MC 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CONCEPT OVERVIEW FOR THE TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system is a collection of tissues and organs whose collective function is primarily
oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination. Conventionally, the respiratory system is divided into the upper
respiratory tract (those structure not contained within the chest) and the lower respiratory tract (those
structures found inside the chest).

Before attempting to answer/comply with the list of

activities designed for this topic, be sure you are able to
achieve the following through reading: (Sort of a checklist
for your study)

1. List and describe the primary functions of the

respiratory system.
2. Describe the structural organization of the
respiratory system and its major organs.
3. Describe the histology and function of the
respiratory epithelium.
4. Describe the functional anatomy of the organs of
the upper and lower respiratory tract.
5. Describe the structure and function of the
respiratory membrane.
6. Describe the pleural cavities and pleural
membrane.
7. Identify the muscles of respiration, and discuss the
movements responsible for pulmonary ventilation.
8. Identify the respiratory control centers and how they interact.
9. Identify the reflexes that regulate respiration.
10. Describe the changes that occur in the respiratory system with age.

*Study the diagrams for the Respiratory system previously uploaded in the GC (March 23, Monday).
Discussion on the Respiratory System have been uploaded already last March 20, Friday.

ACTIVITIES:
I. Assignment: (Day-to-day study mode)

Task performance: Individual

Instructions: Answer the following below. Write this in your notebook or yellow paper. (Checking upon
resumption of classes)

A. Define the following term:

1. Breathing 4. Expiration/exhalation
2. Ventilation 5. Conducting zone
3. Inspiration/inhalation 6. Respiratory zone
B. List the all the structures that are included in:
1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone
3. Upper respiratory tract
4. Lower respiratory tract
C. List down the important muscles of respiration. Divide the list of muscles into:
a. Muscles of Inspiration
b. Muscles of Expiration

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Mae Kristine C. Ogayre, MD

II. Case Study

With the current situation on global health, we are facing and battling the pandemic issue on COVID-19 in
which it will, no doubt, leave a mark on the minds of humanity and make a spot on top for the medical and
health history. For an academic purpose and the basic understanding of the effects on the human body of the
coronavirus, particularly the COVID-19, we will focus primarily on the target organ of this virus which is the
lungs.

Task performance: Individual

Instructions: Follow the template below for the case study.
Due date: Upon resumption of classes (or if submission is required, you should always be ready)

Template Example:
Name: ________________________________

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection: a COVID 19 Case Study

Overview
(Construct your own general overview of the case and that of the COVID 19)

Epidemiology Worldwide Cases and Cases in the Philippines… (you can tabulate this)

R0 = ____________
Incubation time/period: ________

Number of Positive cases

Number of Death
Number of Recovery
Percentage of Male cases and Female cases
Percentage per age bracket
(*An extra points will be given if you can research on the percentages)
*Kindly include the reference where you downloaded or get the data. Make sure that it comes from a
legitimate source. An updated data must be given (date when it is taken should be placed at the bottom of all
the data)
Short Timeline: (Summary of when and where it started up to now)
Etiology: (The Cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection)

Pathophysiology: (What does the virus COVID 19 do to the body particularly the lungs)

Presentation: Signs and Symptoms

Diagnosis: (What tests/labs should be done to detect the presence/absence of the virus and the expected
results of these tests that identifies a patient with the disease caused by COVID 19)

Treatment and Precautionary Measures: (As recommended and released by WHO and DOH)

III. Laboratory Part (separate sheet; see attachment)

QUIZ PART (Already Done!)

A. Trace the pathway of oxygen from outside the body to the site of gas exchange with another gas
compound produced by the body (carbon dioxide) to be transported outside. Use arrows () to
depict the flow or movement of the gas passing through the different structures involved in the
process of respiration or breathing. The first part have already been given below:
Oxygen (outside the body)  Nostrils 
Carbon dioxide (outside the body)  Nostrils 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Mae Kristine C. Ogayre, MD

Name : ________________________________ Date Performed: _______________________

Respiratory System
Lung Physiology

A. Complete the text with the words given inside the box:

out – lungs – carbon dioxide – air – in

When Breathing
____________, we take oxygen from the ____________. This oxygen goes
to our ____________ and distributed around the body. Then we breathe ___________ and
we expire ______________.

B. After reading the normal structure and function of the lungs, study the following topics related to the
respiratory system:

• Smoking and the respiratory system

• Exercise and breathing

You may research further thru the internet for more information or you can simply connect with your
classmates and other individuals whom you know might help you answer your queries.

Use these structures to make a full sentence or even a paragraph. (Completion of the sentence or
paragraph using your own knowledge of the respiratory system)
a. When you smoke, you breath in … Smoking is ….. for your lungs
b. When you exercise, you breathing goes ….. Your lungs breath faster when …….
c. Why is breathing essencial? How many times do you breath in a minute? And in an hour? In a
full day?
d. When do you yawn?
e. When I’m …… Is breathing involuntary?

C. Table Completion: Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung volumes are compartments of the lung that contain the air and are measured by various
techniques (lung volumes are not visible on radiographs - chest X-rays). Lung capacities are two or more
volumes that are added together. The lung increases in size from birth to late teens, plateaus, and then
declines with aging. Age-related changes in the lung volumes include decrease in vital capacity (VC), total lung
capacity (TLC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV); increase in residual volume RV); and no change in
functional residual capacity (FRC).

Volume/Capacity Normal Value (mL) Description

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (RV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Dead Space (DS) Anatomical DS = Anatomic DS:
Alveolar DS:
Physiologic DS:
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

Follow-up questions:

1. What is the importance of knowing these lung volumes and capacities?

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Mae Kristine C. Ogayre, MD

 2. What instrument is used in measuring lung volumes and capacities?
3. What other mechanical forces acts upon the lung and chest wall that determines lung volumes
and capacities?

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Mae Kristine C. Ogayre, MD