D C.
Received on 23/4/2020 Accepted on 23/05/2020

214 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 210-214

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 215-218 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00045.8

Performance of Blackgram Varieties under Rainfed Conditions of

Chamarajanagar District in Karnataka
Sunil C M, Mahadevu P*, Yogesh G S, Chandrakala Hanagi and Mohankumar A B
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chamarajanagar District -571 127 ( Karnataka)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Chamarajanagar, Karnataka to study the
performance of blackgram varieties under rainfed condition of Chamarajanagar district. The varieties
included in the test were LBG 625 (Check), LBG 791 and KU14-8. Among three varieties LBG 791 (1.24
%) recorded significantly lower yellow mosaic incidence which was at par with KU14-8 (1.47 %) compared
to LBG 625 (31.3 %). However, grain yield, haulm yield and harvest Index were higher with LBG 791 as
compared to LBG 625.Similar trend was observed for growth and yield parameters. The highest gross returns
and B:C Ratio of Rs.36,302/ha and 1.41, respectively were realized with LBG 791 as compared to LBG 625.
Key Words: Blackgram, Economic, Rainfed, Yellow mosaic incidence.

INTRODUCTION In this context, the present study was undertaken to

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) also known as urd evaluate three different varieties suitable for rainfed
bean in India is one of the most important cultivated conditions of Chamarajanagar district.
pulse crops of the ‘Vigna’ group (Pandey et al, 2009).
It is a staple pulse crop in India occupying an area MATERIALS AND METHODS
of 44.93 lakh ha with 29.26 lakh tonne production As a part of on farm testing a field experiment
and 651 kg/ha productivity. In Karnataka, the area, was conducted during 2018-2019 to 2019-2020 at
production and productivity were 3.02 m ha, 1.86 Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Chamarajanagar located in
m t and 614 kg/ha, respectively (Anon, 2017). In the Southern Dry Zone of Karnataka. The soil of
Karnataka, Chamarajanagar district is known for the experimental site was red loamy in texture and
its varied agro-climatic conditions with diversified pH was 7.82. The soil was less in available nitrogen
cropping situation. Among different pulses grown (136kg/ha) and potassium (164kg/ha) and medium
in district, black gram occupies major areanext to in phosphorus (20.9kg/ha). The organic carbon
horsegram and greengram. The district productivity content was low in range (0.46%).An experiment
of black gram is 203 kg/ha (Anon, 2018a). The was replicated seven times in randomized complete
major reasons for the lower productivity of black block design (RCBD). The experiment included
gram are non-availability of season based quality three varieties out of which two varieties were
seeds resulting in increased pest and disease from other states and one susceptible check in the
incidence particularly yellow mosaic virus, use present study. The different varieties were LBG 625
of local and photo insensitive varieties followed also known as Rashmi released from UAS, GKVK,
by erratic rainfall, cultivation of crops under poor Bengaluru has become susceptible to yellow
and marginal lands, broadcasting of seeds, no seed mosaic incidence grown during pre-kharif and
treatment with bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB), producing higher biomass with less yield and shiny
not practicing application of micronutrients, Poor seeds so fetching less price; LBG 791: released
management of pests and diseases (Anon, 2018b). by Agricultural Research Station , Lam, Andhra
Correspondence Author’s Email: sunilcmuasb@gmail.com
* Assistant Pulse Breeder, ZARS, V C Farm, Mandya, Karnataka-571405

215 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 215-218

 Table 1. Growth and yield parameters of different blackgram varieties under rainfed condition of Chamarajanagar District

216
Plant No. of Nodules Count Per cent No. of Pod Seed Days to
No. of
Variety Height Branches/ Effective Ineffective Yellow Pods/ length Index Maturity
Seeds /
(cm) plant Nodules Nodules Mosaic plant (cm) (g)
Pod
disease
LBG 625 49.3 4.31 12.71 2.71 5.63(31.3) 35.9 4.9 6.40 5.06 90.3
LBG 791 36.6 4.92 12.79 2.71 1.20 (1.24) 41.6 5.5 7.65 5.47 79.7
KU 14-8 28.6 1.68 12.36 2.79 1.27 (1.41) 36.8 5.4 7.61 5.19 74.0
Sem ± 0.79 0.13 0.41 0.16 0.12 0.57 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.52
CD 2.27 0.39 NS NS 0.34 1.65 0.16 0.35 0.05 1.50

Note:Pooled data of 2 years(2018 & 2019), NS:Non-significant, Original values are in parentheses

Table-2: Yield and economics of differentblackgram varietiesunder rainfed condition of Chamarajanagar District
Grain Yield Haulm Harvest
Yield index Gross Net
Variety (kg/ha) COC B:C ratio
Returns Returns
(kg /ha)
Sunil et al

LBG 625 363 1854 0.16 22208 16346 -5862 0.74

LBG 791 727 2442 0.23 22208 36302 14094 1.63
KU 14-8 627 2219 0.22 22208 31280 9072 1.41
Sem ± 15.91 62.87 0.01 - - - -

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 215-218

CD 45.95 181.6 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Note:Pooled data of 2 years (2018 & 2019),NA: Not Analyzed
 Performance of Blackgram Varieties

Pradesh is Resistance to YMV, photo insensitive, tabaci (Pavishna et al, 2019 and Taggar and Gill,
non-shiny seeds and third one was KU 14-8 released 2012).
from TNAU determinate type, upright pods, Non- Among the varieties tested the check LBG
shiny seeds was sown in May month with a spacing 625 has significantly recorded higher plant height
of 30 cm × 10 cm. The remaining cultivation as compared to LBG 791 followed by KU 14-8
practises were followed as per the package of whereas the number of branches was more in LBG
practise of UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. 791 as compared to LBG 625 followed by KU 14-
Disease incidence (%) was calculated by 8. However, the results of effective and in-effective
counting the number of plants infected and total nodules were not significant (Table 1).It was evident
number of plants in an m2areaseparately (Archana from the results that the treatments which recorded
et al, 2018).The data on per cent yellow mosaic least per cent yellow mosaic virus disease incidence
incidence was subjected to √x+0.5 transformation have shown a significant positive impact on all the
as suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984) before growth parameters evaluated(Archana et al, 2018).
statistical analysis. Randomly five plants from The yield parameters viz., number of pods per
each treatment were collected (at harvesting stage) plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed
for assessing plant growth and yield parameters. index and days taken for maturity revealed that the
Growth characters , yield parameters and yield per variety LBG 791 recorded significantly higher yield
hectare were recorded and average data obtained parameters followed by KU14-8 whereas the days
from sample plants was analysed statistically taken for maturity was less in case of KU14-8 (74d)
by analysis of variance method for randomized followed by LBG791(79.4 d) and LBG-625 (90.3
block design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Critical d). The better yield parameters were mainly due to
differences were worked out at 5% probability level. good growth parameters (Archana et al, 2018).The
The response of blackgram varieties under rainfed maximum grain yield was obtained with LBG791
condition of Chamarajanagar district was similar in (727 kg/ha) followed by KU14-8 (627 kg/ha) and
both the years of study. Therefore, only pooled data (363 kg/ha). The similar trend was also observed
of two years was discussed. with harvest index, gross returns, net returns and
B:C Ratio (Table 2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The per cent incidence of yellow mosaic virus CONCLUSION
disease was significantly higher with LBG 625 as The varietal experiments conducted during
compared to LBG 791 and KU 14-8 presented (Table two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) showed
1). These results may be attributed by biochemical that black gram genotype LBG 791 has recorded
compounds on the leaves, which repelled insects significantly good yield with less incidence of per
from host plant (Taggar et al, 2014). Antioxidative cent yellow mosaic virus disease under rainfed
compounds have the ability to form insoluble conditions of Chamarajanagar district.
complexes with proteins, act as enzyme inhibitors
or are oxidized to toxic quinines, thus rapid REFERENCES
accumulation of phenols in resistant genotypes Anonymous (2017). Selected state wise Area, Production and
(Metraux and Raskin, 1993). On the other hand, Productivity of blackgram (Kharif and Rabi) in India,
physical factors such as leaf area, pubescence and Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Govt. of
lamina thickness must also be taken into account India.
regarding host selection and might play a role in Anonymous (2018a).Chamarajangara district at a glance,
Department of Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka, (http://
imparting resistance in black gram plants to B.
chamrajnagar.nic.in/diststat/dist_stat1.html).

217 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 215-218

 Sunil et al
Anonymous (2018b). The Comprehensive District Agriculture
Plan (CDAP) of Chamarajanagar District (RKVY).
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation: Ministry
of agriculture & farmer welfare,Government of India
(http://rkvy.nic.in).
Archana S, Venkatesh, Padmaja A S, NagarajuN and
ManjunathaN (2018). Management of yellow mosaic
disease (YMD) of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) in
Southern dry zone of Karnataka. J Ento Zool Stud 6(3):
860-863.
Gomez K A and Gomez A A(984). Data that violate some
assumptions of the analysis of variance. (In:) Statistical
Procedures for Agricultural Research, edn 2, pp. 294–
315. Gomez KA and Gomez AA (Eds), John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 605, Third Avenue, New York.
Metraux J P and Raskin I (1993). Role of phenolics in plant
disease resistance. In: C. Ihan (ed.) Plant Disease Control,
Wiley-Loss, Inc., London, UK. pp. 191-209.
Pandey S, Sharma M, Kumari S, Gaur P M, Chen W and
Kaur L(2009). Integrated foliar diseases management
of legumes. In: Grain Legumes: Genetic improvement,
Management and Trade, Indian Society of Pulses
Research and Development, Indian Institute of Pulses
Research, Kanpur, India: 143-161.
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Pavishna M, Kannan R, Arumugam Pillai M and Rajinimala
N (2019). Screening of blackgram genotypes against
mung bean yellow mosaic virus disease. J Pharmaco
Phytochem 8(3): 4313-4318
Subedi S, Neupane S and Ghimire, T N (2016). Screening
of mungbean and black gram genotypes as sources of
genetic resistance against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic
Disease. Nepalese J Agril Sci :14: 149-156.
Taggar G K and Gill R S (2012). Preference of whitefly
Bemisiatabaci towards black gram genotypes: role of
morphological leaf characteristics. Phytoparasitica 40:
461-474.
Taggar G K, Gill R S, Gupta A K, Singh S (2014) Induced
changes in the antioxidative compounds of Vigna mungo
genotypes due to infestation by Bemisiatabaci (Genn). J
Environ Bio 35: 1037-1045.
Received on 04/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 219-222 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00046.X

Performance of DBW 110 and HI 8737 Varieties of Wheat under

Limited Irrigation Conditions of Madhya Pradesh
R P S Shaktawat, Divakar Singh Tomar and Ajay Kumar Panika
RVSKVV – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agar Malwa – 465441( Madhya Pradesh) India

ABSTRACT
A demonstration of the improved technology of wheat cultivar DBW 110 and HI 8737 was conducted on
farmer’s fields under limited irrigated conditions in Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh during Rabi
season of 2015-16 to 2017-18. Results of study revealed that improved technology i.e. cultivar DBW 110
and HI 8737 gave higher grain yield (45.03 q/ha) as compared to farmer practice i.e. local variety Lok1.
The improvement in grain yield of wheat cultivar DBW 110 and HI 8737 was due to favourable growth and
yield attributing characters (plant height, effective tillers per plant, spike length, grains per spike and test
weight). This treatment also recorded higher gross return (Rs 84,300/ha), net return (Rs 58,466/ha) and B:C
ratio (3.26). The farmers under demonstration were satisfied with improved technology of wheat production
and performance of cultivar DBW 110 and HI 8737 under limited irrigation condition of Mandsaur district.
Key words: Wheat, Production technology, variety.

INTRODUCTION crop period. Under these conditions, wheat is

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a prime
position among the cereals that supplement nearly
one third diet of world’s population. It occupies
an area of 29.58 m ha with production of 99.7 m
t and productivity of 3370 kg/ha in India (Anon,
2018). It is an important crop of rabi season in
Madhya Pradesh covering an area of 5.73 m ha area
with production of 16.32 m t and productivity of
2843 kg/ha during 2017-18 (Anon, 2018). Many
high yielding varieties has been evolved and
recommended for general cultivation in the past.
These varieties are losing their yield potential due
to changes in various edaphic and environmental
conditions. Therefore, selection of high yielding
genotypes with adaptability to edaphic and
environmental conditions is very essential to
increase yield per hectare.
Wheat is the one of the major crop of central
zone of Indian wheat belt where wheat is grown
under warmer climatic conditions due to limited
availability of water and higher temperature during
exposed to terminal heat stress conditions at early
grain filling stage and limited water availability as
major abiotic factor. DBW 110 variety of wheat
was released by CVRC for timely sown, restricted
(limited) irrigation conditions of central zone of
Indian wheat (Singh et al, 2014). The variety showed
potential yield of 50.5 q/ha. DBW 110 flowered in
79 days and matured in 124 days and had a plant
height of 89 cm and 1000 grains weight is 43.0 g.
DBW 110 variety is highly resistant to brown and
black rust and karnal bunt. With respect to quality
parameters DBW 110 variety has better chapatti
and bread quality with 12.2% protein and 54.0 ml
sedimentation value. It also had better nutrition
qualities as it posses 38.2 ppm Fe, 41.3 ppm Zn and
3.94 ppm yellow pigments. Durum wheat variety
HI 8737 (Pusa Anmol) was released for cultivation
under limited irrigated, timely sown condition
of Central India zone comprising of the states of
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan
(Kota and Udaipur division) and Uttar Pradesh

Corresponding author email : rpssbkn@yahoo.co.in

Scientist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ujjain (MP)

219 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 219-222

 Shaktawat et al

Table 1. Plant height and effective tiller of DBW 110 and HI 8737 cultivars of wheat.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Effective tiller/plant
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled
Improved technology 98.4 102.3 99.6 100.1 4.30 4.40 4.60 4.43
Farmer practice 103.8 105.6 106.8 105.4 2.40 2.10 2.20 2.23
S. Em. + 0.27 0.24 0.54 0.16 0.060 0.032 0.035 0.020
CD 5% 0.85 0.75 1.66 0.47 0.187 0.098 0.110 0.056

(Bundelkhand region). It is rich in –kerotene and based all the agronomic practices were followed
essential micronutrients like iron and zinc with a and kept uniform for all farmers.
high overall acceptability. HI 8737 showed high
levels of resistant to stem and leaf rusts and karnal RESULT AND DISCUSSION
bunt (Anonymous, 2014). Keeping all these, in Data presented in Table 1 revealed that improved
mind present demonstration of DBW 110 and HI technology of wheat production gave significantly
8737 varieties of wheat under limited irrigated higher plant height and effective tillers per plant as
conditions of Madhya Pradesh was undertaken. compared to farmer practice during all the seasons.
Further, improved technology treatment gave
MATERIALS AND METHODS significantly higher test weight and straw yield of
The present demonstration was conducted wheat as compared to farmers practice. These data
at farmer’s field during 2015-16 to 2017-18 for are in close conformity with the results of Singh et
demonstration of wheat cultivar under limited al (2017).
irrigation conditions of Mandsaur district of MP.
The demonstration was laid out on farmers field in Plant height
randomized block design with 13 replications (as a The data on plant height revealed that during all
farmer’s field) having plot size 0.4 ha each farmer. the three years improved technology affected plant
The high yielding variety used in improved practice of wheat. Significantly higher plant height of wheat
was DBW 110 during 2015-16 and 2016-17 while, variety (100.1 cm) was recorded when compared
HI 8737 variety of wheat was used during 2017-18. with farmer practice on the basis of pooled data.
Bahadari, Pipliya Karadiya and Ladusa villages of These results are in line with those of Singh et al
Mandsaur district were selected as study area during (2017).
2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The Effective tillers per plant
wheat crop was grown with the recommended seed The effective tillers per plant varied significantly
rate of 100 kg/ha and fertilizer dose of 120:60:40 under different practice of sowing. Under improved
kg NPK/ha under limited irrigated conditions. Need practice of sowing of wheat crop, optimum plant

Table 2.Test weight and grain yield of DBW 110 and HI 8737 cultivars of wheat.
Treatment Test weight (g) Grain yield (q/ha)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled
Improved technology 42.2 41.8 45.6 42.87 41.46 45.00 48.62 45.03
Farmer practice 39.6 36.4 38.2 38.07 34.85 38.00 35.23 36.03
S. Em. + 0.41 0.28 0.33 0.157 0.33 0.37 0.20 0.13
CD 5% 1.28 0.88 1.03 0.444 1.03 1.13 0.63 0.39

220 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 219-222

 Performance of DBW 110 and HI 8737 Varieties of Wheat

Table 3. Straw yield and gross return of DBW 110 and HI 8737 cultivars of wheat.
Treatment Straw yield (q/ha) Gross Return (Rs/ha)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled
Improved technology 43.85 52.85 59.31 52.00 70961 82569 99369 84300
Farmer practice 37.31 48.31 43.15 42.92 59730 70461 72046 67412
S. Em. + 0.41 0.47 0.33 0.18 578.0 667.6 427.1 253.3
CD 5% 1.27 1.45 1.04 0.52 1781.2 2057.3 1316.1 716.5
population with timely sowing gave maximum Straw Yield
number of effective tillers per plant as compared The straw yield of wheat crop is reflected by
to farmers practice. Improved practice gave 4.43 growth parameters like total numbers of tiller, leaf
effective tillers which were 98.65 per cent higher area and plant height of crop. The data presented
as compare to farmer practice. These results are in in Table 4.3 indicated that improved practice
accordance with those of Kumar (2016). technique significantly affect the straw yield of
crop. The higher straw yield of wheat (52.0q/ha)
Test weight was observed with improved technology which
The data regarding test weight indicated that was 21.16 percent higher as compared to farmer
test weight of wheat was significantly affected by practice. Geneotypically difference in straw yield
improved practice treatment. The wheat crop sown of wheat can be attributed mainly to their plant
with improved technology produced heavier grains height and more number of tillers. Similarly, Rani
(42.87 g) than that of the crop sown with farmer et al (2017) also observed that straw yield of wheat
practice (38.07 g). Difference in test weight among differed significantly due to genetic variation in
genotypes might be contributed to their genetic wheat cultivars.
diversity. These results are in line with those of
Singh et al (2017). Economics
Maximum gross and net return with B:C ratio
Grain Yield was obtained with DBW 110 cultivar i.e. Rs 84300/
Grain yield of wheat crop is the result of ha, Rs 58466/ha and 3.26 which are 25.05 , 37.31
combined effect of various yield attributing and 19.85 per cent higher as compared to farmer’s
characters of cultivars. It is evident from the data practice (Table 4). Results of present study are in
that cultivar DBW 110 gave higher grain yield agreement with the findings of Sharma et al (2013).
(41.46 and 45.00 q/ha) which was 18.96 and 18.42
per cent higher as compared to farmer practice i.e. CONCLUSION
local variety Lok-1 during 2015-16 and 2016-17, On the basis of pooled data, it may conclude
respectively. Further, cultivar HI 8737 gave higher that improved technology i.e. cultivar DBW 110
grain yield (48.62 q/ha) which was 38.00 per cent and HI 8737 gave higher grain yield (45.03 q/
higher as compared to farmer practice i.e. local ha) as compared to farmer practice i.e. local
variety Lok-1 during 2017-18. The cultivar DBW variety Lok-1 under limited irrigation condition of
110 showed their significant difference in all yield Mandsaur district. The improvement in grain yield
attributing characters. Results of present study are of wheat cultivar DBW 110 and HI 8737 was due to
in agreement with the findings of Sharma et al favourable growth and yield attributing characters
(2013), Manan et al (2015), Kumar (2016), Rani et (plant height, effective tillers per plant, spike length,
al (2017) and Singh et al (2017).

221 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 219-222

 Shaktawat et al

Table 4.Net return and B:C ratio of DBW 110 and HI 8737 cultivars of wheat.
Treatment Net Return (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled
Improved technology 48461 55366 71869 58466 3.15 3.00 3.61 3.26
Farmer practice 38230 43966 45546 42579 2.78 2.66 2.72 2.72
S. Em. + 578.0 667.6 427.1 253.3 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.010
CD 5% 1781.2 2057.3 1316.1 716.5 0.078 0.076 0.047 0.028

grains per spike and test weight). This treatment Rani S, Swati Joshi, D Goel P and Ranjana (2017). Genetic
also recorded higher gross return (Rs 84,300/ha), architecture of yield and some morphophysiological heat
tolerance traits in bread wheat. Int J Current Microbiol
net return (Rs 58,466/ha) and B:C ratio (3.26). and Appl Sci 6(11):2155-2165.
Sharma S K, Negi S C, Subehia S K and Rana S S (2013).
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Anonymous (2014). New bread and durum varieties released.
and wheat in sub montane subtropical low hills zone of
IARI News. 30(4):1
Himalchal Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 2(1):41-44.
Anonymous (2018). Agricultural statistics at a glance – 2017.
Singh K M, Singh H K, Sohane R K and Singh Ashutosh (2017)
Kumar A (2013). Adoption behavior and constraints in wheat Performance of wheat cultivars under irrigated late sown
production technology for higher wheat productivity in condition. J Expt Biology and Agril Sci 5(4):472-475.
hills of Uttarakhand. J Krishi Vigyan 1(2):6-9.
Singh S K, Tiwari V and Sharma Indu (2014). DBW 110: A
Manan J, Sharma M, Singh G and Singh G (2015). Package of new wheat variety for timely sown, restricted irrigated
practice followed by farmers and its effect on wheat yield condition of central India. Research Note, ICAR-IIWBR,
in district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan 4(1):67-71. Karnal. 8(2):3-4.
Received on 02/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

222 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 219-222

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00048.3

Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers in Apple Production

System in South Kashmir of Jammu and Kashmir State
Bashir A Rather, M Zubair Tak, Rukhsar A Dar, Iffat Ghani, Gowher N Parrey and
Jehangeer A Baba
Krishi Vigyan Kendra/Extension Training Centre, Malangpora, Pulwama, 192 308 (J&K)

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to assess the pesticide application behavior of farmers with respect to
apple production system in Southern region of Kashmir valley. A total of 500 farmers were selected as
respondents throughout the four districts of South Kashmir through four stage sampling procedure. The
selected respondents were interviewed personally using a pre-tested well structured questionnaire. The
results revealed that almost all the farmers were dependant on chemical pesticides for the management
of diseases and insect pests but had a preliminary knowledge about them and knew the pesticides
only by their trade names without their active ingredients and mode of action. The most frequently
used were fungicides followed by insecticides and acaricides. The majority of farmers followed a
calendar based spray schedule based on the different phenological stages of apple and sprayed different
fungicides and insecticides and partially taking into consideration the recommended spray schedule.
However, the farmers were observed to rotate different fungicides in each spray. The data revealed that
majority of the farmers were dependant mostly on input dealers followed by extension personnel and
progressive farmers for their need of technological information on various aspects of pesticide use.
KeyWords: Apple, Knowledge. Farmers, Pesticide Application, Sampling.

INTRODUCTION which include sanitation, removal of infested and

Horticulture forms the backbone of the economy
of Jammu and Kashmir state. Most of the people
especially those living in Kashmir are directly or
indirectly dependant on it. Amongst the fruit crops
apple production constitutes about 86 per cent of
the total horticultural produce (Dar et al, 2010). The
valley of Kashmir especially the South Kashmir
has name and fame in producing quality temperate
fruits especially well known for apple, almond and
walnut. However, apple is prone to a number of
diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc such
as scab, Alternaria leaf blotch, cankers, root/collar
rot, etc and is also severely attacked by many insect
pests like San Jose Scale, woolly apple aphid, borers,
etc which result in severe economic losses and
sometimes lead to partial or complete plant death in
distress. Therefore, various strategies are necessarily
followed by the farmers for their management
diseased branches, etc and particularly spraying
different pesticides like fungicides, insecticides and
acaricides. The farmers follow a calendar based
spray schedule spraying indiscriminately different
pesticides for management of diseases and insect
pests without taking into consideration their adverse
effects. This necessitates the conducting of survey
programmes for generating data with regard to the
current pesticide usage among farmers and other
related aspects for the judicious use and efficient
management. Therefore, this study was conducted
to analyze the pesticide use and application
behavior of farmers in apple production system.
The main objective of this study was to investigate
farmers’ perception and the factors that influence
their intention to apply pesticide to their crop for
pest management with the purpose of improving
the IPM extension program.

Corresponding Authors’ Email: entobashir@gmail.com

223 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228

 Rather et al

MATERIALS AND METHODS farmers were interviewed personally by trained

The study was conducted in South Kashmir
region of Jammu and Kashmir state during 2018.
A four stage sampling design was used to select the
sample households. In the first stage four different
districts of Kashmir valley in South viz., Anantnag,
Kulgam, Pulwama and Shopian which are famous
for apple cultivation in the valley were purposively
selected for the study. In the second stage three
different blocks were selected randomly from each
district which covers the major apple belts in the
district. In the third stage, six different villages
were selected randomly from different blocks to
ensure good representation of the selected blocks.
Finally, in the fourth stage a total of 500 farmers,
representing 100 households from each district
belonging to six different randomly selected villages
in proportion to the population in each village,
were selected as respondent farmers. The selected
BHT (Basic Horticulture Trained) students with the
help of a well structured questionnaire. Knowledge
was assessed as the information possessed by
the farmers about nature of disease/insect pest/
physiological disorder, pesticide use, phenological
stage of crop, number of fungicide, insecticide and
pesticide applications used as per recommended
spray schedule or otherwise, during the year and
time of application. The four different sources
of information used by farmers for consultation
purposes about the selection, right use, dose and
time of application of a pesticide for spraying
orchards include his own, input dealer, progressive
farmer and extension worker. The farmers were
categorized on the basis of utilizing the source of
information as mostly, occasionally and seldom.
Data thus obtained were analyzed using statistical
procedures wherever required.

Table 1. District wise extent of knowledge of farmers about identification of pesticides, diseases,
insect pests and physiological disorders in apple .
Extent of Knowledge of farmers (%)
Sr. No Particular Anantnag Kulgam Pulwama Shopian
1. Major diseases
a Apple scab 94 96 97 100
b Alternaria leaf spot 75 80 85 80
c Apple cankar, root/collar rot 65 75 80 75
2. Major insect pests
a SanJose Scale 65 70 75 70
b WoollyApple aphid 70 85 90 85
c Borers/leaf roller,etc 65 75 80 70
d Mites 45 65 75 80
3. Pesticides
a Fungicides 100 100 100 100
b Insecticides 100 100 100 100
c Weedicides 45 65 75 70
d Acaricides 55 65 75 70
4. Physiological Disorders
a Ca/B deficiency 40 50 65 55
b NPK deficiency, drought, etc 30 45 45 40

224 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228

 Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers

Table 2. Pesticide utilization by farmers of South Kashmir (Anantnag, Kulgam, Pulwama and
Shopian ) on apple during 2018.
Spray Phenological Fungicide No. of farmers % age of No. of farmers
No. stage of apple who sprayed farmers who who skipped
during different sprayed as sprays during
phenological per spray different
stages of crop schedule phenological
stages of crop*
1st Dormant/ HMO @ 2L/ 100L of water 455 91
28
delayed HMO @ 2L/ 100L of water+ 17 3.40
dormant Stage Ethion 50EC @ 1ml/L
2nd Silver tip to Captan 50WP 265 53
85
green tip Mancozeb 75WP 150 30
3rd Pink bud Dodine 50WP 295 59
65
Mancozeb 75WP 140 28
Flowering No spray - -
-
stage
4th Petal fall Difenconazole 20EC 305 61
Flusazole 30EC 77 15.40
Trifloxystrobin 25 + 30 6.00 68
Tubeconazole 50 WG
Mancozeb 75WP 20 4.00
5th Fruit let (pea Mancozeb 75WP + 205 41
size) Chloropyriphos 20EC
Difenconazole 20EC+ 155 31
Chloropyriphos 20EC
Mancozeb 75WP + 45 9.00
55
Quinalphos 35EC
Propneb 75WP+ 30 6.00
Chloropyriphos 20EC
Cyclone(Chloropyriphos 50 10 2.00
+C ypermethrin 5 EC)
6th Fruit Dev.-I Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 125 25
4%+ Chloropyriphos 20EC
Propneb 75WP+ 115 23
Chloropyriphos 20EC
75
Mancozeb 75WP+ 150 30
Dimethoate 30 EC
Difenconazole 20EC + 35 7.00
Chloropyriphos 20EC

225 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228

 Rather et al

7th Fruit Dev.-II Propineb 75WP 45 9.00

Metiram 53 10.60
55%+Pyraclostrobin 5%
Mancozeb 75WP+ 102 20.4
Dimethoate 30 EC
Zineb Z78+Fenzaquin 10EC 103 20.6
Mancozeb 75WP + 65 13.00
54
Fenzaquin 10EC
Mancozeb 75WP + 23 4.60
Spiromecifen 22.9EC
Mancozeb 75WP + 38 7.60
Quinalphos 35EC
Myclobutanil 10WP + 17 3.40
Dimethoate 30 EC
8th Fruit Dev.-III Ziram 80WP 175 35
57
Ziram 27SC 268 53.60

*
No consecutive sprays were skipped away by the farmers during calendar spray schedule

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The respondent farmers have utilized a variety

Knowledge level of farmers
The district wise data collected regarding the
extent of knowledge of farmers on identification of
diseases, insect pests and physiological disorders
in apple (Table1) revealed that majority of the
farmers in all the districts possessed knowledge
about major diseases and insect pests attacking
apple and different types of pesticides required for
the management of these pests. However, a low
percentage of farmers were recorded aware about
the physiological disorders caused due to deficiency
of nutrients like Ca, B, N, K, etc or other abiotic
factors.
Pesticide utilization
The results (Table 2) revealed that majority of
the farmers used chemical pesticides like fungicides,
insecticides and acaricides for the management of
insect pests and diseases. The data also revealed
that majority of the farmers were well aware of
the different phenological stages of the apple
crop and partially followed up the spray schedule
recommended by the university.
of pesticide formulations of different groups for
different purposes. It was observed that farmers used
4-8 fungicide sprays with majority of the farmers
spraying 8 followed by 6, 7, 5, and 4 sprays and
1-3 insecticide sprays with majority of the farmers
spraying 2 followed by 3 and 1 spray during the
entire growing season at different phenological
stages of the crop. A small percentage of farmers
were observed to skip fungicide sprays during
different phenological stages but not consecutively.
The tank mixing of insecticides and acaricides with
fungicides was mostly performed with Mancozeb
75WP, Propineb 75WP, Zineb 78WP, Myclobutanil
10WP and Difenconazole 20EC. The results also
revealed that majority of the farmers remembered
the pesticides by their trade names without having
any awareness of their technical names and
different modes of action. A minor group of farmers
was found aware about the contact and systemic
action of fungicides and insecticides. However, the
farmers were observed rotating different fungicides
and insecticides in the consecutive sprays during
the different phenological stages of the crop as

226 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228

 Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers
recommended in the spray schedule. As revealed by
the questionnaire the farmers were observed to have
maintained an interval of 10-20 days between the
consecutive sprays. It was also observed that some
farmers have widened the gap between consecutive
fungicide sprays by counting insecticide spray as a
normal fungicide spray which is not recommended
as it increases the chances of disease incidence in
the apple orchards. The farmers were observed very
particular in managing the primary inoculum of
apple scab as revealed by the interval gap of 10-12
days hardly between the different fungicide sprays
from green tip stage to fruit let stage. Kaur (2018)
revealed that amongst the various reasons cited by
the farmers for using higher doses of pesticides,
spurious quality of pesticides has emerged as the
main reason, 100 per cent of the farmers were of
the view that pesticide usage should decline in
the state because of the ill effects of pesticides on
the human and animal health. Fifty per cent of the
total sampled farmers suggested that quality of the
pesticides must be ensured for effective control of
pests/diseases while 26 per cent were in favour of
developing new formulations of better quality than
existing ones.
Management of insect and mite pests
Regarding management of insect and mite pests
in the apple orchards the study revealed that almost
all farmers sprayed dormant/delayed dormant oil
sprays like HMOs during the dormant season as
the first indispensable spray. A minor group of
farmers have impregnated an organo-phosphorous
insecticide like Ethion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l of water
with HMO during the dormant season. This was
followed by two insecticide sprays by majority of
the farmers first at pea size stage of the fruit crop
and second during the fruit development stage-I and
fruit development stage-II. Majority of the farmers
preferred spraying tank mixture of Mancozeb 75WP
with Dimethoate 30 EC or Chloropyriphos 20EC or
Quinalphos 35EC as and when needed. However,
a small percentage of the farmers’ sprayed 3rd
insecticide spray during the fruit development
227 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228
stage-II for the efficient management of insect
pests. Similar studies were conducted by Kumar et
al (2017) in studying the pesticide use behavior of
farmers in rice-onion production system.
For the management of Alternaria leaf spot
associated with mite infestation the data revealed
that majority of the farmers have sprayed a tank
mixture of fungicide + acaricide during the disease
incidence. However, an insignificant number of
farmers have sprayed an early acaricide during the
season followed by second spray as tank mixture
of fungicide + acaricide during the incidence of
Alternaria leaf spot and leaf blotch during the
season.
Source of information
It has been usually observed that different
sources of information are used by the farmers
to adopt a new technology and to solve their
problems. It is expected that faith on certain
information sources influences the decision making
to adopt any crop production and crop protection
technology. Similar results were recorded during
the survey to know the source of consultation used
by farmers about the right use, dose and time of
application of a pesticide for spraying orchards.
The results (Table 3) revealed that the input dealer
(53%) has been the major information provider
on pesticide use for the majority of the farmers
followed by progressive and fellow farmer (37%),
extension personnel (25%) and the farmer (28%)
himself. On the other hand progressive farmers
were occasionally consulted by majority of the
farmers (42%) followed by extension personnel and
input dealer. Similarly majority of farmers (47%)
never followed any source of information for the
selection of pesticide, etc. and used his personnel
knowledge in spraying their orchards. The data
further revealed that extension personnel were
mostly consulted by 25 % followed by occasionally
contacted by 37 and seldom by 38 per cent. This
depicts that there is an utmost need for awareness
of integrated pest management progammes in apple
production technologies for sustainable production
 Rather et al

Table 3. Source of information for farmers regarding the pesticide use.

Source of information Mostly Occasionally Seldom

Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent

Input dealer 265 53 130 26 105 21
Extension Personnel 125 25 185 37 190 38
Himself 140 28 125 25 235 47
Progressive/ Fellow farmer 185 37 210 42 155 31
Mass media 70 14 160 32 270 54

and judicious use of pesticides. Mass media was
rarely used by farmers in spraying their orchards.
Similar studies were conducted by Hoeng and
Escalada (1999) in rice pest management decisions.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that majority of the farmers
have only a preliminary knowledge about the major
diseases and insect pests of apple and are dependent
upon the chemical pesticides like fungicides,
insecticides and acaricides for the management of
diseases and insect-mite pest complex in the apple
orchard system. They followed the calendared spray
schedule during different phenological stages of
apple mostly in consultation with the input dealers
followed by progressive farmer, own self and
extension personnel. During survey it was observed
that majority of the farmers have sprayed different
fungicides/insecticides as per recommended spray
schedule during different phenological stages of
apple. However, lack of knowledge on various
aspects of pesticide application like dose, time
and method of application, mode of action, etc
have made their adoption to injudicious and
indiscriminate use of pesticides. The input dealers
were acting as the major source of information on
pesticide use which often resulted in application
of spurious and injudicious use of pesticides and
adoption of other unnecessary and faulty agriculture
practices. Thus, agricultural extension needs to be
employed to follow, a systematic and well planned
approach in the area for improving the status of
knowledge of farmers for the judicious use and
effective management of insect pests and diseases
in the apple agro-ecosystem. Moreover, there is
also need to conduct awareness and training camps
for the input dealers and progressive farmers who
can take a lead in the implementation of judicious
application of pesticides and save the environment
and agro-ecosystem from the undesirable effects
and simultaneously minimize the cost of production
and ultimately the yield. There is also immense
scope for awaking the farmer in pesticide use
regarding selection, dose, time of application and
handling aspects for efficient management and need
based application for saving the unnecessary loss in
increasing the cost of production.
REFERENCES
Dar G H, Beigh M A and Ahmad K (2010). Three days training
programme on disease management in fruit crops (25th
-27th March). Division of Plant pathology, SKUAST-K
1-80pp.
Heong K L and Escalada M M (1999).Quantifying rice farmers’
pest management decisions : beliefs and subjective norms
in stem borer control. Crop Protection 18:315-322.
Kaur A, Sharma M and Singh G (2018). Use of pesticides in
agriculture by different categories of farmer in Punjab. J
Krishi Vigyan 6 (2) : 247-252
Kumar S, Roy S, Sinha B S, Sing R N and Sohane R K (2017).
Pesticide use behavior of farmers in rice-onion production
system. J Krishi Vigyan 5 (2)142-146
Received on 7/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

228 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 223-228

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 229-235 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00050.1

Response of Albizia lebbeck to Moisture Stress on Seed

Germination and Moisture Gradient on Seedling Growth
Yadwinder Singh and Avtar Singh
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab) India

ABSTRACT
The polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was used under laboratory conditions. The studied parameters
viz., germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, germination value and hypocotyls
length was significantly reduced with increase in moisture stress. The control treatment T1 had highest
Germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value and hypocotyls
length. There were decreases in the values of all the studied germination parameters with increase
in moisture stress created by use of different concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The
different irrigation interval (days) followed for seedling production in nursery exhibited that different
moisture gradients in nursery soil effected significantly seedling growth parameters viz., seedling
height, collar diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight,
chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, nutrient uptake in leafs (N,P,K) and root: shoot ratio were
significant. There was decrease in all the studied growth parameters (except root shoot ratio) recorded
with increase in moisture stress caused by irrigation interval studied. Out of the three container size of
hyco-trays studied, the container size T3 (300 cc) had significantly the highest seedling height, collar
diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, total chlorophyll, nitrogen
content in leaf, phosphorus content in leaf, potassium content in leaf and root; shoot ratio as compared
to container size T1 (93 cc) and T2 (150 cc).There were increase in all the studied growth parameters
(except root shoot ratio) studied with increase in size of root containers, which could be attributed
to more growing media and nutrients, and higher water holding capacity in large sized containers.
Key Words: Albizia lebbeck, PEG 6000, Root pruners, Water stress, Nursery.

INTRODUCTION to produce seedlings of uniform size. This can

Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. belongs to sub
family mimosoideae and commonly known as
Indian Siris or East Indian walnut and it is a tall,
unarmed, and deciduous tree distributed throughout
India from the plains up to 900m in the Himalayas.
Seed quality plays an important role in the
production of tree seedlings. Characteristics
such as germination percentage, purity, vigor,
and appearance are important for foresters for
plantation of trees and to farmers for establishing
agroforestry plantation. The first event of the plant
life cycle is the germination of seeds that’s why
the uniform seed germination is very important
be achieved by the proper pre-sowing treatment
which helps in better germination percentage of
seeds. The tree planting succession depends upon
the quality of plants. A poor quality seedling if
planted on a well-prepared, good site there will
be mostly chance of producing poor quality
trees. In the field, there are wastage of space and
resources if poor quality seedlings used which
results in low site productivity. Hence, quality
tree seedlings should be healthy, vigorously
growing and free of diseases; stem should be
solid and has a large root collar diameter. The
shoot and root biomass should be balance and

Corresponding Author’s Email: avtar3@pau.edu

229 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 229-235

 Singh and Singh

their leaves have a healthy, dark green colour. calculated using the following formula (ISTA,
But due to a lack of quality seedlings production 1999), Mean daily germination, peak value, and
technology in our country of A. lebbeck , we are germination value and germination energy was
unable to introduce this tree into Agroforestry. calculated by using the formula given by Czabator
Keeping in view this, the present study was (1962). During the process of germination, the
undertaken with the following objective seeds were observed for days to first germination
To study the water stress sustainability during and based on the germination observations taken on
seed germination in vitro conditions and during every day. The data were analyzed with one factor
seedling production of Siris in the nursery. analysis of variance in Randomized block design.
Likewise, to evaluate the response of irrigation The response of seedling to different irrigation
intervals and container size on the growth of interval (moisture gradient) was studied by giving
Albizia lebbeck seedlings. irrigations at different intervals viz., 7, 10, 14,
18 and 21 days interval (Table 2). The effect of
MATERIALS AND METHODS container (hyco-trays) cell volume on seedling
The ripe pods of Albizia lebbeck were collected growth was studied using three container size
in February - March 2018 from mature trees grown viz., 93,150 and 300 CC volumes with requisite
at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The number of replications/treatments. Morphological
seeds were extracted from pods and stored after parameters viz., plant height, collar diameter, leaf
cleaning in polythene bags. The study site is located area, fresh weight of roots and shoots, root shoot
at 30º 54` North (latitude), 75º 48` East (longitude) ratio and seedling vigour index of A. lebbeck were
at altitude 247 m above the mean sea level. Moisture studied. Leaf samples of A. lebbeck were collected
stress was applied using six concentrations of PEG for mineral analysis (N, P and K). Plant samples
6000, corresponding to -1.0; -3.9; -8.0; -9.8; 11.3 collected from the field, were washed in succession
and 12.9 bars of water potential (Table 1). These with tap water, hydrochloric acid, distilled water and
water potential were obtained by adding in 1000 ml deionized water in plastic containers. The samples
of deionized water of 100, 200, 300, 325, 350 and were dried in oven at 60-70oc. Plant samples
375 g of PEG 6000 following the method of Lawlor were processed for total nitrogen, phosphorus and
(1970) and Michel (1983). The seeds were scarified potassium estimation as per the methods given
by treating with concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 by (AOAC, 1975). This study was performed in
minutes and then washed four times in running a randomized block designed factor factorial and
water. These seeds were soaked in distilled water data were analyzed as per the procedure laid out by
for 24 hr Then seeds were surface sterilized by Panse and Sukhatme (1989).
soaking them first in 70% alcohols for 30 seconds
and then 5% calcium hypochlorite for 10 minutes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seeds were finally rinsed five times with pure Effect of water stress on germination
sterilized water before plating for seed germination Water stress induced by PEG had significant
in laboratory at 30±1oc temperature maintained in reduction in germination and related characters
BOD incubator by taking 25 seeds per replication during seed germination of Albizia lebbeck
having four replications in each treatment. After (Table1). The seed germination percentage was
25 days of germination period, seedlings were highest (95.0%) in control treatment (T1) it was
evaluated for germination based on normal lowest (16.6 %) in treatment with highest water
seedling characters and the results were reported stress level of -12 bars (T7).
in percentage. Seed germination percentage was

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 Response of Albizia lebbeck

Table 1. Effect of moisture stress on Seed germination, Germination value, Mean daily germination,
peak value and hypocotyls’ length of Albizia lebbeck.
Treatment Seed Germination Mean daily Peak value Hypocotyls’
(bars) germination value germination length (mm)
(%)
T1 (0.0) 95 7.0 2.7 2.6 10.3
T2 (-1.0) 88.3 5.7 2.5 2.2 10.0
T3 (-3.9) 70 3.7 2.0 1.8 8.5
T4 (-8.4) 48.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 7.1
T5 (-9.8) 35 0.8 0.9 0.9 6.1
T6 (-11.3) 23.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 5.3
T7 (-12.9) 16.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 4.1
C.D (P=0.05) 5.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2
The germination value, mean daily germination to their higher levels low osmoregulatory capacity.
and peak values were highest in the treatment of In case of stress, the activities of the hydrolytic
lowest moisture stress and it followed the decreasing enzymes may have an impact, in particular on the
trends in all the parameters with increase in moisture levels of α -Amylase and α -Glucosidase, which
stress level. The decrease in values of each parameter shows the greatest decrease of concentrated seeds
was significant with increase in each stress level to with a high level of PEG 6000. Since cell expansion
its immediate lower stress level during germination. is dependent on cellular water potential, developing
Drought is an important abiotic stress that plants cells dilate less and their size is reduced under stress
face and may be responsible for the inhibition or (Barlow, 1986).
delay of seed germination. The first physiological
disorder, which occurs during germination due to Morphological Characters
polyethylene glycol, was the reduction of water The morphological characters showed
imbibitions by the seeds, which resulted in a series decreasing trends with increase in irrigation interval
of metabolic changes, including altered enzyme (Table 2.). The plant height, collar diameter, average
activities and a reduction in metabolism general leaf area, number of leaves and fresh weight of shoot
hydrolysis use of the seed bank (Ahmad and Bano, was maximum 85.55cm,5.94cm,404.40cm2,7.6
1992). Consistently, the activity of α-amylase and number and 18.15g in treatment T1( irrigation after
β-amylase in germinating seeds is reduced by water 7 d),respectively. These parameters were minimum
stress (Zeid and Shedeed, 2006). Muscoloa et al treatment T5 (irrigation after 21 d). The seedling
(2013) also showed PEG-induced water stress in vigour index also followed the same trend with
four lentil genotypes and showed that water stress maximum (6800) in T1treatment was minimum
reduced seed germination percentage, root length, (1710) in T5 treatment. The root shoot ratio was
and seedling water content in all cultivars to a minimum (0.18) in treatment T1 and T2. The total
different extent. chlorophyll content was maximum (1.62 mg/g) in
treatment T1. The total chlorophyll content was
The results confirmed the water stress caused by minimum (0.72 mg/g) in treatment T5. The nitrogen
PEG-induced drought stress in Albizia lebbeck seeds uptake of N, P and K in leaf content was maximum
and suggested that the variation in contrast stress in T1 treatment it was minimum in treatment T5
sensitivity in Albizia lebbeck seeds may be related (Table 3).

231 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 229-235

 Singh and Singh

Table 2. Effect of moisture gradient on plant height, collar diameter, leaf area, fresh weight of roots
and shoots, root shoot ratio and seedling vigour index of Albizia lebbeck
Treatment Plant Collar Average Number of Fresh Fresh Root Seedling
height diameter leaf area leaves per weight of weight of shoot vigour
(irrigation
(cm) (mm) (cm2) branch shoots roots ratio index
interval)
(g / plant) ( g / plant)
T1 (7 d) 85.55 5.94 404.40 7.60 41.00 7.60 0.18 6800
T2 (10 d) 78.80 5.12 372.60 7.00 33.80 6.20 0.18 5616
T3 (14 d) 68.60 4.36 287 5.40 25.80 5.20 0.20 4080
T4 (18 d) 59.80 3.97 240.60 4.40 21.00 5.15 0.24 2832
T5 (21 d) 45.21 3.39 198.20 3.40 18.15 4.60 0.25 1710
C.D (P=0.05) 2.73 0.09 41.11 0.98 1.06 1.06 0.01 28.42

Table 3. Effect of moisture gradient on total chlorophyll, nutrient uptake (N, P and K) in seedlings
of Albizia lebbeck
Treatment Total chlorophyll Nitrogen uptake Phosphorus Potassium uptake
(irrigation interval) (mg/g of fresh in leaf (mg/g) uptake in leaf in leaf (mg/g)
weight) (mg/g)
T1 (7 d) 1.62 24.78 1.88 13.45
T2 (10 d) 1.35 23.93 1.73 12.35
T3 (14 d) 1.16 22.81 1.66 11.35
T4 (18 d) 0.90 20.79 1.57 10.47
T5 (21 d) 0.72 18.61 1.48 9.71
C.D (P=0.05) 0.06 0.83 0.02 0.52

The plant height, collar diameter, average leaf
area, numbers of leaves, fresh weight of shoots total
chlorophyll and nutrient uptake (N, P and K) in leaf
content was maximum in treatment T3 (300 cc) and
were minimum in treatment T1(93cc), respectively
(Table 4 & 5).
Effect of water stress on growth
The influence of water deficit on the growth
of Albizia lebbeck plants showed significant
variations at all stages of growth. The application
of irrigation at 7 d intervals resulted in a significant
improvement in plant height, collar diameter, and
average leaf area, number of leaves and fresh weight
of shoot compared with irrigation at 21d intervals.
The most obvious effect of water deficit on the
growth of Albizia lebbeck plants was inhibition of
growth. Cell expansion is one of the most sensitive
processes affected by a change in the water status of
the plant. Kaewsuksaeng (2011) reported that there
was degradation in Chlorophyll in horticultural
crops due to moisture stress. Davies and Lakso
(1979) observed a linear correlation between
photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in trees
under water stress and reported that such conditions
were responsible for the reduction in leaf area
and the rate of photosynthesis. Anjum et al (2011)
reported that water stress affects the morphological
parameters of the plants .Yordanov et al (2003) have
pointed out that water stress influences biochemical
and metabolic changes in cell organization, such
as turgor pressure, membrane stability, cell size
reduction, report water plant, which is directly
related to the absorption of water and minerals.
Leaf area and stem length are minimized due to

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 Response of Albizia lebbeck

Table 4. Effect of container size on plant height, collar diameter, leaf area, fresh weight of roots and
shoots, root shoot ratio and seedling vigour index of Albizia lebbeck.
Treatment Plant Collar Average Number Fresh Fresh Root shoot Seedling
(volume height diameter leaf area of leaves / weight of weight of ratio vigour
of root (cm) (mm) (cm2) branch shoots roots index
container (g / plant) (g /plant)
(cc) )
T1 (93) 58.11 3.08 286.14 4.42 4.42 29.28 0.16 4814
T2 (150) 69.55 4.59 326 5 5 36.57 0.13 5658
T3 (300) 81.43 5.07 354.71 6.28 6.28 40.42 0.11 6885
C.D 2.93 0.06 6.64 0.80 0.80 1.43 0.01 23.06
(P=0.05)

Table 5. Effect of container size of total chlorophyll, nutrient uptake (N, P and K) in seedlings of
Albizia lebbeck.
Treatment Total chlorophyll Nitrogen uptake Phosphorus Potassium uptake
(volume of root (mg/g of fresh in leaf (mg/g) uptake in leaf in leaf (mg/g)
container (cc) ) weight) (mg/g)
T1 (93) 1.18 25.35 1.87 13.85

T2 (150) 1.30 26.40 1.93 14.21

T3 (300) 1.51 27.01 1.96 14.83

C.D (P=0.05) 0.03 0.39 0.03 0.33

decreased cell size, and decreased leaf area ratio relative to the epidemic, resulting in an increased
reduces the photosynthetic area and ultimately the root-to-sprout ratio in case of water deficit, which
growth rate. Water stress has resulted in fewer and facilitates the increase of the absorption surface
smaller leaves, smaller and more compact cells, and so that the plant absorbs more water and minerals
higher specific gravity, lower leaf area (Shao et al,(Wu and Cosgrove, 2000). Thomas and Turner
2008), and plant biomass due to reduction of the (2001) also observed a decrease in chlorophyll
photosynthetic area (Thakur and Sood, 2005). content in banana cultivars, resulting in decreased
Arji and Arzani (2003) reported that vegetative photosynthesis. Baligar et al (2001) reported that
traits such as dry and fresh root weight, bud and the water deficit inhibits the absorption of nutrients
leaves, leaf surface, number of leaves, and tree from the soil due to a lower perspiration rate,
height under the stress of drought decreased as narrower stomata and lower energy supply.
compared to unstressed seedlings. Zheng et al The height of the seedling, the diameter of the
(2010) reported that water deficit decreased shoot crown, the number of leaves, the weight of the
and leaf biomass and induced significant yield fresh sprout, the weight of the fresh root, the root:
loss. According to Gorai et al (2010), the relative shoot ratio and the quality index of the seedling
distribution of biomass in the root system increases were strongly influenced by the size of container.

233 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 229-235

 Singh and Singh

The higher root weight in 300cc (T3) container Bali R S, Chauhan D S and Todaria N P (2013). Effect of
was superior to the other root trainers of 150cc growing media, nursery beds and containers on seed
germination and seedling establishment of Terminalia
(T2) and 93cc (T1) due to the greater volume of bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. a multipurpose tree. Trop Ecol
container. Bali et al (2013) and Zalzaleh (2009) in 54:59–66.
a survey also reported that the percentage of seed Baligar V C, Fageria N K and He Z L (2001) . Nutrient use
germination, seedling height, crown diameter and efficiency in plants. Com Soil Sci Pl 32: 921-950.
the number of leaves increased with increasing Barlow J W (1986). Effect of NaCl and polyethylene glycol
container size in Acacia saligna. Similar results on solute content and glycosidase activities during
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(2011) and Rathore et al 2004 in case of Jatropha Czabator F J (1962). Germination value: An index combining
curcas and Casurina equisetifolia, respectively. speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest
The results corroborate those of Zalzaleh (2009). Sci 8: 386 – 395.
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size has a profound influence on seedling growth deficits and plant growth. Acad Press 15:153–190, 1979.
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role in the carrying capacity of the potting mix, responses in growth and water relationship of Medicago
sativa (L.) cv. Gabes and Astragalus gombiformis (Pom.)
which promotes growth and the development of
under water-limited conditions. Emir J Food Agric
seedlings in the nursery stage. A larger container 22:01-12.
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ISTA (1999). International rules for seed testing. Seed Sci
for root development, which allows better seedling &Tech, 21:288 pp.
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Kaewsuksaeng S (2011). Chlorophyll degradation in
horticultural crops. Walailak J Sci Tech 8:9-19.
CONCLUSION Lawlor D W (1970). Absorption of PEG by plant and their
Water stress should be avoided during effects on plant growth. New Phytol, 69: 501-13.
first week of sowing to obtain maximum seed Michel B E (1983). Evaluation of Water potential of
germination of Albizia lebbeck. Overall better Polyethylene Glycol. Plant Physiol.72:66-70
growth of seedlings can be obtained with Panse V G and Sukhatme P V (1989). Statistical Methods for
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days interval in nursery. Among the root trainers Rathore T S, Annapurna D and Joshi G (2004). Studies on
the root trainer with 300cc volume are good for potting mixture and size of container on the quality of
producing seedlings with maximum growth. seedling production in Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.
Indian Forester 130:323-33.
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and polybag size on early growth of Jatropha curcas. Res of higher plants-biotechnologically and sustainably
J Agric Biol Sci 6:2011–2045. improving agriculture and the eco environment in arid
regions of the globe. Crit Rev Biotechnol 29:131-151.
Ahmad J and Bano M (1992). The effect of sodium chloride
on physiology of cotyledons and mobilization of reserved Thakur PS and Sood R (2005). Drought tolerance of
food in Cicer arietinum. Pakistan J Bot 24:40-48. multipurpose agroforestry tree species during first and
second summer droughts after transplanting. Indian J Pl
Anjum S A, Xie X Y, and Wang L C (2011). Morphological,
Physiol 10:32-40.
physiological and biochemical responses of plants to
drought stress. African J Agric Res 6:2026-2032. Thomas Dane and Turner D (2001). Banana (Musa sp.) leaf
gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in response
A.O.A.C. (1975) Official methods of analysis of Association
to soil drought, shading and lamina folding. Scientia
of Analytical Chemists. Benjamin Franklin Station,
Horticulturae. 90. 93-108.
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 Response of Albizia lebbeck
Wu Y and Cosgrove D J (2000). Adaptation of roots to low
water potentials by changes in cell wall extensibility and
cell wall proteins. J Exp Bot 51:1543-1553.
Yordanov I, Velikova V and Tsonev T (2003) Plant responses
to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgarian J Pl Physiol
12:187-206.
Zalzaleh H A (2009) . Root and shoot growth of Acacia saligna
and Eucalyptus viminalis as influenced by container
geometry polybags and root trainers. Europian J Sci Res
25:567-573.
Zeid M I and Shedeed Z A (2006). Response of alfalfa to
putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biol Plan
50:635-640.
Zheng Y X, Wu J C, Cao F L and Zhang Y P (2010). Effects
of water stress on photosynthesis activity, dry mass
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Received on 6/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

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 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00051.3

Response of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) under Varying

Fertigation and Irrigation Applications Grown in Naturally
Ventilated Greenhouse
Bikarmjit Singh, Nilesh Biwalkar and Ravinder Singh Chhina
Punjab Agricultural University’s Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gurdaspur (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University’s Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gurdaspur in
main crop season during the years 2015-16 and 2016-17. Target yield 3 kg/plant approach was followed
and there were three levels of fertigation i.e. F1: 120 per cent, F2: 100 per cent and F3: 80 per cent of
targeted dose of fertilizer. The targeted dose was calculated as 3.1 kg/t for nitrogen (N), 0.9 kg/t for
phosphorus (P) and 5.3kg/t for potassium (K) element with recovery factor of 1.1 for N, 1.5 for (P2O5)
and 1.3 for (K2O). There were three irrigation levels i.e. I1:100 per cent, I2: 80 per cent and I3: 60 per cent
replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Crop evapotranspiration was calculated on daily basis
using Penman-Monteith equation. The study revealed that, there was a significant response of fertigation
and irrigation levels on sweet pepper production under greenhouse. Treatment combination F1I1 performed
as the best treatment combination among all combinations and produced average yield as 101.6t/ha by
giving targeted dose as 3 kg fruit yield/plant. In yellow coloured sweet pepper, WUE was recorded more
in treatment combination F1I2 as 8.7 q/ha-cm followed by F1I1 and F1I3 treatment combination as 8.4
and 7.6 q/ha-cm. The highest FUE was recorded in the treatment combination of F1I1 as 0.69 q/ha-kg
of NPK. The lowest FUE was recorded in the treatment combination of F3I3 as 0.41 q/ha-kg of NPK.
Key Word: Fertigation, Greenhouse, Irrigation, Sweet pepper, Fertilizer Dose.

INTRODUCTION Protected cultivation of sweet pepper, inside the

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) plants are
propagated by seeds and transplanted in autumn in
north India (Sanatombi and Sharma, 2006) and are
sensitive to the moisture presence and temperatures
in vicinity of plant. Although sweet pepper are
commercially very important crop but, farmers are
not getting advantage of it because the yield are
being affected by several biotic and abiotic factors.
Low temperature coupled with high humidity
condition further reduces the yield under open field
conditions. As the major crop season coincides
with winter season, Punjab’s climatic conditions
low temperature, rainfall, high humidity and less
sunshine hours affect overall performance of the
crop.
Corresponding Author’s Email: bikrampau@pau.edu
1
Deputy Director (Training), KVK, Pathankot, 2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, PAU, Ludhiana – 141004
and 3 Professor (AE), KVK, Gurdaspur
naturally ventilated greenhouse can be a profitable
venture as it provides a controlled environment to
the crop and enhances the crop yield due to the long
crop season as compared with outside field crop
production (Nilesh et al, 2015 and Kumar et al,
2016).
Under naturally ventilated greenhouse not only
crop yield increases but also the crop water use
efficiency increases five to ten times as compared to
open field crop production (Vox et al, 2010). Under
protected cultivation the crop receives irrigation
water through drip irrigation system which allows
crop to grow under stress free condition with
optimized water availability in the root zone of the

236 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241

 Singh et al
crop. That leads to higher yield with good quality
fruits. During summer season when crop encounters
heat and dry environment inside the greenhouse,
foggers control the environment and reduce the
excess temperature which is not favourable for the
plants. In Gurdaspur district of Punjab, summer and
winter extreme exists as in whole Punjab, which is
not favourable for sweet pepper production in open
fields. Therefore, the present study was undertaken
to find out the optimized irrigation and fertigation
level for sweet pepper maximizing the crop yield
with increased irrigation water and fertilizer use
efficiencies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out at Punjab
Agricultural University’s KrishiVigyan Kendra,
Gurdaspur during main crop season (September
to April) in the years 2015-16 and 2016-17. Target
yield per plant (3kg/plant) approach was followed
and three levels of fertigation i.e. F1: 120 per cent,
F2: 100 per cent and F3: 80 per cent of targeted dose
of fertilizer. The targeted dose was calculated as
3.1kg/t for nitrogen (N), 0.9kg/t for phosphorus
(P) and 5.3kg/t for potassium (K) element with
recovery factor of 1.1 for N, 1.5 for (P2O5) and 1.3
for (K2O), respectively. Total amount of fertilizer
applied to the crop on the basis of target yield is
presented in Table 1.
There were three irrigation levels i.e. I1:100
per cent, I2: 80 per cent and I3: 60 per cent
replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (ETc).
Crop evapotranspiration was calculated on daily
basis using Penman-Monteith equation. To meet
Table 1. Total quantity of fertilizer applied during crop season.
Treatment Quantity of fertilizer applied (kg/ha)
N P
2015-16 2016-17 2015-16
F1 1015 985 87
F2 846 821 73
F3 677 657 58
237 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241
the irrigation demand, 16 mm diameter lateral pipes
with 2.1l/hr discharge emitters placed at 30 cm
distance were used. The total amount of irrigation
water applied to the sweet pepper during crop
season was 132, 105 and 80 cm during 2015-16
under treatments I1, I2 and I3, respectively, whereas
during 2016-17 these values were 112, 90 and 68.0
cm under I1, I2 and I3, respectively.
Thirty five days old seedlings of the Nunhems
yellow and red varieties were transplanted inside
the naturally ventilated greenhouse having floor
area of 560 m2 in second week of September (10-
14, September) in the years 2015-16 and 2016-17.
Each seedbed had dimension of 4.5m x 3.0m with
were three replications of each treatment. Before
seedbed preparation, soil fumigation was done with
2 per cent formaldehyde for checking soil borne
pathogens. After application of formaldehyde,
the entire soil in the greenhouse was immediately
covered with black polythene sheet of 25 micron
for one week. After removing polythene sheets
proper drenching by flooding with water was done.
The initial soil status of the experimental area can
be summarized as, pH: 7.8, EC (m mhos/cm): 0.20
and 0.22, Organic Carbon (%): 0.43 and 0.44,
Nitrogen (kg/ha):370 and 362.5, Phosphorus (kg/
ha): 97.5and 105 and Potassium (kg/ha): 212.5 and
227.5, respectively in the years 2015-16 and 2016-
17.
Seedlings were planted at 0.45m (plant to plant)
x 0.50m (row to row) distance in zigzag manner so
that 3 plants were covered in 1 m2 area. Four shoots
were maintained per plant to get the adequate yield
per plant. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured
K
2016-17 2015-16 2016-17
75 410 386
63 342 322
50 273 257
 Response of Sweet Pepper

Table 2. Average plant and yield related parameters of sweet pepper under differential fertilizer and
irrigation application.
Treatment Plant Height LAI DMP (%) Yield WUE FUE
(cm) (m2/m2) (t/ha) (q/ha-cm) (q/ha-kg of
NPK)
Nunhems Yellow
F1I1 154.4 2.3 22.8 101.6 8.4 0.69
F1I2 134.8 2.2 21.6 84.2 8.7 0.68
F1I3 104.9 1.9 19.2 55.9 7.6 0.57
F2I1 145.3 2.3 21.9 85.6 7.1 0.58
F2I2 103.2 2.1 20.2 69.0 7.1 0.56
F2I3 92.1 1.8 18.7 49.7 6.8 0.50
F3I1 132.1 2.3 19.8 67.6 5.6 0.46
F3I2 98.7 2.0 19.1 52.8 5.5 0.43
F3I3 87.0 1.7 18.1 39.9 5.4 0.41
S E (±) 16.85 0.14 1.27 15.53 0.75 0.067
F: 3.42 F: 0.07 F: 0.18 F: 2.42 F: 0.24 F: 0.019
I: 2.53 I: 0.08 I: 0.12 I: 2.11 I: 0.21 I: 0.016
C D (p≤0.05) FxI: 4.39 FxI: NS FxI: 0.20 FxI: 3.66 FxI: 0.27 FxI: NS
Nunhems Red
F1I1 176.8 2.3 23.4 107.5 8.9 0.73
F1I2 149.0 2.0 22.4 94.5 9.7 0.77
F1I3 109.5 1.8 20.0 72.0 9.8 0.73
F2I1 148.7 2.1 22.5 102.2 8.5 0.69
F2I2 108.5 1.9 21.3 83.7 8.6 0.68
F2I3 97.6 1.8 19.5 68.1 9.3 0.69
F3I1 132.3 1.9 20.9 72.7 6.0 0.49
F3I2 95.9 1.8 19.7 56.5 5.9 0.46
F3I3 94.8 1.8 18.8 45.4 6.3 0.46
S E (±) 20.4 0.13 1.14 15.42 0.68 0.064
F: 3.32 F: 0.085 F: 0.21 F: 3.31 F: 0.32 F: 0.028
I: 2.13 I: 0.052 I: 0.17 I: 2.18 I: 0.18 I: 0.008
C D (p≤0.05) FxI: 3.47 FxI: 0.042 FxI: 0.31 FxI: 3.28 FxI: 0.31 FxI: NS

120 day after transplanting (DAT) when plants
reached at mid-season stage and attained maximum
vegetative growth. All other plant related parameters
i.e. plant height, dry matter were analyzed after
120 DAT. Water use efficiency (q/ha-cm) was
calculated by dividing the total yield (q/ha) by total
irrigation water applied (cm). Similarly, fertilizer
use efficiency (q/ha-kg of NPK) was calculated
by dividing the total yield (q/ha) total amount of
fertilizers applier. Dry matter was calculated by
taking the plant sample and drying it at 105oC for
72 hr in oven in the laboratory. ). Length, width,
girth and pericarp thickness of fruit was recorded
with the help of Vernier caliper (cm). Measurement

238 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241

 Singh et al
of ascorbic acid was done with the help of titration
method, metaphosphoric acid as the solvent and
2, 6 dicholoroindophenol as the standard solution.
Climatic data were collected on daily basis from the
Punjab Agricultural University’s Agro-meteorology
station Gurdaspur. Split plot design was used to
analyze the data statistically. Other agronomical
and plant protection practices were adopted as per
the recommendations given in Package of Practice
for Vegetables from Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana (Anonymous, 2019).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on plant and yield parameters
The experimental data (Table 2) showed that
there was a significant difference between various
treatment combinations for plant height. The
maximum plant height was obtained in treatment
combination F1I1 in both the years for both the
varieties. It was recorded as 154.4 cm and 176.8 cm
in yellow and red varieties, respectively. The plant
height under F1I2, F2I1 and F3I1 was same and it can be
concluded that the high amount of irrigation water
supplied with fertilizer boosted up the vegetative
growth and plant height.
The height of the plant was less in the treatment
combination where irrigation water and fertilizers
were given in lesser doses i.e.F3I3 and F3I2. The least
plant height recorded as 87.0 cm and 94.8 cm in
yellow and red varieties, respectively. It was mainly
due to the fact that the required amount of irrigation
water and fertilizer was not available to meet the
vital activities of the plant and that affected the
plant height. The vegetative growth of sweet pepper
also affected the LAI. It was recorded maximum
under the treatment combination of the maximum
irrigation water supplied with the highest amount of
fertilizer given i.e. F1I1 as 2.3. Although, differences
were found between the treatment combinations
but these differences were non-significant. For the
treatments F1I2, F2I1 and F3I1 the value of LAI was
almost same mainly due to the fact that at mid-season
when LAI was recorded (non-destructive type
239 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241
measurement) maximum there were overlapping of
leaves from ground to the top of the plant and due
to the lateral spreading of the branches (leaves) of
the plant in vicinity.
Similar results were obtained for DM as the
maximum values were recorded under the F1I1 for
yellow and red varieties as 22.8 per cent and 23.4
per cent, respectively. More vegetative growth and
plant height produced more DM and less vegetative
growth and plant height produced lesser DM i.e.
18.1 and 18.8 per cent for yellow and red coloured
varieties, respectively.
The data (Table 2) revealed that, during both the
years ‘Nunhems red’ produced total average yield as
67.4 t/ha whereas the ‘Nunhems yellow’ produced
78.1 t/ha, respectively. In both the years treatment
combination F1I1 (120 per cent of the targeted
fertilizer dose and 100 per cent replenishment of
crop evapotranspiration) produced the maximum
average yield as compared with other treatment
combinations for yellow (101.6 t/ha) and red
varieties (107.5 t/ha). The minimum average yield
for both the years was recorded in the treatment
combination of F3I3 as 39.9 t/ha and 45.4 t/ha for
yellow and red varieties, respectively.
Effect on water use efficiency
Evapotranspiration based water use efficiency
(WUE) was calculated on the basis of total water
applied to the crop during all crop growing season.
In yellow coloured sweet pepper, WUE was
recorded more in treatment combination F1I2 as
8.7 q/ha-cm followed by F1I1 and F1I3 treatment
combination as 8.4 and 7.6 q/ha-cm. But in case of
red coloured sweet pepper, the maximum WUE was
calculated as 9.8q/ha-cm in treatment combination
F1I3 followed by F1I2 and F1I3 as 9.7 and 8.9 q/ha-
cm. The minimum WUE were recorded for yellow
and red coloured sweet pepper as 5.4 q/ha-cm under
the treatment combination of F3I3; whereas, it was
5.9 q/ha-cm under treatment combination F3I2.
This was mainly due to the fact that the treatment
combination produced more yield by using
 Response of Sweet Pepper

Table 3. Average fruit and quality parameters of sweet pepper under differential fertilizer and
irrigation application.
Treatment Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Pericarp Fruit Shelf life Ascorbic acid
length width girth volume thickness weight (days) (mg/100g
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cc) (cm) (g) fresh wt.)
Nunhems Yellow
F1I1 7.7 7.4 22.7 464.5 0.45 160.8 8.6 128.0
F1I2 7.4 7.1 20.5 453.2 0.40 138.1 7.6 123.4
F1I3 6.6 6.3 16.3 443.3 0.33 101.1 6.9 108.9
F2I1 7.5 6.7 20.7 453.9 0.35 141.7 8.2 123.3
F2I2 7.1 6.1 17.8 448.5 0.29 125.2 7.3 117.9
F2I3 6.2 5.7 14.3 438.5 0.28 94.1 6.2 108.4
F3I1 7.1 6.0 18.8 447.1 0.34 89.8 5.9 108.1
F3I2 6.4 5.5 16.3 431.1 0.27 72.2 5.2 108.2
F3I3 5.9 5.0 13.1 399.0 0.25 57.4 5.0 106.3
S.E.(±) 0.45 0.6 2.26 15.45 0.051 25.85 0.84 5.62
F: F: 0.013 F: NS F: F: F: 1.77 F: 0.041 F:
0.012 I: 0.011 I: 3.97 0.023 I: I: 0.0.35 1.16
I: FxI: NS I: I: 1.08 FxI: NS I:
C D (p≤0.05) 0.017
0.14 FxI: NS 2.23 0.014 FxI: 1.86 1.74
FxI: FxI: 3.88 FxI: FxI:
0.041 NS 3.02
Nunhems Red
F1I1 10.7 8.2 31.8 512.4 0.49 231.7 11.8 138.9
F1I2 10.2 8.0 27.6 480.9 0.45 218.5 11.0 132.5
F1I3 8.2 7.4 23.8 460.6 0.38 194.8 10.0 122.3
F2I1 9.7 8.1 29.8 458.8 0.31 196.7 10.9 133.6
F2I2 9.3 7.6 24.6 457.1 0.34 188.0 9.7 124.8
F2I3 7.1 6.3 17.5 439.8 0.31 162.6 8.9 116.0
F3I1 9.2 7.1 18.9 443.3 0.34 109.9 6.4 129.3
F3I2 6.8 6.2 16.4 421.6 0.29 91.0 5.5 120.6
F3I3 6.5 5.7 14.2 407.8 0.24 73.0 5.2 110.3
S.E.(±) 1.15 0.7 4.78 24.68 0.060 34.62 1.55 7.13
F: F: 0.011 F: 0.016 F: F: F: 5.61 F: 0.031 F:
0.29 I: 0.009 I: 4.32 0.098 I: I: 0.0.22 1.54
I: FxI: NS 0.014 I: I: 3.42 FxI: NS I:
C D (p≤0.05)
0.11 FxI: 2.81 0.022 FxI: 4.89 1.04
FxI: 0.16 0.024 FxI: 4.72 FxI: 0.038 FxI:
1.49
F-Fertilizer I-Irrigation FxI; Fertilizer x Irrigation Interaction.

240 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241

 Singh et al

relatively less irrigation water gave more values of fertigation and irrigation have significant effect
of WUE and for the lowest yield the WUE values on shelf life of sweet pepper. Shelf life is directly
were found as the least. correlated with the pericarp thickness and fruit
weight. In higher level of fertigation and irrigation
Effect on fertilizer use efficiency the recorded fruit weight was more than the
Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) (Table 2) treatment combination having lesser levels. The
showed that, the highest FUE was recorded in Ascorbic acid content is import parameter in sweet
the treatment combination of F1I1as 0.69 q/ha- pepper. It was affected by fertigation and irrigation
kg of NPK. The lowest FUE was recorded in levels but there was no significant effect of these
the treatment combination of F3I3 as 0.41 q/ha- combinations on Ascorbic acid.
kg of NPK. This was mainly due to the fact that
the higher fertilizer doses through targeted yield CONCLUSION
approach provided adequate amount of nutrient to The present study revealed that there was a
plant for its growth and other vital activities. The significant response of fertigation and irrigation
study revealed that the treatments received higher levels on sweet pepper production under greenhouse.
fertilizer doses produced more sweet pepper yield Treatment combination of 120 per cent of targeted
as compared with the lower fertilizer doses and the dose of fertilize and 100 per cent replenishment of
FUE in higher fertilizer doses recorded more values crop evapotranspiration i.e. F I performed as the
than the lower doses. 1 1
best treatment combination among all combinations
Effect on quality parameters and produced average yield as 101.6 t/ha by giving
The average values of fruit parameters revealed targeted dose as 3 kg yield per plant. Quality
that the higher levels of fertigation and irrigation parameters were found significantly higher in
has more fruit length, fruit width, fruit girth, fruit higher irrigation level I1 as compared with I2 and I3.
volume pericarp thickness and fruit weight as
compared with the lower levels of fertilizers and REFERENCES
Anonymous (2019). Package of practices for cultivation of
irrigation (Table 3). The maximum fruit length,
vegetables. Punjab Agricultural University, pp 54-55.
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Nilesh Biwalkar, Singh K G, Jain A K, Rakesh Sharda,
recorded under the treatment combination F1I1 as
Jindal S K, Kulbir Singh and Neena Chawla (2015).
7.7 cm, 7.4 cm, 22.7 cm, 464.5 cc and 0.45 cm, Response of coloured sweet pepper (capsicum annuum
respectively. Shelf life under ambient temperature L. var. grossum) to fertigation and irrigation levels under
was found more in F1I1 treatment combination as naturally ventilated greenhouse. Agric Res J 52 (1) : 19-
8.6 days followed by F2I1 and F1I2 as 8.2 and 7.6 25.
days respectively. Ascorbic acid content was found Ramesh Kumar, Prabal Kumari and Sandeep Kumar (2016).
significantly higher in higher irrigation levels as Effect of Irrigation Levels and Frequencies on Yield,
Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Capsicum Grown
128.0, 123.3 108.1 mg/ 100g of fresh weight.
under Protected Conditions. Bio-resource and Stress
This was mainly due to the fact that plants Manage 7(6):1290-1296
under higher levels of fertigation and irrigation Sanatombi K and Sharma G J (2006). In vitro regeneration
never gone through the stress due to soil moisture and mass multiplication of Capsicum annuum L. J Food
and/or fertilizers and produced good quality fruits Agric Environ 4:205-208.
which were healthier and having more fruit length, Vox G, Teitel M, Pardossi M, Minuto A, Tinivella F, Schettini,
width and weight. There was a significant effect E (2010). Sustainable greenhouse systems. In: Sustainable
Agriculture by Salazar A and Rios I (Eds.). Italy: Nova
of fertigation as well as irrigation levels on quality Science Publishers, 1–70.
parameters. The different treatment combinations
Received on 11/02/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

241 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 236-241

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00052.5

Routes Adopted by Bakarwals during Migration of

Livestock and its Constraints
Nazish Rizwan Kirmani1, M T Banday2, Akeel Wani3, Z A Pampori4 and S Adil5
Division of Livestock Production and Management
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama-190 006
Sher–e-Kashmir University of Agricultural sciences and Technology of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K), India

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to identify various routes adopted by Bakarwals and constraints
perceived by them during migration of livestock in Jammu and Kashmir region. Districts Anantnag
and Ganderbal were adopted under the course of study in order to identify various migration routes
followed by this community for seasonal migration. A total of 200 respondents were selected using
grab sampling technique and an interview schedule was designed related to breeding, feeding,
marketing and infrastructure in order to point out the constraints faced by the Bakarwals. The
results revealed five major constraints faced by the Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir region and
included colic management, lack of facilities, high cost of feed and fodder, lack of insurance etc.
Key Words: Bakarwals, Constraints, Colic, Migration, Routes

INTRODUCTION they feed their livestock on natural pastures. During

The tribal communities namely Gujjars and
Bakarwals have been ranked as third largest
community in Jammu and Kashmir forming about
11.9 percent of the total population of the union
territory. Bakarwals are nomadic pastoralists whose
livelihood depends upon rearing of livestock such
as sheep, goats, equines etc. This section of society
is poor and usually depends on naturally occurring
resources for their economic sustainability. The
climatic conditions in Jammu and Kashmir force
these nomads for seasonal migration, so that they can
utilize pasture lands for nourishing their livestock.
Migration is dependent on horses which are used
to carry their load. Onset of summer season marks
the start of migration journey of Bakarwals from
plains towards upper reaches of Himalaya’s where
winters they travel back to plains to complete their
migration cycle. Usually Bakarwals spend six
months in each plain and on highland pastures
of mountains. In winter they reside in plains and
in summers they live in around Kathua, Doda,
Udhampur which is mountainous part of Jammu
region or in around pastures in Ganderbal,Daksum,
Uri, Sonmarg, Anantnagetc which lie in Kashmir.
Many of the Bakarwals also reside in and around
Poonch and Rajouri. There are two main routes
(Pir Panjal and Banihal route) and various sub
routes which are followed to complete the journey
as depicted in Fig1. This seasonal migration has
various starting points like Rajouri, Poonch,
Reasi, Udhampur, Thanamandi, Jajerkotlietc and
majority of the undertaken routes pass through

Part of MVSc Thesis of 1st author

1
MVSc student Division of Livestock Production and Management ,SKUAST-Kashmir
2
Professor& Head , Division of Livestock Production and Management ,SKUAST-Kashmir
3
MVSc students Division of Livestock Production and Management ,SKUAST-Kashmir
4
Professor& Head ,Division of Veterinary Physiology,SKUAST-Kashmir
5
Assistant Professor,Division of Livestock Production and Management ,SKUAST-Kashmir

242 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246

 Kirmani et al

different regions of Pir Panjal range. Bakarwals respondents from Pahalgam and 120 respondents
are constantly challenged with various difficulties from Sonmarg. An interview schedule was
especially regarding rearing these animals during designed related to breeding, feeding, marketing
migration. Thus, the present study was planned to and infrastructure in order to identify various
identify various routes and constraints faced by constraints and the respondents were asked to rank
Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir. the constraints in order of their preference. Region-
wise ranking of constraints was done using Garret’s
MATERIALS AND METHODS ranking technique (GRT).
Seasonal migration by Bakarwals is commenced
through different routes, which takes about 45 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
to 55d to complete the journey. Every year after Routes under taken for livestock migration
crossing Pir Panjal Bakarwals make their way In the present study, it was found that various
towards a particular region which has numerous mountain passes which Bakarwals usually crossed
pastures. A certain route to a particular pasture is to reach Sonmarg & adjoining pastures like Baltal,
followed by different clans, and they usually stick Thajwas etc. were Pir Panjal, Rupari pass and Budhil
to their traditional route. The migration route is only pass. Similarly to reach Pahalgam & allied areas
changed if there is a bad weather or the terrain is like Aru, Kothepathri etc. theycrossed Zojimarg
blocked due some natural calamity. Different clans and Banihal pass.(Fig.1).On arrival to their routine
cross through different mountain pass routes. Daily pasture kutcha shelters or Dheras are set to protect
journey depends upon the number of hours they trek themselves from harsh weather. Most of the times
each day and whether to halt at a particular place Dheras set up during last migration are used after a
during migration. Usually they travel for about 6 minor repairment,if damaged by extreme climate.
to 8 hr each day. Sometimes halts are taken due to
harsh environmental conditions so that casualties
are minimized. These emergency halts are taken
for about 2 to 3d till environmental conditions are
normal.
Due to shortage of time, resources and scattered
presence of Bakarwals to different districts of
Kashmir, only district Anantnag and Ganderbal
were analyzed. The study was conducted in
Pahalgam and Sonmarg falling in above mentioned
districtsof Jammu and Kashmir, with the aim to
explore different routes undertaken during seasonal
migration and the constraints faced by Bakarwals.
For the purpose of collecting data regarding various
routes followed and the constraints faced, different
areas in and around Sonmarg and Pahalgam which
includes Thajwas valley, Baltal & Lidderwas in
Sonmarg and Aru valley, Kothepathri, Poshpathri
Lidderwat and Chandanwari in Pahalgam were
covered. A total of 200 respondents were selected Fig 1. Map showing different routes taken to
using grab sampling technique, which included 80 reach Sonmarg and Pahalgam

243 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246

 Routes Adopted by Bakarwals

Table1. Ranking of constraints by Garret’s ranking technique.

Kashmir (N=41) Factors/ Jammu (N=159)
Factors/ Constraints
Final
Constraints Av. score Av. Score Final rank
rank
Difficulty in colic Difficulty in colic man-
61.71 1 61.19 1
management agement
Poor accessibility to
Vaccination 61.32 2 60.93 2
veterinary services
Poor accessibility to Govt. apathy and poor
61.15 3 59.00 3
veterinary services credit facilities
Govt. apathy and High cost of feed and
59.24 4 58.39 4
poor credit facilities fodder
Lack of Animal Lack of vet care dur-
58.59 5 58.14 5
insurance ing migration
Middle man in rate Middle man in rate
57.27 6 57.04 6
fixation fixation
High cost of feed Lack of Animal insur-
57.07 7 56.61 7
and fodder ance
Lack of government Problem due to unbal-
56.10 8 47.72 8
initiative. anced feeding
Lack of vet care
52.51 9 Unhygienic conditions 46.70 9
during migration

Problem due to un-

50.88 10 Vaccination 46.13 10
balanced feeding

Unhygienic condi- Lack of government

48.29 11 44.44 11
tions initiative.
Lack of marketing 44.10 12 Lack of marketing 41.80 12
Sonmarg reach the district and most common routes which
Sonmarg is a hill station in the state of Jammu were noted are as under:
and Kashmir located at about 80 km North-East of 1. R.S Pura (ChakRoi)- Banihal (Jammu-Srinagar
Srinagarat an elevation of about 2,800 m (9,200 road)–Ganerbal-Sonmarg
ft.)in district Ganderbal. According to the 19th
livestock census 2012 (Anon, 2012) total livestock 2. Reasi – Bodal- PirPanjal – Shopian- Srinagar-
population of Ganderbal is 4.044 lakh (2.521% Kangan- Sonmarg
of total livestock population of J&K). Bakarwals 3. Rajouri-Thanamandi-Mohra-Shopian-Wayil-
visit different pastures located in the district during Sonmarg
migration in summer. Most of these pastures are 4. Poonch – Shopian-Wayil- Kangan – Sonmarg
located around Sonmarg. Interview revealed that
5. Nagrota-Kalakot- Shopian- Kangan-Sonmarg
different routes / sub routes were being utilized to

244 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246

 Kirmani et al

6. Katra – Reasi- Rajouri-Shopian- Ganderbal- it was seen that five major constraints were lack of
Sonmarg colic management, followed by poor accessibility
7. Rajouri – Thanamarg-Sathri- Pampore- to veterinary service, government apathy and poor
Shalimar- Ganderbal- Sonmarg credit facilities, cost of feed and fodder and lack of
veterinary care during migration. Similar findings
Pahalgam were reported by Meena et al (2008) with that
Pahalgam is located 90 km from Srinagar on major constraints being deficiency of quality feed
the banks of Lidder river at an altitude of 7,200 and fodder, unhygienic housing, poor management
feet (2,200 m).According to 19th livestock census of disease and lack of knowledge regarding
2012 total livestock population of Anantnag is vaccination. Another study conducted by Biffa and
3.17 lakh. Nomadic population of Bakarwals visits Woldemeskel (2006) revealed that feed shortage
this area and travel to upper reaches in search of and disease are major constraints to productivity
fresh pasture lands. Bakarwals found in these areas and performance of equines. While as in contrary
belonged to different districts of Jammu region and Pal and Legha (2008) reported that lack of grazing
had managed to reach these places through different land availability and low libido in equines was
routes. Most common routes undertaken which among major problems faced by equine rearers.
were noted are as under:
CONCLUSION
Rajouri-Thanamandi-Shopian-Anantnag-Pahalgam
Bakarwals take up yearly migration in order
Reasi –kalakot-Rajouri-Shopian-Pahalgam to reach various pastures in Kashmir valley. Our
Nagrota –Galai-Rajouri-Shopian-Pahalgam study indicated that both hill stations, Sonmarg
and Pahalgam receive huge number of Bakarwals
Udhampur-Patnitop-Banihal- Anantnag – Pahalgam
every year. These nomads take different routes to
R e a s i - K a t r a - U d h a m p u r- R a m b a n - B a n i h a l - reach Kashmir among which two are prominent
Anantnag- Pahalgam i.e Mughal road (Shopian) and Banihal road.
Udhampur-Doda-Kishtwar-Kokernag-Anantnag- After reaching to said destination they travel to
Pahalgam pastures which are situated on upper reaches like
Thajwas valley, Baltal, Lidderwatetc in Sonmarg
Katra – Ramban-Verinag-Anantnag- Pahalgam
and Aru valley, Lidderwas valley, Kothpathrietc
Constraints Perceived in Phalgam. Bakarwals face lot of challenges in
Yearly migration brings in lot of hardships to terms of bad weather; change in previous routes,
Bakarwals which includes facing bad weather, and also in rearing of these livestock species during
blocked routes due to changed geography in a this migration journey. Major constraints which
particular area, disease outbreaks, scarcity of food were perceived during this migration include colic
etc. Apart from these problems livestock rearing management, lack of facilities, High cost of feed
in such situation is also very difficult and many and fodder, lack of insurance etc.
constraints are faced by Bakarwals. To get idea
about those constraints Garrets ranking was used REFERENCES
and ranking of constraints by Garret’s ranking Anonymous (2012). 19 Livestock Census, Directorate
th

of Economics and Statistics, and Animal Husbandry

techniqueis presented in Table1.The results revealed
Statistics Division, Department of Animal Husbandry,
that five major constraints in Kashmir region were Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,Govt. of
lack of colic management, followed by lack of India.
animal insurance, poor accessibility to veterinary Biffa D and Woldemeskel M (2006).Causes and factors
service, government apathy and poor credit facilities associated with occurrence of external injuries in working
and lack of vaccination. Similarly in Jammu region equines in Ethopia. Int J Appl Res Vet M 4(1):1-7

245 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246

 Routes Adopted by Bakarwals
Meena H R, Ram H, Sahoo A and Rasool T J (2008). Livestock Zalkuwi J, Singh R, Bhattarai M, Singh O P and Rao D(2015).
Husbandry scenario at high altitude Kumaon Himalaya., Analysis of constraints influencing sorghum farmers
Indian J Anim Sci 78 (8):882-886. using Garrett’s Ranking Technique; A comparative study
Pal Y and Legha R A (2008). A study on socio-economic of of India and Nigeria. Int J Sci Res Manag 3(3): 2435-
mule producers and management practices of mule in 2440.
rural areas. Indian J Anim Sci 78 (11):1281-1284. Received on 23/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

246 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 242-246

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 247-250 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00049.5

Readership and Women: A Study to Analyze Newspaper Reading

of Haryana’s Women
Shakshi Bisht1 and VandanaVerma Trar2
Department Extension Education and Communication Management
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India.

ABSTRACT
Print media is widely used and accepted in every section of society having the advantage of cheap cost
and vast readership with availability in multiple languages. The present study was aimed to analyze the
newspaper readership of adult women of Hisar city of Haryana state. Moreover, this study also aimed
to measure the dependence of personal profile variables on newspaper readership of respondents.
The findings revealed that a large number of respondents were of 40-50 yr (29.0%) in age had school
high school/intermediate (28.0%) level of education. Equal numbers of respondents were employed
and unemployed. Family occupation of majority of respondents was business (39.0%) had family
monthly income more than 75,000/- (29.0%). Education (0.6) of the respondents was positively
correlated with time spent on newspaper readership. Monthly income (0.72) and education (0.60)
of the respondents were positively dependent on perceived importance of newspaper readership.
Key Words: Behaviour, Media,Newspaper, Print media, Readership, Women.

INTRODUCTION letter to editor in order to have general public’s

Mass media is versatile tool which disseminates perspective about a happening in country or abroad.
information, reveals facts, inform, persuades and It is important to assess the readership behaviour
influences the behaviour of its audience, readers of women in the issues which are for women and
and general public towards any sensitive issue. The about women. Such study will enable us to measure
worth of print media especially newspaper can be the behaviour as well as attitude of women towards
calculated from the fact that information printed such issues projected in media. Portray women
on pages of newspapers is read and utilized by should be proper and importance should be given
millions of its subscribers and readers spread all on to publish the realistic problems faced by them,
over the country. To update people about latest news without which some wrong pictures of women will
regarding politics, sports, economics, entertainment, be portrayed. The companies busy with competition
education, society and international affairs is main are using the faces and bodies of beautiful women to
benefaction of newspaper. Newspapers also make popularize their products. These producers always
sure that reader is interested and is well aware producing lots of products everyday and there is
about the progress in critical fields of society competition everywhere to become the best seller.
like development, employment, education and For this they are using women in a cheap manner
economics. Along with important information whether necessary or not (Roy, 2012). Media’s
viewpoints of experts as well as general people is role towards women is becoming the growing
printed in its pages and columns like editorial and concern of the feminist writers, basically regarding
Corresponding Author’s Email: 2112shakshi@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Scholar (ICAR SRF), Department Extension Education and Communication Management, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
Punjab. 2 Assistant Professor, Department Extension Education and Communication Management, ChaudharyCharan Singh Haryana Agri-
cultural University, Hisar, Haryana.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 247-250

247
 Bisht and Trar

participation, performance and portrayal of women. of respondents according to time spent and
Because different circumstances relating to the perceived importance and dependence of personal
media’s role towards portraying the fair sex have profile variables on newspaper readership.
opened a new angle by leaps and bounds to think
precisely about it (Patowary, 2014). MATERIALS AND METHODS
Newspapers publish most of the women related The study had 100 randomly selected women as
articles on entertainment column as gossips. Even respondents from Hisar city of Haryana state. The
magazines have focused on sections of reading data were collected with help of interview schedule
some personal gynecological problems of married and analyzed by statistical tools; Correlation was
women or personal love hick-ups of young girls not calculated to check the dependence of personal
focusing on other aspects of women development variables on newspaper readership of respondents.
like education, career development, gender
sensitivity, women rights (Sharma, 2005). Different RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
crimes against women covered by both ‘The Times Personal Profile of Respondents
of India’ and ‘The Hindustan Times’ revealed A large number of respondents were of 40-50
that the highest numbers of crimes reported were yr (29%) in age followed by 30-40 yr (26%), up-to
of sexual violations against women such as rape 30 years (25%) and above 50 years (20%).Majority
and molestation (54.90) followed by murders and of respondents had school high school/intermediate
missing bodies (16.60) and lastly other forms (28%) level of education followed by graduate
of assault (14.70) (Charles,2019). According to (27%), primary (25%) and post graduate (20%).
Bathran and Govindaraju (2016) even though Equal numbers of respondents were employed
regional local media covers the cases of violence and unemployed. Family occupation of majority
against women, they lack gender sensitivity and in-of respondents was business (39%) followed by
depth analysis of the causes of such crimes as theyfarming (35%) and service (26%). Maximum
are often neglected in their editorials. number of respondents have family monthly
Without the welfare of the women the income more than 75,000/- (29%) followed by
development of the society is not possible because 50,001-75,000/- (26%), 25,001-50,000/- (24%) and
distance between the media and women not only less than 25,000/- (21%).
derives the women of their right to information Time spent in reading newspaper and its
but keeps them in the dark (Prasad, 2005). It was importance
suggested the managements as well as the work Majority of respondents read for 46 min or
force in the mass media should be sensitized above (31%) followed by 1-15min (30%) then
about the women’s issues and their coverage and 16-30 min (20%) and least is 30-45 min (19%). It
can also prefer advocacy to create awareness was found that working women (8%) read for 46
among the public (Anita and Mohan, 2017). Time min or more whereas this figure for non working
has come where shifting of focus from women women was 23 per cent indicating that working
for development to women in development is women remained busy in performing their official
to be done, by removal of marginalization. By duties and thus got less time for newspaper reading
analyzing newspaper readership we can provide the compared to non working women. Newspapers are
information about the extent of information being important source of information for majority of
given to the public (Singh, 2016). The study was respondents closely followed by very important by
undertaken to outline the respondents according most of the respondents. Majority of respondents
personal profile, analyze the newspaper readership (41%) perceive newspapers as important followed

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 247-250

248
 Readership and Women

Table 1. Time spent by respondents for reading newspaper. (N= 100)

Category Working women (%) Non-working women (%)
Time spent
1-15min 19 11
16-30min 13 7
30-45min 10 9
46min Or Above 8 23
Perceived Importance
Very Important(3) 21 17
Important(2) 19 22
Not Important(1) 10 11

by very important (38%) and not important (21%). important. Education was positively significantly
Similar finding were observed by Bhavya (2008) in dependent on time spent on newspaper readership.
the study of newspaper readership regarding issues Age and employment status of the respondents
of agricultural information which revealed that were negatively co-related with the time spent on
maximum number of respondents (52.22%) spent the newspaper readership.
more time (>40 min). Table 3. Correlation between socio-economic
Table 2. Correlation between socio-economic profile and perceived importance.
profile and time spent.
Independent variable r- values
Independent variable r- values Age -0.27
Age -0.04 Education 0.60
Education 0.80 Employment status 0.18
Employment status -0.10 Family occupation 0.16
Family occupation 0.05 Monthly income 0.72
Monthly income 0.08
Education (0.80) of the respondents was CONCLUSION
positively significantly dependent on time spent on Time spent on newspaper readership was
newspaper readership. Age (-0.04) and employmentsignificantly dependent on education and negatively
dependent on age of the respondents. It can be
status (-0.10) of the respondents were negatively
co-related with the time spent on the newspaper concluded that more educated respondents spend
readership. Likewise, monthly income (0.72) and more time on reading and more the age lesser is
the time spent on newspaper reading. Perceived
education (0.60) of the respondents were positively
significantly dependent on perceived importance importance of newspaper readership was positively
of newspaper readership. Age (-0.27) of the significantly dependent on monthly income and
education while negatively dependent on age
respondents was negatively co-related with the time
spent on the newspaper readership. and employment status of the respondents. It can
be concluded that higher the income higher the
Majority of respondents (41%) perceive
readership behaviour. Higher the age lower is the
newspapers as important while nearly one fourth
time spent on newspaper reading and employment
respondents (21%) perceived newspapers as not
status.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 247-250

249
 Bisht and Trar
REFERENCES
Anita G and Mohan M K (2017). Coverage of women’s issues
by Print media: A study of newspapers from 2010 to
2015. Global J Res Analysis 6 (9): 180-183.
Bathran R and Govindaraju P (2016). Coverage of Violence
against Women: A Case Study of Dinathanthi Newspaper
of Tamilnadu in India. Mass Communicator 10 (1): 31-36
Bhavya K (2008). Readability of agricultural information,
farmer’s reading habit and preferences. M.Sc. (Agri.)
thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
Charles J H (2019). Coverage of Violence against Women in
Print Media: Sexism and Victim Blaming in Headlines.
B.A. (Journalism) thesis, CHRIST (Deemed to be
University), Bengaluru.
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 247-250
250
Jha R (1992). Women in Print media: Initiating new
perspectives. Northern book center New Delhi.
Patowary H (2014). Portrayal of Women in Indian Mass
Media: An Investigation. J Edu Social Policy 1(1): 84-92.
Prasad K (2010). Women and media challenging feminist
discourse. The women’s press, London, UK.
Roy S S(2012). Portrayal of women in Indian Media-In the
era of neo-liberal economy. Global Media J 3(1): 1-5.
Sharma S K (2005). Depiction of women in Indian media-A
case of introspection for media planners. Samaj Bigyan
Shodh Patrica, Amroha 1(1):32-36.
Singh K (2016). Importance of education in empowerment of
women in India. Motherhood Intern J Multidisciplinary
Res Dev 1(1):39-48.
Received on 16/01/2020 Accepted on 20/03/2020.
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00041.0

Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status of Service Class Male

Shikha Bathla#, Kirandeep# and Manoj Sharma#
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, SBS Nagar-144 516
#

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The present research work was carried out to estimate the daily lifestyle habits of service class adult
males (age 21-72 yr) of Ludhiana district of Punjab. Different health associated variables like body mass
index, daily exercise, food habits, sleeping habits and metabolic disorders were calculated and co-relation
coefficient between different lifestyle parameters were estimated. The results showed that 74.1 per cent
of service men perform daily exercise, 85.4 had habit of eating meals regularly whereas 14.5 per cent of
skipping breakfast and 64.5per cent of service men had habit of taking mid morning meals. The data also
revealed that 58.6 per cent men had normal body mass index, 35.0 per cent were pre-obese and 8.06 per
cent obese due to sedentary life style. The data on metabolic syndromes showed that 3.2 per cent service
men were suffering from diabetes while 6.4 per cent from blood pressures problem and 1.61per cent from
frequent fever. The data on social problem revealed that 64.51per cent men feel free in discussing problems
with family members and rest with relatives (25.8 %). A positive co-relation (p>0.05) was observed
between age and exercise, exercise and sleep, diet and sleep and satisfaction of life with sleep. It was
found that daily habit of exercise and sound sleep (6-8hr) promoted increase satisfaction of quality of life.
Key Words: Anxiety, Diet, Sleep, Life Style, Men.

INTRODUCTION A healthy diet consumed throughout the life-course

Health is defined as a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO,
1948). Lifestyle factors like age, food habits,
level of exercise, positive thinking etc. contribute
significantly to the health status of an individual
(Farhud, 2017). The adequacy in appropriate
quantity and quality food consumption improves
the well being of an individual that leads to
improved work capacity and emotional stability
as well. Humans need a wide range of nutrients to
lead a healthy and active life. For providing these
nutrients, good nutrition or proper intake of food
in relation to the body’s dietary needs is required.
An adequate, well balanced diet combined with
regular physical activity is a cornerstone of good
health. Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity,
increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical
and mental development, and reduced productivity.
helps in preventing malnutrition in all its forms as
well as wide range of non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) and conditions. But rapid urbanization/
globalization, increased consumption of processed
foods and changing lifestyles has led to a shift
in dietary patterns (Rev, 2018). Lifestyle is
also defined as the uniqueness of an individual
pertaining to day to day activity comprised of diet,
food habits, exercise, hours of sleep, type of work
and profession etc. According to WHO, 60 per cent
of related factors to individual health and quality of
life are correlated to lifestyle, as millions of people
follow an unhealthy lifestyle (Ziglio et al, 2004).
Hence, they encounter illness, metabolic diseases,
disability and even death. Thus, the relationship
of lifestyle and health is highly important and
interested by researchers. So assessment of these
factors responsible for healthy life among the
working class men is paramount to prevent health

Corresponding Author’s Email: shikha_bathla@yahoo.com

251 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256

 Bathla et al

issues. Keeping all the paramount points in mind, with minimum of clothing (Jelliffe, 1966). Body
the present work was undertaken to estimate the mass index were calculated by using the standard
relationship between lifestyle associated factors method and classified on the basis of WHO (2004)
among adult working men of Punjab. classification.
Table 1. Classification of Body Mass Index
MATERIALS AND METHODS (WHO 2004).
Selection of subjects
Sr. Classification Principle Cut-off
The present study was aimed to investigate the
No. points for BMI(kg/
daily lifestyle habits of service class adult males. A
m2)
random sampling was adopted to select the subjects.
1. Underweight < 18.5
Sixty two adults in the age group of 21-72 yr were
selected from Ludhiana district. An interview 2. Severe thinness < 16
schedule was developed to obtain the desired 3. Moderate thinness 16 – 16.99
information on various aspects of data collection. 4. Mild thinness 17 – 18.49
The reliability of the schedule was worked out by 5. Normal range 18.5 – 24.99
pre testing on 10 respondents selected randomly 6. Overweight ≥ 25.0
on non-sample subjects. Based on the response 7. Pre-obese 25.00 - 29.99
received during pre-testing certain necessary
8. Obese ≥30.00
changes were incorporated in the schedule. Hence,
the pre-tested and restructured schedules were 9. Obese class I 30.00 - 34.99
used to the data. 10. Obese class II 35.00 - 39.99
11. Obese class III ≥40.00
Collection of data
The data were collected from the subjects Statistical Analysis
through personal interview technique using the Computation of some descriptive statistical
interview schedule. The data pertaining to general measures such as percentage distribution, mean and
profile of the subjects, anthropometric parameters, standard deviation for variables. The correlation
food habits, lifestyle factors, habit of exercise and coefficients was calculated to find out the
stress related information were collected collected relationship between age, BMI, exercise, anxiety
during Sep to Nov, 2019. and diet.

Anthropometric Measurements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The height was measured with the help of
anthropometric rod to the nearest 0.5 cm. The
subjects were asked to stand erect against the rod
without shoes with feet parallel and heels together,
back of the head touching the measuring rod. The
head was held comfortably erect. The arms were
hanging at the sides. The body weight was taken
to the nearest 0.5 kg on a portable weight machine.
The subjects were asked to remove shoes before
weighing and to stand in the centre of the platform
Anthropometric profile
The results (Table 2) revealed that the mean
height of subjects was 171.23±0.96 cm and weight
as 73.5±1.41kg. The mean body mass index of
selected subjects was observed as 25.07±0.44kg/
m2. The data (Table 3) further showed that 60 per
cent of the subjects were having normal BMI (18.5
– 24.99 kg/m2) while 35 per cent were found to be
pre-obese (25.00 - 29.99kg/m2).

252 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256

 Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status

Table 2. Anthropometric profile of selected Respondent (n=62).

Parameters Suggested values (n=131)
Age (years) ---- 41.30±1.86(20-72)

Height (cm)  ---- 171.23±0.96(134.62-185.42)

Weight (kg) 60 Kg 73.5±1.41(56-112)

BMI(kg/m2) 18.5-24.99 25.07±0.44
(19.33-35.86)
Table 3. Body Mass Index profile of selected Respondent (n=62)
Sr. No. Classification BMI (kg/m2) Percent
A. Underweight < 18.5
1. Severe thinness < 16 -
2. Moderate thinness 16 – 16.99 -
3. Mild thinness 17 – 18.49 -
4. Normal range 18.5 – 24.99 60.0
B Overweight ≥ 25.0
5. Pre-obese 25.00 - 29.99 35.0
6. Obese ≥30.00
7. Obese class I 30.00 - 34.99 6.67
8. Obese class II 35.00 - 39.99 1.67
9. Obese class III ≥40.00 0

Food Habits showed that 06.45 per cent were suffering from
The data (Table 4) showed the food habits blood pressures problem, 3.22 per cent from
practices by selected subjects as 85.48 per cent diabetes and 1.61per cent from frequent fever.
had habit of eating meals regularly out of which
14.51 per cent of skipping breakfast, 8.06 per cent
skipped lunch and 6.45 per cent skipped dinner. The
data presented in Figure 1 showed that 64.51per
cent of subjects took mid morning meals, while
53.22 per cent took early morning and evening tea,
respectively.
The results further revealed that 54.83 per cent
of selected subjects had habit of taking regular
lemon water. It was found that all the subjects had
the habits of taking tea and 95.16 per cent include
sugar in tea. The data also showed that 91.93 per
cent had habit of drinking water at regular interval. Fig 1. Percentage data on the habit of taking in
The observations recorded on metabolic syndromes between meals

253 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256

 Bathla et al

Table 4. Information on food habits from the selected subjects (n=62).

Sr. No Interview Questions Per cent
response
01 Do you take three meals at regular intervals? (breakfast, lunch and dinner)
85.48
02 Do you skip any meals daily?
  Breakfast 14.51
  Lunch 8.06
  Dinner 6.45
03 Do you take in between meals?
  Early morning 53.22
  Mid morning 64.51
  Evening time 53.22
04 Do you take lemon water daily? 54.83
05 Do you drink tea/coffee daily? 100
  With Sugar 95.16
  Without Sugar 4.83
06 Do you drink minimum 6-8 glasses of water daily? 91.93
07 Do you suffering from any following diseases?
Diabetes 3.22
Blood Pressure 6.45
Heart Problems 0
Cancer 0
Frequent fever 1.61
Urinary Tract Infections 0

The results (Table 5) revealed that 74.19 per

cent of men performed daily exercise and 91.93per
cent of men took taking regular sleep of 6-8 hr.
Further, 33.87per cent of the subjects felt incidence
of stress, tension or anxiety which was related
to family (19.35%), work place (17.74%), and
relatives (8.06 %). Least stress cases were observed
in case of friendship (1.61%) and 64.51 per cent
feel free in discussing with family members, 50 per
cent with friends, 25.80 per cent with relatives and
rest 24.19 per cent with colleagues etc.

Fig 2. Percentage data on the habit of taking

beverages
254 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256
 Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status

Table 5. Information on lifestyle factors from selected Respondent.

Sr. No Interview Questions Per cent
1 Do you have regular sleep (6-8 hrs)? 91.93
2 Do you do any exercise daily? 74.19
3 Do you feel stress, tension or anxiety? 33.87
   Its related to family 19.35
Its related to office 17.74
Its related to friends 1.61
Its related to relatives 8.06
Any other 1.61
4 Do you feel more comfortable while discussing your problems? 77.4
Family 64.51
Friends 50
Relatives 25.80
Colleagues 24.19
5 Are you satisfied with your life? 77.41

Table 6. Correlation Coefficient between different variables (Male).

Sr.No. Variable R Value
1 Age and BMI 0.261**
2 Age and height 0.117 (NS)
3 Age and weight 0.298***
4 Age and exercise 0.250**
5 Anxiety and water 0.086 (NS)
6 Anxiety and tea -0.156 (NS)
7 Anxiety and diet -0.188 (NS)
8 Anxiety and sleep -0.038 (NS)
9 Anxiety and satisfaction 0.204 (NS)
10 BMI and exercise -0.004 (NS)
11 Exercise and sleep 0.231***
12 Diet and sleep 0.214**
13 Satisfaction and sleep 0.259**

** Significant at 5per cent level (0.2091)
*** Significant at 1per cent level (0.2925)
NS- Non-significant

255 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256

 Bathla et al
The correlation analysis (Table 6) showed that
there was a significant (p≥0.01) positive correlation
observed between age and weight, exercise and
sleep, diet and sleep and satisfaction of life with
sleep. The daily habit of exercise and sound sleep
promotes human life span along with increased
satisfaction of quality of life. Moreover, daily
consumption of balanced diet along with regular
exercise and having 6-8 hr of sleep reduce the
incidence of anxiety significantly (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION
The study carried out to assess the lifestyle
factors contributing to health of Punjabi service
men showed that 74.1 per cent performed daily
exercise, 85.4 had habit of eating meals regularly
out of which 14.5 per cent had habits of skipping
breakfast, 8.06 per cent skipped lunch and 6.4 per
cent skipped dinner. Further, 64.51per cent feel free
in discussing with family members, 25.8 per cent
with relatives, 50.0 per cent with friends and 24.9
per cent with colleagues. 58.60 per cent men had
normal body mass index, 35.0 per cent were pre-
obese and 8.06 per cent were obese due to sedentary
life style. There was positive co-relation (p>0.05)
256 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 251-256
observed between age with exercise, anxiety with
tea, anxiety with drinking water, anxiety with age
and weight, exercise and sleep, diet and sleep and
satisfaction of life with sleep. Hence, it was found
that daily habit of exercise and sound sleep promotes
human life span along with increased satisfaction of
quality of life.
REFERENCES
WHO (1948) World Health Organization. WHO Constitution.
Farhud D D (2017). Lifestyle and sustainable development.
Iran J Public Health 46(1):1-3.
Rev S P (2018) Are there any differences in the quality
of the diet of working and stay at-home women. 52:
47.doi: 10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000104.
Ziglio E, Currie C and Rasmussen V B (2004). The WHO
cross-national study of health behavior in school aged
children from 35 countries: findings from 2001–2002. J
School Health 74 (6): 204– 206.
Jellife D B (1966) The assessment of nutritional status of
community. World Health Organization Monograph
Series No.53, Geneva, p.50-84.
WHO Expert Consultant (2004). Appropriate body mass
index for Asian populations and its implications f o r
policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet 3:157-63.
Received on 18/05/2020 Accepted on 28/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 257-259 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00053.7

Shelf Life and Sensory Evaluation of Hill Lemon

(Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) Juice using Organic and Inorganic
Preservatives
Kavita Sharma, L K Sharma,S Rahi, D S Yadav and Pankaj Sood
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandi ( Himachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Hill lemon (Citrus pseudolimonTan.) is a hardy plant and grown well in low and mid hills of Himachal
Pradesh. Its juice is preserved and being used as souring agent in many food preparations, pickles and
chutneys. The shelf life of Hill lemon juice was assessed by using organic and inorganic preservatives.
Boiling of juice till the end of formation of foam/leather and adding organic source of preservative (Salt @
20gm/L of juice + top dressing of mustard oil @ 20ml/L of juice) was found best and received highest rating
on various sensory attributes especially colour and flavour under nine point hedonic scale. This treatment
not only enhanced the shelf life of the juice up to 10 months but also retained original flavour and colour of
juice . Under inorganic preservatives, Potassium meta bisulphite @0.7 gm/L of juice and Sodium benzoate @
0.5gm/L of juice, six and five months shelf life was observed respectively. Hence use of organic method for
preserving the juice can be a better substitute of inorganic preservatives in many food processing industries.
Key Words: Hill lemon, Organic , Inorganic, Preservatives, Shelf life.

INTRODUCTION boiling and filling in bottles resulting in low shelf

Hill lemon (Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) locally
known Galgal is by default organically grown
citrus fruit in low and mid hills of Himachal
Pradesh ( Mahajan and BB ,1991). It is very good
source of vitamin C, mineral and salts (Bansal
and Dhawan, 1993). Galgal is commercially used
for making pickle as its fruit contains high acidity
and more thickness of fruit peel. This improves the
taste of the food as well as improves digestion. The
uniqueness of galgal pickle is that it remains fresh
for the long time. The fruit is found in abundance in
some parts of Mandi district and used for making
pickles and squashes in homes and in small scale
factories (Mahajan and BB, 1991). Its juice is
preserved and being used as souring agent in many
food preparations, pickles and chutneys. Its juice is
an excellent and economical acidulates to enhance
taste and flavour of different fruit products (Attri
and Maini ,1996). Farm women of district Mandi
preserve its juice by simple method of extraction,
Corresponding Author’s Email: kskvk93@gmail.com
life of about three months. Hence, the present study
was conducted to assess the shelf life of galgal juice
by using organic and inorganic preservatives
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to assess the shelf life of hill lemon
juice, on farm trial (OFTs) was conducted by KVK,
Mandi consecutively for three years (2015-2018)
.The juice of the fruit was extracted and boiled till
the formation of leather. After cooling the juice was
preserved with Salt @ 20g/L of juice + top dressing
of mustard oil @ 20ml/L of juice as organic source
of preservation and potassium meta bisulphite
@0.7 g/L of juice and sodium benzoate @ 0.5g/L
of juice as source of inorganic preservative (Barwal
& Shrera (2009). The juice under treatment one
was preserved after boiling without using any
preservative. Then the juice under four treatments
was filled in sterilized bottles keeping 2cm head
space, sealed and stored at room temperature for

257 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 257-259

 Sharma et al

Table1. Effect of organic and inorganic preservatives on shelf life of hill lemon Juice.
Sr. Treatment Average Shelf life of
No. Juice ( Months)
1. T1 : Boiling of Galgal Juice (Farmers’ Practice) 3
2. T2 : Boiling of Juice + Salt@20 g/L of juice + 20 ml oil/L of juice 10
3. T3 : Boiling of Juice + Sodium Benzoate@ 0.5g/L of juice 5
4. T4 : Boiling of Juice + Potassium metabisulphite@ 0.7 g/L of juice 6

one year. Farm women of adopted villages were by only boiling was found to be lowest i.e., only
trained in preservation of juice by using organic and three months.
inorganic preservatives. The juice of galgal fruit was The data (Table 2) indicated that treatment 2 i.e.,
preserved by 15 farm women of different villages boiling of juice till the end of formation of foam/
(Five women in each year).Effect of organic and leather and adding organic source of preservative
inorganic preservatives were evaluated on the basis (Salt @ 20g/L of juice + top dressing of mustard oil
of sensory evaluation and shelf life after a year of @ 20ml/L of juice) was found best and received
storage. The sensory evaluation of juice was carried highest rating on various sensory attributes
out by the panel of judges for various sensory especially taste, colour ,flavour , appearance and
attributes like color, taste, flavor, appearance and overall acceptability under nine point hedonic scale
overall acceptability on nine point hedonic scale. followed by treatment 4 and treatment 3. Treatment
1 i.e., preserving juice only by boiling without
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION adding any preservative has received lowest rating
The study revealed that shelf life of juice on all sensory attributes.
preserved by using organic preservative(Salt @
20g/L of juice + top dressing of mustard oil @ CONCLUSION
20ml/L of juice) was found highest. This treatment The findings of the study reinforce that hill
enhanced the shelf life of the juice up to 10 months. lemon juice preserved with inorganic preservatives
Under inorganic preservatives, potassium meta received less score on sensory attributes as compared
bisulphite @0.7 g/L of juice and Sodium benzoate to juice preserved with organic preservatives.
@ 0.5g/L of juice, six and five months shelf life was Hence, it is suggested to use the organic method for
observed, respectively. Shelf life of juice preserved preserving the juice of this abundantly found citrus

Table 2. Effect of organic and inorganic preservatives on sensory attributes.

Treatments Taste Colour Flavour Appearance Overall
acceptability
T1 : Boiling of Galgal Juice 6.0 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.5
T2 : Boiling of Juice + Salt@20 g/L of 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 9.5
juice + 20 ml oil/L of juice
T3 : Boiling of Juice + Sodium 7.5 7.0 7.25 7.5 7.0
Benzoate@ 0.5g/L of juice
T4 : Boiling of Juice + Potassium 8.0 8.25 8.0 8.5 8.0
metabisulphite@ 0.7 g/L of juice

258 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 257-259

 Shelf Life and Sensory Evaluation of Hill Lemon

fruit which can be a better substitute of inorganic Barwal V and Shrera SK(2009). Standardization of extraction
preservatives in many food processing industries. methods and preservation techniques of hill lemon juice.
Scientific and Industrial Res 68(07): 608-610

REFERENCES Mahajan RK and Lal BB (1991). Evaluation studies on

Attri BL and Maini SB (1996). Processing Galgal into Himachal Galgal for processing industry. J Food Sci,
nutritious delicacies. Indian Hort.36 : 10-14 Technol 28: 378-380

Bansal M and Dhawan SS (1993) Preservation and keeping Received on 14/05/2020 Accepted on 31/05/2020
quality quality of Bhadri Lemon(Citrus limon L Burm)
juice. Haryana J Horti Sci 22 (3 )188-194

259 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 257-259

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 260-265 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00056.2

Socio-Economic Profile of the Human-Wildlife Conflict Affected

Farmers of Tamil Nadu
K Senthilkumar1*, P Mathialagan2 and C Manivannan3
ABSTRACT
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) arises when there is a compulsion to share common limited resources, such
as land, game, livestock or fish .There has been more livestock loss in areas where people took their livestock
to graze inside a reserve. Hence, a study was conducted to find out the socio-economic profile of the human
wildlife conflict affected farmers in Tamil Nadu. Majority of the respondents were old aged, marginal land
holders, educated up to secondary level, possessed medium unit of livestock, practiced agriculture and livestock
as their primary occupation, had medium level of annual income and residing at 0.5 to 1 km away from the
forest area. Nearly two-third of the farmers possessed medium level of knowledge with regard to various HWC.
Among the human-elephant conflict farmers, half of the population had medium level of knowledge on HWC.
Key Words: - Age, Annual income, Education, Human-wildlife conflict, Knowledge.

INTRODUCTION suffering farmers as well as promoting more

Forests in Tamil Nadu occupy 22,877 sq. km.,
which is 17.59 per cent of the State’s geographical
area (Government of Tamil Nadu, 2013). In order to
undertake complementary activities of biodiversity
conservation and development of sustainable
management, biosphere reserves are demarcated into
three inter-related zones viz., natural or core zone,
manipulation or buffer zone and a transition zone
outside the buffer zone (Ministry of Environment,
Forests and Climate Change, GoI, 2013). A buffer
zone of two km, for country’s national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries having an area of 200 sq. km.
or more, is mandatory.
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) arises when
there is a compulsion to share common limited
resources, such as land, game, livestock or fish
(Schwerdtner and Brend, 2007 and Graham et
al, 2012). There has been more livestock loss in
areas where people took their livestock to graze
inside a reserve. Effective and economically viable
mitigation methods are required to minimize
elephant–human conflicts to provide relief to
positive attitudes towards elephant conservation
(Chelliah et al, 2010). Systematic assessment of
the extent and scale of hidden impacts in different
human–wildlife conflict scenarios are needed
(Barua et al, 2013) yet academic engagement with
how human-wildlife conflicts affect psycho-social
wellbeing, particularly of rural communities, is
sparse (Chauhan and Chowdhury, 2002) especially
perceptional studies on Human-wildlife conflict by
the farmers in India are very limited.
Keeping these points in mind, a study was
undertaken to find out the socio-economic profile of
the farmers affected with human wildlife conflict.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Among the 37 districts of Tamil Nadu state, the
study was purposively carried out in Erode (human-
gaur conflict), Coimbatore (human-elephant
conflict), Krishnagiri (human-wild pig conflict)
and Chingelpet (human-monkey conflict) district
of Tamil Nadu state due to the high incidence of
human-wildlife conflict in these districts on the

*Corresponding author Email : senthilkumar.k.wls@tanuvas.ac.in

1
Assistant Professor & Section Head, Pig Breeding Unit, Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu
2
Former Professor and Head, Dept. of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension education, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-7
3
Professor and Head, University Publication Division, TANUVAS, Chennai-51

260 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 260-265

 Senthilkumar et al

Table 1. Socio-economic profile of the human-wildlife conflict affected farmers of Tamil

Nadu. (N=240)
Sr. No., Characters Frequency Per cent
1 Age
Young (16-29 yr) 24 10.4
Middle (29-42 yr) 96 40
Old ( Above 42 yr) 120 49.6
2 Gender
Male 186 77.5
Female 54 22.5
3 Religion
Hindus 219 91.3
Muslims 15 6.3
Christians 6 2.4
4 Marital status
Married 225 93.8
Widow/Widower 13 5.4
Unmarried 2 0.8
5 Education
Illiterates 11 4.6
Primary 55 22.9
High school 21 8.8
Higher Secondary 135 56.2
Graduate 18 7.5
6 Family type
Nuclear family 162 67.50
Joint family 78 32.50
7 Occupation
Agri + Animal Husbandry 238 99.2
Agriculture alone 2 0.8
8 Annual Income
Low 81 33.7
Medium 99 41.3
High 60 25.0
9 Proximity to forest
Between 1 km and 2 kms 70 29.20
0.5 to 1 km 162 67.50
Below 0.5 km 8 3.33

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 Socio-Economic Profile of the Human-Wildlife Conflict

10 Land Holdings
Small 38 15.8
Marginal 180 75.0
Large 22 9.2
11 Livestock possession
Low 51 21.3
Medium 178 74.2
High 11 4.5
12 ICT tools possession
Low 29 12.1
Moderate 196 81.7
High 15 6.3
13 Farming experience
Low 39 16.3
Medium 178 74.2
High 23 9.5
14 Number of HWC exposures
1-4 exposures 33 13.8
5-8 exposures 137 57.1
9-10 exposures 68 28.3
More than 10 exposures 2 0.8
15 Number of training underwent
Animal Husbandry Training 43 17.9
No training 197 82.1
16 Farmers courage
Drove away the intruding wild animals 163 67.9
Running away 39 16.3
Fire signaling 26 10.8
Nocturnal guarding 12 5.0
17 Information seeking behaviour
Low 19 7.9
Medium 210 87.5
High 11 4.6

262 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 260-265

 Senthilkumar et al

basis of data collected from Tamil Nadu Forest (2013) who reported that almost 97.0 per cent of
Department. Farmers who had at least one wildlife the interviewees had attended school, at least to
conflict incidence in their lifetime were selected for junior secondary stage. Nearly two-thirds (67.50
the study. Sixty farmers were selected randomly %) of the farmers maintained nuclear family and
from each district, thus a total of 240 farmers were the rest (32.50 %) were leading joint family. This
selected from four districts for the study. finding was in line with the findings of Sudheendra
(2003) who reported that nearly 62 per cent of the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respondents had nuclear type of family.
Age and gender Occupation and annual income
It could be noted that nearly one-half of the Majority (99.20%) of the respondents were
respondents belonged to old age at the time of practicing agriculture along with livestock as
enquiry, followed by 40 per cent of them in middle their primary occupation. A meager percentage of
age and 10.4 per cent in young age categories (Table respondents (0.8 %) had agriculture alone as their
1). This was in agreement with findings of Wang et primary occupation. This deferred with findings
al (2006) who stated that most of the respondents of Mishra (2003) who opined that majority of the
belonged to old age group. Since the respondents respondents (56.15 %) were engaged in agriculture.
were practicing farmers who were performing The findings (Table 1) revealed that 41.3 per cent
agriculture for long time, considerable number of the respondents belonged to medium income
among them were found to be old aged. About 77.5 group followed by low income group (34.2 %) and
per cent of male farmers followed by 22.5 per cent high income group (24.6 %). The farmers were
of female farmers were affected. The reason for this keeping livestock with agriculture. This might be
might be due to involvement of male in agriculture the reason for two-thirds belonged to middle and
was more than the females. high income groups. This finding deferred with the
Religion and marital status findings of Sudheendra (2003) who found that an
The data (Table 1) revealed that 91.3 per cent overwhelming share (96.67%) of the beneficiaries
of farmers were Hindus followed by Muslims (6.3 of Joint Forest Management Programme was below
%) and Christians (2.4 %). Further, 93.8 per cent of poverty line.
the respondents were married followed by 5.4 per Proximity to forest and land holding
cent of widow and vey negligible amount (0.8 %) It was found that most (67.5 %) of the respondents
of unmarried farmers. This was mainly due to the were found to be in 0.5 to 1 km proximity to forest
reason that most of the unmarried were working in followed by 29.20 per cent respondents below 0.5
the nearby town and their fathers only were doing km and 3.30 per cent respondents between 1 km
agriculture. and 2 km. It could be observed that human-wildlife
Education and family type conflict was more in 0.5 to 1 km proximity to the
The data (Table 1) revealed that more than forest area. A two-thirds (75.0 %) of the respondents
one-half of the respondents were educated up to possessed marginal land holdings while 15.8 per
higher secondary level followed by primary level cent belonged to small category and 9.2 per cent
(22.9 %), high school level (8.8 %), graduate with large land holdings. Agriculture and animal
level (7.5 %) and illiterates (4.6 %). Hence, the husbandry being the primary occupation and human-
farmers in the conflict area were mostly educated wildlife conflict being the criteria for selection of
and were in line with the findings of Nekaris et al respondents might be the reason for this result.

263 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 260-265

 Socio-Economic Profile of the Human-Wildlife Conflict

Livestock and ICT tools possession al (2013) who conducted an ethnoprimatological

Almost two-thirds (74.2 %) of the respondents
maintained moderate livestock units followed
by low (21.3 %) and high (4.5 %) livestock units
(Table 1). This might be due to marginal land
holdings possessed by the respondents and reduced
grazing facilities in the study area. Likewise, it was
observed that 81.7 per cent of respondents possessed
moderate ICT tools followed by low (12.1 %) and
high (6.3 %) ICT tools . Most of the respondents
possessed television (93.30 %), mobile phones
(87.50 %) and Radio (48.30 %) which indicated that
communication facilities/tools in the study area was
good and moderate. This finding was in accordance
with the findings of Bhattarai and Fischer (2014)
who inferred from their study on Human-tiger
(Panthera tigiris) conflict and its perception in
Bardia National Park, Nepal that majority (86.60
%) of the respondents in the study area possessed
mobile phones than landline telephone.
Farming experience and HWC exposures
It was observed that almost three-fourths (74.2
%) of the respondents had medium level of farming
experience. Nearly, 16.3 per cent of respondents
had 25 yr of experience (low) in farming followed
by 9.6 per cent of respondents with more than 50 yr
of farming experience (high). Majority (57.1 %) of
the respondents possessed 5-8 exposures per year
followed by 9-10 exposures (28.3 %), 1-4 exposures
(13.8 %) and more than 10 exposures per year
(0.8 %). About one-fifth (17.9 %) of the farmers Barua M, Bhagwat S A and Jadhav S (2013). The hidden
underwent training in animal husbandry while 82.1
per cent of the respondents never undergone any
training.
Farmer’s courage and information seeking
behaviour
It could be observed that majority (67.9 %) of the Chelliah K, Kannan G, Kundu S, Abilash N, Madhusudan A,
respondents drove away the intruding wild animals
followed by running away (16.3 %), fire signaling
(10.8 %), and nocturnal guarding (5.0 %). The result
proved that the sons of the soil in Tamil culture are Chauhan N P S and Chowdhury S (2002). Evaluation of electric
brave and courageous since time immemorial. This
was in accordance with the findings of Nekaris et
study and recorded that majority of the respondents
drove away the intruding monkey from their
agricultural farm using various tools. M a j o r i t y
(87.5 %) of the farmers were having medium level
of information seeking behavior followed by low
(7.9%) and high (4.6%) . Similar observations were
made by Prasannakumar (1995) who found that
majority (43.33 %) of the Joint Forest Management
Programme (JFMP) participant farmers had
medium level of contact with the officials of the
forest department for seeking information.
CONCLUSION
Thus, it could be stated that majority of the
respondents possessed medium unit of livestock
belonged to nuclear family, had agriculture and
livestock as primary occupation, medium level
of annual income, located between 0.5 to 1 km
proximity to forest and were marginal landholders.
Their ICT tool possession was found to be medium
and most of them were old aged with secondary
level of education. Majority of the human-wildlife
conflict affected farmers were old aged, marginal
landholders, educated up to secondary level,
possessed medium unit of livestock, practiced
agriculture and livestock as their primary occupation,
had medium level of annual income and residing at
0.5 to 1 km away from the forest area.
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dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts,
opportunity and transaction costs. Biol Conservat
157: 309-316.
Bhattarai B R and Fischer K (2014). Human–tiger Panthera
tigris conflict and its perception in Bardia National Park,
Nepal. Oryx 48(4): 522-528.
Baskaran N and Sukumar R (2010). Testing the efficacy
of a chilli-tobacco rope fence as a deterrent against crop-
raiding elephants. Current Sci 99(9), 1239-1243.
fences for their efficacy in controlling elephant damage
in Northern West Bengal and suggesting improvements.
Indian forester 128(2): 179-188.

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Government of Tamilnadu (2013). Policy Note on Forest, Prasannakumar G T, (1995). Knowledge and perception of
Forest Department. 1. Joint Forest planning and management by participant
Graham M D, Adams W M and Kahiro G N (2012). Mobile farmers in Uttar Kannada district. M.Sc., (Agri) Thesis
phone communication in effective human elephant– (unpubl.) University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
conflict management in Laikipia County, Kenya.  Schwerdtner K and Bernd G (2007). A conceptual framework
Oryx 46(1): 137-144. for damage compensation scheme. Biol Conserv 134:
Ministry of Environment and Forests and climate change, 354-360.
Govt. of India (2013). Retrieved from: http://envfor.nic. Sudheendra (2003). A critical analysis of joint forest
in, Accessed on: 18-11-2019 management programme on knowledge and perception
Mishra C, Allen P, McCarthy T O M, Madhusudan M D, among beneficiaries in northern Karnataka. Unpublished
Bayarjargal A and Prins H H (2003). The role of incentive Ph.D., Thesis. UAS, Dharwad.
programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conserv Biol Wang S W, Lassoie J P and Curtis P D (2006). Farmer attitudes
17(6): 1512-1520. towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck
Nekaris K A I, Boulton A, and Nijman V (2013). An National Park, Bhutan. Environ Conserv  33 (02): 148-
ethnoprimatological approach to assessing levels of 156.
tolerance between human and commensal non-human Received on 6/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
primates in Sri Lanka. J Anthrolp Sci 91: 1-14

265 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 260-265

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00054.9

Socio Economic Status and Constrains Faced by Organic

Vegetable Growers in Wokha District of Nagaland, India.
Nchumthung Murry*1 and K Lalruatsangi2
Department of Agricultural Economics1 and Department of Entomology2
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema- 797 106 (Nagaland)

ABSTRACT
Commercial production of high value vegetable in the state of Nagaland pose an immense scope as
the region is blessed up favourable micro climate and fertile soil coupled with region organic based
farming. Although the region of North East specifically Nagaland has promising scope in producing
high value crops, the farmers in the region are faced with several production as well as marketing
constrains. From the study, it was revealed that major and common production and marketing
constrains faced by vegetable growers includes, severity in pest and diseases infestation (65.83%)
of the respondent followed by lack of irrigation facilities and high dependency on monsoon (64.17%),
non-availability of quality seed/ planting materials (55.00%), lack of efficient marketing mechanism
(66.67%), lack of proper transportation (65.00%) and storage facilities in the area (50.83%) etc.
Key Words: Constrains, Marketing, Nagaland, Organic, Production, Vegetable.

INTRODUCTION 2006). The lack of proper local market yard

Vegetables constitute about 59 per cent of
total horticulture production in India. Increase in
Vegetable production over the years led to increase
per capita availability of vegetables from 264 g/
person/day in 2004-05 to 355 g/person/day in 2015-
16. Total production and productivity of vegetable
crops of the country has been gradually increasing
from 1991-92 to 2014-15. During this period, the
area under horticulture crops grew by about 2.7 per
cent per annum, productivity increased by 37 per
cent between 2004-05 and 2014-15. As a result,
India has maintained its second rank in the global
production of vegetables after china (Kumar et al,
2017). An increasing number of organic farmers are
sourcing their organic inputs off-farm. The limited
cultivable area can be best utilized for growing
vegetables which are known to give higher yields
per unit area. High transportation cost was a serious
constraint followed by non-availability of vehicles
for transport of horticultural produce, (Kshirsagar,
facilities was the major problem (95%) while 100
percent respondent suggested the establishment of
wholesale market within the state of Sikkim (Phukan
et al, 2018). Some of the important constraints of
agricultural marketing system in the country are
lack of infrastructure like storage, transportation,
quality control, packaging, price risk management,
cool chains, market led extension, and conducive
framework for promotion of contract farming,
(Gohain and Singh, 2018).
Nagaland has total geographical area of 16579
sq.km with a total population of 19.0 lakh. Out
of 2,48,354 ha net sown area, roughly 99,980 ha
is under shifting cultivation. The state receives an
average rainfall of 1800 mm with the temperature
range of 4 – 35 degree C. The soil of the state is
acidic to strongly acidic in reaction. The low pH is
basically due to the leaching of the bases under the
influence of high rainfall. The soils are, however
rich in organic matter.

Corresponding Author’s Email:nch.murry@gmail.com

Research Scholar1,2

266 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270

 Murry and Lalruatsangi
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted during the
period 2017-2018 in Wokha district of Nagaland,
to assess the socio economic status as well as
constrains faced by the organic vegetable growers
in the region. In Wokha District out of total five
rural development blocks, three blocks viz.,
Wozhuro-Ralan, Chukitong, and Wokha were
selected for the present study due to good number
of vegetable growers in the area. Four (4) villages
from each block were selected by random sampling
method, which resulted in 12 villages for the study.
After selection of the villages, in order to have
representative sample from each village a sample
of 10 respondents was drawn randomly which
result in 120 respondents from 12 villages. The
primary data were collected through pre-tested
and questionnaires for collecting details on socio-
economic and production and marketing problem
faced by the vegetable growers. Constraints
faced by the vegetable growers in production and
marketing of organic vegetables were analysed
using frequency simple percentage and ranked to
know the order of importance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study on Socio economic characteristics of
the farm household is an important criteria for
understanding the level of farmers awareness,
knowledge, managerial capabilities as well as farm
resources requirement. In the present study socio
economic characteristics such as age, education
level, family size, land holdings etc were considered
and discussed. The distribution respondents
according to their socio economic status is given
in table 1.
Study on socio economic pattern of the
organic vegetable growers in the region reveals
that majority of the respondents belongs to 30- 40
yr age group which constitutes 40.83 per cent of
the respondent. The study comprises of male 72
(60%) and female (48%). It was also found out
that majority of the respondent have educational
267 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270
qualification of primary level (34.17%) followed
by high school (21.65%). Majority of the vegetable
growers in the study area belonged to small land
holding group which comprises of 40 per cent of
the respondent followed by small group of farmers
which comprises of 36.67 per cent of the total
respondent considered for the study. It was also
revealed that 36.67 per cent of the respondent had
farming experiences of 5 to 10 yr which comprises
of majority of the total respondent, Rajasree et al (
2017) also reported similar findings.
Constraints of production and marketing of
Organic vegetables
Production constrains
It can be seen (Table 2) that the main and most
felt production constrain faced by the vegetables
growers was severity in pest and diseases infestation
as expressed by 65.83 per cent of the respondent
followed by lack of irrigation facilities and high
dependency on monsoon (64.17%), lack of
institutional and government support (59.17%) and
non-availability of quality seed/ planting materials
(55.00%). Dhurwey et al (2015) also reported
similar findings. Vegetable growers do not use
inorganic chemical for pest and disease control and
depends heavily on organic pest control measure.
Lack of irrigational facilities in the area was also
another great hinder in the production mechanism as
farmers mostly cultivated under rain-fed conditions
and depends heavily on monsoon rainfall.
Irregularity or deficiency in monsoon during the
crop period ultimately reduced in yields drastically.
As commercial cultivation of high value crops like
vegetables requires handsome initial investment and
capital, the farmers in the region which are mostly
poor and economically weak cannot effort costly
inputs as timely intervention of government support
and subsidies are not availed by the farmers. Very
few farmers availed credit facilities from financial
institutes for the cultivation expenses. Traditional
method of seed storage and preservation as practice
by the farmers do not substantiate much to meet the
requirement of seed for the next season.
 Socio Economic Status and Constrains Faced

Table 1. Socio Economic Status of the Respondent.

Socio Economic Variable Frequency Percentage
1. Age (Yr)
Up to 30 38 31.67
30-50 49 40.83
More than 50 33 27.50
Total 120 100.00
2. Gender
Male 72 60
Female 48 40
Total 120 100
3. Education Status
Illiterate 12 10.00
Primary 41 34.17
Middle school 25 20.83
High school 26 21.67
Higher secondary 12 10.00
Gradutae and above 4 3.33
4. Family Size
Upto 2 8 6.67
3-5 67 55.83
6-8 36 30.00
Above 8 9 7.50
5. Size of Holding (Ha)
Less than 1 (Marginal) 48 40.00
1-2 (Small) 44 36.67
3-4 (Medium) 20 16.67
Above 4 (Large) 8 6.67
6. Farming Experience
upto 5 12 10.00
5 to 10 44 36.67
10 to 15 38 31.67
Above 15 26 21.67

It was also found out that lack of technical know
how for optimizing crop output (53.33%), lack of
adequate cultivable land for undertaking cultivation
on commercial scale (52.50%), high cost of human
labour (41.67%) and non- accessibility to farm
mechanization (35.00%) were also other major
constrains faced by the vegetable growers in the
region. Gohain and Singh (2018) also concluded
similar findings. The farmers had limited knowledge
about scientific cultivations and mostly based on
traditional cultivation without dependency on high
external inputs which ultimately result in lower

268 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270

 Murry and Lalruatsangi

Table 2. Production constrains faced by Vegetables growers.

Sr. Production problems Frequen- Percent- Rank
No. cy age
1 Severity in pest and diseases infestation 79 65.83 I
2 Lack of irrigation facilities and high dependency on monsoon 77 64.17 II
3 Lack of institutional and government support 71 59.17 III
4 Non-availability of quality seed/ planting materials 66 55.00 IV
5 Lack of technical know how for optimizing crop output 64 53.33 V
6 Lack of adequate cultivable land for undertaking cultivation on 63 52.50 VI
commercial scale
7 High cost of human labour 50 41.67 VII
8 Non- accessibility to farm mechanication 42 35.00 VIII
9 Non-availability of FYM/Compost, etc. 40 33.33 IX
10 Low return from the investment 40 33.33 X

inputs. As farmers in the region normally practiced
subsistence farming for meeting their household
because most of the farmers do not have enough
land suitable for commercial cultivation coped
with less availability of human labour and farm
machineries and implements to clear thick jungle
for establishment of farm. Farmers mostly relied
on organic manures and as vegetable cultivation
requires high fertility status of the soil and manure
for optimum production, but it was found out that
lack of organic supplements for plant nourishment
by the farmer’s results in lower output. Non-
availability of FYM/Compost (33.33%) as well as
low return from the investment (33.33%), were also
found to be major constrains in vegetable cultivation
in the region. Problems of crop failure were also
reported in the form of heavy rain, scorching
sunlight, wildlife, poor soils, etc. Haneef et al ( faced by the vegetable growers in the region
2019) also concluded similar findings in their work
on constraints faced by farmers practicing organic
farming in hill region of Uttarakhand.
Marketing constrains
The data (Table 3) showed the most important
constraint faced by vegetable growers in the region
was lack of efficient marketing mechanism, as
expressed by 66.67 per cent of the respondent
followed by lack of institutional credit facilities
(65.83%), lack of proper transportation facilities
(65.00%) and low marketable surplus (62.50%).
Inefficiency in marketing mechanism with no
market information and price movement/ price
support system discouraged the vegetable growers
in the region. It was also found out that vegetables
growers in the region do not received credit facilities
for finding proper market to sell out their produce
at reasonable price coped with lack of storage
facilities to enhance shelf life of their produce,
resulting in heavy post harvest loses. It was also
found out that, farmers do not produce adequate
quantity of marketable surplus as they possess small
land holding and limited to subsistence farming
only. Azad et al (2014) in their study on problem
perceived by the farmers in vegetable cultivation,
also reported similar findings. Other major constrains
includes, lack of market intelligence and market
information (52.50%), lack of warehouses / storage
facilities in the area (50.83%), lack of government
support price and pricing policy (41.67%), lack
of marketing co-operative societies (34.17%) and
exploitation by middlemen / commission agents
(33.33%). Chahal and Kataria (2010) in their study
on constraints in the production and marketing of
maize in Punjab also reported similar findings. Poor
market information by the farmers and insufficient

269 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270

 Socio Economic Status and Constrains Faced

Table 3. Marketing problems faced by Vegetables growers.

Sr. No. Marketing problems Frequency Percentage Rank
1 Lack of efficient marketing mechanism 80 66.67 I
2 Lack of institutional credit facilities 79 65.83 II
3 Lack of proper transportation facilities 78 65.00 III
4 Low marketable surplus 75 62.50 IV
5 Lack of market intelligence and market information 63 52.50 V
6 Lack of warehouses / storage facilities in the area 61 50.83 VI
7 Lack of government support price and pricing policy 50 41.67 VII
8 Lack of marketing co-operative societies 41 34.17 VIII
9 Exploitation by middlemen / commission agents 40 33.33 IX
Government support price act as stumbling block in Dhurwey C K, Choudhry V K, Bante R and Shrey R. (2015).
marketing system of their produce efficiently. Lack Constraints perceived by farmers in production and
marketing of major Cole vegetable crops in Bemetara
of cooperative societies, market facilities, were also district of Chhattisgarh state. Int Res J Agril Econ and
observed on the following research study area. Stat 6(1):193-196.
Gohain N and Singh S. (2018). An analysis of problems and
CONCLUSION constraints faced by farmers in marketing of agricultural
From the study on constrains faced by vegetables produce in Punjab. Econ Affairs 63 (3): 671-678.
growers in Nagaland, India, it was found out that Government of Nagaland (2017). Statistical Handbook.
although there is a high potential streamlining Kohima: Government of Nagaland.
organic vegetable in the state of Nagaland, farmers Haneef R, Sharma G and Ahmad T. (2019). Constraints faced
are faced with many production as well as marketing by farmers practicing organic farming in hill region of
constrains. The study revealed that, severity in pest Uttarakhand, India. Int J Current Microbiol and Appl Sci
and diseases infestation, lack of institutional and 8 (5): 1149-1157.
government support, non-availability of quality Kshirsagar K G. (2006). Availing marketing infrastructure
for horticultural crops: emerging perspectives and future
seed, lack of efficient marketing mechanism,
policies. Indian J Agril Market 20(2): 69-80.
lack of proper transportation facilities and lack
Kumar R, Bhatia A K and Singh D. (2017). Present status of
of warehouses facilities etc., are main constrains
vegetable production and their impact in human uutrition.
faced by the vegetable growers. Doubling farmer’s Int J Agri Sci 9 (55): 4945-4949.
income as envisaged can be achieved in the state
Phukan P, Avasthe R, Lepcha B, Singh R. (2018). Marketing
through encouraging farmers to undertake vegetable behaviour of vegetable growers in East Sikkim. J Krishi
production as the state has good scope in production Vigyan 6(2): 157-162.
of high value organic vegetable. Rajasree R, Timbadia C K, and Sharma F L (2017).
Constraints perceived by vegetable growers for the use
REFERENCES of farm mechanization. Current Agri Res J 5(2): 227-231.
Azad M J, Ali M S, Islam M R, Yeasmin M and Pk K H.
Received on 6/03/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020
(2014). Problem perceived by the farmers in vegetable
cultivation. J Expt Biosciences 5(2): 63-68.
Chahal S S and Kataria P (2010). Constraints in the production
and marketing of maize in Punjab. Agriculture Update
5(1&2): 228-236.

270 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 266-270

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00055.0

Socio-Cultural Belief and Practices Related to Menarche and

Menstruation among Tribals of Kargil, J&K
Sabiya Asmat1, Sarika Manhas2, Anupa Sharma3, Nassreen Fatima4 and Nuzhat Hassan5
1, 4, 5
S. K University of Agriculture Science & Technology of Kashmir Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Kargil 194102 UT Ladakh
2,3
P.G. Department of Home Science, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K) India

ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out with an objective to assess the socio-cultural beliefs and restrictions
related to menarche and adolescent menstruation and to perceive the intergenerational continuity and
transition in the menstrual knowledge and practices of sample tribal females. The sample for the study
consisted of 320 adolescents girls in the age group of 14 to 18 yr studying in class 9th to 12th currently
enrolled at Govt Middle, High and High Secondary schools, 100 mothers and 100 grandmothers, which
were selected equally from Purig tribe and Balti tribe of Kargil district, J&K state. Interview schedule,
Checklist and focus group discussion were used to collect the required information from the respondents. The
results reveal that females of Kargil especially mothers and grandmothers hold and follow certain specific
beliefs related to menstruation. Majority of them believed that menstruation symbolizes psychological and
physical maturity for females. It was commonly believed that bathing during menstruation caused cessation/
stoppage of menstrual blood. Bathing during their period is also prohibited because it is seen to contaminate
the body. Other beliefs held include cutting of hair/nails during period leading to contamination of body;
disposal of used sanitary materials by burning or burying leads to infertility. The findings indicate that
these beliefs were comparatively more popular among mothers and grandmothers as compared to young
girls. The younger generation had more relevant information, which they probably gained through schools,
books (science books) /and media. It is recommended that girls should be educated about the truth of
menstruation, its physiological implications and about maintenance of adequate hygiene during menstruation.
Key Words: Beliefs, Kargil, Menstruation, Restrictions and Tribal.

INTRODUCTION causes real harm. In some tribes women are forced

The socio-cultural practices of a society are to live in a cowshed throughout their periods. There
what makes it unique and what gives it an identity. are health issues, like infections caused by using
Medically, the starting of a girl’s menstruation dirty rags, and horror stories related to it (George,
marks her change from a child to an adult, as it is 2012). Women of varying cultures follow different
an important transition but the cultural/religious beliefs and myths related to menstruation without
practices decide its construction for a given society. having any actual evidence because nobody ever
Different cultures treat menarche in different ways. dared to take a chance and get suspicious about these.
Some cultures visualize menarche as a crucial time Menstrual blood in primitive times was considered
in a girl’s life and commemorate it in order to greet highly powerful and strong. It was used in many
the girl in to the world of adulthood while other rituals and especially in making magic potions
cultures consider menarche as just an unimportant (Joseph, 2014). Many communities world over
physical occurrence. Menstruation also has a long have gone through centuries of myths and taboos
history of strict cultural beliefs across India, which that have created an ideology of the female body
Corresponding Author’s Email: sabiyaasmat@gmail.com
1,3,4
SK University of Agriculture Science & Technology of Kashmir Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kargil, Jammu and Kashmir, India
2,5
P.G. Department of Home Science, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K) India

271 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Asmat et al

which has continued to impact the lives of women Beliefs associated with menstruation were however
and girls in modern society. Religious teachings, practiced and followed by all women folk.
traditional practices and cultural beliefs, have all Some of the prominent and commonly
played their role in the ideology of stigmatizing the held beliefs were as under Bathing During
menstruating woman. Sadly such myths have led to Menstruation Leads to Cessation of Menstrual
48 per cent of girls in Iran, 10 per cent in India, and 7 Flow
per cent in Afghanistan believing that menstruation
is a disease, it is the removal of bad blood from There is no scientific evidence to prove that
the body, rather than a natural and healthy part of bathing can lead to cessation of menstrual flow
adolescence or young adulthood (SOS Children’s
Village, 2014). Hence, the present study explored
the socio-cultural beliefs and practices related to
menarche and menstruation among tribes of Kargil,
Ladakh.

MATERIALS AND METHOS

The sample for the study comprised of 520
tribal respondents of Kargil district, which was
divided into 3 groups. The core group of the study
comprised of 320 unmarried adolescent girls in the
age group of 14-18yr, who were selected in equal
numbers from Balti and Purig tribe. The entire
group of selected girls was currently enrolled in
high and higher secondary schools of the district.
The 2nd group consisted of 100 mothers (50 from
Purig tribe and 50 from Balti tribe) who had at least
one adolescent daughter, and the 3rd group consisted
of 100 grandmothers (50 from Purig tribe and 50
from Balti tribe) who had at least one adolescent
granddaughter experiencing menstruation, drawn
equally from the two tribes. The tools used for data
collection included: Interview, Checklist method,
and Focus Group. The data were analyzed through
content analysis and statistical techniques using
SPSS 16.0 version.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Between both the selected tribes i.e., Purig
and Balti, it was noted that menstruation is largely
seen as a private affair to be kept secret from
others especially the males. Menarche or the
onset of menstruation was a crucial step towards
maturity and adulthood but no specific ceremonies
or activities commemorating it were practiced.
Fig: 1
Results on this belief in the fig. no 1 reveal that
majority (40.3%) of the girls were unsure about
this belief; 38.7 percent did not believe on this
statement; and only 20.9 percent of girls believed
on this statement. However contrary to the girls,
majority of both mothers (79%) and grandmothers
(93%) believed that bathing during menstruation
caused cessation/stoppage of menstrual blood.
They thought that bathing exposed the body to cold,
and the blood which would otherwise flow out from
the uterus remains there or freezes in the uterus and
hence this could cause cessation of menstrual flow.
Comparatively younger generation girls
regarded this statement as untrue but none of
mothers and grandmothers felt this was untrue.
It was evident that there was highly significant
difference across the three generation (p=000) on
this belief. Most (32.4%) early adolescent girls
said this belief was true where as majority of late
adolescent girls (54.4%) considered it as a false
belief. This implies that as the adolescent girls aged
they probably realized that bathing has no effect on
menstrual flow. Tribe wise analysis show that more

272 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Socio-Cultural Belief and Practices

mothers and grandmothers of Balti tribe considered belief, while, majority (59.6%) late adolescent girls
it as true than Purig tribe females. However, more thought that it was an incorrect belief. Statistically
Balti adolescent girls were ‘not sure’ about this also there was significant difference between the
belief while most Purig girls felt this as ‘false’. two groups of adolescents. Only 14.6 percent early
Bathing during Menstruation leads to adolescent girls and 19.8 percent late adolescent girls
Contamination/ Impurity of Body believed this belief to be true. Tribe wise analysis
shows that more Balti respondents (24.3% girls,
Fact: Taking a bath/shower/washing the body 80% mothers and 66% grandmothers) believed on
during menstruation is necessary. It prevents a this statement than Purig respondents (10% girls,
woman from getting infections. However, the 64% mothers and 24% grandmothers). On the other
practice of ‘douching’ (forcing water inside hand, more of the Purig respondents (57.5% girls and
the vagina in order to clean it) can cause pelvic 46% grandmothers) viewed this statement as false
infections. compared to Balti (23.7% girls and 20% mothers)
respondents. Statistical analysis also shows that there
was highly significant difference across the three
generation (p=000); between early adolescent girls
and late adolescent girls and between the tribes in all
the three groups with respect to this particular belief.
Eating Cold Food during Periods Causes Cramps
and Eating Hot Food during Menstruation Helps
in Early Cleansing of the Uterus
Facts: It is totally fine to eat cold food. Cramps
Fig: 2 usually come from the uterus and these cramps are
due to uterine contractions; a normal physiological
Data in the fig. no 2 show that majority of the manifestation of periods. One should in fact
sample mothers (72%) and grandmother (45%) consume balanced diet during menstruation
believed that by bathing during menstruation the
body will become more impure or contaminated,
as the legs and hands will come in contact with
menstrual blood. Since the blood is supposed to be
dirty and contaminated, hence when it touches other
body parts, they also become unclean and dirty.
Only 17.1 percent of girls thought that it was true
as these girls were directed by the elder females of
their family to believe in this. However, majority of
adolescent girls (42.1%) were not sure about this
belief and another 40.6 percent of girls reported it to
be a false belief, 10 percent mothers and 38 percent Fig: 3
grandmothers also did not find any logic behind Fig. no 3 represents that majority mothers
this belief and hence regarded this belief as false. (88%) and grandmothers (72%) and adolescent girls
18 percent mothers and 17 percent grandmothers (54%), believed that eating cold/sour foods during
were also not sure about this belief. Across the two period can cause abdominal and vaginal cramps.
age group of the sample girls, majority (62.8%) Those who considered this as true, further stated
early adolescent girls were not sure about this that sour food like curd, buttermilk, wild apricot

273 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Asmat et al

(Chuli), lemon, juices are cold in nature so these Another commonly held belief among females
may cause freezing of menstrual blood in the uterus of Kargil district was that sex during menstruation
and finally lead to cramps. While eating hot food is a great sin. Fig. no 4 clearly shows that all the
during menstruation helps in early cleansing or mothers and grandmothers firmly held this belief. But
expelling out the menstrual blood from the uterus. the younger girls probably because of inexperience
Those respondents believed that by intake of hot were not sure about the authenticity of this belief.
food, menstrual blood comes out timely, which also The elder females reported that religiously they
helps in easing menstrual pain and cramps. The data were also instructed not to indulge in sex during
also show that 11.5% of girls as compared to none periods and hence they never questioned this and
of the mothers and grandmothers reported this as have followed it unconditionally when they got
untrue, highlighting a slight better understanding married. Comparatively more late adolescent girls
of the menstrual process among the young girls . believed it as a correct belief than early adolescent
Calculation of chi-square revealed more variation girls probably because as the girls aged their views
in the response of the girls, as many of them either were more likely to be influenced by those of their
felt that this belief was untrue or were not sure of mothers and grandmothers. Irrespective of their
its authenticity than the mothers and grandmothers. tribal affiliation all mothers and grandmothers
Those respondents who belonged to ‘not sure’ believed in this concept of sex as a sin during
category reported that they heard about this belief menstruation. However, for girls, more Purig tribe
through some sources but they were not confident girls held this belief as true than Balti girls.
whether this belief is true or false. Statistically Cutting of Hair / Nails during Periods Causes
significant difference was found among the two Contamination of Body
groups of adolescent girls. Most late adolescent
girls (69.2%) believed it as true but on the contrary Fact: A girl can cut her hair and nails during
majority early adolescent girls (50%) were not her period as usual.
sure about this belief. On the basis of tribe, Balti Another prevalent belief among the tribals
respondents were more likely to believe on this was related to the cutting of hair and nails during
statement than Purig respondents and further this the menstrual flow. Majority mothers (50%) and
trend continued for all the three generations. grandmothers (65%) believed that cutting of
Sex during Periods is a Great Sin hair or nails during their monthly cycle causes
contamination of body. They further added that if
Fact: If both partners are willing, there is no a female cut her hair or nail during periods than
medical reason not to. the remaining or leftover hair or nails will also
Sex during Periods is a Great Sin become impure. However, majority (59.3%) of the
girls either thought that it is an erroneous belief
or (34.6%) were not sure about this belief. This
highlights that with passage of time such beliefs
were losing faith among the younger generation
as they did not find any logic in these. Majority
(51.2%) early adolescent girls were not sure about
this belief and 40.2% thought that it was a false
belief; similarly majority (79.4%) late adolescent
felt this was untrue and 17.3% were not sure about
this belief. This indicates that adolescent girls mostly
Fig: 4 did not consider it to be true. Tribe wise more Balti

274 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Table 1 Disposal of Used Sanitary Materials by Burning Leads to Infertility

275
Purig Balti Early Late Girls Mothers Grandmothers Females
Ado. Ado
Response 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 Purig Balti Purig Balti Purig Balti Girls Mothers Grand
Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr Years N=160 N=160 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=320 N=100 mothers
N=77 N=83 N=87 N=73 N= 164 N=156 N=100
True - 4 8 11 8 15 4 19 18 42 25 10 23 60 35
(5.1) (8.2) (15) (4.8) (9.6) (2.5) (11.8) (36) (84) (50) (20) (7.1) (60) (35)
False 36 66 2 22 38 88 102 24 12 - - 34 126 12 34
(46.7) (85.7) (2.2) (30.1) (23.1) (56.4) (63.7) (15) (24) (68) (39.3) (12) (34)
Not sure 41 13 77 40 118 53 54 117 20 8 25 6 171 28 31
(53.2) (15.6) (88.5) (54.7) (71.9) (33.9) (33.7) (73.1) (40) (16) (50) (12) (53.4) (28) (31)
Chi-sq between early and late adolescent girls Chi-sq between Chi-sq between Chi-sq between Chi-sq across generation
46.5** , P=0.000, df=2 Purig & Balti girls Purig & Balti Purig & Balti =135**, p=0.000
81.2**, p=0.000, grandmothers grandmothers df=4
df=2 26.7**, p=0.000, 52**, p=0.000,
df=2 df=2

Table No. 2 Ones whose Blood-Stained Clothes are Seen by Others is a Great Sinner
Purig Balti Early Late Girls Mothers Grandmothers Females
Ado. Ado
Response 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 Purig Balti Purig Balti Purig Balti Girls Moth- Grand
Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr N=160 N=160 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=320 ers mothers
Socio-Cultural Belief and Practices

N=77 N=83 N=87 N=73 N= N=156 N=100 N=100

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

164
True 57 46 22 73 79 119 103 95 50 50 50 50 198 100 100
(74.0) (59.7) (25.2) (100) (48.1) (76.2) (64.3) (59.3) (100) (100) (100) (100) (61.8) (100) (100)
False - 34 - - 34 - 34 - - - - - 34 - -
(44.1) (20.7) (21.2) (10.5)
Not sure 20 3 65 - 85 3 23 65 - - - - 88 - -
( 25.9) (3.8) (74.7) (51.8) (1.9) (14.3) (40.6) (27.5)
Chi-sq between early and late adolescent girls 106** , Chi-sq between girls - - Chi-sq between three genera-
P=0.000, df=2 54.3 **, p=0.000, tions =93.6**, p=0.000
df=2 df=4
 Asmat et al

grandmothers (80%) and mothers (76%) considered All mothers (100%) and grandmothers (100%)
this belief as true than their Purig counterparts. held the belief that Women must hide menstrual
protective product/material because other then
awkwardness ones whose blood-stained clothes are
seen by others is a great sinner. This trend remained
same for both the tribes. 61.8 percent of the girls
also believed in this concept. This shows that
younger generation are also likely to belief this as
true. Among the selected tribes it was commonly
believed that all menstrual material should be
hidden especially the blood stained clothes. Any
female not doing so was claimed to be committing
Fig: 5 a sin and could be cursed. The fear of curse and
concept of sin made the females follow this belief
Disposal of Used Sanitary Materials by without questioning. Similar kind of belief was also
Burning Leads to Infertility followed in Tanzania, that if a menstrual cloth is
Fact: Disposal of used sanitary materials by seen by others, the owner of the cloth may be cursed
burning or burying is a safe and hygienic method. (House et al., 2012). Comparatively, here more late
Another belief held by females of Kargil was adolescent girls than the younger ones believed in
that ‘disposal of used sanitary materials by burning this. Also, Purig girls were more likely to follow
leads to infertility’. The data (Table No. 1) clearly this than the Balti girls.
depict that, across the three generation it were the Strenuous / Laborious Activity Causes More
mothers (60%) that mainly followed this belief. Blood Flow during Menstruation
Majority (53.4%) of the adolescent girls were Fact: Exercise can help with symptoms; it
uncertain about this or (39.3%) felt it was not true. will not make pain worse. Women are not weaker
These girls reported that even though they saw their during their periods, unless they have anemia,
mothers and grandmothers following this belief but which is caused by an abnormal loss of blood
they themselves didn’t understand whether it was during menstruation.
true or not. As far as the sample grandmothers were
concerned almost equal number reported it was true Females were considered weak and vulnerable
(35%), untrue (34%) and not sure (31%). This was during menstruation and hence it was believed
the only belief where the grandmothers themselves that strenuous/laborious activities can cause more
seemed confused and unclear. Tribe wise Balti girls menstrual flow. Majority of the females across the
and Balti mothers were more likely to follow this three generation (50% girls, 86% mothers and 55%
belief than Purig girls and Purig mothers but for grandmothers) however did not approve of this
grandmothers a reverse trend was noted. Statistically belief. Rather they felt that since they had to work
highly significant difference was found between the hard throughout the year, their performance was not
early adolescent girls and late adolescent girls and affected by the occurrence or non occurrence of this
intra group differences according to tribe. physiological phenomenon.
Ones whose Blood-Stained Clothes are Seen by However, it was found that there was highly
others is a Great Sinner significant difference across the three generations,
Fact: Menstrual blood is the same as blood from with more girls being more uncertain but more
anywhere else in the body, so there is no sin on seeing grandmothers approving of this belief. 45 percent
blood-stained clothes. of the grandmothers had allegiance to this belief,

276 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Table No. 3 Strenuous / Laborious Activity causes more Blood Flow during Menstruation

277
Purig Balti Early Late Girls Mothers Grandmothers Females
Ado. Ado
Response 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 14-16 16-18 Purig Balti Purig Balti Purig Balti Girls Mothers Grand
Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr N=160 N=160 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=320 N=100 mothers
N=77 N=83 N=87 N=73 N= 164 N=156 N=100
True 16 14 - 1 16 15 30 1 - - - 45 31 - 45
(20.7) (18.1) (1.3) (9.7) (9.6) (18.7) (0.6) (90) (9.6) (45)

False 24 42 30 64 54 106 66 94 46 40 50 5 160 86 55

(31.1) (54.5) (34.4) (87.6) (32.9) (67.9) (41.2) (58.75) (46) (40) (100) (10) (50) (86) (55)

Not sure 37 27 57 8 94 35 64 65 4 10 - - 129 14 -

(48) (32.5) (65.5) (10.9) (57.3) (22.4) (40) (40.6) (4) (10) (40.3) (14)
Chi-sq between early and late adolescent girls Chi-sq between Purig Chi-sq between Chi-sq between Yates chi-sq across generation
43.7** , P=0.000, df=2 & Balti girls 32.0** Purig & Balti Purig & Balti =153.5**, p=0.000, df=4
p=0.000, grandmothers grandmothers
df=2 2.99, p=0.083, 78.2**, p= 0.000,
df=1 df=1
Socio-Cultural Belief and Practices

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278

 Asmat et al
as they felt that during their time living conditions
were very hard and therefore they suffered from
heavy blood flow. As far as the adolescent girls
were concerned, majority (57.3%) early adolescent
girls were uncertain about this belief where as
majority (67.9%) late adolescent girls viewed this
as a false belief. Inter tribe significant difference
for girls and grandmothers were noted, with more
Purig girls reporting this belief as true while more
grandmothers of Balti tribe considered this belief
as true.
CONCLUSION
All these beliefs highlight the notion of menstrual
blood as being dirty or contaminating. Menstruation
is also associated with maturity and fertility but again
the concept of sin or curse is also associated with those
who do not hide menstruation and menstrual material
from others. These signify that in a way the menstrual
beliefs and myths are a means of controlling not only the
minds and bodies of females but also their behavior and
everyday life. Everything that a female does or thinks
is controlled by these customary beliefs. The females
of Kargil continue to be so strongly influenced by these
socio-cultural beliefs/myths and taboos/restrictions that
they dislike the entire process of menstruation itself.
Deviation from the practical and believed norms is not
allowed and in fact, never thought about mainly because
of the fear of social alienation and fear of religious curse.
Women across different age groups continue to silently
follow. The older generation of females especially the
grandmothers and mothers have diligently followed
278 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 271-278
these believe. However, many young sample adolescent
girls either thought of these beliefs as erroneous or were
not sure about the authenticity or practical viability
of these beliefs. Young girls probably owing to their
education or media influences find many of these beliefs
and myths outdated and objectionable. Between the two
tribes, it was found that more Balti grandmothers and
mothers confirm to various beliefs and myths associated
with menstruation. Among the girls however, no major
differences were noted according to their tribe.
REFERENCES
George R (2012). The taboo of menstruation. The Big
Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste
and Why It Matters. The New York Times, [Blog Post].
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/
opinion/the-taboo-of-menstruation.html
House S, Mahon T and Cavill S (2012). Part of Menstrual
hygiene matters: A resource for improving menstrual
hygiene around the world. London: Water Aid. Retrieved
October 10, 2013, from www.wateraid.org/mhm
Joseph S (2014). Mythri speaks Menstrual taboos and
ancient wisdom: MYTHRI, Imparting awareness on
menstrual hygiene to adolescent girls [Blog Post].
Retrieved from http://mythrispeaks.wordpress.com
SOS Childrens Village (2014). Social taboos damage the
health of girls and women. SOS children works in the
Gambia in Basse and Bakoteh, giving children a loving
home and family. Retrieved August 5, 2014, from http://
www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/news/blog/social-
taboos-damage-the-health-of-girls-and-women.
Received on 26/02/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00057.4

Status of Rapeseed and Mustard crop in India: Trend and

Decomposition Analysis
Lovepreet Singh* and Surbhi Bansal
Department of Economics and Sociology,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to examine the trends, variability and decomposition analysis of rapeseed and
mustard crop in major growing states as well as in the India from 1992-93 to 2017-18. The compound
growth rates have been estimated with the help of exponential function, variability has been computed
by using technique of co-efficient of variation. The study concluded that positive and significant
growth occurred in case of production (1.84%) and yield (1.86%) of rapeseed and mustard for India
during the study period. Further, there persisted wide fluctuations in the growth of area, production
and yield of rapeseed and mustard over the study period. The decomposition analysis suggested that
for rapeseed-mustard yield effect was the major source of growth in Production, whereas area effect
was found to be negative except for Rajasthan and Utter Pradesh. Thus, the study emphasized on
increasing area under rapeseed-mustard oilseed crop in major growing states, dissemination of improved
agricultural production technology among farming community for increasing production of these crops.
Key Words: Area, Growth, Decomposition analysis, Production, Rapeseed and mustard, Variability.

INTRODUCTION during the last three decades and reached a level of

India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds
in the world and backbone of agricultural economy
of India. It accounted for an estimated production
of 32.10 MT with 26.21 thousand hectare of area
and 1224 kg/ha in 2016-17 (Anon, 2017) and
production of edible oils was about 7.05 Mt (Jha,
2017). Rapeseed and Mustard comes under major
edible oilseeds in India. Rapeseed and Mustard oil is
consumed in India as food oil and the meal cake left
after the extraction of oil forms important cattle feed.
It can also be used as manure for various grain crops.
Rapeseed and mustard yields were lower in India
compared to other rapeseed and mustard producing
countries such as Germany (3811 kg/ha), France
(3240 kg/ha), China (1834 kg/ha) and Canada
(1769 kg/ha) as well as the world average (1849
kg/ha) (Kaur, 2020). Rapeseed and mustard yields,
which were low (about 647 kg/ha on the average)
during the early 1980s, witnessed a steady increase
1121 kg/ha in the recent decade in India. Among
the major oilseed producing states, Haryana has the
highest yield (1533 kg/ha) followed by Rajasthan
(1170 kg/ha) and Uttar Pradesh (1121 kg/ha) while
West Bengal (911 kg/ha) has the lowest yield. It is
interesting to note that all states witnessed a positive
growth in rapeseed and mustard yield during the
last three decades but rate of growth was the highest
during the decade of 1980’s, which decelerated
during 1990’s but again picked up during the last
decade (Sharma, 2014).
In India, although rapeseed and mustard is
cultivated in 13 states, production in Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and West-Bengal with
their respective share of 45,13,11 and 8 per cent
accounts for 77 per cent of the total production
of rapeseed and mustard in the country (Kaur,
2017). This crop accounts for nearly one-third of
the oil produced in India, making it the country’s

*Corresponding Author Email: lovepreetpau94@gmail.com

279 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284

 Lovepreet Singh and Surbhi Bansal

key edible oilseed crop. This group of oilseed Where Y = the variable for which growth rate
crops is gaining wide acceptance among the is calculated,
farmers because of adaptability for both irrigated t = time variable taking the values 1, 2,
as well as rain fed areas and suitability for sole as 3,… n,
well as mixed cropping. Besides, it offers higher
return with low cost of production and low water a = intercept,
requirement. Owing to the importance of the b = the regression co-efficient of ‘Y’ on t.
oilseeds i.e. rapeseed and mustard in the country, The above exponential equation can be
trend in area, production and yield was studied expressed in terms of log form as follows:
using compound annual growth rate. In order to
LogY = Loga + tLogb
study the percent contribution of area effect, yield
effect and interaction effect decomposition analysis Now, CGR per cent can be expressed as:
were carried out in study.
CGR per cent = (Antilog b - 1) x 100
MATERIALS AND METHODS To test the significance of compound growth
The study is based on the relevant secondary data rate t test has been used as follows:
collected from different published sources i.e. India
stat (www.indiastat.com), Centre for Monitoring with (n - 2) degree of freedom, where r is
Indian Economy. The data on area, production CGR per cent and n is the number of observations
and yield of rapeseed and mustard crop have been (years) and
collected from sources like Basic Agricultural
Statistics, Hand Book of Statistics etc; published
by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Co-efficient of variability
Government of India. For the present study, major To measure the variability of area, production
producing states i.e. Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya and yield the following formula has been used.
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal were CV = (standard deviation / mean) x 100
selected on basis of last 10 year area, production
Where: CV = Co-efficient of variation in per
and yield of rapeseed and mustard. A time period of
cent.
25 year from 1992-93 to 2017-18 have been chosen
for study. For analytical purpose this entire time Decomposition Analysis
period was divided into three decades. Decomposition analysis was carried out to
Period I : 1992-93 to 2004-05 (New Economic assess the relative contribution of area, yield to
Policy Era) the growth of rapeseed and mustard production in
India. The model is as under:
Period II : 2005-06 to 2017-18 (Lifting of monopoly
and bridging import of edible oils under open Δ Q = Δ P.Y0 + Δ Y.P0 + Δ P. Δ Y
general license which began in 2004-05 Where, ΔQ = Qt– Q0 , ΔP = Pt – P0 , and ΔY =
Whole Period : 1992-93 to 2017-18 Y t – Y0
Where ΔP.Y0 represents the area effect,
Compound Growth Rate
ΔY.P0 represents the yield effect, and ΔP.ΔY
To calculate the compound growth rates (CGR) of
represents the interaction effect. Q, Y and P present
area, production and yield of rapeseed and mustard, the
production, yield and area, respectively; subscripts
following exponential trend equation has been used.
0 and t represents the base year and terminal year,
Y = ab’ respectively.

280 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284

 Status of Rapeseed and Mustard
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Over the years, the trend of area, production
as well as yield of rapeseed and mustard oilseed’s
in India has shown a continuously ups and down
trend. The graphical representation of trend in area,
production and yield of rapeseed-mustard in India
from 1992-93 to 2017-18 has shown more variation
in production that in the area of rapeseed-mustard
over the years. In 1992-93, total area under rapeseed
and mustard was 48.03 million ha with a production
of around 7.76 million tonnes, whereas in 2017-18
the area under rapeseed mustard in India increased
to 59.77 Mha with production of 84.30 Mt of the
reasons for this fluctuation in production was that
oilseeds were largely grown under the rain fed
conditions in India. Further oilseeds production has
been given impetus by various policies i.e. National
Oilseed development project, Technology Mission
on Oilseeds, Oil Palm Development Programme
under Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses
and Mini Mission-I of National Mission on Oilseeds
and Oil Palm (NMOOP) aiming at achieving self-
sufficiency in term of oilseeds.
Fig 1. Trends in area, production and yield of
rapeseed-mustard in India from 1992-93 to 2017-
18.
Performance of rapeseed-mustard oilseed crop
The data (Table 1) showed that in the first period
only West Bengal has experienced a positive and
significant growth in area, production and yield but
281 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284
Uttar Pradesh shown the opposite trend in term of
area as well as in production of rapeseed-mustard.
There was significant positive growth rate i.e.
1.86 per cent in term of yield at all India level but
negative in area (1.40 %) and lowest in production.
It was due to liberalization of oilseed sector by
remaining the quantitative restriction on the import
of palm oil at cheaper rate from other countries.
This led to the fall in prices of oilseeds grown by
domestic farmers. Hence, there was a shift in area
under oilseeds to other competing crops which led
to the decline in production.
In the period II, only west Bengal shown
significant and positive growth rate of 2.03 per
cent in term of area, 4.79 per cent in term of
production and 2.69 per cent in term of yield.
Haryana, Rajasthan as well as overall in India was
found negative but non-significant. All states shows
positive and significant trend in term of yield and
Haryana only showed significant growth rate of
1.88 per cent in yield. In overall period i.e. 1992-
93 to 2017-18, the major producing state included
in study had positive and significant growth trend
in term of yield. The production of rapeseed and
mustard showed negative and significant trend in
case of Uttar Pradesh in selected states.
It was observed that in period I, there was
improvement in growth rate which can be credited
to the implementation of technology mission
on oilseeds in 1985-86. However, before green
revolution India was a net exporter of edible oil and
oilseeds which became net importer in the 1970’s
as a result of vast area expansion under food grains
particularly rice and wheat. After experiencing a
dramatic growth during 1990’s due to the opening
of oilseed sector in 1994 as a part of economic
reform (Sharma, 2014).
Decomposition Analysis
The result of decomposition analysis showed
that in the period I there was positive change in area,
production and yield of rapeseed and mustard in
India. Area effect was found more in Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal whereas in Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
 Lovepreet Singh and Surbhi Bansal

Table 1. Compound growth rate and variability in area, production and yield of major rapeseed-
mustard producing states in India.
State Compound Growth Rate (CAGR) Variability (CV)
Area Production Yield Area Production Yield
Period I (1992-93 to 2004-05)
Rajasthan -1.23 1.43 3.06*** 26.55 34.26 17.69
Haryana 0.29 1.60 1.30 13.90 23.87 19.39
Madhya -2.91* -1.63 1.32 19.11 25.92 16.27
Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh -3.63* -2.69** 0.93 15.40 18.30 14.79
West Bengal 2.63** 3.63*** 1.58** 16.54 21.15 10.41
India -1.40 0.04 1.86* 14.71 18.44 13.50
Period II (2005-06 to 2017-18)
Rajasthan -2.28* -0.24 2.08** 17.16 16.95 12.14
Haryana -1.20* 1.88* 3.12** 10.81 15.28 17.08
Madhya -0.07 1.71 1.79*** 9.34 15.41 10.04
Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh -2.23** -1.71 0.52 14.52 17.39 10.08
West Bengal 2.03*** 4.79*** 2.69*** 12.29 23.30 12.59
India -0.96* 0.58 1.57*** 8.33 11.41 8.93
Overall Period (1992-93 to 2017-18)
Rajasthan 0.43 2.76*** 2.50*** 22.35743 31.31341 21.23842
Haryana -0.28 1.63*** 1.91*** 12.37919 21.19734 21.18382
Madhya 0.70 2.65*** 1.94***
Pradesh 16.46824 28.75042 18.17375
Uttar Pradesh -2.87*** -1.50*** 1.41*** 24.31489 19.5501 15.87365
West Bengal 1.34*** 3.04*** 1.67*** 15.43314 28.39318 15.36432
India -0.024 1.84*** 1.86*** 11.80093 20.22727 16.31526
*,** and *** significant at 10, 5 and 1 per cent level of significance

and at all India level yield effect dominated. In period different period. There was negative change in area
II, there was a negative absolute change in area of as well as production at all India level during second
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana and period. Overall, during the study period it was
also at India level whereas yield effect in Rajasthan. recorded that change in production wasattributed
During entire period, area effect was found positive due to yield effect.
only in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh where
Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh shown CONCLUSION
negative effect. The interaction effect of area and It was observed that growth rate has slowed
yield was observed negative effect in Rajasthan, down in area over the years in rapeseed-mustard
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and overall India. crop. In order to encourage the area under oilseeds
Hence, it can be seemed that the source of various development programme has been launched
change in production varied in different states in by government of India to improve the area or self-

282 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284

 Status of Rapeseed and Mustard

Table2. Classification of states according to growth rates in area, production and yield of rapeseed-
mustard during different period.
Category Period I Period II Overall Period
Area
Positive and significant West Bengal - West Bengal, Rajasthan
growth in area
Positive but non-signifi- Haryana Rajasthan, Haryana Haryana, Madhya
cant growth in area Pradesh, Utter Pradesh
Negative and non-sig- Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh -
nificant growth in area
Production
Positive and significant West Bengal Haryana, West Bengal Haryana, Madhya
growth in production Pradesh, West Bengal,
Rajasthan
Positive but non-signif- - Madhya Pradesh Utter Pradesh
icant growth in produc-
tion
Negative and non-sig- Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan, Utter -
nificant growth in Pradesh
production
Yield
Positive and significant West Bengal Haryana, Madhya Haryana, Madhya
growth in yield Pradesh, West Bengal , Pradesh, West Ben-
Rajasthan gal , Rajasthan, Utter
Pradesh
Positive but non-signifi- Rajasthan, Madhya - -
cant growth in yield Pradesh
Negative and non-sig- Haryana - -
nificant growth in yield

sufficiency in oilseed’s crop. Rajasthan, Haryana
Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal were the states
that have seen greater growth in production
as compared to other major rapeseed-mustard
growing states in 1992-93 to 2017-18. In order to
bring upspring in rapeseed-mustard productionit
has to extended in those states which have more
potential to grow this crop. Improvement in
production technologies have to be made available
to the farmers in order to increase the productivity
and also campaigns, training programmes have to
be organized at villages levels in order to create
awareness among the farmers regarding use of
improved production technologies and related to
rapeseed and mustard crops.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2017). Government of India Department of
Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. www.
agricoop.nic.in
Indiastat (2020). Statistical database. Retrieved from https://
www.indiastat.com/agriculture/2/oilseeds/17204/
totaloilseeds/19582/stats.aspx as on 18-02-2020

283 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284

 Lovepreet Singh and Surbhi Bansal

Table 3. Per cent contribution of area, yield and their interaction towards production of rapeseed-
mustard in different states of India.
Period Effect Rajasthan Haryana Madhya Uttar West Bengal India
Pradesh Pradesh
Period I Area effect 47.53 40.65 17.28 319.52 51.74 31.25
Yield effect 33.35 47.93 77.29 -323.29 34.68 58.19
Interaction
effect 19.10 11.41 5.42 103.77 13.56 10.55
Period II Area effect 200.22 -56.56 -49.95 -335.77 51.81 -483.21
Yield effect -166.19 202.20 162.25 507.14 33.02 709.96
Interaction 65.96 -45.63 -12.30 -71.36 15.16 126.75
effect
Overall Area effect -5.77 -2.81 16.77 -718.72 38.02 -4.62
Period Yield effect 112.03 106.19 70.88 1453.81 39.62 108.40
Interaction -6.25 -3.37 12.33 -635.08 22.35 -3.78
effect

Jha D K (2017). India’s edible oil output to hit all-time high of
7.7 mn tonnes in 2017-18. Business standard, Mumbai.
Retrieved from https://www.business-standard.com/
article/markets/india-s-edible-oil-output-to-hit-all-time-
high- of-7-7-mn-tonnes-in-2017-18-117092001074_1.
html
Kaur A and Grover D K (2020). Trends in area, yield and
production of major oilseeds in Punjab: District-
wise analysis. Agricultural Situation in India.
LXXVI(10):26-36
Kaur, K. (2017). An analytical study of production and
marketing of rapeseed and mustard in Bathinda district
(Punjab) .MS.c thesis, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana).
Sharma V P (2014). Problems and prospects of oilseeds
production in India. Centre for Management in
Agriculture (CMA), Indian Institute of Management
(IIM), Ahmedabad, 236.
Received on 12/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

284 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 279-284

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 285-292 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00058.6

The Million Farmers School: An innovative

Agri-extension Approach
Bishnu Pratap Singh, Sujit Kumar1, Pankaj K. Verma2 and Preetam Saran2
State Institute for Management of Agriculture, Rahmankheda, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Farming sector is a backbone of Indian economy and the government of India put and important goal of
doubling farmers’ income till 2022. In line of this ambitious goal the Million Farmers School (TMFS), an
innovative programme initiated by the Department of Agriculture, Uttar Pradesh since November 2017. This
seeks to address the weaknesses of agriculture extension system and strengthen the same in order to promote
resilient farming systems, enhance productivity and production, thereby improving the lives of farmers.
This cannot be achieved without providing timely information and knowledge to farmers about scientific
methods of farming, newer varieties of improved seeds, appropriate agronomic practices and available
market opportunities. With these objectives in mind, a situational analysis was carried out by the department
and found that drastic improvement was required in the agriculture extension system in order to achieve
the aforesaid objectives. A new model of extension was conceptualized based on structured curriculum,
campaign mode and capacity building exercises. Twice every year, the Department of Agriculture deployed
its entire extension machinery to conduct more than 15000 training modules for the farmers across the state for
providing information and practical knowledge to more than a million farmers in one edition. The curriculum
contained information on not only agriculture but also allied sectors like horticulture, animal husbandry&
dairy, fisheries, agriculture marketing etc. Five such training editions have been conducted and more than 5
million farmers have been benefited from this innovative model. This was the largest extension exercise in
the field agriculture and allied sector. This has also turned out to be a low cost, high return technique which
can be easily replicated. It was evident that 88.7 per cent participants were satisfied with the knowledge of
trainers, 95.5 per cent participants were satisfied with impact of knowledge circulated in TMFS, 98.7 per cent
were fully/ partially picked the technologies, 80.2 per cent participants showed their interest to attend the
such trainings in future, almost all were interested to share the knowledge with friends and gaining benefit in
order to enhance their knowledge and productivity in various agricultural activities. 73.8 per cent participants
answered that they became aware with various government schemes only after attending the TMFS.
Key Words: Million Farmers School, Agri-extension, Approach, Training.

INTRODUCTION recent scientific advances in the field of agriculture

To ensure food and nutritional security for
ever-growing population of the state, it is essential
to increase the production and productivity every
year. Deteriorating soil health, depleting ground
water, disease & pest and climate change are major
constraints in achieving this goal. To address these
problems, it was felt that the farmers need to be
made aware and provided technical inputs regarding
Corresponding Author’s Email: drbpsingh_agri@yahoo.in
U.P. Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow
Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of U.P., Lucknow
and allied sectors. Agricultural extension being
the most critical link (Awotide et al, 2015), The
Million Farmer School (TMFS) was designed as
an intervention to enhance technical knowledge
and skill about newer crop varieties, advanced
agronomic practices, diversification and integrated
farming system to make agriculture profitable.
This programme aims to train one million farmers

285 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 285-292

 Singh et al

during every edition with available infrastructure Cascade model of training was used for the
and technical manpower taking advantage of the programme wherein:
ICT platform. The programme was implemented in Initially zone wise Agri-based problems and
a campaign mode, resulting in maximum coverage component wise bottlenecks were identified in
and output as well as significant capacity building order to plan their proper solution.
of departmental staff.
Survey and implementation tools were
Modality of the Million Farmers School developed to identify the priorities to be addressed.
comprised of comprehensive 3-5 days’ module
in which training is imparted on crop varieties, Firstly, the senior officials of the department of
management practices, input use, marketing and agriculture and allied sector and senior scientists
value addition. This also includes horticulture, trained the district level officials and scientists of
livestock, fisheries etc. More than 15000 training Krishi Vigyan Kendra.
modules were conducted across the state twice Secondly, master trainers trained the village
every year before the Kharif and Rabi crop season, level functionaries. A trainer handbook including
respectively. In these training programmes, farmers advanced agro-technologies was developed and
irrespective of their land holding area, wealth provided to them
status, gender, caste or creed simply walked in and Finally, the village level trainers trained the
got benefit of the programme. farmers as per training schedule (Table 2). Every
participating farmer was given a technical booklet
MATERIALS ANDMETHODS free of cost.
The main challenge in implementing the new
Video conferencing sessions of the trainings
programme was to develop the effective modality
were live-streamed (http://webcast.gov.in/up/
and building capacity of thousands of field workers
agriculture/)which was of immense utility for
and to motivate them to function as trainers.
benefits of the trainers and farmers both.
Bringing and mobilizing farmers through these
schools was another challenge. Proper designing To check the preparedness and knowledge,
of training curriculum, repeated training through village level trainer were called on random basis
cascade model and motivational talks prepared and asked to speak on allotted topic through video
the department for undertaking such a massive conferencing. This exercise was repeated 3-4
exercise. Attracting farmers to these training times before the start of each edition to prepare
sessions were ensured by proper communication them for the ultimate training sessions for the
strategy and messages through different platform, farmers. Sector-wise district level officials were
i.e., print, audio-visual and digital etc. The nominated to monitor the programme during the
curriculum included information from other line course of implementation. Public representatives
departments like horticulture, animal husbandry, have inaugurated / participated in the programme
dairy and fisheries etc. Once it was understood to encourage better peoples’ participation. During
that the agriculture extension system needed to the training programme, live demonstrations like
be strengthened, a new model conceptualized and safe use of pesticides, seed treatment, identification
was executed in a campaign mode with a well of substandard inputs, germination test for seeds
structured curriculum taking advantage of the large etc. were carried out which enriched the training
number of technically educated employees having immensely. “The Million Farmers School” App had
an undergraduate or masters degree in agriculture also been put in place to monitor the programme.
and allied activities. It captures geo-tagged photograph of the activity

286 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 285-292

 The Million Farmers School

on daily basis along with the details of place and The impact of attending the TMFS on agricultural
participants. knowledge of households was estimated using the
Most of the existing resources of the state were following specification:
used under TMFS. To train large number of master 𝑌𝑖=𝑿𝑖𝛽+ 𝑀𝐹𝑆𝑖𝛼+𝜀𝑖
trainers across all the districts, National Informatics Table 1. Number of households attended
Centers situated at state headquarter and districts different chapters of the TMFS.
were also effectively utilized. At district level,
Agriculture Technology Center infrastructure was TMFS chap- Season Participants from
utilized to train field level technical staff by district ter the sample
level officials and agriculture scientists. The village TMFS 1 Rabi, 2017 214
level primary schools were used for the training TMFS 2 Kharif, 2018 247
programme, once the classes were over. Statistical TMFS 3 Rabi, 2018 206
tools applied to interpret the findings
The curriculum was finalized in consultation
A total of 16 districts of Uttar Pradesh were with Agri-allied departments, agriculture
sampled for evaluation studies. Each round of universities, state council of agriculture research
TMFS (The Million Farmers School) covered and other institutions. Senior officials of agriculture
every block of Uttar Pradesh. Training sessions and allied departments and scientists sat together
were organized in a few villages in each block. At to assess the need and accordingly designed the
the time of survey, three rounds of the TMFS had course curriculum and implementation strategy
already been organized- the first in Rabi (2017), to make agriculture sustainable and profitable. At
the second in Kharif (2018), and the third in Rabi district level Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) had been
(2018) as depicted (Table 3). From each treatment actively involved to impart training to village level
village, 20 households were selected randomly functionaries. KVK scientists addressed location
from among those that had attended the TMFS and specific issues and relevant technology in effective
five households were selected from among those manner. The line department at district level also
that had never attended the TMFS, making a total coordinated the programme as their village level
of 25 households from the treatment village. From workers were deputed as village level trainers and
each control village, 15 households were selected their officials served as master trainer and nodal
randomly, all of which had never attended the officers to monitor the implementation of the
TMFS. programme.
The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT)
(Imbens and Wooldridge, 2009), was defined as: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ATT = E[Y1 – Y0|Ti = 1] The programme was started in November 2017
in the Rabi Season. Since then five editions have
Whereas, the magnitude of biasness was formally
been successfully completed covering more than
represented as:
76000 villages in which 5.36 million farmers have
E[Y1 – Y0| Ti = 1] = ATT + E[Y0|Ti = 1 - Y0|Ti = 0] been trained in line of training edition mentioned in
Summarily, ATT was computed based on the table 2.
formula given by Imbens and Wooldridge 2009 and Every farmer of the state had been included in
Wooldridge (2007). the target group under the programme irrespective
ATT = E[Y1|Ti=1, p(x)] – E[Y0|Ti=0, p(x)] of land holding size, gender, religion, caste and
creed. In all, 5 editions of TFMS were conducted and

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 Singh et al

Table 2. Details of the training editions conducted.

Commencement Detail of edition No. of No. of Participants
Sr. of Master Train-   Trainings
No ers’ Trainings    Female Male Total
 
1 04 November 2017 First Edition (Rabi 2017-18)        
Module -I (5 Days 7666 69840 416136 2429879
Module -II 5 Days 7628 67546 448508 2580271
Total 15294 137386 864645 1002030
Percent   13.71 86.29  
2 15 May 2018 Second Edition (Kharif-2018)        
Module -I 3 Days 7330 64140 413866 478006
Module -II 3 Days 7441 71365 459818 531183
Module -III 3 Days 177 2674 13772 16446
Total 14948 138179 887456 1025635
Percent   13.47 86.53  
3 16 November 2018 Third Edition (Rabi-2018-19)        
Module -I 4 Days 7539 89235 450161 539396
Module -II 4 Days 7560 81301 444440 524741
Total 15099 170536 894602 1065137
Percent   16.01 83.99  
4 27 March 2019 Fourth Edition (Kharif-2019)        
Module -I 4 Days 7753 92055 433206 525261
Module -II 4 Days 7756 109011 504201 613212
Total 15509 201066 937407 1138473
Percent   17.66 82.34  
5 3 Oct 2019 Fifth Edition (Rabi-2019-20)        
  Module -I 4 Days 7701 105821 441255 547076
 
Module -II 4 Days 7711 115428 471921 587349
Total 15412 221249 913176 1134425
Percent   19.50 80.50  
Total of all five editions 76262 868414 4497285 5365699
Percent   16.18 83.82  
more than one million farmers were trained in each etc., including pest and disease control, information
edition. The most widely discussed topics during the on government schemes related to agriculture,
TMFS training sessions pertained to improved seed new irrigation methods, and other new agricultural
varieties, application of fertilizers, plant protection practices and farming methods.
techniques such as the use of pesticides, herbicides

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 The Million Farmers School

It was evident (fig 1.) that maximum episode discriminate on the basis of wealth, education or
included seeds and planting materials (77.20%) other differentiating factors (Heckman et al, 1999).
whereas, minimum were related with marketing and Looking at the success and effectiveness of
nutrient management (3.2% each) as depicted in The Million Farmers’ School, state government
following figure. Similarly fertilizer application and decided to get this programme evaluated through an
Plant protection issues were of at par significance. institution of international repute, i.e., International
It was observed that more area was covered Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The
under timely sowing/transplanting due to this evaluating agency took the household as unit of the
intervention. Practical demonstration about seed study. In this study a range of tools like propensity
treatment and safe methods of pesticide application score matching (PSM), inverse probability weighted
has helped in cost-effective disease and pest adjusted regression (IPWRA), coarsened exact
control. Similarly knowledge up gradation in the matching etc. were used to address the issues like
field of horticulture, animal husbandry & dairy and representative sample selection, impact estimation
fisheries has also been observed. The study revealed of TMFS on agricultural knowledge of household
that major contribution of this programme was an assessment of decision making of farmer to attend
increase in food grains (8.44%), oilseeds (25.81%) TTMFS. The indicators taken up by the evaluating
and milk production during the year 2018-19 in agency included; assessment of knowledge level
comparison to 2016-17(Anonymous 2019). For the of trainers, usefulness of knowledge imparted in
first time, the state has crossed 60 MMT food grain TMFS; knowledge up gradation of participants
production mark (60.40 Mt) and Uttar Pradesh has willingness to attend further such trainings. Out
become the highest producer of wheat (381 Lakh of total 1336 sample households 667 persons were
ton), sugarcane, potato and milk in the country. surveyed to collect the feedback. Data on various
The programme has been very popular among indicators are presented in table 3.
women farmers as its curriculum also covered From the data it was evident that 88.7per cent
women friendly implements and agricultural participants were satisfied with the knowledge of
activities like seed storage, seed treatment, dairy trainers, 95.5 per cent with impact of knowledge
and poultry programme (Rejesus, 2010). Female circulated in TMFS, 98.7 per cent were fully/
members were involved in majority of agriculture partially picked the technologies, 80.2 per cent
and allied sectors activities and their participation participants showed their interest to attend the
to this sector was very substantial. Participation of such trainings in future, almost all were interested
women farmers in first edition was only 13.7 per to share the knowledge with friends and gaining
cent which increased to 19.5 percent in the year benefit in order to enhance their knowledge and
of 2018-19 during fifth edition which indicated its productivity in various agricultural activities. 73.8
growing popularity among rural women. Further per cent participants became aware with various
the initiative has been highly sustainable because of government schemes only after attending the
its low cost and high return intervention (even less TMFS.
than 01 US dollar per person). It could be said that The IFPRI found significant and positive impact
this is highly replicable on large scale so, there is no of TFMS on the farmers. Evaluated documents
question of any unseen financial or syntax problems. suggested that 90 per cent of the participants were
It has a positive impact on the environment as well satisfied with the training received on improved
as it is in resilience with climate smart agriculture seed varieties, application of fertilizer, plant
by ensuring conservation agriculture. Socially, protection technique, new irrigation methods
this is a very inclusive programme which does not

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 Singh et al

Table 3. Indicator based feedback of farmers.

Sr. Particular TMFS-1 (Rabi- TMFS-1(Kha- TMFS-1 (Rabi- Total
No. 2017) rif-2018) 2018)
No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percen No. of Percent
house house house house
holds holds holds holds
1 Status of Trainers knowledge on participant.   
A. Strongly agree 42 19.63 50 20.24 39.00 18.93 131.00 19.6
B. Agree 148 69.16 167 67.61 146 70.87 461.00 69.1
C. Neither agree 21 9.81 28 11.34 19 9.22 68.00 10.2
nor disagree
D. Disagree 2 0.93 2 0.81 2 0.97 6.00 0.9
E. Strongly disa- 1 0.47 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0.1
gree
2 Impact of knowledge, information, advice etc. on participant. 
A. Very Useful 86 40.19 103 41.70 82.00 39.81 271.00 40.6
B. Somewhat 120 56.07 131 53.04 115 55.83 366.00 54.9
useful
C. Not useful at all 8 3.74 13 5.26 9 4.37 30.00 4.5
3 Participant was able to understand what was being taught in the training 
A. Fully 120 56.07 143 57.89 113 54.85 376.00 56.4
B. Partially 90 42.06 102 41.30 90 43.69 282.00 42.3
C. Nothing 4 1.87 2 0.81 3 1.46 9.00 1.3
4 Knowledge participant before treatment 
A. Strongly agree 26 12.15 32 12.96 24 11.65 82.00 12.3
B. Agree 129 60.28 150 60.73 116 56.31 395.00 59.2
C. Neither agree 42 19.63 45 18.22 46 22.33 133.00 19.9
nor disagree
D. Disagree 15 7.01 18 7.29 16 7.77 49.00 7.3
E. Strongly disa- 2 0.93 2 0.81 4 1.94 8.00 1.2
gree
5 Interest of participant to attend more training in future.  
A. Yes 153 71.50 180 72.87 148 71.84 481.00 72.1
B. No 17 7.94 19 7.69 18 8.74 54.00 8.1
C. Maybe 44 20.56 48 19.43 40 19.42 132.00 19.8
6 Participant interest to friends/relatives/neighbors to attend the TMFS
A. Yes 180 84.11 204 82.59 168 81.55 552.00 82.8
B. No 34 15.89 43 17.41 38 18.45 115.00 17.2
7 Main benefits from attending the TMFS as reported by participants 
A. Understand govt. 160 74.77 182 73.68 150 72.82 492.00 73.8
schemes

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 The Million Farmers School

Sr. Particular TMFS-1 (Rabi- TMFS-1(Kha- TMFS-1 (Rabi- Total

No. 2017) rif-2018) 2018)
No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percen No. of Percent
house house house house
holds holds holds holds
B. Meet local offi- 70 32.71 80 32.39 69 33.50 219.00 32.8
cials
C. Help adopt new 41 19.16 47 19.03 41 19.90 129.00 19.3
technology
D. Meet progressive 26 12.15 32 12.96 25 12.14 83.00 12.4
farmers
8 What elements/aspects of the TMFS did participates find most useful 
A. Interaction with 115 53.74 136 55.06 110 53.40 361.00 54.1
local extension
officials
B. Discussion of 88 41.12 102 41.30 87 42.23 277.00 41.5
government
schemes
C. Interactions 86 40.19 99 40.08 84 40.78 269.00 40.3
with other
farmers
D. Demonstrations 56 26.17 65 26.32 54 26.21 175.00 26.2
E. Discussion of 58 27.10 63 25.51 51 24.76 172.00 25.8
agricultural
practices/tech-
nology

and other new agriculture practices and farming
methods (O’Donoghue and Hennessy, 2015).
Mobilization of the resources for the initiative was
found to be adequate. Implementation quality of
the programme was found satisfactory. However,
enhancement in participation in future editions
was suggested. Initially some village level trainers
felt some difficulty in communicating but rigorous
capacity building and training improved their
communication skill and knowledge. The benefits
of the programme have been found to be across
different regions and social groups. Based on the
feedback received from the impact evaluation,
training curriculum was revised to make it more
relevant and interesting for the farmers. A Mobile
App to ensure better monitoring of the farmer
schools was also launched during the fifth edition.
While the lowest tier of the technical functionaries
participated as trainers for the farmers and benefits
from each other’s experiences in doing so, the
higher tiers function as master trainers and key
resource persons, respectively. The higher tiers
closely monitored the implementation effectively
and provide feedback for further improvement in
the programme.
CONCLUSION
TMFS was very effective, low cost and high
return agriculture extension model which can
be easily transferred / adapted to other regions
of the country. It was a meticulously structured
training programme in which different aspects of
agriculture and allied sectors discussed in detail

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 Singh et al

before commencement of crop season. IFPRI, in REFERENCES

its evaluation, has found this model to be highly
replicable and usable by other states and countries.
The Million Farmers School supported Sustainable
development Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food
security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture. The Million Farmers School
aims at imparting knowledge of efficient, climate
resilient and sustainable agriculture, boosting
the production and productivity. The food grain
production during year ending March 2017 was
55.8 MMT, which rose to 60.4 MMT in year ending
March 2019. Similarly, 12.5% increase in oilseeds
production was achieved during corresponding
period insisting that extension of latest technology /
scientific advances is essential to ensure significant
increase in production and productivity.
Dissemination of latest technologies,
information about improved seeds and package of Prasad A (2019, January 15). Lab to land: addressing Indian
practices through TMFS has resulted in quantum
jump of food production of the state. State has Rejesus RM, Yasar M, Mutuc M, Lapitan A and Palis FG
also achieved ever highest production of Milk and
Vegetable leading to food and nutritional security.
It was an innovative Programme which organized
farmer schools for disseminating new knowledge
to farmers in a campaign mode with a structured
curriculum on a very large scale. This programme Wooldridge J M (2007). Inverse probability weighted
apart from training the farmers, built capacity of the estimation for general missing data problems. J
extension employees of the department in a big way.
Anonymous (2019). Department of Agriculture, Government
of Uttar Pradesh.
Awotide B A, Alene A D, Abdoulaya T and Manyong V M
(2015). Impact of agricultural technology adoption on
asset ownership: the case of improved cassava varieties
in Nigeria. Food Security 7(6): 1239-1258.
Chand R (2017). Doubling Farmers Income Rationale,
Strategy, Prospects and Action Plan.
Heckman J J, Lalonde R J, and Smith, J A (1999). The
economics and econometrics of active labour market
programs. Handbook of Labour Econ 3:1865-2097.
http://webcast.gov.in/up/agriculture.
Imbens G W and Wooldridge J M (2009). Recent developments
in the econometrics of program evaluation. J Econ Lit
47(1): 5-86.
O’Donoghue C and Hennessy T (2015). Policy and economic
change in the agri-food sector in Ireland. The Econ and
Soc Rev 46(2): 315-337.
agriculture weakest link-extension. The Indian express.
(2010, April 15-16). The impact of farmer field schools
on knowledge, insecticide use and yields: a study of
rice farmers in Vietnam. Paper presented at the 114th
European Association of Agricultural Economists
(AEEA) Conference: Structural Change in Agriculture,
Berlin, Germany.
Econometrics141(2): 1281-1301.
Yamazaki S and Resosudarmo B P (2008). Does sending
farmers back to school have an impact?
Revisiting the issue. The Developing Economies 46(2): 135-
150.
Received on 07/05/2020 Accepted on 22/05/2020

292 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 285-292

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00059.8

Traditional Tools and Implements Used in Jhum

Agriculture in Nagaland
Laishram Kanta Singh1 and S. Roma Devi2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Imphal West,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Churachandpur,
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre

ABSTRACT
The mainstay of the Nagaland economy is agriculture, with about 59.76 percent of the population directly
or indirectly depending on agriculture for employment and livelihood. The farmers in Nagaland mostly use
traditional tools and implements for all operations in the field and follow traditional cultivation methods.
Nagaland has adequate land, and water resources and rainfall is more than sufficient. Farmers belonging to
medium landholding (2-4 ha) is highest with 67 percent of the cultivated area, which is the major dependent
on human energy. The man-days for land-clearing requirements, land development, weeding, harvesting,
and threshing required for Jhum areas of Nagaland using traditional tools and implements were estimated as
1.196 crore man-days, 95.68, 54.36, 47.84 and 53.56 lakh man-days, respectively of Jhum area of 95,680 ha.
Key Words: Jhum cultivation, Human energy, Man-days, Traditional tools, and implements.

INTRODUCTION
Nagaland, the 16th state of union India, is one
of the smallest northeastern states of the country
situated between 25º 60´ to 27º 40´ north latitude
and 93º 20´ to 95 º 15´ east longitude. The state
is bordered on the west and north by Assam state,
on the east by Myanmar, on the north Arunachal
Pradesh, and on the south by Manipur state (Figure
1). The topography is very severe full of hilly
ranges, and the altitude varies between 194 m to
3048 m above MSL. The state falls under one agro- Figure 1. Location of the study area.
climatic zone of mild tropical hill zone. It receives
southwest monsoon rain in summer and northeast MATERIALS AND METHODS
monsoon rain in winter with an average annual Landholding and right of ownership
rainfall of 2000-2500 mm, with the peak rainfall Ownership of lands and individual right is
received during the month from May to October. The governed by tradition and customary law of Naga
state is inhabited by 16 tribes, namely Angami, Ao, people. Various issues, disputes, and other issues
Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, arise, the village council interfered all the matters
Sumi, Yimchunger, Chakhesang, Chang, Kachari, based on their traditional law. In Naga society, most
Khiamniungan, Kuki and Zeliang. Each tribe is of the lands are owned by individual farmers. In
unique, which links with their distinct customs, Nagaland, four categories of farmers are identified
language, and dresses (https://en.wikipedia.org/ according to the landholding capacity (Anon, 2008).
wiki/Nagaland).
Corresponding Author’s Email: kanta_lai@yahoo.co.in

293 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297

 Laishram Kanta Singh and S. Roma Devi

The details of the landholding categories of farmers

are given in Figure 2. Farmers belonging to the
marginal group having landholding (< 1 ha) is lowest
with only 3 percent followed by small landholding
(1 -2 ha) with 6 percent, large landholding (> 4 ha)
with 24 percent and farmers belonging to medium
landholding (2 - 4 ha) is highest with 67 percent.

Figure 3. Year-wise Jhum cultivated area of

Nagaland.
Sources of farm power
Farm powers available in Nagaland are
human, tractor, power tiller, and engine. Human
power is the main source of farm power available
in Nagaland. Mountainous terrains are the
Figure 2. Land Holding Pattern of Nagaland. predominant geographical condition in Nagaland.
Jhum cultivation in Nagaland Because of these geographical conditions, Nagaland
The mainstay of the state economy is agriculture, is unfavorable for uses of modern developed farm
with about 59.76 percent of the population implements and machinery. So, state by default,
directly or indirectly depending on agriculture for farm power sources mainly depend on human
employment and livelihood (Anon, 2014). People power. The human powers available were 271608
in the state mainly depend on shifting cultivation numbers in the case of males and 272825 numbers
or Jhum, but horticulture plantation and other non- in the case of females in the year 2008. Mechanical
agricultural resources are also being practiced at sources of power through available numbers of the
a minor scale. Jhum cultivation has been devised tractor are 36; power tiller numbers are 2622, and
over generations through the innate experience and the numbers of the engine are 2150 (Table 1).
knowledge gained by the rural people over the land, Table 1. Farm Power available in Nagaland
labour, environment resources available, and the (Source: Anonymous, 2008)
cropping requirements. The main crop is rice, and
Sl. No. Types of Power Numbers
various other crops like maize, millets, and pulses
are also grown in the same field as the rice. The Male 271608
Human
three-year average annual Jhum cultivated area Female 272825
from the year 2010-11 to 2012-13 was estimated at Tractor 36
95680 ha, and the average Jhum area was used to Mechanical Power Tiller 2622
determine the field capacity of various traditional Engine 2150
tools and implements. The detail of the year-wise
Jhum cultivated area of Nagaland is given in Figure
3.

294 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297

 Traditional Tools and Implements
Manufacturing of traditional farm tools and
implements in Nagaland
The farmers in Nagaland still predominantly
used conventional hand tools and implements for all
operations in the Jhum field as well as wet terrace
rice cultivation (WRC). They follow the traditional
method of cultivation. These traditional tools and
implements may be inefficient and higher energy
consumption as compared to the new technology
but have served well in the farming community
in the prevailing farming system for centuries.
All these tools/implements are made locally by
the village blacksmiths, carpenter, handicrafts, or
farmers themselves. The district-wise numbers of
traditional blacksmith available in the Nagaland
are given in Table 2. Modern industries for the
manufacturing of tools and implements are yet to
be established in the state.
Table 2. District wise farm tools manufacturing
units in Nagaland (Source: Anonymous, 2008)
Numbers of
Sr. No. Name of district traditional
blacksmith
Kohima 120
Makokchung 61
Phek 66
Wokha 86
Zunheboto 125
Tuensang 162
Mon 74
Dimapur 70
Different steps involved in various Jhum
farm operations using traditional tools and
implements used.
The different traditional tools and implements
used across Nagaland have similarities from one
community to another community. However, the
names of the traditional tools and implements differ
from one tribe to another because of the difference
in their local dialect. Lotha dialect of Wokha
295 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297
district, Nagaland, is used for naming for different
traditional tools and implements. The field capacity
of various traditional tools and implements was used
to estimate man-days requirements (Singh et al.,
2015). Man-days requirement of every traditional
tools and implement were for various agricultural
operations were estimated. The three-year average
annual Jhum cultivated area from the year 2010-11
to 2012-13 was used to estimate man-days required
for various agricultural operations. One man-day
was considered eight working hours per day per
person.
RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
Land clearing
Cutting of vegetation for clearing the landmarks
is necessary for the beginning of agricultural
operations in shifting cultivation. Naga-Dao
(Lepok) is used for cutting of the vegetation. A total
of 11960000 man-days are required to cut plant/
vegetation annually for 95680 ha of Jhum land using
Naga-Dao. Clearing of dry biomass for firewood
from the Jhum area is necessary after land clearing.
Kheya made of bamboo or wood is generally
used for removing the weeds and other unwanted
particles in the Jhum field. Using Kheya 6834286
man-days is necessary to remove unwanted plants
from 95680 ha of Jhum areas of Nagaland.
Land development
Choktchü (Spade) is predominantly used for
land development of Jhum land, like digging of land
for seedbed preparation. A total of 9568000 man-
days are required for land preparation for 95680 ha
of Jhum areas using Choktchü annually.
Dibbling of seeds
After land preparation, seeds are planted using
manual dibbler. Dibblers are made of locally
available wood or bamboo. Annually 5980000
man-days are required for dibbling seed materials
for 95680 ha of Jhum areas in Nagaland.
 Laishram Kanta Singh and S. Roma Devi

Weeding of crops indigenous tools and implements. Farmers followed

Ehe (Hand weeder) made of bamboo or wood is traditional soil and water conservation measures.
having a blade made of mild steel. About 5436364
man-days are required for weeding of crops using
Ehe in Jhum areas of Nagaland annually.
Harvesting of Crops
Local made Vekhüro (Sickle) are used for
harvesting of various crops in the Jhum fields.
Annually about 4784000 man-days are required to
harvest crops in the Jhum fields using Vekhüro in
Jhum areas of Nagaland. Figure 4a. Naga-Dao (Lepok) Figure 4b. Choktchü (Spade)
Field Capacity: 8 m2 h-1 to 12 m2 h-1 Field Capacity: 10 m2 h-1 to 15 m2 h-1

Threshing of crops
Kholo (wooden stick) is generally used for
threshing of paddy crops. Kholo is made of locally
available materials like bamboo or wood. It is used
as a threshing device for removing of paddy from
the straw. About 531556 man-days are required for
threshing of crops using Kholo in Jhum areas of
Nagaland annually.
Figure 4c. Kheya (Bamboo and Wooden) Figure 4d. Ehe (Hand Weeder)
Field Capacity: 15 m2 h-1 to 20 m2 h-1 Field Capacity: 10 m2 h-1 to 12 m2 h-1
Winnowing of threshed crop
Moro is generally used for a winnowing of the
threshed crop for separating grains from unwanted
materials. Moro is made of cane and bamboo. Using
Moro, a total of 265778 man-days is required for a
winnowing of total Jhum areas of Nagaland annually.
Figure 4e.Vekhüro (Sickle) Figure 4f. Kholo
CONCLUSION Field Capacity: 20 m2 h-1 to 30 m2 h-1 Field Capacity: 40 m2 h-1 to 45 m2 h-1

Nagaland has huge natural resources. It has

adequate land and water resources. Rain is more
than sufficient. The non-agricultural area is also
in some kind of agricultural use. The farmers still
use very primitive farming practices. Some of the
agricultural systems still practiced in Nagaland are
given in Figure 4 (Singh et al., 2015). The farmers
of Nagaland, by and large, still follow the traditional
Figure 4h. Moro
agriculture, grow indigenous crops, except a few Figure 4g. Dibbler (Wood or Bamboo) Field Capacity: 420 m h to 480 m h 2 -1 2 -1
Field Capacity: 10 m h to 15 m h
2 -1 2 -1

sections, use no or fewer fertilizers to enhance

crop yield. Land preparations are performed in the Figure 4. Traditional tools and implements
traditional method. There is the use of primitive/ used in Jhum agriculture in Nagaland (Singh et al.,
2015).

296 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297

 Traditional Tools and Implements

REFERENCES
Anonymous (2008). Directorate of Agriculture, Government
of Nagaland.
Anonymous (2014). Statistical Hand Book of Nagaland 2013.
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Nagaland, Kohima.
http://www.tcindia.com/images/map.gif (assessed on 12
October, 2015).
http://www.mappery.com/maps/Nagaland-Tourist-Map.jpg
(assessed on 23 October, 2015).
http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/nagaland.html
(assessed on 23 October, 2015).
Singh LK, Devi SR and Singh M H (2015). Traditional
agricultural tools and implements used in Wokha,
Nagaland. Indian J Hill Farming 28(1):50-55.
Received on 28/11/2019 Accepted on 15/03/2020

297 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 293-297

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00060.4

Training Need Perception of Extension Personnel and Farmers

with Regard to Winter Maize Production Technology in Bihar
*Vinod Kumar and 1Ratan Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhagalpur, Sabour-813210 (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
The perception of extension personnel about training needs of marginal, small and medium categories of
farmers in ten selected areas with respect to winter maize cultivation was studied to provide direction and
thrust to the training efforts. A list of major component/thematic area was proposed. Under each major
component, specific and relevant training need items were collected and systematically incorporated into
the interview schedule and administered. The training needs of farmers on the production measured by
average choice score formula suggested by Alam (2006). Results showed that the use of high yielding
varieties was perceived by the extension personnel as the most needed area for marginal farmers and
integrated nutrient management for small and medium categories of farmers. These were strong degree
of agreement among rank pattern of extension personnel v/s different categories of farmers indicated
maximum correlation among the views of extension personnel and small farmers (r-value 0.9000). In
case of marginal farmers r-value was slightly low (r-value 0.8000) and for medium farmers, it was highly
significant (r-value 0.6500) means medium farmers are more or less adequate resources and more knowledge.
Key Words: Extension personnel, training need, winter maize.

INTRODUCTION present study aims to assess the training needs

Maize is an important food and feed crop perception of extension personnel in respect of
of the world after wheat and rice, sharing about scientific maize production for farmers.
one third of total cereal production. In India, it
occupied 9.22 Mha area with productivity of 3.12 MATERIALS AND METHODS
t/ha (USDA, 2018). Bihar is the third largest maize The study was conducted in purposely selected
producing state contributing around 10 per cent to Samastipur district in view of its importance in
national production. Around 0.65 Mha is presently terms of area and total production of rabi maize.
under maize cultivation, which is about 7 percent Two blocks i.e. Kalyanpur and warisnagar and
of gross cropped area (GCA) in the state and over were randomly selected (Two villages from each
13 lakh farmers are engaged in maize cultivation. block). A list of farm families engaged in winter
The average grain yield is 4 to 5 t/ha at farmers’ maize cultivation was prepared on the basis of their
field compared to 9 to 11 t/ha at demonstration plot. cultivated land and a total of 200 farm families were
Therefore, there is possibility of further increase in selected for the study under different land holding
substantial productivity with better management. size. Data collection from randomly selected
Training is a critical input for the rapid transfer of respondents was made by using pre-tested structured
agricultural technology (Prasad and Mrutangey, schedule through personal interview method. For
1992). According to Sajeev and Singh (2010) all this purpose, an interview schedule was constructed
research should concentrate on farmers needs for data collection from respondents in the light of
capacity building through KVK. Relatively, the the objectives of the study the selected respondents
Corresponding Author’s Email: drvkr786@gmail.com, and ratantat977@gmail.com
*Sr. Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhagalpur, Sabour (Bihar)
1
Subject Matter Specialist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rohtas, Bikramganj (Bihar)

298 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302

 Vinod Kumar and Ratan Kumar

were personally interviewed at their place by the integrated pest management, water management
investigators and their responses were recorded in and post-harvest technologies of winter maize
the schedule. cultivation. In this study, the training need perception
For the present study, a list of 10 major thematic of extension personnel in winter maize for three
area was prepared on the basis of responses of the categories of respondents allow to understand the
respondents, priorities was ranked as I, II and III training priorities in the eyes of extension personnel
choice which was tabulated to find out within the and extent of ability of their perceptual experiences
group, variability in ranking training need. Average for resemblance with the expressed need the three
Choice Score (ACS) was calculated by using categories of farmers. The results (Table 1) showed
formula as suggested by Singh (1980). that the perception of extension personnel about
training needs of three categories of farmers in the
ACS = (CI ˟ 3) + (CII ˟ 2) + (CIII ˟ 1) selected areas of winter maize cultivation.
3 (Figures in parentheses indicate the rank order
Where, CI, CII and CIII are the first, second and assigned by each category of farmers)
third choice respectively 40

In order to study the association of variables

Marginal ACS Small ACS Medium ACS
34.66
35

under study, correlation analysis was done.Training 30

26.66
28.66
29.66
29 29.33
29.66
29
28
27.33 27.33 27

needs assessment methods, tools and technique.

26.33 26 26 26.66 26
25.33 25.33 25.33 25.66
24.66 25 25 24.66
25 23.33 23.33
24
22 22.33

(Barbarette,2006). 20

15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10

The perception of extension personnel about 5

training needs of three categories of farmers in 0

Land preparation Use of HYVs Seed treatment Improved cultural Integrated nutrient Weed control cropping Integrated pest Water management Post harvest Post harvest

selected main areas viz. land preparation, use of

Practices management (INM) system management(IPM) technology

HYVs, Seed treatment, improved cultural practices, Fig.1: Training need as perceived by extension
integrated nutrient management, weed control, personnel for farmers
Table 1. Differential training need perception for three different categories of farmer for rabi maize
cultivation.
Sr. Main area of training Marginal Small Medium
No. ACS Rank ACS Rank ACS Rank
Land preparation 22.00 X (7) 23.33 X (9) 22.33 X (9)
Use of HYVs 34.66 I (2) 26.66 V (3) 24.66 VIII (6)
Seed treatment 25.00 VII (6) 24.66 IX (10) 25.33 VII (7)
Improved cultural Practices 29.66 II (1) 28.66 II (1) 29.33 II (1)
Integrated nutrient management (INM) 26.33 III (3) 29.00 I (2) 29.66 I (4)
Weed control 23.33 IX (10) 25.00 VIII (8) 24.00 IX (8)
cropping system 25.33 VI (9) 25.33 VII (7) 26.00 VI (10)
Integrated pest management (IPM) 26.00 IV (5) 28.00 III (5) 27.33 III (3)
Water management 25.66 V (4) 27.33 IV (4) 26.66 V (2)
Post harvest technology 24.66 VIII (8) 26.00 VI (6) 27.00 IV (5)

299 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302

 Training Need Perception of Extension Personnel

The data clearly exhibited the top most priority was accorded to integrated nutrient management
of training need was to use the HYVs by extension whereas the farmers expressed it as the fourth
personnel, whereas the marginal farmer had it as position. The farmers expressed need for training
their second preference of this component. The on improved cultural practices as the first position,
marginal farmer appears to show first preference whereas; the extension personnel viewed it in
to cultural practices as training need which was second position. The integrated pest management
accorded second rank by the extension personnel. was observed equally good by extension personnel
Integrated nutrient management was observed as well as farmers raking it third in position. The
to be equally good by both extension personnel post-harvest technology was perceived more or less
and farmers and was ranked third. Integrated pest equally good by ranking it in fourth position by
management, seed treatment, weed control and farmers and fifth position by extension personnel.
water management were accorded more or less The medium farmers gave vital importance to
equal importance by both extension personnel as water management ranking second in position
well as farmers. The cropping system was more while the extension personnel did not show such
emphasized by extension personnel whereas the importance according fifth in position. A wide
land preparation was preferred by the farmers. gap was observed in perception in relation to
Training on post-harvest technology was more or cropping systems ranking tenth both by farmers and
less least needed by the farmers as well as extension extension personnel. Weed control was given slight
personnel and was ranked eighth position. importance by ranking ninth among the extension
On analyzing the perception of extension personnel and eighth by the farmers. Seed treatment
personnel and small farmers about the training was given equal importance by extension personnel
needs of different components of winter maize as well as farmers by according it as the seventh
production technology, it was observed that position.
extension personnel preferred perception in Table 2. Rank order correlation indicating
integrated nutrient management as most important degree of agreement amongst rank pattern of
ranked as first position followed by cultural practices main area of training as perceived by extension
ranking second whereas, the farmers showed more personnel vs. different categories of farmers on
emphasis on improved cultural practices by ranking rabi maize technology.
it first while the second preference was accorded Sr. Between the categories r-value
to integrated nutrient management (Sharma et al, No.
2008). The integrated pest management occupied Extension personnel vs marginal farmers 0.8000*
third preference whereas; use of HYVs was ranked
Extension personnel vs small farmers 0.9000*
fifth by the extension personnel. In case of small
farmers, reverse ranking positions were observed. Extension personnel vs medium farmers 0.6500**
The data clearly exhibited the common position **: Significant at 1% level; *: Significant at 5 %
of training need in the area of water management, level
post-harvest technology, cropping system and weed
control by both extension personnel as well as small The rank order correlation as shown in table 2
brings to conclusion that there exists a very strong
farmers with ranking at 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th positions
respectively. The extension personnel perceived degree of agreement in the rank pattern of extension
ninth preference to seed treatment whereas; tenth personnel and the three categories of farmers; it
preference was accorded to land preparation. means that both the sets of respondents (Extension
personnel and farmers) perceived the training
The perception of extension personnel about the priority in similar direction.While concluding the
training needs of medium farmers, the first position
300 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302
 Vinod Kumar and Ratan Kumar
perception of extension personnel and different
categories of farmer about the components of
training in winter maize production, the improved
cultural practices was observed equally good and
most important area by each category of farmers
ranking in first position while the perception of
extension personnel exhibited training need in
second position for all categories of farmer. The
extension personnel perceived about training need
in use of HYVs ranking first for marginal farmer
while integrated nutrient management was perceived
the first rank for small and medium farmers. The
small farmer expressed training need of integrated
nutrient management in second position whereas;
the marginal farmers expressed it in third position
and medium farmers in fourth position. A critical
analysis on traning needs of farmers about mustard
production tecnology of marginal farmers (Pandey,
2015 and choudhary,1999). The extension personnel
considered it in first position while the farmers
expressed the need in second position. However,
in case of small farmer, this component did not
carry vital responses according third preference
by farmers and fifth preference by the extension
personnel. In contrary, the observation of medium
farmers was still less ranking eighth by extension
personnel and sixth by the farmers.
Weed control was comparatively considered
less important recording tenth rank by marginal
farmers and eighth position respectively by small
as well as medium farmers. The land preparation
was perceived to be least important by extension
personnel as well as all categories of farmers. The
medium farmer attributed vital importance to water
management ranking the perception in second
position, while the marginal and small farmers
provided it the fourth position. The integrated pest
management was perceived to be in third position
by medium farmers, whereas, it was accorded fifth
position by marginal as well as small farmers. The
data in this case also exhibited similar views of
extension personnel irrespective of the categories
of farmers.
301 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302
Correlation values
The correlation values indicate the degree of
agreement amongst rank pattern of main area of
training as perceived by extension personnel viz.,
different categories of farmers indicated maximum
correlation among the views of extension personnel
and small farmers (r-value 0.9000). The correlation
exhibited a common view of both with respect to
components of training.
In case of marginal farmers, the r-value was
slightly low (r-value 0.8000). Hence, the small as
well as marginal farmers perceived more or less
similar as compared to perception of extension
personnel. The r-value being least (0.6500)
although highly significant was recorded in
case of medium farmers. This indicates a wider
difference in perception of extension personnel as
well as medium farmers. The result is obvious as
the medium farmers having more or less adequate
resources and more knowledge was found critical
thus recording somewhat different views in
comparison to extension personnel.
CONCLUSION
The importance of training as an indispensible
resource for human resource development cannot be
overemphasized. It aims in helping each individual
to reach his maximum potential by way of increased
knowledge, improved skills and changed attitudes
enabling him to perform his job according to
established standards. The present study revealed
that medium farmers have given similar perceptions
like that of marginal and small farmers in training
need on improved cultural practices and accorded
it as the most preferred area of training. It was also
interesting to observe that the medium farmers
have shown more interest in training on water
management and integrated pest management have
accorded at second and third rank respectively in
order of priority. The pooled data also revealed that
there was common consciousness on having training
need on improved cultural practices for training in
winter maize cultivation as the most preferred area
by all the three categories of farmers followed by
 Training Need Perception of Extension Personnel

integrated nutrient management and use of high their experiences and observation of their experiences
yielding varieties. The correlation values indicated and observation of the demonstration plots. Agron 9, 452.
the degree of agreement amongst rank pattern with Geta E, Bogale A, Kassa B and Elies E(2013). Productivity
respect to the main area of training as perceived by and effienciency analysis of small hplder maize producess
in southern Ethiopia. J Hum Ecol 41, 67-75.
extensional personnel viz., different categories of
farmers indicated maximum correlation among the IFOAM (2006). The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics
and Emerging Trends, International Federation of Organic
view of extension personnel and small farmers Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Bonn and Research
Institute of Organic Agriculture.
REFERENCES Iken J E and N A Amusa (2004). Maize research and production
Adesina A A and J Baidu Forson (1995). Farmers’ perception in Nigeria. African J Biotech 3(6): 302-307.
and adoption of new agricultural technology: Evidence
from analysis in Burkina Faso and Guinea, West Africa Oben E O, Ntonifor N N, Kekeunou S and Abbeytaker M
Agric Econ 13: 1-9. (2015). Farmers maize stem borers and their indiginious
control method in south western region of cameroon. J
Alam A M (2006). Training needs of farmers on the production Ethnobiol Ethnomed 11, 77.
in Dhamrai upazila under Dhaka district. M. S. Thesis
Department of agricultural Extension and Information Olson M E (2012). Cultivation of maize landraces by small-
system Shre-Bangla agricultural University Dhaka. scale shade coffee farmers in western El Salvador. Agril
Systems 111 (2012) 63–74.
Barbarette J (2006). Training Needs Assessment Methods,
Tools and Technique, San . Francisco Pfeiffer Cafferela Pandey R K and Sharma M (2015). A Critical analysis on
Roaemary.S 2002. traning needs of farmers about mustard production
technology. Int J Agri Sci 7(14) : 892-95.
Barman S K and Pathak P K (2013). Assessing effect of
technology showcasing programme on adoption of the Siddiqui A and Mirani Z (2012). Farmer’s perception of
demonstrated technology. J Academic Industrial Res agricultural extension regarding diffusion of agricultural
1(11) : 686. technology. Pakistan J Agri Agril Engg Vet Sci, 28 (1):
83-96.
Eric G O (2013). Maize farmers perceptions towards organic
soil management practices in Bungoma County, Kenya . Tiwari R B, Singh V and Parihar P (2003). Role of front line
Res J Environ and Earth Sci, 5(2): 41-48. demonstration in transfer of gram production technology.
Maharastra J Ext Edu 22 (1): 19.
Dore B, Gelelcha J and Koremo L (2019). The study evaluated
farmers perception of push –pull technology based on Received on 10/02/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020

302 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 298-302

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00061.6

Use of Dry Cow Therapy for Control of Mastitis in Dairy Animals

R K Tiwari, Ranjan Kumar, R. K. Asthana, Shailesh Kumar, Sanjay Kumar,
Sanchita Ghosh and Bharati Upadhaya
KrishiVigyanKendra ,Birauli, Samastipur
Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
An on-farm study was conducted during different season at farmers field in Samastipur district of Bihar to assess
the effect of dry cow therapy as an intervention for control of mastitis in dairy herd. Twenty one crossbred cows
were selected at dry-off and distributed in three group with 7 animals each. The experimental treatment groups
were T1 (Control- No dry cow therapy ), T2 : dry cow therapy with Spectramast D C at last day of milking) and
T3 group : dry cow therapy with Spectramast D C along with application of Intavita H 5ml I/M. Daily milk
yield was recorded for 30 days after 15 days of post-partum to find out the effect of dry cow therapy on milk
production. The finding of the study showed that dry cow therapy in combination with Intavita H (T3) or
alone dry cow therapy were effective protocol to control mastitis with reduced mastitis cases as compared
to T1( control). However, dry cow therapy in combination with Intavita H (T3) was more effective against
control of mastitis. The milk quantity and quality were also improved with treatment of dry cow therapy.
Key Words: Dry cow therapy, Dairy animals, Mastitis, Milk yield, Milk quality and Season.

INTRODUCTION Mastitis is a disease of global economic

Livestock play an important role in the
livelihood of small and marginal farmers. Among
livestock, dairy cows are essential asset to the rural
people those directly linked in agricultural farming
for sustainable nutrition, income generation and
compost. Mastitis is one of most common disease
in dairy animals, characterized by inflammation
of the parenchyma of mammary glands or udder,
occurred due to multi-etiological agents usually
from bacterial infection introduced either during
milking process or from environmental contact.
The degree of severity of symptoms ranges from
mild to moderate to severe. The degree of illness
and presence of their symptoms depends on many
factors, such as the nutritional or immune status
of cow, environmental factors such as cleanliness,
humidity and ambient temperature. The most
common symptoms of clinical mastitis are swollen,
heat, hardness and redness of udder and further
manifested as changes in milk colour, consistency,
flavour and its composition.
importance because of it adversely affects the
animal health, milk quantity or quality and causes
huge economic losses to dairy sector (Radostits,
2009 and Bagri et al, 2018). The economic losses
are in terms of reduction in milk yield, discarding
of milk, treatment cost and premature culling of
animals. Bansal and Gupta ( 2009) reported an
amount of Rs.7165.51 cores losses due to mastitis
in India. Mastitis also negatively affects on milk
composition (fat, SNF, lactose and protein etc.)
and physio-chemical characteristics (pH) of milk,
causes low keeping quality and unfit for human
consumption (Sharif et al, 2009). The alterations
in milk composition are attributed to changes in
vascular permeability due to the inflammatory
process and the damage of epithelial cells that are
responsible for synthesis of milk components. The
estimation of Ph of milk is an indicator of milk
quality. The changes in electrolyte composition of
milk decides Ph, which depends on udder health of
animal ( Bortolami et.al.2015). Whereas, decreased

Corresponding Author’s Email:ravindratiwari@gmail.com

303 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307

 Tiwari et al

in percent of fat, SNF, protein and lactose of mastitis MATERIALS AND METHODS
milk due to impaired synthesis and secretory activity The study was conducted during two
of the udder epithelial cells (Bagri et al, 2018). seasons (rainy and winter) at farmers field of
The various approaches have been implicated Samastipur, Bihar, located at 25 51’46.68”N and
0

to combat the infectious pathogens causing the 85 46’51.70”E to study the effect of seasonal
0

mastitis. Dry cow therapy is the most effective way variation on incidence of mastitis. The ambient
to treat udder infection during drying off period. temperature and relative humidity during the
Dry period is the period between two successive period of study,2017-18 ( rainy and winter ) were
lactations. Dry cow therapy is use of intramammary in the ranges 24.2- 37.5 C and 65-91% and 11.9-
0

antimicrobial therapy at the end of lactation. It is 25 C and 65-92%, respectively. Twenty one dry off
0

one of the key points in mastitis control programme crossbred cows were selected from villages and
and has become a very effective and advantageous distributed in to three groups (T1, T2 and T3) with 7
method for control of mastitis (Neelam et al, 2017) animals each during both season. The experimental
because of longer retention time of the antibiotic treatment were T1 (Control- No dry cow therapy),
in the udder, safely use of higher dose of antibiotic T2, : dry cow therapy with Spectramast DC and T3,
and minimizes the risk of contaminating milk etc.. : dry cow therapy with Spectramast DC along with
In addition, the economic losses due to discarding Intavita H 5ml I.M. at last day of milking was done.
of milk are alleviated. Further Tiwari et al (2018) All the animals were dewormed before the start
observed 12per cent increased in milk yield during of the experiment and also at subsequent regular
45 days post calving period in dry cow therapy intervals and maintained under normal feeding and
treated cows group as compared to untreated animal husbandry practices of farmers. Daily milk
(control) . yield was recorded for the period of 30 days after 15
days of post-partum to know the effect of dry cow
The occurrence of mastitis cases varies therapy on milk production.
from season to season because of growth and
multiplication of organism depends on specific For milk quality estimation collection of milk
temperature and humidity. Improper housing and sample was done after 30 days of lactation. The
ventilation with high temperature and humidity milking was done after properly washing of udder
encourages multiplication of bacteria. Therefore, and teats with potable water and dried with cloth.
dairy animals are prone to mastitis in the rainy Teats were disinfected with 70% alcohol dipped
season as compared to rainy and winter season swabs. The first 2-3 streams of milk from each teat
(Patil et al, 2005). Hence, a study was conducted were discarded, mid flow milk was collected in
to assess the effectiveness of dry cow therapy as sterile milk bottle for further test. The pH of milk
an intervention tool for control of mastitis in dairy samples were estimated just after milking using
herd during different (winter and rainy) seasons by digital Ph meter dipped in milk and value were
and its effect on milk quality parameters. recorded.

Table1. Effect of dry cow therapy on crossbred cows during rainy season.
Group Total milk Clinical Av. milk yield/ Input Gross Net Additional
yield (lt.) Mastitis day/Animal cost return Return Income (Rs.)
Symptoms (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
T1 2110 03(42.85%) 10.05 37832 75960 38128 -
T2 2545 01(14.23%) 12.12 47732 91620 43888 5760
T3 2610 00(0%) 12.43 48947 93960 45013 6885

304 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307

 Use of Dry Cow Therapy

California mastitis test (CMT) was done at after calving, so dry cow therapy practically is
30 days of lactation for identification of mastitis. very effective tool in the control of mastitis in
For California mastitis test: the milk from 4 teats dairy animals. Similar finding were observed by
were drawn into the four chambers on CMT paddle Tiwari et al (2018) who further reported an increase
separately. California Mastitis Test (CMT): 2ml in milk production in dry cow therapy treated group
of mastitis test reagent mixed with 2mL of milk as compared to untreated group (control). The milk
sample collected in each chamber of paddle and yield from cows of T3 and T2 were increased as
mixed thoroughly by clockwise, anticlockwise, compared to T1 (control). The lesser milk yield
forward and backward movements and results were from cows of T1 was largely due to damage of
read within 30sec. mammary parenchyma of mammary gland because
of mastitis ( Zhao and Lacasse, 2008). Moreover,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION animals suffering from mastitis decreased appetite,
The effect of dry cow therapy on milk production leads to low feed intake, which have a negative
and incidence of mastitis during different seasons impact on milk production.
revealed that no cows of T3 group showed mastitis The occurrence of mastitis symptoms in
symptom after application of dry cow therapy in animals of T1 group were higher in rainy ( 42.85%)
combination with Intavita H, however 14.23 and as compared to winter season( 28.57%), which
42.85per cent cows of T2 and T1 group ( control), might be due to faster growth and multiplication of
respectively expressed mastitis within 45 days mastitis causing organism in hot and humid climate
of post-partum in rainy season (Table 1). Singh (rainy season)( Joshi and Gokale, 2006).The impact
et al (2018) conducted similar type of study of dry cow therapy along with application of
and reported that use of post teat dip technology Intavita H on animals of T3 groups showed fully
enhanced the milk production significantly and effective against mastitis in both season, might be
helped in prevention of the sub clinical mastitis to a due to synergistic effect of DCT in combination with
great extent. Therefore, farmers must be advised to Intavita H. As Intavita H contains vitamin A, D and
use this low cost technology at their dairy farms in biotin, which might play role in keratization of skin
order to increase their margin of profit and also to and prevent for teat canal skin lesion. However,
improve public health. Berry and Hillerton (2002) application of only dry cow therapy on animals of
described that dry cow antibiotic treatment in all T2 groups were also effective during both season
four quarters of animal at the end of their but little lesser in rainy season. In present study an
lactation had reduced the number of mastitis additional income of Rs. 5000-9000 were obtained
pathogens already existed and prevented new by farmers as compared to control because of higher
mastitis pathogens in the dry period and also milk production.

Table 2.Effect of dry cow therapy on crossbred cows during winter season.
Group Total milk Clinical Av. milk yield/ Input Gross Net Addi-
yield (lt.) Mastitis Symp- day/Animal after cost return Return tional
toms DCT (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) Income
(Rs.)
T1 2058 02(28.57%) 9.8 36900 74088 37188 -
T2 2562 00(0%) 12.2 48037 92232 44195 7007
T3 2667 00(0%) 12.7 49969 95832 45863 8675

305 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307

 Tiwari et al
Table 3. Effect of dry cow therapy on Milk quality in crossbred cows.
Rainy season
Group pH Fat% SNF%
T1 6.72 3.43 8.01
T2 6.58 3.66 8.52
T3 6.60 3.78 8.60
( N= 10 , All average of 10 days milk sample)
The average pH of T1 and T3 milk were 6.72
and 6.60 in rainy and 6.82 and 6.57 in winter,
respectively(Table 3). pH value of control group
(T1) milk was increased as compared to treatment
groups (T2 and T3) due to increased permeability
of mammary glands tissue and movement of
bicarbonate ions into milk ( Bortolami et al, 2015).
Whereas, the percent of fat and SNF of T1 (control)
milk were reduced as compared to T3 groups and
average values were 3.43 Vs 3.78 and 8.01Vs 8.60
during rainy and 3.54 Vs 3.92 and 8.12 Vs 8.72,
respectively. The decreased in percent of fat and
SNF were in agreement with Jagadeesh et al, (2016),
Singh et al, (2018) and Bagri et al( 2018) might be
due to impaired synthesis and secretary activity of
udder epithelial cells. Moreover, reduction in SNF
per cent as a result of drop in lactose and protein
percent which are major components of SNF ( Rao,
1990).
CONCLUSION
Optimum production and maximum daily
yield of milk can only be achieved if mastitis
is prevented at herd level by adopting guidelines of
mastitis control program. On the basis of results
found in the present study it is concluded that dry
cow therapy in combination with application of
Intavita H are effective intervention tool to control
mastitis and improvement of milk quantity as
well as quality production. Dry cow therapy was
significantly effective in the prevention of clinical
and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy animals as well as
against the control of pathogens. Hence, a large no
of front line demonstration should be encouraged
by KVK scientist to adopt dry cow therapy to
306 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307
Winter Season
pH Fat% SNF%
6.68 3.54 8.12
6.61 3.76 8.70
6.57 3.92 8.72
reduces losses due clinical and sub-clinical mastitis
and avoid health issues in human beings due to
consumption of contaminated milk.
REFERENCES
Bansal B K, Gupta Dhiraj (2009). Economic analysis of
Bovine mastitis in India and Punjab-A Review. Indian J
Dairy Sci 62:337-345
Bagri D K, Pandey R K, Bagri G K, Kumari R and Bagdi D L
(2018). Effect of subclinical mastitis on milk composition
in lactating cows. J Entomol Zool Stud 6(5): 231-236.
Berry E A and Hillerton J E (2002). The effect of selective
dry cow treatment on new intramammary infections. J
Dairy Sci 85:112-121.
Bortolami A, Fiore E, Gianesella M, Corro M, Catania S,
Morgante M (2015). Evaluation of the udder health
status in subclinical mastitis affected dairy cows
through bacteriological culture, somatic cell count and
thermographic imaging. Polish J Vet Sci 18(4): 799–805.
http://dx.doi. org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0104
Joshi S and Gokale S (2006). Status of mastitis as an emerging
disease in improved and peri-urban dairy farm in India.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sci 1081:74-83.
Jagadeesh D S, Puttamallappa R K, Keregallokoppalu H
G, Lakshminarasimhiah M (2016). Prevalence of sub-
clinical mastitis in cattle and effect on milk quality. Adv
Anim Vet Sci 4(5): 237-240.
Neelam Jain, Bhagwan Jai V K and Kumar Praveen (2017).
A Review on Mastitis Control through Dry Cow Therapy.
Int J Pure and Applied Biosci 5 (5): 1427-1432.
Patil R L, Prasana K, Shettar S, Sudhindra V B and
Honnppagol, SS (2005). Epidemiology of Sub-
clinical mastitis in Buffaloes under field condition
of Bidar. Karnataka (India). Buffaloes Bull 24 (4):
91-97.
Radostits O M, Gay G C and Blood D (2009) Mastitis. In:
Veterinary Medicine: A Text book of the Diseases of
Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 9th ed. Mastitis.
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, 2009, 603-700.
 Use of Dry Cow Therapy
Rao K S R(1990). Milk formation alternation in mastitis milk
composition. Indian Dairyman. 42(7):314-316.
Sharif A, Umer M and Muhammad G (2009). Mastitis control
in dairy production. J Agric Soc Sci 5: 102-105.
Singh T , Sharma M and Singh G (2018). Effect of post teat
dip treatments for the prevention of mastitis in dairy
cattle. J Krishi Vigyan 7(1) : 98-100.
Tiwari Shiwani, Mohanty T K, Patbandha T K, Kumaresan
A, Bhakat M, Gautam Shital, Kumari Anjali, Kumar
Narender and Baithalu R K (2018) Effect of dry cow
therapy on incidence of clinical mastitis, milk yield
and composition in crossbred cows. Indian J Anim
Res 52:291-295.
Zhao X and Lacasse P (2008). Mammary tissue damage
during bovine mastitis: cause and control. J Anim Sci
(Spple.1):57-65.
Received on 13/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

307 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 303-307

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00012.4

Current Uses and Future Prospects of Ginger Processing and

Entrepreneurship Development among Farm Families
Dashrath Bhati1, Rita Singh Raghuvanshi2 and Sudha Jukaria3
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science,
3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jeolikote, Nainital
GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (Uttarakhand)

ABSTRACT
Ginger processed products were developed in the Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home
Science, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The present study was
conducted to assess the quantity of ginger used in production and final utilization of ginger. Need assessment
for ginger processing skills and training was done to ensure livelihood security. An extensive survey was
conducted in Bhimtal block, Nanital District, Uttarakhand. Total 50 farmers were selected and interviewed
through structured questionnaire for data collection. The study revealed that 75.0 per cent of the farmers
were growing ginger and 67.57 per cent of farmers using 2 to 25 kg as ginger seeds. During peak season, the
selling price of ginger ranged between Rs. 30/kg to 80/kg. However, the price of ginger varies widely with
production. Eighty four per cent of the farmers were ready to prepare these products, however 64 per cent
wanted to sell ginger sherbet in market. Out of 43 farm women trained, only 4 female (with adoption rate
9.30 %) adopted this as a business. Hence, processing of ginger may help in increasing the farmers’ income.
Key Words: Employment, Processing, Spices, Household Consumption, Entrepreneurship.

INTRODUCTION Uttarakhand, located at the foothills of the

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) is an
important commercial spice crop in tropical and
subtropical region (Ambia, 2006). The rhizome
is used worldwide as spice for flavouring in a
number of foods and food-products and also used
in medicine. Ginger used in traditional medicine,
has been found to possess antioxidant effect that
can control the generation of free radicals (Ahmad
et al, 2006). The main bioactive components of
ginger possess antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-
inflammatory attributes (Malu et al, 2009 and
Ghasemzadeh, 2010). It is effective for the treatment
of inflammation, rheumatism, cold, heat cramps,
and diabetes (Al-Amin et al, 2006 and Afshari et al,
2007). Several studies suggest that ginger may work
better than placebo in reducing some symptoms of
motion sickness.
Himalayas, is characterized by diverse geographical
features ranging from snow-capped mountain peaks
in the North to tropical forests in the South. This
complete region is divided in 4 agro climatic zones
i.e. Zone A (lower hills up to 1000 m), Zone B (mid
hills 1000-1500m), Zone C (high hills 1500-2400m),
Zone D (very high hills > 2400 m). Major spices
are ginger, garlic, turmeric and chilly. In India,
Uttarakhand ranks 6th in production of ginger with
productivity 9.66 MT/ha in the 2015-16. The major
producing belts in the state are Almora and Tehri.
In hilly regions, major wildlife agents responsible
for crop damage are wild boar, bear, porcupine,
monkey, musk deer and partridge. Monkey and wild
boar alone accounted for about 50 to 60 per cent
of total crop damage. Potential solutions needed
to undertake suitable and appropriate protective
measures to minimize the crop losses.

Corresponding Author’s Email:bhati.dashrath.1@gmail.com

1
Post Doctoral Fellow, 2Dean and Professor

308 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312

 Bhati et al

Fresh ginger is seasonal, perishable in nature
and available in large quantities during the peak
season in the local market. After harvesting it
cannot be kept for longer period due to higher
water activity and during storage it suffers from
weight loss, shrinkage, rotting and sprouting. Due
to lack of processing and value addition practice in
ginger, during harvesting season, a huge quantity
of fresh produce becomes unmarketable (Nath et
al, 2013). Diversified use in the form of processed
ginger products may help in efficient utilization
of its production and ultimately reduces the post
harvest losses. Ginger enters the market in six
forms, which are used in different cuisines: these
include fresh ginger, dried ginger, pickled ginger,
preserved ginger, crystallized ginger and ground
ginger (www.spice-trade.com, 2009). Fresh ginger
comes in mature and immature forms. Both mature
and immature rhizomes are consumed as fresh
vegetable. Preserved ginger is made only from
immature rhizomes. Fresh ginger is also available
with garlic and most popularly known as ginger
garlic paste. The most important commercial form
is dried ginger followed by preserved ginger, while
fresh ginger is of least commercial significance.
However by processing of fresh ginger in various
forms of processed products may enhance its
commercial significance.
In hilly areas the size of farms is small
and farmers grow ginger in small amount for
household consumption. When the production is
more than requirements then it gets wasted due to
germination. Hence skills related to the processing
of ginger especially in area of its production may be
helpful in gainful employment for farmers. Keeping

Table1. General information, production and utilization of ginger by farmers of the studied area.
Sr. No. Particular Respondents General information
Frequency Percentage
1 Gender
Male 13 26.0
Female 37 74.0
2 Age
Young (up to 28 yr) 18 36.0
Middle (29-38 yr ) 15 30.0
Late middle (39-48 yr) 7 14.0
Old (49 yr and above) 10 20.0
3 Education
Primary 19 38.0
High school/ intermediate 25 50.0
Graduation 5 10.0
Post Graduation or other 1 2.0
4 Occupation
Un employed 18 36.0
Agriculture 22 44.0
Employed (Gov./Privet sector) 6 12.0
Student 6 12.0

309 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312

 Current Uses and Future Prospects of Ginger

Table 2. Ginger production and its utilization by the famers.

Sr. No. Particular Ginger production and its utilization by
the respondent
Frequency Percentage
1 Grows ginger 37 74.0
2 Production of ginger
Below 50 kg 9 24.3
50kg – 100kg 9 24.3
100kg - 150kg 4 10.8
150kg -200kg 4 10.8
Above 200kg 11 29.7
3 Use of ginger
Self consumption 37 100.0
For seed 33 89.1
For sale 24 64.8
Sent to relatives 19 51.3
4 Form of ginger consumption
Tea 50 100.0
Vegetable 36 72.0
Dried/Sherbet/Candy 0 00.0

this in view survey was conducted to know the all the respondents were interviewed for reliable
consumption and utilization pattern of ginger by the data. The questionnaire was divided into three
farmers and need assessment for the processing of parts viz. General information of the respondents,
ginger was undertaken in Uttarakhand. ginger production, it’s utilization and perception
on ginger processed products and skills. On the
MATERIALS AND NMETHODS basis on farmers’ interest in processed products of
Three ginger products viz., sherbet, candy and ginger one day training programme was conducted
toffee were developed. Ginger powder was the by- at Lamjala and Gathiya village of Bhimtal. Impact
product while processing of ginger for sherbet. of the training was recorded in terms of gainful self
All the products were standardized at Department employment.
of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science
GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A survey was conducted among the farmers in General information
Bhimtal, Nanital District of Uttarakhand. The The data on general information (Table 1)
area for study was selected on the basis of ginger revealed that 74 per cent of the respondents were
production data and feasibility for follow-up of these female, young followed by middle and old aged. The
farmers. The respondents were selected randomly average age of the respondent was 36.12 yr which
from Lamjal, Bhurjala and Suryajal villages from was in range of the studies focus on entrepreneurs
Bhimtal. Structured questioner was prepared and 35 to 45 yr (Bruhn and Zia, 2012; Premand et al,

310 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312

 Bhati et al

Table3. Perception of respondent on the processed ginger sherbet.

Sr. No. Particular Perception of respondent on the
processed ginger sherbet
Frequency Percentage
1 Liking of the products
Extremely 13 26.0
Too much 33 66.0
Like Moderately 4 08.0
2 Want to get training for ginger processing 42 84.0
3 Willingness to adopt as business 32 64.0
4 Knowledge of the regulatory bodies working for
food products
Yes 11 22.0
No 13 26.0
No response 27 54.0
2012). The education data showed that 50.0 per demonstration was given to the 43 farm women.
cent of the respondent was high school passed and Impact of the training was recorded in terms of
38 per cent was primary educated. adoption rate of ginger processing technology in
the form of product preparation and selling by these
Ginger production and utilization trained farmers in local market. After training four
It was observed that currently 74 per cent of farm women were inspired to make ginger candy
the farmers were growing ginger (Table 2) and and sherbet and adopted the technology for income
24.32 per cent were growing below 50kg. In terms generation. Two days intensive training was given
of ginger consumption it was noted that all the to these farm women. Initially 6 kg ginger was
respondent were consuming ginger in tea followed processed per day for sherbet making. The products
by curry preparation (72.0%). During peak season, were sold with the profit of more than 50 per cent.
the selling prices of ginger ranged between Rs. For ginger candy 6 kg ginger was processed twice
20/kg to 80/kg. All the prepared ginger products a week. This was also sold with the profit of 50 per
were liked very much by the farmer. The farmers cent (table 4). By products such as ginger pulp and
were ready to prepare the products and sell them in peel was dried by these adopters and consumed as a
market. Hence both products may help in increasing “masala” for tea.
the farmers’ income.
Perception on ginger processed products CONCLUSION
Entrepreneurship related to food processing has
It was noticed that ginger products were liked
been named as one of the key driver for economic
extremely and too much by 26.0 per cent and 66.0
growth of farmers and rural youth. Entrepreneurship
per cent of the respondent, respectively (Table 3)
has been linked to amplified growth, increased
84.0 per cent became interested to acquire training
for ginger sherbet making. aggressiveness of countries, increased creation of
wealth and increased quality of life. In developing
Training and its impact countries like India training programmes related to
On the demand of farmers, one day method food processing skills are essential for especially

311 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312

 Current Uses and Future Prospects of Ginger

Table 4. Cost production of ginger sherbet and candy:

Parameters Details for candy Details for sherbet
Assumption 25 working days in a month and one 25 working days in a month and one
shift of 8 hr/day. shift of 8 hr/day.
Cost of raw material Rs. 6,000/- (6 kg ginger/ week) Rs. 64,500/- (6 kg ginger/working day)
Wages of worker per month Rs. 5,000/- Rs. 10,000/-
Total Production 800 (packed in 30gm/ Packet) 875 litters (packed in 200ml/bottle)
Total Cost Rs. 11,000/- Rs. 74,500/-
Total turnover/ month Rs. 22,000/- Rs. 1,49,000/-
Net Profit per month Rs. 11,000/- Rs. 74,500/-
for small farmers because of their over-dependence Bruhn M and Zia B (2012). Stimulating managerial capital in
on agriculture for employment. Such farmers has emerging markets: the impact of business and financial
less produce to handle hence food processing literacy for young entrepreneurs. Mimeo.World Bank
Washington DC.
related skills would be highly beneficial in terms
of economic growth and develop livelihood Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar H Z and Rahmat A (2010). Antioxidant
activities, total phenolics and flavonoids content in two
security specially among the small farmers. Thus varieties of Malaysia young ginger (Zingiber officinale
entrepreneurship development in rural industries Roscoe). Molecules 15: 4324-4333.
appears to be the best potential alternative to find Malu S P, Obochi G O, Tawo E N and Nyong B E (2009).
employment avenues for the rural population. Antibacterial activity and medicinal properties of ginger
(Zingiber officinale). Global J Pure and Appl Sci 15: 365-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 368.
The authors are thankful to UGC’s Dr. Dr. Plotto A (2008). Post production management for improved
S. Radhakrishnan Post Doctoral Fellowship for market access for herbs and spices-Ginger. http//:www.
fao.org.
providing financial support to conduct this work.
Premand P, Brodmann S, Almeida R, Grun R, and Barouni M
(2012). Entrepreneurship training and self-employment
REFERENCES among university graduates: evidence from a randomized
Afshari A T, Shirpoor A, Farshid A, Saadatian R, Rasmi Y,
trial in tunisia. Mimeo.World Bank,Washington DC.
Saboory E, Ilkhanizadeh B, Allameh A (2007). The effect
of ginger on diabetic nephropathy, plasma antioxidant Rahim N P (1992). Study on population dynamics of naturally
capacity and lipid peroxidation in rats. Food Chem 101: occurring trichoderma harzianum and its antagonistic
148-153. potential against rhizome rot of ginger. Indian J Plant
Path 19: 39-43.
Ahmad N, Sulaiman S, Mukti N A, Murad N A, Hamid N
A A and Yusof Y A M (2006). Effects of ginger extract Rao K S, Maikhuri R K, Nautiyal S and Saxena K G (2002).
(Zingiber officinale roscoe) on antioxidant status of Crop damage and livestock depredation by wildlife: a
hepatocarcinoma induced rats. Malaysian J Biochem and case study from Nanda Devi. Biosphere Reserve 66(3):
Molecular Biol 14: 7-12. 317-327
Al-Amin Z M, Thomson M, Al-Qattan K K, Peltonen-Shalaby Received on 06/01/2020 Accepted on 15/04/2020
R, Ali M (2006). Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic
properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. British J of Nutri 96: 660-666.
Ambia, N (2006). Control of rhizome rot of ginger through
selected chemicals. Bio-agent, plant extract and soil
amendment. M.Sc. Thesis, Sher-e-Bangla Agriculture
University, Dhaka.

312 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 308-312

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00062.8

Women Empowerment through Additional Crop Cultivation – A

Climate Resilient Practice of Namakkal District
Sharmila Bharathi C*, B Mohan and N Akila
ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus
TANUVAS, Namakkal- 637 002 (Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was implemented in Vadavathur and
Jambumadai villages of Namakkal district. Cultivation of sole cropping is predominant in the district
leads to poor market returns due to huge arrival of single crop. To alleviate such problems additional
crop cultivation in small area with other annual vegetables in an area to minimize market risk and
ensure reasonable returns for small and marginal farm women. After the cropping season in many
fields the excess water of bore and open wells during the normal year, which has not been effectively
utilized for the cultivation of additional crops may enhance the farm women income during the summer
season. KVK provided technical guidance for cultivation of annual vegetables as additional crop
to the 350 women farmers and thus now vegetables are being cultivated in an area of 44.8 ha during
rabi season by 132 farm women and 11 farmers adopted Panthal system of vegetable cultivation, at
their own cost and contribution of NADP scheme. KVK also facilitated to get Uzhavar santhai card to
vegetable growers of NICRA village in convergence mode with Department of Agriculture Marketing.
Hence, the farm women became empowered through direct sale of their products in Uzhavar santhai
and getting an appreciable income of Rs.800 to Rs.1500/- day through growing of aan additional crop.
Key Words: Additional crop - Vegetables – cultivation –NICRA

INTRODUCTION vegetables was a feasible option to minimize

National Innovation on Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA) project implemented by
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Namakkal in Vadavathur and
Jambumadai villages of Erumapatti block, which
recorded an average rainfall of only 400 mm for
the past 20 yr. In Vadavathur village, 829 families
with a population of 2850 are directly or indirectly
involved in agriculture, of which 600 families were
benefited under the NICRA scheme. In Vadavathur
and Jambumadai villages, small onion is cultivated
as an annual crop in more than 120 ha and the only
source of income in two seasons. Practice of sole
cropping is predominant in Namakkal District lead
to poor market returns due to huge arrival of single
crop. To alleviate such problems an additional
crop cultivation in small area with other annual
Corresponding Author’s email: csbkvk2007@yahoo.co.in
market risk and ensure reasonable returns for small
and marginal women farmers.
Women empowerment is a process in which
women gain greater share of control over resources
material, human and intellectual and financial
resources and control over decision making in
the home, community, society, nation and to gain
power (Govindasamy and Minna, 2012; Tiwari
et al, 2015). Annual vegetable cultivation is a
profitable venture for the small and marginal farm
women, as the traditional crops are becoming less
remunerative. In NICRA village, after the cropping
season in many fields the excess water of bore
and open wells during the normal year, which has
not been effectively utilized for the cultivation
of additional crops which may enhance the farm

313 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318

 Bharathi et al

women income during the summer season. The
present study was undertaken to assess the benefits
of cultivating annual vegetables as an additional
crop during surplus rainfall and boosting the
income of farm women exclusively for which they
were imparted practical training on the package of
practices and marketing strategy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was undertaken in villages
Vadavathur and Jambumadai of Namakkal district.
Small onion cultivation is predominant in this
village and after the harvesting , farmers kept the
land as barren. The farm women not cultivating
any crop even they got excess rainfall. KVK,

Table 1. Personal profile of selected farm women. (N=30)

Sr. Parameter Number of respondents Percent (%)
No.
1. Age (yr.)
25-30 (Young women) 12 40
31- 40 (Middle age group) 15 50
Above 41 (Old) 3 10
2. Education
Illiterate 0 0
Up to Primary 23 76.6
Middle School 5 16.7
High School 2 6.7
College 0 0
3. Family type
Nuclear 27 90
Joint 3 10
4. No. of members
1-3 6 20
3- 5 21 70
>5 3 10
5. Land holding (ha)
1 ha 3 10
1.0 –2.0 23 76.7
More than 2 ha 4 13.3
6. Income of the family (lakh)
< 1.5 9 30
1.5 -2.5 18 60
> 2.5 3 10

314 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318

 Women Empowerment through Additional Crop Cultivation
Namakkal took initiative along with Department
of Horticulture for getting NADP schemes in
turn helped to improve farm facilities like drip
irrigation, Pandhal system, Vermi-composting unit
for vegetable cultivation and economic up liftment
of farm women in NICRA village. KVK provided
technical backstopping through training and critical
inputs such as vegetable seed viz., Tomato, Brinjal,
Okra, Cluster bean, Annual Moringa, Lablab and
Cucurbits for cultivation as additional crop to the
farmers. KVK also facilitated to get Uzhavar santhai
card to vegetable growers of NICRA village in
convergence mode with Department of Agriculture
Marketing also arranged transport facility with the
help of District Administration to reach Uzhavar
santhai.
Complete package of practices for vegetable
crops were adopted by the target group. Fifteen
small and marginal farm women were selected from
each village thus making a total sample size of 30
participants. Data were collected through schedule
questionnaire, group discussion, observation during
field visit and personal interview.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of farm women
Personal characteristics and profile of the
selected farm women gave a clear indication that
the age of the farm women varied between 25-30
yr at the lower level and 46 yr at the upper age
limit. Among the farm women (50 %) belonged to
middle age group (31- 40 yr) whereas 40 per cent
were young age group between 25 -30 yr and only
3 women under the age group of above 41 yr. In
case of literacy level, it was evident that in rural
areas, still education of women’s was neglected
phenomenon as in the other part of the country and
the same was reflected in the interview. None of the
farm women had even passed college education. All
the farm women were educated and 76.6 per cent
were educated up to primary school. Only 5 women
(16.7 %) and 2 women (6.7%) had passed middle
school and high school examination respectively.
315 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318
An important fact which came to the notice was
that nuclear family system was growing faster in
the rural areas also and not a phenomenon limited
to the urban areas exclusively. The data revealed
that 27 families (90 %) lived in the nuclear family
whereas only 3 farm women (10 %) belonged to the
joint family system. This means that due to certain
socio-economic and personal reasons craze of
nuclear family pattern was increasing in rural area
very drastically. Seventy per cent families had 3-5
family members and only 10 per cent had more than
5 members at home.
Land holding
Land holding in the village varied between 1 to
more than 2 ha/family. Maximum number (76.7%)
of the families had small land holding i.e., 1 to 2
ha, 13.3 per cent of the families had more than 2 ha
and minimum (10 %) owned 1 ha / family. Hence,
the economic condition of the village was also not
very satisfactory. The annual income of the family
ranged between < 1.5 - > 2.5 lakh. Maximum
number of the family fell in the income range of 1.5
– 2.5 lakh (60 %) while 30 per cent families earned
< 1.5 lakh per annum. Hence, it was clear that the
land holding of the villagers was less and hence
could be designated under the marginal category.
So, in order to boost the economic viability through
additional cropping during excess rainfall and
introduction of the annual vegetable crop and
variety with reasonable market opportunity was
essential keeping in view about the age group and
literacy level.
Depending upon the availability of water, the
farm women were able to cultivate 2-3 types of
vegetables in an area of 50 cent to 0.4 ha as additional
crop after the harvest of small onion cultivated
during rabi. Based on the types of vegetable
growing, the farm women categorized in to five
group’s viz., 1.Fruit vegetable grower – 2 crops,
2.Fruit vegetable grower – 3 crops 3. Legume type
of vegetables grower along with annual moringa
4. Cucurbits grower and 5. Cucurbits along with
 Bharathi et al

Table 2. Economics of additional crop cultivation during excess rainfall.

Farm Crops grown No. of Total Average Expen Gross Net C:B
women farm Yield Sale diture income income ratio
category women price (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)
involved (kg)
(Rs/kg)
I Fruit vegetables 2 crops
1.Tomato – 25 cent 6 3000 10
2.Brinjal – 25 cent 1200 40 27800 78000 50200 2.8

II Fruit vegetables 3 crops

Tomato-20cent Brinja 5 2400 10
l- 20 cent 69800
940 40 22600 47200 3.0
Bhendi- 10 cent
410 20
III Leguminous vegetable
along with Annual moringa
8 480 40
Lab lab – 15 cent + Cowpea
800 20
/ cluster bean – 10 cent 80200
3000 15 22100 58100 3.6
Moringa – 25 cent

IV Cucurbits
Bitter gourd- 20 + Snake 6 3050 30 3.4
gourd-15 + Ribbed gourd 26680 91500 64820
- 15)
V Cucurbits (40 cent) + 2440 30
Tomato (10 cent) 85200
5 1200 10 25300 59900 3.4

Tomato. Most of the vegetables viz., lablab, beans,
okra, cluster bean, ribbed gourd the first harvests
was made by farm women on 45 -50 d after sowing,
whereas snake gourd, bitter gourd, brinjal, tomato
were harvested on 50 - 60 d after sowing / planting.
The farm women harvest the lab lab, vegetable
cowpea in 3 d / week. Other vegetables harvested
daily. Moringa leaves also harvested in addition
to pod & sold @ Rs 5 / small bundles & Rs.10/
big bundles. The farm women sold brinjal and lab
lab @ Rs.40/ kg, cucurbits @ Rs.30/kg, vegetable
cowpea, okra and cluster bean @ Rs.20/kg and
Tomato & Moringa @ Rs.10/kg at Uzhavar santhai,
Namakkal.
The economic analysis (Table 2) revealed
that the category I farm women spent highest
expenditure (Rs.27,800/- ) for their additional crop
cultivation, which was followed by category IV
(Rs.26,680/-). This may be due to high cost involved
towards purchase of seed, intercultural operations
like staking and training to tomato hybrids &
cucurbits. Category III farm women spent minimum
expenditure (Rs.22100/-) for leguminous vegetable
cultivation along with annual moringa. This could
be achieved by means of low cost involved for
cultivation. Category IV farm women obtained
the maximum net return (Rs. 64820/-) which was
followed by category V (Rs.59, 900/-) and category

316 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318

 Women Empowerment through Additional Crop Cultivation

Table 3. Extent of economic empowerment & social achievement of farm women

Sr. No Economic / social parameter Rank
1 Self confidence / Education to the children I
2 Food habit / Health care II
3 Decision on expenditure III
4 Family standard IV

III (Rs.58100/-). This may be due to higher yield encouraging. The performance of these crops with
and good sale price of selected vegetables prevailed different hybrid varieties proved that there is an
in the market than the other vegetables. The cost: ample scope to grow these crops due to prevailing
benefit ratio was also highest (1:3.6) in case of suitable agro climatic condition of the village as
Category III and Category IV and V gave a benefit well as the gaining (Dasgupta and Bhoumik, 2014).
of 1:3.4 and the least was from Category I (1:2.8). Because of the efforts made by KVK, now 10
Hence, the farm women involved for more than 2 types of vegetables are being cultivated in an area
crops cultivation in an area of 50 cent got appreciable of 44.8 ha during rabi season by 132 farmers and
net income during the rabi season having surplus 11 farmers adopted Panthal system of vegetable
rainfall (Singh et al, 2006). Therefore, farm cultivation under NICRA scheme, on their own cost
women got good amount towards the cultivation of and contribution of NADP scheme (Fig.1)
annual vegetables as an additional income during Hence the farm women became empowered
the excess rainfall received in the year 2013 (639 through direct sell of their vegetables in Uzhavar
mm), 2014 (823 mm), 2015 (640.5 mm), 2017 (638 santhai without middle man interference and getting
mm) and 2018 (549.8 mm) (Fig.1). Hence, it was an appreciable income of Rs.800 to Rs.1500/ day
proved that the excess water of bore and open wells through additional cropping. Farmers practiced
during the normal year in NICRA villages has been vegetable cultivation opined that additional cropping
effectively utilized for the cultivation of additional
during excess rainfall facilitated effective utilization
crops which may enhance the farm women income of water with good yield and better returns in a
during the summer season. shorter period of time. Not only this money helped
The data (Table 3)revealed that after adopting to improve the quality of life, education especially
additional cropping the farm women got self the farm women were more concerned about their
confidence which is highly essential for any children education and health of the farm family but
development or empowerment and secured rank I. also helped them build their asset base by repairing
Food habit secured rank II, because their attitude of their house / vehicles.
changed from food quantity to its quality. Decision
making regarding spending of money secured rank CONCLUSION
III. Likewise, increases in family standard were in Income generating activities are the important
order of rank. In case of social parameter, Farm tool for empowerment of rural women. The
women were more concerned about their child additional crop cultivation during surplus rainfall
education as they thought that education changes provides economically viable intervention for the
the behaviour, attitude and knowledge of a child. farm women. Farm women involved in more than
The results of the study on additional cropping two vegetables cultivation got good income for
with seasonal vegetables for the sustainable crop 2-4 m period. Besides, raising the income level
production in NICRA villages were found to be the intervention provides livelihood security to

317 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318

 Bharathi et al

vegetable growers of the area. Considering the Singh Neeraj, Singh B, Singh Major, Kumar Sanjeet,
productivity and profitability, the farmers expressed Kumar Rajesh and Rai Mathura (2006). Assessing yield
performance of vegetables for their adoption. Indian Hort
satisfaction with the performance of additional 51 (3): 11 & 10
vegetable crop. The farmers of adjoining areas were
Tiwari Rekha, Tomar D S, Dixit A K and Saxena A K (2015).
also convinced and interested to adopt such type of (2015). Cultivation of Pusa Narangi variety of Marigold
crop cultivation during excess rainfall. for crop diversification and empowering farm women in
Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 3
REFERENCES (Special Issue): 14-18
Dasgupta S and Bhoumik S K (2014). Crop Diversification Received on 27/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020
and Agricultural Growth in West Bengal. Indian J Agri
Econ 69 (1):107-124
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy and Minna J Hsu (2012).
Impact of floriculture development enhances livelihood
of India’s rural women. J Agri and Rural Dev in the Trop
and Subtrop 113 ( 1) : 69–76.

318 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 313-318

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 319-321 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00064.1

Short Communication

Evaluation of Cabbage Varieties for Earliness and

Yield in the Mid hills of Jammu and Kashmir
Ravneet Kour
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jammu
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Jammu

ABSTRACT
A field investigation was undertaken to evaluate cabbage varieties for earliness and yield characters. The
four treatments of the experiment were T1 Golden acre, T2 Pride of India, T3 Pusa mukta and T4 Early Pusa
drum head. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Three weeks
old seedlings of cabbage were transplanted on 3rd of October 2017 and 5th of October 2018 consecutively for
two years. Comparative performance of four cabbage varieties over two years revealed the superiority of
Pusa mukta in terms of yield, quality, and resistance to black rot. This variety produced medium, light green
heads, resistant to black rot, gave an average yield of 436.57 q/ha and took 80 days to 50% harvesting.
As far as earliness is concerned, Golden acre (T1) variety of cabbage was earliest among all four varieties.
Key Words: Cabbage, Earliness ,Variety, Yield.

INTRODUCTION Doda in the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate

Cabbage is the most common winter vegetable different varieties of cabbage for its eaarliness and
crop grown in India and it is grown on 3.1 m ha yield.
globally. Among the vegetables grown in India,
cabbage ranks third in production in India and MATERIALS AND METHODS
recorded 7363.07 thousand tones of cabbage An on farm trial was conducted at four locations
production in 2017-18 (NHB, 2018). As a at Assar block of district Doda to assess the yield
vegetable, cabbage has high nutritive value and potential of four varieties of cabbage. Four varieties
high consumer’s demand. It has been reported that of cabbage viz., Golden acre, Pride of India, Pusa
100 g of green edible portion of cabbage contains mukta and Pusa early drum head were evaluated.
92% water, 24 Kcal of food energy, 1.5 g of protein, The cabbage varieties were transplanted in the first
4.8 g of carbohydrate, 40 mg of calcium, 0.6 mg week of October 2017 and 2018 consecutively for
of iron, 600 IU of carotene, 0.05 mg of riboflavin, two years at four locations and data was pooled and
0.3 mg of niacin and 60 mg of vitamin C. Besides, analysed. The four treatments of the experiment were
its nutritive value, it is a profitable cash crop for T1 Golden acre, T2 Pride of India, T3 Pusa mukta
the farmers. Keeping in view the long winters in and T4 Early Pusa drum head. The trial was laid out
hilly areas the farmers are in need of early varieties in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
which may accommodate in their farm practices, with four replications. Three weeks old seedlings of
resistant to diseases and may yield well. Hence, an cabbage were transplanted on 3rd October 2017 and
on farm trial was conducted at Assar block in district 5th October 2018 consecutively for two years. Farm

Corresponding Author’s Email: kourravneet24@yahoo.com

319 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 319-321

 Ravneet Kour

Table 1. Performance of cabbage varieties for growth and yield characters.

Treatment Plant height Net weight of head Number of days to Yield per hectare
(g) 50% harvesting (q/ha)
Golden acre (T1) 23.69 748.04 68.00 238.67
Pride of India (T2) 25.52 800.66 78.00 384.87
Pusa mukta (T3) 24.88 864.96 80.00 436.57
Early drum head (T4) 24.70 839.69 77.25 415.75
CD at 5% NA 44.71 2.39 23.18

yard manure and whole amount of DAP, muriate per hectare (436.57q) in treatment T3 (Pusa mukta)
of potash were applied before final land preparation followed by treatment T4 (Early drum head).
and urea was top dressed in two equal splits after The data indicated that cultivation of early
transplanting. The data pertaining to plant height variety of cabbage Pusa mukta (T3) gave higher net
(cm), net weight of head (g/plant), number of days returns of Rs. 3,46,570/-ha as compared to varieties
to harvesting of 50% plants, yield of cabbage (q/ha) Golden acre, Pride of India and Early drum head
were recorded from randomly selected 5 cabbage which recorded net returns of Rs 1,63,670/-,
plants and net returns and B:C ratio were also Rs 2,99,870/- and Rs 3,46,570/-, respectively .
calculated. The data were analysed by adopting the Similarly the treatment T3 (Pusa mukta) recorded
standard procedure of Panse and Sukhatme (1984) highest benefit cost ratio of 4.85:1 as compared
and using OPSTAT software. to T1, T2 and T4 which were 3.81:1, 4.52:1 and
4.72:1, respectively. The high returns might be due
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION higher yields and disease resistance of variety Pusa
The experimental results regarding plant height, mukta.
net weight head, number of days to 50% harvesting
and yield per hectare revealed no significant CONCLUSION
difference among the treatments (varieties) Cabbage is an important vegetable crop in the
regarding plant height. The highest average net study area in terms of location, production and
weight of head (864.96g) has been observed in utilization. The present study indicated the existence
treatment T3 ( Pusa mukta) followed by treatment of variability among varieties in terms of earliness
T4 (Early drum head) with average net weight and yield. The comparative performance of these
(839.69 g). As far as the days to 50% harvesting cabbage varieties over two years revealed the
are concerned, treatment T1( Golden acre) recorded superiority of Pusa mukta in terms of yield, quality,
the minimum days to 50% harvesting followed by and resistance to black rot. This culture produces
treatment T4 (Early drum head). The highest yield medium, light green, resistance to black rot, has an

Table 2. Performance of different cabbage varieties for economic returns .

Treatment Gross income Cost of cultivation Net returns B: C Ratio
Golden acre (T1) 238670.00 75000.00 163670.00 3.81:1
Pride of India (T2) 384870.00 85000.00 299870.00 4.52:1
Pusa mukta (T3) 436570.00 90000.00 346570.00 4.85:1
Early drum head (T4) 415750.00 88000.00 327750.00 4.72:1

320 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 319-321

 Evaluation of Cabbage Varieties

average yield of 436.57 q/ha and 80 days to 50%

harvesting. As far as earliness is concerned, Golden
acre (T1) variety of cabbage was earliest among all
four treatments and has small heads.

REFERENCES
Anonymous (2018). Indian Horticulture Database-2018.
http://www.Nhb gov.in.
Panse V G, and Sukhatme P V (1984). Statistical Methods
For Agricultural Workers. Third edition, Indian council
of agricultural research, New Delhi.
Received on 16/03/2020 Accepted on 10/05/2020

321 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 319-321

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 322-325 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00065.3

Short Communication

Evaluation of Multiplier Onion Varieties Suitable for

Ariyalur District
Y Raja joslin, G Alagukannan, A Rajkala and S Shobana
ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra (CREED),
Cholamadevi, Ariyalur District,– 612 902( Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
Multiplier onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) is an important commercial vegetable crops grown in
Ariyalur and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu. This multiplier onion is commonly propagated by bulbs
rather than nursery raising and planting of seedlings. It is famous for its use in sambar preparation, an
important south Indian dish. It produces small size bulbs, many in number usually up to 6 numbers, to
form an aggregated cluster. In general the cost of cultivation of multiplier onion goes higher and the net
income is reduced for farmers due to the high cost of bulb seed material during the peak season. In order
to reduce the cost of cultivation, the cultivation of onion through seeds, nursery raising and transplanting
techniques advocated to the farmers. A new variety CO (On) 5 developed by TNAU, Coimbatore and a
variety Arka ujjwal developed by ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore for multiplier onion were evaluated along with
check during 2017-18. The observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants and bulb yield
on plot basis in each replication on growth, yield, quality parameters and BCR. Variety Arka ujjwal was
the earliest in maturity in 88 duration followed by the variety CO (On) 5 matured in 94 days during rabi
season. The highest bulb yield was recorded in CO (On) 5 onion variety 14.5t/ha followed by Arka ujjwal
12.88t/ha and local ottanchathiram variety 12.1t/ha during rabi season. The variety CO (On) 5 was found to
be multiplier onion variety suitable for Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. It has 6 uniform bulblets per bulb
which were attractive pink coloured bold size bulbs and oval in shape tapering towards neck with high yield.
Key Words: Multiplier onion, cost of cultivation, Bulb seed material, seed onion, transplanting techniques,
bulblets, maturity, bulb yield.

INTRODUCTION
Multiplier onion (Allium cepa var.aggregatum)
is one of the most important commercial vegetable
crops in Ariyalur and Perambalur Districts of
Tamil Nadu. In India multiplier onion is cultivated
in an area of 7, 56,000 ha. The production and
productivity of multiplier onion in India is 12.16 Mt
and 16.10 t/ha, respectively (www.nhb.gov.in). In
Tamil Nadu multiplier onion is cultivated in an area
of 30,255 ha with a production of 2, 86,000t. The
average productivity of multiplier onion in Tamil
Nadu is 9.45 t/ha (www.tn.gov.in). Multiplier onion
is commonly propagated by bulbs rather than seed.
Corresponding Author’s Email: joselin444@gmail.com
The high cost of the seed material i.e. bulb cost is a
major problem which drastically increases the cost
of cultivation of multiplier onion and quality of the
bulb planting material. Multiplier onion is used
both as raw and mature bulb stage as vegetable and
spice.
The bulb of onion consists of swollen bases of
green foliage leaves and fleshy scales. The three
months from November - December (or) March
to April is the best season for onion cultivation
in Tamil Nadu. There is a general concept that
multiplier onion cultivated by seed through nursery

322 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 322-325

 Joslin et al

Table 1. Biometric characters and yield of selected multiplier onion varieties

Growth parameters of Multiplier onion
Sr.No Parameter Treatments
T1 T2 T3
(local Ottanchathi- (CO (On) 5) (Arka ujjw-
ram) al)
1. Plant height at 30 DAP (cm) 20.2 22 21.4
2. Plant height 45 DAP (cm) 30.1 33.5 32.4
3. Diameter of leaf sheath at 45 DAP (cm) 1.28 1.52 1.41
4. Root length (cm) 4.1 4.8 4.5
5. Number of leaves/plant (Nos.) 10.3 9.2 6.5
6. Weight of bulb (g) 29 30 32
7. Number of bulblets per bulb (Nos.) 4.4 5.5 3.8
8. Diameter of bulb (cm) 4.25 4.1 4.3
9. yield (t/ha) 12.10 14.50 12.88
10. BC ratio 2.50 3.65 3.24
Yield parameters of Multiplier onion
11. Weight of the compound bulb (g) 7-16 11-21 9-18
12. No. of bulblets/kg (Nos.) 92 78 62
13. No. of compound bulbs/kg (Nos.) 15.5 21 17
14. yield/plant (g) 49.5 56 51
Quality parameters of Multiplier onion
15. Thickness of neck (cm) 1.1 1.2 0.95
16. Basic colour of dry skin Dark red Dark pink Light pink
17. Adherence of skin after harvest Medium Medium Strong
18. Colour of epidermis of fleshy scale Whitish pink Whitish pink Whitish pink

raising and transplanting is cheaper than the onion
cultivated by bulb methods. The onion crop raised
by seeds comes to harvest at 120 DAS and by bulb
method it comes to harvest at 90 DAS. Onion can
be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions
but it succeeds best in mild season without extremes
of heat and cold. Successful onion production
depends on the selection of varieties that are
adapted to different climatic conditions imposed
by specific environment. No systematic study has
been conducted to assess the suitable multiplier
onion varieties for getting higher yield under
Ariyalur district conditions of Tamil Nadu. Hence,
the present experiment was conducted to study the
performance of different multiplier onion varieties
for their suitability for cultivation in Ariyalur
District of Tamil Nadu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The investigation was carried out by Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Ariyalur district during 2017-18 to
assess the performance of multiplier onion varieties
in Ariyalur district under scientific management
practices. Three high yielding multiplier onion
varieties namely local ottanchathiram variety (T1),
CO (On) 5 (T2) and Arka ujjwal (T3) were tested

323 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 322-325

 Evaluation of Multiplier Onion Varieties

were transplanted on beds of 1m width at spacing Ottanchatiram local variety (20.2 cm). The highest
of 15x10 cm during the first week of November, diameter of the leaf sheath (1.52 cm) at 45 DAP was
2017. Recommended cultural practices like seed observed in CO (On) 5 followed by Arka ujjwal
treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescence @ 10g/ (1.41cm) and local ottanchatiram variety (1.28
kg of seed, seedling root dipping and basal soil test cm). The reason for the better performance of these
based fertilizer application along with farm yard growth parameters was due to varietal characters
manure 25t/ha, top dressing, seed management, of CO (On) 5, proper weed management, seed
integrated pest and disease management, irrigation treatment, pest and disease management and as
etc were followed to raise the crop successfully. The well as optimum level of major and micro nutrients
observations recorded were plant height, number of added in the soil based on soil test.
leaves/plant, weight of bulb diameter of leaf sheath, The findings of Deen and Mosleh (2008)
root length, No. of bullets/kg, diameter of the bulb, supported that increased yield may be because of
days to harvest, weight of compound bulb (g), No. difference in yield components as bulb volume,
of compound bulbs/kg, number of bulbs/clump, average weight of the bulbs and crop stand. The high
yield/plant, bulb yield and BCR. yielding performance of onion variety CO (On) 5 at
farmer’s field was also reported by Acharaya et al
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (2015). Increase in bulb yield was mainly attributed
The results revealed that highest plant height to positive association between yield and yield
at 45 DAT (33.5cm) was reported in onion variety contributing parameters like bulb weight and size in
CO (On) 5 followed by Arka ujjwal (32.4cm) and terms of equatorial and polar diameters of the bulb.
the lowest in local ottanchatiram variety. Similarly, Thickness of neck is one of the important characters
onion variety Arka ujjwal registered maximum which indicate vigour of the plant (Manna, 2013).
number of leaves (10.3) followed by local
ottanchathiram variety. The highest bulb yield of CONCLUSION
14.5t/ha was obtained in variety CO (On) 5 followed It was concluded from the study that multiplier
by Arka ujjwal (12.88t/ha) and the lowest bulb yield onion variety CO (On) 5 gave highest yield of 14.5t/
in local variety (12.1t/ha). Highest benefit to cost ha than Arka ujjwal and local variety. Similarly,
(B: C) ratio (3.65) was reported in onion variety onion variety Arka ujjwal registered highest bulb
CO (On) 5 followed by Arka ujjwal (3.24) and weight of 32g than other varieties. The results
the lowest in local variety (2.5). The highest bulb revealed that the overall performance of multiplier
weight was noticed in Arka ujjwal (32g) followed onion variety CO (On) 5 was superior to other
by CO (On) 5 (30g) local variety (29g). varieties and found most suitable for cultivation in
The market preference was slightly less for Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu.
Arka ujjwal variety as the size of the onion is big
and colour of the onion is dull pink. Mostly the REFERENCES
consumers prefer small sized and pink coloured Acharaya Umesh, Venkatesan K, Saraswathi T and
onion like CO (On) 5 variety then the other varieties. Subramanian K S (2015). Effect of Zinc and boron
application on growth and yield parameters of multiplier
Among the three varieties of multiplier onion, onion (Allium cepa L.Var.aggregatum don) Var.CO(On)
CO (On) 5 performed well at Varanasi village of 5. Int J Res 2(1):757-765
Ariyalur district (Table 1). The tallest plant height Amarjeet Gupta, Vijay Mahajan and Major Singh (2018).
(22cm) at 30 DAT after transplanting was observed Evaluation of multiplier onion germplasm (Allium cepa
in CO (On) 5 followed by Arka ujjwal (21.4 cm) var. aggregatum) for growth, yield and quality. J Allium
Res 1(1):21-23
whereas the shortest plant height was recorded in

324 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 322-325

 Joslin et al
Bangali A N, Patil H B, Virupaxi chimmad and Patil RV
(2012). Effect of inorganics and organics on growth and
yield of onion (Allium cepa.L). Karnataka J Agril Sci
(1):112-115.
Bindu B and Bindu Podikunju (2016). Evaluation of onion
(Allium cepa L.) varieties for suitability in Kollam district
of Kerala. J Krishi Vigyan 5(1):117-118
Deen U D and Mosleh M D (2008). Effect of mother bulb
size and planting time on growth, bulb and seed yield of
onion. Bangladesh J Agril Res 33(3):531-537.
Manna D (2013). Growth yield and bulb quality of onion
(Allium cepa.L) in response to foliar application of boron
and zinc. SAARC JAgri 11(1):149-153
Mohanty B K and Prusti A M (2001). Performance of common
onion varieties in kharif seasons. J Trop Agri 39:21-23.
Pandey U B (1989). Onion (Allium cepa L.) varietal trial,
Indian Hort 33:58-62.
Sharmila bharathi C and Mohan B (2018). Community of small
onion multiplier onion nursery as a contingency measure
for delayed planting in NICRA village of Namakkal
district, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Current Microbiol and
Appl Sci 7(3):1974-1984.
Sharmila Bharathi C, Mohan B, Sangeetha R, Gohila G and
Paneerselvam K (2015). Front line demonstration on
multiplier onion (Allium cepa. Var aggregatum don) to
reduce cost of production. J Krishi Vigyan 4(1):30-36
Singh L, Singh SP and Mishra P K (1991). Evaluation of
onion varieties at Kernal. AADF Newsletter XI (3):3-4.
Received on 07/04/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

325 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 322-325

 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 326-328 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00066.5

Short communication
Future of Machines in Agriculture
Anirudh Sharma and Anoop Kumar Singh*

Chitkara University, Rajpura 140 401(Punjab)

ABSTRACT
Agriculture in India dates back to the Indus valley civilization and in the southern part of the country even before
that. Agriculture - the science or practice of growing and cultivation of crops has become a very important factor
of the GDP of the country. India a country with 60 per cent of its man-force associated with agricultural activities
directly or indirectly is facing an enormous challenge of keeping up with the number of mouths to feed. An
enormous amount of change has come in the way agriculture is practiced in the country. Hybrid seeds, tractors,
drill machines all have helped in matching the growing needs but it is not enough as by 2030 India will become
the world’s most populated country with twice the number of people to feed as compared to a decade ago.

INTRODUCTION agriculture to become more efficient, and aid the

Since the independence our population has country’s development rather than burden it.
tripled yet India has made a great growth in the food
security ratios. As per the 2014 FAO statistics our
food-grain production has quadrupled as compared
to what it was at the time of independence. Although
India is leading in the global list of producers,
statistics show that we won’t be able to meet our
need which indicates that more innovation and
modernization is highly required in the field. As per
the 2012 statistics agriculture played a role of 49%
when it comes to employment, this clearly indicates
that the future of agriculture is majorly dependent
on how well we harness the available resources and
The above mentioned graph clearly shows how
act sustainably. According to the 2001-2002 census,
the agriculture in India is leaning towards organic
58.1 M ha of land was being irrigated in India. The
farming, which means now we need to reduce our
total amount of land which can be irrigated in India
need for furtilizers and replace them with mordern
is 160 M ha. The pressures of a growing population
techonoligical ways which will help us analyize
can be eased if modern machines and agricultural
our field and hence the need for artificially added
practices and measures are used and implemented.
nutrients can be decreased.
What we all agree on is that if the country has to
take off in economic terms, then we cannot have
MATERIALS AND METHODS
an agricultural sector that employs nearly 60per
A very important aspect of designing materials
cent of our workforce and continues to grow at
and methods to overcome our needs is to first
2% annually. There is an urgent need for Indian
Corresponding Author’s Email: sharmaanirudh2001@gmail.com
*Dean, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajpura Punjab.

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 326-328

326
 Sharma and Singh

analysis what drawbacks are there and how we can itself decides the layout of the field after which the
solve those issues without compromising on our required fertilizers are added after which the field is
needs for the future, while we use all the current ploughed as per the need of the crop
resources to the fullest
Documentation of the field with GPS
Self-Guided Tractor This technology will help the farmer determine
In India almost 80per cent of the Agricultural which crop should be grown depending upon the
activities involve use of tractors, which make them nutrient value of the soil, the weather condition of
one of the most important machinery involved the area and also what the market prices of various
in agricultural activities. Self-Guided tractors crops are. This way every farmer will be able to
work with the help of a GPS system which helps meet the required demands, which will also help
the tractor to work in the field without a operator the overall GDP as the production and consumption
present inside. A complex computer is fitted inside will become highly co-related. This will help the
the tractor which automatically draws an outline of farmer earn more while decreasing the price of the
the field with the help of satellite navigation and products for the general public. In this the prices
the automatic sprayers present at the back of the of various food items will be daily updated in the
tractor add the required fertilizers in the soil. This system by the government officials of the area and
technology with help reduce the need of Skilled the farmer has to add the values of its soil which
labor which will give rise to an opportunity for the will be shown by the crop sensors after which will
un-skilled labor of our country the system will use the GPS system to take the
data of the weather of the region after which it will
Crop Analyzers calculate which crop needs to be grown so that
These small sized sensing devices make the maximum income is there with minimum effort and
fertilizer distribution in the field more effective minimum use of the resources.
as the sense what nutrients are missing in the soil
by calculating the last crop sown and also can RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
tell what nutrients the plant requires by using the As described, the hypothesis is that new
optical sensors present in them which can calculate technologies and engineering knowledge are
the nutrition value of a plant with the help of the available to perform a change in the paradigm of
sunlight reflected by the plant. This will reduce the agricultural machinery. The prediction says that
run-off in the ground and also maintain the perfect the agricultural field machinery will be redesigned
balance in the nutrition of the soil while decreasing into compact and harmonic units, dedicated for the
the consumption of the fertilizers. different operations in the growing system. The
Swath Control expectation is that this will lead to a cost effective
Using this technology the farmer is able to system with a low environmental impact. To obtain
control the SWATH, the machine is using making the results it is necessary to establish the agronomic
sure that no land waste is there In the field, also needs for the different operations. In many cases
because some fields have irregular shape this although the sensor inputs to the implemented
technology can help draw the outline of how the values will not be direct in relation to the physical
setup should be so that maximum use of field is or biological need. This states that, a lot of research
there. Swath technology when combined with is still needed to enable specification of data for the
Self-Guided tractors make a totally autonomous optimal operation. It seems that the technological
combination where the farmer just has to add very elements and engineering basis are available
basic values in the system and after that the system to design self-propelled auto guided integrated

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 326-328

327
 Future of Machines in Agriculture

tools, which will demonstrate improved working of self-propelled autonomic tooling systems. In
performance in the field and be economically this way, the possibilities are open for designing
attractive for investments by farmers. The important new integrated tooling systems, which can lead
question is, as always, the size and the time to to optimization of the economic output from
market. agricultural field production and, at the same time,
lead to a reduced environmental impact compared
CONCLUSIONS to what is seen today.
It can be concluded that the technology
is available for applying agricultural tractors REFERENCES
as autonomic units. If it is believed, that this https://www.organicwithoutboundaries.bio/2019/02/28/
development will progress, it opens for engineering organic-agriculture-statistics-book-2019/
development processes, as expected, for other Received on 10/05/2020 Accepted on 25/05/2020
industrial machinery or tooling systems, where the
units has been redesigned drastically, to benefit
from the possibilities that opens with the concept

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 326-328

328
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 329-331 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00067.7

Short Communication

Parent’s View on Importance of Regular School during

Covid-19 Pandemic
Shabnam Sharma*
Disciplined Disciple Senior Secondary School, Amritsar143 001(Punjab)

ABSTRACT
An attempt has been made to analyze the effect of COVID-19 on the feeling of parents of school students
studying in higher secondary classes of district Amritsar. The work was accomplished with the help of
google forms and data were collected from the parents (n=33) on the pros and cons of online teaching
system especially undertaken during lock down and curfew period. These google forms were sent to the
parents of high school students of Disciplined Disciple Senior Secondary School, Amritsar. A total of 14
statements were formed having each with 4 options i.e., strongly agree, agree, neutral and disagree and
numerical values allotted were 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. Based on the answers, mean score was calculated
and ranking was done. The findings revealed that regular school was an important means for teaching
the value of discipline in students and considered must by most of the parents (63.3%), similarly it
was opined that children study better when they attend the school (60.6%). It was revealed that students
study better in the schools than the online teaching system however, their eating habits were found to
be improved after quarantine period. The data further revealed that tuition and online teaching was
not a substitute for regular schooling system. In this time of crisis, for the overall progress of school
going students, an effective educational practice for the capacity-building of young minds is required. It
will develop skills that will drive their emotional stability, productivity, health, and overall well-being.
Key Words: Covid-19, Pandemic, Parents, School, Teaching system.

INTRODUCTION of education at all levels. COVID-19 is the greatest

Education is a fundamental right of children.
The primary mode and means of formal education
has been via school system since time immemorial.
With passage of time the education sector turned
into industry and schools got established as
government, public or private .Whatever the type of
school may be, there had been and will be questions
on school system, its importance and impact on
the life of students. The concept of formal school,
home school, distant school and virtual school
was finding hold and ground with pertinent hold
of formal schools on the system. The last 50 years
have seen huge growth worldwide in the provision
challenge that these expanded national education
systems have ever faced. Many governments have
ordered institutions to cease face-to-face instruction
for most of their students, requiring them to switch,
almost overnight, to online teaching and virtual
education. What preparations should institutions
make in the short time available and how do they
address students’ needs by level and field of study?
Reassuring students and parents is a vital element
of institutional response. In ramping up capacity to
teach remotely, schools and colleges should take
advantage of asynchronous learning, which works
best in digital formats. (Daniel, 2020).

Corresponding Author’s Email:Sharma.shabnam48@gmail.com

Principal, Disciplined Disciple Senior Secondary School, Amritsar

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 329-331

329
 Shabnam Sharma

Table 1. Data elicited from parents on the effect of online teaching system during quarantine.
Sr. Parameter Strongly Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Rank
No. agree score
1. Is a regular school an important means for 72.7 24.2 3.0 0 122 I
teaching the value of discipline in students?
2. Is regular school a must for children? 63.6 33.3 0 3.0 118 II
3. Do children study better when they attend 60.6 33.3 6.1 0 117 III
regular school?
4. Is the behavior of students better when they 54.5 45.5 0 0 117 III
go to School?
5. Do children eat better and on time when 48.5 51.5 0 0 115 IV
they go to school
6. Do children use their time in multiple things 39.4 60.6 0 0 112 V
when they go to school regularly?
7. Should all children below age of 18 attend 51.5 27.3 9.1 12.1 105 VI
regular school?
8. Do parents find it convenient to teach if 21.2 45.5 18.2 15.2 96 VII
books are provided to them?
9. Are tuition and online teaching for additional 9.1 57.6 15.2 18.2 85 VIII
help for the students?
10. Can children spend time more on their 9.1 39.4 36.4 15.2 80 IX
hobbies if there is no regular school?
11. Are tuition and online teaching a substitute 3.0 27.3 51.5 18.2 71 X
for regular school?
12. Can parents replace teachers? 0 3.0 90.9 6.1 71 X
13. Do parents feel happy if there are no schools? 3.0 0 97.0 0 68 XI
14. Can parents teach better than teachers in 6.1 9.1 66.7 18.2 67 XII
regular schools?

Outbreak of pandemic Covid 19 posed a
serious question on dwindling thoughts of parents,
educationists and society on how important are
regular schools?. Are they essential for right up
bringing of children?. Is it justifiable to follow
school norms, timetable, operational procedures
like classroom settings, assemblies, teachers, books,
tests, activities whereas education can be achieved
by any of other means too. Attitude and mindset
of society are the strongest predictor of a child
educational drive to motivate him or her to learn,
attend school for language, life skills and other
benefits. Family involvement in education has been
identified as a beneficial factor in young children’s
learning. Higher levels of parent involvement in their
children’s educational experiences at home e.g.,
supervision and monitoring, daily conversations
about school have been associated with children’s
higher achievement scores in reading and writing
as well as higher report card grades (Epstein, 1991).
The COVID-19 pandemic has pretentious effect on
the global education led to complete lockdown of
schools, colleges and universities. Even when school
closures are temporary, it carries high social and
economic costs. The disruptions thus caused touch
the lives of people across communities, but their
impact is more severe for disadvantaged children
and their families including interrupted learning,

J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 329-331

330
 Parent’s View on Importance of Regular School
compromised nutrition, childcare problems and
consequent economic cost to families who cannot
work. Keeping this in mind, an attempt has been
made to analyze the importance of regular school
during Covid-19 pandemic in the life of students
and parents. This study will narrate the feeling
of parents of students about regular school over
disruptive education modes in current scenario.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A small piece of work was framed with the
help of google forms and data were collected from
the parents (n=33) on the pros and cons of online
teaching system. These google forms were sent to
the parents of high school students of Disciplined
Disciple Senior Secondary School, Amritsar. A
total of 14 statements were formed having each
with 4 options i.e. strongly agree, agree, neutral and
disagree and numerical values allotted were 4, 3,
2 and 1, respectively. Based on the answers, mean
score was calculated and ranking was done. The
study was conducted in the second week of May,
2020.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data (Table 1) indicated that regular school
was an important means for teaching the value
of discipline in students because during lock
down period, most of the children do not wake up
early in the morning as there was no pressure of
attending school. Therefore, regular school was
considered must by most of the parents (63.3%).
Similarly it was opined that children study
better when they attend the school (60.6%). The
statistical analysis of collected data showed that
students study better in the schools than the online Epstein J L ( 1991). Effects on student achievement of teachers’
teaching system however, their eating habits were
found to be improved after quarantine period (Table
1). The data further revealed that tuition and online
teaching was not a substitute for regular schooling Received on 15/05/2020
system. In this time of crisis, for the overall progress
J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 329-331
331
of school going students, an effective educational
practice for the capacity-building of young minds is
required. It will develop skills that will drive their
emotional stability, productivity, health, and overall
well-being.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous complaints about the
education system being followed by the private
and other schools yet the parents realized that
regular schools are must in students’ life for his
or her holistic growth. As the regular school does
not only cater to academic skill building but also
hones the mental, social and emotional skills which
are termed as life skills. Now a day when there
was a complete shutdown followed by curfew in
the city. Parents were worried about the study of
their wards but most of the schools took initiative
to go for online system through internet. It was a
blended approach. Thus, study was undertaken to
know the status of children and their parents when
their ward remained completely inside the home.
The study made it clear that there was no substitute
of a school and parents cannot handle their wards
to the desired level due to no stress on the young
minds about routine to be followed. Schools are
thus, training institutes for body, mind and soul
of students to make them learned individuals with
competent skills to lead a life worth living as well
as being beneficial to society, nation and universe.
REFERENCES
Daniel S J (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. 
Prospects (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-
09464-3
practices of parent involvement. In S B Silvern (Ed.).
Advances in reading/language research: Vol. 5. Literacy
through family, community, and school interaction (pp.
261-276).
Accepted on 25/05/2020
 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 332-335 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00068.9

Short Communication

Performance of High Yielding Castor Hybrids as Pure Crop

Suitable for Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu
P Murugan and N Akila
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Namakkal – 637002 ( Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
Three castor (Ricinus communis L.) hybrids were evaluated by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Namakkal to assess
the suitable hybrid as a pure crop in terms of yield, acceptability and adoption potential during Kharif
2018 in Namakkal district. Three castor hybrids were YRCH 1, DCH 519 and DCH 177, which were
sown by following all recommended package of practices followed as per TNAU recommendation. The
study revealed that DCH 519 recorded more number of effective spikes per plant (38.20), number of
capsules per spike (57.4), very less incidence of leaf hopper (2.20 %), lesser incidence of botrytis (2.6
%), higher seed yield (1311.6 kg/ha) as compared to YRCH 1 and DCH 177 hybrids. The least seed yield
(1037 kg/ha) and higher incidence of leaf hopper (13.6 %) and botrytis (7.8 %) were observed in DCH
177 hybrid. Gross and net returns were Rs. 65580/- and Rs. 42010/ha, respectively by cultivating DCH
519 as against Rs. 64850/- and Rs. 41230/ha in the YRCH 1 hybrid. Farmers were satisfied with DCH
519 and YRCH 1 hybrids, as crop did not suffer from botrytis disease. Castor DCH 519 and YRCH 1
hybrids would be a better option for pure crop in kharif season in north western zone of Tamil Nadu.
Key Words: Castor, Economic, Seed yield, Spike.

INTRODUCTION In Tamil Nadu, castor was grown as a low

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is the most
important non edible industrial oilseed crop grown
across the world in tropical, sub-tropical and warm
temperate region. Castor oil has multifarious
applications in production of wide industrial
products ranging from medicines, aviation fuels,
fuel additives, biopolymers and bio-diesel (Prasad,
2012). India is the world’s largest producer of
castor contributing to around 85 per cent of
world’s total production and dominating the
global trade with a share of more than 9 percent
from the country. India produces around 10 lakh
tones of castor seed and around 5.5 lakh tones
of castor oil. Also it meets more than 80 per cent
of the demand of castor oil, thereby enjoying a
dominant position in the world castor scenario
(Anon, 2015).
Corresponding author: agrimuruga@gmail.com
input dry land crop in an area of 15,000 ha. Mostly
used as a border or inter crops, where its drought -
hardy nature helps to provide as cash for farming
community and castor leaves provided for excellent
green fodder for small ruminants. Castor growing
areas in Namakkal district on 1300 ha was mostly
under rainfed condition and irrigated condition.
Major limitation other than irrigation is varietal
preferences. As farmers were growing different
local varieties in intercrop, border crop and some
parts as pure crop under rainfed condition and
obtained very poor yield and less farm income.
Hence, the study was undertaken with the objectives
to evaluate the high yielding castor hybrids as pure
crop in terms of yield, acceptability and adoption
potential during Kharif season through on farm

332 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 332-335

 Murugan and Akila

Table 1. Characteristics of castor hybrids selected for experiment.

Name of the
Characters / traits of the hybrid
castor hybrid
YRCH 1 Early duration of 150-160 d (15 days earlier than TMVCH 1 and 30 days earlier than GCH 4),
Average yield 1861 kg/ha under rainfed ecosystem, 49% oil content, Suitable for rainfed and
areas, Less time lag between any two order of spike, hence more number of spike is produced
in short period, Compact plant type suitable for intercropping system, resistant to jassids,
moderately tolerant to capsule borer and leaf hopper and developed by TNAU, Coimbatore.
(TNAU, 2009)
DCH 519 105-110 d to maturity, tolerant to drought, resistant to fusarium wilt and leaf hopper, higher
yield (2130 kg/ha), 50% Oil content and developed by IIOR, Hyderabad (ICAR-IIOR, 2006)
DCH 177 90-100 d to maturity, resistant to fusarium wilt and white fly, dwarf nature, higher seed yield
(1550 – 2130 kg/ha), 49 % oil content and developed by IIOR, Hyderabad (ICAR-IIOR, 1999).

trials and work out farmers’ preferences for castor
cultivation in Namakkal district.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
On-farm trial with farmers’ participatory mode
was conducted during kharif 2018 by involving
five farmers from Unjanai and Kokkalai villages
of Namakkal district. Sowing was performed
under rainfed condition, depending on the onset of
monsoon and completed between 10 and 20 June
in both the villages. The plot size was 20 m × 20
m with plant spacing of 150 x 120 cm. Three high
yielding castor hybrids viz. YRCH 1, DCH 519 and
DCH 177 in the trial were taken for study. The soil
of the experimental field was red sandy loam with
non-calcareous and available nutrient status of the
experimental site was low in N and P (255 and 5.40
kg/ha) and high in K (376 kg/ha). The germination
percentage of seed was more than 92 per cent and
the required plant population was maintained with
gap filling done within 10 days after sowing. Farm
yard manure @ 12.5 t/ha was applied commonly to
all the treatments. A fertilizer schedule of 60:30:30
kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha were kept constant for all the
treatments and were applied along the planting rows
as urea, DAP and Muriate of Potash and covered
with soil. All other plant protection measures were
adopted as per the technical programme. The data
on germination percent, plant height, days to 50
percent flowering, number of effective spikes per
plant, spike length, number of capsules per spike,
100 seed weight, leaf hopper and botrytis incidence,
seed yield, gross return and net return of all the
hybrids were recorded.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study revealed that castor hybrid DCH 519
recorded higher seed yield (1311.6 kg/ha), yield
attributes like plant height (194.4 cm), number of
effective spikes per plant (38.20), spike length (44.4
cm), number of capsules per spike (57.4), 100 seed
weight (25.02 g) were increased with DCH 519
hybrid which was observed to be on par with YRCH
1 hybrid (Table 2 & 3). Castor hybrids DCH 519 and
YRCH 1 recorded 26.48 and 25.07 percent higher
seed yield than DCH 177 hybrid, respectively.
With respect to pest and disease, less leaf hopper
incidence (2.2 and 3.2 %) and less botrytis disease
incidence (2.8 and 3.1 %) were observed in DCH
519 and YRCH 1, respectively. The lowest seed
yield, lower yield attributes, higher incidence of
leaf hopper and botrytis disease were observed in
DCH 177 hybrid. A reduction in leaf hopper and
botrytis disease incidence was observed in DCH
519 and YRCH 1 compared to DCH-177 hybrid. No
difference was observed among the castor hybrids
with respect to days to fifty percent flowering
because this parameter is mainly governed by the
genetic makeup of the hybrids. With respect to
economics, higher gross return of Rs. 65580/ha and

333 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 332-335

 Performance of High Yielding Castor Hybrids

Table 2. Growth and yield attributing characters of different castor hybrids.

Number Leaf Botrytis
Name of Plant Days Spike No. of 100 seed
of effective hopper disease
the castor height to 50% length capsules weight
hybrids (cm) flowering
spikes per
(cm) / spike
incidence incidence
plant (%) (g)
(%)
YRCH 1 136.2 70 43.8 38.4 53.4 3.2 2.7 24.32
DCH 519 194.4 72 38.2 44.4 57.4 2.2 2.6 25.02
DCH 177 173.1 77 37.4 35.8 46.2 13.6 7.8 24.00

Table 3. Seed yield and economics of different castor hybrids.

Seed yield (kg/ Gross returns Net returns
Name of the castor hybrids BCR
ha) (Rs./ ha) (Rs./ ha)
YRCH 1 1297.0 64850 41230 2.74
DCH 519 1311.6 65580 42010 2.78
DCH 177 1037.0 51850 28220 2.19

net return of Rs. 42010/ha with BCR of 2.78 was more 100 seed weight, lesser incidence of leaf
realized with DCH 519 hybrid which was observed hopper and botrytis disease, higher seed yield, good
to be at par with YRCH 1 hybrid. withstand under rainfed condition and performed
The probable reason was lesser incidence of very well compared to DCH 177 hybrid. Farmers
leaf hopper and botrytis disease coupled with were satisfied with DCH 519 and YRCH 1 castor
higher number of effective spikes per plant, more hybrids, as the crop did not suffer much pest and
spike length, higher number of capsules per spike, disease incidence leads to less number of pesticide
more 100 seed weight resulting higher seed sprays. From this study, it could be concluded that
yield influenced by genotype, environmental and Castor hybrids DCH 519 and YRCH 1 had recorded
management factors (Zuchi et al, 2010 and Vallejos higher yield attributing characters and seed yield
et al, 2011). The better yield attributing characters with higher monitory returns and it could be better
was mainly due to sufficient space between rows option for rainfed cultivation during kharif season
which encouraged to produce more vigorous plants in north western zone of Tamil Nadu.
and also lesser interplant competition for space, light,
nutrient and moisture and resulted in more source REFERENCES
Anonymous (2015). Castor seed crop survey, Directorate of
to sink movement and partitioning efficiency. The Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad. Pp 41-44.
similar finding was reported by Kathirvelan (2017).
Prasad R B N (2012). Lipids - a magic source of food, fuel
A detailed score card was provided to the farmers and fabulous chemicals. In: Prasad, R. B. N., et al. (Eds.),
of these two villages, as a effect, DCH 519 and refresher course on Conventional, Chromatographic and
YRCH 1 recorded as most preferred castor hybrid spectral analysis of Oils and Fats : pp 5 - 20.
as compared to DCH 177 in both the villages. Kathirvelan P (2017). Optimizing plant density for promising
castor hybrid DCH 519. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6
CONCLUSION (11): 3694-3697.
Castor hybrids DCH 519 and YRCH 1 recorded Vallejos M, Rondanini D, Wassner D.F (2011). Water
more number of effective spikes per plant, more relationships of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)
seeds related to final seed dry weight and physiological
spike length, higher number of capsules per spike,
maturity. European J Agron 35: 93 - 101.

334 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 332-335

 Murugan and Akila
Zuchi J, Zanuncio J C, Bevilaqua G A P, Peske S T and Silva S
D A (2010). Castor yield components according to floral
order and sowing season in the Rio Grande do Sul State.
Rev Ciên Agron 41: 380–386.
Received on 31/03/2020 Accepted on 15/05/2020

335 J Krishi Vigyan 2020, 8 (2) : 332-335