Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

Maths Chapter Trigonometry

The Basics
The hypotenuse is the longest side
The side opposite the labelled angle is called θ
the opposite side hypotenuse

adjacent
The side next to the labelled angle which is
not the hypotenuse is the adjacent side

Remember “SOH CAH TOA”

opposite
sine θ = opposite
hypotenuse

adjacent opposite
cosine θ = tangent θ =
hypotenuse adjacent

The Sine
We can use the sine formula from above to find:
 an angle when given the opposite and hypotenuse sides to the angle
 a side when given the opposite angle and the hypotenuse

 Worked Example
In the diagrams below, find the value of x

a) b) 35o
12cm
10cm
7cm

x
x
opposite 7
a sine θ = = = 0.7
hypotenuse 10
Use the inverse function to find x
sin-1(0.7) = 44o
b
opposite x
sine θ =
x = sin35 xhypotenuse
o
12 =
12
= 6.9cm

The Cosine
We can use the cosine formula to find:

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 Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

 an angle when given the adjacent and hypotenuse sides to the angle
 a side when given the adjacent angle and the hypotenuse

 Worked Example
In the diagrams below, find the value of x

a) b)
47o
9cm
12cm x

7cm
adjacent 12 .
a cosine θ = = = 0.416
hypotenuse 10
Use the inverse function to find x
.
cos-1(0.416) = 65.4o

b adjacent x
cosine θ = =
x = sin47o x 9hypotenuse 9
= 6.14cm

The Tangent
We can use the tangent formula to find:
 an angle when given the opposite and adjacent sides to the angle
 a side when given the adjacent angle and side

 Worked Example
In the diagram below, find the value of x

opposite x
 Find the values of angles
tangentand
θ =sides marked with
= letters
= below
0.416
35o adjacent 6
a) b) c)
6cm
x = tan35o x 9
= 8.6cm

d) e)

45o 50o
6cm 15cm 12cm
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x a b
5cm 8cm y 60o 7.2cm
11.8cm
Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

The Isosceles Triangle

 Worked Example
The diagram to the right shows triangle BCD.
BC and BD are the same length.
a) Find the length, x, of the triangle
b) Calculate the area of the triangle

a First we find y, which is ½x, using the cosine

of 53o, which gives:
y 7cm
cos53o =  y = 7(cos53o) = 4.2cm
7
x = 2y y = 8.4

b For the area, we must find the height, h

We can use Pythagoras or trigonometry
sin53o = h  h = 7(sin53o) = 5.6cm 53o 53o
7
The area is ½(b x h) so: x
0.5 x 8.425… x 5.59… = 23.55cm2 (to 2 d.p.)

The Sine Rule

There are two rules we can use besides the above trigonometric ratios for
triangles with no right-angle. The first is the sine rule.
a b c sin A sin B sin C
= = OR = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c

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Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

We use the sine rule to find:

 a side when given two angles and a side [sides go on top]
 an angle when given two sides and an angle [sines go on top]

 Worked Example
In the following triangles, calculate the value of x

a) A b) A

84o 25cm 7cm 6cm

47o 40o x
B C B C
x
a Use the sine rule with the sides on top when trying to find a side
x 25 25(sin 84o)
= therefore x = = 34.0cm (to 3 s.f.)
sin 84o sin 47o sin 47o

b Use the sine rule with the sines on top when trying to find an angle
sin x sin 40o
= therefore x = sin-1 (0.7499) = 48.6o (to 3 s.f.)
7 6

 Calculate the lengths of the sides and size of the angle marked with letters
a) b) A
A

x y 43o
5cm
57o 25o 60o
B C B C
9mm
c) A d)
A

132o
6m 8cm
r
B 47o m 18o
B C
The Cosine Rule C 15m
The second of the two rules is the cosine rule, which we can use to:
 find the hypotenuse when given two sides and an angle
 find any angle when we have all three sides

The cosine rule is: b2 + c2 – a2

cosA =
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc(cosA) 2bc
OR
a2 + c2 – b2
cosB =
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2ac

cosC = a2 +2ab
b2 – c2
 Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac(cosB)
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab(cosC)

c b

Know that in these triangles A, B and C

B C are all angles and a, b and c are all sides
a
 Worked Example
In the following triangles, calculate the value of x
a) By way of the cosine rule:
6cm 80o x2 = 62 + 102 – (2 x 6 x 10)cos80o
10cm x2 = 136 – 120cos80o
x2 = 115.16
x x = 115 .16 = 10.7cm

b) By way of the cosine rule:

52 + 72 – 82 10
φ cos φ = =
7cm 5cm 2x5x7 70
= 0.1428… x
cos-1(0.1428) = 82o
8cm

 Find the value of y in each of the following triangles

a) b)

y 16cm 12cm
6m
110o y

8m 9cm

When to Use the Rules

Here is the full list of scenarios you may encounter and how to respond:

When given 2 sides and the angle in between them:

 use the cosine rule to find the third side
7 75o  use the sine rule to find either missing angle
10
 find the other missing angle using the other two
angles from 180 degrees

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Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

When given a side in between 2 angles:

 use triangle theory to find the missing angle
10 80o
 use the sine rule to find both the missing sides
62o

When given all 3 sides:

8  use the cosine rule to find any missing angle
12  use the sine rule to find another angle
 use triangle theory to find the third angle

15

The ambiguous case:

 use the sine rule to find both possible answers of
9 the required missing angle
 use the sum of 180 to find the possibilities for the
other angle in the triangle
40o
 use the sign rule to find out the possibilities for
10 what the third side may be

Getting to Know Your Trigonometric Ratios

From dividing the equilateral triangle on the following page into two right-
angled triangles, we take just one of them. Using that right-angled triangle,
and the formulae for sine, cosine and tangent, we can work out certain values
for sine, cosine and tangent at regular intervals in a graph.

30o 30o
2 2 2 2 2
3

60o 60o 60o

2 1 1 1
3 1
3
2

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 Trigonometry Study Guide Maths 101

sin 60o = cos 60o = tan 60o =

2

1 3 3
sin 30 =
o
cos 30 =
o
tan 30 =
o
2 2 3

We can also use a right-angled isosceles triangle, where the equal sides are of
length 1 and the hypotenuse will be root 2
2 2
sin 45o = cos 45o =
2 2 2 45o
1
tan 45o = 1
45o

1
The Sine Formula
The sine formula can be used to calculate the area of a scalene triangle
Area = ½ ab (sin C)

 Worked Example
Find the area of this triangle, to 3 significant figures
B
A = ½ x a x b x sin C
A = 0.5 x 5 x 7 x sin 38o
5cm = 10.8cm2

38o
C A
7cm

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