EUROPEAN STANDARD DRAFT

NORME EUROPÉENNE prEN 1992-4

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2013

ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.40 Will supersede CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-

2:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-3:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-4:2009,
CEN/TS 1992-4-5:2009

English Version

Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 4: Design of

fastenings for use in concrete

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Eurocode 2 - Calcul des structures en béton - Partie 4: Eurocode 2 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton-
Conception et calcul des éléments de fixation pour béton und Spannbetontragwerken - Teil 4: Bemessung der

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Verankerung von Befestigungen in Beton

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This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 250.
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If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
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This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
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made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
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Centre has the same status as the official versions.

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CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
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Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
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Kingdom.
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Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
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Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
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EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1992-4:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Contents

Page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
1.1 General....................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups .............................................................................................5
1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials.....................................................................................................7
1.4 Fastener loading ....................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Concrete strength ..................................................................................................................................8
1.6 Concrete member loading ....................................................................................................................8
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................9
3 Definitions and symbols .................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Notations ............................................................................................................................................. 15

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3.2.1 Indices.................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.2.2 Superscripts ........................................................................................................................................ 16

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3.2.3 Actions and resistances .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.4 Concrete and steel.............................................................................................................................. 18

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3.2.5 Units ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
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Basis of design ................................................................................................................................... 21
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4.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Required verifications ........................................................................................................................ 22
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4.3 Design format...................................................................................................................................... 22

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4.4 Verification by the partial factor method.......................................................................................... 23

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4.4.1 Partial factors for actions .................................................................................................................. 23

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4.4.2 Partial factors for resistance ............................................................................................................. 23

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4.5 Project specification and installation of fasteners.......................................................................... 24

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4.6 Determination of concrete condition ................................................................................................ 27

5 Durability ............................................................................................................................................. 27
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6 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners - analysis ........................................................................ 27

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6.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 27
6.2 Headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners............................................................................... 28
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6.2.1 Tension loads...................................................................................................................................... 28

6.2.2 Shear loads.......................................................................................................................................... 30
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6.3 Anchor channels................................................................................................................................. 34

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6.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 34
6.3.2 Tension loads...................................................................................................................................... 34
6.3.3 Shear loads.......................................................................................................................................... 36
6.4 Forces assigned to supplementary reinforcement ......................................................................... 37
6.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 37
6.4.2 Tension loads...................................................................................................................................... 37
6.4.3 Shear loads.......................................................................................................................................... 37
7 Verification of ultimate limit state ..................................................................................................... 38
7.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 38
7.2 Headed and post-installed fasteners ................................................................................................ 38
7.2.1 Tension load........................................................................................................................................ 38
7.2.2 Shear load............................................................................................................................................ 49
7.2.3 Combined tension and shear load .................................................................................................... 59
7.3 Fasteners for multiple use for non-structural applications ........................................................... 60
7.4 Anchor channels................................................................................................................................. 60
7.4.1 Tension load........................................................................................................................................ 60
7.4.2 Shear load............................................................................................................................................ 69
7.4.3 Combined tension and shear loads .................................................................................................. 76

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8 Verification of ultimate limit state for fatigue loading .....................................................................77

8.1 General .................................................................................................................................................77
8.2 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners - analysis .........................................................................77
8.3 Resistance............................................................................................................................................77
9 Verification for seismic loading .........................................................................................................79
9.1 General .................................................................................................................................................79
9.2 Requirements.......................................................................................................................................79
9.3 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners...........................................................................................80
9.4 Resistance............................................................................................................................................80
10 Verification for impact loading...........................................................................................................80
11 Verification for fire resistance............................................................................................................81
12 Verification of serviceability limit state.............................................................................................81
Annex A (normative) Additional rules for verification of concrete elements due to loads applied
by fastenings .......................................................................................................................................82
A.1 General .................................................................................................................................................82
A.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member.........................................................82

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Annex B (informative) Durability .....................................................................................................................84

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B.1 General .................................................................................................................................................84
B.2 Fasteners in dry, internal conditions ................................................................................................84

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B.3 Fasteners in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure...........................84

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B.4 Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide ......................................84
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Annex C (normative) Design of fastenings under seismic actions .............................................................85
C.1 General .................................................................................................................................................85
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C.2 Performance categories......................................................................................................................85

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C.3 Design criteria......................................................................................................................................86

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C.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................86

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C.4 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners – analysis ........................................................................88

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C.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................................88

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C.4.2 Addition to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.5 ...................................................................................................88

C.4.3 Addition to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.1 ...................................................................................................88
C.4.4 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.2 ......................................................................88
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C.4.5 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.4 ......................................................................90

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C.5 Resistance............................................................................................................................................90
C.6 Anchor displacements ........................................................................................................................92
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Annex D (informative) Exposure to fire – design method.............................................................................93

D.1 General .................................................................................................................................................93
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D.2 Partial factors.......................................................................................................................................93

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D.3 Resistance under fire exposure .........................................................................................................93

D.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................93
D.3.2 Tension load ........................................................................................................................................93
D.3.3 Shear load ............................................................................................................................................95
D.3.4 Combined tension and shear load.....................................................................................................96
Annex E (normative) Characteristics for the design of fastenings to be supplied by European
Technical Products Specification......................................................................................................97

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Foreword
This document (prEN 1992-4:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural
Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

This document will supersede CEN/TS 1992-4-3:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-4:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-5:2009,
CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009, CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009.

The numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended values. The
recommended values apply when:

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a) the fasteners comply with the requirements of 1.2 (2), and

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b) the installation complies with the requirements of 4.5.

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National Annex for EN 1992-4

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This EN gives values with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. When this EN is
made available at national level it may be followed by a National Annex containing all Nationally Determined
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Parameters to be used for the design of fastenings according to this EN for use in the relevant country.
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National choice of the partial factors and reliability parameters is allowed in design according to this EN in the
following sections:
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 4.4.1(2), Note;
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 4.4.2.1(1), Note 1;
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 4.4.2.2.(1), Note;
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 4.4.2.3(1), Note;
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 4.6(2), Note 2;
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 Annex B (informative);

 C.2(2), Table C.1;

 D.2(1), Note.

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

1 Scope

1.1 General

(1) This EN provides a design method for fastenings (connection of structural elements and non-structural
elements to structural components), which are used to transmit actions to the concrete.

Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under Factory Production Control (FPC)
conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and
handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete
Elements”, by CEN/TC 229.

(2) This EN is intended for safety related applications in which the failure of fastenings will result in collapse
or partial collapse of the structure, cause risk to human life or lead to significant economic loss. In this context
it also covers non-structural elements.

(3) The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate. Each support
may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners.

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(4) This EN is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where
special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be

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necessary. The transmission of the fastener loads to the supports of the concrete member shall be shown for

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the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state according to EN 1992-1-1.
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(5) This EN does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply
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with the appropriate Standards.
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(6) This document relies on characteristic resistances and distances which are stated in a European
Technical Product Specification (see Annex E). At least the characteristics of Annex E, Table E.1 should be
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given in a European Technical Product Specification providing a basis for the design methods of this EN.
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1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups

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(1) This EN uses the fastener design theory 1) (Figure 1.1) and applies to:
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a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between anchor and
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channel;
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b) post-installed mechanical fasteners such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors and concrete screws;
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c) post-installed bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.

NOTE Connections with post-installed ribbed reinforcing bars should be covered by a European Technical Product
Specification and comply with the requirements of EN 1992-1-1.

(2) For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.

(3) This EN applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered
by provisions, which refer to this EN and provide data required by this EN. The suitability of the fastener is
stated in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

1)
In fastener design theory the concrete tensile capacity is directly used to transfer loads into the concrete component.

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Figure 1.1 — Fastener design theory, example

(4) This EN applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are applied to

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the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this EN it is assumed that in a fastener
group only fasteners of the same type and size are used.

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The configurations of fastenings with cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners covered by

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this EN are shown in Figure 1.2.

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For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited.
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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

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1 Fastener
2 Steel plate
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a) Fastenings without hole clearance for all edge distances and for all load directions, and fastenings with
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hole clearance according to Table 6.1 situated far from edges (c  max {10 hef , 60dnom}) for all load
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directions and fastenings with hole clearance according to Table 6.1 situated near to an edge
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(c< max {10 hef , 60dnom}) loaded in tension only

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b) Fastenings without and with hole clearance according to Table 6.1 situated near to an edge
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(c < max {10 hef , 60dnom}) for all load directions

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Figure 1.2 — Configuration of headed and post-installed fastenings covered by this EN

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NOTE Configuration with three fasteners is not recommended close to an edge (ci < 100mm) as there are no safe
design models for shear loads.
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1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials

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(1) This EN applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or a
corresponding cross section. In general, the effective embedment depth should be: hef t 40 mm. The actual
value for a particular fastener shall be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification. In
case of post-installed chemical fasteners the effective embedment depth is limited to hef d 20dnom. In case of
fasteners for multiple use for non-structural applications as addressed in 7.3 the minimum thread size is 5 mm
(M5) and the effective embedment depth shall be at least 30 mm, which in special cases (internal exposure
conditions only) can be reduced to 25 mm.

(2) This EN covers metal fasteners made of either carbon steel (ISO 898, EN 10025, EN 10080), stainless
steel (EN 10088, ISO 3506) or malleable cast iron (ISO 5922). The surface of the steel may be coated or
uncoated. This EN is valid for fasteners with a nominal steel tensile strength fuk d 1000 N/mm². This strength
limit does not apply to concrete screws. The binding material of bonded fasteners may be made primarily of
resin, cement or a combination of the two. In addition inorganic fillers may be used.

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

1.4 Fastener loading

(1) Loading on the fastenings may be static, quasi-static, fatigue, impact and seismic. The suitability of the
fastener to resist fatigue, impact and seismic loadings is specifically stated in the relevant European Technical
Product Specification. Anchor channels subjected to fatigue loading or seismic loading are not covered by this
EN.

NOTE Design rules for anchor channels subjected to fatigue loading or seismic loading may be found in the
CEN/TR "Anchor channels" which is under preparation.

(2) The loading on the fastener resulting from the actions on the fixture (e.g. tension, shear, bending or
torsion moments or any combination thereof) will generally be axial tension and/or shear. When the shear
force is applied with a lever arm a bending moment on the fastener will arise. Any axial compression on the
fixture should be transmitted to the concrete either without acting on the fastener or via fasteners suitable for
resisting compression.

(3) In case of anchor channels shear in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel is not covered by
this EN.

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NOTE Design rules for anchor channels with loads acting in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the anchor

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channel may be found in the CEN/TR "Anchor channels" which is under preparation.

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1.5 Concrete strength

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(1) This EN is valid for fasteners installed in members using normal weight concrete with strength classes in
the range C12/15 to C90/105 all in accordance with EN 206-1. However in the design of fastenings the
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strength class is limited to C60/75 even if the structure uses a higher strength class. The range of concrete
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strength classes in which particular fasteners may be used is given in the relevant European Technical
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Product Specification and may be more restrictive than stated above.

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1.6 Concrete member loading

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(1) In general fasteners are prequalified for applications in concrete members under static loading. If the
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concrete member is subjected to fatigue or seismic loading, prequalification of the fastener specific to this type
of loading and a corresponding European Technical Product Specification are required.
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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies.

EN 206-1, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity

EN 1990, Eurocode — Basis of structural design

EN 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings

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EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

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EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints

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EN 1998-1:2004, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance — Part 1: General rules, seismic
actions and rules for buildings
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EN 10025-1, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 1: General technical delivery conditions
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EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel - General
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EN 10088-2, Stainless steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion
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resisting steels for general purposes

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EN 10088-3, Stainless steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods,
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wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
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ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs with specified property classes – Coarse thread and fine pitch thread
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ISO 898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 2: Nuts with
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specified property classes – Coarse thread and fine pitch thread

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ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners – Part 1: Bolts, screws and
studs

ISO 3506-2, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners – Part 2: Nuts

ISO 5922, Malleable cast iron

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

3 Definitions and symbols

3.1 Definitions

3.1.1
anchor
element made of steel or malleable iron either cast into concrete or post-installed into a hardened concrete
member and used to transmit applied loads (see Figures 3.1 to 3.3). In this EN 'anchor' and 'fastener' are
used synonymously. In the case of anchor channels, one or more steel anchors is/are rigidly connected to the
back of the channel and embedded in concrete

3.1.2
anchor channel
steel profile with rigidly connected anchors (also called channel bar, see Figure 3.2) installed prior to
concreting

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3.1.3
anchor channel loading: Axial tension

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load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material

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3.1.4

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anchor channel loading: Combined do
axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)
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3.1.5
anchor channel loading: Flexure
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bending effect induced by a tension load

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3.1.6
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anchor channel loading: Shear

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load acting parallel to the concrete surface and transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the channel
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3.1.7
anchor group
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number of fasteners with identical characteristics acting together to support a common attachment, where the
spacing of the anchors does not exceed the characteristic spacing
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3.1.8
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anchor loading: Axial

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load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material and parallel to the fastener longitudinal axis

3.1.9
anchor loading: Bending
bending effect induced by a shear load applied with a lever arm with respect to the surface of the concrete
member

3.1.10
anchor loading: Combined
axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)

3.1.11
anchor loading: Shear
shear induced by a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastener

3.1.12
anchor spacing
distance between the centre lines of the fasteners

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

3.1.13
attached element
structural or non-structural component that is connected to the attachment

3.1.14
attachment
assembly that transmits loads to the fastener. In this EN 'attachment' and 'fixture' are used synonymously

3.1.15
base material
material in which the fastener is installed

3.1.16
blow-out failure
spalling of the concrete on the side face of the concrete element at the level of the embedded head with no
major breakout at the top concrete surface. This is usually associated with fasteners with small side cover and
deep embedment

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3.1.17
bonded anchor

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Fastener placed into a hole in hardened concrete, which derives its resistance from a bonding compound
placed between the wall of the hole in the concrete and the embedded portion of the fastening (see

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Figure 3.3g))

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3.1.18
bonded expansion anchor
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bonded anchor designed such that the anchor bolt can move relative to the hardened bonding compound
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resulting in follow-up expansion (see Figure 3.3h))

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3.1.19
cast-in fastener
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headed bolt, headed stud, hooked bolt or anchor channel installed before placing the concrete, see headed
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anchor
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3.1.20
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channel bolt
screw or bolt which connects the element to be fixed to the anchor channel (Figure 3.2)
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3.1.21
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characteristic resistance
5 % fractile of the resistance (value with a 95 % probability of being exceeded, with a confidence level of
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90 %)

3.1.22
characteristic spacing
spacing required to ensure the characteristic resistance of a single fastener

3.1.23
concrete breakout failure
Failure that corresponds to a wedge or cone of concrete surrounding the fastener or group of fasteners
separating from the base material

3.1.24
concrete pry-out failure
failure that corresponds to the formation of a concrete spall opposite to the loading direction under shear
loading

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

3.1.25
concrete related failure modes
failure modes under tension loading: Pull-out failure, combined pull-out and concrete failure (bonded
fasteners), concrete cone failure, blow-out failure, splitting failure, anchorage failure of supplementary
reinforcement.
Failure modes under shear loading: Concrete pry-out failure, concrete edge failure

3.1.26
concrete screw
threaded anchor screwed into a predrilled hole where threads create a mechanical interlock with the concrete
(see Figure 3.3f))

3.1.27
deformation-controlled expansion anchor
post-installed fastener that derives its tensile resistance by expansion against the side of the drilled hole
through movement of an internal plug in the sleeve (see Figures 3.3c)) or through movement of the sleeve
over an expansion element (plug). Once set, no further expansion can occur

3.1.28

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displacement

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movement of the loaded end of the fastener relative to the concrete member into which it is installed in the
direction of the applied load. In the case of anchor channels, movement of a channel bolt (Fig. 3.2) or the

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anchor channel relative to the concrete element. In tension tests, displacement is measured parallel to the

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anchor axis. In shear tests, displacement is measured perpendicular to the anchor axis
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3.1.29
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ductile steel element
element with sufficient ductility. The ductility conditions are given in the relevant sections
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3.1.30
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edge distance
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distance from the edge of the concrete member to the centre of the fastener
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3.1.31
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effective embedment depth

the definition of the effective embedment depth for the different types of fasteners is given in Figures 3.1 to 3.3
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3.1.32
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european Technical Product Specification

harmonized European Product Standard (hEN) or European Technical Approval or European Technical
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Assessment
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3.1.33
fastener
see anchor

3.1.34
fastening
assembly of fixture and fasteners used to transmit loads to concrete

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Key

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a) without anchor plate
b) with a large anchor plate in any direction, b1 > 0,5 hn or t > 0,2 hn

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c) with a small anchor plate in each direction, b1 hn and t  0,2 hn

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Figure 3.1 — Definition of effective embedment depth hef for headed fasteners

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Key
1 anchor
2 connection between anchor and channel
3 channel lip
4 channel bolt

Figure 3.2 — Definitions for anchor channels

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

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a) torque controlled fastener, sleeve type e) undercut fastener, type 2
b) torque controlled fastener, wedge type f) concrete screw
c) deformation controlled fastener g) bonded fastener

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d) undercut fastener, type 1 h) bonded expansion anchor

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Figure 3.3 — Definition of effective embedment depth hef for post-installed fasteners, examples

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3.1.35
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Fixture
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See attachment
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3.1.36
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Headed anchor
steel fastener installed before placing concrete (see Figure 3.1). It derives its tensile resistance from
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mechanical interlock at the anchor head. The definitions given in Figure 3.1b) and 3.1c) should be verified for
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directions 1 and 2 according to Figure 3.4

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3.1.37
istallation safety factor
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partial factor that accounts for the sensitivity of a fastener to installation inaccuracies on its performance
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3.1.38
mechanical interlock
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load transfer to a concrete member via interlocking surfaces

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3.1.39
minimum edge distance
Minimum allowable edge distance to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in place
fasteners) and to avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), given in the
European Technical Product Specification

3.1.40
minimum member thickness
minimum member thickness, in which a fastener can be installed, given in the European Technical Product
Specification

3.1.41
minimum spacing
Minimum fastener spacing to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in fasteners) and to
avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), measured centreline to centreline,
given in the European Technical Product Specification

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

3.1.42
post-installed fastener
fastener installed in hardened concrete (see Figure 3.3)

3.1.43
pull-out failure
failure mode in which the fastener pulls out of the concrete without development of the full concrete resistance
or a failure mode in which the fastener body pulls through the expansion sleeve without development of the
full concrete resistance. In case of bonded anchors this failure occurs at the interface between the bonding
material and the base material or between the bonding material and the anchor element (bond failure). This
failure may also contain a concrete cone at the top end and is therefore denoted as combined pull-out and
concrete failure

3.1.44
splitting failure
concrete failure mode in which the concrete fractures along a plane passing through the axis of the fastener or
fasteners

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3.1.45
steel failure of fastener

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Failure mode characterised by fracture of the steel fastener parts

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3.1.46

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supplementary reinforcement
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reinforcement tying a potential concrete breakout body to the concrete member
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3.1.47
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torque-controlled expansion anchor

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post-installed expansion anchor that derives its tensile resistance from the expansion of one or more sleeves
m

or other components against the sides of the drilled hole through the application of torque, which pulls the
cone(s) into the expansion sleeve(s) during installation. After setting, tensile loading can cause additional
m

expansion (follow-up expansion), see Figures 3.3a) and 3.3b)

co

3.1.48
or

undercut anchor
vo

post-installed fastener that develops its tensile resistance from the mechanical interlock provided by
undercutting of the concrete at the embedded end of the fastener. The undercutting is achieved with a special
drill before installing the fastener or alternatively by the fastener itself during its installation, see Figures 3.3d)
en

and 3.3e)
le
Al

3.2 Notations

3.2.1 Indices

E action effects

L load

M material

N normal force

R resistance, restraint

V shear force

a acceleration

b bond

15
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

c concrete

ca connection

cb blow-out

cp concrete pry-out

d design value

el elastic

eq seismic (earthquake)

fat fatigue

fi fire

fix fixture

en
flex bending

nd
k characteristic value

ei
l local

el
do
max maximum
ie

min minimum
s
is

nom nominal
m

p pull-out
m
co

pl plastic

re reinforcement
or
vo

s steel
en

sp splitting
le

u ultimate
Al

y yield

3.2.2 Superscripts

 exponent in the interaction equations

g load on or resistance of a group of fasteners

h highest loaded (most stressed) fastener in a group

0 basic value

16
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

3.2.3 Actions and resistances

D ratio of the design ground acceleration on type A ground ag to the acceleration of

gravity g

D eq reduction factor to take into account the influence of large cracks and scatter of load
displacement curves

gap reduction factor to take into account inertia effects due to fastener displacement in case
of tension loading or an annular gap between fastener and fixture in case of shear
loading, given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification

Dv ratio of the vertical design ground acceleration on type A ground a vg to the acceleration
of gravity g

J partial factor

en
Ja importance factor of the non-structural element

nd
z height of the non-structural element above the level of application of the seismic action

ei
Aa seismic amplification factor (Equation (C.2))

el
do
A'i ordinate of a triangle with the height 1 at the position of the load NEd or VEd and the base
length 2 li at the position of the anchors i of an anchor channel
s ie

C nominal value, e.g. limiting displacement

is
m

CEd resultant design compression force beneath the fixture

m

E effect of action
co

R resistance
or
vo

g acceleration of gravity
en

F force in general
le

H building height, measured from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement
Al

N axial force (positive = tension force, negative = compression force)

NEd resultant design tension force of the tensioned anchors

S soil factor

V shear force

M moment

M1 bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 1

M2 bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 2

Sa horizontal seismic coefficient applicable to non-structural elements

SVa vertical seismic coefficient applicable to non-structural elements

17
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

T torsional moment on fixture

Ta fundamental period of vibration of the non-structural element

T1 fundamental period of vibration of the building in the relevant direction

Wa weight of the non-structural element

Fa horizontal seismic force, acting at the centre of mass of the non-structural element in
the most unfavourable direction

FRk ( N Rk ; V Rk ) characteristic value of resistance of a single fastener or a group (axial force, shear force)

FRd ( N Rd ; V Rd ) design value of resistance of a single fastener or a group (axial force, shear force)

W Rk characteristic bond resistance of a post-installed chemical fastener, depending on the

concrete strength class, in non-cracked ( W Rk,ucr ) or cracked concrete ( W Rk,cr )

en
FEk (NEk; VEk; MEk; TEk) characteristic value of actions acting on the fixture (axial load, shear load, bending

nd
moment, torsion moment)

ei
FEd (NEd; VEd; MEd; TEd) design value of actions acting on the fixture (axial load, shear load, bending moment,

el
torsion moment), in the case of anchor channels design value of actions acting on the
do
channel bolt
ie

a a a
FEd ( N Ed ; V Ed ) design value of action on one anchor of the anchor channel
s
is
m

a a a
FEd ,i ( N Ed ,i ; V Ed ,i ) design value of action on anchor i of the anchor channel
m
co

h h
N Ed (VEd ) design value of tensile load (shear load) acting on the most stressed fastener of a group
or

g g
NEd (VEd ) design value of the resultant tensile (shear) loads of the fasteners in a group effective in
vo

taking up tension (shear) loads

en

N Ed,re design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement

le

a
Al

N Ed,re design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement of one anchor
of the anchor channel

3.2.4 Concrete and steel

fbd design bond strength of supplementary reinforcement

fck characteristic compressive cylinder strength (150 mm × 300 mm)

fyk characteristic steel yield strength or steel proof strength (nominal value)

fuk characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength (nominal value)

As stressed cross section

As,re cross section of one leg of the supplementary reinforcement

4
Iy moment of inertia of the channel [mm ] relative to the y-axis of the channel (Figure 3.2)

18
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Wel elastic section modulus calculated from the stressed cross section

3.2.4.1 Fasteners and fastenings, reinforcement

Notation and symbols frequently used in this EN are given below and are illustrated in Figures 3.1 to 3.4, 6.3,
6.6, 6.7, 7.1 and 7.14. Further notation and symbols are given in the text.

a1 (a2) spacing between outer fasteners in adjoining fastenings in direction 1 (direction 2) (Figure 3.4)

a3 distance between concrete surface and point of assumed restraint of a fastener loaded by a shear
force with lever arm (Figure 6.6)

b width of concrete member

bch width of the channel, (Figure 3.2)

bfix width of fixture

en
c edge distance from the axis of a fastener or the axis of an anchor channel

nd
c1 edge distance in direction 1 (Figures 3.4 and 7.11)

ei
c2 edge distance in direction 2 (Figures 3.4 and 7.11), where direction 2 is perpendicular to direction 1

el
do
ccr characteristic edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
fastener
s ie

cmin minimum allowable edge distance

is
m

d diameter of fastener bolt or thread diameter,

diameter of the stud or shank of headed studs
m
co

df diameter of clearance hole in the fixture

or

dh diameter of anchor head (headed anchor, Figure 3.1)

vo

dnom outside diameter of a fastener

en

ds diameter of reinforcing bar

le

d0 nominal diameter of drilled hole

Al

e1 distance between shear load and concrete surface (Figure 6.6)

eN eccentricity of resultant tension force of tensioned fasteners in respect to the centre of gravity of the
tensioned fasteners (Figure 6.3)

es distance between the axis of the shear load and the axis of the supplementary reinforcement for
shear (Figure 6.7)

eV eccentricity of resultant tension force of sheared fasteners in respect to the centre of gravity of the
sheared fasteners (Figure 7.14)

h thickness of concrete member in which the fastener is installed (Figure 3.4)

hch height of the channel (Figure 3.2)

hef effective embedment depth (Figures 3.1 to 3.3)

hmin minimum allowed thickness of concrete member

19
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

la lever arm of the shear force acting on a fastener

lb,min minimum anchorage length of supplementary reinforcement

li influence length of an external load NEd or VEd along an anchor channel

l1 anchorage length of the reinforcing bar in the assumed failure cone (Figure 7.1)

n number of fasteners in a group

nre number of legs of the supplementary reinforcement effective for one fastener

s centre to centre spacing of fasteners in a group (Figure 3.4) or anchors of an anchor channel
(Figure 6.6) or spacing of reinforcing bars

s1 (s2) spacing of fasteners in a group in direction 1 (direction 2), (Figure 3.4)

scr characteristic spacing for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
fastener

en
nd
smin minimum allowable spacing

ei
t time

tfix thickness of the fixture

el
do
tgrout thickness of grout layer
s ie

z internal lever arm calculated according to the theory of elasticity

is
m

3.2.5 Units
m
co

In this EN SI-units are used. Unless stated otherwise in the equations, the following units are used:
2 3 4
Dimensions are given in mm, cross sections in mm , section modulus in mm , moment of inertia in mm ,
forces and loads in N and stresses, strengths and moduli of elasticity in N/mm².
or
vo
en
le
Al

20
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
Key

nd
1 indices 1 and 2: For shear loads the indices depend on the edge for which the verification of concrete
edge failure is performed (index 1: direction perpendicular to the edge for which verification is made;

ei
index 2: perpendicular to direction 1)
a) fastenings subjected to tension load
el
do
b) fastenings subjected to shear load in the case of fastening near an edge
ie

Figure 3.4 — Definitions related to concrete member dimensions, fastener spacing and edge distance
s
is

4 Basis of design
m
m

4.1 General
co

(1) With appropriate degrees of reliability fasteners shall sustain all actions and influences likely to occur
during execution and use (ultimate limit state). They shall not deform to an inadmissible degree (serviceability
or

limit state) and remain fit for the use for which they are required (durability). They shall not be damaged by
vo

accidental events to an extent disproportional to the original cause.

en

(2) Fastenings shall be designed according to the same principles and requirements valid for structures
given in EN 1990 including load combinations.
le

NOTE A design using the partial factors given in this EN and the partial factors given in the EN 1990 Annexes is
Al

considered to lead to a structure associated with reliability class RC2, i.e. a ß-value of 3,8 for a 50 year reference period.
For further information, see EN 1990:2002, Annexes B and C.

(3) The design working life of the fasteners shall not be less than that of the fixture. The safety factors for
resistance and durability in this EN are based on a nominal working life of at least 50 years for the fastening.

(4) Values of actions shall be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991 and EN 1998 in the case of
seismic actions (see also Annex C of this EN).

(5) If the fastening is subjected to impact, fatigue or seismic actions, only fasteners suitable for this
application shall be used (see relevant European Technical Product Specification).

(6) The design of the concrete member to which the fixture transfers loads should comply with the
requirements of Annex A for safe transmission of loads to the supports of the member.

21
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(7) For the design and execution of fastenings the same quality requirements are valid as for the design and
execution of structures and the attachment:

 The design of the fastening shall be performed by qualified personnel;

 the fastenings shall be installed according to project specifications.

(8) The execution shall comply with the requirements stated in 4.5.

4.2 Required verifications

(1) For the fasteners the following limit states shall be verified:

 ultimate limit state, including effects of impact, fatigue and seismic loading, where appropriate;

 serviceability limit state.

Furthermore the durability of the fastening for the intended use shall be demonstrated. Information is given in

en
Informative Annex B.

nd
(2) In the ultimate limit state, verifications are required for all appropriate load directions and all relevant
failure modes.

ei
el
(3) In the serviceability limit state, it shall be shown that the displacements occurring under the relevant
do
actions are not larger than the admissible displacement.
ie
(4) The material of the fastener and the corrosion protection shall be selected taking into account the
environmental conditions at the place of installation, and whether the fasteners are inspectable, maintainable
s
is

and replaceable.
m

(5) Where applicable the fastening shall have an adequate fire resistance. For the purpose of this EN it is
m

assumed that the fire resistance of the fixture is adequate. Annex D describes the principles, requirements
co

and rules for the design of fastenings exposed to fire.

or

4.3 Design format

vo

(1) At the ultimate limit state it shall be shown that.

en

E d d Rd (4.1)
le

and at the serviceability limit state it shall be shown that

Al

Ed d Cd (4.2)

(2) The forces in the fasteners shall be derived using appropriate combinations of actions on the fixture as
recommended in EN 1990. When indirect action Qind arises from the restraint to the deformation of the
fastened member (fixture, attachment), the design action shall be taken as Jind ·Qind.

Forces resulting from restraint to deformation, intrinsic (e.g. shrinkage) or extrinsic (e.g. temperature
variations) of the attached member shall be taken into account in the design of fasteners, where applicable.

(3) In general actions in the fixture may be calculated ignoring the displacement of the fasteners. However
the effect of displacement of the fasteners should be considered when a statically indeterminate stiff element
is fastened.

(4) In the ultimate limit state the value of the design resistance is obtained from the characteristic resistance
of the fastener or the group of fasteners as follows:

Rd Rk /  M (4.3)

22
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(5) In the serviceability limit state the value Ed, which is the design value of fastener displacement, shall be
evaluated from the information given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification. For Cd see
Clause 12.

4.4 Verification by the partial factor method

4.4.1 Partial factors for actions

(1) Partial factors shall be in accordance with in EN 1990.

(2) For the verification of indirect and fatigue actions (ultimate limit state) the values of the partial factors Jind
and JF,fat shall be used.

NOTE The values of Jind and JF,fat for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended values
are Jind = 1,2 for concrete failure and Jind = 1,0 for other modes of failure, and in case of fatigue loading JF,fat = 1,0.

4.4.2 Partial factors for resistance

en
4.4.2.1 Ultimate limit state (static, impact and seismic loading)

nd
(1) Partial factors for fastenings under static, impact and seismic loading shall be applied to characteristic
resistances.

ei
el
NOTE 1 The value of a partial factor for use in a country may be found in its National Annex, when the partial factor is
do
not product dependent. The recommended values are given in Table 4.1. They take into account that the characteristic
resistance is based on fuk, except fyk should be used for bending of the channel of anchor channels and steel failure of
ie
supplementary reinforcement. The value of the partial factor for installation Jinst of post-installed fasteners has its origin in
the prequalification of the product and is product dependent. Therefore it should not be reduced.
s
is

NOTE 2 Installation aspects may affect different failure modes to a different extent. Verification taking into account
m

installation safety of a fastening may be found in the CEN/TR "Installation".

m
co

(2) The recommended values for the partial factors for fastenings under impact or seismic loading should be
identical to the corresponding values for static loading. For accidential loads the partial factors according to
Table 4.1 are recommended.
or
vo

4.4.2.2 Ultimate limit state (fatigue loading)

en

(1) Partial factors for fastenings under fatigue loading JMs,fat, JMc,fat, JMsp,fat and JMp,fat shall be applied to
characteristic resistances.
le
Al

NOTE The values of the partial factors for fastenings under fatigue loading for use in a Country may be found in its
National Annex. It is recommended to take the partial factor for material as JMs,fat =1,35 (steel failure),
JMc,fat = JMsp,fat = JMp,fat = 1,5 ˜ Jinst (concrete cone failure, splitting failure and pull-out failure).

4.4.2.3 Serviceability limit state

(1) The partial factor for resistance is JM and shall be applied to characteristic resistances.

NOTE The value of the partial factor for serviceability limit state for use in a Country may be found in its National
Annex. For the partial factor JM the value JM = 1,0 is recommended.

23
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

4.5 Project specification and installation of fasteners

(1) The resistance and reliability of fastenings are significantly influenced by the manner in which the
fasteners are installed. The partial factors given in 4.4 are valid only when the following conditions and the
assumptions given in (4) are fulfilled:
a) The manufacturer's installation instructions and all necessary information for correct installation shall be
available at the time the installation takes place. The installation instructions for the fastener, which are
normally given in the European Technical Product Specification, shall be followed.

b) Gross errors shall be avoided by the use of qualified personnel and adequate supervision.

Table 4.1 — Recommended values of partial factors

Failure modes Partial factor

Steel failure - fasteners

en
Tension = 1,2 ˜ fuk/fyk t 1,4

nd
Shear with and without a lever arm JMs 2
= 1,0 ˜ fuk/fyk t 1,25 when fuk d 800 N/mm and fyk/fuk d 0,8
2
= 1,5 when fuk > 800 N/mm or fyk/fuk > 0,8

ei
Steel failure – anchor channels

el
Tension in anchors
= 1,2 ˜ fuk/fyk t 1,4
do
and channel bolts
JMs 2
Shear with and without = 1,0 ˜ fuk/fyk t 1,25 when fuk d 800 N/mm and fyk/fuk d 0,8
ie
2
a lever arm in channel bolts = 1,5 when fuk > 800 N/mm or fyk/fuk > 0,8
s

Connection between anchor and

JMs,ca
is

= 1,8
channel in tension and shear
m

Local failure of anchor channel

JMs,l
m

by bending of lips in tension and = 1,8

shear
co

Bending of channel JMs,flex = 1,15

Steel failure – supplementary reinforcement
or

Tension JMs,re = 1,15

vo

Concrete failure -tension

Cone break-out failure, JMc = Jc ˜ Jinst
en

edge break-out failure,

blow-out failure and Jc = 1,5 generally, but see EN 1998 for seismic repair and
le

pry-out failure strengthening of existing structures

Al

= 1,0 for headed fasteners and anchor channels satisfying

the requirements of 4.5
Jinst  1,0 for post-installed fasteners, see relevant European
Technical Product Specification
Splitting failure JMsp = JMc
Pull-out failure
Pull-out and combined JMp = JMc
pull-out and concrete failure

(2) The project specification shall typically include the following:

a) Strength class of the concrete used in the design and indication as to whether the concrete is
assumed to be cracked or not cracked. If non-cracked concrete is assumed, verification is required
(see 4.6).

b) Environmental exposure assumed in design (EN 206-1).

24
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

c) A note indicating that the number, manufacturer, type and geometry of the fasteners shall not be
changed unless verified and approved by the responsible designer.

d) Construction drawings, which shall include

 location of the fasteners in the structure, including tolerances;

 number and type of fasteners (including embedment depth);

 spacing and edge distance of the fastenings including tolerances (normally these should be
specified with positive tolerances only);

 thickness of fixture and diameter of the clearance holes (if applicable);

 position of the attachment on the fixture including tolerances;

 maximum thickness of an eventual intervening layer e.g. grout or insulation between the fixture
and surface of the concrete;

en


nd
(special) installation instructions (if applicable) that shall not contradict the manufacturer's
installation instructions.

ei
el
e) Reference to the manufacturer's installation instructions.
do
f) A note that the fasteners shall be installed ensuring the specified embedment depth.
ie

(3) If the conditions in this clauses are complied with, no proof testing of the fasteners is necessary.
s
is

(4) The following assumptions regarding welding design of headed fasteners and in respect to installation of
m

the relevant type of fastener have been made in this EN. The installation instructions should reflect the
m

assumptions stated below.

co

a) Post-installed fasteners:
or

i) Concrete has been compacted adequately in the area of the fastening. This should be checked
vo

prior and during installation via visual check.

en

ii) Requirements for drilling operation and bore hole are fulfilled when:
le

 Holes are drilled perpendicular to the surface of the concrete unless specifically required
Al

otherwise by the manufacturer’s installation instructions.

 Drilling is carried out by method specified by the manufacturer.

 Hard metal hammer-drill bits which comply with ISO or National Standards are used.

 The diameter of the segments for diamond core drilling complies with the prescribed
diameter.

 Reinforcement in close proximity to the hole position is not damaged during drilling. In
prestressed concrete structures it is ensured that the distance between the drilling hole and
the prestressed reinforcement is at least 50mm; for determination of the position of the
prestressed reinforcement in the structure a suitable device e.g. a reinforcement detector
shall be used.

 Holes are cleaned according to the manufacturer’s installation instructions which are
typically given in the European Technical Product Specifications.

25
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

 Aborted drill holes are filled with high strength non-shrinkage mortar.

iii) Inspection and approval of the correct installation of the fasteners is carried out by appropriately
qualified personnel.

NOTE Many drill bits exhibit a mark indicating that they are in accordance with ISO or National Standards. If the drill
bits do not bear a conformity mark, evidence of suitability should be provided.

b) Headed fasteners:

i) Design of welding is in accordance with EN 1993-1-1.

ii) The fastener is fixed in a way that no movement of the fastener will occur during placing of
reinforcement or during pouring and compacting of the concrete.

iii) Requirements for adequate compaction particularly under the head of the stud or fastener and
under the fixture as well as provisions for vent openings in fixtures larger than
400 mm u 400 mm are fulfilled.

en
iv) Requirement for inspection and approval of the correct installation of the fasteners, which is

nd
carried out by appropriately qualified personnel are observed.

ei
v) The following conditions are observed if the fasteners are vibrated (not just punched) into the

el
wet concrete immediately after pouring:
do
 The size of the fixture does not exceed 200 mm u 200 mm and the number of fastenings is
ie

limited to 4 fasteners, so that it can be placed simultaneously during vibrating by the

s

available personnel.
is
m

 The installation is done according to a quality system.

m

 The fastenings are not moved after vibrating has been finished.
co

 The concrete under the head of the headed stud or anchor as well as under the base plate
or

is properly compacted.
vo

vi) The welding procedure for studs is done in accordance with the provisions given in the relevant
en

European Technical Product Specification.

le

vii) Inspection and approval of the correct installation of the fasteners is carried out by appropriately
Al

qualified personnel.

c) Anchor channels

i) The anchor channel is fixed in a way that no movement of the anchor channel will occur during
placing of reinforcement or during pouring and compacting of the concrete.

ii) Requirements for adequate compaction particularly under the head of the anchor and under the
channel are fulfilled.

iii) Requirements for inspection and approval of the correct installation of the anchor channels by
appropriately qualified personnel are observed.

iv) Placing anchor channels by only pushing them into the wet concrete is not allowed.

v) Anchor channels might be vibrated into the wet concrete immediately after pouring observing the
following conditions:

26
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

 The size and number of fastenings is limited to anchor channels with a length of < 1m if
placed by one person, so that it can be placed simultaneously during vibrating by the
available personnel. Longer channels should be placed by at least two persons.

 The installation is carried out according to a quality system.

 The anchor channels are not moved after vibrating has been finished.

 The concrete in the region of the anchor and the anchor channel is properly compacted.

4.6 Determination of concrete condition

(1) In the region of the fastening the concrete may be cracked or non-cracked. The condition of the concrete
for the service life of the fastener shall be determined by the designer.

NOTE In general, it is conservative to assume that the concrete is cracked over its service life.

(2) Non-cracked concrete may be assumed if it is proven that under service conditions the fastener with its

en
entire embedment depth is located in non-cracked concrete. This will be satisfied if Equation (4.12) is

nd
observed (compressive stresses are negative):

ei
 L   R d  adm (4.12)

el
do
L stresses in the concrete induced by external loads including fastener loads
ie
R stresses in the concrete due to restraint of intrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. shrinkage of
s

concrete) or extrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. due to displacement of support or temperature

is

variations). If no detailed analysis is conducted, then V R = 3 N/mm² should be assumed.

m

 adm admissible tensile stress for the definition of non-cracked concrete.

m

The stresses VL and VR should be calculated assuming that the concrete is non-cracked. For concrete
co

NOTE 1
members which transmit loads in two directions (e.g. slabs, walls and shells) Equation (4.12) should be fulfilled for both
directions.
or

The value of V adm may be found in a Country's National Annex. The recommended value is V adm = 0.
vo

NOTE 2
en

(3) For seismic design situations the concrete shall always be assumed to be cracked in the region of the
fastening (see Clause 9) unless it is demonstrated that the concrete remains uncracked during the seismic
le

event.
Al

5 Durability
Fasteners and fixtures shall be chosen to have adequate durability taking into account the environmental
conditions for the structure. EN 1992-1-1 applies.

NOTE Information is given in informative Annex B.

6 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners - analysis

6.1 General

(1) The actions acting on a fixture shall be transferred to the fasteners as statically equivalent tension and
shear forces.

27
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(2) When a bending moment and/or a compression force act on a fixture, which is in contact with concrete or
mortar, a friction force will develop. If a shear force is also acting on a fixture, this friction will reduce the shear
force on the fastener. However, in this EN friction forces are neglected in the design of the fastenings.

(3) Eccentricities and prying effects shall be explicitly considered in the design of the fastening (Figure 6.1).
Prying forces C arise with deformation of the fixture and displacement of the fasteners.

(4) In general, elastic analysis may be used for establishing the loads on individual fasteners both at ultimate
and serviceability limit states.

NOTE For ultimate limit states plastic analysis for headed and post-installed fasteners may be used, if the conditions
of CEN/TR "Plastic design" are observed.

en
nd
ei
el
do
s ie
is
m
m

Key
co

1 eccentricity
a) eccentricity
or

b) prying action
vo

Figure 6.1 — Example for eccentricity and prying action

en

6.2 Headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners

le
Al

6.2.1 Tension loads

(1) The design value of tension loads acting on each fastener due to the design values of normal forces and
bending moments acting on a rigid fixture may be calculated assuming a linear distribution of strains across
the fixture and a linear relationship between strains and stresses. If the fixture bears on the concrete with or
without a grout layer, the compression forces are transmitted to the concrete by the fixture. The load
distribution to the fasteners may be calculated analogous to the elastic analysis of reinforced concrete using
the following assumptions (Figure 6.2):

a) The fixture is sufficiently rigid (flatness of transversal cross sections after deformation) such that linear
strain distribution will be valid.

b) The axial stiffness of all fasteners is equal. The stiffness should be determined on the basis of the elastic
steel strains in the fastener.

c) The modulus of elasticity of the concrete is taken from EN 1992-1. As a simplification, the modulus of
elasticity of concrete may be assumed as Ec = 30 000 N/mm². If no specific information is available in the
relevant European Technical Product Specification the modulus of elasticity of steel of the fastener may,
2
as a simplification, be assumed as Es = 210 000 N/mm .

28
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

d) In the zone of compression under the fixture the fasteners do not take forces.

(2) For fastener groups with different levels of tension forces NEd,i acting on the individual fasteners of a group,
g
the eccentricity EN of the tension force N Ed of the group with respect to the centre of gravity of the tensile
fasteners influences the concrete cone resistance of the group. Therefore this eccentricity shall be calculated
(Figures 6.2 and 6.3). If the tensioned fasteners do not form a rectangular pattern (see Figure 6.3c)) for
reasons of simplicity the group of tensioned fasteners may be shaped into a rectangular group to calculate the
centre of gravity. It may be assumed as point 'A' in Figure 6.3c). This simplification will lead to a larger
eccentricity and a reduced concrete resistance.

(3) The assumption of a linear distribution of strains is valid only if the fixture is sufficient rigid. The base
plate shall remain elastic under design actions and its deformation shall remain negligible in comparison with
the axial displacement of the fasteners. If this requirement is not fulfilled the deformation behaviour of the
fixture has to be taken into account adequately to determine the design value of tension loads acting on each
fastener.

en
nd
ei
el
do
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

C = 0,5 bfx x sc Ec

Figure 6.2 — Fastening with a rigid fixture bearing on the concrete loaded by a bending moment and a
normal force

29
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

6.2.2 Shear loads

6.2.2.1 Distribution of loads

The load distribution depends on the effectiveness of fasteners to resist shear loads which is e.g. influenced
by the hole clearance. If the diameter of the hole in the fixture is not larger than the value df given in Table 6.1
the following cases are distinguished:

 All fasteners are considered to be effective

 if the fastening is located far from an edge (c  max(10 hef , 60dnom))

 for verification of steel failure and pry out failure

 if the fastening is loaded by a shear load parallel to the edge or by a torsion moment (see Figures 6.4
and 6.5).

en
 Only fasteners closest to the edge are assumed to be effective for the verification of concrete edge failure
if the fastening is located close to the edge and loaded perpendicular to the edge (Figure 6.5b).

nd
A fastener is not considered to resist shear loads if the hole is slotted in the direction of the shear force.

ei
Table 6.1 — Hole clearance
el
do
1 external diameter
ie

a b 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30
d or dnom [mm]
s
is

2 diameter df of clearance
7 9 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 33
m

hole in the fixture [mm]

m

a
if bolt bears against the fixture.
co

b
if sleeve bears against the fixture.
or

NOTE Applications where bolts are welded to the fixture or screwed into the fixture, or in the cases where any gap
vo

between the fastener and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compressive strength or eliminated by other suitable
means may be considered to have no hole clearance.
en
le
Al

30
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
nd
ei
el
do
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en

Key
le

1 compressed area
2 neutral axis
Al

3 geometric centre of gravity of tensile fasteners

4 point of resultant tensile force of tensile fasteners
5 point 'A'
a) eccentricity in one direction, all fasteners are loaded by a tension force
b) eccentricity in one direction, only a part of the fasteners of the group are loaded by a tension force
c) eccentricity in two directions, only a part of the fasteners of the group are loaded by a tension force

Figure 6.3 — Examples of fastenings subjected to an eccentric tensile force NEd

31
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Key
0,5
Ted ª§ s · 2 § s · 2 º
a
Vanchor «¨ 1 ¸  ¨ 2 ¸ »
Ip «¬© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ »¼

with

en
nd
Ip = radial moment of inertia (here: Ip = s1² + s2²)

ei
Figure 6.4 — Determination of shear loads when all fasteners are effective in verification, example of

el
torsion moment acting on a quadruple fasteningdo
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo

a) group with two fasteners loaded parallel to the edge;

b) group with four fasteners loaded perpendicular to the edge
en

c) quadruple fastening loaded by an inclined shear load

le
Al

Figure 6.5 — Determination of shear loads when only the fasteners closest to the edge are effective
(concrete edge failure), examples

NOTE In case of fastener groups where only the fasteners closest to the edge are effective the component of the
load acting perpendicular to the edge is taken up by the fasteners closest to the edge, while the components of the load
acting parallel to the edge– due to reasons of equilibrium – are equally distributed to all fasteners of the group
(Figure 6.5c)).

Shear loads acting away from the edge do not significantly influence the concrete edge resistance. Therefore for the proof
of concrete edge failure these components may be neglected in the calculation of the shear forces on the fasteners close
to the edge.

32
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

6.2.2.2 Shear loads with and without lever arm

(1) Shear loads acting on fastenings may be assumed to act without a lever arm if all of the following
conditions are satisfied:

a) The fixture is in metal and in contact with the fastener over a length of at least 0,5˜tfix.

b) The diameter df of the hole is not greater than the value given in line 2 of Table 6.1.

c) The fixture is fixed

 either directly to the concrete without an intermediate layer; or

 using a levelling mortar not exceeding 0,5d in thickness as intermediate layer on a rough
concrete surface and the strength of the mortar is at least that of the base concrete but not less
than 30 N/mm².

When the above conditions are not satisfied, shear force on fastenings should be assumed to act with lever

en
arm. If only condition c) is not satisfied (2) may be applied.

nd
(2) In the case of monotonic loading reduced shear capacity in accordance with 7.2.2.3.1 may be used

ei
instead of design with lever arm provided


el
do
the shear force is applied without tension force on the base plate; and
ie

 the fastener spacing in the direction of the shear force exceeds 10d (if inclined shear forces are
s

acting this condition shall be fulfilled for both directions); and

is


m

the thickness of the mortar bed is less than or equal to 40mm; and
m

 mortar bed is applied on a rough concrete surface (see EN 1992-1-1:2004,6.2.5); and

co

 the strength of the mortar bed is at least that of the base concrete but not less than 30 N/mm².
or
vo

(3) If the shear load acts with a lever arm Equation (6.1) applies.
en

la a3  e1 (6.1)
le

with
Al

e1 distance between shear load and concrete surface (Figure 6.6)

a3 = 0,5 dnom

= 0 if a washer and a nut are directly clamped to the concrete surface or if a levelling grout layer with
a compressive strength t 30 N/mm² and a thickness tGrout > d/2, is present.

The design moment acting on the fastening is calculated according to Equation (6.2)

la
M Ed VEd ˜ (6.2)
M

33
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
Figure 6.6 — Definition of the lever arm

The value DM depends on the degree of restraint of the fastening at the side of the fixture of the application in

nd
question and shall be determined according to good engineering practice. No restraint (DM = 1,0) shall be

ei
assumed if the fixture can rotate freely. Full restraint (DM = 2,0) may be assumed only if the fixture cannot

el
rotate and the fixture is clamped to the fastening by a nut and washer.
do
6.3 Anchor channels
s ie
is

6.3.1 General
m

(1) The distribution of tension loads acting on the channel to the anchors of the anchor channel may be
m

calculated treating the channel as a beam on elastic support (anchors) with a partial restraint of the channel
co

ends as statical system. The resulting anchor forces depend significantly on the assumed anchor stiffness and
degree of restraint. For shear loads the load distribution is also influenced by the pressure distribution in the
or

contact zone between channel and concrete.

vo

(2) As a simplification for anchor channels with two anchors the loads on the anchors may be calculated
assuming a simply supported beam with a span length equal to the anchor spacing.
en

(3) For anchor channels with more than two anchors as an alternative in the following the triangular load
le

distribution method to calculate the distribution of tension and shear loads to the anchors is introduced.
Al

(4) In the case of shear loads, this EN covers only shear loads acting on the channel perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis.

NOTE Shear loads acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the anchor channel are covered in CEN/TR "Anchor
channels".

6.3.2 Tension loads

(1) The tension in each anchor caused by a tension load acting on the channel is calculated according to
Equation (6.3), which assumes a linear load distribution over the influence length li and takes into account the
condition of equilibrium. The influence length li shall be calculated according to Equation (6.5). An example for
the calculation of the forces acting on the anchors is given in Figure 6.7.

34
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

a
NEd,i k ˜ Ai' ˜ NEd (6.3)

with

Ai' ordinate at the position of the anchor i of a triangle with the unit height at the position of load N
and the base length 2li

1
k (6.4)
n
¦ A'i
1

li 13 ˜ I y0,05 ˜ s 0,5 t s [mm] (6.5)

n number of anchors on the channel within the influence length li to either side of the applied load
NEd (Figure 6.7)

en
(2) If several tension loads are acting on the channel a linear superimposition of the anchor forces for all

nd
loads shall be assumed.

ei
(3) If the exact position of the load on the channel is not known, the most unfavourable loading position shall

el
be assumed for each failure mode (e.g. load acting over an anchor for the case of failure of an anchor by steel
do
rupture or pull-out and load acting between anchors in the case of bending failure of the channel).
ie

(4) The bending moment in the channel due to tension loads acting on the channel may be calculated
s

assuming a simply supported single span beam with a span length equal to the anchor spacing.
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

35
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
NOTE The assumption of a simply supported beam to calculate the moments is a simplification which neglects the

nd
influence of partial end restraints, continuous beam action for channels with more than two anchors and catenary action
after yielding of the channel. The characteristic values of the moments of the resistance given in the European Technical

ei
Product Specification take these effects into account. They may be larger than the plastic moment, calculated with the

el
dimensions of the channel and nominal yield strength of the steel. do
li  e  s
A2' a
NEd A2' ˜ k ˜ NEd
ie

,2
li
s
is

li  e
m

A3' a
NEd ,3 A3' ˜ k ˜ NEd
li
m
co

li  s  e
A4' a
NEd ,4 A4' ˜ k ˜ NEd
or

li
vo

a a
NEd ,1 NEd ,5 0
en
le

Figure 6.7 — Example for the calculation of anchor forces according to the triangular load distribution
Al

method for an anchor channel with five anchors

6.3.3 Shear loads

(1) The provisions given in 6.2.2.2 shall be used to determine whether a shear load acts with or without a
lever arm on the channel bolt.

(2) The shear forces of each anchor due to a shear load acting on the channel perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis may be calculated in the same manner as described in 6.3.2.

NOTE Shear loads applied perpendicular to anchor channels are transferred mainly as compression at the interface
between channel and concrete. A small proportion of the applied load is transferred to the anchors as a result of bending
the channel. In addition for reasons of equilibrium the anchors are stressed by tension forces. In the approach presented
above it is assumed that shear forces are transferred by bending of the channel to the anchors and by the anchors into the
concrete. This simplified approach has been chosen to allow for simple interaction between tension and shear forces
acting on the channel.

36
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

6.4 Forces assigned to supplementary reinforcement

6.4.1 General

The design tension forces NEd, re acting in the supplementary reinforcement shall be established using an
appropriate strut and tie model.

6.4.2 Tension loads

The design tension forces NEd, re in the supplementary reinforcement shall be calculated using the design load
on the fastener or in case of anchor channels on the anchor.

6.4.3 Shear loads

The design tension force NEd, re in the supplementary reinforcement caused by the design shear force VEd
acting on a fixture is given by Equation (6.6).

en
§ es ·
N Ed, re ¨  1¸ ˜ Ved (6.6)
© z ¹

nd
ei
with (see Figure 6.8):

el
es = distance between reinforcement and shear force acting on a fixture
do
ie

­2 h
z | 0,85·d (Figure 6.8)), where d d min ® ef
s

¯2 c1
is
m

with d = (h - hch - 0,5ds) in case of anchor channels (Figure 6.8b))

m
co

If the supplementary reinforcement is not arranged in the direction of the shear force then this must be taken
into account in the calculation of the design tension force of the reinforcement.
or

In the case of different shear forces on the fasteners of a fixture or on the anchors of an anchor channel,
vo

h
Equation (6.6) shall be solved for the shear load VEd of the most loaded fastener or anchor resulting in
en

h
N Ed,re
.
le
Al

Figure 6.8 — Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces — detailing of reinforcement

37
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7 Verification of ultimate limit state

7.1 General

(1) It shall be demonstrated that Equation (4.1) is fulfilled for all loading directions (tension, shear, combined
tension and shear) as well as all failure modes (see Table 7.1).

(2) This section applies when forces on the fasteners have been calculated using elastic analysis.

(3) Both minimum edge distance and spacing should only be specified with positive tolerances. If this
requirement cannot be met, then the influence of negative tolerances on the design resistance shall be taken
into account in the design.

(4) The spacing between outer fasteners of adjoining groups or the distance between single fasteners or
single fasteners and outer fasteners of adjoining groups shall be a  scr,N.

(5) Aborted drill holes filled with high strength non-shrinkage mortar do not have may be neglected in the
design.

en
nd
NOTE For fastenings with post-installed fasteners and edge distances c < 50 mm the concrete might be pre-
damaged due to hammer drilling, especially in case of concrete with aggregate of maximum size > 20 mm. In this case it

ei
may be prudent to reduce the characteristic concrete cone and concrete edge resistance.

7.2 Headed and post-installed fasteners el

do
ie

7.2.1 Tension load

s
is

7.2.1.1 Required verifications

m
m

The verifications of Table 7.1 apply.

co

7.2.1.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement

or

When the design relies on supplementary reinforcement, concrete cone failure according to Table 7.1 and
vo

7.2.1.6 need not to be verified but the supplementary reinforcement shall be designed to resist the total load.
en

The supplementary reinforcement to take up tension loads shall comply with the following requirements (see
also Figure 7.1):
le
Al

a) In general, the same diameter of the reinforcement shall be provided for all fasteners of a group. The
2
reinforcement shall consist of ribbed reinforcing bars (fyk d 600 N/mm ) with a diameter ds not larger than
16 mm and shall be detailed as stirrups or loops with a mandrel diameter according to EN 1992-1-1.

b) The supplementary reinforcement should be placed symmetrically as close to the fasteners as practicable
to minimize the effect of eccentricity associated with the angle of the failure cone. Preferably, the
supplementary reinforcement should enclose the surface reinforcement. Only these reinforcement bars
with a distance d 0,75 hef from the fastener shall be assumed as effective.

38
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Figure 7.1 — Example for a multiple fastening with supplementary reinforcement to take up tension
loads and corresponding strut and tie model

Table 7.1 — Required verifications for headed and post-installed fasteners in tension
Fastener group
Single fastener

en
most loaded fastener fastener group

nd
Steel failure N Rk, s h
N Rk, s
1 N Ed d N Rd, s N Ed d N Rd, s
of fastener Ms Ms

ei
Pull-out failure N Rk, p
el N Rk, p
do
h
2 a N Ed d N Rd, p N Ed d N Rd, p
of fastener Mp Mp
ie

3 Combined pull-out NEd d NRd,p = NRk,p / JMp

s

g
b N Ed d NRd,p = NRk,p / JMp
is

and concrete failure

m

N Rk, c N Rk, c
m

Concrete g
4 N Ed d N Rd, c N Ed d N Rd, c
cone failure Mc Mc
co

N Rk, sp N Rk, sp
or

g
5 Splitting failure N Ed d N Rd, sp N Ed d N Rd, sp
Msp Msp
vo

N Rk, cb g N Rk, cb
6 Blow-out failure
c
N Ed d N Rd, cb N Ed d N Rd, cb
en

Mc Mc
le

Steel failure of N Rk, re h

N Rk, re
N Ed,re d N Rd, re re d N Rd, re
Al

7 N Ed,
reinforcement Ms, re Ms, re
Anchorage failure of N Ed,re d N Rd, a h
8 N Ed, re
d N Rd, a
reinforcement
a
Not required for post-installed chemical fasteners
b
Not required for headed and post-installed mechanical fasteners
c
Not required for post-installed fasteners and in case of headed fasteners where c > 0,5 hef

c) The minimum anchorage length of supplementary reinforcement in the concrete failure cone is minl1 = 4ds
(anchorage with bends, hooks or loops) or minl1 = 10ds (anchorage with straight bars with or without
welded transverse bars).

d) The supplementary reinforcement shall be anchored outside the assumed failure cone with an anchorage
length lbd according to EN 1992-1-1. In reinforced elements the tension in the anchored rebar shall be
transferred to the reinforcement in the element by adequate lapping. Otherwise concrete cone failure
corresponding to the end of the supplementary reinforcement should be verified using Equation (7.14).

39
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

e) Reinforcement should be provided as shown in Figure 7.1 designed to resist the forces arising from the
assumed strut and tie model, taking into account the splitting forces according to 7.2.1.7.

7.2.1.3 Steel failure of fastener

The characteristic resistance of a fastener in case of steel failure NRk,s is given in the relevant European
Technical Product Specification. The strength calculation is based on fuk.

7.2.1.4 Pull-out failure of fastener

The characteristic resistance in case of pull-out failure NRk,p of post-installed mechanical and headed fasteners
is given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

NOTE For headed fasteners the characteristic resistance NRk,p is limited by the concrete pressure under the head of
the fastener according to Equation (7.1):

NRk, p = k1 ˜ Ah ˜ fck (7.1)

en
with

nd
Ah = load bearing area of the head of the fastener

d 
ei
S 2
=  d2 (7.2)

el
h
4
do
k1 = 7,5 for fasteners in cracked concrete
ie

= 10,5 for fasteners in non-cracked concrete

s
is

7.2.1.5 Combined pull-out and concrete failure in case of post-installed chemical fasteners
m
m

The characteristic resistance of a fastener, a group of fasteners and the tensioned fasteners of a group of
fasteners in case of combined pull-out and concrete failure may be obtained by Equation (7.3).
co

A p,N
or

0
N Rk , p N Rk ,p ˜ ˜\ g,Np ˜\ s,Np ˜\ re,N ˜\ ec,Np (7.3)
A0p,N
vo
en

The different factors of Equation (7.3) are given below.

le

0
(1) The characteristic resistance of a single bonded fastener N Rk,p
not influenced by adjacent bonded
Al

fasteners or edges of the concrete member is:

0
N Rk,p
W Rk ˜ S ˜ d ˜ hef (7.4)

with

WRk = WRk,Cr for cracked concrete

 = WRk,ucr for non-cracked concrete

WRk, Cr and WRk,ucr are given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

40
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(2) The geometric effect of axial spacing and edge distance on the characteristic resistance is taken into
0
account by the value Ap,N / Ap,N , where

0
Ap,N = scr,Np ˜ scr,Np, reference bond influence area of an individual fastener

Ap,N actual bond influence area, limited by overlapping areas of adjacent fasteners (s < scr,Np) as
well as by edges of the concrete member (c < ccr,Np).

scr,Np = 7,3 ˜ d ˜ W Rk d 3hef (7.5)

WRk = value WRk,ucr for non-cracked concrete C20/25

ccr,Np = scr,Np/2 (7.6)
0 0
NOTE Ap,N and Ap,N are calculated similar to the reference projected area Ac,N and the actual projected area

Ac,N in case of concrete cone failure (Figures 7.3 and 7.4). However, then the values scr,N and ccr,N are replaced by the

en
values scr,Np and ccr,Np, respectively. The value scr,Np calculated according Equation (7.5) is valid for cracked and non-
cracked concrete.

nd
(3) The factor \ g,Np takes account of a group effect for closely spaced fasteners.

ei
s 0,5
  el
do
0 0
\ g,Np \ g,Np  ( ) ˜ \ g,Np  1 t1 [ ] (7.7)
scr,Np
sie

with
is
m

W Rk 1,5
\ g0, Np n  ( n  1) ˜ ( ) t1 [ ] (7.8)
m

W Rk ,c
co

k8
W Rk,c hef ˜ f ck
or

(7.9)
S ˜d
vo

k8 = 7,7 for cracked concrete

en

= 11,0 for non-cracked concrete

le

In case of unequal spacing the mean value of the spacing should be used in Equation (7.7).
Al

(4) The factor \ s,Np takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to the
proximity of an edge of the concrete member. For fastenings with several edge distances (e.g. fastening in a
corner of the concrete member or in a narrow member), the smallest edge distance c shall be inserted in
Equation 7.10).

c
\ s,Np 0,7  0,3 ˜ d 1 [-] (7.10)
ccr,Np

(5) The shell spalling factor \ re,N applies when hef < 100 mm and accounts for the effect of dense
reinforcement between which the fastener is installed:

hef
\ re,N 0,5  d 1 [-] (7.11)
200

The factor \ re,N may be taken as 1,0 in the following cases:

41
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

a) Reinforcement (any diameter) is present at a spacing  150 mm, or

b) reinforcement with a diameter of 10 mm or less is present at a spacing  100 mm.

(6) The factor \ ec,Np takes account of a group effect when different tension loads are acting on the
individual fasteners of a group.

1
\ ec,Np d 1 [-] (7.12)
1  2 ˜ eN / s cr,Np

Where there is an eccentricity in two directions, \ ec,Np shall be determined separately for each direction and
the product of both factors shall be inserted in Equation (7.3).

(7) For the case of fasteners in a narrow member, i.e. in an application with three or more edge distances
less than ccr,Np from the fastener (Figure 7.4), the calculation according to Equation (7.3) leads to conservative
'
results. More precise results are obtained if hef is substituted by hef , which is determined according to

en
Equations (7.19) and (7.20) with replacing ccr,N by ccr,Np and scr,N by scr,Np.

nd
'
The value hef is inserted in Equations (7.4), (7.5) and (7.9). The values scr' , Np and ccr' , Np = 0,5 scr' , Np are used

ei
to determine A0p,N and Ap, N as well as in Equations (7.7), (7.10) and (7.12).

el
do
7.2.1.6 Concrete cone failure
ie

(1) The characteristic resistance of a fastener, a group of fasteners and the tensioned fasteners of a group of
s

fasteners in case of concrete cone failure may be obtained by Equation (7.13).

is
m

0 Ac, N
NRk, c NRk, c ˜ ˜ s, N ˜ re, N ˜ ec, N ˜ M, N [N] (7.13)
m

0
Ac, N
co

The different factors of Equation (7.13) are given below.

or

(2) The characteristic resistance of a single fastener placed in concrete and not influenced by adjacent
vo

fasteners or edges of the concrete member is obtained by:

en

0 1,5
NRk,c k9 ˜ fck ˜ hef [N] (7.14)
le
Al

with
k9 = kcr,N for cracked concrete
= kucr,N for non-cracked concrete
kcr,N and kucr,N are given in the corresponding European Technical Product Specification.
NOTE According to current experience the values for kcr,N and kucr,N are kcr,N = 7,7 and kucr,N = 11,0 for post-installed
fasteners and the values kcr,N = 8,9 and kucr,N = 12,7 apply for cast-in headed fasteners. In case of anchor channels kcr,N
and kucr,N depend on the shape of the anchor channel.

(3) The geometric effect of axial spacing and edge distance on the characteristic resistance is taken into
0
account by the value Ac, N /Ac, N
, where

0
c, 
= scr,N ˜ scr,N (7.15)
= reference projected area, see Figure 7.2

42
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Ac,N = actual projected area, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjacent fasteners
(s < scr,N) as well as by edges of the concrete member (c < ccr,N).
An example for the calculation of Ac,N is given in Figure 7.3.

scr,N and ccr,N are given in the corresponding European Technical Product Specification.
NOTE For headed and post-installed fasteners according to current experience scr,N = 2 ccr,N = 3 hef.

en
nd
ei
el
do
0
Ac,N scr,N ˜ scr,N
s ie

Key
is

1 Concrete cone
m

0
Figure 7.2 — Idealized concrete cone and area Ac, N of concrete cone of an individual fastener
m
co
or
vo

Ac, N = (c1 + s1 + 0,5 scr, N) ˜ (c2 + s2 + 0,5 scr, N)

en

if: c1; c2 d ccr, N

le
Al

s1 ; s2 d scr, N

When the fastening is close to one edge only the value of c1 (or c2) parallel to the edge should be replaced by 0,5 scr,N and
the expression for Ac,N should be modified accordingly

Figure 7.3 — Example of the actual area Ac, N of the idealised concrete cone for a group of four
fasteners

(4) The factor \s, N takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to the
proximity of an edge of the concrete member. For fastenings with several edge distances (e.g. fastening in a
corner of the concrete member or in a narrow member), the smallest edge distance c should be inserted in
Equation (7.16).

\ s,N 0,7  0,3 ˜

c
d1 >@ (7.16)
ccr,N

43
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(5) For the shell spalling factor \re, N the corresponding provisions in 7.2.1.5 apply.

(6) The factor \ec, N takes account of a group effect when different tension loads are acting on the individual
fasteners of a group.

1
\ ec, N d1 [-] (7.17)
1  2 ˜ e N / scr, N

Where there is an eccentricity in two directions, \ec, N shall be determined separately for each direction and
the product of both factors should be inserted in Equation (7.13).

(7) The factor \M, N takes into account the effect of a compression force between fixture and concrete.

\M, N = 1, fastenings close to an edge (c < 1,5 hef), fastenings with c  hef loaded by a bending
moment and a tension force with CEd/NEd < 0,8 or fastenings with z/hef  
= 2 – 0,67 · z/hef  (7.18)
all other fastenings loaded by a bending moment and a normal force

en
In case of bending in two directions z shall be determined for the resultant direction.

nd
(8) For the case of fasteners in an application with three or more edge distances less than ccr, N from the

ei
fasteners (see Figure 7.4) the calculation according to Equation (7.13) leads to conservative results. More

el
precise results are obtained if in the case of single fasteners the value hef is substituted by
do
' cmax
hef ˜ hef (7.19)
ie

ccr, N
s
is

or in the case of groups hef is substituted by the larger value of

m
m

' c s
hef max { max ˜ hef ; max ˜ hef } (7.20)
co

ccr, N scr, N
or

with cmax = maximum distance from centre of a fastener to the edge of concrete member d ccr,N
vo

smax = maximum centre to centre spacing of fasteners  scr,N;

en

s2,max (d scr,N) for applications with three edges

le
Al

Key

a) (c1; c2,1; c2,2) d ccr,N

b) (c1,1; c1,2; c2,1; c2,2) d ccr,N
' ' '
Figure 7.4 — Examples for fastenings in concrete members where hef , scr,N and ccr,N may be used

44
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

'
The value hef is inserted in Equation (7.14). In Equations (7.15), (7.16), (7.17) and for the determination of
Ac, N according to Figure 7.3 the values scr' ,N and ccr' ,N , defined as

'
' ' hef
scr ,N 2ccr ,N scr, N (7.21)
hef
are inserted for scr,N and ccr,N, respectively.

'
NOTE An example for the calculation of hef is illustrated in Figure 7.5.

en
nd
ei
el
do
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo

c1 = 110 mm
c2 = 100 mm
en

c3 = 120 mm = cmax
c4 = 80 mm
le

s = 210 mm
Al

hef = 200 mm
´
hef max ^120 / 1,5; 210 / 3` 80 mm

'
Figure 7.5 — Illustration of the calculation of hef for a double fastening influenced by 4 edges

7.2.1.7 Splitting failure

(1) Splitting failure during installation (e.g. when applying the installation torque on a fastener) is avoided by
complying with minimum values for edge distances cmin, spacing smin, member thickness hmin and requirements
for reinforcement as given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

NOTE Although the headed fasteners are not torqued, minimum values for edge distance and spacing should be
observed to facilitate adequate placing and compaction of concrete.

45
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(2) Splitting failure due to loading shall be taken into account according the following rules. The characteristic
values of edge distance and spacing in the case of splitting under load, ccr,sp and scr,sp, are given in the relevant
European Technical Product Specification.

No verification is required if at least one of the following conditions is fulfilled:

a) The edge distance in all directions is c > 1,0 ccr,sp for single fasteners and c > 1,2 ccr,sp, for fastener
groups and the member depth is h > hmin in both cases.

b) The characteristic resistance for concrete cone failure and pull-out failure is calculated for cracked
concrete and reinforcement resists the splitting forces and limits the crack width to wk d 0,3 mm.

NOTE The required cross-section As of the splitting reinforcement may be determined as follows:

 Ed
As k12 [mm²] (7.22)
f yk /J Ms, re
with

en
k12 = 2,0 deformation-controlled expansion fasteners
= 1,5 torque-controlled expansion fasteners

nd
= 1,0 undercut fasteners
= 0,5 bonded fasteners, headed fasteners, anchor channels

ei
61Ed = sum of the design tensile force of the fasteners in tension under the design value of the actions [N]

el
do
fyk = nominal yield strength of the reinforcing steel d 600 N/mm²
ie
If the conditions a) and b) are not fulfilled, then the characteristic resistance of a fastener or a group of
fasteners in case of splitting failure shall be calculated according to Equation (7.23).
s
is
m

0 Ac, N
N Rk, sp N Rk,sp ˜ ˜  s, N ˜ re, N ˜  ec, N ˜ h, sp (7.23)
m

0
Ac, N
co

0
with: N Rk, given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification
or

sp
vo

\ s,N , \ re,N , \ ec,N according to 7.2.1.6, however the values ccr,N and scr,N shall be replaced by ccr,sp
and scr,sp, respectively, which are based on a member thickness hmin.
en

\h,sp takes into account the influence of the actual member thickness h on the splitting resistance.
le

For fasteners according to current experience it is given by Equation (7.24).

Al

2/3 2/3
§ h · § hef  1,5c1 ·
\ h,sp ¨
¨h ¸
¸ d max {1; ¨¨ ¸
¸ }d2 (7.24)
© min ¹ © hmin ¹

If in the relevant European Technical Product Specification ccr,sp for more than one member thickness h is
given, then the member thickness valid for the used ccr,sp shall be inserted in Equation (7.24).

0
NOTE If N is not available in the relevant European Technical Product Specification this value may be
Rk ,sp
0 0
conservatively calculated as N = min { N , N }, with N according to 7.2.1.4 in case of post-installed
Rk ,sp Rk , p Rk ,c Rk , p
0
mechanical and cast-in fasteners or replaced by N according to 7.2.1.5 in case of chemical fasteners.
Rk , p

46
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.2.1.8 Blow-out failure

Verification of blow-out failure is required in case of headed fasteners and for post-installed mechanical
undercut fasteners acting as headed fasteners if the edge distance in one direction is c
0,5 hef. The
characteristic resistance in case of blow-out failure is:
0 Ac, Nb
NRk, cb NRk, cb ˜ 0 ˜ s, Nb ˜ g, Nb ˜ ec, Nb [N] (7.25)
Ac, Nb

The different factors of Equation (7.25) are given below.

NOTE For groups of fasteners perpendicular to the edge, which are loaded uniformly, verification is only required for
the fasteners closest to the edge.

(1) The characteristic resistance of a single fastener, not influenced by adjacent fasteners or free structural
component edges is obtained by:

0
N Rk,cb k 4 ˜ c1 ˜ Ah ˜ f ck [N] (7.26)

en
where

nd
k4 = 8,7 for cracked concrete

ei
= 12,2 for non-cracked concrete

el
Ah as defined in Equation (7.2) or given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.
do
(2) The geometric effect of axial spacing and edge distance on the characteristic resistance is taken into
ie

0
account by the value Ac, Nb /Ac,
s

Nb
is

where
m

0
m

Ac, Nb
= reference projected area for an individual fastener with an edge distance c1, see Figure 7.6
co

= (4 c1)² (7.27)
or

Ac, Nb = actual projected area, limited by overlapping concrete break-out bodies of adjacent fasteners
(s < 4 c1) as well as by proximity of edges of the concrete member (c2 < 2 ˜ c1 ) or the member
vo

thickness.
en

Examples for the calculation of Ac,Nb are given in Figure 7.7.

le
Al

0
Figure 7.6 — Idealized concrete break-out body and area Ac, Nb
of an individual fastener in case of
blow-out failure

47
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Ac , Nb 4 c 1 (c 2  s  2 c1 )
c 2 d 2 c1
s d 4 c1

Ac , Nb (2 c 1  f ) (4 c1  s )

en
f d 2 c1
s d 4 c1

nd
ei
el
do
ie

Figure 7.7 — Examples of actual areas Ac, Nb of the idealized concrete break-out bodies for different
s

arrangements of headed fasteners in case of blow-out failures

is
m

(3) The factor \s, Nb takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to the
m

proximity of a corner of the concrete member. For fastenings with several edge distances (e.g. fastening in a
narrow concrete member), the smallest edge distance, c2, shall be inserted in Equation (7.28).
co

c2
\ s, Nb
or

0,7  0,3 ˜ d1 (7.28)

2c1
vo

(4) The factor \g, Nb accounts for the group effect of a number of fasteners n in a row parallel to the edge.
en

s1
le

 g, Nb n  (1  n ) ˜ t1 (7.29)
4 c1
Al

with

s1 d 4c1

(5) The factor \ec, Nb takes account of a group effect, when different loads are acting on the individual
fasteners of a group.

1
\ ec, Nb (7.30)
1  2 ˜ eN/(4 c1)

48
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.2.1.9 Supplementary reinforcement

(1) The characteristic resistance of the supplementary reinforcement NRk,re of one fastener is

NRk, re = nre ˜ As,re ˜ fyk,re (7.31)

with

fyk d 600 N/mm²

(2) The design resistance NRd,a of the supplementary reinforcement provided for one fastener associated with
anchorage failure in the concrete cone is:

l1 ˜  ˜ d s ˜ f bd
N Rd, a ¦ 
(7.32)
nre

with

en
l1 lb,min = 4 ˜ ds (anchorage with bends, hooks or loops)

nd
t 10 ˜ ds (anchorage with straight bars with or without welded transverse bars)

ei
fbd = design bond strength according to EN 1992-1-1, taking into account the concrete cover
of the supplementary reinforcement
el
do
 = influencing factor, according to EN 1992-1-1
ie

= 0,7 for hooked bars

s
is

= 1,0 for straight bars

m

7.2.2 Shear load

m
co

7.2.2.1 Required verifications

or

The verifications of Table 7.2 apply.

vo
en
le
Al

49
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 7.2 — Required verifications for headed and post-installed fasteners in shear

Single fastener Fastener groups

most loaded fastener fastener group

1 Steel failure of fastener VRk, s,m h VRk, s,m

VEd d VRd, s VEd d VRd, s
without lever arm Ms Ms

2 Steel failure of fastener VRk, s VRk, s

h
with lever arm VEd d VRd, s VEd d VRd, s
Ms Ms

3 Concrete edge failure VRk, c g VRk, c

VEd d VRd, c VEd d VRd, c
Mc Mc

4 Concrete pry-out failure VRk, cp g VRk, cp

VEd d VRd, cp VEd d VRd, cp a
Mc Mc

en
5 Steel failure of NRk, re NRk, re

nd
h
supplementary VEd, re d VRd, re VEd, re d VRd, re
Ms, re Ms, re
reinforcement

ei
el
6 Anchorage failure of VEd, re d N Rd, a h
supplementary
VEd, re d N Rd, a
do
reinforcement
ie

a exception see 7.2.2.4.

s
is

7.2.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement

m
m

When the design relies on supplementary reinforcement, concrete edge failure according to Table 7.2 and
co

7.2.2.5 need not to be verified but the supplementary reinforcement shall be designed to resist the total load.
The supplementary reinforcement may be in the form of a surface reinforcement (Figure 7.8) or in the shape
or

of stirrups or loops.
vo

The supplementary reinforcement shall be anchored outside the assumed failure body with an anchorage
length lb,net according to EN 1992-1-1. In reinforced elements the tension in the anchored rebar shall be
en

transferred to the reinforcement in the element by adequate lapping. Otherwise concrete edge failure
corresponding to the end of the supplementary reinforcement should be verified using Equation (7.39).
le
Al

In general, for all fasteners of a group the same diameter of reinforcement shall be provided. It shall consist of
ribbed bars with fyk  600 N/mm² and a diameter not larger than 16 mm. The mandrel diameter, db, shall
comply with EN 1992-1-1.

If the shear force is taken up by a surface reinforcement according to Figure 7.8, the following additional
requirements shall be met:

a)
 c1 from the fastener shall be assumed as effective.

b) The anchorage length l1 (see Figure 7.8) in the concrete breakout body is at least
min l1 = 10 ds, straight bars with or without welded transverse bars
= 4 ds bars with a hook, bend or loop

c) Reinforcement along the edge of the member shall be provided and be designed for the forces
according to an appropriate strut and tie model (see Figure 7.8). As a simplification an angle of the
compression struts of 45° may be assumed.

50
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Figure 7.8 — Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces with simplified strut and tie model to

en
design edge reinforcement

nd
If the shear forces are taken up by a supplementary reinforcement detailed in the shape of stirrups or loops,

ei
the reinforcement shall enclose and contact the shaft of the fastener and be positioned as closely as possible

el
to the fixture. do
7.2.2.3 Steel failure of fastener
s ie

7.2.2.3.1 Shear load without lever arm

is
m

For headed fasteners welded or not welded to a steel fixture and post-installed fasteners the characteristic
m

resistance of a single fastener in case of steel failure VRk,s is given in the relevant European Technical Product
Specification. For a single fastener without sleeve in the sheared section (threaded rod) and without significant
co

reduction in cross-section along its total length VRk,s shall not be larger than:
or

VRk,s = k50 ˜As ˜ fuk (7.33)

vo

with
en

k50 = 0,6 fuk  500 N/mm²

le

= 0,5 500 N/mm²< fuk  1000 N/mm²

Al

NOTE According to current experience for fasteners with a ratio hef/d < 5 and a concrete compressive strength class
< C20/25 the characteristic resistance VRk,s should be multiplied by a factor of 0,8.

In general, in presence of a grout layer with a thickness tgrout  d/2 the characteristic resistance of the fastener
VRk , s , m is:

VRk,s,m = k51 ˜ VRk,s (7.34)

In case of groups with fasteners with a maximum hole clearance df as given in Table 6.1 and made of non-
ductile steel, this characteristic shear resistance shall be multiplied with the factor k 51. The factor k51 is given in
the relevant European Technical Product Specification. For single fasteners k51 = 1.

NOTE According to current experience the factor k51 for ductile steel is k51 = 1, for non-ductile steel is k51 = 0,8. Steel
with rather low ductility (rupture elongation A5  %) may be treated as non-ductile.

51
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

In case of a fastening with two or more fasteners located in uncracked concrete and arranged in the direction
of the shear load and a grout layer with a thickness tgrout  40mm the characteristic resistance of one fastener
VRk , s , m is:

VRk,s,m = (1  0,01 ˜ t grout ) ˜ k51 ˜ VRk,s (7.35)

NOTE In the absence of better information for cracked concrete VRk,s,m = (1  0,015 ˜ t grout ) ˜ k51 ˜ VRk ,s may be
assumed.

7.2.2.3.2 Shear load with lever arm

The characteristic resistance in case of steel failure VRk,s shall be obtained from Equation (7.36).

M ˜ M Rk, s
VRk, s [N] (7.36)
l

en
with
DM , l see 6.2.2.2

nd
, s ˜ (1  N Ed / N Rd , s )
0
MRk, s = M Rk (7.37)

ei
el
NRd,s = NRk, s/JMs
do
The characteristic resistance under tension load in case of steel failure NRk,s, the partial factor JMs and the
ie

0
characteristic bending resistance of a single fastener M Rk, s are given in the relevant European Technical
s
is

Product Specification where applicable.

m

7.2.2.4 Concrete pry-out failure

m
co

Fastenings may fail due to a concrete pry-out failure at the side opposite to load direction. The corresponding
characteristic resistance VRk,cp shall be calculated from Equation (7.38).
or

VRk, cp = k3 ˜ NRk,c
vo

(7.38)

with
en
le

k3 factor to be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification, valid for
applications without supplementary reinforcement. In case of supplementary reinforcement
Al

(Figure 7.8) the factor k3 should be multiplied with 0,75.

NRk,c according to 7.2.1.6 determined for a single fastener or all fasteners in a group loaded in shear

For anchor groups with shear forces (or components thereof) on the individual anchors in opposing directions
(e.g. anchorages loaded predominantly by a torsion moment), the most unfavourable anchor should be
verified. When calculating the area Ac,N it should conservatively be assumed that there is a virtual edge
(c = 0,5s) in the direction of the neighbouring anchor(s) (see Figure 7.9).

7.2.2.5 Concrete edge failure

(1) The following verifications are valid for shear loads acting on fastenings without lever arm.

(2) The following conditions shall be observed:

 For single fasteners and groups with not more than 4 fasteners with or without hole clearance and
with an edge distance in all directions c > max(10 hef; 60 d), a check of the characteristic concrete
edge failure resistance may be omitted.

52
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

 For fastenings with more than one edge (see Figure 7.10), the resistances for all edges shall be
calculated. The smallest value should be used in the verification.

NOTE The minimum spacing for a group of fasteners should be smin  4d.

en
group of four anchors away from edges group of two anchors located in a corner

nd
Figure 7.9 — Calculation of area Ac,N for pryout failure for group anchorages with shear load

ei
(or components thereof) on anchors acting in opposing directions

el
do
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

53
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
nd
VE1 = VEd cos 

ei
VE2 = VEd sin 
Key
el
do
1 loaded fastener
2 unloaded fastener
ie

a) applied action
s

b) verification for the left edge

is

c) verification for the bottom edge

m

1
2
m
co

Figure 7.10 — Verification for a quadruple fastening with hole clearance at a corner, example
or

(3) The characteristic resistance VRk,c of a fastener or a fastener group loaded towards the edge is:
vo

A c, V
en

0
VRk , c VRk ,c ˜ ˜ \ s , V ˜ \ h, V ˜ \ ec,V ˜\ D ,V ˜\ re, V [N] (7.39)
A 0c, V
le
Al

The different factors of Equation (7.39) are given below.

(4) The initial value of the characteristic resistance of a fastener loaded perpendicular to the edge
corresponds to:

0
VRk,c
D
k5 ˜ dnom ˜ lfE ˜ fck ˜ c1,5
1 [N] (7.40)

with
k5 = 1,7 for cracked concrete
= 2,4 for non-cracked concrete
0,5
§l ·
 0,1 ˜ ¨¨ f ¸¸ [-] (7.41)
© c1 ¹

54
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

0,2
§d ·
 0,1 ˜ ¨¨ nom ¸¸ [-] (7.42)
© c1 ¹

lf = hef in case of a uniform diameter of the shank of the headed fastener and a uniform diameter
of the post-installed fastener
d 12 dnom in case of dnom 
8 dnom , 300mm) in case of dnom >24mm

dnom d 60 mm

The values dnomand lf are given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

(5) The geometrical effect of spacing as well as of further edge distances and the effect of thickness of the
0
concrete member on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by the ratio Ac, V /Ac, V
, where:

en
0
Ac, = reference projected area, see Figure 7.11

nd
V

= 4,5 c12

ei
(7.43)

Ac, V
el
area of the idealized concrete break-out body, limited by the overlapping concrete cones of
do
adjacent fasteners (s < 3 c1) as well as by edges parallel to the assumed loading direction
ie

(c2 < 1,5 c1) and by member thickness (h < 1,5 c1). Examples for calculation of Ac,V are given in
s

Figure 7.12.
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

0
Figure 7.11 — Idealized concrete break-out body and area Ac, V
for a single fastener

55
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Ac, V = 1,5 c1 (1,5 c1 + c2) Ac, V = (2 ˜ 1,5 c1 + s2) ˜ h

h  1,5 c1 h < 1,5 c1
c2 d 1,5 c1 s2 d 3 c1

a) Single anchor at a corner b) Group of anchors at an edge in a thin concrete

member

en
Figure 7.12 — Examples of actual projected areas Ac,V of the idealized concrete break-out bodies

nd
for different fastener arrangements under shear loading

ei
NOTE The resistance for a fastening under torsion consisting of two fasteners where the fasteners are loaded in shear

el
in opposite directions calculated in accordance with Equation (7.40) may be unconservative for concrete edge failure due
do
to overlapping of the concrete breakout bodies. If the ratio between the concrete edge breakout resistance (verified edge)
to the concrete breakout resistance of the second fastener (pry-out or edge failure) is larger than 0,7 and s2  scrit,
ie

Equation (7.40) should be multiplied by a factor of 0,8. Herein, scrit is defined as follows:
s
is

 scrit = 1,5hef + 1,5c1, if the second fastener is governed by pry-out failure;

m
m

 scrit = 1,5hef, if the second fastener is governed by concrete edge failure with respect to a second edge (perpendicular
to the verified edge).
co

(6) The factor \s, V takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to
or

further edges of the concrete member on the shear resistance. For fastenings with two edges parallel to the
vo

direction of loading (e.g. in a narrow concrete member) the smaller edge distance shall be used for c2 in
Equation (7.44).
en

c2
\ s, V 0,7  0,3 ˜ d1 (7.44)
le

1,5 c1
Al

(7) The factor \h, V takes account of the fact that the concrete edge resistance does not decrease
0
proportionally to the member thickness as assumed by the ratio Ac, V /Ac, V
(Figure 7.12b)).

0 ,5
§ 1,5 c1 ·
h, V ¨ ¸ t1 (7.45)
© h ¹

(8) The factor \ ec,V takes into account a group effect when different shear loads are acting on the individual
fasteners of a group (see Figure 7.13).

1
\ ec,V d1 (7.46)
1  2 ˜ e V /(3 ˜ c1 )

eV eccentricity of the resulting shear load acting on the fasteners relative to the centre of gravity of the
fasteners loaded in shear

56
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
Figure 7.13 — Resolving unequal shear components into an eccentric shear load resultant, example

nd
(9) The factor \ D ,V takes into account the angle D V between the applied load VEd and the direction

ei
perpendicular to the free edge under consideration for the calculation of the concrete edge resistance (see

el
Figure 7.10). do
1
\ D ,V t1 (7.47)
ie

(cos DV )  (0,5 ˜ sin DV )2

2
s
is

DV = angle between design shear load VEd and a line perpendicular to the verified edge,
m

0°  D V !#, see Figure 7.10

m
co

NOTE In case of a single fastener with c2 < 1,5 c1 and the shear load directed towards a corner the factor 0,5 in
Equation (7.47) should be replaced by 1,0. This modification accounts for the possibility that in this special case the corner
or

may break off instead of a breakout body developing at one of the edges.
vo

(10) The factor \re, V takes account of the effect of the reinforcement located on the edge.
en

\re, V = 1,0 fastening in non-cracked as well as cracked concrete without edge reinforcement or stirrups
le

\re, V = 1,4 fastening in cracked concrete with edge reinforcement (Figure 7.8) and closely spaced
Al

stirrups or wire mesh with a spacing a < 100 mm and a d 2 c1

A factor \re, V > 1 for applications in cracked concrete shall only be applied, if the embedment depth hef of the
fastener is hef t 2,5 times the concrete cover of the edge reinforcement.

(11) For fastenings in a narrow, thin member with c2,max < 1,5 c1 and h < 1,5 c1 (see Figure 7.14) the calculation
according to Equation (7.39) leads to conservative results. More precise results are achieved if c1 in case of
single fasteners is

c1' max { c 2, max /1,5; h /1,5} (7.48)

with
c2,max = larger of the two edge distances parallel to the direction of loading

or in case of groups c1 is

57
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

c1' max {c 2, max /1,5; h /1,5; s2,max /3} (7.49)

with
s2,max = maximum spacing in direction 2 between fasteners within a group

The value of c1' instead of c1 is used in Equations (7.40) to (7.46) as well as in the determination of the areas
0
Ac, V
and Ac,V according to Figures 7.11 and 7.12.

7.2.2.6 Supplementary reinforcement

(1) The characteristic resistance of one fastener in case of steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement
may be calculated according to Equation (7.50).

NRk, re = k6 ˜ nre ˜As,re ˜ fyk (7.50)

with

en
nd
k6 = efficiency factor
= 1,0 surface reinforcement according to Figure 7.1

ei
el
= 0,5 supplementary reinforcement in the shape of stirrups or loops enclosing the fastener
do
fyk 600 N/mm²
ie

NOTE The factor k6 = 0,5 for supplementary reinforcement in the shape of stirrups or loops takes account of
s
is

unavoidable tolerances in workmanship.

m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

max (c2,1 and c2,2 ) < 1,5 c1 and h < 1,5 c1 s = 100 mm, c1 = 200 mm, h = 120 mm < 1,5 ˜ 200 mm,
c2,1 = 150 mm  1,5 ˜ 200 mm, c2,2 = 100 mm < 1,5 ˜ 200 mm,
c1' = max {150/1,5 ; 120/1,5 ; 100/3} = 100 mm

Figure 7.14 — Fasteners in thin, narrow members where the value c1' may be used

58
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(2) For applications with supplementary reinforcement in the shape of stirrups or loops enclosing the fastener
no proof of the anchorage capacity of the supplementary reinforcement is necessary.

For applications according to Figure 7.8 the design resistance NRd,,a of the supplementary reinforcement of
one fastener in case of an anchorage failure in the concrete edge break-out body is given by Equation (7.51).

l ˜  ˜ d s ˜ fbd
NRd, a ¦1 
(7.51)
nre

with

l1 lb,min = 4 ˜ ds (anchorage with bends, hooks or loops)

t 10 ˜ ds (anchorage with straight bars with or without welded transverse bars)

fbd = design bond strength according to EN 1992-1-1, taking into account the concrete cover of the
supplementary reinforcement

en
 = influencing factor, according to EN 1992-1-1
= 0,7 for hooked bars

nd
= 1,0 for straight bars

ei
7.2.3 Combined tension and shear load

el
do
7.2.3.1 Fastenings without supplementary reinforcement
ie

The required verifications are given in Table 7.3.

s
is

Verifications for steel and concrete failure modes are carried out separately. Both verifications shall be fulfilled.
m
m

Table 7.3 — Required verifications for headed and post-installed fasteners without supplementary
co

reinforcement in combined tension and shear load

or

Verification
vo

1 2 2
§ N Ed · § VEd ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ d1 (7.53)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
en

© Rd , s ¹ © Rd , s ¹
le

Steel failure of fastener with:

Al

NEd/NRd,s  1 and VEd/VRd,s  1

If NEd and VEd are associated with different fasteners in the group the
interaction shall be verified for all fasteners.
2 Failure modes 1, 5 1, 5
§ N Ed · §V ·
other than steel ¨ ¸  ¨¨ Ed ¸ d1 (7.54)
¨N ¸ ¸
© Rd ,i ¹ © VRd ,i ¹
or
§ N Ed · § VEd ·
¨ ¸¨ ¸ d 1,2 (7.55)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
© Rd ,i ¹ © Rd ,i ¹
with:
NEd/NRd,i  VEd/VRd,i 
The largest value of NEd/NRd,i and VEd/VRd,i for the different failure modes
shall be taken.

59
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.2.3.2 Fastenings with supplementary reinforcement

For fastenings with a supplementary reinforcement for tension and shear loads 7.2.3.1 applies. For fastenings
with a supplementary reinforcement to take up tension or shear loads only, Equation (7.52) shall be used with
the largest value of NEd/NRd,i and VEd/VRd,i for the different failure modes other than fastener steel failure.

k7 k7
§ N Ed · §V ·
¨ ¸  ¨ Ed ¸ d1 (7.52)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
© Rd ,i ¹ © Rd ,i ¹

with:
NRd,i minimum value of NRd,c , NRd,p , NRd,cb
VRd,i minimum value of VRd,c , VRd,cp
k7 given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification

en
NEd/NRd,i  VEd/VRd,i 

nd
NOTE If no value for k7 is given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification, k7 = 2/3 may be assumed

ei
according to current experience.

el
do
7.3 Fasteners for multiple use for non-structural applications
sie

By multiple fastener use it is assumed that in the case of excessive slip or failure of one fastener the load can
is

be transmitted to adjacent fasteners without violating the requirements on the fixture in the serviceability and
m

ultimate limit state. The definition of multiple use for fasteners is given in the National Regulations.
m

Details on the design for fasteners for multiple use are given in CEN/TR "Redundant fasteners".
co
or

7.4 Anchor channels

vo

7.4.1 Tension load

en

7.4.1.1 Required verifications

le
Al

The verifications of Table 7.4 apply.

7.4.1.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement

When the design relies on supplementary reinforcement, concrete cone failure according to Equation (7.56)
needs not to be verified but the supplementary reinforcement shall be designed to resist the total load. The
reinforcement shall be anchored adequately on both sides of the potential failure planes. 7.2.1.2 applies.

For anchor channels located parallel to the edge of a concrete member or in a narrow concrete member, the
plane of the supplementary reinforcement shall be located perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel
(see Figure 7.15).

7.4.1.3 Steel failure

The characteristic resistances NRk,s,a (failure of anchor), NRk,s,c (failure of the connection between anchor and
channel), NRk,s,l (local failure by flexure of the channel lips), NRk,s (failure of the channel bolt) and MRk,s,flex
(failure by flexure of the channel) are given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

60
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.4.1.4 Pull-out failure

The characteristic resistance NRk,p for pull-out failure of the anchor is given in the relevant European Technical
Product Specification.

NOTE The characteristic resistance NRk,p should be limited by the concrete pressure under the head of the anchor
according to 7.2.1.4.

en
nd
ei
el
do
s ie
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

61
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 7.4 — Required verifications for anchor channels in tension

Most unfavourable anchor
Failure mode Channel
or channel bolt

a
1 anchor
Al N Ed d N Rd,s,a N Rk,s,a / Ms
le
en
vo
connection a
2 N Ed d N Rd,s,c N Rk,s,c / J Ms,ca
between anchor and channel
or
co
m
Steel
m
b
3 failure local flexure of channel lip N Ed d N Rd,s,l N Rk,s,l / Ms,l
is
s ie
do
el
4 channel bolt N Ed d N Rd,s N Rk,s / Ms
ei
nd
en
5 flexure of channel M Ed d M Rd,s,flex M Rk,s,flex / Ms,flex

62
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 7.4 (continued)

Most unfavourable anchor
Failure mode Channel
or channel bolt
Al
a
6 Pull-out failure
le N Ed d N Rd,p N Rk,p / Mp
en
vo
or
a c
7 Concrete cone failure co N Ed d N Rd,c N Rk,c / Mc
m
m
is
a c
8 Splitting failure
s ie N Ed d N Rd,sp N Rk,sp / Msp
do
el
ei
a a c
9 Blow-out failure N Ed d N Rd,cb N Rk,cb / Mc
nd
en
Steel failure of a
10 N Ed,re
d N Rd,re N Rk,re / Ms,re
supplementary reinforcement
Anchorage failure of supplementary a
11 NEd, re d N Rd,a
reinforcement
a not required for anchors with c > 0,5 hef
b most loaded anchor or channel bolt
c the load on the anchor in conjunction with the edge distance and spacing should be considered in determining the most unfavourable anchor

63
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

en
Key

nd
1 supplementary reinforcement
2 surface reinforcement

ei
el
do
Figure 7.15 — Arrangement of supplementary reinforcement
ie

7.4.1.5 Concrete cone failure

s
is

(1) The characteristic resistance of one anchor of a channel bar in case of concrete cone failure may be
m

calculated according to Equation (7.56).

m

c ˜\ ch,s, N ˜\ ch, e, N ˜\ ch, c, N ˜\ re, N

co

0
N Rk,c N Rk, (7.56)
or

The different factors in Equation (7.56) are given in the following:

vo

(2) For the determination of the basic characteristic resistance of one anchor not influenced by adjacent
anchors, edges or corners of the concrete member located in cracked or non-cracked concrete Equation
en

(7.14) applies.
le

(3) The influence of neighbouring anchors on the concrete cone resistance is taken into account by the factor
Al

\ch,s, N according to Equation (7.57).

1
\ ch,s, N 1 (7.57)
nch ª§ ·
1,5
º
1 ¦ «¨1  i ¸ ˜ N i »
s
«¨© scr, N ¸¹ N0 »
i 1
¬ ¼
with (see Figure 7.16):

si distance between the anchor under consideration and the neighbouring anchors

scr,N

scr, N = 2 ˜ (2,8 – 1,3 ˜ hef /180) ˜ hef t 3 ˜ hef (7.58)

Ni tension force of an influencing anchor

64
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

N0 tension force of the anchor under consideration

nch number of anchors within a distance scr,N to both sides of the anchor under consideration

en
nd
Key

ei
1 anchor under consideration

el
do
Figure 7.16 — Example of an anchor channel with different anchor tension forces
ie

(4) The influence of an edge of the concrete member on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by
s

the factor \ch,e, N according to Equation (7.59).

is
m

c1 0,5
\ ch,e, N ( ) d1 (7.59)
m

ccr, N
co

with
or

c1 edge distance of the anchor channel (see Figure 7.17a))

vo

ccr,N = 0,5scr,N
en
le

With anchor channels located in a narrow concrete member with different edge distances c1,1 and c1,2 (see
Figure 7.17b)) the minimum value of c1,1 and c1,2 shall be inserted for c1 in Equation (7.59).
Al

65
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Figure 7.17 — Channel bar at an edge or in a narrow member

en
nd
(5) The influence of a corner of the concrete member on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by
the factor \ch,c, N according to Equation (7.60).

ei
el
0,5
§ c2 ·
\ ch,c, N ¨ ¸ d1 (7.60)
do
¨ ccr, N ¸
© ¹
s ie

with
is
m

c2 corner distance of the anchor under consideration (see Figure 7.18).

m

If an anchor is influenced by two corners, then the factor \ch,c, N has to be calculated for the values c2,1 and c2,2
co

and the product of the factors \ch,c, N shall be inserted in Equation (7.56).
or
vo
en
le
Al

66
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Key
a) Resistance of anchor 1 is calculated

en
b) Resistance of anchor 2 is calculated
c) Resistance of anchor 2 is calculated

nd
d) Resistance of anchor 1 is calculated

ei
el
Figure 7.18 — Definition of the corner distance of an anchor channel in the corner of a concrete
do
member
ie

(6) The shell spalling factor \re, N takes account of the effect of a dense reinforcement for embedment depths
s

hef  100 mm. 7.2.1.5 applies.

is
m

(7) For the case of anchor channels with hef > 180 mm in a narrow member with influence of neighbouring
m

anchors and influence of an edge and 2 corners (Figures 7.18c) and 7.18d)) located with edge distance less
than ccr,N from the anchor under consideration the calculation according to Equation (7.56) leads to
co

conservative results. More precise results are obtained if the value hef is substituted by the larger value of:
or

cmax smax
c
hef c
˜ hef t 180 mm and hef ˜ hef t 180 mm (7.61)
vo

ccr,N scr,N
en

with
le

cmax maximum distance from centre of an anchor to the edge of the concrete member d ccr,N. In the
Al

example given in Figure (7.18c)) cmax is the maximum value of c1, c2,1 and c2,2
smax maximum centre to centre spacing of anchors d scr,N

'
the value hef is inserted in Equation (7.14) as well as in Equation (7.58).

7.4.1.6 Splitting failure

(1) In case of splitting failure due to installation of the channel bolt the relevant provision of 7.2.1.7 applies.

(2) In case of splitting failure due to loading the relevant provision of 7.2.1.7 applies whereas an anchor
channel corresponds to a fastener group.

In case of verification of the splitting failure Equation (7.23) is replaced by Equation (7.62).

N Rk,sp 0
N Rk ˜\ ch,s,N ˜\ ch,e,N ˜\ ch,c,N ˜ re,N ˜ h,sp (7.62)

67
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

with

0 0 0
N Rk min( N Rk , p , N Rk , c )
0
N Rk , p according to 7.2.1.4

c , \ ch,s, N , \ ch , e, N , \ ch, c, N according to 7.4.1.5,  re, N according to 7.2.1.5,  h,sp according to

0
N Rk,

However, the values ccr,N and scrN shall be replaced by ccr,sp and scr,sp in Equations (7.57) to (7.61). The values
ccr,sp and scr,sp are valid for the member thickness hmin.

7.4.1.7 Blow-out failure

Verification of blow-out failure is not required with anchors when the distance between the anchorage area
and the side surface of the structural component exceeds c = 0,5 hef. If verification is required, the
characteristic resistance of one anchor in case of blow-out is:

0
N Rk,cb N Rk,cb ˜\ ch,s,Nb ˜  ch,g,Nb ˜\ ch,c,Nb ˜\ ch,h,Nb [N] (7.63)

en
nd
The different factors in Equation (7.63) are given in the following.

ei
NOTE For anchor channels located perpendicular to the edge, which are loaded uniformly, verification is only required

el
for the anchors closest to the edge.
do
0
(1) The characteristic resistance of a single anchor N Rk ,cb is calculated according to 7.2.1.8.
ie
s
is

(2) The influence of neighbouring anchors on the blow-out resistance is taken into account by the factor
\ch,s, Nb, which may be calculated analogous to Equation (7.57), however, with scr, Nb = 4 c1 instead of scr,N.
m
m

(3) The influence of a corner of the concrete member on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by
co

the factor \ch,c, Nb according to Equation (7.64):

or

0 ,5
§ c2 ·
¨ ¸
vo

\ ch,c, Nb d1 (7.64)
¨ ccr, Nb ¸
© ¹
en

with
le
Al

c2 corner distance of the anchor, for which the resistance is calculated (Figure 7.18)

ccr, Nb = scr, Nb/2

If an anchor is influenced by two corners ( c2  2c1 ) — example see Figure 7.18c) — then the factor
\ ch,c, Nb shall be calculated for the values of c2,1 and c2,2 and the product of the factors shall be inserted in
Equation (7.63).

(4) The effect of the bearing area is taken into account by the factor \ch,g, Nb according to Equation (7.29).

(5) The effect of the thickness of the concrete member in case of a distance f   c1 between the anchor
head and the upper or lower surface of the concrete member is taken into account by the factor \ch,h, Nb
according to Equation (7.65).

hef  f 2c  f
\ ch,h,Nb d 1 d1 (7.65)
4c1 4c1

68
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

with

f distance between the anchor head and the lower surface of the concrete member (Figure 7.19).

Figure 7.19 — Channel bar at the edge of a thin concrete member

en
7.4.1.8 Supplementary reinforcement

nd
(1) In case of steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement the relevant provision of 7.2.1.9 applies.

ei
el
(2) In case of anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement in the concrete cone the relevant
do
provision of 7.2.1.9 applies
ie

7.4.2 Shear load

s
is

7.4.2.1 Required verifications

m
m

The following verifications apply:

co

 Table 7.5, lines 1 to 7 for anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement

or

 Table 7.5, lines 1 to 6 and 8, 9 for anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement
vo

7.4.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement

en
le

7.2.2.2 applies.
Al

69
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 7.5 —Verifications for anchor channels loaded in shear

Most unfavourable anchor

Failure mode Channel
or channel bolt
1

channel bolt VEd d VRd , s VRk , s / Ms

Al
le
en
2 vo
anchor VEd d VRd , s,a VRk , s,a / J Ms
or
shear force
co
without
m
3 Steel lever arm m
failure
Connection between
is
VEd d VRd , s,c
s VRk , s,c / J Ms
anchor and channel ie
do
4 el
local flexure of a
ei
VEd d VRd , s, l VRk , s, l /  Ms, l
channel lip
nd
en
5 shear force
with channel bolt VEd d VRd , s VRk , s /  Ms
lever arm

70
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 7.5 (continued)

Most unfavourable anchor
Failure mode Channel
or channel bolt
6

a b
Pry-out failure Al VEd d VRd ,cp VRk ,cp / Mc
le
en
7

a b
vo
Concrete edge failure or VEd d VRd ,c VRk ,c / Mc

co
8 Steel failure of supplementary h
m VEd , re d VRd , re N Rk , re / J Ms, re
reinforcement m
9 Anchorage failure of supplementary h a
VEd , re d N Rd , a
is
reinforcement s
a
verification for most loaded channel bolt.
ie
b
the load on the anchor in conjunction with the edge distance and spacing should be considered in determining the most unfavourable anchor.
do
el
ei
nd
en

71
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.4.2.3 Steel failure

7.4.2.3.1 Shear force without lever arm

The characteristic resistances V Rk ,s (failure of channel bolt), VRk , s, a (failure of anchor), VRk , s,c (failure of
connection anchor/channel) and V Rk ,s ,l (failure due to local flexure of channel lips) are given in the relevant
European Technical Product Specification.

7.4.2.3.2 Shear force with lever arm

The characteristic resistance of a channel bolt in case of steel failure, VRk,s, shall obtained from Equation (7.66).

M ˜ M Rk,s
VRk,s [N] (7.66)
la

with

en
DM The value  M depends on the degree of restraint of the anchor channel at the side of the fixture of

nd
the application in question and shall be determined according to good engineering practice. No
restraint (  M 1,0 ) shall be assumed if the fixture can rotate freely. Full restraint (  M 2,0 ) may

ei
be assumed only if the fixture cannot rotate.

M Rk ,s = M0Rk ,s ˜ (1  NEd /NRd ,s ) el

do
(7.67)
ie

NRd,s = N Rk ,s /  Ms
s
is

M0Rk ,s characteristic bending resistance of the channel bolt,

m

given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification

m
co

7.4.2.4 Concrete pry-out failure

or

The characteristic resistance of the most unfavourable anchor for concrete pry-out failure shall be calculated
according to Equation (7.68).
vo

VRk,cp k3 ˜ N Rk,c (7.68)

en

with
le
Al

k3 factor to be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification valid for
applications without supplementary reinforcement; in case of supplementary shear
reinforcement the factor k3 shall be multiplied with 0,75;

NRk, c according to 7.4.1.5, determined for the anchors loaded in shear.

7.4.2.5 Concrete edge failure

For anchor channels with an edge distance in all directions c > max{10 hef ; 60 d} with d = diameter of the
channel bolt, a check of the characteristic concrete edge failure resistance may be omitted.

(1) The characteristic resistance of one anchor loaded perpendicular to the edge corresponds to

0
VRk,c VRk, c ˜ \ ch, s, V ˜ \ ch,c, V ˜ \ ch,h, V ˜ \ ch,90q, V ˜  re, V [N] (7.69)

The different factors of Equation (7.69) are given below.

72
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

(2) The basic characteristic resistance of an anchor channel with one anchor loaded perpendicular to the
edge not influenced by neighbouring anchors, member thickness or corner effects is:

1,5
0
VRk, c k10 ˜ f ck ˜ c1 (7.70)

with
k10 = 2,5 for cracked concrete
= 3,5 for non-cracked concrete
(3) The influence of neighbouring anchors on the concrete edge resistance is taken into account by the factor
\ch,s, Vaccording to Equation (7.71):

1
\ ch,s,V 1 (7.71)
n ª§ s · Vi º
1,5

1 ¦ «¨1  i ¸ ˜ »
«¨© scr,V ¸¹ V0 »
i 1
¬ ¼

en
nd
with (see Figure 7.20):
si distance between the anchor under consideration and the neighbouring anchors

ei
scr,V

el
do
(7.72)
scr, V = 4 ˜ c1 + 2 bch
ie

Vi shear force of an influencing anchor

s
is

V0 shear force of the anchor under consideration

m
m

n number of anchors within a distance scr,V to both sides of the anchor under consideration
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

Figure 7.20 — Example of an anchor channel with different anchor shear forces

(4) The influence of a corner on the characteristic edge resistance is taken into account by the factor \ ch, c , V .

73
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

0,5
§ c2 ·
\ ch,c,V ¨ ¸ d1 (7.73)
¨c ¸
© cr, V ¹
with

ccr, V = 0,5 scr, V (7.74)

If an anchor is influenced by two corners (Figure 7.21b)), then the factor \ch,c, V according Equation (7.73) shall
be calculated for each corner and the product shall be inserted in Equation (7.69).

en
nd
ei
el
do
Figure 7.21 — Example of an anchor channel with anchors influenced by one (a) or two (b) corners,
anchor 2 is under consideration
sie

(5) The influence of a member thickness h < hcr, V is taken into account by the factor \ch,h, V.
is
m

0 ,5
§ h ·
m

\ ch,h, V ¨ ¸ d1 (7.75)
¨h ¸
co

© cr, V ¹
or

with
vo

hcr, v = 2 c1 + 2 hch (see Figure 7.22) (7.76)

en
le
Al

Figure 7.22 — Example of an anchor channel influenced by the member thickness

(6) The factor \ ch,90q,V takes into account the influence of shear loads acting parallel to the edge
(Figure 7.23). This applies only to the anchor closest to the edge.

\ ch,90q,V 2,5 (7.77)

74
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Figure 7.23 — Anchor channel loaded parallel to the edge

(7) The factor  re,V accounting for the type of reinforcement on the edge is calculated according to 7.2.2.5.
In case of presence of edge reinforcement for applications in cracked concrete a factor  re,V > 1 shall only be
used, if the height of the channel is hch t 40 mm (see Figure 6.8b)).

en
nd
(8) For an anchor channel in a narrow, thin member (see Figure 7.24) with c2, max d ccr, v (ccr, V according to
Equation (7.74)) and h < hcr, V (hcr, V according to Equation (7.76)), the calculation according to Equation (7.69)

ei
leads to conservative results. More precise results are achieved if the edge distance c1 in Equation (7.69) is

el
limited to c1' :
do
c1' max(( c2 ,max  bch ) / 2 ; ( h  2hch ) / 2)
ie
(7.78)
s
is

with
m

c2,max = max (c2,1; c2,2), largest of the two edge distances parallel to the direction of load
m
co

The value c1' is inserted in Equations (7.70), (7.72), and (7.76).

or
vo
en
le
Al

Figure 7.24 — Illustration of an anchor channel influenced by two corners and member thickness
(in this example c2,2 is decisive for the determination of c'1)

7.4.2.6 Supplementary reinforcement

(1) In case of steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement the relevant provision of 7.2.2.6 applies.

(2) In case of anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement in the concrete cone the relevant
provision of 7.2.2.6 applies.

75
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

7.4.3 Combined tension and shear loads

7.4.3.1 Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement

The required verifications are given in Table 7.6. Verifications for steel failure of channel bolt, other steel
failure modes and failure modes other than steel are carried out separately. All three verifications shall be
fulfilled.

7.4.3.2 Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement

For anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement to take up tension and shear loads 7.4.3.1 applies. In
the case of anchor channels at the edge with supplementary reinforcement to take up shear loads, Equation
(7.83) shall be used.

EN + E V d 1 (7.83)

with: EN N Ed / N Rd d 1 and E V VEd / VRd d 1

en
nd
Table 7.6 — Required verifications for anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement in
combined tension and shear load

ei
el
do Verification
1 2 2
§ N Ed · § VEd ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ d1
ie

(7.79)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
channel bolt © Rd , s ¹ © Rd , s ¹
s
is

with: NEd/NRd,s  1 and VEd/VRd,s  1

m
m

2 D1 D1
§ N Ed · § ·
¨ ¸  ¨ VEd ¸ d1
co

(7.80)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
Steel failure © Rd , s ,i ¹ © Rd , s ,i ¹
or

with: for VRd,s,i NRd,s,i 1 = 2,

vo

other steel failures for VRd,s,i > NRd,s,i 1 = given in the European
a
en

Technical Product Specification

corresponding values of NRd,s,a , NRd,s,c , NRd,s,l and
le

VRd,s,a , VRd,s,c , VRd,s,l shall be used for each failure

Al

mode
NEd/NRd,si  1 and VEd/VRd,si  1
1, 5 1, 5
3 § N Ed · §V ·
¨ ¸  ¨¨ Ed ¸ d 1 (7.81)
¨N ¸ ¸
© Rd ,i ¹ © VRd ,i ¹
§ N Ed · § VEd ·
Failure modes Or ¨ ¸¨ ¸ d 1,2 (7.82)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
other than steel © Rd ,i ¹ © Rd ,i ¹
with: NRd,i minimum value of NRd,c, NRd,sp, NRd,p, NRd,cb
VRd,i minimum value of VRd,c, VRd,cp
NEd/NRd,i  VEd/VRd,i 
The largest value of Ned/NRd,i and VEd/VRd,i for the
different failure modes shall be taken.
a
1 = 1 may be conservatively used in absence of other information.

76
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

8 Verification of ultimate limit state for fatigue loading

8.1 General

(1) This EN covers applications with post-installed fasteners and headed fasteners under pulsating tension
or shear load and alternating shear load and combinations thereof.

NOTE For anchor channels relevant information is given in CEN/TR "Anchor channels".

(2) Fatigue verification shall be carried out when fasteners are subjected to regular load cycles (e.g.
fastening of cranes, reciprocating machinery, guide rails of elevators).

(3) Fasteners used to resist fatigue loading shall be prequalified by a European Technical Product
Specification for this application.

(4) Annular gaps are not allowed and loosening of the nut or screw shall be avoided. Therefore a permanent
prestressing force on the fastener shall be present during the service life of the fastener.

en
(5) The verification of the resistance under fatigue loading consists of both, the verification under static and

nd
fatigue loading. Under static loading the fasteners shall be designed based on the design methods given in
Clause 7. The verifications under fatigue loading are given in 8.3.

ei
el
8.2 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners - analysis
do
6.1 and 6.2 apply.
s ie

8.3 Resistance
is
m

The required verifications for tension and shear load are summarised in Tables 8.1 and 8.2.
m
co

For combined tension and shear loading the following equations shall be satisfied:

 F ,fat ˜  N Ek
or

 N ,fat d1 (8.1)
FN ˜  N Rk / M
vo

 F ,fat ˜  V Ek
en

 V ,fat d1 (8.2)
FV ˜  V Rk / M
le

(  N , fat )D  ( V , fat )D d 1
Al

(8.3)

with
\FN, \FV = required in the case of steel failure in tension and shear or pull-out failure in tension, taken
from a European Technical Product Specification

D = taken from a European Technical Product Specification

'1Ek = 1Ek,max - 1Ek,min, peak to peak amplitude of the fatigue tensile action
'VEk = VEk,max - VEk,min, peak to peak amplitude of the fatigue shear action

'NRk,'VRk = minimum values of resistance of the governing failure mode

In Equations (8.1) to (8.3) the largest value of EN,fat and EV,fat for the different failure modes shall be taken.

The maximum number of cycles is stated in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

77
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table 8.1 — Required verifications — tension loading

Fastener group
Single fastener
most loaded fastener fastener group
' N Rk ,s h FN ˜ ' N Rk ,s
1 Steel failure F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d  F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d
Ms ,N ,fat  Ms ,N ,fat
' N Rk ,p h
FN ˜ ' N Rk ,p
2 Pull-out failure F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d  F,fat ˜ ' N Ek d
Mp ,fat  Mp ,fat

Concrete ' N Rk ,c g ' N Rk ,c

3 F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d
cone failure Mc ,fat Mc ,fat

Concrete ' N Rk ,sp g ' N Rk ,sp

4 F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d
splitting failure Mc ,fat Mc ,fat
Concrete ' N Rk ,cb g ' N Rk ,cb
5 blow-out F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d F ,fat ˜ ' N Ek d
Mc ,fat Mc ,fat

en
failure
JF,fat , JMc,fat, JMp,fat, according to 4.4

nd
J Ms,N,fat = J Ms,fat according to 4.4.2.2

ei
\FN  $&$*&?@J$&K?&@QX&?Y@$&

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'1Rk,sΠ= fatigue resistance, tension, steel, see European Technical Product Specification
do
'1Rk,c = 0,6 ˜ NRk,c, fatigue resistance, tension, concrete
'1Rk,p = fatigue resistance, tension, pull-out, see European Technical Product Specification
ie

'1Rk,sp = 0,6 ˜ 1Rk,sp, fatigue resistance, tension, concrete splitting

s
is

'1Rk,cb = 0,6 ˜ 1Rk,cb, fatigue resistance, tension, concrete blow-out

m
m

Table 8.2 — Required verifications — shear loading

co

Fastener group
Single fastener
most loaded fastener fastener group
or

Steel failure ' VRk ,s h FV ˜ ' V Rk ,s

F ,fat ˜ ' VEk d  F,fat ˜ ' V Ek d
vo

1
without lever arm Ms ,V ,fat  Ms ,V ,fat
en

Steel failure ' VRk ,s h FV ˜ ' V Rk ,s

2 F ,fat ˜ ' VEk d  F,fat ˜ ' V Ek d
with lever arm Ms ,V ,fat  Ms ,V ,fat
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Al

Concrete ' VRk ,cp g ' VRk ,cp

3 F ,fat ˜ ' VEk d F,fat ˜ ' VEk d
pry-out failure Mc ,fat Mc ,fat

Concrete ' VRk ,c g ' VRk ,cp

4 F,fat ˜ ' VEk d F,fat ˜ ' VEk d
edge failure Mc ,fat Mc ,fat
JF,fat , JMc,fat according to 4.4
\FV   $& $ *&?@ J $&  K?&@ Q X&? Y@$&Z
For groups with 2 fasteners under shear load perpendicular to the axis of the
fasteners when the fixture is able to rotate \FV = 1.
J Ms,V, fat = J Ms,fat according to 4.4.2.2
'VRk,s = fatigue resistance, shear, steel, see European Technical Product Specification
'VRk,c = 0,6 VRk,c, fatigue resistance, shear, concrete edge failure
'VRk,cp = 0,6 VRk,cp, fatigue resistance, shear, concrete pry-out failure

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

9 Verification for seismic loading

9.1 General

(1) This Clause provides requirements for the design of post-installed fasteners and cast-in headed fasteners
used to transmit seismic actions by means of tension, shear, or a combination of tension and shear load
between connected structural elements or between non-structural attachments and structural elements.

NOTE For anchor channels relevant information is given in CEN/TR "Anchor channels".

(2) In cases of very low seismicity according to EN 1998-1 it shall be permitted to design as for permanent
and transient situations (Clauses 4 to 7, 12).

(3) For the seismic design situation where the seismic tension component of the design force at the ultimate
limit state applied to a single fastener or a group of fasteners is equal to or less than 20 per cent of the total
design tensile force, the tension component acting on a single fastener or a group of fasteners may be verified
as for persistent and transient tension loads.

en
(4) For the seismic design situation where the seismic shear component of the design force at the ultimate
limit state applied to a single fastener or a group of fasteners is equal to or less than 20 per cent of the total

nd
design shear force, the shear component acting on a single fastener or a group of fasteners may be verified
as for persistent and transient shear loads.

ei
el
(5) If either condition (3) or (4) is not met the interaction between tension and shear forces shall be verified
according to Normative Annex C.
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(6) Fastenings in stand-off installation or with a grout layer as well as fasteners qualified for multiple use only
(see clause 7.3) are not covered.
s
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(7) Detailed information on the design of fasteners under seismic actions is given in Normative Annex C.
m
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9.2 Requirements
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(1) Fasteners used to resist seismic actions shall meet all applicable requirements for non-seismic
or

applications.
vo

(2) Only fasteners qualified for cracked concrete and seismic applications shall be used (see relevant
European Technical Product Specification).
en

(3) In the design of fastenings one of the following options a1), a2) or b) shall be satisfied:
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a) Design without requirements on the ductility of the fasteners. It shall be assumed that fasteners are
non-dissipative elements and they are not able to dissipate energy by means of ductile hysteretic
behaviour and that they do not contribute to the overall ductile behaviour of the structure:

a1) Capacity design: The fastener or group of fasteners is designed for the maximum tension and/or
shear load that can be transmitted to the fastening based on either the development of a ductile yield
mechanism in the fixture or the attached element taking into account strain hardening and material
over-strength or the capacity of a non-yielding attached element.

a2) Elastic design: The fastening is designed for the maximum load obtained from the design load
combinations that include seismic actions EE,d corresponding to the ultimate limit state (EN 1998-1)
assuming elastic behaviour of the fastening and the structure. Furthermore uncertainties in the model
to derive seismic actions on the fastening shall be taken into account.

b) Design with requirements on the ductility of the fasteners:

The fastener or group of fasteners is designed for the design actions including the seismic actions
EE,d corresponding to the ultimate limit state (EN 1998-1). The tension steel capacity of the fastening
shall be smaller than the tension capacity governed by concrete related failure modes. Sufficient

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

elongation capacity of the fasteners is required. The fastening shall not be accounted for energy
dissipation in the global structural analysis or in the analysis of a non-structural element unless
proper justification is provided by a non-linear time history (dynamic) analysis (acc. to EN 1998-1)
and the hysteretic behaviour of the fastener is provided by a European Technical Product
Specification. This approach is applicable only for the tension component of the load acting on the
fastener.

NOTE Option b) may not be suitable for the fastening of primary seismic members (EN 1998-1) due to the possible
large non-recoverable displacements of the fastener that may be expected. It is recommended to use option b) for the
fastening of secondary seismic members. Furthermore, unless shear loads acting on the fastening are resisted by
additional means, additional fasteners should be provided and designed in accordance with option a1) or a2).

(4) The concrete in the region of the fastening shall be assumed to be cracked when determining design
resistances unless it is demonstrated that the concrete remains uncracked during the seismic event.

(5) The provisions in this section do not apply to the design of fastenings in critical regions of concrete
elements where concrete spalling or yielding of the reinforcement might occur during seismic events as e.g. in
plastic hinge zones.

en
(6) Displacement of the fastening shall be accounted for in the design. This requirement need not to be
applied to anchoring of non-structural elements of minor importance. The displacement shall be limited when

nd
a rigid connection in the analysis is assumed or when the operability of the attached element during and after
an earthquake shall be ensured.

ei
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NOTE Fastener displacements for seismic applications at both damage limitation state and ultimate limit state are
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provided in the relevant European Technical Product Specification for fasteners with seismic performance category C2 as
defined in Annex C.
ie

(7) In general, an annular gap between a fastener and its fixture should be avoided in seismic design
s
is

situations. With fastenings of non-structural elements in minor non-critical applications an annular gap
(df d df,1) is allowed. The effect of the annular gap on the behaviour of fastenings shall be taken into account
m

(see Annex C).

m
co

(8) Loosening of the nut or screw shall be prevented by appropriate measures.

or

9.3 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners

vo

(1) The design value of the effect of seismic actions EEd acting on the fixture shall be determined according to
EN 1998-1:2004 and its additional parts. Additional provisions are given in Annex C.
en

(2) Distribution of forces to the individual fasteners of a group shall be in accordance with Clause 6 if the
le

base plate remains elastic in the seismic design situation.

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9.4 Resistance
(1) The seismic characteristic resistance Rk,eq of a fastening shall be determined in accordance with Annex C
taking into account the seismic reduction factors gap and eq. The basic characteristic seismic resistances for
steel, pull-out and combined pull-out and concrete failure under tension load and steel failure under shear load
are given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification. For all other failure modes Rk,eq shall be
determined based on the characteristic resistance obtained for the persistent and transient design situation
according to Clause 7 as described in Annex C.

(2) The partial factors for resistance JM,eq shall be determined according to 4.4.2.

10 Verification for impact loading

For the verification of impact loading Clause 7 applies. Fasteners used to resist impact loading shall be
prequalified by a European Technical Product Specification for this application.

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

11 Verification for fire resistance

Informative Annex D of this document provides a design method for cast-in-place headed anchors and anchor
channels, expansion anchors, undercut anchors and concrete screws exposed to fire.

12 Verification of serviceability limit state

(1) For the required verifications see 4.2 and 4.3.

(2) The admissible displacement Cd should be evaluated by the designer taking into account the type of
application in question (e.g. the structural element to be fastened). It may be assumed that the displacements
Cd are a linear function of the applied load. In the case of combined tension and shear load, the displacements
for the shear and tension components of the resultant load should be added vectorially.

The characteristic displacement of the fastener under given tension and shear loads shall be taken from the
relevant European Technical Product Specification.

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Annex A
(normative)

Additional rules for verification of concrete elements due to loads

applied by fastenings

A.1 General

Compliance with the design methods given in this document will result in satisfactory transmission of the loads
on the fixture to the concrete member.

Safe transmission of the fastener loads by the concrete member to its supports shall be demonstrated for the
ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state according to EN 1992-1-1 taking into account the additional

en
provisions given in A.2 and A.3.

nd
Loads may be assumed to be transferred to the whole of composite construction comprising precast elements

ei
with added structural topping only if

a)
el
adequate shear reinforcement is provided at the interface between the precast element and the in-situ
do
topping, in cases where the fasteners are attached only to the precast element; or
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b) fasteners are embedded in the topping for a depth of hef.

s
is

In other cases only ceilings or similar construction (with unit loading not exceeding 1 kN/m²) may be fastened
m

to the precast elements.

m
co

A.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member

or

A.2.1 No special additional verification for local transmission of loads is required, if one of the following
vo

conditions is met
en

a) The shear force VEd at the support caused by the design actions including the fastener loads is
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VEd d 0,8 VRd,c for a member without shear reinforcement (A.1)

Al

d 0,8·min(VRd,s, VRd,max) for a member with shear reinforcement (A.2)

with
VRd,c, VRd,s VRd,max = shear resistance according to EN 1992-1-1

b) Under the characteristic actions, the resultant tension force NEk of the tensioned fasteners is
NEk < 30 kN and the spacing a between the outermost fasteners of adjacent groups or between the
outer fasteners of a group and individual fasteners satisfies Equation (A.3)

a > 200 N Ek [mm] (A.3)

with
NEK [kN]

c) The fastener loads are taken up by additional hanger reinforcement, which encloses the tension
reinforcement and is anchored at the opposite side of the concrete member. Its distance from an
individual fastener or the outermost fasteners of a group shall be smaller than hef.

82
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

d) The embedment depth of the fastener is hef t 0,8·h.

A.2.2 If no condition of A.2.1 is fulfilled, the shear forces VEd,a caused by fastener loads shall not exceed the
value

VEd,a d 0,4 VRd,c for a member without shear reinforcement (A.4)

= 0,4·min (VRd,s , VRd,max) for a member with shear reinforcement (A.5)

When calculating VEd,a the fastener loads shall be assumed as point loads with a width of load application
t1 = a1 + 2 hef and t2 = a2 + 2 hef, with a1 (a2) equal to the spacing between the outer fasteners of a group in
direction 1 (2) (see Figure 3.4). The active width over which the shear force is transmitted shall be calculated
according to the theory of elasticity.

A.2.3 If under the characteristic actions the resultant tension force NEk of the tensioned fasteners is
NEk > 60 kN, then the conditions in A.2.1c) or A.2.1d) shall be complied with.

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Annex B
(informative)

Durability

B.1 General

In the absence of better information in National Regulations or in the relevant European Technical Product
Specification the provisions of this Annex may be used. These provisions are based on an assumed intended
working life of the fastener of 50 years.

Electrolytic corrosion must be prevented between dissimilar metals by suitable separation or by the choice of
compatible materials.

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nd
B.2 Fasteners in dry, internal conditions

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These conditions are similar to exposure class XC1 according to EN 1992-1-1 for dry environment.

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In general, no special corrosion protection is necessary for steel parts as coatings provided for preventing
corrosion during storage prior to use, to ensure proper functioning is considered sufficient. Malleable cast iron
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parts in general do not require any protection.

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m

B.3 Fasteners in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure

m
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These conditions are similar to exposure classes XC2, XC3 and XC4 according to EN 1992-1-1.
or

Normally stainless steel fasteners of appropriate grade should be used. The grade of stainless steel suitable
for the various service environments (marine, industrial, etc.) should be in accordance with existing national
vo

rules. In general, austenitic steels with at least 17 % to 18 % chromium and 12 % to 13 % nickel and addition
of molybdenum e.g. material 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4578 and 1.4439 according to EN 10088-2,
en

EN 10088-3 or equivalent may be used.

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B.4 Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide

These conditions are similar to exposure classes XD and XS according to EN 1992-1-1.

Examples for these conditions are permanent, alternating immersion in seawater or the splash zone of
seawater, chloride atmosphere of indoor swimming pools or atmosphere with extreme chemical pollution (e.g.
in desulphurisation plants or road tunnels, where de-icing materials are used), where special considerations to
corrosion resistance shall be given.

The metal parts of the fastener (bolt, screw, nut and washer) should be made of a stainless steel suitable for
the high corrosion exposure and shall be in accordance with national rules. In general stainless steel with
about 20 % chromium, 20 % nickel and 6 % molybdenum e.g. materials 1.4565, 1.4529 and 1.4547 according
to EN 10088-2, EN 10088-3 or equivalent should be used under high corrosion exposure.

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Annex C
(normative)

Design of fastenings under seismic actions

C.1 General
(1) This Annex provides detailed requirements for fastenings used to transmit seismic actions in addition to
Clause 9 and EN1998-1.

(2) The following types of connections are distinguished:

 Type 'A' Connection between structural elements of primary and/or secondary seismic members.

en
 Type 'B' Attachment of non-structural elements.

nd
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C.2 Performance categories

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(1) The seismic performance of fasteners subjected to seismic loading is categorized by performance
categories C1 and C2. Performance category C1 provides fastener capacities only in terms of resistances at
ie

ultimate limit state, while performance category C2 provides fastener capacities in terms of both resistances at
s

ultimate limit state and displacements at damage limitation state and ultimate limit state. The requirements for
is

category C2 are more stringent compared to those for category C1. The performance category of a fastener is
m

given in the corresponding European Technical Product Specification.

m

(2) Table C.1 relates the seismic performance categories C1 and C2 to the seismicity level and building
co

importance class. The level of seismicity is defined as a function of the product ag · S, where ag is the design
ground acceleration on Type A ground and S the soil factor both in accordance with EN 1998-1.
or
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NOTE The recommended seismic performance categories are given in Table C.1. The value of ag or that of the
product ag•S used in a Country to define threshold values for the seismicity classes may be found in its National Annex.
Furthermore the assignment of the seismic performance categories C1 and C2 to the seismicity level and building
en

importance classes in a Country may also be found in its National Annex.

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Table C.1 —Recommended seismic performance categories for fasteners

a
Seismicity level Importance Class acc. to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.2.5
c
1 Class ag · S I II III IV
b
2 Very low ag ·S  g No additional requirement
b d e
3 Low 0,05 g < ag ·S  g C1 C1 or C2 C2
4 > low ag ·S > 0,1 g C1 C2
a
The values defining the seismicity levels are subject to a National Annex. The recommended values are given here.
b
Definition according to EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.1.
c
ag = design ground acceleration on type A ground (EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.1),
S = soil factor (see e.g. EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.2).
d
C1 for fixing non-structural elements to structures
e
C2 for fixing structural elements to structures

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

C.3 Design criteria

C.3.1 General

(1) For the design of fasteners according to 9.2 (3), option a1) , for both Type ‘A’ and Type ‘B’ connections,
the fastening is designed for the maximum load that can be transmitted to the fastening based either on the
development of a ductile yield mechanism in the attached steel component (see Figure C.1a)) or in the steel
base plate (see Figure C.1b)) taking into account material overstrength effects, or on the capacity of a non-
yielding attached component or structural element (see Figure C.1c)).

NOTE The assumption of a plastic hinge in the fixture (Figure C.1b)) requires to take into account specific aspects
including e.g. the redistribution of loads to the individual fasteners of a group, the redistribution of the loads in the structure
and the low cycle fatigue behaviour of the fixture.

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nd
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Key
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a) yielding in attached element;
b) yielding in baseplate;
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c) capacity of attached element

m

Figure C.1 — Seismic design by protection of the fastening

m
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(2) For the design of fasteners according to 9.2 (3), option a2) the action effects for Type 'A' connections
shall be derived according to EN 1998-1 with a behaviour factor q = 1,0. For Type 'B' connections the action
effects shall be derived with qa = 1,0 for the attached element. If action effects are derived in accordance with
or

the simplified approach given in C.4.4 with qa = 1,0 they shall be multiplied by a amplification factor equal to
vo

1,5. If the action effects are derived from a more precise model this further amplification may be omitted.
en

(3) For the design of fasteners according to 9.2(3), option b) the following additional conditions shall be
observed:
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a) The fastener shall have a European Technical Product Specification that includes a qualification for
Performance Category C2.

b) To ensure steel failure of the fastening condition (b1) shall be satisfied for fastenings with one fastener in
tension and condition (b2) for groups with two and more tensioned fasteners. In addition for groups with
two and more tensioned mechanical fasteners condition (b3) applies.

NOTE In case of fastenings with supplementary reinforcement in the verification the resistance for concrete cone
failure should be replaced by the resistance of the supplementary reinforcement.

b1) Fastenings with one fastener in tension:

Rk,conc, eq
Rk,s,eq d 0,7 ˜ (C.1)
J inst

with

86
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Rk,s,eq minimum characteristic seismic resistance for steel failure calculated according to
Equation (C.8)

Rk,conc,eq minimum characteristic seismic resistance for all non-steel failure modes (pull-out,
concrete cone, blowout and splitting failure) calculated according to Equation (C.8)

J inst partial factor for installation safety according to the relevant European Technical
Product Specification

b2) For fastener groups with two and more tensioned fasteners Equation (C.2) shall be satisfied for
the fasteners loaded in tension:

Rk ,s,eq Rk ,conc,eq
h
d 0,7 ˜ (C.2)
E E g ˜ J inst

Rk,conc,eq minimum characteristic seismic resistance for combined concrete and pull-out

en
(only bonded fasteners), concrete cone, blowout and splitting failure calculated

nd
according to Equation (C.8)

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b3) For a group of mechanical fasteners with two and more tensioned fasteners the highest loaded

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fastener shall be verified for pull-out failure according to Equation (C.1) where Rk,conc,eq is the
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seismic pull-out resistance of one fastener.
ie

c) Fasteners that transmit tensile loads shall be ductile and shall have a stretch length of at least 8d unless
s

otherwise determined by analysis. Illustrations of stretch lengths are shown in Figures C.2a and C.2b.
is
m
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Key
a) illustration of stretch length – anchor chair;
b) illustration of stretch length – sleeve or debonded length;
c) fastening displacements and rotations
1 stretch length

Figure C.2 — Seismic design by yielding of a ductile fastener

1) A fastener is considered as ductile if the nominal steel ultimate strength of the load transferring
section does not exceed f uk 800 MPa , the ratio of nominal yield strength to nominal ultimate
strength does not exceed f yk / f uk 0,8 , and the rupture elongation (measured over a length equal
to 5d) is at least 12 percent.

87
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

2) The steel strength Nuk of fasteners that incorporate a reduced section (e.g. thread) over a length
smaller than 8 d (d = fastener diameter of reduced section) shall be greater than 1,3-times the yield
strength Nyk of the unreduced section.

C.4 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners – analysis

C.4.1 General

(1) The design value of the effect of seismic actions EE,d acting on the fixture shall be determined according
to EN 1998-1 and 9.2(3). Provisions in addition to EN 1998-1 including vertical seismic actions acting on non-
structural elements are provided in this Clause.

(2) The maximum value of each action effect (tension and shear component of forces for a fastener) shall be
considered to act simultaneously if no other more accurate model is used for the estimation of the probable
simultaneous value of each action effect.

C.4.2 Addition to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.5

en
(1) For the design of the fasteners in Type 'A' connections the vertical component of the seismic action shall

nd
be taken into account according to EN 1998-1:2004 4.3.3.5.2 (2) to (4) if the vertical design ground
2
acceleration avg is greater than 2,5 m/s .

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C.4.3 Addition to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.1
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(1) In the design of fastenings for non-structural elements subjected to seismic actions, any beneficial effects
of friction due to gravity loads should be ignored.
s
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C.4.4 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.2

m

(1) The horizontal effects of the seismic action of non-structural elements are determined according to
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Equation (4.24) of EN 1998-1:2004. However, the behaviour factor qa may be taken from Table C.2.
or

NOTE Table C.2 includes information in addition to the values qa given in EN1998-1:2004, Table 4.4.
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(2) Equation (4.25) of EN 1998-1:2004 may be rearranged as:

en

ª§ z· º
Sa D ˜ S ˜ «¨1 ¸ ˜ Aa  0,5» t D ˜ S (C.3)
le

¬© h¹ ¼
Al

with

3
Aa (C.4)
Ta 2
1  (1  )
T1

The seismic amplification factor Aa may be calculated according to Equation (C.4) or taken from Table C.2 if
one of the fundamental vibration periods is not known.

NOTE When calculating the forces acting on non-structural elements according to Equation (4.25) of EN 1998-1, it
can often be difficult to establish with confidence the fundamental vibration period Ta of the non-structural element. Table
C.2 provides a pragmatic approach and may not be conservative in all cases.

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 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table C.1 — Values of qa and Aa for non-structural elements

Type of non-structural element qa Aa

1 Cantilevering parapets or ornamentations 3,0

2 Signs and billboards 3,0

1,0
Chimneys, masts and tanks on legs acting as unbraced cantilevers along more than
3 3,0
one half of their total height

4 Hazardous material storage, hazardous fluid piping 3,0

5 Exterior and interior walls 1,5

6 Partitions and facades 1,5

Chimneys, masts and tanks on legs acting as unbraced cantilevers along less than one
7 half of their total height, or braced or guyed to the structure at or above their centre of 1,5

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mass

nd
8 Elevators 1,5

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9 Computer access floors, electrical and communication equipment 3,0

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2,0
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10 Conveyors 3,0
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11 Anchorage elements for permanent cabinets and book stacks supported by the floor 1,5
s
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12 Anchorage elements for false (suspended) ceilings and light fixtures 1,5
m

13 High pressure piping, fire suppression piping 3,0

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14 Fluid piping for non-hazardous materials 3,0

15 Computer, communication and storage racks 3,0

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(3) The vertical effects of the seismic action should be determined by applying to the non-structural element
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a vertical force Fva acting at the centre of mass of the non-structural element which is defined as follows:
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FVa = (SVa ˜ Wa Ja)/qa (C.5)

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with

SVa V ˜ Aa (C.6)

qa , Aa may be assumed to be equal to the values valid for horizontal forces

NOTE The vertical effects of the seismic action FVa for non-structural elements may be neglected for the fastener
when the ratio of the vertical component of the design ground acceleration aVg to the acceleration of gravity g is less than
0,25 and the gravity loads are transferred through direct bearing of the fixture on the structure (see fastening 2 in
Figure C.3).

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prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

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Key
1 include FVa

nd
2 neglect FVa if avg /g  0,25
3 gravity force

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4 partion wall
5 floor
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Figure C.3 — Vertical effects of the seismic action
s ie
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C.4.5 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.4

m
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Upper values for the behaviour factor qa for non-structural elements may be selected from Table C.2.
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C.5 Resistance
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(1) The seismic design resistance of a fastening is given by:

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Rk,eq
Rd,eq (C.7)
J M,eq
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with

JM,eq in accordance with 4.4.2.

(2) The characteristic seismic design resistance Rk,eq of a fastening shall be determined as follows:

Rk,eq D gap ˜ D eq ˜ Rk0,eq (C.8)

with

eq reduction factor to take into account the influence of large cracks and scatter of load
displacement curves, see Table C.3

Rk0,eq basic characteristic seismic resistance for a given failure mode.

90
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

For steel and pull-out failure under tension load and steel failure under shear load Rk0,eq (i.e.
NRk,s,eq, NRk,p,eq, VRk,s,eq) shall be taken from the relevant European Technical Product
Specification.
For combined pull-out and concrete failure in case of post-installed chemical fasteners
Rk0,eq (i.e. NRk,p) shall be determined based on the characteristic bond resistance ( WRk,eq)
given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification.
For all other failure modes Rk0,eq shall be determined as for the persistent and transient
design situation according to Clause 7 (i.e. NRk,c, NRk,sp, NRk,cp, NRk,re, VRk,c and VRk,cp).

gap reduction factor to take into account inertia effects due to an annular gap between fastener
and fixture in case of shear loading, given in the relevant European Product Technical
Specification

NOTE The forces on the fasteners are amplified in presence an annular gap under shear loading due to a hammer
effect on the fastener. For reasons of simplicity this effect is considered only in the resistance of the fastening. In absence
of information in the European Technical Product Specification the following values gap may be used. These values are

en
based on a limited number of tests.

nd
Shear loading:

ei
gap = 1,0, no hole clearance between fastener and fixture (general case, see 9.2 (8))

el
= 0,5, connections with hole clearance according to Table 6.1
do
Table C.2 — Reduction factor eq
s ie

Single Fastener
is

Loading Failure mode

fastener group
m

Steel failure 1,0 1,0

m

Pull-out failure 1,0 0,85

co

Combined pull-out and concrete failure 1,0 0,85

or

Concrete cone failure

 Headed fastener and undercut anchors with k9-factor same 1,00 0,85
tension

vo

as headed fastener
 all other fasteners 0,85 0,75
en

Splitting failure 1,0 0,85

le

Blow-out failure 1,0 0,85

Al

Steel failure of reinforcement 1,0 1,0

Anchorage failure of reinforcement 0,85 0,75
Steel failure 1,0 0,85
Concrete edge failure 1,0 0,85
Concrete pry-out failure
shear

 Headed fastener and undercut anchors with k9-factor same 1,0 0,85
as headed fastener
 all other fasteners 0,85 0,75
Steel failure of reinforcement 1,0 1,0
Anchorage failure of reinforcement 0,85 0,75

(3) The interaction between tension and shear forces shall be determined according to Equation (C.9).

91
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

k11 k11
§ N Ed · §V ·
¨ ¸  ¨ Ed ¸ d1 (C.9)
¨N ¸ ¨V ¸
© Rd ,i ¹ © Rd ,i ¹

with

k11 = 2/3 for fastenings with a supplementary reinforcement to take up tension or shear loads only

=1 in all other cases

NEd/NRd,i  VEd/VRd,i 

NOTE More precise values for k11 may be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

In Equation (C.9) the largest ratios NEd / NRd,eq and VEd /VRd,eq for the different failure modes shall be inserted,
where NEd and VEd are the design actions on the fasteners including seismic effects.

en
C.6 Anchor displacements

nd
(1) The anchor displacement under tensile and shear load at damage limitation state (DLS) shall be limited

ei
to a value GN,req(DLS) and GV,req(DLS) to meet requirements regarding e.g. functionality and assumed support

el
conditions. These values shall be selected based on the requirements of the specific application. When
do
assuming a rigid support in the analysis the designer shall establish the limiting displacement compatible to
the requirement for the structural behaviour.
sie

NOTE In a number of cases, the acceptable displacement associated to a rigid support condition is considered to be
is

in the range of 3 mm.

m

(2) If deformations (displacements or rotations) are relevant for the design of the connection (such as, for
m

example, on secondary seismic members or façade elements) it shall be demonstrated that these
co

deformations can be accommodated by the fasteners.

or

The rotation of the connection Tp (Figure C.2c) is defined by Equation (C.10)

vo

Tp = GN,eq / smax (C.10)

en

with
le

GN,eq = displacement of the anchor under seismic loading;

Al

smax = distance between the outermost row of anchors and the opposite edge of the baseplate.

(3) If the fastener displacements GN,eq(DLS) under tension loading and/or GV,eq(DLS) under shear loading
provided in the relevant European Technical Product Specification are higher than the corresponding required
values GN,req(DLS) and/or GV,req(DLS), the design resistance may be reduced according to Equation (C.11).

G N,req(DLS)
N Rd,eq,reduced N Rd,eq ˜ (C.11a)
G N,eq(DLS)
G V,req(DLS)
VRd,eq,reduced VRd,eq ˜ (C.11b)
G V,eq(DLS)

(4) If fastenings and attached elements shall be operational after an earthquake the relevant displacements
have to be taken into account.

92
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Annex D
(informative)

Exposure to fire – design method

D.1 General
(1) The design method is valid for cast-in-place headed anchors, anchor channels and post-installed
fasteners.

(2) The characteristic resistances under fire exposure should be taken from the relevant European Technical
Product Specification. In the absence of such data conservative values are given in D.3. However, for anchor
channels only concrete and pull-out failure modes shall be verified with the given approach, while the

en
verification for steel failure shall be based on the values given in the relevant European Technical Product
Specification. In case of bonded fasteners under tension the verification for combined bond and concrete

nd
failure the value WRk,fi shall be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification.

ei
(3) The fire resistance is classified according to EN 13501-2 using the Standard ISO time-temperature curve

el
(STC).
do
(4) The design method covers fasteners with a fire exposure from one side only. For fire exposure from more
ie

than one side, the design method may be used only, if the edge distance of the fastener is c t 300 mm and
s

c t 2hef.
is
m

(5) In general, the design under fire exposure is carried out according to the normal design method for
m

ambient temperature given in this EN. However, partial factors and characteristic resistances under fire
exposure are used instead of the corresponding values under ambient temperature.
co
or

D.2 Partial factors

vo

(1) Partial factors for actions JF,fi and for materials JM,fi might be defined in a National Annex to this
en

Specification.
le

NOTE Values for JF,fi and JM,fi may be found in a country's National Annex to this EN. The recommended values are
Al

JF,fi = 1,0 and JM,fi = 1,0.

D.3 Resistance under fire exposure

D.3.1 General

(1) If characteristic resistances under fire exposure are not available in a European Technical Product
Specification the conservative values given below may be used.

D.3.2 Tension load

D.3.2.1 Steel failure

(1) The characteristic tension strength VRk,s,fi of a fastener in the case of steel failure under fire exposure
given in the following Tables D.1 and D.2 is also valid for the unprotected steel part of the fastener outside the
concrete and may be used in the design. The characteristic resistance NRk,s,fi is obtained as:

93
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

NRk,s,fi = VRk,s,fi · As (D.1)

Table D.1 — Characteristic tension strength of a carbon steel fastener under fire exposure

anchor anchorage characteristic tension strength VRk,s,fi of an unprotected fastener made of

bolt/thread depth carbon steel according to EN 10025 in case of fire exposure in the time up
diameter to:
hef
VRk,s,fi [N/mm²]
30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
[mm] [mm]
(R 15 to R30) (R45 and R60) (R90) (d R120)
Ø6 t 30 10 9 7 5
Ø8 t 30 10 9 7 5
Ø 10 t 40 15 13 10 8
Ø 12

en
t 50 20 15 13 10
and greater

nd
ei
el
Table D.2 — Characteristic tension strength of a stainless steel fastener under fire exposure
do
anchor anchorage characteristic tension strength VRk,s,fi of an unprotected fastener made of
bolt/thread depth stainless steel of at least according to ISO 3506 in case of fire exposure in
ie

diameter the time up to:

s

hef
is

VRk,s,fi [N/mm²]
m

30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min

m

[mm] [mm]
(R 15 to R30) (R45 and R60) (R90) (d R120)
co

Ø6 t 30 10 9 7 5
or

Ø8 t 30 20 16 12 10
vo

Ø 10 t 40 25 20 16 14
en

Ø 12
t 50 30 25 20 16
and greater
le
Al

D.3.2.2 Pull-out/pull-through failure

(1) The characteristic resistance of fasteners installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may be obtained
from Equation (D.2) and (D.3).

NRk,p,fi(90) = 0,25 ˜ NRk,p for fire exposure up to 90 minutes (D.2)

NRk,p,fi(120) = 0,20 ˜ NRk,p for fire exposure between 90 and 120 minutes (D.3)

NRk,p = characteristic resistance given in the relevant European Technical Product Specification in
cracked concrete C20/25 under ambient temperature

94
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

D.3.2.3 Concrete cone failure

0
(1) The characteristic resistance of a single fastener N Rk ,c ,fi not influenced by adjacent fasteners or edges of
the concrete member installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may be obtained using Equations (D.4)
and (D.5). The influence of the different effects of geometry, shell spalling, eccentricity, position and further
influencing parameters is taken from the relevant product specific part of this EN. However, the characteristic
spacing and edge distance for fasteners under fire exposure near the edge shall be taken as
scr, N , fi 2 c cr, N , fi 4 hef .

0 hef 0 0
N Rk,c,fi( 90 ) = ˜ N Rk,c d N Rk,c for fire exposure up to 90 minutes (D.4)
200

0 hef 0 0
N Rk,c,fi( 120 ) = 0,8 ˜ N Rk,c d N Rk,c for fire exposure between 90 and 120 minutes (D.5)
200

hef = effective embedment depth in mm

en
0
N Rk,c = characteristic resistance of a single fastener in cracked concrete C20/25 under ambient

nd
temperature according to 7.2.1.6.

ei
el
D.3.2.4 Splitting failure do
(1) The assessment of splitting failure due to loading under fire exposure is not required because the splitting
ie
forces are assumed to be taken up by the reinforcement.
s
is

D.3.3 Shear load

m
m

D.3.3.1 Steel failure

co

(1) For the characteristic shear strength WRk,s,fi of a fastener in the case of shear load without lever arm and
steel failure under fire exposure the values given in Tables D.1 and D.2 for the characteristic tension strength
or

may be used (WRk,s,fi = VRk,s,fi). These values apply also for the unprotected steel part of the fastener outside the
vo

concrete and may be used in the design. The characteristic resistance VRk,s,fi is obtained as follows:

VRk,s,fi = WRk,s,fi · As = VRk,s,fi · As

en

(D.6)
le

NOTE Limited numbers of tests have indicated, that the ratio of shear strength to tensile strength increases under fire
conditions above that for ambient temperature design. This is a discrepancy to the behaviour in the cold state where the
Al

ratio is 0,6.

(2) The characteristic resistance of a fastener in case of shear load with lever arm may be calculated
according to 7.2.2.3.2. However, the characteristic bending resistance of a single fastener under fire exposure
is limited to the characteristic tension strength according to D.3.2.1. The characteristic bending resistance
0
M Rk ,s ,fi may be taken from Equation (D.7).

0
M Rk ,s ,fi 1,2 ˜ Wel ˜  Rk ,s ,fi (D.7)

NOTE This approach is based on assumptions.

D.3.3.2 Concrete pry-out failure

(1) The characteristic resistance in case of fasteners installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may be
obtained using Equations (D.8) and (D.9).

VRk,cp,fi(90) = k3 ˜ NRk,c,fi(90) for fire exposure up to 90 min (D.8)

95
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

VRk,cp,fi(120) = k3 ˜ NRk,c,fi(120) for fire exposure between 90 min and 120 min (D.9)

k3 = factor to be taken from the relevant European Technical Product Specification

(ambient temperature)

NRk,c,fi(90), NRk,c,fi(120) = calculated according to D.3.2.3.

D.3.3.3 Concrete edge failure

(1) The characteristic resistance of a single fastener installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may be
obtained using Equation (D.10) and (D.11). The influence of the different effects of geometry, thickness, load
direction, eccentricity and so on is taken from 7.2.2.5.

0 0
VRk,c,fi(90) = 0,25 ˜ VRk,c for fire exposure up to 90 min (D.10)

0 0
VRk,c,fi(120) = 0,20 ˜ VRk,c for fire exposure between 90 min and 120 min (D.11)

en
0
V Rk, c = initial value of the characteristic resistance of a single fastener in cracked concrete

nd
C20/25 under ambient temperature according to 7.2.2.5

ei
D.3.4 Combined tension and shear load

el
do
(1) The interaction conditions according to 7.2.3 for headed and post-installed fasteners and 7.4.3 for anchor
channels may be taken with the characteristic resistances under fire exposure for the different loading
ie

directions for combined tension and shear loads.

s
is
m
m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

96
 prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Annex E
(normative)

Characteristics for the design of fastenings to be supplied

by European Technical Products Specification

(1) The characteristic values used for the design of fastenings shall be provided in corresponding European
Technical Product Specifications. The characteristics of Tables E.1 shall be given for fastenings under static
and impact loading. For the design of fastenings under fatigue loading the characteristics of Table E.2 and for
fastenings under seismic actions the characteristics of Table E.3 are required in addition.

Table E.1 — Characteristics used for the design of fastenings under static and impact loading
to be taken from a European Technical Product Specification

en
type of fastener
characteristic post-installed cast-in

nd
mechanical chemical headed fastener anchor channel

ei
NRk,s, VRk,s x x x x

el
N Rk,s,a , NRk,s,c , N Rk,s,l ,
do
x
VRk,s,a , VRk,s,c , VRk,s,l , M Rk,s,flex
ie

0
M Rk x x x x
s

,s
is

NRk,p x x x
m

0
N Rk ,sp x x x
m

W Rk ,cr , W Rk ,ucr
co

x
ccr,N, scr,N x x x x
or

ccr,sp, scr,sp x x x x
vo

cmin, smin, hmin x x x x

en

si x
le

kcr,V, kucr,V x
Al

kcr,N, kucr,N, k2, k3 x x x

k2, k3, k7 x x
dnom, hef, lf, As x x x
dh x
Ah, bch, d, hef, hch, As, Iy, 1 x
fastener displacement under
x x x x
given tension and shear loads
limitations on concrete strength
x x x x
classes of base material
JM x x x x

97
prEN 1992-4:2013 (E)

Table E.2 — Additional characteristics used for the design of fastenings under fatigue loading
to be taken from a European Technical Product Specification
type of fastener
characteristic post-installed cast-in
mechanical chemical headed fastener anchor channel
\F,N, \F,V x x x
D x x x
Maximum number of load cycles x x x
'NRk,s, 'NRk,p, 'VRk,s x x x

Table E.3 — Additional characteristics used for the design of fastenings under seismic loading
to be taken from a European Technical Product Specification
type of fastener

en
characteristic post-installed cast-in

nd
mechanical chemical headed fastener anchor channel
Dgap x x x

ei
Deq x x x
NRk,s,eq, NRk,p,eq, VRk,s,eq
el
do
x x
Performance category x x x
ie

WRk,eq, NRk,s,eq, VRk,s,eq x

s
is

Rupture elongation x x x
m

GN,eq (DLS), GV,eq (DLS) x x x

m
co
or
vo
en
le
Al

98