PHR5002 – Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis

Dr. Shazid Md. Sharker

Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Course Outlines

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Analysis

UV-vis Spectroscopy

IR/FT-IR Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

NMR Spectroscopy

HPLC & Gas Chromatography

Thermal Method of Analysis and

Immune –Chemical Method of Analysis

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Ultraviolet (UV) – Visible Spectroscopy

Molecules containing bonding and non-bonding electrons (n-electrons)

can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite
these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more
easily excited the electrons (i.e. lower energy gap between the HOMO
and the LUMO), the longer the wavelength of light it can absorb. There
are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and
they can be ordered as follows :σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π*

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Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy

Light/ Electromagnetic radiation ranging between 400 cm-1 and 4000 cm-1
wavenumber (2.5- 50 μm wavelength) is passed through a sample and is
absorbed by the bonds of the molecules in the sample causing them to
stretch or bend (vibration).
The wavelength of the radiation absorbed is characteristic of the bond
absorbing it.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Many atomic (1H, 13C, 19F) nuclei have a characteristic spin and a
spinning (nuclei) charge can generates a magnetic field (magnetic
moment).
In the presence of an external magnetic field (B0), two spin states exist,
+1/2 and -1/2. The magnetic moment of the lower energy +1/2 state is
aligned with the external field, but that of the higher energy -1/2 spin
state is opposed to the external field.
Energy difference (ΔE) is the energy (radio wave) requires changing the
spin from +1/2 to -1/2.
The sample absorbs radio waves region at different frequencies since
absorption depends upon the type of protons or, certain nuclei contained in the
sample.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

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Mass Spectrometry (MS)

The molecules are ionised and broken up into many fragments, some of
which are positive ions. Each kind of ion has a particular ratio of mass to
charge (m/e or, m/z). For most ions, the charge (e) in one (1) and thus,
m/e ratio is simply the molecular mass of ion.

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High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
A liquid mobile phase is pumped under pressure through a stainless
steel column containing particles of stationary phase with a diameter of
3-10 um. The analyte is loaded onto the head of the column a via loop
valve and separation of a mixture occurs according to the relative
lengths of time spent by its components in the stationary phase.

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Gas Chromatography (GC)

Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in

pharmaceutical analysis for separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition.

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Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a

method of thermal analysis in which changes in physical and chemical
properties of materials are measured as a function of increasing temperature
(with constant heating rate), or as a function of time (with constant
temperature and/or constant mass loss).

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Immuno Chemical Techniques

Immunochemical techniques are based on a reaction of antigen with antibody,

or more exactly, on a reaction of an antigenic determinants with the binding
site of the antibody.

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Immuno Chemical Techniques

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Immuno Chemical Techniques

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References

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Thank You.