I.

Differential Equations of Fluid Flow

(Note S1)

CN2122 - Fluid Mechanics

1
 Cauchy’s Equation to Navier-Stokes Equation 2

o We start with Cauchy’s equation (x-direction):

𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

o We replace the viscous stress tensors with the terms below and rearrange,
the Cauchy’s equation (x-component) becomes Navier-Stokes equation.
o We first apply Continuity equation to simplify the viscous stress tensors:

𝐷𝜌
+ 𝜌(𝛻 ∙ 𝑣)
Ԧ =0
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝜌
Newtonian fluid & incompressible flow: 𝜌, 𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =0
𝐷𝑡
(𝛻 ∙ 𝑣)
Ԧ =0
o The viscous stress tensors in the slides are defined as the stress from fluid
to objective.
o The viscous stress tensors in the book of “Fluid Mechanics” are defined as
the stress from objective to fluid.

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦

𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = +𝜇 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

the stress from fluid to objective the stress from objective to fluid
(Our slides) (Book of “Fluid Mechanics”)

o For the momentum conservation, we care the stress applied to the control
volume of fluid (we need to use the terms with positive sign).
 o We substitute the viscous stress terms in Cauchy’s equation.
𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + +2𝜇 + +𝜇 + + +𝜇 +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

o After the arrangement,

𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 2𝜇 +𝜇 + +𝜇 +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧

𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − +𝜇 + + + 𝜇 + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

o From Continuity equation: (𝛻 ∙ 𝑣)

Ԧ =0

𝐷𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 =𝜇 + + − + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥
Navier-Stokes equation