Experiment #: 1B

Title: Sampling Statistics B

Aim: To investigate the effect of particle size on the analysis of a two component mixture,

consisting of sodium chloride, NaCl, and a colouring agent, Cr2O72-.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if grinding a sample has an effect on

the measurement of the average concentration of an analyte, dichromate in a NaCl/Cr2O72-

mixture. A spectrophotometric experiment was performed and F-tests and T-tests conducted to

determine if the solutions of the sample in its two states (ground and unground) had different

mean absorbances at 430 nanometers (nm). Based on Beer's Law, the absorbance of a solution is

correlated with the concentration of a solution. A higher absorbance indicates a more

concentrated solution and more intense color. After the specific tests were done, the results

were……. ADD FINAL RESULTS

Introduction: A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the intensity of

wavelengths in a spectrum of light compared with the intensity of light from a standard source.

Absorbance spectroscopy, commonly referred to as spectrophotometry, is the analytical

technique based on measuring the amount of light absorbed by a sample at a given wavelength.

Spectrophotometry, particularly in the visible and UV portions of the electromagnetic spectrum,

is one of the most versatile and widely used techniques in chemistry and the life sciences.
 Hypothesis testing is the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given

hypothesis is true. The best way to determine whether a statistical hypothesis is true would be to

examine the entire population. Since that is often impractical, researchers typically examine a

random sample from the population. If sample data are not consistent with the statistical

hypothesis, the hypothesis is rejected. There are two types of statistical hypotheses. Null

hypothesis; denoted by H0, is usually the hypothesis that sample observations result purely from

chance. Alternative hypothesis; denoted by H1 or Ha, is the hypothesis that sample observations

are influenced by some non-random cause. The F-test is used to test the null hypothesis that the

two population variances corresponding to the two states of the sample are equal.

Method:

Refer to experiment 1b; Sampling Statistics B; in Analytical Chemistry (CHY3022) Lab book
Results:

Table 1.0: Mass table for sample collection for three quadrants ungrounded

Sample 1 2 3
Mass of Container 36.8941 52.9572 36.7782

before adding sample

(g)
Mass of sample added 0.2524 0.2527 0.2512

(g)
Mass of container 36.8941 52.9572 36.7782

after sample was

removed (g)
Sample Weight by 0.2503 0.2493 0.2512

difference (g)

Table 1.1: Mass table for sample collected from two quadrants 1 and 4- grounded sample

Sample 1 2 3
Mass of Container 36.6043 36.7194 52.7068
 before adding sample

(g)
Mass of sample added 0.2506 0.2518 0.2518

(g)
Mass of container 36.6049 36.7199 52.7073

after sample was

removed (g)
Sample Weight by 0.2500 0.2507 0.2513

difference (g)

Table 1.2: Table showing absorbance of solution preparation from quadrants 1-3 for ungrounded

sample

Flask Mass Absorbance at 430nm

1 0.2503 0.869 0.869 0.869
2 0.2507 0.850
3 0.2502 0.730

Table 1.3: Absorbance of solution preparation from quadrants 1 and 4 for grounded sample

Flask Mass (g) Absorbance at 430nm

1 0.2500 0.887
2 0.2407 0.901
3 0.2457 0.887

Table 1.4: Absorbance of solution per gram preparation from ungrounded sample
 Sample Absorbance per gram (430)
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

1 3.472 3.472 3.472

2 3.410
3 3.443

Table 1.5 Absorbance of solution per gram preparation from grounded sample

Sample Absorbance per gram (430nm)

1 3.548
2 3.585
3 3.538

Data Analysis and Calculations

1. To determine the absorbance per gram for each of the 8 values measured:

Absorbance per gram is given by the following equation:

Absorbance per gram= (Absorbance measured for solution)/(Mass of sample used for

corresponding solution)

Using Solution 1

Run 1

Absorbance=0.869

Mass of Sample=0.2493

Absorbance per gram=0.869/0.2493

 =3.448g-1

2. Therefore finding the mean absorbance per gram for solution 1 of the ungrounded sample

Absorbance per gram=(Run 1+Run 2+Run 3)/3

= (3.472+3.472+3.472)/3

=3.472 g-1

(Using Table 1.4 )

To determine the mean and standard deviation, scientific calculator is used in the

statistical mode:

x ̅=3.472g-1

2
S= ∑( x−X )
√ N−1

{3.472-3.472}=0

(0+0+0)/3=0
 0
S(standard deviation)=
√ 2
=0

Recall:

Relative Standard Deviation(RSD) = (standard deviation/ mean) S/x ̅

Therefore

RSD=0

Hence,

%RSD=S/x ̅ ×100

=0%

Therefore the error or measure of uncertainty of the spectrophotometer is 0.0%

3. The mean , standard deviation, RSD∧%RSD of thetwo different sample sets

( before∧after grinding ) were found using the same method as above .

The first run of absorbance per gram of thethree runs for solution 1 was used

TABLE 1.6: VALUES CALCULATED FOR THE STANDARD DEVIATION (S), RELATIVE

STANDARD DEVIATION (RSD), PERCENTAGE RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION

(%RSD) AND MEAN (x́ ¿OF THE TWO DIFFERENT SAMPLE SETS (SAMPLE USED AS

GROUNDED AND UNGROUNDED PRIOR TO ANALYSIS)

Values Ungrounded grounded

Mean, x́ (g-1) 3.442 3.569
Standard Deviation, S (g-1) 0.0310 0.0288
Relative Standard Deviation,
9.006x10-3 8.069x10-3
RSD
%RSD 0.9% 0.807%
 4. ………………………………………………

5. To determine if the two sets have different standard deviation, an F-test was performed.

Null Hypothesis, Ho: There is no significant difference between the variance of the absorbance

per gram of the bulk sample and that of the grounded sample.

S21
F calculated= 2
S2

Where S1 isthe variance of the values for ungrounded sample

¿ S2 is the variance of values for the grounded samp≤¿

= s12/ s22

= (0.0310)2/ (0.0288)2

=1.1586

Ftable= 9.00

Fcal<Ftab; Hoaccepted

Null Hypothesis, Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean of the results obtained

for grounded and ungrounded samples.

( x 2−x 1 )
t cal=
2 2
( s1 ) ( s2 )
√ N
+
N
 ( 3.569−3. 442 )
t cal=
( 0. 0310 )2 ( 0.0288 )2
√ 3
+
3

¿ 5.199

From the t- table

Tcrit=4.303

Since tcal≥tcrit rejcted Ho

Therefore, there is a significant difference between the means of the results of grounded and

ungrounded samples.