MONOPOLES FOR

MONOPOLES FOR 
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
TRANSRAIL LIGHTING LTD
Gammon Group
Office:
Boo ang, 20 /209
Boomrang,A-201/209
Chandivali farm road,
Near chandivali studio,
Andheri East,Mumbai 400072
M h
Maharashtra,
h India
I di
Tel: +91 (22) 40889696
Fax: +91(22) 40889666
Email: tllhq@transrailltd.com
q@
URL: www.transraillighting.com

Manufacturing Divn:
Survey No.
No 227/1 ,Khanvel
Khanvel kherdi rd;
Silvassa -396230 (U.T. Of D & N.H)` `
 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays most of the transmission utilities are facing problems in laying
the transmission lines in urban areas due to severe Right of Way problems.

This is in view of non availability of adequate land for installation of

conventional lattice type towers.

To overcome these practical difficulties, new concept of

I being
Is b i used
d world
ld wide
id
MAJOR PRJECTS & CLIENTS
USE OF MONOPOLES IN TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

Transmission Monopoles are Pole Structure used as replacement of Lattice

Type Towers.
Towers This structure helps countering the constraints as Right of Way or
Corridor width. Also for hilly terrains, a Monopole can be conveniently used
against a Lattice Tower. The Monopoles adds to the aesthetics of the city too.
The Transmission line using a Monopole can be accommodated on Highway
Curbs.

These Monopole based lines can give handy solutions to ROW based
problems, few of them are mentioned below:

¾Up gradation of line within the existing Corridor can be done using the
Transmission line Monopole.
 ¾ These Monopole based lines can be constructed to feed Power to new
industry from existing sub-stations, both situated in city areas, where the
problem
bl off right
i ht off way is
i severe.
¾ Relocate lines to take care of new railways / metros etc. In almost all
metro cities, major work on new trains / Flyover is going on and the existing
lines are required to be diverted. Use of Monopole towers can take care of
such requirements.
¾ These Monopoles can be used,
used where the Transmission Line is Parallel
to road.
¾These Monopoles can be used, where the Transmission Line is Passing
through thick forest area, thus minimize the loss to environment.

Above are jjust few cases where Monopole

p installation can be the solution.
 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Approach to the Design of Transmission line is Similar to the Lattice type
structure.
structure Load Calculation & Line Clearance etc
etc. is carried in accordance with
the Standards / as per the Customer Specification.

REFERENCE STANDARDS
IS -875 (Part-III) 1987
IS-802 (Part1/sec1) 1995
IS-5613 -1985
ASCE 48-05
: Code for Wind Loads on Structure.
: Code for Transmission Line tower ( Material
Loads & Permissible stresses.
: Code for design & Maintenance of Overhead
Power Lines.
Lines
: Code for Design of Tubular pole for
Transmission Line.
 INPUT DATA :
For Transmission Monopole Design input data is the forces i.e.

¾ Transverse load – Load on EW & Conductor due to the wind pressure & component
of Mechanical tension due to line angle deviation.

¾ Longitudinal load – Unbalanced force due to broken wire condition/ Stringing.

¾ Vertical Load – Dead weight of EW,

EW Conductor & other Accessories.
Accessories

g parameters
All these values varies with respect to the following

1. Type of line & Deviation angle.

2. Properties of Conductor / Ground wire.

3. Normal Span

4. Wind Pressure Or wind zone.

5. Specific height requirement / Terrain.

STEPS INVOLED FOR DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION MONOPOLE
Step-1 - Decide the Geometry of the Structure & Its Approximate Height.

Step-2 - Wind Pressure Calculation. Pr cal

Step-3 - Sag Tension Calculation sag

Step-4 - Prepare Line Clearance Diagram diagram

Step-5 - Load Calculations ( For Reliability, Security & safety Condition) Load Calc

Step-6 - Analysis of Monopole structure. Analysis

DIFFERENT PROFILES OF TUBULAR MONOPOLES
DIFFERENT PROFILES OF TUBULAR MONOPOLES
BASIS OF DESIGN:
BASIS OF DESIGN: 
Approach to the calculation is based on the Elastic Limit Principles, Where
load effects are compared with ultimate resistance of the structure.

In Elastic limit state, strength or Capacity of the pole is assessed by moment

of resistance at Elastic Limit & the dimensions are decided. The maximum
bending stresses arising out of the calculated bending moments are
maintained
i t i d below
b l th yield
the i ld stress
t off Pole.
P l
Stability & Stress analysis should be carried for each structural element.
Consideration should be Given to the Load effect Resulting out of deflected
shape of Structure.

Finite element Model of the Structure shall be developed & Entire pole structure
shall be Generated. Member in the deflected shape shall be adequately
represented and the point of maximum Stress is adequately defined.
ANALYSIS :
ANALYSIS : 
Analysis of structure is carried using Power line software PLS-Pole. This
software allows generating the finite element model of the Monopole by
selecting the component & assembling them in to the finished structure.

I can perform
It f Li
Linear & non linear
li A l i With
Analysis. Wi h the
h linear
li option
i secondary
d
effect of structure displacement (i.e. P-Delta effect) is ignored, whereas in Non
linear analysis P
P-Delta
Delta effect is considered.

PLS POLE can be run in two modes, Design

g Check Mode or allowable span
p
Mode.
MANUFACTURING UNIT
MAXIMUM USAGE FOR EACH LOAD CASE FOR EACH ELEMENT TYPE
 DESIGN CHECK
DESIGN CHECK
• PLS -POLE can be run in two modes, Design Check Mode or allowable span
Mode.

STRENGTH CHECK:
PLS-POLE checks the section strength as per following standards.
¾ ASCE /SEI

¾ TIA / EIA -222F

¾ ANSI / TIA 222-G

Design checks
For each design load case, the analysis produces axial, bending, shear, and
torsional stresses at the ends of each tubular element or at every Nodal
point. Then Combine effect of these Stresses is Checked with the allowable
stresses at that particular section.
section Utility shall be less than 100%.
100%
ASCE STRENGTH CHECK
For transmission poles designed according to ASCE/ SEI Standard 48-05
(ASCE, 2006) the strength usage is calculated at each of the Nodal points as:

SQRT { (fa + fb )2 + 3 (fv + ft )2 } / ( fall x S.F.)

Where: fa =normal stress due to axial load

fb =normall stress
t d tto bending
due b di

fv =shear stress due to shear force

ft =shear stress due to torsion

fall =allowable (permitted) combined stress defined in ASCE

Standard 48-05. It is based on w/t ((multiple
p flats).
) To calculate the unsupported
pp
flat width "w", it is assumed that a steel plate bending radius of 4 times the
plate thickness is used. For a corner point, w/t is the largest of the values for
the two adjacent flat faces.

S.F. = Strength Factor for steel poles

Combine Allowable Bending & Axial Stresses for Polygonal Tubular Steel Pole
Structures are as follows.

For 16 Sided 565< √ Fy *w/t <958 for Fy Mpa

y(
Fb= 0.852*Fy*(1.0-0.000522 √Fy
y *w/t)) p
Mpa

For 12 Sided 630< √ Fy *w/t <958 for Fy Mpa

Fb= 0.870*Fy*(1.0-0.000491 √Fy *w/t) Mpa

For 8 Sided 565< √ Fy *w/t <958 for Fy Mpa

Fb= 0.852*Fy*(1.0-0.000434 √Fy *w/t) Mpa

Where,

Fy – Yield Strength

Fb – Allowable Combine bending & Axial Stress.

t – Wall Thickness

w – Actual Flat side dimension but not less than dimension calculated using bend
radius equal to 4t.
FEATURES OF PLS_POLE
PLS POLE
¾ Performs Non linear Analysis.
¾ Generates Finite Element Model.
¾ Inbuilt codal provision for strength check.
¾ It has link with the PLS CADD (Wherein it can check for Allowable Span Mode)
¾ Pls_pole provides an user friendly interface.
¾ One can easily design the complex structures profiles i.e. H-frame , Y-frame ,A-
frame etc.
¾ It also
l check
h k deflection
d fl ti iin structure.
t t
¾ It shows the W/T ratio for material strength check.
¾ Internationally accepted software for design and analysis and design.
¾ A l i and
Analysis dddesign
i off allll ttypes off M
Monopoles
l – Transmission
T i i & Di
Distribution
t ib ti
Monopoles, Guyed Monopoles, Communication Monopoles etc.
 CONSTRUCTION OF MONOPOLE

Monopoles are Tubular Structures with the uniform Taper throughout the
Length.
Length It shall have polygonal cross section (i.e.
(i e 8 sided,
sided 12sided,
12sided 16sided)
and shall be continuously tapered with longitudinal welding. There shall not
be any circumferential welding. Monopoles shall be of two or more section
with telescopic joint as per the required height.

To join two or more sections either of two joints are being used:

1.Slip Joint

2.Flange joint

Slip joint:

Slip joints shall be designed to resist the maximum forces and moments at
the connection. As a minimum, slip joints shall be designed to resist 50%
0% off
 CONSTRUCTION OF MONOPOLE
moment capacity of the lower strength tube. Taper above and below the joint
shall be the same.
FLANGE JOINT:
Flange joints shall be designed to resist the maximum forces and moments at
the connection. As a minimum, slip joints shall be designed to resist 50% of
moment capacity of the lowest strength tube. Flexure stress in flange
connection shall not exceed the specified minimum yield stress

Monopoles
p are constructed from High
g Tensile steel conforming
g to IS 2062 or

BSEN 10025 and cut in Trapezoidal shape and folded by pressing to required
angle and Welded Longitudinally to form Polygonal section.
 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING: HIGH MASTS
H.R.COIL BASE PLATE
WELDING
SEAM WELDING
S.A.W

CUT TO
LENGTH

CUT TO
LENGTH

BENDING TO
POLYGON
(PRESS BREAK)
HOT DIP GALVANIZING
CUT TO LENGTH
H.R COILS are loaded on the Cut To
Length machine.
C.T.L Machine Cuts the Coil in required
width & and applies constant pressure
to maintain the Uniformity in thickness.
PRESS BREAK MACHINE
FOLDING:
After cutting the coil in the required
trapezium. It is then folded to the
numbers of folds. By applying the
load under the press break machine.
WELDING
There shall not be any circumferential
welding. The welding of pole shaft shall
be done by Submerged Arc Welding
(SAW) process.

All Monopole shafts shall be provided

with the rigid flange plate of suitable
thickness with provision for fixing
foundation bolts. This base plate shall be
fillet welded to the Monopole shaft at two
locations i.e. from inside and outside.
The welding shall be done as per
qualified
lifi d approved
d process by
b Third
Thi d
Party Inspection agency.
Metal protection:

For metal protection of the Monopole, the entire fabricated Monopole is hot dip
galvanized internally and externally.

Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to metal, in

order to prevent rusting and galvanic corrosion. Although galvanization can be
d
done with
ith electrochemical
l t h i l and d electro
l t deposition
d iti processes, the
th mostt common
method in current use is hot-dip galvanization, in which steel parts are
submerged in a bath of molten zinc.

Galvanization shall be confirming to BSEN 1461:1999 or equivalent.

POLE WITH 2-PART INSULATORS
¾ Areas where electrical
clearance is an issue and
one can nott able
bl to
t design
d i
pole with arms with proper
dimensions it can be
replaced
ep aced by insulated
su a ed
cross arms (2-part
insulator).
¾ Use of insulated cross arm
also reduce the
manufacturing time.
FOUNDATION
The design of foundation consists of two parts – Stability analysis
and structural design of foundation. The following subsection describes
in detail about the two aspects.

Stability analysis aims at eliminating the possibility of failure of

foundation by tilting, overturning, uprooting and siding due to load
i t
intensity
it iimposedd on soilil b
by ffoundation.
d ti Th
The mostt iimportant
t t aspectt off
the foundation design is the necessary check for the stability of
foundation under various load conditions.
1
1. Check For Bearing Capacity.
Capacity
2. Check for Overturning Resistance.

3. Check For Sliding.

4
4. Check for Uplift.
Uplift

Structural design of concrete foundation comprises the design of base

slab/Pedestal/block. The structural design of different elements of
concrete foundation.
TYPE OF FOUNDATION
Different Types of Foundation Are;
¾ Shallow foundation / Raft Foundation

¾ Pile foundation

¾ Buried foundation / Block Foundation

selection of type of foundation depends on various parameters such as,

1. Type of soil / soil stratum.

2. Intensity of load.

3. Space availability.

4. Economy.

¾ Monopole Structure being Cantilever structure ,Moments at the base are critical.
¾ Due to heavy Overturning Moment shallow foundations are not cost effective, as
the Large base area is required for stability.
¾ For Intense Overturning
O Moments, Pile foundation
f can be economical.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow foundations can be recommended for the Lower intensity Loading.

Shallow foundation Design is Governed by ,

¾ S.B.C of Soil :- Size of foundation & its dimensions are governed by S.B.C
of Soil. Gross Pressure shall be maintained Lower than S.B.C of Soil.
¾ Stability Against Overturning :- To prevent the overturning / Tilting of
foundation at toe, foundation size is decided so that the Restoring Monet due
to dead Load is greater than overturning Moment. Moment For Economic design
Earth cone shall be considered for Calculating the Dead Load ,Also Uplift of
20% can be permitted.
¾ Stability Against Sliding ::-TheThe friction between bottom of the footing and soil
resist the sliding of footing and shall be considered in the stability of foundation
against sliding.
PILE FOUNDATION
For the Structures where the large moments are to be transferred to the
Substructure, Pile Foundation shall be adopted.

Type of Pile are classified as,

1. End Bearing pile :- In this case the Pile is socketed in Hard Stratum & Load
i Transferred
is T f d by
b Bearing.
B i I is
It i Adopted
Ad d in
i Hard
H d Rock.
R k
2. Friction Pile :- In this Load Transfer is by the negative Skin Friction, that
develops between the wall of Pile & Soil in contact with it. It is Adopted in
Cohesive soil.
soil

Pile foundation Design is Governed by ,

¾ Capacity of Pile:- Capacity of Pile depends on its Length & Soil properties.
properties
¾ No of Pile:- Based on the Capacity of Pile, No of pile & its arrangement
required to carry the tension or compression is decided.
BURIED FOUNDATION
In buried type foundation, resistance to overturning is evaluated assuming that
passive
i earth th pressure conditions
diti are developed
d l d on vertical
ti l projections
j ti above
b
the toe of foundations.
Buried Type foundations are the Most Economical Foundations. It can be
adopted for the structures where the Moment at the Base are less.For
less For Antenna
Monopoles Buried Type foundation can be used, As the design is governed by
the Deflection & moments at the base of monopole are less

Advantage of Buried foundation:

• For buried foundation base flange is not required.

• For buried foundation Bolts are not required.

• With this erection is faster.

 APPLICATIONS OF MONOPOLE
APPLICATIONS OF MONOPOLE

p
Transmission & Distribution: Monopoles are latest Alternative to Overhead
Transmission Lines lattice type self supporting towers. Widely being used in
Gulf & European Countries.

CCTV Mast: Monopole structures are also used for mounting of CCTV
Cameras.

Telecommunication: Monopole structures are ideal for mounting antennas

for telecommunication.

Signage's:
Signage s: Monopole structures Can be used for Unipole Signage
structures.
 MONO
OPOLE FO
OR TRAN
NSMISSION
N LINE

MONOP
POLE FOR
R CCTV C
CAMERA

OR TELEC
OPOLE FO
MONO NICATION
COMMUN N
CRITERIA FOR DEFLECTION:

Monopole structure being slender structure large deflection can be permitted,

as long as it does not affect its utility.
utility
As there is no criteria for deflection, where deflection is considered critical it
may be limited to 5% of the total height.
TRUE SCALE TESTING

TESTING:
Type testing or destruction testing of Monopole
structures can be carried out in the similar way
as that of Transmission Latticed Tower.

ƒ Transmission line Monopoles /

distribution Poles can be tested for true
scale loading.

ƒ The prototype shall be made of material

that is representative of the material that
will be used in production.
Completely Automatic Tower Testing Station (Upto 85m
Structure) - Gammon Plant at Deoli
 TRUE SCALE TESTING
TEST TEST DESCRIPTION
NO. CASES ƒ Mill test report shall be available for
eachh major
j componentt in i the
th test
t t
1. Case 1 Reliability condition,
structure.
(100%) 32o C & full wind.
ƒ Load lines shall be attached to the
2. Case 2 Reliability condition, load point on the prototype in a
(100%) 32o C & full wind, Single manner that simulates the in-
circuit strung. service application as close as
3. Case 3 Security condition,32o C & Nil possible.
(100%) wind,
i d TTop conductor
d t broken.
b k
ƒ Wind-on-structure loads shall be
4. Case 4 Safety condition,32o C & Nil applied as concentrated loads at
(100%) wind, Bottom conductor selected points on the structure.
Stringing
Stringing. ƒ Load application shall consider the
5. Case 5 Security condition,32o C & deflected position of structure.
(100%) 75% Full wind, Ground wire ƒ Sequence of load cases tested
broken. given in tab.1.
6. Case 6 Security condition,32o C & ƒ Testing Facility is available at ‘Deoli
(100%) 75% Full wind, Top conductor
broken. Plant‘ at Maharashtra .
 PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN
CLIENT- Adani Town ship & Real estate Ltd.

PROJECT- 66Kv D/C 3.1KmsTransmission Line

USED Pls_Pole (Power Line System)

SOFTWARE USED-

CONDUCTOR – ACSR PANTHER

GROUND WIRE- GSW(Galvanized Steel Wire)

SPAN- 230 Mts.

TYPE OF POLES-

PA TYPE- 0-2 Deg Suspension monopole

PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN
PB TYPE- 0-30Deg Tension Monopole

PC TYPE- 60-90Deg Tension Monopole

¾ Pole
o e Design/Loads
es g / oads on
o Pole
o e Structure
St uctu e is
s as pe
per Loading
oad g co
condition
dto g given
e in
IS:802(part1/sec1):1995

¾ Pole analysis is carried as per ASCE/SEI 48-05.

PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN
CLIENT- Jaguar Overseas

PROJECT- Electrification Project of 58 Rural Localities city of Benin ,Distribution

poles

¾ Octagonal distribution Poles Description is given below:

ƒ 13 Mtr- 430 daN
ƒ 13 Mtr- 990daN
990
ƒ 13 Mtr-1220 daN
ƒ 11 Mtr-1250 daN
ƒ 11.9 Mtr- 430 daN
ƒ 11.9 Mtr- 990 daN
ƒ 11.9 Mtr- 1220 daN
ƒ 14 Mtr- 1250 daN
PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN
CLIENT- OIA( Overseas Infrastructure Alliance )

PROJECT- Rural Electrification project ,Mozambique

¾ Octagonal Distribution Pole description

ƒ MV 11Mtr.
ƒ LV 8 Mtr.
ADVANTAGE OF MONOPOLE STRUCTURE
¾ Space consumed by a monopole compared to a lattice structure of same capacity is much
less. Hence monopole structures become suitable for heavily populated and congested
areas like metros and other cities.

¾ The Project using Monopole are less subjected to ROW / Corridor problems.
problems

¾ As the Number of Pieces of monopoles are much lesser than the Lattice tower Structure
the chances of failure are less.

¾ Poles are subjected to lesser wind load as compared to Tower structure, Due to smaller
aerodynamic coefficient.

¾ Poles being Continuum Type offer more resistance to terrorist activities as compared with
the lattice Structure.
¾Since the space consumed is less, the spotting shall very well be optimized.

¾Aesthetically Monopoles has pleasant appearance.

¾Erection
E ti off monopoles
l isi 3 to
t 4 times
ti f t than
faster th normall lattice
l tti type
t structures
t t

¾As the Body width of Monopole Structure is smaller than, Lattice Structures it helps in
Reduction physical dimensions as per the Clearances required. Pole Structures Should be
Considered Flexible & Relatively large Deflections can be permitted. The deflection of
Structure & Swing of Insulator can Significantly decrease wire Tension.

¾Monopole structure being slender & Slip Jointed, has good damping properties. At Steady
wind
i d pressure it has
h higher
hi h Amplitude
A lit d off vibration
ib ti with
ith good
d damping
d i off about
b t 0.2
0 2 – 0.3.
03
LIMITATIONS OF POLE STRUCTURES

¾ As compared to the Lattice structure, monopoles are expensive.

¾ Monopole Structure being Cantilever structure ,Moments at the base are critical

¾ Due to heavy Overturning Moment shallow foundations are not cost effective.

¾ As Monopole structure is constructed from the sheet,

sheet wastage of Material is
Higher.

¾ For installation of Monopole Structure Heavy cranes are required.

CONCLUSION
¾ Transmission Line on Monopole can be cost effective in the urban areas, where the land
price is high.
¾ Transmission
T i i Line
Li Monopole
M l has
h pleasant
l t appearance & It is i structurally
t t ll more stable.
t bl
¾ Limiting the defection to one or one half percent (1 or ½%) of the structure height under
construction loading can eliminate the need for back guying structures during
construction. For appearance, limiting deflections to five or ten percent (5 or 10%) of the
structure height under maximum loading can keep a pole in a position. Another
technique that is used to keep steel pole structure appearance aesthetically pleasing is
to camber or rake the structures before erection. Cambering or raking makes the
structure initially deformed so that when load is applied to the structure, it tends to
become straight or appears less deformed.
¾ Sometimes, client restricts the base diameter due to space or other constraints that
indirectly limit the amount of taper. In such a case, the design output is only the wall
thickness of pole segments
g that is adjusted
j to satisfyy all the design
g criteria.
¾ In steel pole structures, the maximum allowable stress on the pole is related to the width
to thickness ratio for structures with polygonal cross-sections and by diameter to
thickness ratios for structures with circular cross-sections.
¾ Poles, being flexible structures, are subjected to considerably large deflections e.g.
1 to 1.5m.
1 5m The major contribution in these deflections is from lateral loads,
loads which
are further increased by vertical loads due to P-Δ effects. For the tangent poles,
this large deflection will be infrequent and occasional in its entire life span (i.e.
when it is subjected to worst possible high wind/lateral loading). Hence, these
large deflections need not to be controlled.
controlled For angle poles,
poles however,
however lateral loads
are not casual which cause permanent large lateral deflections.
¾ Most of the poles consist of 3 to 4 segments. A single pole segment usually has an
economical and optimal length of 12m. The minimum thickness of material used
f poles
for l is
i usually
ll 4mm.
4
¾ Weight of Monopole structure is higher as compared to Lattice Structure.
PROCESSING AN EXPORT ORDER
COST COMPARISON
COMPARISON OF MONOPOLE WITH LATTICE STRUCTURE

220 Kv DOUBLE CIRCUIT MONOPOLE

SPAN - 300
S 300M

CONDUCTOR - ZEBRA

WT OF R.C.C
R C C -M25
M25
TYPE OF STRUCTURE BASE WIDTH STEEL APPROX COST
STRUCTURE Gr

LATTICE TYPE 8M X 8M 5 M.T 5 CU.M 600 KG 3500000

MONOPOLE 2M X 2M 8.1 M.T 35 CU.M 3200 KG 1000000

PROJECTS EXECUTED

Pallekele Cricket Gandhidham, Kudlagi, Bellary MCA Cricket

Stadium, Kandy Kutch Stadium, Pune
Punjab University Shivaji Terminal Telecom Monopole, IFFCO Township,
Campus
Campus, Delhi Metro Th
Thane Paradip
Chandigarh Station, New Delhi
Transrail Lighting Stadium Masts at World Cup Cricket Venue -
P ll k l (K d ) S
Pallekele(Kandy), Srii L k
Lanka
PROCESSING AN EXPORT ORDER
THANK YOU