4th Congress Proceedings

Proceedings of the 4th ERDT Congress
Editors:
Dr. Aura C. Matias
Dr. Augustus C. Resurreccion
© Copyright 2015 by the Engineering Research and Development for Technology.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form without the
consent of the editors of the Proceedings of the 4 th ERDT Congress.
ISSN 2362-924X
Printed in the Philippines by ZURBANO PUBLISHING AND PRINTING CORP.
Engineering Research and Development for Technology

STEERING COMMITTEE
DR. AURA C. MATIAS

Dean, College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
Program Leader
DR. EVANGELINE P. BAUTISTA

Dean, College of Science and Engineering
Ateneo de Manila University
Project Leader
DR. IRENEO C. AGULTO

Central Luzon State University
Project Leader
DR. ROSEMARY R. SEVA

Dean, Gokongwei College of Engineering
De La Salle University
Project Leader
DR. JONATHAN W.L. SALVACION

Dean, School of Graduate Studies
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Project Leader
ATTY. EDGAR ALAN A. DONASCO

Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
Project Leader
DR. AUGUSTUS C. RESURRECCION

Assoc. Dean for Instruction and Research. College of Engineering
Project Leader
DR. ARNOLD R. ELEPAÑO

Dean, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Project Leader
DR. EVELYN B. TABOADA

University of San Carlos
Project Leader
4th ERDT CONGRESS
Agriculture and Science and Technology
for Inclusive Growth
20 July 2015
SMX Convention Center
Pasay City, Philippines
© Copyright 2015
No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent of the editors of the
Proceedings of the 4th ERDT Congress.
ISSN 2362-924X
4th ERDT Congress
20 July 2015
11:30 AM – 5:00 PM
SMX Convention Center, Pasay City
“Agriculture and Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth”
Program
11:30 AM – 1:15 PM Registration
1:15 PM – 1:20 PM Doxology and Philippine National Anthem
1:20 PM – 1:25 PM Welcome Remarks
Dr. Aura C. Matias
Dean, U.P. College of Engineering
Program Leader, ERDT
1:25 PM – 1:30 PM Opening Remarks
Hon. Mario G. Montejo
Secretary
Department of Science and Technology
1:30 PM – 1:45 PM Opening Message:
Philippine Science and Technology Programs for Agricultural
Competiveness and Innovation
Dr. Reynaldo V. Ebora
Executive Director
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCAARD)
1:45 PM – 2:15 PM Farm Mechanization for Food Security
Engr. Rex L. Bingabing
Director IV
Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechanization (PHilMech)
2:15 PM – 2:45 PM Agricultural Mechanization in the Asian Region
Dr. Makoto Hoki
Professor Emeritus
Mie University, Japan
2:45 PM – 3:15 PM LiDAR and Geospatial Applications for Agricultural Land
Resources Management
Dr. Ariel C. Blanco
Program Leader
Phil-LiDAR 2 Program
3:15 PM – 3:30 PM Intermission
Mapúa Cardinal Singers
3:30 PM – 3:45 PM Break
3:45 PM – 4:45 PM Poster Session
2:45 PM – 4:55 PM Awarding of Best Posters
Dr. Ireneo C. Agulto
ERDT Project Leader
4:55 PM – 5:00 PM Closing Remarks
Dr. Arnold R. Elepaño
ERDT Project Leader
Asst. Prof. Paolo Rommel P. Sanchez

Engr. Shelah G. Ramirez
Hosts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MESSAGES
Hon. Benigno S. Aquino III.........................................................................................................xiii
President, Republic of the Philippines
Hon. Mario G. Montejo...............................................................................................................xiv

Secretary, Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Hon. Proseso J. Alcala...................................................................................................................xv

Secretary, Department of Agriculture
Dr. Rowena Cristina L. Guevara...............................................................................................xvi

Undersecretary for Scientific and Technological Services, DOST;
Officer-in-Charge, Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and
Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD)
Dr. Reynaldo V. Ebora................................................................................................................xvii

Acting Executive Director, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic
and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARD)
Dr. Josette T. Biyo............................................................................................................ xviii

Director, Science Education Institute
Dr. Aura C. Matias.......................................................................................................................xix

Dean, College of Engineering;
Program Leader, Engineering Research and Development for Technology (ERDT)
Hon. Alfredo E. Pascual................................................................................................................xx

President, University of the Philippines
Fr. Jose Ramon T. Villarin, SJ...................................................................................................xxii

President, Ateneo de Manila University
Dr. Raul D. Divina......................................................................................................................xxiii

Officer-in-Charge, Office of the President, Central Luzon State University
Br. Dennis M. Magbanua, FSC.................................................................................................xxiv

Officer-in-Charge, Office of the President and Chancellor, De La Salle University
Dr. Reynaldo B. Vea...................................................................................................................xxv

President, Mapúa Institute of Technology
Dr. Sukarno D. Tanggol.............................................................................................................xxvi

Chancellor, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
Fr. Dionisio M. Miranda, SVD.................................................................................................xxvii

President, University of San Carlos
The ERDT Program............................................................................................................................1

The 4th ERDT Congress.......................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACTS OF KEYNOTE LECTURES

Farm Mechanization for Food Security..........................................................................................5
Dir. Rex L. Bingabing
Director IV, Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
Agricultural Mechanization in the Asian Region...........................................................................................7
Dr. Makoto Hoki
Professor Emeritus, Mie University
LiDAR and Geospatial Applications for Agricultural

Land Resources Management........................................................................................................................8
Dr. Ariel C. Blanco
Associate Professor, University of the Philippines Diliman
ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS
Agriculture R&D Track

AG01: Air Temperature and Humidity Profile in a Banana Plantation.........................................................11
Vicki Ann A. Bagulbagul, Patrick Lemuel Relativo, Melchor Deponio, Emily N. Odon,
and Moises A. Dorado
AG02: Alternative Seedbed Media in Double Mulching Technique Seedbeds

for Mechanical Rice Transplanter..................................................................................................................11
Marlon T. Delos Santos, Helen F. Gavino, Romeo B. Gavino, and Victorino T. Taylan
AG03: Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Small-scale Barrel Type

Potato (SolanumTuberosum L.) Washer.........................................................................................................12
Glaizalyn B. Batara, Teresito G. Aguinaldo, Francisco D. Cuaresma, and Helen F. Gavino
AG04: Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Method Using the Power Advance Approach
of the Volume Balance Model.........................................................................................................................12
John Paulo C. Sacdalan, Ireneo C. Agulto, Armando N. Espino Jr, and Vitaliana U. Malamug
AG05: Modelling the Diurnal Variation of Soil Temperature Using Thermocouple Sensors........................13
Danica F. Calanoga, Glaiza J. Visitacion, Ronaldo B. Saludes
AG06: A Multi-objective, Multi-period and Multi-product Production Planning Model

for a Sustainable Aquaponic Facility with Raw Material Reusability............................................................13
Gerry M. Castillo and Dennis E. Cruz
AG07: Near-infrared Spectroscopy for Non-destructive Prediction of Maturity and

Eating Quality of ‘Carabao’ Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit..................................................................14
Yvonne Q. Polinar, Kevin F. Yaptenco, Engelbert K. Peralta, Josephine U. Agravante
AG08: Potential of Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Chemometrics

in Detecting Sugar Adulteration in Honey......................................................................................................14
Rina Fe B. Mencede, Kevin F. Yaptenco, Analinda M. Fajardo, and Alejandro C. Fajardo Jr.
AG09: Preparation and Optimization of Carbon Black Precursor from Coconut Shell
and Sugarcane Bagasse by Hydrolysis-Carbonization...................................................................................15
Karen C. Caranguian
AG10: Production and Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas Using Fixed Bed of
Regenerated Steel Wool for Electricity Generation Applications...................................................................15
Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang and Eliseo P. Villanueva
AG11: Solar-powered Paddy Grain Humidifier-Dryer..................................................................................16

Mark Angelo C. Purio, John Daniel P. Matanguihan, Sheila Kathryn R. Peña,
Gerard Martie V. Principe, and Ernest Joni T. Tabada
AG12: Temperature Compensated Electronic Nose for Fruit Ripeness Determination Using
Component Correction Principal Component Analysis..................................................................................16
John Victor M. Lim, Noel B. Linsangan, and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
AG13: Visible Spectral Imaging Technology for Early Detection of Mechanical
Damage in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) ...........................................................................................17
Bennidict P. Pueyo, Ruel G. Peneyra, Ireneo C. Agulto,
Francisco D. Cuaresma and Emmanuel V. Sicat
AG14: Yield Response Model of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

to Flooding at Different Growth Stages...............................................................................................17
Jose T. Gavino Jr, Ireneo C. Agulto, Victorino T. Taylan, and Helen F. Gavino
Energy R&D Track

EG01: A CFD Analysis and an Experimental Evaluation of an Ejector Refrigeration System
Driven By an Internal Combustion Engine..........................................................................................18
Jaime P. Honra and Menandro S. Berana
EG02: Densification of Shredded Rice Straw......................................................................................18

Bethany Grace S. Calixto, Ernesto P. Lozada,
Engelbert K. Peralta, Jessie C. Elauria, and Leonardo M. Florece
EG03: Development of an Android Application for Power Consumption

Management System Using Programmable Toggle Switch.................................................................19
Vladimir P. Ibañez
EG04: Distribution Impact Study (DIS) for Net-Metering with Photovoltaic

Renewable Energy Resource Using Synergee.....................................................................................19
Larry Lucian E. Lluisma III
EG05: Electrical Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration Strategy Against Partial Shading..................20

Robert Alfie S. Peña and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG06: Evaluation of Potential Hydropower Sites in Iligan City

Using Geographic Information System (GIS)......................................................................................20
Anacita P. Tahud and Noel R. Estoperez
EG07: Life-cycle Greenhouse Gas and Non-renewable Energy

Assessment of Ammonia as Fuel..........................................................................................................21
Kristian Ray Angelo G. Are, Luis F. Razon, Raymond Girard R. Tan
EG08: Light Beam Induced Current Characterization of Solar Cells................................................21

Jeric C. Lim and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG09: Meter Placement Optimization for Harmonic State Estimation...............................................22

Jeffrey Calderon
EG10: Modified Programmable Toggle Switch Using a Low Power 433 MHz
ISM Band Wireless Module.................................................................................................................22
Willen Mark D. Manzanas
EG11: Next Power Forecast of a Household with a Grid Tied Photovoltaic System.........................23
Christine May C. Creayla and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG12: Optimizing Rice Straw, Corn Chaff and Binder Levels for Fuel Briquettes.............................23
Alfredo F. Fortu, Jr , Ernesto P. Lozada,
Edgardo V. Casas, Kevin F. Yanptenco, Delfin C. Suministrado
EG13: Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Rh-Doped Strontium Titanate Thin Film

From Complex Precursor....................................................................................................................24
Joseph Y. Yap IV, Rizalinda L. de Leon, and Kristian July R. Yap
EG14: Short-Term Wind Energy Forecasting.............................................................................................24
Annael J. Domingo
EG15: Thermal Imaging to Detect Defects in Solar Cells...........................................................................25

April M. Salazar and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG16: Thermal Modeling of an Inclined Solar Chimney............................................................................25

Robert James Y. Lomotan and Domingo Galvez, Jr.
Environment and Infrastructure R&D Track

EI01: Biosorption of Heavy Metal, Anionic Metal Complexes and Organic
Compounds Using Bamboo Shoots...............................................................................................................26
Aileen D. Nieva, Bonifacio T. Doma, Jr., and Huan-Ping Chao
EI02: Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted

Concrete Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand And Fly Ash....................................................................26
Carmel B. Sabado and Geronides P. Ancog
EI03: Design of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam Using Excel

Spreadsheet with Visual Basic Application..................................................................................................27
Rimmon S. Labadan1 and Geronides P. Ancog
EI04: Development of Water Supply, Sanitation, And Hygiene

Promotion (Wash) Standards for Evacuation Centers in Albay...................................................................27
Russela Louise V. Barcenas
EI05: Effects of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strips in the Flexural

Strength and Deflection of Steel I-beam.......................................................................................................28
Mary Ann N. Ahalajal and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
EI06: Elucidation of Pesticide Malathion Contamination in Pagsanjan

Lumban Watershed, Philippines...................................................................................................................28
Erwin C. Quiambao
EI07: Hexavalent Chromium and Bivalent Zinc Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Using Kaolin-supported Bacterial Biofilms of E. Coli and S. Epidermidis.................................................29
Khyle Glainmer N. Quiton, Bonifacio T. Doma, Jr., Chi-Chuan Kan,
Sung-Pin Tseng, Hui-Ling Yang, and Meng-Wei Wan
EI08: Investigation of the Tensile Capacity of Mango Husk for Concrete Reinforcement..........................29
Mark Vincent J. Abad
EI09: Performance Based Design of Seismic Retrofit Systems for Heritage

Buildings in the Philippines with Consideration to Architectural Preservations.........................................30
Marabelle R. Del Prado and Andres Winston C. Oreta
EI10: Potential of Producing High Strength Hollow Core

Reinforced Concrete Slab with Silica Fume and Polypropylene Fiber ......................................................30
Evalyn Joy M. Castil and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
EI11: Removal of Oxalate in Wastewater by Fluidized Bed Reactor...........................................................31

Roselle Y. Mamuad, Ming-Chun Lu, and Alvin R. Caparanga
EI12: Self-sensing Carbon Nanotube Cement Composites in Steel-reinforced Concrete............................31

Suzanne Ara P. Peñeda and Oscar Victor M. Antonio, Jr.
EI13: Shear Strength of Soil Stabilized with Portland Cement – Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
Mix for Deep Mixing Application..................................................................................................................32
Applegen I. Cavero and Metodia M. Trinidad
EI14: Structural Efficiency and Deflection Characteristics of Nonprestressed

Precast Reinforced Concrete Slab Strip Notched at Tension Zone................................................................32
Kenny B. Cantila and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
EI15: The Effect of Structural Parameters on the Behavior of Buckling-restrained

Braced Frame in Eccentric Configurations (BRBF-E) ..................................................................................33
Michael Jayson S. Mas and Bernardo A. Lejano
EI16: Water System Safety Plan Based on Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
for Risk Management of Surigao Metropolitan Water District (SMWD).......................................................33
Michelle D. Enriquez
EI17: Water Quality Characterization of Tanay River System in Tanay, Rizal, Philippines..........................34
Rosalinda G. Brasos and Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling
EI18: Wireless Flood Monitoring Using Integrated Hydrological Sensors

and Flood Prediction via Artificial Neural Network......................................................................................34
Timothy M. Amado and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
Information and Communications Technology R&D Track

IC01: Affective Modelling of Body Posture and Movement Based on Context and Activity..........................35
Earl Arvin A. Calapatia and Merlin Teodosia C. Suarez
IC02: Application of Artificial Neural Network and Background Subtraction for

Determining Body Mass Index (BMI) in Android Devices Using Bluetooth..................................................35
Neil Erick Q. Madariaga and Noel B. Linsangan
IC03: Artificial Neural Network Classification for Gunshot Detection and Localization System..................36
Cherry Mae J. Galangque and Sherwin Guirnaldo
IC04: Cxsense: A Scalable Password-based Key Management Scheme for

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks.................................................................................................................................36
James Patrick A. Acang and Susan P. Festin
IC05: Design and Development of Digital Signages and Rapidly Deployable Information
Kiosks (RDIKs) with Narrow Casting, Local Content Streaming, and Peer-to-peer
Caching Capabilities in a Vehicle-to-Vehicle Platform..................................................................................37
Benjz Gerard M. Sevilla, Nathaniel Joseph C. Libatique, Gregory L. Tangonan, and Cesar S. Pineda
IC06: Development of a Hydro-meteorology Based Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

Tool for Farmers in Pitpitan, Bulacan, Bulacan ...........................................................................................37
Julius Noah H. Sempio
IC07: Development of a Portable Sensor-based Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and

Modeling System Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithm..............................................................................38
Mary Anne S. Roa and Rosula S. Reyes
IC08: Effects of Movement Velocity and Acceleration on Bicep Electromyography Signal

Amplitude for Motion Intention Detection in Robotic Based Physical Rehabilitation...................................38
Armyn C. Sy and Nilo T. Bugtai
IC09: Elora: Towards an Online Simulation of Instruction Set Architecture Types with
Focus on Comparison for Computer Science Education........................................................................................39
Jan Miles Co, Jonathan Casano and Mark Ronquillo
IC10: Estimation of Seagrass Cover Density in Bolinao, Philippines Using Landsat

Images and Spectral Mapping Techniques..............................................................................................................39
Roseanne V. Ramos and Ariel C. Blanco
IC11: Exploration of Alternative 2-bit Branch Prediction Schemes.......................................................................40

Leandro T. Isla, Jhoanna T. Isla, and Michael Syson
IC12: Farming Management Information System Model........................................................................................40

Michelle P. Banawan, Rey R. Aliño, Cesar Tecson, and Wilfredo Badoy
IC13: Fuzzy Inference System Wireless Body Area Network Architecture for
Remote Health Monitoring......................................................................................................................................41
Robert Kerwin C. Billones, Elmer P. Dadios
IC14: Gamification of Balance Evaluation and Intervention for Stroke Patients

Using Game Design Theories for Motivation..........................................................................................................41
Jedd Emille B. Chua and Rosula S.J. Reyes
IC15: Intelligent Operating Architecture for Audio-Visual Breast Self-Examination

Multimedia Training System ...................................................................................................................................42
Robert Kerwin C. Billones and Elmer P. Dadios
IC16: Magsasaka: Mobile Farming Game..............................................................................................................42

Michelle P. Banawan, Rey R. Aliño, Cesar Tecson, and Wilfredo Badoy
IC17: A Modified Rock-Paper-Scissor Game with Augmented Reality..................................................................43

John Sixto Santos, Maria Clara Isabel Sia, and Ninna Layug
IC18: Performance and Reliability Analysis of Paired-equivalence Omega Network............................................43

Aran V. Samson, Maria Clara Isabel Sia, Jaime Miguel Tropezado, and Emily S. Tabanao
IC19: Obstacle Avoidance for Quadrotor Swarm Using Artificial Neural

Network Self-Organizing Map.................................................................................................................................44
Jose Martin Z. Maningo, Gerard Ely U. Faelden, Reiichiro Christian S. Nakano,
Argel A. Bandala, and Elmer P. Dadios
IC20: Palm Vein Recognition System Using Directional Coding and

Back-propagation Neural Network..........................................................................................................................44
Mark Erwin C. Villariña and Noel B. Linsangan
IC21: Raspberry Pi Controlled Integrated Iris Recognition and Radio Frequency

Identification for Automated Attendance Management System......................................................................45
Oliver L. Arriesgado and Hareez M. Villaruz
IC22: Simulation of Passenger Flow and Queuing at MRT North Station ......................................................45
Mariecor Elaine R. Tagle, Raquel Raiza T. Francisco, Edgardo G. Macatulad, and Leorey O. Marquez
IC23: Smart Farming Using Wireless Sensor Network

Takes the Lead - Agriland...............................................................................................................................46
Francisco B. Culibrina and Elmer P. Dadios
IC24: Social Network Analysis of Tweets on Typhoon During Haiyan and Post-Haiyan Times...................46
Ryan Rey M. Daga, Ma. Regina Justina E. Estuar, and Marlene M. De Leon
IC25: Socialization Through Storytelling: Modeling Sociocultural Character

Agents for Automated Story Generation.........................................................................................................47
Michael Louie Boñon
Manufacturing and Machinery R&D Track

MM01: Computational Structural Integrity Analyses of a Canard Box-wing Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform for Disaster Management and Surveillance Applications ..........................48
Aiza B. Albufera and Jonathan C. Maglasang
MM02: Conceptual Design and Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Canard Box-Wing

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform for Agricultural Surveillance and
Risk/Disaster Management Applications........................................................................................................48
Genesis N. Remocaldo and Jonathan C. Maglasang
MM03: Design and Development of a Fuzzy-PLC Controller for an Earthquake

Simulator / Shake Table..................................................................................................................................49
Renann G. Baldovino and Elmer P. Dadios
MM04: Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Shelling Machine

for Castor Bean (Ricinus comunis L.).............................................................................................................49
Novalyn C. Gatmen, Emmanuel V. Sicat, Romeo B. Gavino, and Victorino T. Taylan
MM05: Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Potato (Solanun tuberosum L.)
Grader for Village-Level Operations..............................................................................................................50
Marvin T. Valentin, Elmar M. Villota, Vitalliana U. Malamug, and Ireneo C. Agulto
MM06: A Multi-objective Reverse Supply Chain Model for Products with Multiple Components
and Multiple Product Recovery Options.........................................................................................................50
Mary Joyce P. Alcazar and Dennis E. Cruz
Semiconductor Materials and Electronics R&D Track

SE01: Classification of Myoelectric Signals Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
with Back Propagation Algorithm in a Wireless Surface Myoelectric Prosthesis
of the Upper-limb............................................................................................................................................51
Kevin D. Manalo, Noel B. Linsangan, and Jumelyn L. Torres
SE02: Design and Implementation of a Low-Voltage Selectable Fractional-Order

Differentiator in a 0.35µm CMOS Technology..............................................................................................51
Geoffrey L. Abulencia and Alexander C. Abad
SE03: An Efficient 5.8GHz Differential-drive RF Energy Harvester

for Wireless Sensor Node Applications.........................................................................................................52
Patrick Vincent F. Bamba, Louis P. Alarcón, and John Richard E. Hizon
SE04: Indoor Photovoltaic Energy Harvester for Battery Recharging and Wireless Sensor
Networks Application Implemented in 90nm CMOS Technology...................................................................52
Rochelle M. Sabarillo and Chinet O. Mocorro
SE05: Low Power and Robust 2.4GHz Front-end Receiver for RF Powered
Wireless Sensor Nodes.................................................. .................................................................................53
Catherine F. Andaya, Louis P. Alarcón, and John Richard E. Hizon
SE06: Low Voltage Ultra Low Power PVT Independent and High PSRR Voltage Reference
in 65nm CMOS Process.........................................................................................................................................53
John Michael A. Gorospe and Jefferson A. Hora
SE07: Microcontroller-implemented Artificial Neural Network for Electrooculography-based

Wearable Drowsiness Detection with Alert System...............................................................................................54
Keith Marlon R. Tabal, Felicito S. Caluyo, and Joseph Bryan G. Ibarra
SE08: A Modified RF to DC Converter CMOS Rectifier Design for Energy Harvesting.....................................54

John Michael C. Tolete and Jefferson A. Hora
SE09: A Neural Network Approach to a Cooperative Balancing Problem Among Quadrotor

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (QUAVs)....................................................................................................................55
Gerard Ely Faelden, Jose Martin Maningo, Reiichiro Christian Nakano, Argel Bandala, and Elmer Dadios
SE10: Nitrogen Plasma Modification of Spray-Deposited Restacked Few-layered Graphene Films..................55

Jeremiah G. Chan, Erwin P Enriquez, Jose Mario Diaz, and Magdaleno R. Vasquez Jr.
SE11: Parameter Extraction of Optoelectronic pH Sensor Based on the Hue

Absorbance of a pH Test Strip...............................................................................................................................56
Ira C. Valenzuela and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
SE12: A Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit Using Negative Voltage Converter
with Active Diode and DC-DC Buck Converter....................................................................................................56
Qadier I. Jilluh and Allen Dela Cerna Lowaton
SE13: RFID Based Indoor Navigation with Obstacle Detection Based on A* Algorithm
for the Visually Impaired.......................................................................................................................................57
Jayron Lester Sanchez, Analyn N. Yumang, and Felicito S. Caluyo
SE14: Rectifier and Regulator Combo Circuit for Medical Implants Implemented
in 0.18µm CMOS Technology...............................................................................................................................57
Leo E. Geralla and Jefferson Hora
Republic of the Philippines
Malacañan Palace
Office of the President of the Philippines
MESSAGE
My warmest greetings to the Department of Science and Technology and the members of the Engineering
Research and Development for Technology as you hold your 4th ERDT Congress.
Agriculture plays a significant role in achieving sustainable, inclusive growth. Many parts of society such
as the manufacturing and service sectors depend largely on it to produce food, gather raw materials, and
as a source of livelihood. While we have established numerous significant measures to develop our
countryside and uplift our rural communities, much of their potential remains untapped and waiting to be
harnessed.
The collaboration and support of various stakeholders in our shared mission of equitable progress will
allow us to more effectively address the issues if this industry. This year‘s congress is proof that our
science and engineering institutions are helping to tackle the challenges we face on this front.
Our government remains steadfast in upholding public welfare, and we count on you to share in our vision
of an advanced and prosperous Philippines. May this assembly allow us to bring grater dynamism into
agricultural research and development.
I wish you a productive and meaningful event.
xiii
Office of the Secretary
MESSAGE
My warmest greetings and congratulations to the participants and

organizers of the 4th ERDT Congress.
With the theme ―Agriculture and Science and Technology for

Inclusive Growth‖, this congress aims to gather researchers, ERDT
scholars, visiting professors, industry, government, and other
experts for the goal of advancing the discussions on the possible
contributions of the scientific and engineering community in
addressing the nation‘s pressing concerns of the agriculture sector
and food security.
In our world‘s continuing population growth and issues of food

security and agricultural productivity, the Congress comes in perfect timing in providing a venue where
participants can contribute to Science and Technology solutions in addressing the mentioned concerns in
agriculture.
The Department of Science and Technology is very confident that the participants, especially our ERDT
scholars will definitely learn new things in this year‘s Congress and I hope that they eventually contribute
in solving the challenges confronting our agricultural sector through their research and academic projects.
Mabuhay!
MARIO G. MONTEJO
Secretary
xiv
Department of Agriculture
Office of the Secretary
MESSAGE
Congratulations to Engineering Research and Development for

Technology for organizing the 4th ERDT Congress.
Your theme – Agriculture and Science and Technology for Inclusive

Growth – underscores the crucial role of engineering research and
development in the agri-fishery sector and in the country‘s efforts in
achieving inclusive growth.
For the Department of Agriculture, the creation of the Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering
(BAFE) under the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act is an important development that will
ensure efficient and effective coordination, supervision and monitoring of our implementation of agri-
fisheries infrastructure projects. As we continue to fully operationalize BAFE, we look forward to unify,
lead and support the efforts of various organizations and institutions in the local development and
manufacture of agri-fisheries machinery and equipment.
I am confident the ERDT Congress will be a successful venue for all participants where ideas and
discussions will be generated and partnership will be strengthened for the benefit of our farmers and other
stakeholders.
Mabuhay!
PROSESO J. ALCALA
Secretary
xv
Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging
Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD)
MESSAGE
Congratulations to the Steering Committee, faculty members and

administrative personnel of the Engineering Research and Development
for Technology for organizing this year‘s 4th ERDT Congress with the
theme Agriculture and Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth
on 20 July 2015 at the SMX Convention Center, Mall of Asia, Pasay
City. This activity is one of the pre-events of National Science and
Technology Week (NSTW) by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST).
The ERDT is an eight-year old human resource development program of

the DOST. It is achieving its objective of building a culture of R&D with a critical mass of researchers,
scientists and engineers. This is why your effort at coming up with a yearly technology information
exchange forum is very much appreciated. Business, industry, government, academe and other
stakeholders will benefit from inputs of ERDT scholars, visiting professors, and other experts as they
discuss issues on inclusive growth, multidisciplinary approaches to food security and population growth,
availability of local resources, as well as opportunities and challenges faced by the agricultural sector.
With the 4th ERDT forum, we expect ERDT to present not only technologies generated but also draft and
promote a framework and mechanisms by which appropriate technological solutions can be made
accessible to those who need them.
Once again, the ERDT team is lauded for holding this congress to support exchange of ideas and provide a
venue to showcase the relevance of S&T in agriculture for inclusive growth.
Teknolohiya at Industriyaman para sa ating Bayan!
ROWENA CRISTINA L. GUEVARA, Ph.D.

Undersecretary for S&T Services, DOST
Officer-in-Charge, PCIEERD
xvi
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)
MESSAGE
My warmest congratulations to the Engineering Research and

Development for Technology for organizing its 4th Congress.
Food security and increasing world population have been major global
issues that R&D has been trying to address for decades. Tools, know-
how and information generated through S&T proved very useful in
helping produce food supply that will meet the increasing world‘s demand. These days, it is just not
enough to come up with solutions on a particular concern but to address all aspects of the problem to
avoid its recurrence. In the current development context in the Philippines and in Asia, it is essential to
ensure that growth in all areas (economics, social, etc.) will result in improved livelihoods and ultimately,
inclusive growth. Food security is a prerequisite for reducing inequality and promoting inclusive growth,
sustainable development and political stability
The theme of the Congress, ―Agriculture and Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth‖, is very
timely for this situation. The ERDT scholars have the great opportunity to learn from different
researchers, academicians, and experts from the public and private sectors, and enrich their experience
and knowledge on possible contributions engineering can provide to pressing concerns in the agriculture
sector which greatly impacts food security.
PCAARRD believes in the positive contribution of engineering and mechanization to agriculture, aquatic
and natural resources (AANR). The council crafted the Industry Strategic S&T programs (ISPs) where
problems and gaps of the industry were identified to focus R&D efforts and develop specific S&T
interventions. These ISPs use a Convergence of Technologies Approach to produce deliverables, which
are world-class technologies, tools, know-hows, and innovations. Through the ISPs, some notable high-
impact and world-class technologies and services are now breaking new grounds for the benefit of our
stakeholders. The ISPs consider mechanization requirements of the various commodity-based industries
such as rice, vegetables, mango, peanut, feed resources, milk fish, sea cucumber and shrimp. PCAARRD
supports the development of S&T interventions to arm industries with technologies, machines and
systems to make them more productive and competitive.
The Council commends and supports ERDT for continuously pushing for excellence among the future of
engineering for AANR sectors and inclusive growth in the country.
Again, congratulations to ERDT for a job well done.
Mabuhay!
REYNALDO V. EBORA, Ph.D.

Acting Executive Director
xvii
Science Education Institute
MESSAGE
Warmest greetings!
I wish to congratulate the members of the Engineering Research and

Development for Technology (ERDT) Consortium for again organizing
its annual Congress.
In its fourth year, the ERDT Congress follows the theme ―Agriculture
and Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth‖, a highly timely
subject today as economies try to collectively address food security—and nutrition—amid the challenges
brought by global warming. This Congress, hence, aims to spark ideas from our participants to allow us to
develop multidisciplinary scientific solutions that can address the issues in our agriculture sector.
This Congress allows researchers, experts, academic professionals, and representatives from various
industries and the government to collaborate with our graduate scholars in finding ways to give the
agriculture sector a boost. The speakers lined-up for this event have the credentials to talk about S&T
programs and applications, strategies, and best practices that can be adopted or studied further by our
graduate scholars. We believe that the presentations and discussions will lead to better understanding and
later on action between our participants, most especially, our beloved ERDT Scholars.
The Science Education Institute, as the S&T human resources development agency of the government,
continues to hope for a strengthened research and development landscape in the country as well as an
improved environment for practicing engineers. We believe that through the ERDT Program and this
Congress, we would be able to accelerate process of achieving these goals. We express our highest trust to
our scholars that they will maximize this opportunity to widen their perspective and soak in the
knowledge to be offered by the presenters.
We look forward to the success of this Congress and hope that this influences a movement towards a more
science-oriented society.
JOSETTE T. BIYO, Ph.D.

Director
xviii
Engineering Research and
Development for Technology
MESSAGE
In the Philippines, agriculture plays a crucial role in achieving

sustainable and inclusive growth, with the manufacturing and
services sectors depending largely on agriculture as a source of raw
materials for production and food supply. The agricultural sector
employs a significant number of Filipinos. However, its national
economic contribution still needs a boost to significantly effect an
impact on the country‘s growth. This sector‘s potentials remain
untapped, and there is continuing challenge for different disciplines
such as science and engineering to contribute to its advancement.
Realizing the necessity to channel our collective efforts to

contribute towards this goal, the Engineering Research and Development for Technology (ERDT), with its
lead agricultural consortium member universities Central Luzon State University and the University of
the Philippines Los Baños, is delighted to hold its 4th ERDT Congress. Bannered with the theme,
―Agriculture and Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth,‖ this year‘s Congress aims to provide a
dynamic platform to all ERDT scholars, members of the academe, government, industry, civic society
organizations, and international and local experts in these fields to discuss possible contributions of the
S&T community in advancing the Philippine agricultural sector.
Furthermore, the 4th ERDT Congress serves as one of the official pre-events of the National Science and
Technology Week 2015, which marks for a more integrated S&T-based ASEAN community in realizing
the vision of shared and inclusive development.
Since its full implementation in 2008, the ERDT has already produced 534 MS and 47 PhD graduates.
The ERDT is looking forward to more scholars earning their graduate diplomas and conducting research
works that are aligned with our national development agenda.
To all the participants of this year‘s Congress, may we use this platform to engage in fruitful discussions
and forge possible collaborations that will lead to a more productive and globally competitive agricultural
sector!
AURA C. MATIAS, Ph.D.

Dean, UP College of Engineering
xix
University of the Philippines
Office of the President
MESSAGE
On behalf of the University of the Philippines (UP), I wish to extend

my wholehearted congratulations to the key officials of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and its Science
Education Institute, led by Secretary MARIO G. MONTEJO, and to
the various ERDT Program and Project Leaders representing the eight
Consortium Universities, led by UP College of Engineering (UPCE)
Dean AURA C. MATIAS – for organizing the 4th Engineering
Research and Development Technology Congress, with the theme, ―Agriculture and Science and
Technology for Inclusive Growth‖!
Many distinguished researchers, practitioners and innovators in the field of engineering have been using
the ERDT Congress in tackling the country's most pressing problems. This year's ERDT Congress aims to
mobilize the top minds from the academe, industry and government to bear on the areas of food security
and world population, which impact greatly on our country's economic and social well-being.
According to the government‘s Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), agriculture – particularly, the
poultry, grains and livestock subsectors – grew by 9.71% from the previous year‘s figures, grossing P1.6
Trillion at current prices.
We may speculate and attribute these gains to chance happenings, such as favorable weather conditions
and/or the dynamic global economy. But, one thing we can be sure of is the fact that the introduction of
innovations, particularly the adoption of appropriate farming technologies, stands out as the key factor in
making this level of success sustainable for future generations.
Thankfully, the engineers from the ERDT consortium know how important innovation is to our country's
future. History has shown that new technologies have been the driving force behind the prosperity and
health of many great nations. Hence, by turning your attention to the problem of food security, you help us
get one step closer to a future where good food and optimal nutrition are made available for every
Filipino.
Encouraging diverse views and collaborative approaches has been one of the strengths of this Congress.
The problem of food security is truly a complex one; combining issues from fields like natural science and
technology, economics, law, and other areas. ERDT‘s commitment to building strong relationships,
however, means that the member universities have a sterling track record in finding multidisciplinary and
transdisciplinary solutions to the nation's problems.
With the best minds in the country working in concert with their counterparts around the world, I have no
doubt that the 4th ERDT Conference will be a source of world-changing tools and techniques in the same
manner as its predecessors. May this year‘s congress presentations inspire all of us to find new ways for
science and technology to help feed our people. Together, let us propel our nation to greatness through
cooperation and innovation.
xx
To the presenters and ERDT Scholars – congratulations and thank you for sharing your expertise through
this Congress!
To the participants and attendees – may you be encouraged and inspired by these experts to thicken
Agriculture and S&T discourse by pursuing and intensifying the conduct your own research!
I will surely look forward to the next Congress. Mabuhay ERDT!
Maraming salamat po.
ALFREDO E. PASCUAL
President
xxi
MESSAGE
I am pleased to know that the theme of the 4 th

(ERDT) Congress is ―Agriculture and Science and
Technology for Inclusive Growth‖. Agriculture remains
to be the underperforming sector of the economy and it
is the one sector that covers the poorest of our people. It
is ironic that while the agricultural sector employs 30%
of our population, its share in Philippine GDP is only
10%, and most farmers earn wages at subsistence levels. Growth will never be inclusive and lasting unless
we address this weakest link in the development chain of our nation.
As colleagues in the science and engineering fields, we are well aware of the limitations and scope of our
disciplines. In coming up with solutions to the problems that our agricultural sector continually has to
contend with, we realize that these challenges are more than scientific. There are socio-environmental
(e.g. water and soil) stresses due to a variety of drivers such as urbanization, deforestation, population
pressure, the loss of agricultural land to residential and commercial developments, the vagaries of weather
associated with climate change, cultural and feudal arrangements, and other such factors that constrain
agricultural development.
May this congress focus and align our efforts to solve what we can and need to solve. Scientists and
engineers are by nature curious and enamored of puzzles and methodologies. There will always be
problems and puzzles to solve ad infinitum. May this congress teach us to discern strategically, to separate
the chaff from the grain, the merely baffling from the truly essential, the small questions from the big
questions. And may this congress lead us to a deeper humility that prods us to connect with experts in
fields other than ours. The problems that have long bedeviled Philippine agriculture are legion. Let our
efforts not be myopic and piecemeal, but intelligent, integrated and inspired.
JOSE RAMON T. VILLARIN, SJ

President
xxii
MESSAGE
The ERDT Program is indeed offering sparks of insight to

create a flame of innovation, to discover new ideas that will
positively impact agriculture and the ability for the
agricultural industry to meet world food supply needs.
It may be through innovation in engineering, science and

technology that humanity will be able to address better the
issues of sustaining our agricultural food supply and therefore
contributing to poverty alleviation and socio-economic
development.
The fourth ERDT Congress will be a forum where progressive thoughts on agriculture, science and
technology could be shared.
In behalf of the CLSU Family, I wish to congratulate the organizers of the 4th ERDT Congress. We will
continuously support ERDT‘s commitment of addressing the engineering manpower needs of the country.
DR. RAUL D. DIVINA

OIC President
xxiii
Office of the President and Chancellor
MESSAGE
The rapid increase in the world‘s population has posed a great burden
on food security, which has become a major global issue that has
defined the recent decades. At the core of the solution to this
widespread global concern is agriculture. The theme that the
organizers of the 4th Engineering Research and Development for
Technology have chosen for this year‘s gathering of researchers,
scientists and engineers serves to emphasize that agriculture and
science and technology are crucial in addressing this global issue. The fusion of science and technology,
agriculture and socio-economics is vital in charting the growth and development of the countries like the
Philippines. Science and technology provides the necessary platform toward the achievement of more
efficient agricultural techniques and processes, the discovery of high yielding varieties, and the creation of
more efficient farm to market/consumers networks, among others.
This document puts together the valuable thoughts, insights and ideas of the event‘s distinguished guests
from key government agencies, industry partners and a partner institution in Taiwan. May it serve as a
handy reference and springboard for further scientific investigations and collaborative endeavors between
government, the private sector and members of academe toward addressing the pressing concerns
confronted by the agricultural sector, and optimizing the potential contributions that the science and
technology community can provide. The papers herein presented affirm the value of engaging
multidisciplinary teams and approaches to mitigate the serious threats posed by the global food security
issue, in particular.
Congratulations to the organizers and participants of the 4th Engineering Research and Development for
Technology Congress for the successful holding of the event, and for coming up with this compilation of
congress proceedings. I wish the organizers, participants and contributors to this event all the best in your
future endeavors.
Br. DENNIS M. MAGBANUA, FSC

OIC President and Chancellor
xxiv
MESSAGE
On behalf of the officers, faculty, staff and students of Mapúa, I would

like to extend my warmest felicitations to the organizers and
participants of the 4th Engineering Research and Development for
Technology (ERDT) Congress.
This year‘s theme, ―Agriculture and Science and Technology for

Inclusive Growth‖ is a topic that is very germane to the Philippine
situation as well as those of other developing and emerging
economies. Food is indeed a basic human need, and anything that will
secure its supply for all cannot but be of the highest priority. The involvement of ERDT in this particular
field of S&T is truly only proper.
Mapúa is glad to be a part of ERDT in helping build a critical mass of research scientists and engineers to
fuel the country‘s socio-economic advancement and enhancement of its competitiveness.
Mabuhay!
REYNALDO B. VEA, Ph.D.

President
xxv
Mindanao State University
Iligan Institute of Technology
Office of the Chancellor
MESSAGE
We in the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) are

with you in the quest to create a culture of research to develop
human resource in order to tap professionals and to train more
towards the progress and development of the country.
A more pressing challenge is to share ideas and human

resources, to be catalysts for change to be able to cope with
fast developments in science and technology. Each era has its
significant discoveries and other pioneering endeavors that
have formed part of our existence today.
We are enjoying the benefits of what has been developed in

the past and what the refinements have been done for our
welfare and comfort. Therefore, if we laud the efforts of the
present, let us also remember what the past has done for us and the many unsung heroes in science and
technology, in economics, the social scientists and the artists who have made this world a better place to
live in.
It is our duty to continue the tradition of innovation by building on what others before us have done
because we know more today, thanks to these early innovators with their imagination and creativity.
Development, as we all know, is a continuous process and eras and human needs change from time to
time.
We need human resource not only for them to be creative but for them to be confident and forward
looking, and at the same time, to be equipped with a sense of history, and a strong sense of humanity.
SUKARNO D. TANGGOL, D.P.A.

Chancellor
xxvi
MESSAGE
Dear Friends,
Recently USC honored its Mechanical engineers for a 100% passing rate in
the recent board exams. At the same occasion we recognized incoming
Mechanical Engineering freshmen, who bear two distinctions: that of being
concurrently our pioneer batch of TESDA NC-II Technical Draftsmen, LP
(Ladderized Program), and that of clearing their certification exams with a
100% passing rate as well. The regular cohort is representative of a
curriculum that is being phased out, while the other is an example of a new cohort taking shape. Even as
we paint the big picture of reform in Engineering Education, we need to note such basic interventions
without which the grand vision cannot be realized.
At another level one of our Chemical Engineers, Dean Evelyn Taboada, co-published ―Humanitarian
Chemical Engineering‖ in AIChE. The article underscores the point that professional responsibility
should not be limited only to ―how‖ issues such as efficiency and economy, but to ―for whom‖ issues such
as the beneficiaries of the new technology – these latter referring not only to capitalists who commission
or bring the technology from the workbench to the marketplace, but also to considerations of client safety
and urgency of human need. The article then proceeds to document a biogas project to electrify rural
households in Myanmar and a mango waste treatment plant creating jobs in Cebu. Beyond mere
compliance with the Code of Ethics, local engineering as a whole needs a new ethos.
The time should be long past when we mouth lofty ideals of making engineering socially
transformative. Economic data indicate that whereas progress is registering significant advances in many
urban areas, Philippine agriculture is failing to produce the food commensurate to the needs of the
country, and Philippine manufacturing has not exploited its vast potentials. In fact the rural economy is
contracting, not only because of policy anachronisms but also because of myopic science and irrelevant
technology. As recognized by this 4th ERDT Congress, engineering schools will have to break out of their
academic silos and reach out to other disciplines, such as social and behavioral sciences as well
economics, for starters. The third challenge to our engineers is to generate greater social and economic
value for the country.
A Congress is a convenient place to bring together many minds and a variety of perspectives. We hope
that students and professors, scholars and researchers, labor and capital will find meaningful interfaces
distinctive to academic gatherings but also promising for the market‘s quest for techno-
preneurship. Engineers of tomorrow will be expected to publish as a matter of routine; they will also be
expected to generate intellectual property as capital. Only with such steps can Philippine engineering
truly realize its ultimate reason for being – promoting the good of humanity.
FR. DIONISIO M. MIRANDA, SVD, MA, SThD

President
xxvii
The ERDT Program
The Engineering Research and Development for Technology or ERDT is a highly funded development
project by the Philippine government through the Department of Science and Technology. It aims to
attain a critical mass of Master‘s and doctoral graduates in various fields of engineering, deliver high-
impact research aligned with the development plans of the country, upgrade the qualifications of
practicing engineers and develop a culture of research and develop.
To effectively achieve the program‘s objectives, ERDT is implemented through a consortium of eight
universities in the Philippines with mature engineering graduate programs. These universities are the
University of the Philippines Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University, Central Luzon State University, De
La Salle University, Mapua Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of
Technology, University of San Carlos, and University of the Philippines Los Baños.
As a development project, ERDT program is divided into three components namely human resource
development (HRD), research and development (R&D) and infrastructure development.
The HRD component addresses the need to increase the number of practicing engineers, scientists, and
researchers with advanced and research-based graduate degrees in the country. It is designed to help the
country attain the UNESCO benchmark for economic development and move the country from being a
technological consumer to an established technological creator and innovator in the region.
The R&D component provides opportunities for ERDT scholars to participate and work on projects
related to their theses and dissertations. This promotes advancement of engineering research and
alignment of research works of scholars with the development plan of the country. Currently, the ERDT
has five different R&D tracks; Environment and Infrastructure, Energy, Information and Communication
Technology, Semiconductor and Electronics, and Manufacturing and Machinery.
The infrastructure development aims to build state-of-the-art laboratories and equipment at the
University of the Philippines in support of the R&D thrust of the ERDT program.
1
The 4th ERDT Congress
Food security and a continuing growth in world population are two mega-needs that interact in a way that
they can only become more palpable and not eclipsed by other needs. These two needs
require multidisciplinary approaches, such as those that fuse science and technology with
socioeconomics. For ERDT to impact food security, it must combine S&T, agriculture and social and
economic factors. In particular, inclusive growth means among other things equal access to markets,
opportunities and resources. The role of the ERDT is to develop not only technologies but also a
framework (e.g., intellectual property) by which these solutions can be made available to all sectors of
society.
This 20 July 2015, the ERDT with its two lead agricultural consortium member universities Central Luzon
State University and University of the Philippines Los Baños will be once again conducting its annual
Congress at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City.
Recognizing the pressing concerns of the agricultural sector and the possible contributions that the science
and engineering community can provide, the theme of this year‘s 4th ERDT Congress is "Agriculture and
Science and Technology for Inclusive Growth.”
The ERDT Congress is a yearly event where researchers, ERDT Scholars, visiting professors, industry,
government, and other experts gather and get inspired by plenary lectures of highly distinguished
professors and experts all over the world. It also seeks to provide a venue for ERDT scholars to publish
their academic works through poster competition.
Among the experts who will be giving plenary speeches are Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic
and Natural Resources Research and Development Executive Director Reynaldo V. Ebora, Philippine
Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization Director Rex L. Bingabing, Mie University
Professor Emeritus Makoto Hoki, and Phil-LiDAR 2 Project Program Leader Ariel C. Blanco.
Past Congresses focused on disaster preparedness and resiliency, technopreneurship, and patents and
commercialization.
2
ABSTRACTS OF KEYNOTE LECTURES
Farm Mechanization for Food Security

Engr. Rex L. Bingabing
Director IV, Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechanization
Agricultural Mechanization in the Asian Region

Makoto Hoki, Ph.D.
LiDAR and Geospatial Applications

for Agricultural Land Resources Management
Ariel C. Blanco, Ph.D.
Program Leader, Phil-LiDAR 2 Program
Director, UP Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Farm Mechanization for Food Security
Rex L. Bingabing
Director IV, Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechanization
Food security is the concern of all nations regardless of economic status (developing, under developed and
developed countries). Food security means food is available and accessible at all times. There are several strategies
on how to achieve food security. At the start of the new administration, the Department of Agriculture launched a
program of attaining food security thru food self-sufficiency. This was called the Food Staple Self Sufficiency
Program (FSSP). The program aims to lessen our dependence on importation and make our country self sufficient
in our major staples like rice and corn.
Food security in modern times faces several challenges:

• Increasing population. Our fast population growth requires that we should also have an increasing production of
food
• Ageing Farmers. Based on recent studies, the age of our farmers are close to 50years old. Younger generations
are not engaging in agriculture
• Decreasing production area. Because of industrialization and commercialization, agricultural lands are being
converted for other applications
• Climate Change. Extreme weather conditions and unpredictability in weather patterns affects planning and
disrupts the traditional agricultural production cycle
The above challenges can be addressed with the adaption of appropriate technology and thru Research and
Development. One of the major strategies of the FSSP is to increase the level of farm mechanization in the country.
In the recent study by PhilMech in 2011, the current level of farm mechanization for rice and corn in the
Philippines is at 1.23Hp/Ha. This is low in comparison to our neighboring Asian Countries as seen in the table
below.
Country Level of Farm Mechanization (HP/Ha)
Japan 18.87
South Korea 9.38
China 8.42
Thailand 4.2
Philippines 1.23
Source : DA- PHilMech
Mechanization in farm operations starting from land preparation, planting, harvesting and postharvest activities
makes the production more efficient (lower cost and increase yield), reduces drudgery in labor, increase cropping
intensity, reduce postharvest loss and improves quality.
5
Mechanical transplanting of rice Manual transplanting of rice
For manual transplanting of rice for example, the labor requirement is about 16-20Man-Days per hectare. But if
mechanical transplanter is used, the labor requirement is only about 3-4Man-Days per hectare. The cost is also about
30% lower.
The low adoption of mechanization in farm activities can be attributed to the following reasons:
• Lack of education of the farmers
• High investment attributed to the purchase of machines
In the aim of raising farm mechanization in the country, the Department of Agriculture started in 2011 the Farm
Mechanization Program. The program aims to provide farmers better access to on-farm and off-farm machineries.
The government thru the DA will shoulder 85% of the cost of equipment while the farmer beneficiaries will
shoulder the remaining 15%. Part of the program also is to provide information and education to farmers on the
benefits of using modern machineries in farm production. This is done thru trainings and farm machine demos and
exhibits.
RnD plays an important role in further promoting farm mechanization. Since most of the machines and equipment
used in the farm operations are imported, there is a need to localize these technologies to make it more affordable
and more suited to our local conditions. In recent years, DA-PhilMech has intensified its efforts RnD with the aim to
localize foreign technologies or develop our own technologies for farm mechanization and postharvest activities.
Some of the recently developed technologies are the local rice transplanter, mini-combine rice harvester, coconut
water extractor/pasteurizer, compact cormill, compact rice mill, cassava digger and harvester, etc. These developed
machines are now being commercialized in the market. This will provide farmers and processors better access to
modern technologies and make them more competitive. Development of local machines will also provide
opportunities for our local manufacturing sector.
Engr. Rex L. Bingabing obtained his BS Mechanical Engineering degree from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City
and placed 10th in the 1998 Mechanical Engineering Licensure Examination. Currently, he serves as Director IV of Philippine Center for
Postharvest Development and Mechanization or PhilMech of the Department of Agriculture. Prior to his appointment in PhilMech, he was
an assistant general manager of R2M Construction and Engineering Services and a lecturer at the Mechanical Engineering Department of
UP Diliman. His vast experiences expand wide latitude of fields such as the design, fabrication and/or installation of various engineering
pieces. He also engaged in different technical consultancies to major industries in the country.
6
Agricultural Mechanization in the Asian Region
Makoto Hoki, Ph.D.
Asia encompasses one third of the earth‘s surface. It also includes more than two thirds of the world‘s population.
Agriculture is the main economic sector of the countries in this area. Nowadays-society and the economic system
necessitate a global network for agricultural and biosystems engineering, facilitating the exchange of research
results and technology, all the while encouraging education, training, and mobility of young professionals in the
area.
This is an exiting time to be an agricultural scientist and engineer. Our profession is addressing great challenges
that are facing humanity, such as adequate and safe food supply systems for an expanding world population, and
protecting the world‘s vital water, soil, air and energy resources.
Japan has made great strides in the development of mechanization for small rice farms. This small scale
mechanization differs from that of the large scale field crop production systems common in the USA and most
western countries. Agricultural engineers have played an important role throughout the development process,
though to varying degrees depending upon developmental stages and the characteristics of rice production.
Mechanization for small rice farms in Japan was started with the post harvest operations: introducing small hullers,
milling machines and various cleaning and separation equipments. This type of postharvest mechanization adds
value to the products rather than a labor saving process. Mechanization of the tillage operations was achieved in the
next stage, where power tillers and then ride on tractors with rotary tillers were employed. After tacling tillage
mechanization, transplanting and harvesting operations were focused on to reduce labor requirements for the part
time farmers who had now become predominant type of farmer. This mechanization of field operations was
accomplished by the integrated efforts of agricultural engineers working on agricultural machinery programs at the
national and prefectural level, as well as in the agricultural machinery industries; all of which the universities have
provided the qualified graduates, who have become the leaders in machinery development and mechanization.
It is now a reality that many global businesses are underpinned by agricultural and biosystems engineers. We will
be needed in many more areas in the future. Future agricultural mechanizations require precision farming:
protecting the soil, water and environments as well as cost saving. Applications of fertilizers, pesticides or
herbicides will need to be made only at the right place, right time, and with the right amount to the plants or soil,
thus avoiding any environmental pollution.
Dr. Makoto Hoki earned his doctoral degree in Agricultural Engineering from the Michigan State University. He earned both his Master‘s
degree and BS in Agricultural Engineering from Kyoto University. Currently, he is a Professor Emeritus at Mie University. He also serves
as the Assistant to Secretary General of CIGR International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering in Kyoto University.
His research interests include energy conversion and environment management for biomass, agricultural engineering and agro-industries in
developed and developing countries, physical properties of biological products, and appropriate technologies for bioproduction and rural
industry development. He has also been involved in various international projects and consultancy and has published numerous well-cited
academic papers.
7
LiDAR and Geospatial Applications for
Agricultural Land Resources Management
Ariel C. Blanco, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, University of the Philippines Diliman
Program Leader, Phil-LiDAR 2 Program
Director, UP Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Accurate reporting on agricultural resources, particularly crop production, has been hampered by lack of updated
and detailed inventory of lands devoted to agricultural production. This is compounded by the need to improve the
monitoring of agricultural lands, including the assessment of crop growth stage, health, and damage due to various
causes. In the face of climate change, monitoring of changes is critical. However, this can only be performed
successfully starting with an excellent baseline inventory of resources and a system in place for updating the
inventory. The Philippines embarked on a nationwide mapping endeavour using Light Detection and Ranging
(LiDAR) and other geospatial technologies through the Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation
(DREAM) Program of the University of the Philippines and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
The derived accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) are used in flood models to generate risk maps and early
warning system. With the availability of LiDAR data sets, the Phil-LiDAR 2 program was conceptualized as
complementary to existing programs of various national government agencies and to assist local government units.
Phil-LiDAR 2 aims to provide an updated natural resource inventory as detailed as possible using LiDAR point
clouds, LiDAR derivative products, orthoimages and other remotely sensed data and GIS layers. The program
assesses the following natural resources over a period of three years from July 2014: agricultural, forest, coastal,
water, and renewable energy. To date, methodologies for extracting features from LiDAR data sets have been
developed. The methodologies are based on a combination of object-based image analysis (OBIA), pixel-based
image analysis, optimization of feature selection and parameter values, and
field surveys.
Phil-LiDAR 2 Project 1 (Agricultural Resources Assessment Using LiDAR and other RS Data) has so far developed
methodologies or workflows for mapping the extent of various croplands and other land cove features. Considering
the varied availability of different RS data, OBIA-based workflows are available for a range of data combinations
such as LiDAR+Orthophoto, LiDAR only, Multispectral only (e.g., Landsat, Worldview-2), Orthophoto only, and
other combinations. A 3-tier classification level was developed with Level-3 having more detailed discrimination
between and among crop types. Typical classification accuracy achieved for agricultural cover maps ranges from
90% to 95% (or greater) with kappa coefficient of more than 0.85. Agricultural cover maps show the spatial
distribution of crops and other cover features at the time of capture of the LiDAR and image data. However, it is
recognized that phenology and crop rotation plays a major role in agriculture and to be able to provide a more
comprehensive assessment, the cover layers are transformed to agricultural land use layers by examining multi-
temporal RS data and auxiliary information. It is essential to provide information on how agricultural resources
change over time (e.g., within a year). Agricultural land use in this case indicates the type of crop and growth stage
on a per month basis. Such information is critical for providing a more reliable inventory and offers the possibility
for improved damage assessment in case of exposure to hazards such as floods, drought, and salinity intrusion.
The Phil-LiDAR 2 is also investing heavily on capability building and enhancement through a series of training and
monitoring sessions for SUCs/HEI members and collaborating agencies and institutions. Capacitating universities,
agencies, and local government units is a way forward to a more sustainable and responsive utilization of space
technologies for improved agricultural resource assessment of the Philippines.
Dr. Ariel C. Blanco earned his doctoral degree in Environmental Informatics from the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his Master‘s
degree in Geographic Information Systems from the University of Melbourne. He finished his BS Geodetic Engineering at the University of
the Philippines Diliman. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at the UP Diliman College of Engineering. He also serves as the Chairman
of the Department of Geodetic Engineering and Director of the UP Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry. He is also
the Program Leader of Phil-LiDAR 2 Program which aims to produce detailed resource maps using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
for various applications such as production of high value crops, irrigation assessment, aquaculture production, forest protection, and
discovery of renewable energy resources. His recent researches include salinity intrusion, urban water quality, geospatial analysis of poverty
incidence, damage potential mapping and development of decision support systems for coastal environment.
8
ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS
• Agriculture R&D Track
• Energy R&D Track
• Environment and Infrastructure R&D Track
• Information and Communications Technology

R&D Track
• Manufacturing and Machinery R&D Track
• Semiconductor Materials and Electronics

R&D Track
AGRICULTURE R&D TRACK
AIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY PROFILE IN A BANANA PLANTATION
Vicki Ann A. Bagulbagul1,*, Patrick Lemuel Relativo1, Melchor Deponio1, Emily N. Odon1,2, and Moises A. Dorado1
1 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology,

AG01
2 Eastern Samar State University, Salcedo Campus
The potential yield of a plantation largely depends on the balance between the factors that favour growth and
development of plants and those that allows perpetuation of constraints. The microclimatic parameters, specifically temperature
and humidity, are key variables not only for plant physiological processes but also for epidemiology of pathogens and
population dynamics of pests. While banana, a perennial fruit crop that requires warm and humid climate, grows optimally in
temperature between 21°C and 35°C, it is also within this range that common pests, such as banana weevil, are highly attracted.
High humidity favors the rapid spread of sigatoka and the growing conditions for banana also requires relative humidity of
75%-85%.
The temperature and humidity profile of a banana plantation in Los Baños, Laguna was examined. Sensors were situated
along a pole of about 5m long within the plantation at distances 34cm, 80cm, 110cm, 160cm, 235cm, 336cm, 420cm above the
ground. Temperature and humidity was recorded for two (2) days and results showed a similar trend for each day for both
parameters, but slight variation was observed. Highest temperature recorded was 59°C at 11am at 336cm above ground sensor;
lowest was 24°C at 420cm and 118cm at 5am. For the relative humidity, highest was 95% at 5am and lowest was 37% at 2pm.
The microclimatic information obtained in this study will serve as a basis for development of microclimate control
strategy, improvement of integrated pest management as well as assessment of current cultural practice in the plantation.
Keywords: Banana, Temperature profile, Relative humidity
*Corresponding author‘s email: vab.acueza@gmail.com
ALTERNATIVE SEEDBED MEDIA IN DOUBLE MULCHING TECHNIQUE SEEDBEDS FOR

MECHANICAL RICE TRANSPLANTER
Marlon T. Delos Santos*, Helen F. Gavino, Romeo B. Gavino, and Victorino T. Taylan
AG02
Rice growing regions are now facing serious problem on labor scarcity. Low planting population restricts the farmers to
harvest the desired maximum yield.
The general objective of the study was to develop alternative seedbed media in double mulching technique seedbeds for
mechanical transplanting system. Four different mixtures ratio of soil, rice straw and organic fertilizer were used, pure soil
(T1), pure rice straw (T2); 50% rice straw and 50% organic fertilizer (T3); and 75% rice straw and 25% organic fertilizer (T4).
Agronomic characteristics of seedlings such as length of roots, stem diameter, height of seedling and number of leaves
were evaluated before transplanting for each treatment. During the field testing, different parameters like actual field capacity,
field efficiency and planting efficiency were determined as affected by seedlings planted at different mixture ratios of soil, rice
straw and organic fertilizer as seedbed.
Results showed that the highest height of seedlings was obtained using T1 among the different mixture ratios. T3 has the
longest root length, biggest stem diameter and highest value for the number of leaves. It was observed that T1 has the highest
weight of seedling mat, highest number of hills and lowest number of missing hills. The number of tillers after 45 days from the
time of transplanting wherein T2 has the highest number of tillers. T1 has the highest actual field capacity, highest field
efficiency and planting efficiency. The highest cost of seedling preparation computed was Php 3, 934.50 using T1.
Generally, the use of T3 was proven to be a favorable alternative for soil seedbed.
Keywords: Organic fertilizer, Mats, Soil, Hill, Seedbed
*Corresponding author‘s email: mtds3114@gmail.com
11
DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SMALL-SCALE
BARREL TYPE POTATO (SolanumTuberosum L.) WASHER
Glaizalyn B. Batara, Teresito G. Aguinaldo, Francisco D. Cuaresma, and Helen F. Gavino
AG03
Manual washing of potatoes and other root crops is a backbreaking job for everyone who does the work. Washing potato
is necessary to remove soil and other foreign material before sorting, grading, and weighing. The most important advantage of
washing potato tubers is that they look better and eventually commands better price. The product is more attractive to the
consumer who is then prepared to pay a higher price for them. This study was done to design, fabricate and evaluate the
performance that could attain a high efficiency of cleaning that is acceptable in the market, as well as to establish the maximum
washing capacity of the device. The performance of the machine was also compared to manual washing in terms of the
following parameters: washing capacity, labor cost and ease of washing process
The machine was evaluated in its performance characteristics in terms of washing capacity, cleaning efficiency, and
skinning damage.
The effect of different loading weight (10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg) and speed of operation (9-10 rpm, 11-12 rpm, and 14-15
rpm) on the machine‘s performance characteristics were determined and analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Factorial Experiment in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Comparison of means was tested at 5% level of significance
using Duncan‘s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Results indicated that the highest washing capacity was achieved at the speed of 14-15 rpm and loading weight of 20 kg
with a washing capacity of 6.82 kg/min. The combination of 10kg and 14-15 rpm attained the maximum cleaning efficiency of
93.82%. However, lowest skinning damage resulted from the combination of 20 kg and 9-10 rpm with a minimum skinning
damage of 3.51%.
The cost of fabricating the machine wasPhp38,920.00. The projected annual cost charge at Php55,469.75; break-even weight of
136,165kg at custom rate of Php 0.38/kg were also determined.
EVALUATION OF FURROW IRRIGATION METHOD USING THE POWER ADVANCE

APPROACH OF THE VOLUME BALANCE MODEL
John Paulo C. Sacdalan1, *, Ireneo C. Agulto1, Armando N. Espino Jr2, Vitaliana U. Malamug1
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and 2Water Resources Management Center
AG04
The study was conducted to evaluate the furrow irrigation method using the power advance approach of the volume
balance model. Specifically, it aimed to develop a computer model that will compute furrow application efficiency, deep
percolation ratio and tailwater ratio. Also, a simulation of the performance of furrow irrigation method was done using the
computer program.
Three CLSU experimental areas were used in the evaluation of furrow irrigation method in three soil types. This
included the establishment of infiltration depth function wherein four infiltration depth functions were established in each soil
type. The net depth of water to be applied was also determined.
In calibrating the model, iteration was used to get the correct slope of the power advance equation. Iteration procedure
was likewise used to determine the correct value of the water subsurface factor, σz. The values of r and σz were aided in the
prediction of the advance distance, L, along the furrow. A comparison between the predicted and observed advance distance
was done.
The developed computer model was used to evaluate the furrow application efficiency at different furrow inflow
discharges in three soil types in CLSU. Results showed that the clay loam soil exhibited the highest computed application
efficiency 59.4% using the recommended discharge (Q), 62% using the inflow discharge increase by 50 percent (1.5), 69.8%
in doubling the discharge (2Q) and 84.5% decreasing the inflow discharge by half (0.5). Furthermore, using 0.5Q of inflow
discharge, clay loam and sandy clay loam soils recorded the highest tailwater ratio of 88.6% and 86.5%, respectively.
However, when the inflow discharge was increased to 1.5Q, clay exhibited the highest tailwater ratio of 74.0%.
The developed computed model can be recommended for use in evaluating the performance of furrow
irrigation method, particularly on how the application efficiency can be increased and, conversely, how the tailwater ratio and
deep percolation ratio can be decreased. It can also be used to determine the appropriate furrow length and furrow discharge.
Keywords: Power advance, Volume balance, Furrow irrigation
*Corresponding author‘s email: juanpaulocsacdalan@gmail.com
12
MODELING THE DIURNAL VARIATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE USING
THERMOCOUPLE SENSORS
Danica F. Calanoga*, Glaiza J. Visitacion, Ronaldo B. Saludes
AG05
Soil temperature is greatly related to surface energy processes and regional environmental conditions. Despite its
importance, most agrometeorological stations do not monitor soil temperature. In this study, the diurnal variations of soil
temperature at depths of 0.05 m, 0.10 m, and 0.20 m were determined to develop a model for determining soil surface
temperatures at different depths. The model developed was validated by comparing the measured diurnal variation of soil
temperature at 0.40 m depth to the diurnal variation at the same depth obtained using the predictive equations. In-depth
analysis of the trend in diurnal variation was focused on dates of maximum mean air temperature and sunshine duration. The
amplitudes of the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 0.10 m, and 0.20 m were 6.15 °C, 4.05 °C, and 2.20 °C, respectively. The
damping depth obtained was 0.15 m while the thermal diffusivity computed was 7.99x10-7 m2s-1. Lastly, a good agreement was
achieved between the predicted and measured soil temperatures at 0.40 m depth with percent error range of 1.12% to 5.11%
and RMSE value of 0.94.
Keywords: Soil temperature, Temperature variations, Thermocouple sensor
*Corresponding author‘s email: daxcalanoga04@gmail.com
A MULTI-OBJECTIVE, MULTI-PERIOD AND MULTI-PRODUCT PRODUCTION PLANNING

MODEL FOR A SUSTAINABLE AQUAPONIC FACILITY WITH RAW MATERIAL
REUSABILITY
Gerry M. Castillo* and Dennis E. Cruz
AG06
The agricultural sector has ever been critical and significant to the performance and welfare in every community. It is the
source of food and energy for the population essential in performing actions that can contribute to the prosperity of the nation.
Now, with a global population set to grow to over 9 billion by 2050, the challenge of food security will become more important
than ever. It is estimated that the world will need to produce 60% more food to sustain the entire population which means large
amount of land is required to be able to accommodate growing all the food using the current methods of farming.
Aquaponics is a technology that holds huge potential as to become one of the most preferred ways of producing food in
the future, providing a solution to agriculture‘s food, water and land shortage to feed the increasing population.
Working in a controlled environment such as aquaponics requires calculated decisions. A competent management is the
critical factor in deciding whether farmers make the best possible use of the resources to produce the goods demanded by the
economy. Thus, there is a need for formulation of a production planning model for a sustainable aquaponic facility considering
the recyclability of raw material.
In order to obtain an optimal solution for the model, the GAMS language with the DICOPT solver will be used to input
and run the model. A sensitivity analysis will be included to identify the significant variables in the model.
Keywords: Production planning, Sustainability, Aquaponics
*Corresponding author‘s email: geboycastillo@yahoo.com.ph
13
NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE PREDICTION OF
MATURITY AND EATING QUALITY OF „CARABAO‟ MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) FRUIT
Yvonne Q. Polinar*, Kevin F. Yaptenco, Engelbert K. Peralta, Josephine U. Agravante
AG07
Mango, harvested at proper maturity, develops excellent eating quality when ripe. The fruits are generally harvested at
green stage to allow distribution and marketing, so it is difficult to distinguish whether or not it already reached its proper
maturity. Also, the eating quality cannot be determined at green stage. Visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy was
assessed for rapid non-destructive method in determining maturity and predicting eating quality of ‗carabao‘ mango. A total of
1,200 mangoes from four different harvest dates were used to develop calibration and validation models. Physico-chemical
properties such as total soluble solids (TSS) and dry matter (DM) were measured at harvest. At the table-ripe stage, total
soluble solids (TSS) and sensory taste were determined. The best prediction models were achieved using partial least square
(PLS) regression employing multiple scatter correction (MSC) pre-treatment in the short wavelength region of 700 - 990 nm at
2 nm-increment.
The coefficient of determination (R2) for calibration and validation were 0.830 and 0.826 for total soluble solids (TSS)
using harvest spectra and 0.774 and 0.728 for dry matter (DM) content, respectively. Prediction of maturity at harvest based on
days after flower induction (DAFI) provided better calibration results (R2 = 0.946) with RPD (4.32) suitable for screening
immature and mature fruit. Using NIR spectra at harvest to predict overall acceptability (OA) at the table ripe stage also
showed better calibration results (R2 = 0.957; RPD = 4.81).
For classifying fruits according to DAFI and OA, discriminant analysis performed better than PLS regression using NIR
spectra at harvest with a success rate of 100% and 99.50% for calibration and validation, respectively. The findings indicate the
potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for non-destructive prediction of maturity and quality parameters (DM and TSS)
of mango. The results of the study could serve as the basis for quality control and automatic sorting system for various
commodities.
Keywords: Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Mango, Total soluble solids (TSS), Dry matter (DM), Partial least square (PLS)
regression, Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC)
*Corresponding author‘s e-mail: yvonnepolinar@yahoo.com
POTENTIAL OF USING NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS) AND CHEMOMETRICS

IN DETECTING SUGAR ADULTERATION IN HONEY
Rina Fe B. Mencede1,*, Kevin F. Yaptenco1, Analinda M. Fajardo2, and Alejandro C. Fajardo Jr.2
1Agricultural and Bio-Process Engineering Division and 2Institute of Biological Sciences

AG08
Honey has become the target of adulteration in the Philippines due to its high commercial value and limited supply. With
its high natural variability, honey adulteration has always been difficult to detect. Hence, this study has investigated near-
infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate techniques as a rapid, non-destructive and effective analytical tool to
address this problem.
A fiber optic spectrometer (USB4000-VIS-NIR, Ocean Optics, USA) with recorded wavelength range of
344.75~1037.48nm was used to measure the spectra of standard sugars and honey samples. A total of 288 authentic and
adulterated honey samples were scanned in absorbance mode. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and discriminant analysis
were performed to quantify the amount of sugars in honey, predict the level of adulteration and detect honey adulteration.
PLSR analysis of standard sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) solutions identified the 960-980nm range as highly correlated
with concentration, with r2 values ranging from 0.920 to 0.987. Consequently, different pre-treatments like Savitzky-Golay, 1st
derivative and its combination were applied in predicting the % level of honey adulteration. In turn, ParLeS gave
(0.940<r2<0.988) and (0.951<r2<0.980) for calibration and validation models, respectively. In discriminant analysis, results
revealed the percentage correct classifications of authentic and adulterated honey with 100%, 88.54% and 97.4% for
calibration, validation and cross-validation models, correspondingly. Results from NIRS coupled with chemometrics for
multivariate modeling and prediction has demonstrated its good potential to detect and discriminate honey adulteration. Thus,
honey producers, retailers and consumers can be protected against this fraudulent modification of honey‘s natural properties
and definitely can aid regulatory authorities in controlling the quality of honey being sold in the local markets.
Keywords: Honey adulteration, Honey discrimination, Near-infrared spectroscopy, ParLes software, Spectrasuite,
chemometrics
*Corresponding author‘s email: rinafemencede@yahoo.com

14
PREPARATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CARBON BLACK PRECURSOR FROM COCONUT
SHELL AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE BY HYDROLYSIS-CARBONIZATION
Karen C. Caranguian
AG09
Hydrolysis-carbonization process was used to study the possibility of producing carbon black precursor from coconut
shell and sugarcane bagasse. In hydrolysis, experimental study, development of mathematical model, and parametric
optimization for the hydrolysis ratio was investigated. Mass (1.66 to 12.5 g), acid concentration (50 to 75%), reaction time (5 to
25 minutes), and reaction temperature (30 to 70oC) were taken as important hydrolysis parameters. Using the Design Expert
software and Response Surface Method (RSM), the model fitted for coconut shell was 2FI (2-factor interaction) while quadratic
for sugarcane bagasse. Through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), it was found that acid concentration had the most significant
effect on the hydrolysis of coconut shell while for sugarcane bagasse; significant changes were caused by mass and acid
concentration. The optimal parametric combination for coconut shell was found to be 12.5g-50%-25 minutes-30oC with a
hydrolysis ratio of 76.22% and for sugarcane bagasse, it was found to be 1.66g-50%-5 minutes-53oC with a hydrolysis ratio of
76.56%. Under optimal conditions, carbonization experiment was carried. The carbon black precursors were characterized and
analyzed according to their morphology, functional groups present and structure. From Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
images, numerous microspheres with different shapes and sizes were clearly found on the surface, indicating the degradation of
cellulose into glucose units. The Fourier Transform- Infrared (FT-IR) spectra further confirmed this result. The X-ray Powder
Diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the primary particles are being composed of small graphitic sheets. In comparison,
carbon black precursors showed similar properties to that of commercial carbon black. Overall, this study showed that carbon
black precursor could be produced from coconut shell and sugarcane bagasse by hydrolysis-carbonization process.
Keywords: Carbon black precursor, Hydrolysis, Carbonization, Design expert, Optimal
Corresponding author‘s email: kc_20_caranguian@yahoo.com
PRODUCTION AND REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE FROM BIOGAS USING FIXED

BED OF REGENERATED STEEL WOOL FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION APPLICATIONS
Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang* and Eliseo P. Villanueva
AG10
Electricity generation in rural areas using biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of pig manure offers low cost and low
emissions than any other energy sources. Biogas with its numerous benefits, however, contains hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) gas is odorous, poisonous and corrosive that emits sulfur oxides upon combustion. It is an environmental hazard
and can damage biogas engines. Most large systems use specialized biogas engines and are operating with some levels of
hydrogen sulfide. To be economically feasible, smaller scale systems which are wide spread need inexpensive methods of
removing hydrogen sulfide allowing more flexibility in engine choice for electricity generation.
This study investigated the effectiveness of a fixed bed of adsorbent from commercially available steel wool oxidized
under atmospheric conditions for sixteen (16) weeks. Biogas mixture passed through the polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) columns
with the steel wool. Iron oxide can be reused and the sulfur produced can either be released into the atmosphere or used as
reagent in laboratories.
The fixed bed with iron oxide (regenerated steel wool) eliminated hydrogen sulfide with more than 95% efficiency. The
adsorption oxidized hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur and sulfate reducing any spent steel wool disposal costs.
Keywords: Biogas, Hydrogen sulfide, Regeneration, Steel wool
Corresponding author‘s email: * a_magomnang@yahoo.com
15
SOLAR-POWERED PADDY GRAIN HUMIDIFIER-DRYER
Mark Angelo C. Purio1,2,*, John Daniel P. Matanguihan2, Sheila Kathryn R. Peña2,
Gerard Martie V. Principe2, and Ernest Joni T. Tabada2
1De La Salle University
2Adamson University
AG11
This paper presents a method and process than will enhance and develop the post-harvest process of Philippine Farming,
specifically humidifying and drying. It aims to help the farmers increase rice yield, productivity and therefore, increase income.
The Solar-Powered Paddy Grain Humidifier-Dryer consists of a power supply with two alternating batteries charged with solar
panels, a control system to automatically control moisture content, temperature and humidity depending on the desired moisture
content of the user, a humidifier and dryer that provides heat and humidity output and a GSM module for updated inventory.
The users of the machine (farmers) are guided by a manual that instructs them in layman‘s term on how to set their desired
moisture content by simply pushing a button. Results show the use of such machine maximizes rice production from 83% to
93% and shortens processing time by 25%-50%.compared to traditional way of humidifying and drying.
Keywords: Humidifier-drying, Solar energy, Paddy grain, Mechanization, Agriculture
*Corresponding author‘s email: mpurio@yahoo.com
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED ELECTRONIC NOSE FOR FRUIT RIPENESS

DETERMINATION USING COMPONENT CORRECTION PRINCIPAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
John Victor M. Lim*, Noel B. Linsangan, and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
AG12
An electronic nose or enose mimics the human olfaction through an array of electrochemical metal oxide sensors, and a
pattern recognition algorithm. The chemoreceptors (referring to the sensors), however have the natural tendency to drift due to
any change in the environmental temperature. A drift is any unwanted deviation from the true or reference value that can result
to inconsistent and erroneous readings resulting to the need for consistent recalibration of the system which is labour intensive
and time consuming. This study aims at building a temperature insensitive electronic nose that will determine the fruits
ripeness. To know the magnitude and direction of the drift, it is stimulated by sampling to and from predetermined temperature
values. The feature extraction algorithm, Principal Component Analysis, is utilized to approximate the drift and for pattern
recognition; and the Component Correction Principal Component Analysis for the removal of this unwanted component. In
utilizing CCPCA, this study assumes that the drift approximated from sampling a clean air under the predetermined temperature
range is carried on in the sampling of Lacatan sample. Thus, this can be deemed as calibration group in CCPCA. Through
experiment repetitions, it is found that: (1) the drift structure has a defined pattern (magnitude and direction), and (2) the drift
approximated from the clean air drift simulation can be used to generalize the drift structure in the banana sampling. In utilizing
Silhouette index to evaluate clustering, it is shown that intracluster cohesion and intercluster separation enhance dramatically.
Keywords: CCPCA, Drift, electronic nose, PCA, Temperature compensated, Silhouette index
*Corresponding author‘s email: johnvictorlim01@gmail.com
16
VISIBLE SPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR EARLY DETECTION OF
MECHANICAL DAMAGE IN MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)
Bennidict P. Pueyo1,*, Ruel G. Peneyra2, Ireneo C. Agulto1, Francisco D. Cuaresma1 and Emmanuel V. Sicat1
1Central Luzon State University
2University of the Philippines Los Baños
AG13
This study aimed to detect early mechanical damage on mango fruits based on optical reflectance using a proposed
visible spectral imaging technique. An experimental visible spectral imaging device was developed to acquire visible spectral
images from the surface of a mango fruit. Acquired images underwent image processing and analysis using the ImageJ
software. Image processing included image segmentation; extraction of region of interest (ROI) image; red blue, green (RGB)
color channel and image pixel intensity extraction and image thresholding. The composite and the adjusted threshold images
were used in the evaluation of bruise signatures. Bruise signatures were detected in the form of dark spots at minimum and
maximum threshold values of 24.70 and 39.88, respectively.
Days of detection (A) in 6 levels, impact levels (B) in 5 levels and type of images (C) in 2 levels affected the resulting
bruise detection efficiency of the proposed spectral imaging technique at 1% probability level. Day 5 (A5), impact level 4 (B4)
and threshold RGB image (C2) gave the highest bruise detection efficiencies of 56.11%, 66.67 % and 43.00%, respectively.
Results on the interaction between the day of detection and the impact level showed that the highest bruise detection
efficiency was found at B4 the highest level of impact, with a mean value of 91.70% and on the sixth day of detection. The first
three days of mango fruits were categorized as early stage of detection. The highest device efficiency in detecting early
mechanical bruises of mango fruit was established on the third day using the threshold RGB image with a mean bruise
detection efficiency of 51.11%.
The protocol was developed based on the results of the study. The visible spectral imaging proved to be an effective
technique in detecting early mechanical bruises in mango fruit.
Keywords: Red, Green, Blue (RGB); Bruise detection efficiency, Protocol
*Corresponding author‘s email: venpueyo@gmail.com
YIELD RESPONSE MODEL OF SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) TO

FLOODING AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES
Jose T. Gavino Jr *, Ireneo C. Agulto, Victorino T. Taylan, and Helen F. Gavino
AG14
This study aimed to develop a computer model that predicts the yield and theoretical bioethanol content of sweet
sorghum in response to total amount of water applied where crops were subjected to flooding at different growth stages for
bioethanol production. Its primary goal was to determine the relationship between the yield (stripped stalk yield, juice volume,
grain yield and sugar content) and the total water applied from planting to harvesting. It also aimed to determine the
relationship between theoretical bioethanol content and total water applied. All the established equations were used by the
computer model as tools for predicting the yields of the crop.
The functions identified include stripped stalk yield, grain yield, juice volume, sugar concentration in brix, and ethanol
per cubic meter of sweet sorghum juice for sweet sorghum.
The required data sets for computing the yields and theoretical bioethanol content of the sweet sorghum crop are as
follows: crop data (type, maximum rooting depth, length of growing season, and management allowed deficit), soil data (field
capacity, wilting point, elevation, and apparent specific gravity), and daily information (age of crop, maximum and minimum
temperatures, solar radiation, rainfall depth, desired irrigation depth, and beginning soil moisture).
*Corresponding author‘s email: jtgavino_1983@yahoo.com
17
ENERGY R&D TRACK
A CFD ANALYSIS AND AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN EJECTOR

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM DRIVEN BY AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Jaime P. Honra* and Menandro S. Berana
EG01
The ejector refrigeration system which utilizes low-grade thermal energy eliminates the use of energy-intensive
refrigerant compressor in conventional vapour compression refrigeration systems. It is replaced by an ejector and a liquid pump
which typically consumes only 1% of the system energy input from any available or combination of low-grade heat sources.
Thus, it is a feasible way to significantly reduce electricity consumption for refrigeration and airconditioning which is estimated
to be 15% of the total worldwide consumption.
Low-grade heat is the unwanted heat generated from a process or equipment that is directly dumped into the
surroundings with temperature that varies from 80 to 150°C. It is widely available, inexpensive and is not currently being
utilized into any useful way.
Bulk of the research work on ejector refrigeration systems is still limited to one-dimensional mathematical modelling
and/or physical experimentation. This study will employ Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation using popular
commercial CFD software, a cost-effective and efficient design and optimization tool. The objective is to determine the
optimum ejector geometry at specific working conditions that will maximize entrainment ratio and Coefficient of Performance
(COP), which are both measures of the system‘s efficiency. Exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine will be used as a
source of low-grade energy. R134a which is widely available commercially is selected as the working fluid to provide better
chemical and thermal stability with negligible global warming and ozone depletion potentials.
The optimum ejector geometry as determined from the CFD simulation will aid the fabrication of the ejector and the
construction of a small-scale experimental rig for validation.
This study could be an initial step toward the conduct of large-scale works in order to gain better understanding for actual
industrial applications. Consequently, ejector refrigeration system could be made widely available for commercial and
industrial use.
Keywords: Ejector refrigeration system, Low-grade thermal energy, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Entrainment
ratio, Coefficient of Performance (COP)
*Corresponding author‘s email: jameshonra@yahoo.com
DENSIFICATION OF SHREDDED RICE STRAW

Bethany Grace S. Calixto1,*, Ernesto P. Lozada1, Engelbert K. Peralta1, Jessie C. Elauria1, Leonardo M. Florece2
1Agriculture and Bio-Process Division, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, Institute of Agricultural
Engineering; and 2School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños
EG02
A process of densifying a mixture of dried shredded rice straw and food-grade binder was used to produce briquettes.
Using the response surface methodology, the optimum combination of pressure during densification, retention time during
relaxation, percent of binder addition, and loading speed during cold compression, was obtained, using an eight (8) unit mold
assembly. Pressure-density relationships at loading were determined as well as fitting stress relaxation data into 2-term
exponential equations.
Rice straw from the R18 hybrid variety was used. Response variables used for determining optimized combination are:
vertical expansion, percent weight remained after tumbling test, relaxed ratio, relaxed density, number of drops, compressed
ratio, and compressed density. The optimum combinations were 888.63kPa, 180 seconds to hold pressure, 20% binder addition,
and 6mm/min loading speed. The experimental data and predicted values are reasonably close to data obtained from
verification tests.
The Modified Halsey model was the best fit for desorption and adsorption of shredded rice straw, while the Henderson
Thompson was able to predict EMC-ERH behavior of briquettes produced from optimum levels of factors. The stress-strain
behavior of briquettes was obtained under unconfined compression.
Light and binocular microscopy was employed to compare compactness of briquettes.
Keywords: Shredded rice straw, Densification, Relaxation, Optimization, EMC-ERH
*Corresponding author‘s email: bethanygrace_c@yahoo.com
18
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANDROID APPLICATION FOR POWER CONSUMPTION
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING PROGRAMMABLE TOGGLE SWITCH
Vladimir P. Ibañez
EG03
Constant increase in power rate in the Philippines is attributed to the lack of supply to meet the consumer‘s demand. As a
result, high consumption cost is added to the household budget especially when measures on conserving power are neglected.
The study entitled Development of an Android Application for Power Consumption Management System using Programmable
Toggle Switch was inspired in creating a technology to manage household power consumption applying current technology
trends like the massive usage of smart phones, at a minimal and reasonable cost. The key objective of the study was to develop
an android application for power consumption management system using programmable toggle switch (PTS). Specifically, it
aimed to (1) design and develop interface for power consumption management system (2) test the developed android
application in a simulated and actual set-up (3) and determine the success rate of the study. The researcher considered
affordable and quality technologies. The android application was developed using MIT App Inventor. The android smart phone
serves as the graphical user interface. The Arduino WiFi shield and the code written in C Language programmed in the
Gizduino microcontroller make the wireless data communication between smart phone and the PTS. And the PTS is where the
home appliances are connected that interprets the command from the microcontroller and executes possible action to the
command executed in the android application. Therefore, control to the home devices or appliances such as lights, TV and
aircon, and power consumption management in the household were made possible at a minimal cost.
Keywords: Programmable Toggle Switch (PTS), Android, Smart phone, Microcontroller, and Power consumption management
Corresponding author‘s email: ibanezvp@gmail.com
DISTRIBUTION IMPACT STUDY (DIS) FOR NET-METERING WITH

PHOTOVOLTAIC RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE USING SYNERGEE
Larry Lucian E. Lluisma III
EG04
This study covers grid-tied Photovoltaic (PV) Renewable Energy (RE) resources only and uses SynerGEE Electric 5.0 as
a simulation tool for Distribution Impact Study (DIS). The DIS refers to a set of technical studies which are used to assess the
possible effects of proposed expansion, reinforcement, or modification of the distribution system or a user development, and to
evaluate significant incidents. Net-metering refers to a system appropriate for distributed generation, in which a distribution
grid user has a two-way connection to the grid and is only charged or credited, as case may be, the difference between its
import energy and export energy.
There is no existing manual or technical guide in dealing with DIS for net-metering applications. This study
will benefit the Distribution Utilities (DUs) and electric cooperatives conducting DIS upon the application of Qualified End-
user (QE) for net-metering and the customers.
The methodology of this study involves three major stages: the Pre-Simulation Stage, which involves
research and data gathering; the Simulation Stage, which involves simulation of a distribution system using SynerGEE; and
lastly, the Evaluation Stage, which summarizes the two stages and recommends the needs for the DIS Technical Guide.
The output of the paper is the DIS Technical Guide which will be a helpful tool in the conduct of DIS. It
provides technical guidance to electrical practitioners of DU and electric cooperatives who are conducting DIS upon the
application of QE for net-metering.
Keywords: Net-metering, Distribution Impact Study (DIS), Photovoltaic (PV), Renewable energy resource, SynerGEE
Corresponding author‘s email: larrylucianlluisma@yahoo.com
19
ELECTRICAL PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY RECONFIGURATION STRATEGY AGAINST
PARTIAL SHADING
Robert Alfie S. Peña* and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
Department of Electronics, Computer and Communications Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University
EG05
Partial shading presents a huge problem for photovoltaic (PV) arrays because tracking the maximum power point
becomes harder and losses due to mismatch increase. One way to maximize the power output of partially shaded PV arrays is to
make them reconfigurable or dynamic. These dynamic PV arrays change configuration depending on the shading pattern and
shading strength. This work evaluates one of the algorithms developed for dynamic arrays—the electrical PV array
reconfiguration (EAR) strategy—through modeling and simulation. The EAR strategy searches for the configuration which has
the most equal row irradiance averages and takes that as the optimum. A static 3×3 PV array model and a dynamic one which
uses the EAR algorithm were developed. The models were tested for binary- and random-irradiance shading. Results for binary
shading illustrate that there are shading patterns particularly suited to the EAR strategy. Random shading which simulates
outdoor conditions, on the other hand, shows that the dynamic PV arrays produce more power than the static one and that the
irradiance distribution affects improvement in power output. The simulations performed demonstrate both the limitations and
benefits of using the EAR strategy in dynamic PV arrays.
Keywords: Electrical PV array reconfiguration, Dynamic PV array, Partial shading, Simulation
*Corresponding author‘s email: robert.pena@obf.ateneo.edu
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER SITES IN ILIGAN CITY

USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Anacita P. Tahud* and Noel R. Estoperez
EG06
The conventional method of resource assessment and identification of potential hydropower sites is laborious, costly and
time-consuming when employed at a large scale. This study provides an alternative method of resource assessment using
remotely-sensed data and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology.
GIS-based simulation and models provide a fast, scalable and risk-free assessment of stream networks in terms of
hydropower potential. Auto-delineation of watersheds and stream networks in Iligan are carried out with the use of a 10-m
resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar – derived Digital Elevation Model, precipitation, landuse, hydrologic soils, and other
datasets.
Results show that Iligan‘s rich water resources have run-of-river hydropower potential of approximately 149MW, which
is more than three times of the city‘s peak demand. Ditucalan, Ma. Cristina, Rogongon, Panoroganan and Dulag are the top five
barangays with hydropower potentials of approximately 52, 31, 22, 9 and 8 MW, respectively. By excluding sites within the
ancestral domain area, the net hydropower potential is approximately 134 MW.
The information derived from this study is useful for policy makers and concerned agencies in hydro energy resource
management, planning and development. Also, this provides a current and reliable pre-feasibility study background for
investors and stakeholders. Finally, tapping these additional sources of energy will benefit power consumers especially those in
remote areas where electricity still remains unknown to them up to the present.
Keywords: Hydropower, Potential hydropower sites, Renewable energy sources, Geographic Information System (GIS)
Corresponding author‘s email: * anapalmatahud@gmail.com
20
LIFE-CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF
AMMONIA AS FUEL
Kristian Ray Angelo G. Are, Luis F. Razon*, and Raymond Girard R. Tan
EG07
Ammonia has good fuel properties such as its high octane value, high energy density, and easier storage compared to
other alternative fuels. However, it has a low flame speed which would require mixing it with a more combustible fuel, usually
a hydrocarbon; thus greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are still present in the tailpipes. Also, the traditional method of
ammonia production is a major consumer of fossil fuels.
The global warming potential (GWP) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) of using different ammonia-fuel
mixtures were assessed. Four fuel mixtures were considered wherein ammonia is mixed with gasoline, diesel, hydrogen, and
dimethyl ether. Four processes of ammonia production were also considered which are the steam reforming (SR), partial
oxidation (PO), and two biomass-based processes with cereal straw and cyanobacteria as raw materials.
Contribution analyses showed that the ammonia production phase is a major contributor of the life-cycle GWP and
NREC in all process systems considered except for systems under ammonia-diesel fuel mixtures. Uncertainty analyses showed
that the deviations of the impacts of many process systems that were investigated are close to the mean values, except for
processes which involves partial oxidation ammonia and pure fuels systems (diesel and gasoline) The GWPs and NRECs of
pure diesel and gasoline systems have uncertainty values that overlaps with other ammonia fuel systems.
Keywords: Ammonia fuel, Life-cycle assessment, Global warming, Non-renewable energy consumption
*Corresponding author‘s email: luis.razon@dlsu.edu.ph
LIGHT BEAM INDUCED CURRENT CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLAR CELLS

Jeric C. Lim* and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
Department of Electronics, Computer, and Communications Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University
EG08
Defects in solar cells such as localized shunts greatly reduce their efficiency by diverting current away from the output.
Light beam induced current (LBIC) technique is a non-destructive characterization tool to identify the spatial distribution of
defects and electrical parameters of the cells. This technique determines the defects and parameters by scanning a laser beam
onto the cell while measuring the generated current as a function of position. An LBIC system was constructed to identify the
possible defects present in solar cells. Possible defects can be seen on the LBIC map as current variations. Defects will be seen
as areas having very small current level relative to its adjacent sides.
Keywords: LBIC, Solar cell characterization
*Corresponding author‘s email: jericclim@gmail.com
21
METER PLACEMENT OPTIMIZATION FOR HARMONIC STATE ESTIMATION
Jeffrey Calderon
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
EG09
Nonlinear loads is fast growing which greatly contributes to the harmonic pollution that significantly affects the power
quality. The challenge for power distributors is to have optimal monitoring of power quality with limited measurements due to
costs. Thus optimal placement of meters is needed to compensate for the errors due to limited measurements. This paper
proposes an algorithm for optimal meter placement using a sequential addition algorithm for initial placement and symbolic
observability analysis to filter redundant measurements. This algorithm offers a simple solution in optimizing meter placement.
Harmonic state estimation using singular value decomposition is used in assessing errors between actual values and estimated
values. This algorithm is tested in a standard three phase unbalanced IEEE distribution test system and actual system data is
generated using time domain simulation in PSCAD.
Keywords: Harmonic state estimation, Meter placement
MODIFIED PROGRAMMABLE TOGGLE SWITCH USING A LOW POWER 433 MHZ ISM
BAND WIRELESS MODULE
Willen Mark D. Manzanas
Mapúa Institue of Technology
EG10
The programmable toggle switch (PTS) is a system of switches for controlling electrical loads by means of
interconnecting the switches, main controller, and electrical loads through a wired connection. The PTS is a patented
technology that aims to provide a low-cost home automation system for the Filipinos. One drawback of the PTS was the use of
twisted pairs for wiring between the remote switch and the main controller, which is cumbersome if rewiring is needed and in
situations where physical wiring is not possible. Hence, the need for a low cost wireless remote switch suitable to replace the
physical wiring of the PTS was realized. Many wireless technologies for home automation like ZigBee, Z-Wave, Insteon,
Wavenis, and Bluetooth exist, but either with high price or unavailability in the Philippine market limits their adoption and
popularity for use by the masses. The 433MHz ISM band wireless module was chosen for modifying the PTS due to low cost
and its performance. The fabricated prototype was tested for functionality and reliability through simulated and actual testing
procedures. It was found that it is functional and reliable due to its high success rate considering all the imposed limitations like
the assumption of full battery power at the transmitter and within the acceptable distance between the transmitter and receiver.
Keywords: Programmable toggle switch, 433MHz wireless module, Home automation, Wireless switch
22
NEXT DAY POWER FORECAST OF A HOUSEHOLD WITH A GRID TIED
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Christine May C. Creayla* and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG11
The main challenge in solar photovoltaic (PV) power production is its variability due to seasonal changes and variations
in the sun‘s irradiance. This is why management of solar PV energy production is becoming an issue not just for system grid
operators but also for energy consumers with installed PV systems. Forecasting is becoming an essential tool in the increasing
integration of solar energy systems into the electrical network. It is done by gathering daily solar irradiance data which are then
used as an input for a machine learning algorithm developed for forecasting. Machine learning provides a framework to
estimate a model of the time dependency from the observed data. This study evaluates one of the algorithms developed for
prediction – the random forest. This algorithm trains the input data independently and combines them to make the overall
prediction. The forecasting model established from the training set, and then the forecasting results are compared with the test
set proving the validity of the model with a minimal percentage error. This provides a useful result for next day prediction of
solar PV energy production.
Keywords: Solar irradiance, Machine learning, Random forest
*Corresponding author‘s email: cmccreayla@gmail.com
OPTIMIZING RICE STRAW, CORN CHAFF AND BINDER LEVELS FOR FUEL BRIQUETTES
Alfredo F. Fortu, Jr 1, *, Ernesto P. Lozada1, Edgardo V. Casas1, Kevin F. Yanptenco1, Delfin C. Suministrado2
1Agricultural and Bio-Process Division and 2Agricultural Machinery Division
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology

EG12
Low density, high cost of transportation, handling, and storage make the biomass unsuitable for direct use. Briquetting
along with other densification process such as pelleting and cubing has been a solution to such problems. This study primarily
aimed to find the optimum combination of materials to form briquettes with minimum processing cost.
Briquettes were formed using densification mold assembly attached to the universal testing machine and then dried. After
sun drying, briquettes were subjected to different tests for assessing the quality of fuel. It was observed that briquettes with 50-
35-15 combination of Rice Straw, Corn Chaff, and Binder respectively burnt with good flame, emitted less smoke, less time to
boil the water, and less in ignition time compared to other treatments. Better results in briquettes with 50-35-15 combinations of
rice straw, corn chaff, and binder respectively related to water boiling test, drop test, tumbling test, compression test, and bulk
density as compared to other combinations were observed.
The highest calorific value was found min the 50-45-5 combination of rice straw, corn chaff, and binder briquetted fuel at
14.08 MJkg-1 based on the proximate analysis conducted. Study results showed that there is a potential to generate income
from this technology if optimum combination is met.
Keywords: Uncarbonized briquettes, Optimization, Response surface methodology, Corn chaff, Rice straw
* Corresponding author‘s email: alfred_fortujr@yahoo.com
23
PHOTOCATALYTIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION OF Rh-DOPED STRONTIUM TITANATE
THIN FILM FROM COMPLEX PRECURSOR
Joseph Y. Yap IV, Rizalinda L. de Leon, and Kristian July R. Yap
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
EG13
The potential of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel of the future has attracted active research into renewable ways of
producing the gas. Hydrogen production from photocatalytic water-splitting by Rh-doped Strontium titanate (Rh/SrTiO3) was
investigated in this research.
Thin films of the Rh/SrTiO3 was deposited on ordinary soda-lime-silica glass via DC plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
deposition from a single-source heteroleptic complex of Rh(II), Sr(II), and Ti(IV) ions with citric acid as chelating agent.
Deposition parameters were maintained at a base pressure of 0.003mmHg, the precursor at 0.04mmHg, and a final working
pressure of 1.5mmHg. DC power and time were varied parameters.
Film thickness varied directly with the deposition power. The thickest film was achieved at 60W power, while no
detectable film was deposited below 20W. The presence of metal ions on the deposited film was confirmed by XRF analysis,
and XRD analysis showed an amorphous phase at 60W power during deposition. Hydrogen production experiments were
postponed until the desired phase of the film is achieved.
SHORT-TERM WIND ENERGY FORECASTING

Annael J. Domingo
EG14
Energy is an integral part of daily life. Nowadays, access to energy is essential to functioning of modern economies.
Wind energy is one of the fast-growing renewable energy resources in terms of utilization because of its renewability and
clean-burning property [1]. Wind resource is sustainable and available as long as there is uneven heating of the earth‘s surface
by the sun [1]. However, there are challenges posed by the intermittence and uncertainty of wind. Specifically, the challenges
encountered are high variability of wind, limited predictability, non-storability, and limited dispatchability [1]. Operation costs
increase at higher uncertainty of wind which means lower stability and reliability of power systems. Hence, it is necessary to
accurately forecast wind energy generation from wind speed or wind power. Short term forecasting is considered to be more
reliable and accurate than long-term wind forecasting [1]. In this study, data from the wind farm of Pililla, Rizal will be used to
forecast next day‘s wind energy production using a Fourier-based model. The same data will also be used to forecast next day‘s
wind energy production using time-series analysis like Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method. The
results from the two models will then be compared to determine which method forecasts the next day‘s wind energy production
more accurately. Another way to know the reliability of the method used is to use cross validation. Given three-year amount
data, the data from the first two years will be used as inputs to the method then compare its results to the third year data. With
this, we may be able to come up with a method that is reliable and accurate enough to do next day‘s wind energy forecasting
for the Pililla, Rizal wind farm that is also applicable to other wind farms.
Keywords: Wind forecasting, Fourier series analysis, Time-series analysis
Corresponding author‘s email: adomingo@xu.edu.ph
24
THERMAL IMAGING TO DETECT DEFECTS IN SOLAR CELLS
April M. Salazar and Erees Queen B. Macabebe
EG15
Defects in solar cells affect the overall output of a photovoltaic (PV) module. When there is a defect in a PV module, that
specific defect becomes a load so current concentrates to that part. This creates a hotspot which may lead to severe power
reduction. Identification of hotspots is one step to creating countermeasures to improve solar cell efficiency. To check for
hotspots in the photovoltaic modules, infrared (IR) imaging was utilized as an optical tool. IR is contactless and thus (almost)
reactionless. Also, it spatially separates radiation source and detector, which means that even very hot or otherwise difficult-to-
access objects can be measured. With this, infrared thermography can aid in monitoring the performance of a photovoltaic
module years after it has been installed. Likewise, it can provide a better assessment if the solar PV modules are still efficient
or should be replaced with new ones. This work used and analyzed the captured IR images of the solar PV modules to quantify
areas with higher intensities. The entire solar PV module was characterized through IR imaging and dissected into groups
according to its heating intensities. Hence, it can be a tool to determine the hotspots or problem areas in a module.
Keywords: Hotspots, Infrared imaging, Infrared thermography
THERMAL MODELING OF AN INCLINED SOLAR CHIMNEY

Robert James Y. Lomotan* and Domingo Galvez, Jr.
EG16
An alternative option to improve natural ventilation of indoor spaces is through the use of solar chimney. The energy
coming from the sun is utilized to heat up the air to create a flue effect to cool spaces. A variety of research has shown that
solar chimneys can enhance the natural ventilation of a building. This paper attempts to create a thermal model for an inclined
solar chimney using ANSYS-FLUENT software (ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA, USA) for a 1 x 1 meter solar chimney with inlet
cavity of 0.18m. The temperature in the solar collector (absorber plate) and air flow rate within the chimney will be presented
and discussed with respect to some variation on the solar collector angle. Using FLUENT software, the volume of air flowing
through the solar collector will be calculated as an effect of the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the solar
chimney. This volume can be used to approximate the amount of air change within a room or in confined spaces.
The FLUENT‘s computational model solution converges at different residual errors for solar irradiation setting of
600W/m2and various solar collector angles of inclination. The temperature data from the models show that the air is heated to
higher temperatures when the solar collector angle is on the higher side (60 to 80 degrees) as compared to the lower angle side
(45-55 degrees). The heated air creates a buoyancy effect allowing the air to move up across the solar collector.
In future work, other dimensional ratios should be considered as well as other factors like temperature variation within
the internal space, ambient temperature, actual chimney position against the sun and the like, for higher degree of accuracy.
Keywords: Solar chimney, Passive cooling
*Corresponding author‘s email: robertjameslomotan@gmail.com
25
ENVIRONMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE R&D TRACK
BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL, ANIONIC METAL COMPLEXES AND ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS USING BAMBOO SHOOTS
Aileen D. Nieva1,*, Bonifacio T. Doma, Jr.1, and Huan-Ping Chao2
1Mapua Institute of Technology
2Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
EI01
Adsorption is found to be the most effective in wastewater treatment in terms of cost, efficiency, volume of chemical or
biological sludge, additional nutrient requirement, and regeneration of biosorbents as compared to conventional treatment
technologies ion exchange, ultrafiltration, chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, electrolysis, electrocoagulation, photo-
oxidation, reverse-osmosis, and microwave oxidation which are known to have relatively higher-energy requirements, higher
capital investment or lower efficiency for low concentrations and not economically feasible for small-scale industries.
Agricultural-based wastes are now popular biosorbents to treat contaminant-laden effluent from different industries due
to its relative abundance and low commercial value, besides its practical contribution of reducing solid wastes from agricultural
and industrial sectors. These biosorbents are non-selective and bind to a wide range of contaminants with no specific priority
due to their basic components of lignin, tannins, resins, celluloses and hemicelluloses representing functional groups such as
acetamido groups, carbonyl, phenolic, structural polysaccharides, amide, amino, sulphydryl carboxyl groups alcohols and esters
that enable strong affinity to the contaminants.
Bamboo shoot or sprouts are the edible shoots, the new bamboo culms that come out of the ground of many bamboo
species i.e. (Bambusa vulgaris) in Asian countries like the Philippines. This study aims to determine the specific adsorptive
capacity of pulverized agricultural waste bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris) in individually removing heavy metals i.e. (Pb2+
and Cu2+), anionic metal complex species Cr2O72- and MnO4-, and organic compounds i.e. tetracycline antibiotic and methylene
blue dye from different simulated aqueous solutions. The effects of varying the pH solution, the initial concentration of the
sorbate solutions and the dosage of adsorbent were also studied. Different isotherm models i.e. Mass Action Equilibrium,
Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Generalized Equation were tested to determine the best fit for each mono system.
Keywords: Bamboo shoot, Biosorption, Heavy metals, Organic compounds
*Corresponding author‘s email: adnieva@mapua.edu.ph
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF ROLLER COMPACTED

CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONTAINING PULVERIZED SAND AND FLY ASH
Carmel B. Sabado* and Geronides P. Ancog
EI02
In the Philippines, roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a new engineering material having the same basic ingredients as
the conventional concrete but of different mix proportions. It is constructed without forms and reinforcement. Fresh RCC mix is
dry enough to support a roller while being compacted and wet enough to accommodate complete hydration of cementitious
materials.
With the used of fly ash as partial replacement of cement in the construction of RCC pavement not only increased the
workability and the strength of the concrete, (Yoon-moon C., et.al. 2008) but also attributed RCC in utilizing industrial
residuals and reducing the use of non-renewal resources.
This study determined the compressive strength of RCC pavement when compacted by a 68-kg soil compactor. The
construction of RCC pavement was based on the Soil Analogy method suggested by the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
Two experimental mixtures were formulated and Modified Proctor test was used in determining the maximum dry density and
optimum moisture content of each mix. Three (3) RCC slabs were constructed and water cured. Compaction pattern was
observed with 5 passes of the compactor in each direction. 18 core samples were extracted from the slabs. The cores were
tested for compressive strength following ASTM C39.
The results of testing the compressive strength of cored samples were 28-62% higher than the designed strength of
portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement. From 3 days to 28 days of curing, it increased to 40.65%. These results supported
the claim of Atis (2005).
In the estimation of unit production cost, 33.53% can be saved using RCC instead of PCC in pavement
construction. Therefore, RCC pavement is an economical and sustainable pavement alternative for PCC pavement for
secondary roads.
Keywords: Roller compacted concrete, Pavements, Sustainability
*Corresponding author‘s email: carmelsabado@yahoo.com

26
DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING EXCEL
SPREADSHEET WITH VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION
Rimmon S. Labadan1,* and Geronides P. Ancog2
1 Mindanao State University – Marawi City
2 Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
EI03
The design of pre-stressed beams is more complicated problem specially when dealing with continuous beams. It is
basically a trial-and-error process in an effort to reach the best proportions. Manual computations of the design may take time
for the engineers to arrive in best design.
The study on spreadsheet design on post-tensioned prestressed concrete using Excel spreadsheet with visual basic
applications was developed. The program developed requires the user to input loads, dimensions, design codes, and material
properties. The program then calculates the required prestressing force, concrete area, steel area, and tendon eccentricities. The
developed spreadsheet can compute secondary moments on indeterminate beams, additional non-prestressing bars and shear
reinforcement designs.
The objectives of the study were achieved. The traditional approach of iterative and distinct phases of the design of post-
tensioned prestressed concrete was considerably enhanced. The design process had reduced in its duration and complexity by
the interaction of the designer at various stages of the design, and the ability to selectively automate those components of the
design process that were repetitive and time consuming. Proper judgment from the user/designer could be applied and can be
rectified almost instantaneously. The developed program may serve as academic aid since the computation process was
systematically reflected on the spreadsheet.
The presence of VBA applications has improved the program development capability of Excel spreadsheet. The use of
VBA GUIs inside the spreadsheet somehow should be limited because it can result to higher file size and may cause overflow
during the execution.
The program was tested several times by comparing its results on book problems. The results were considerably close.
Human errors were eliminated and source codes were debugged.
It was not the researcher‘s intension to compete with the existing computer software. Many software are available that
can perform the same tasks. However spreadsheet program nowadays can offer more conventional programming language as
an engineering tool which was utilized in this study for the design of post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams.
Keywords: Post-tensioned prestress, Excel spreadsheet, Visual basic
*Corresponding author‘s email: rimmonlabs@gmail.com
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE PROMOTION (WASH)

STANDARDS FOR EVACUATION CENTERS IN ALBAY
Russela Louise V. Barcenas
EI04
Albay is among the country‘s provinces challenged by various disasters – both in form and number. It has been labeled as
the ―Vatican of Disasters‖ due to the presence of an active volcano, exposure to torrential rains, and frequent passages of
tropical cyclones.
Emergency Evacuation Centers (EECs) have been built to serve as temporary homes for disaster-displaced individuals.
Those that cannot be accommodated in the EECs are brought to public schools buildings which do not have the adequate
facilities. Most of the evacuees experience inconveniences such as difficult access to safe water, deficient water supply for
daily domestic needs, excessive queuing time, and inadequate toilet facilities. These situations, and the like, do not just threaten
the evacuees‘ health, but also of the community nearby.
A set of universal minimum standards for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion (WASH) have been
established but such standards are deemed unattainable by response teams in the Philippines. The research aims to develop a set
of WASH standards based on the perception of the evacuating public; and prepare a design guidebook that can be utilized by
local response teams.
A number of EECs and public school buildings will be selected for evaluation in terms of WASH based on: (1) the
standards in the Sphere Project Handbook – using quantifiable and measurable indicators, and; (2) the perception of the
evacuating public – through interviews. Results from these two evaluation methods shall be utilized in the development of an
attainable set of WASH standards and in the preparation of a design guidebook.
Keywords: Water and sanitation, Evacuation centers
Corresponding author‘s email: russelalv.barcenas@gmail.com

27
EFFECTS OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER STRIPS IN THE FLEXURAL
STRENGTH AND DEFLECTION OF STEEL I-BEAM
Mary Ann N. Ahalajal* and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
EI05
Traditional strengthening of steel structures is by welding and bolting. However, it has been reported that these methods
have many undesirable effects in terms of corrosion performance, fatigue loading conditions, etc.
This study investigates if usage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips can be an alternative way to effectively
strengthen steel I-beams. The flexural strength and deflection of CFRP strengthened steel I-beams are compared to the flexural
strength and deflection of unstrengthened steel I-beams both experimentally and theoretically. Cost analysis is also conducted
to determine if strengthening using CFRP strips is economical. There are three groups of samples in this study: the first group
has CFRP strip installed on the outer tension flange of the steel I-beam; the second group has CFRP strips installed on the outer
compression and tension flanges of the steel I-beam; and the third group is unstrengthened steel I-beams which serve as control
beams to determine the effectiveness of CFRP in strengthening. All specimens are tested as simply supported beams under third
point loading. The reaction frame machine is used to apply the load while a dial indicator is used to measure the deflections.
The study reveals that the CFRP strips can significantly increase the flexural strength of steel I-beams. The experimental
flexural strength of the steel I-beam specimens increased by 6.52% and 10.40% on beams with CFRP on tension flange, and
beams with CFRP on compression and tension flanges, respectively. The study also reveals that it is more economical to
strengthen steel I-beams by installing CFRP on the tension flange than replacing the weakened steel I-beams with a new beam.
Keywords: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, Steel I-Beam, Flexural strengthening, Deflection
*Corresponding author‘s email: ann.ahalajal@gmail.com
INVESTIGATION OF PESTICIDE MALATHION CONTAMINATION IN PAGSANJAN

LUMBAN WATERSHED, PHILIPPINES
Erwin C. Quiambao
School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa Institute of Technology
EI06
Data from past studies were collated to come up and elucidate on the fate and transport of pesticide malathion in the
surface water of Pagsanjan-Lumban water surface. Specifically, pesticide controls insects, plant diseases, rodents and other
similar pests that greatly affect good harvest. The focus of this study is on Pagsanjan-Lumban watershed water surface
malathion contamination. Mathematical models were developed and through regression, the extent of the malathion
concentration in relation to distance, time and TSS were acquired. The malathion concentration was investigated primarily
because it is perceived that recreational areas around the Pagsanjan-Lumban Lake will be expanded.
Malathion, apparently one of the most widely used pesticide for golf course ‗green‘ is perceived to be dangerous to
human health and to aquaculture industry in the Pagsanjan-Lumban lake. The data shows that Malathion adverse effect can be
seen upon its immediate presence. Its concentration lessens as it moves away from the source or initial point. It is also found
out that in a study covering twenty years, malathion does not accumulate overtime. Degradation is faster than its accumulation
because malathion is soluble in nature and does not show stayin on sediments. This paper can be used as reference for pesticide
application management specifically for the growing extension of recreational sites. Toxicity risks are seen until few months of
run-off. As we go back to the data presented, a 90 day old concentration can still affect the aqua-environment in the Pagsanjan-
Lumban watershed.
Keywords : Malathion, Pesticide, Aquaculture industry, Mathematical modeling
Corresponding author‘s email: erwin1010@yahoo.com
28
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM AND BIVALENT ZINC REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS USING KAOLIN-SUPPORTED BACTERIAL BIOFILMS OF E. COLI AND S.
EPIDERMIDIS
Khyle Glainmer N. Quiton1,*, Bonifacio T. Doma, Jr.1, Chi-Chuan Kan3, Sung-Pin Tseng2, Hui-Ling Yang3, Meng-Wei Wan3
1School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa Institute of Technology
2Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
3Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
EI07
Environmental contamination by aqueous solutions of heavy metals from industrial waste streams poses serious threat to
human health and detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. Despite significant advances in the treatment of such streams in
recent years, there is no satisfactory method for heavy metal removal such that environmental regulations are met. Strong
efforts shall be done to develop new, cleaner and more competitive technologies for heavy metal remediation. In this study, the
ability of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms supported on kaolin to remove Cr(VI) and Zn(II) from
aqueous solutions was investigated in batch assays. The effects of initial metal concentration and contact time on biosorption
were also evaluated. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis was utilized to confirm the types of functional groups on the cell wall
surface of the biomass which may interact with the heavy metal ions. It revealed that the E. coli and S. epidermidis biomasses
both contain amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups which were responsible for the biosorption of Cr(VI) and Zn(II).
Keywords: Heavy metals, Biofilms, Fourier transform infrared analysis, Biosorption, Biomass
* Corresponding author‘s email: khyglain0427@yahoo.com
INVESTIGATION OF THE TENSILE CAPACITY OF MANGO HUSK FOR CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT
Mark Vincent J. Abad
EI08
Waste management is one of the serious environmental concerns nowadays. A mango processing facility in Bankal,
Lapu-Lapu City dried up the mango seed, extract the kernel and convert it into flour. After the process, mango husk were left as
waste material. The researcher chose to utilize the mango husk as reinforcement for concrete. The study will investigate
whether there would be a significant increase in flexural and compressive strength of the concrete. Prior studies show that
natural fibers such as bagasse and elephant grass have significant increase on the mechanical properties of the concrete.
However, mango husk as natural fiber reinforcement has no prior studies to verify its properties. To obtain its properties, the
mango husk was cut into strips (40cm by 10cm) using scissors in longitudinal manner and subjected to a tensile force using
Instron 3342 tensile testing machine. The parameters measured were the modulus of elasticity, elongation at break and tensile
strength. Modulus of elasticity is one of the most important properties to be determined in all kinds of materials. It is the
determinant on how stiff the material is when subjected to an applied load. On the other hand, tensile strength is measured to
determine the capacity of the material to resist tensile force in which it is the most essential part of this study. A study made by
Hoareau et. al (2014) on the different tensile strength of some known natural fibers shows that abaca has 400 MPa, bagasse has
290 MPa, bamboo has 230 MPa, pineapple has 627 MPa, kenaf has 930 MPa and jute has 773 MPa. Forty-five mango husk
samples were tested. Based on the results, it has been found that mango husk has a very high tensile strength compared to those
existing natural fibers which have been studied. The lowest tabulated value is 1300 MPa, the highest was 3200 MPa and the
mean value is 2100 MPa. Compared to the aforementioned natural fibers, mango husk has a relatively high tensile strength.
Keywords: Fiber reinforced concrete
Corresponding author‘s email: marky.vinz17@gmail.com
29
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN OF SEISMIC RETROFIT SYSTEMS FOR HERITAGE
BUILDINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES WITH CONSIDERATION TO ARCHITECTURAL
PRESERVATIONS
Marabelle R. Del Prado* and Andres Winston C. Oreta
EI09
Strengthening of Heritage Structures to withstand seismic ground motions is important in order to preserve the
irreplaceable history that it holds about our past. For years, strengthening techniques have been developed to prolong the
existence of heritage structures. The present study evaluates the building performance with various applied strengthening
techniques using non-linear pushover analysis with the aid of the numerical modeling program, SAP2000. Each technique will
also be assessed based on the cost of construction and contribution to seismic performance of the structure.
Furthermore, a case study involving an actual 1970 Heritage Building from the province of Quezon, is assessed in detail
to understand the existing load capacity, structural deficiencies and structural properties. Destructive and non-destructive tests
were conducted to collect the structural properties needed to model the structure since the original plans are no longer
available. The existing load capacity and structural deficiencies of the structure was determined through visual inspection and
numerical investigation using SAP2000.
The proposed retrofit design of the heritage building is developed using the concept of Performance Based Design and
Pushover Analysis. Performance Based Design considers a certain performance objective which may be decided by the owner
of the structure. The concept is to determine the deficiencies of the structure then design a retrofit system that can improve the
seismic performance relative to the selected performance objective. On the other hand, Nonlinear Pushover Analysis (NLPA)
evaluates the performance of the structure either by estimating the strength or the deformation that can no longer be resisted by
the elastic range of the structural behavior. Seismic evaluation was performed and guided by ASCE 31-03 and ASCE 41-13.
The plastic hinge zones was modelled using FEMA 356 criteria for reinforced concrete.
The present study aims to develop a framework for modeling and designing seismic retrofit systems for heritage
buildings in order to improve its seismic resilience. Also, this study highlights the importance of using retrofit systems that will
retain its character while keeping the structure safe, durable and useful.
Keywords: Heritage buildings, Pushover analysis, Performance based design, Retrofitting
*Corresponding author‘s email: marabelledelprado@yahoo.com
POTENTIAL OF PRODUCING HIGH STRENGTH HOLLOW CORE REINFORCED

CONCRETE SLAB WITH SILICA FUME AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER
Evalyn Joy M. Castil* and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
EI10
This study evaluates the mechanical properties of hollow core reinforced concrete (HCRC) slab containing silica fume
and polypropylene fibers. The objective of this research is to investigate the workability, compressive and flexural strength of
HCRC slab containing silica fume and polypropylene fibers. Properties studied include workability of the fresh mix,
compressive andflexural strength of hardened concrete. Silica fume content are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of
cement and 0%, 0.40%, 0.60% and 0.80% volume fraction of polypropylene fiber. The maximum load is determined both
theoretically and experimentally. The universal testing machine is used to determine the compressive strength of the cylindrical
samples and the reaction frame machine with three points loading together with the dial indicator is used to determine the
flexural strength and deflection of HCRC slab samples.
The experimental test results demonstrate that addition of polypropylene fibers at 0.6% volume fraction and 10% silica
fume showed considerable gain of compressive strength of 37.18 MPa compared to reference HCRC slab with 23.47 MPa. The
flexural strength also was found to be consistently improved compared with the reference HCRC without additives. Results
show that the use of 10% silica fume combined with 0.6% fiber volume fraction result in optimum mixture for applications
from the standpoint of compressive strength while from the standpoint of flexural strength, the use of 5% silica fume and 0.4%
polypropylene fiber result in optimum mixture.
Economically, the cost efficiency and the increase of strength in the construction are higher when combining the silica
fume and polypropylene fiber in HCRC slab compared to the reference HCRC slab without additives. Thus, this study proves
the potential of producing high strength but low cost HCRC slab.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Workability
*Corresponding author‘s email: evalyn.castil@yahoo.com

30
REMOVAL OF OXALATE IN WASTEWATER BY FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR
Roselle Y. Mamuad1, 2 *, Ming-Chun Lu3, Alvin R. Caparanga4
1Department
of Graduate Studies, Mapúa Institute of Technology
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac City
3Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
4Department of Chemical Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology
EI11
Precipitation in fluidized bed process has been proven to be very effective as a means of eliminating sludge disposal
problems. The effect of oxalate removal in wastewater in terms of concentration and pH through crystallization in a fluidized
bed reactor (FBR) were studied. Oxalate is a frequently pollutant found in domestic and industrial wastewater owing to its wide
use in formulations of detergents, textile pharmaceutical process, metallurgy, cleaning and decontaminating mixtures for boilers
and nuclear power plants. Using simulated oxalate wastewater, the removal through crystallization was continuously operated
for five days by reacting calcium chloride solution as precipitant and sodium oxalate solution as simulated oxalate wastewater
under different concentrations (150, 300, and 450 ppm) and pH (4.5, 6.5 and 8.5). The optimum operating conditions of
concentration and pH were found to be 300 ppm and a pH of 6.5 respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the granulation
and total removal efficiency were 94.55% and 96.02%. Oxalate removal through crystallization in FBR produced calcium
oxalate crystal for industry reuse that can be a source of additional income. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-
ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered is pure calcium oxalate crystal.
Keywords: Calcium oxalate; Fluidized bed reactor; Oxalate removal
*Corresponding author‘s email: roselle.yago@yahoo.com
SELF-SENSING CARBON NANOTUBE CEMENT COMPOSITES IN STEEL-REINFORCED

CONCRETE
Suzanne Ara P. Peñeda* and Oscar Victor M. Antonio, Jr.
Institute of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
EI12
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be defined as tubular structures made up of one or more layers of graphite sheets. Because
of its outstanding electrical properties, higher aspect ratio, strength, and flexibility, it is thought to have a great significance in
the concrete industry if it can be used as a self-sensing structural material.
While previous studies were focused on the incorporation of CNTs solely into cement matrix, this paper aims to
investigate the self-sensing capability of CNTs in steel-reinforced concrete. Sensing ability is studied in relation to the
measured strain and damage. In this study, the electrical resistivity of well dispersed carbon nanotubes in steel-reinforced
concrete matrix are investigated as a potential intrinsically smart material for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of concrete
structures.
CNTs will be added to concrete matrix with water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.5 with concentrations of 0.1% and 0.3% by
weight of cement. The nanofilaments will be mixed with a polycarboxylate-based commercial superplasticizer used as
surfactant for better dispersion using an ultrasonic mixer. Each specimen will be tested at 28 days of curing age for
compressive strength, flexural strength, electrical resistance and ultrasonic waveform characteristics. The four-point probe
method will be employed, as it is generally considered a more accurate way to measure small electric resistances. A scanning
electron microscope (SEM) will be used to investigate the dispersion of CNTs within the concrete matrix, a critical factor that
influences the properties of the nanocomposites.
The addition of CNTs is expected to induce an increased change in resistivity provided that the nanocomposites are well
dispersed in the concrete matrix, and also cause changes in the ultrasonic waveform characteristics. Depending on the signal
provided by the change in electrical resistance, CNT reinforced concrete can sense strain and crack propagation, an ability that
could prove significant for real-time nondestructive health monitoring of structures.
Keywords: Carbon nanotube cement composites, Piezoresistivity, Dispersion, Concrete
*Corresponding author‘s email: sppeneda@upd.edu.ph
31
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL STABILIZED WITH PORTLAND CEMENT – RICE HUSK ASH
(RHA) MIX FOR DEEP MIXING APPLICATION
Applegen I. Cavero* and Metodia M. Trinidad
EI13
Chemical stabilization has been extensively used for the improvement of soft clay soils, in enhancing the shear strength
and limiting the deformation behaviours. Cement is widely used as a stabilizing material for soils, but the increasing price is
causing economic concerns among practitioners and clients alike. This study is aimed at assessing the usefulness of cement-
rice husks ash as an effective soil stabilizer for improving the strength properties of clay soils.
Methods include soil investigation through coring boreholes to extract undisturbed soil samples and conducted standard
penetration test (SPT), followed by soil characterization at the laboratory. Soil was mixed with: (1)10% Portland cement with
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) at 10% and 20% per volume; (2) 20% Portland Cement with 10% and 20% RHA. Soil mixture was then
remoulded using ASTM D698 and ASTM D2850 for the Triaxial test at 7days and 28 days.
Test results show that Rice Husk Ash coming from the rice paddies of Davao Oriental has 91.20% amorphous silica
content.
The shear strength for the 20% Portland cement mixed with 10% RHA increased from 37.52 kPa to 2859.34kPa which is
more than 7,600% increase at 7 days curing and an increase of 3366.41kPawhich is more than 8,900% at 28 days curing.
Furthermore, for the 20% Portland cement mixed with 20% RHA theshear strength increased from 37.52 kPa to
2667.45kPawhich is more than 7,100% increase at 7 days curing and anincrease of 4413.52kPaor more than 11,700% at 28
days curing.
On the value engineering cost consideration, the original soil‘s shear strength required reinforced concrete piles which
costs Php37,100 each, compared to the cost of soil stabilized columns of the same cross sectional area and length as the
reinforced concrete piles, the cost is decreased by more than 650%.
Keywords: Portland cement, Rice husk ash (RHA), Silica content, Shear strength
*Corresponding author‘s email: applegen75@icloud.com
STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY AND DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF

NONPRESTRESSED PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB STRIP NOTCHED AT
TENSION ZONE
Kenny B. Cantila* and Nathaniel C. Tarranza
Department of Civil Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
EI14
In ultimate strength design for Reinforced Concrete (RC) slab, the concrete at the tension zone are considered cracked
and can be removed because it does not contribute theoretically to the flexural strength of the structure. On the other hand, the
removal of concretein the form of continuous notchwill also reduce the moment of inertia of the cross-section leading to the
increase in the amount of deflection of the slab.
This study investigated the structural efficiency (the load carried by the structure divided by its own weight) and the
deflection of a nonprestressed precast reinforced concrete slab strips. For testing, there were three groups of slab strip samples
and each group had 10 replicates: Group A samples had rectangular cross-section, without notch; Group B samples had
rectangular notch along the cross-section; and Group C samples had parabolic notch along the cross-section. The slab strip
samples were subjected to third-point loading until failure. The load and deflection corresponding to the yield point on the
load–deflection curve were then obtained.
Based from results, the average structural efficiencies for Group A, Group B, and Group C slab samples were 33.1, 38.5,
and 34.2, respectively. On the other hand, the amount of deflections for Group A, Group B, and Group C slab samples were
3.10 mm, 4.62 mm, and 4.99 mm, respectively.
Thus, the presence of notches, both rectangular and parabolic, at the cross-section is efficient without sacrificing the
capacity of the concrete. Also, it does not significantly affect the amount of deflection on the slab. Consequently, such models
promote economic construction while the budget for materials is lowered and the weight lessened for ease of transportation.
Hence, the design is highly recommended in the actual construction.
Keywords: Structural efficiency, Deflection, Precast
*Corresponding author‘s email: kenny.cantila@yahoo.com
32
THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF BUCKLING-
RESTRAINED BRACED FRAME IN ECCENTRIC CONFIGURATIONS (BRBF-E)
Michael Jayson S. Mas* and Bernardo A. Lejano
EI15
Ductile braced frames are often used to resist lateral earthquake loads in steel buildings. However, the presence of the
brace element can interfere with architectural features. BRBF-E is believed to have combined good performance in resisting
earthquake loads and great flexibility for architectural design. Eccentrically braced frames can accommodate architectural
openings for doors, windows and hallways. However, every configuration of buckling-restrained braced frame in eccentric
configuration have different seismic response in earthquake loadings. The effect of different parameters to the structural
response of BRBF-E will be studied such as eccentricity-to-length of bay ratio, cross sectional area of BRB, angle of
inclination, distance of the beam splice to brace connection and brace length. Design parameters will be investigated to
determine its effects to the structural response of different eccentric configurations of BRBF-E with building height of 3, 6 and
9 stories. These parameters of BRBF-Es under seismic loading will be analyzed using pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic
analysis. The analysis of data is composed of comparison of maximum displacement, storey drift, dissipation capacity and
changes in base shear. The goal of the study is to establish a design aid of BRBF-E.
Keywords: Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame in Eccentric configuration (BRBF-E), Dynamic analysis, Steel ductile braced
frame
*Corresponding author‘s email: jayson_mas24@yahoo.com
DEVELOPMENT OF AWATER SYSTEM SAFETY PLAN BASED ON PRELIMINARY HAZARD

ANALYSIS (PHA) FOR RISK MANAGEMENT OF SURIGAO METROPOLITAN WATER
DISTRICT (SMWD)
Michelle D. Enriquez
EI16
Water Safety Plan is a risk based approach encompassing all aspects of the water system from the catchment to
consumers to efficiently deliver safe water. A risk assessment will be carried out in the water system supplied by Surigao
Metropolitan Water District to identify all possible hazards that could affect the functionality of the water system.
The aim of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment through the process known as Preliminary Hazard Analysis. The
study also further aims to test the effectiveness of Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) as a semi-quantitative tool in
determining the risk level of all identified hazards and provide the best measures for maintaining the functionality of the water
system at all times. A comprehensive hazard identification and risk ranking is integrated in the risk assessment. Results of the
risk assessment will be integrated in the existing water safety plan of Surigao Metropolitan Water District (SMWD) after a gap
analysis is conducted.
Keywords: Water safety plan, Risk assessment, Preliminary Hazard analysis
33
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION OF TANAY RIVER SYSTEM IN TANAY, RIZAL,
PHILIPPINES
Rosalinda G. Brasos*,1 and Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling2
1College of Agriculture, University of Rizal Sytem, Tanay, Rizal
2Institute of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
EI17
Tanay River is one of the major tributaries of the Laguna Lake. It stretches to about 20.25 kilometers in length and has a
watershed area of about 4000 hectares. The river system which is classified as Class C (under the DENR classification system)
is primarily used for irrigation, fishing ground, transport system, recreation and domestic. Water quality surveys were
conducted on a bimonthly basis from July 2, 2013 to May 14, 2014 in ten monitoring stations selected from upstream to
downstream. Statistical T-test was employed to determine differences on water quality obtained during wet and dry season
while ANOVA was used to determine differences of water quality from one monitoring station to another. Results indicated
that Turbidity, DO, TDS, Oil & Grease, Pesticides residue, Nitrate, Phosphate and Chloride and Total and Fecal Coliform
measured during the wet season is significantly different from those obtained during dry season. However, data on pH showed
otherwise. Analysis of Variance revealed significant differences in all parameters obtained from different monitoring stations.
Yearly means of data indicated that pH, Phosphate, Chloride and DO except for one station were within the limit of Class C
while BOD and Coliforms showed otherwise. Oil and Grease exceeded the limit for Class C in two monitoring stations.
Surface runoff was observed to be the major source of pollutants. Significant improvement in water quality can be attained
through practicing proper waste management.
Keywords: ANOVA, DENR classification system, Tanay river, T-test, Water quality
*Corresponding author‘s email: rgbrasos@yahoo.com
WIRELESS FLOOD MONITORING USING INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL SENSORS AND FLOOD

PREDICTION VIA ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Timothy M. Amado* and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
EI18
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that is very difficult to model into an equation because of its nonlinear characteristics.
As a result, early warning flood prediction systems are seldom developed and often rely on meteorological satellites, Doppler
radars and hydrological maps. However, in the advent of technology, randomness and nonlinearity can now possibly be
modelled using artificial neural network.
The goal of this study was to develop a wireless flood monitoring and prediction system using artificial neural network
(ANN), specifically the Nonlinear Autoregressive Network with External Inputs (NARX) neural network. The wireless flood
monitoring system could be used in a small community, like a small barangay or a school, as a flood early warning system that
can predict flood levels in a two – hour lead time.
The flood monitoring system was developed by integration of different hydrological sensors such as rain gauge, float
sensor, flow meter, soil resistivity meter, air humidity and temperature sensors. The data output of the sensors could be
monitored in a personal computer stationed away from the system. These were sent via wireless communication that was
achieved by the use of Zigbee modules controlled by a microcontroller unit. After the prototype construction and wireless
communication development, the flood monitoring system was used to collect and build the training set for the ANN.
The training of the ANN was done via the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation and a Mean Squared Error
(MSE) of 0.0032 was achieved using seven epochs of training, having the fourth epoch having the best validation. During the
field testing, an average prediction rate accuracy of 98.65% was achieved. A two-sample t-test was done to see if the actual
field test is different from the predicted values and the result was there is no significant difference between the two that
validates the accuracy of the prediction.
Keywords: Flood prediction system, ANN, Hydrological sensors, Backpropagation, NARX model
*Corresponding author‘s email: tim.amado08@gmail.com
34
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY R&D TRACK
AFFECTIVE MODELLING OF BODY POSTURE AND MOVEMENT BASED ON CONTEXT
AND ACTIVITY
Earl Arvin A. Calapatia* and Merlin Teodosia C. Suarez
IC01
Computers are becoming more and more integrated in real world solutions and everyday living, hence intelligent systems
are being developed to learn and adapt from the human user. In human activities and everyday life, emotions play a role in
cognition, perception and decision-making. Outfitting computers with the ability to recognize emotions can expand their role in
assisting humans and make decisions that benefit the human. Hence, affective computing emerged to tackle the challenges of
recognizing and expressing emotions through computers.
The capture of human displays of emotion grow in variety as new sensors emerge. The emergence of affordable and
reliable depth sensors led to growth in research on computer recognition of emotions through body movement and posture.
Within affective computing research, 95% of research work is conducted through the face. However, facial occlusions occur in
natural settings, hence the body is a potential complement. As there is relatively little work on recognizing affective states from
the body, there is yet no consensus or standard. Current approaches reach high performances or on par to that of human
perception, but are conducted in artificial and highly controlled laboratory settings and reach lower performance in more
natural scenarios.
It has been recognized that in natural setups, emotions are dependent on context and approaches that make use of data
from contextual information have been being incorporated in affective computing research, however it is not employed in
current approaches for recognizing affect and emotions through body movement and posture. The study aims to determine how
contextual information can be applied in the recognition of affect from body movement and posture. For the purpose of
recognizing emotions in body movement and posture, a paradigm inspired from structures and concepts in activity theory is
used to design the approach used to handle contextual information.
Keywords: Affective computing, Emotion recognition, Non acted emotions, Emotional gestures, Context awareness
*Corresponding author‘s email: cearlarvin@yahoo.com
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION

FOR DETERMINING BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) IN ANDROID DEVICES USING
BLUETOOTH
Neil Erick Q. Madariaga* and Noel B. Linsangan
IC02
Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the different ways to monitor the health of a person. It is based on the height and
weight of a person. This study aims to compute for the BMI using an Android tablet by obtaining the height of the person by
using a camera and measuring the weight of the person by using a weighing scale or load cell. The height of the person was
estimated by applying background subtraction to the image captured and applying different processes such as getting the
vanishing point and applying Artificial Neural Network. The weight was measured by using Wheatstone bridge load cell
configuration and sending the value to the computer by using Gizduino microcontroller and Bluetooth technology after the
amplification using AD623 instrumentation amplifier. The application will process the images and read the measured values
and show the BMI of the person. The study met all the objectives needed and further studies will be needed to improve the
design project.
Keywords: Body Mass Index, Artificial neural network, Vanishing point, Bluetooth, Wheatstone bridge load cell
*Corresponding author‘s email: neqmadariaga@gmail.com
35
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFICATION FOR GUNSHOT DETECTION AND
LOCALIZATION SYSTEM
Cherry Mae J. Galangque* and Sherwin Guirnaldo
IC03
This paper presents the study of using artificial neural network and curve fitting analysis for gunshot classification and
localization. The gunshot chosen for this study is the gunshot from M16 and explosive sound from firecrackers. Gunshots and
firecrackers are recorded from different direction and distances from the four microphones.
The data acquired a total of 864 recorded gunshots and 63 firecracker explosions at the open field firing range using
National Instruments- DAQ device a recording system designed by a parallel study conducted by Steven Chan Arado. The
classification module was implemented using Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network. The localization module was
implemented using curve fitting analysis for distance orientation and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network for angle
orientation.
Eighty percent of the samples were used as data for training the network and the remaining twenty percent for testing the
network. Spatial features and features in the frequency domain are used as inputs for shockwave and muzzle blast detection for
classifying gunshots, while the time of arrival of the shockwave is used for the fit for gunshot‘s distance orientation calculation
and both the time of arrival of shockwave and muzzle blast are used as input for the network for gunshot‘s angle orientation.
Based on the results, the implemented system was capable of detecting the two characteristics (muzzle blast and
shockwave) that make up a gunshot which enables the system to classify gunshots and calculate time of arrival of the two
characteristics to localized gunshot origin.
Keywords: Multi-layer perceptron neural network, Curve fitting, Gunshot locator
*Corresponding author‗s email: galangquechegals@gmail.com
CXSENSE: A SCALABLEPASSWORD-BASED KEY MANAGEMENTSCHEME FOR MOBILE

AD-HOC NETWORKS
James Patrick A. Acang1,2,* and Susan P. Festin1
1Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
2Department of Computer Science, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac City
IC04
In a dynamic,mobile ad-hoc network (MANET),nodes cooperatively participate to facilitate delivery of messages. Nodes
establish links with other nodes,forming an arbitrary self-organized network where each node may route messages from the
source to the destination. Since messages need to be passed from one node to the other before reaching the intended recipient,
security becomes an important concern.
A key ingredient to try and secure messages in a MANET is an efficient key management scheme. Most of the existing
schemes, however, have relied on trusted third parties, certificate authorities, and more powerful nodes to facilitate key
management. Moreover, these components may make MANETs restrictive, unscalable, impractical to implement, and may
require the network to have centralized administration. This can negatively impact on the self-organization aspects of a
MANET.
We propose here a new key management scheme that follows the self-organization property of MANETs. This enables
nodes to join and communicate freely without third party authorities to facilitate in the secured communication. We exploit
here the characteristics of multicast communication to improve performance and to enhance scalability. We compared the
performance of our scheme with two existing schemes via simulation. Our results show that our proposed scheme have
performance gains over the existing schemes.
Keywords: MANET, Ad-hoc network, Password-based, Key management, Network security
*Corresponding author‘s email: jamespatrickacang@gmail.com
36
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL SIGNAGES AND RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE
INFORMATION KIOSKS (RDIKs) WITH NARROW CASTING, LOCAL CONTENT
STREAMING, AND PEER-TO-PEER CACHING CAPABILITIES IN A VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE
PLATFORM
Benjz Gerard M. Sevilla*, Nathaniel Joseph C. Libatique, Gregory L. Tangonan, and Cesar S. Pineda
IC05
Information is critical in times of disaster; equally crucial is how these data are conveyed to decision makers into a
readily-available, easily set-up and rapidly deployable platform. Such is the case wherein Rapidly Deployable Information
Kiosks (RDIKs) are morphed into a Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication scheme, tying together user access technologies,
integrating those within a wireless local network, and making a limited uplink bandwidth available for those mission-critical
information to flow.
The concern now is how to make this system bi-directional, that is, people receiving the alerts provide feedback
regarding their status. An important feature of the RDIKs and V2V is Digital Signage which, in times of disasters, is
repurposed to function as evacuation guide, weather bulletin, and news source.
RDIKs are capable of video streaming over Local Area Networks (LANs). By being able to receive Digital TV Signals
using Integrated Services Digital Broadcast – Terrestrial (ISDB – T), RDIKs will rebroadcast the stream over WiFi without
internet. As each can be a Wireless Access Point (AP), users can stream content being displayed by the Digital Signages
straight to their mobile devices, and, while connected, be able to relay information about their status. By doing this, a local
casting solution is implemented and thus, narrow-broadcast is achieved – local traffic is kept local, and information is targeted
well to the audience they are intended for.
The Vehicle Hubs (VHubs) will act as content aggregators; mobilized from an area without connectivity to an area with
connection. These VHubs regularly updates when able – feeding information in and out, to and from digital signages, and
connecting and reconnecting to other VHubs. The availability and ubiquity of vehicles in every local government unit (LGU)
can be seen as an opportunity to enable each municipality to set-up an ad-hoc disaster information network when needed.
Keywords: Digital signage, Narrow casting, Peer-to-Peer, Streaming, Vehicle-to-Vehicle
*Corresponding author‘s email: bgsevilla@gmail.com
DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDRO-METEOROLOGY BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

STRATEGY TOOL FOR FARMERS IN PITPITAN, BULACAN, BULACAN
Julius Noah H. Sempio
IC06
For agriculture in the Philippines to withstand the adverse effects of climate change and remain productive in spite of
unusual weather phenomena, adaptation strategies must be undertaken by government agencies and farmers alike. Many
strategies have been done before, such as the construction of water retention ponds, deployment of cloud seeding aircraft, and
research on developing climate-adaptable rice strains – but these need heavy funding and are practically beyond farmers‘
financial capabilities without institutional support, and at the same time might take years to bear fruit. In view of this,
immediate and low-cost adaptation measures could be implemented by farmers themselves while waiting for the effects of
long-term solutions to be had.
This paper presents the development of a climate change adaptation strategy tool in a Geographic Information System
(GIS) that combines current hydro-meteorological information with the farmers‘ local knowledge of time-tested farming
strategies. The ―Support Information for Climate Change Adaptation Techniques in Agriculture‖ (SICCATA) is envisioned as a
GIS-based recommender system that will inform farmers of adaptive measure they can take in consideration of their customary
practices in cases of imminent climate issues such as prolonged drought and heavy rainfall. SICCATA will use climate
forecasts from the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to provide
updated recommendations to farmers in the form of messages. The recommendations it will make are going to be based on both
prevailing standards in agricultural adaptation strategies (as formulated by government agricultural agencies) and indigenous
knowledge of farmers in the study area, in this case hailing from the rural barangay of Pitpitan, Bulacan, Bulacan.
Keywords: Climate change adaptation, GIS, Recommender system
Corresponding author‘s email: julius.sempio@gmail.com
37
DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE SENSOR-BASED INDOOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
AND MODELING SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHM
Mary Anne S. Roa and Rosula S. Reyes
IC07
Scientific evidence has indicated that indoor air is often more seriously polluted than outdoor air, ranking in the top five
environmental risks to human health. Whereas majority of existing techniques for assessing indoor pollution only consider
single substance, this study focuses on detecting four major gas pollutants. This research extends monitoring and modeling in
the realm of Matlab-based fuzzy logic algorithm and achieved result without the use of numerous sensors.
The system was realized by interfacing semiconductor gas sensors such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) MQ7, Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2) MICS2714, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) MQ136 and Ozone (O3) MQ131 with PIC18F252 Microcontroller capable
of wireless short-range communication through an RF Module. The measurements telemetered to the server are processed by
an algorithm developed to merge data from all of the sensors and to provide an intuitive graphical interface conveying the state
of pollution. To evaluate the degree of health risk, results are categorized as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups,
Unhealthy and Very Unhealthy. Air Quality Index (AQI) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
used since no such measures are presently available in the Philippines, where the system is intended to be used. Tests were
conducted in various indoor spaces and successfully showed real-time pollutant levels and their conformance to air quality
standards. After several experiments, it was established that measurement precision of 75% and above is achievable for
enclosed spaces of a maximum size of 6m2, with a roof covering the entire area. For larger rooms, where several measurements
at different points were necessary, an averaging algorithm is applied to eliminate variations in readings and to remove
redundancies.
This research reared a monitoring scheme for indoor pollutants providing comprehensive interpretation of the air quality.
Keywords: Air pollution monitoring, Sensor networks, Fuzzy logic
EFFECTS OF MOVEMENT VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ON BICEP

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY SIGNAL AMPLITUDE FOR MOTION INTENTION DETECTION IN
ROBOTIC BASED PHYSICAL REHABILITATION
Armyn C. Sy* and Nilo T. Bugtai
IC08
A key factor in robotic-based physical rehabilitation is providing robotic assistance only when the subjects exert
muscular effort and that movement intention does not translate into an actual physical movement. Thus, an accurate motion
intention detection system plays an important role. This study focuses on the use of Electromyography signals (EMG) in
detecting motion intention. Since this type of signals can be affected by factors including movement velocity and movement
acceleration, it is therefore the objective of this research to determine how various levels of movement velocities, and
acceleration would affect EMG signal amplitudes.
Eight healthy subjects performed bicep curl movements at three different velocities with at least thirty movement
repetitions each. The results were summarized, processed, and statistically analysed in order to show the relationship between
the above stated factors and the dependent variable EMG. It can be seen that majority of the subjects‘ EMG data within each
movement velocity range are clustered together and follows a normal distribution of data. More so, plotting the EMG data with
movement velocity and acceleration shows an upward trend of EMG signals as both velocity and acceleration increases.
Correlation analysis reveals strong positive correlation between EMG signal amplitude and both movement velocity and
movement acceleration. Lastly, plotting each subject‘s EMG data vs movement velocity in a box plot, shows us the dispersion
of data and data distribution between slow, normal and fast movement velocities.
With above information gathered, it can be concluded that samples between the three movement velocity ranges are
numerically distinguishable from each other and the samples within each group are distributed in such a way that majority of
the samples are clustered together, thus making data classification and value prediction possible.
Keywords: Motion intention detection; EMG triggering; Robotic-based physical rehabilitation
*Corresponding author‘s email: armynsy@yahoo.com
38
ELORA: TOWARDS AN ONLINE SIMULATION OF INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE
TYPES WITH FOCUS ON COMPARISON FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION
Jan Miles Co1,*, Jonathan Casano2 and Mark Ronquillo1
1Ateneo de Manila University
IC09
2Ateneo de Naga University
This research explores the creation of an online simulation tool of Instruction Set Architecture Types for Computer
Science Education, specifically on Higher Education. Currently, there are a number of simulation tools used for teaching
Instruction Set Architecture Types. However, to the best of our knowledge, no tool allows users‘ to run two or more simulation
at once.
Hence, we aim to focus on creating a tool that will enable users to compare two or more Architecture Types and evaluate
the different advantages and disadvantages. With this objective, an education website was created, which houses the tool that
simulates the Stack Architecture and the Accumulator Architecture. The simulation tool is still in development as we seek to
gather feedback from target users before releasing the tool for actual use. Finally, we proposed a method for implementation in
a classroom setting and define a quantitative measure for the tools effectiveness.
Keywords: Computer architecture, Computer science education, Simulation
*Corresponding author‘s email: janmilesco@yahoo.com.ph
ESTIMATION OF SEAGRASS COVER DENSITY IN BOLINAO, PHILIPPINES USING

LANDSAT IMAGES AND SPECTRAL MAPPING TECHNIQUES
Roseanne V. Ramos* and Ariel C. Blanco
Department of Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
IC10
The municipality of Bolinao in the province of Pangasinan constitutes a large area of seagrasses, which are the least
studied marine species among the benthic habitats and coastal ecosystems in the Philippines. There have been initiatives and
research involving field monitoring of seagrasses within specific local sites within a vast area but very few focused on large
area monitoring using remotely sensed data. In this study, the cover density of seagrass found in the coastal environments of
Bolinao is determined through processing of satellite images using spectral mapping techniques. The changes in spatial
distribution of the seagrasses are analyzed through a Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Landsat imageries with the least cloud cover acquired within the period 1989 to 2014 were utilized in this study.
Atmospheric and water column corrections were applied on the calibrated images using Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric
Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH) and Lyzenga methods, respectively. Depth-invariant indices of the RGB bands were used
to derive linearly-transformed images based on the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) technique. Determination of endmembers,
those pixels representing high seagrass density, is implemented with the use of Pixel Purity Index (PPI) and n-Dimensional
Visualization. High PPI values correspond to the most spectrally pure pixels with high percentage of being an endmember. The
endmembers were extracted through the n-Dimensional Visualizer and were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) for spectral
mapping using the Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) technique. The coverage of seagrasses is estimated based on its
abundance or density in terms of MTMF scores and Infeasibility values. Pixels with high MTMF score, with values closer to 1,
and low infeasibility values were classified as seagrass. Zonal analysis using ArcGIS was applied to the MTMF layers to
characterize seagrass density changes within various areas. The results were compared to the seagrass cover extracted from
available high resolution images. Initial comparison showed that the seagrass cover estimates based on MTMF images have a
striking similarity with the relatively dense seagrass areas derived from WorldView-2 image acquired in 2010.
Keywords: Seagrass, Landsat images, Bolinao, Spectral mapping
*Corresponding author‘s email: rowshan09@gmail.com
39
EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATIVE 2-BIT BRANCH PREDICTION SCHEMES
Leandro T. Isla*, Jhoanna T. Isla, and Michael Syson
IC11
Improvements in the architectural design of processors, specifically in the use of pipelines, contributed to accelerate
computer development. Among the structural, data, and control hazards, control hazards cause the most number of stalls in a
pipeline. Branch prediction schemes seek to mitigate this penalty by trying to predict whether or not a branch will be taken.
Two-bit schemes are among the most popular of these branch prediction schemes.
This paper developed four alternative schemes and compared them with three classical schemes and three schemes taken
from Nair‘s study. The ten schemes were tested against five scenarios with varying ratios of whether a branch is taken or not.
The scenarios are Heavily Not Taken, Moderately Not Taken, Even, Moderately Taken, and Heavily Taken.
Of the four alternative schemes, two performed better than one-bit prediction on average and better than most of the
schemes when the branches are usually not taken. This indicates that the two original schemes presented in this paper,
designated as O1 and O2, would be useful if it is likely that there is a high probability of a branch not being taken, while still
performing decently if there is a moderate chance of the branch being taken. The study also confirmed that the Saturating
Counter model performed the best in general, followed by two of Nair‘s models, then Lee and Smith‘s model, followed by the
third of Nair‘s models. It was also noted that all models tend to perform the best when branches are usually not taken and the
worst when there is an even chance of whether the branch will be taken or not, due to maximum uncertainty. The study also
showed that the One bit prediction scheme, while underperforming in most scenarios, performed the best when there is an even
chance of a branch being taken.
Keywords: pipeline, control hazard, 2-bit prediction
*Corresponding author‘s email: leandro.t.isla@gmail.com
FARMING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL

Michelle P. Banawan* , Rey R. Aliño, Cesar Tecson, and Wilfredo Badoy
IC12
Agriculture-based economic growth in countries like the Philippines, India, Taiwan and Thailand is a subject of many
researches all over the world [1][2]. In the Philippines, agricultural infrastructure and technology needs more support and
rethinking to be able to help the country attain its goals towards agricultural success and self-sufficiency in terms of food
production [2]. Information Technology can help the most critical agent, the farmer, to be able to achieve agricultural success
from the ―ground‖ up. Farmers and growers need to make critical decisions during the whole farming process. They need to
make efficient timing and scheduling decisions, estimate harvest yields, balance labor cost and harvest yield, minimize losses
over distribution, balance trade-offs between preserving quality and incurring added cost of distribution, etc. [3]. Because of
these several IT tools have been made available to the farmer, e.g. decision support systems [4] [5], management information
systems [6], precision farming technologies like sensors and actuators, and other technological advances [7].
This paper proposes an abstraction of the Philippines‘ farm processes from planting to harvesting up to delivery of
agricultural products to the market. The proposed FMIS model aims to achieve the level of granularity that will correctly
encompass the many and diverse information requirements pertinent to the growing of various agricultural products that the
Filipino farmer produces. UML artifacts that comprise this FMIS Model include: domain class diagram, design class diagram,
use case diagrams and intermediate descriptions, and sequence diagrams.
With an envisioned implementation of this FMIS model, either as an application available in the cloud or thru a mobile
device, a knowledge-base of best-practice farming processes and disease occurrences will be built and made available to all the
farmers of the country to help them make better-informed decisions and know how effective their farming practices are. The
individual farming experience will be preserved and gathered to collectively build a Filipino agriculture knowledge base.
The farming processes modeled are: (1) Pre-planting and Land Preparation (this includes soil-tilling, cultivation and
sampling of soil moisture and nutrients, field observations); (2) Fertilizer and Pest Activities (this includes chemical
applications like pesticides and fertilizers – also includes organic applications for nutrition and pest control); (3) Weather and
Irrigation Monitoring; (4) Harvest Management (this includes yield estimation, selling price estimation and calculation, profit
estimation, and harvest timing and scheduling); (5) Delivery and Distribution;
With this study, the structure of Farming processes in the Philippines has been outlined and modeled to allow its further
implementation on appropriate technological platforms that the farmers and other stakeholders can have access to.
*Corresponding author‘s email: mpbanawan@addu.edu.ph

40
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR
REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING
Robert Kerwin C. Billones* and Elmer P. Dadios
IC13
According to WHO, 22% of the world population, about 2 billion people, will be age 60 years and older in 2050. About
80% of these elderly people will be living in the developing nations. Population ageing are faced with challenges such as
increased in the cases of chronic non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases, obstructive pulmonary diseases,
cancer, diabetes, musculoskeletal problems, and ageing-associated mental health conditions. The current healthcare
infrastructure cannot cope with the projected increase in demands for health care monitoring and assistance of elderly people.
These challenges must be met with improvements in the current health care systems and infrastructure. A wireless body area
network that uses a fuzzy inference system that can determine the condition of a person by employing sensors to monitor the
heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood is proposed in
this study. Wireless body area networks are short-range, low-powered, wireless communications network of sensors and
devices that is in vicinity of the human body. Fuzzy inference systems are used as decision making unit of process control
systems. The fuzzy inference system wireless body area network will use star topology network architecture. The body sensors
will be the remote transceiver nodes. These sensor nodes will transmit its readings to the central coordinator node. It can also
receive instructions from the coordinator node. A central coordinator node will control the flow of communication from the
different sensor nodes to a remote terminal that will process the gathered data. This node will serve as the gateway to remote
site or other coordinator nodes. Remote patient monitoring with increased patient to health care personnel ratio can be achieved
using this method. The results showed that body condition, ranging from critical to very good condition, can be determined
using this method.
Keywords: Wireless body area networks, Fuzzy inference systems, Body sensors, Remote health monitoring, Population ageing
*Corresponding author‘s email: robertbillones18@gmail.com
GAMIFICATION OF BALANCE EVALUATION AND INTERVENTION FOR STROKE

PATIENTS USING GAME DESIGN THEORIES FOR MOTIVATION AND FEEDBACK
Jedd Emille B. Chua* and Rosula S.J. Reyes
IC14
Balance rehabilitation for stroke patients had been established in the Philippines as manual, therapist-driven, and
qualitative. With this method, there are two challenges can be seen: qualitative and manual approaches do not have consistent
evaluation for patients, and can only be tracked through observations; and these methods do not ensure motivation for both
patients and therapist to perform a repetitive exercises.
For this study, a newer approach is considered. First, a computerized balance exercise and evaluation means is proposed.
This uses a balance board with an attached accelerometer to evaluate postural sway during a static or dynamic balance
exercises. Second, recent studies on games proved that a gamified environment increases motivation and participation to the
patient to perform a specific rehabilitative exercise. Many studies concluded that patients who play a gamified exercise has
better motivation on performing a specific exercises not only on a regular therapy sessions but also to practices at home. Thus,
this study aims to develop gamification on balance intervention using a motorized balance board for dynamic balance exercises
and accelerometer for balance evaluation.
This on-going study comprises the following. First is a balance board. This is to conduct the static and dynamic balance
exercises to a stroke patient. Second is a stepper motor. This is to conduct a dynamic balance exercise to a stroke patient using
a physical therapy method of manual perturbation. Third is the accelerometer. This is to automate the balance evaluation of a
stroke patient using quantitative standard like postural sway angle. Fourth and lastly is the gaming interface. This is to create a
gamified environment where the stroke patient will play using the motorized balance board. This will ensure motivation to the
patient while performing balance exercises.
Keywords: Gamification, Balance exercise/intervention, Balance evaluation, Postural sway, Motivation
*Corresponding author‘s email: jedd.emille.chua@gmail.com
41
INTELLIGENT OPERATING ARCHITECTURE FOR AUDIO-VISUAL BREAST SELF-
EXAMINATION MULTIMEDIA TRAINING SYSTEM
Robert Kerwin C. Billones* and Elmer P. Dadios
IC15
According to the GLOBOCAN project of World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer in
2012, breast cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rates among the common cancer in women worldwide. Breast
cancer poses a major health care challenge, especially in developing countries. Early detection of breast cancer together with
proper treatment increases the rate of survival. Studies suggest that the majority of breast cancers could be first detected during
breast self-examination (BSE). The major goal of this research is to design and develop the intelligent operating architecture for
audio-visual BSE multimedia training system for breast cancer monitoring and education. The system will include computer
vision, speech recognition, speech synthesis, and audio-visual feedback systems. The intelligent operating architecture will
serve as the integration system that will supervise the over-all operation of the system. The computer vision system will be used
for breast region identification, nipple detection and tracking, hand motion detection and tracking, and palpation level
detection. The speech recognition system will be used to identify speech commands issued by the user for the speech controlled
human-computer interface of the system. This is an important feature because in performing BSE it is beneficial if the user can
indicate the possible tumor locations just by dictating it to the system. Speech synthesis system will be used for audio feedback
response of the system to the user. The audio-visual feedback system will be used for user guidance in performing BSE for
better user experience. The initial results prove to be effective in the performance of the individual algorithms. Breast area
identification algorithm has 95.30% accuracy. Nipple detection algorithm has 94.30% accuracy. Hand tracking algorithm has
94.61% accuracy. Palpation detection algorithm has 93.00% accuracy. Speech recognition using artificial neural networks has
88.00% accuracy. Speech recognition using genetic algorithm has 97.50% accuracy.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent operating architecture, Computer vision, Speech processing
*Corresponding author‘s email: robertbillones18@gmail.com
MAGSASAKA: MOBILE FARMING GAME

Michelle P. Banawan* , Rey R. Aliño, Cesar Tecson, and Wilfredo Badoy
IC16
Zynga‘s social game, Farmville, was a surprising hit and changed the way businesses earn revenues [1] With more than
80 million users, Farmville was a distinct success [2]. Looking beyond the revenues that Farmville made, it also has made more
people understand the basics of farming, planting, using tools and labor, acquiring seeds, and earning from its harvest.
Magsasaka is a mobile game that aims to simulate the farming processes in the Philippine setting. The agents of the game
and their actions are based on a functional requirements analysis of real-world farming procedures in Philippine farms. The
game roles, goals, and actions were determined from actual information requirements of the farmer to be able to make better-
informed decisions in managing the farm and used the Object-oriented Analysis and Design with Unified Process framework in
extracting actual events from a real-world setting. Game design and development artifacts used include Use Case Diagrams,
State diagrams and Sequence Diagrams for game-play and level design.
The goal of the farmer is to be able to maximize profit and increase farm land net value added [3].
The Philippine setting makes the game play more innate and truly reflective of the country‘s agricultural setting.
With the introduction of Magsasaka to the game choices of Filipino youth, an appreciation of the nobility of farming and
an understanding of the nature of the very critical role they play will be attained.
The objectives of this research project include the modeling of Philippine farming systems which entails the analysis of
information flows from planning and control to maximizing income from harvest yield. Conceptual models of Farm
Management Information Systems (FMIS) [4] were also studied and incorporated in the design of agent actions and gameplays
per level of Magsasaka.
The player, taking on the role of the farmer, will, at many times and situations in the game, make critical decisions that
the real-world farmer needs to make to achieve his over-all objective, e.g. choosing the optimal distribution mode to balance
the trade-off between the cost of distribution and preserving the quality (and freshness) of the agricultural produce [5].
Magsasaka is evaluated using usability tests and other physiological measures for game evaluation [6]. With above-
average usability ratings [7], an appreciation of the Philippine context of farming can be expected from its players.
*Corresponding author‘s email: mpbanawan@addu.edu.ph
42
A MODIFIED ROCK-PAPER-SCISSOR GAME WITH AUGMENTED REALITY
John Sixto Santos1, Maria Clara Isabel Sia1,*, and Ninna Layug2
2Philippine Science High School – Eastern Visayas Campus
IC17
Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging field of research that studies how to combine the physical world with virtual
objects created inside computers. One of the most prevalent applications of AR is in the creation of games. It is a natural
marriage since games apply rules and instruments to the physical world. The question arises: why not use virtual instruments
and try to augment these games, by adding elements and actions which are not always possible in real life?
This paper describes the researchers' efforts in making an AR version of the classic rock-paper-scissors game, with a
twist to its instrumentation. The result is a competitive two-player game where each player, using a black-and-white Rubik's
cube, must form a pattern that unlocks one of five ―moves‖: rock, paper, scissors, lizard, or Spock. Once the players' cubes are
shown to the camera, our AR application recognizes the patterns and renders the appropriate 3D models atop the cubes. Four
testers were asked to play the game and evaluate it on enjoyment, ease of use, convenience, appropriateness of use of AR, and
their preference toward the AR version of the game.
Keywords: Augmented reality, video games, OpenGL, computer graphics
*Corresponding authors‘ email: aia.sia1995@gmail.com
PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF PAIRED-EQUIVALENCE OMEGA

NETWORK
Aran V. Samson*, Maria Clara Isabel Sia, Jaime Miguel Tropezado, and Emily S. Tabanao
Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University
IC18
Multistage Interconnection Networks (MIN) are key elements multiprocessor systems. The Paired Equivalence Omega
Network (PEON), a novel concept of implementation based on (Regular) Omega Networks (RON) is proposed. PEON is a
modified Omega Network that uses 4x4 switches. The capacity to perform tasks even with hardware failure is an important
issue. In this paper PEON is shown to be more reliable than Omega Networks while also increasing bandwidth. This is shown
using a mathematical analysis approach. Furthermore PEON‘s performance and reliability are compared with other MINs of
similar class. It is also observed that PEON has a nonblocking capability.
Keywords: Interconnection network, Omega networks, Reliability
*Corresponding author‘s email: aran_samson@yahoo.com
43
OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE FOR QUADROTOR SWARM USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORK SELF-ORGANIZING MAP
Jose Martin Z. Maningo*, Gerard Ely U. Faelden, Reiichiro Christian S. Nakano,
Argel A. Bandala, and Elmer P. Dadios
IC19
Swarm operation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles is an emerging technology which has numerous uses. It can be used in
industrial, agricultural, and even military applications. However, it must be able to perform formations for it to be effective.
Also, countermeasures must be made by the swarm to account for certain obstructions that are present in the environment. This
paper aims to address this issue by implementing an artificial neural network self-organizing map to give the correct
coordinates to each swarm individual such that the swarm formation would be present in the given space while avoiding the
obstructions present. Testing would include subjecting the system to three different obstruction patterns in a given 3D space.
The results showed that for all cases, the swarm was able to avoid all the obstructions.
Keywords: Artificial neural network, Self-organizing map, Quadrotor swarm
*Corresponding author‘s email: jmmaningo10@gmail.com
PALM VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING DIRECTIONAL CODING AND BACK-

PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK
Mark Erwin C. Villariña and Noel B. Linsangan
IC20
This paper proposes an effective palm vein recognition system by using back-propagation neural networks for biometric
application. In the recent years, because of the high development cost, vein pattern is not popular biometric as compared to
other biometric system like fingerprint, palm print, face and iris. But, the advantage of palm vein on classical biometric are the
low risk of falsification, uniqueness, strong immunity to forge and stability. Biometric palm vein images are acquired using
near infrared illuminated LEDs and IR-Sensitive webcamera from 40 persons of different gender and ages. Firstly, the palm
vein region of interest (ROI) was extracted from hand images and then applied with gamma correction and local ridge
enhancement (LRE) that were applied to the 100 x 100 pixels image and palm vein pattern images in order obtain the correct
contrast and sharpness of the image without excessively increasing the noise. The palm vein features were extracted from the
enhanced region of interest for each sample using Sobel directional coding scheme in the four directions ( . The extracted sobel
image were converted to gray-scale image using Otsu‘s thresholding method. The resulting gray-scale image were divided into
20x20 sub-region before the feature matching. Mean absolute deviation (MAD) is implemented to these sub-region as the
feature vectors. Those feature sets is the input on the back-propagation neural network. According to the results, the feature
matching method can achieve up to 98.75% of correct classification rates.
Keywords: Biometrics, Region of Interest, Palm vein, Neural network, Sobel directional coding
*Corresponding author‘s email: me.villarina@live.com
44
RASPBERRY PI CONTROLLED INTEGRATED IRIS RECOGNITION AND RADIO
FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION FOR AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Oliver L. Arriesgado* and Hareez M. Villaruz
IC21
The prime weakness of biometrics technology is concerned with replication of human digital signature as way of getting
similar privileges by pretending to be one‘s behavior or characteristic. Iris recognition answers this challenge by incorporating
additional algorithm on image processing and template matching. Oftentimes, machines and software utilized for this type are
expensive and suffer from longer processing time because of its resource-demanding components. In this study, we develop a
system that can perform human iris authentication at reliable speed enabling multi-threading scheme and optimization using
inexpensive and lightweight hardware for an automated attendance system.
The system is divided into five sections which are the image acquisition, card identification, processing, output display
and the user modules. The hardware design includes an ordinary PC camera attached to the main controller for image
acquisition. RFID interrogator enables user card identification ; Raspberry Pi computer processes and turns the acquired image
into a digital format and RFID information into a single data string for final authentication and matching; the output are then
shown to display monitor; and finally a module which empowers enrolled users to view and print their attendance records from
a Python based-interface.
We tested the system to sample population of 100 which is composed of staff personnel and students of the university.
Results shows that system is capable of identifying subjects averaging 1.5 seconds of processing time with accuracy level of
97.09%, false rejection rate of 0.015, false acceptance rate of 0.0, and error rate of 2.91%. These values are then compared to
other biometric standards such as voice recognition and fingerprint authentication which reveals advantages on identified
measures. The technology can also be further developed into a lock-and-key system which allows or prohibits every personnel
entering critical departments such as financial, database, and records offices.
Keywords: Biometrics, Iris recognition, RFID, Raspberry Pi
*Corresponding author‘s email: oliver.arriesgado@g.msuiit.edu.ph
SIMULATION OF PASSENGER FLOW AND QUEUING AT MRT NORTH STATION

Mariecor Elaine R. Tagle1,*, Raquel Raiza T. Francisco1, Edgardo G. Macatulad1 , and Leorey O. Marquez2
1Department of Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
2CSIRO Digital Productivity, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
IC22
Human mobility has always been the driving force for planning efficient transport systems. With the continuous growth
of population in cities like Metro Manila in the Philippines, traffic congestion becomes one of the major problems for the
government relating to transportation. In Metro Manila, the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA) is one of the most congested
roads, further affected by the increase of vehicles and commuters. Various management strategies were devised by the
government to lessen this heavy traffic load, one of which is the construction of Metro Rail Transit 3 (MRT3).However,
another challenge emerged when MRT3‘s ridership increased. This growth resulted to long queue lines in ticket booths and
turnstiles for ingress to the train station platform which caused inconvenience and delay to commuters. This then translates to
reduced productivity time of the country‘s workforce which may also translate to economic loss. The core of such
transportation operations is the spatial and temporal aspects of the passengers' flow distribution. Modeling is a possible
approach to optimize such human process. However, since such system is said to be difficult to model due to its scale and
complexity, computer simulation is adopted as solution. This research aims to utilize the software Anylogic 7.1.2 in simulating
passenger flow and queuing at MRT3 North Avenue station to better understand its passenger flow and to look at ways to
optimize queue management and station design.
Keywords: Transportation, Optimization modeling, Queuing systems
*Corresponding author‘s email: robles.elaine16@gmail.com
45
SMART FARMING USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Takes the Lead - Agriland
Francisco B. Culibrina* and Elmer P. Dadios
IC23
Adopting the global warming into agriculture is very challenging. Smart Farming using Wireless Sensor Network leads
the answer for this challenge. The purpose of this research is to apply the wireless sensor network and to create its
communication methodology to over come the effect of global warming into farming industry. Also, to give long term
sustainability of quality fruits and vegetables. It composes of three major parts: Monitoring (Sensor for soil moisture, Air
humidity sensor, temperature sensor and CCTV for the environment); Controlling (irrigation valve control, fertilizer control,
switching control); and Independent Power Source (solar panel, power supply distribution). The system is made up of two main
switches: Manual and Automatic. It can be monitor and control manually by means of smart cellular phone or automatic by
setting up the variable parameters in the system for different varieties of plants.
The system was fully manipulated by the signal came from the wireless sensors that compose of various nodes, it creates
nodes to predict the precise requirements of plants in its respective areas. In order to control an irrigation system, we need to
develop the communication methodology of the wireless sensor network for collected environment data and sending control
command to turn on/off irrigation system, the data base on the sensor from soil moisture, air humidity and temperature. The
system develop protocol for power distribution, it depends on the priorities signal from the sensor. It also provide security
within the vicinity.
Keywords: Smart farm, Wireless sensor, Agriculture
*Corresponding author‘s email: subay_fbc2002@yahoo.com
SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TWEETS ON TYPHOON DURING HAIYAN AND

POST-HAIYAN TIMES
Ryan Rey M. Daga1, 2,*, Ma. Regina Justina E. Estuar1, and Marlene M. De Leon1
2University of the Philippines Visayas, Tacloban College
IC24
Twitter, one of the top social media sites nowadays, has already been utilized as a platform for interaction during disaster
and emergency situations. Users tend to seek and share information regarding the current situation. Content analysis and social
network analysis (SNA) have been done on the tweets regarding different disaster to be able to understand and depict a visual
representation of interaction between users.
In this study, SNA was employed to determine similarities and differences of social network among the Filipino
community between two major typhoons that hit the Philippines. Results revealed that in both instances users tend to seek and
share information from reliable sources such as news websites and other verified Twitter users. This behavior is similar to the
interaction of users during disaster situations in other countries as shown in some similar studies. It is significant to determine
the behavior of users in an online community to be able to apply appropriate actions during disaster situations especially
regarding information dissemination.
Keywords: SNA, NodeXL, Disaster
*Corresponding author‘s email: rmdaga@up.edu.ph
46
SOCIALIZATION THROUGH STORYTELLING: MODELING SOCIOCULTURAL
CHARACTER AGENTS FOR AUTOMATED STORY GENERATION
Michael Louie Boñon
IC25
Storytelling is one of the most powerful tools of socialization. Interestingly, it is also of the oldest and effective teaching
tools and it continues to permeate today‘s societies. Probably, this has been the primary motivation for studies made concerning
the automation of story generation. The Picture Books series, a collection of automated story generators designed for children,
is an example of such work. In Picture Books, the user selects a set of picture elements (background, character and objects) in
order to form a scene(s) from which the story will be based on. The latest in the series is Picture Books 4 which was aimed at
further enhancing social interactions between multiple characters. Yet, it lacks a sociocultural model that can clearly
demonstrate the role of culture, particularly social norms in social interactions. An accurate modeling of culture and
corresponding social factors is essential for more believable human-based social interactions. Therefore, a research concerning
the creation of sociocultural character agents to aid automated story generation is needed. This serves as the motivation for this
research.
Keywords: Culture, Socialization, Storytelling, Social computing, Sociocultural character agents, Picture books, Automated
story generation, Social norms
47
MANUFACTURING AND MACHINERY R&D TRACK
COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSES OF A CANARD BOX-WING
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) PLATFORM FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND
SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS
Aiza B. Albufera* and Jonathan C. Maglasang
MM01
The modern concern on energy, efficiency and environment leads to the development of unconventional designs such as
the smart and efficient unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform of box-wing configuration for surveillance, risk and disaster
management and other civilian applications. The box-wing configuration used in this study is based on Prandtl‘s best wing
system which gives the smallest possible induced drag for a given wing span and height. At the early stage of aircraft design
process, several wing design configurations were evaluated for their aerodynamic performance using aircraft conceptual design
software packages such as XFLR and OpenVSP with SolidWorks Flow Simulation. This study evaluates the structural
considerations such as the appropriate wing mass, upper and lower wings tip-joint configuration, and wings inclination for an
aerodynamically and structurally stable box-wing UAV platform configuration. The aerodynamic loads resulting from the
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for different wing configurations were imported to a finite element method
solver in SolidWorks for stress analyses. The final design configuration of the UAV platform was frozen upon careful
aerodynamics and structural considerations. It has a wingspan of 1.9 m, wing area of 0.72 m2, fuselage length of 0.145 m and a
maximum lift-to-drag ratio of 12.09 for a take-off gross weight of 7 kgf and a cruise speed of 25 m/s. CFD simulations for
different missions and flight conditions had been made and the results were again imported to the finite element solver for
structural testing. The simulation results show that the stresses and deformations experienced by the box-wing UAV platform
are well within their safe limits. Results also show that the box-wing configuration has significantly reduced the structural
weight of the UAV platform in addition to its superior aerodynamic performance thus allowing more payload for lesser energy
input.
Keywords: UAV, Surveillance, Computational fluid dynamics, Finite element method
*Corresponding author‘s email: aiza.albufera88@gmail.com
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A CANARD

BOX-WING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) PLATFORM FOR AGRICULTURAL
SURVEILLANCE AND RISK/DISASTER MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS
Genesis N. Remocaldo* and Jonathan C. Maglasang
MM02 Mindanao State University – Iligan -Iligan Institute of Technology
The Philippines is sought to benefit from the advancement of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology since UAV can
be efficiently deployed to perform a wide array of missions such as agricultural surveillance, risk and disaster assessment, and
rapid relief responses in times of natural calamities. In an effort to provide a better, cheaper and greener aircraft platform for
the above-mentioned missions, a box-wing configuration UAV that is efficient and suited for Philippine environmental
conditions has been designed and constructed. The UAV design requirements include a take-off gross weight of 7 𝑘𝑔𝑓, cruising
speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠 and endurance of at least 2 hours (mission dependent). Preliminary sizing of the aircraft was done using
established aircraft design methodology. The different design candidate configurations were evaluated using XFLR5,
OpenVSP, and SolidWorks software packages. The final box-wing UAV design adopted a unique combination of canard for
pitch control and a forward vertical stabilizer. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was utilized to evaluate the aerodynamic
characteristics and steady flight performance. The UAV has a wingspan of 1.9 𝑚, wing area of 0.72 𝑚2, fuselage length of 1.45
𝑚 and a maximum lift-to-drag ratio of 12.09. It has exhibited gradual and docile stall and the ability to pitch down naturally at
high angles-of-attack. Results showed that the box-wing UAV possesses better aerodynamic performance in terms of increased
lift and reduced drag that could easily translate to various advantages compared to conventional designs.
Keywords: Aircraft design, UAV, Box-wing, Canard, Computational fluid dynamics
*Corresponding author‘s email: genesis.remocaldo@gmail.com
48
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A FUZZY-PLC CONTROLLER FOR AN EARTHQUAKE
SIMULATOR / SHAKE TABLE
Renann G. Baldovino* and Elmer P. Dadios
MM03
This study presents the development of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for an earthquake simulator or shake
table. This includes the use of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as the main controller and the Variable Frequency
Drive (VFD) as the motor‘s inverter drive. Analog voltage communication (0 to 10-VDC) is used to establish a communication
between the PLC and the VFD. Using CX-Programmer, combination of ladder logic diagrams (LLD), structured texts (ST) and
function block diagrams (FBD) are used to code the fuzzy program. The FLC is built with 36 rules from the two (2) inputs,
Actual Error or ∆ Speed and Actual Error Rate or Rate of ∆ Speed, having six (6) membership functions each: Neg_Large,
Neg_Medium, Neg_Small, Pos_Small, Pos_Medium and Pos_Large. Mini-fuzzy associative matrix (FAM) is also introduced in
the study to reduce the number of computational rules by 75%. Center of gravity (COG) is the defuzzification technique used to
convert the fuzzy outputs into crisp real data due to the simplicity of its computation in providing fast results.
The proposed fuzzy controller is based from the data feedback value of the drive to attain the desired motor
speed. Moreover, the controller is able to consider the effect of different load variations from Intensity III to VIII in different
loadings.
Keywords: Function block (FB), Fuzzy logic, Ladder Logic Diagram (LLD), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC),
Structured Text (ST)
* Corresponding author‘s email: renann.baldovino@yahoo.com
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SHELLING MACHINE

FOR CASTOR BEAN (Ricinus comunis L.).
Novalyn C. Gatmen, Emmanuel V. Sicat, Romeo B. Gavino, and Victorino T. Taylan
MM04
The castor bean shelling machine is designed to mechanically remove the shell of castor bean, an oil producer plant. The
machine was composed of seven major components: hopper, shelling unit, separating unit, seed outlet, unshelled seed outlet,
frame and v-belt & pulley transmission system. The machine has overall dimensions of 176 cm x 92.5 cm x 130 cm (L x W x
H) and weight of 144.8 kg.
The main objective of the study is to design, fabricate, test and evaluate a castor bean shelling machine for Brazillian
variety. Specifically it aimed to design and fabricate a castor bean shelling machine; test and evaluate the performance of the
castor bean shelling machine; and perform a simple cost analysis of the shelling machine.
The performance of the machine was analyzed using Complete Randomized Design with three replicates each. Three
shelling speeds were considered as treatments (1) 490-510 rpm, (2) 590-610 rpm, and (3) 690-710 rpm. The machine was
evaluated with the following parameters: percent purity, separation/bower loss, unshelled loss, scattered loss, total losses,
mechanically damaged seeds, fuel consumption, shelling recovery, shelling capacity, shelling efficiency and simple cost
analysis.
Results showed that shelling speed of 490-510 and 590-610 rpm were statistically the same in separation loss, unshelled
loss, scattered loss, total losses, percent mechanically damaged seeds and shelling recovery. The computed total annual cost of
the machine was Php 123,679.10 which included fixed and variable costs. Based on the maximum capacity of 171,360 kg/yr,
unit cost of shelling was Php 0.72/kg. The break even weight of castor bean was 138,000 kg.
The machine had a rated input capacity of 238 kg/hr with recommended speed of 490-510 or 590-610 rpm (8.78 m/s
peripheral speed).
Keywords: Castor bean, Sheller, Peripheral speed
* Corresponding author‘s email: ncgatmen@gmail.com

49
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A POTATO (Solanum
tuberosum L.) GRADER FOR VILLAGE-LEVEL OPERATIONS
Marvin T. Valentin1,*, Elmar M. Villota2, Vitalliana U. Malamug2, and Ireneo C. Agulto2
1College
of Engineering in Applied Technology, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet
2Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University
MM05
This study aimed to come up with a functional potato grader for village level operations that will provide a practical
means of grading marketable potato tubers by size. The grader operates on the principle of rotating spiral referred to as grading
unit with increasing gaps starting from the inlet. Tuber of smaller minor diameter as it interacts with the spiral upon rotation
passes through the gaps to the selection tray provided under the grading unit.
Machine parameters include the speed of the grading unit (RPM), inclination of the grading unit in degrees and feed rate
(kg/min). These were evaluated on potato tubers taking note their influence on grading system efficiency, capacity, damaged
tubers and power consumption as independent variables. Data were analyzed and the results indicated that optimum set-up of
the grader was at 15 RPM speed of the grading unit, inclination of 100 and feed rate of 30 kg/min. giving a system efficiency of
94.5%, less damaged tubers of 1.85% and low power consumption of 18.1 W-hr.
The cost of the grader is P37, 000.00 with a break-even quantity of 28 tons of tubers in one year. For further improvement of
the capacity of the device, consider a larger dimension for the grading unit.
Keywords: Premium price, Manual grading, Laborious, Potato grader, Village-level
*Corresponding author‘s email: marvin.valentin0@yhoo.com
A MULTI-OBJECTIVE REVERSE SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL FOR PRODUCTS WITH

MULTIPLE COMPONENTS AND MULTIPLE PRODUCT RECOVERY OPTIONS
Mary Joyce P. Alcazar* and Dennis E. Cruz
MM06
Rapid evolution of technology has resulted to reduced life-cycle of products, which then leads to enormous amounts of
waste. To lessen the volume of wastes generated after every end-of-use or end-of-life, some countries have implemented laws
that requires original manufacturers to take over the responsibility of proper disposal of these products.
Most research studies have focused on product recovery options that solely consider repair and/or remanufacturing. For
supply chain systems to significantly increase the value generated from returns and lessen the amount to be disposed directly to
the landfills, every possible recovery options available must be considered.
To address this concern, a multi-objective reverse supply chain model for products with multiple components and
multiple product recovery options will be formulated. The model will focus on four echelons consisting of customers,
collection centers, recovery plants, and manufacturing facilities that will be operated for multiple periods. Costs such as fixed
and variable unit costs, holding costs, processing costs, and transportation costs will be taken into account as well as the carbon
emissions during transportation and processing of the returned products. This paper shall aim to design a reverse logistics
network that treats all product recovery options (repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, cannibalization, and recycling), adding
the possibility of disposal, with the objective of minimizing costs and environmental impacts.
The model will be run in General Algebraic Mathematical Modeling System (GAMS) solver for validation.
Keywords: Reverse logistics, Multiple product recovery options
*Corresponding author‘s email: joycy_alcazar@yahoo.com.ph
50
SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS R&D TRACK
CLASSIFICATION OF MYOELECTRIC SIGNALS USING MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON
NEURAL NETWORK WITH BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM IN A WIRELESS SURFACE
MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS OF THE UPPER-LIMB
Kevin D. Manalo*, Noel B. Linsangan, and Jumelyn L. Torres
SE01
This paper focuses on a wireless myoelectric prosthesis of the upper-limb that uses a multilayer perceptron neural
network with back propagation. Neural network is composed of processing units that has the capability of sending signals to
each other and perform a desired function. Further, the algorithm is widely used in pattern recognition. The network can be
used to train signals and to perform a function on its own based on sample inputs. The research makes use of the neural
network in classifying the electromyography signal produced by the muscle in the amputee‘s skin surface. The gathered data
will pass through the classification stage wirelessly through Zigbee technology. The signal will be classified and trained to
perform the arm positions in the prosthesis. Through programming using Verilog and using a Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) with Zigbee, the electromyography (EMG) signals will be acquired and will be used for classification. The classified
signal is used to produce the corresponding hand movements (open, pick, hold, and grip) through the Zigbee controller. The
data will then be processed through the MLP neural network using MATLAB which will then be used for the surface
myoelectric prosthesis. Z-test will be used to display the output acquired from using the neural network.
Keywords: Multilayer perceptron neural network, Verilog, Field programmable gate array, Zigbee
* Corresponding author‘s email: kevindmanalo@gmail.com
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A LOW-VOLTAGE SELECTABLE FRACTIONAL-

ORDER DIFFERENTIATOR IN A 0.35um CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Geoffrey L. Abulencia* and Alexander C. Abad
SE02
This study focused on the design and implementation of a selectable fractional-order differentiator (FOD) in a 0.35um
CMOS technology operated at 1.5-V supply. In comparison with the previous researches that uses generic microcontroller for
switching an FOD from one order to the next, this design of a selectable FOD was realized in an analog microelectronic scale,
thus, the physical implementation is relatively smaller. The dimension layout was further reduced by employing reusability of
capacitors and resistors. The whole chip layout of the design has a dimension of 11.55mm x 8.32mm or equivalent to a final
area of 96.10mm2. The 16 possible orders of an FOD were characterized in terms of its magnitude and phase response in the
working bandwidth from 10Hz to 1kHz. Characterization was made for 5 process corner simulations such as tt, ff, ss, sf, and fs
using Tanner EDA as the design simulator software and IC layout editor software.
Keywords : Selectable fractional-order differentiator, Constant phase element, Resistor-capacitor ladder
* Corresponding author‘s email: jheof_abu07@yahoo.com
51
AN EFFICIENT 5.8GHz DIFFERENTIAL-DRIVE RF ENERGY HARVESTER
FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NODE APPLICATIONS
Patrick Vincent F. Bamba*, Louis P. Alarcón, and John Richard E. Hizon
SE03
Wireless sensor nodes are widely used as means of gathering information from the environment. These nodes are usually
powered by batteries and deployed in remote areas or embedded within structures, making battery replacement impractical. But
with the current trend of decreasing power consumption, harvesting energy from ambient sources becomes a feasible
alternative to powering up these sensor nodes. Among the available sources, RF energy becomes a possible choice because of
the unnecessary requirement for a high power density energy source. However, since there is a need for lower area and cost,
the system needs to operate at a higher frequency, such as 5.8GHz, which will yield a low input power.
In this work, an RF energy harvesting system will be implemented in a 65nm CMOS process. The losses in
the rectifier must be minimized in order to provide enough power for the sensor node, given the low input power. It must also
be able to operate across fabrication process corner and temperature variations, since these sensor nodes will be exposed to
harsh environmental conditions.
* Corresponding author‘s email: pfbamba@upd.edu.ph
INDOOR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY HARVESTER FOR BATTERY RECHARGING AND

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPLICATION IMPLEMENTED IN 90nm CMOS
TECHNOLOGY
Rochelle M. Sabarillo* and Chinet O. Mocorro
SE04
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the potential to provide better quality data than single or small numbers of
individual sensors in applications such as natural and built environmental monitoring, process monitoring, security and
surveillance which is widely used in hospitals, factories and other industrial establishments. In order to be cost effective in
many applications, the sensor nodes must be low cost and low maintenance. This presents challenges in terms of sensor
calibration, packaging for survival in harsh environments and, particularly, the efficient supply and utilization of power.
While the performance of battery technology is gradually improving and the power requirements of
electronics are generally dropping, these are not keeping pace with the increasing demands of many WSN applications. For this
reason, there has been considerable interest in the development of systems capable of extracting useful electrical energy from
existing environmental sources. Such sources include ambient light, thermal gradients, vibration and other forms of motion.
Since most of the wireless sensors are found in building environments, the advantage of using an efficient indoor photovoltaic
energy harvesting system in these applications has become increasingly apparent.
This paper presents an indoor photovoltaic energy harvesting system which utilizes a 500mV single unit solar
cell operating under room lighting illumination. This voltage supplies the input stage of the whole system including the
bootstrapped ring oscillator and self-Vth-cancellation differential rectifier which in turn generates the supply for the low-
dropout regulator (LDO) and the rechargeable NiMH battery of the output stage. The regulated output voltage from the LDO is
equal to 1V with load current ranging from 50μA to 300μA which is suitable for wireless sensor networks application. The
whole system is implemented using 90nm CMOS technology to minimize area and power consumption which results to a more
efficient design architecture.
Keywords: Photovoltaic cell, Energy harvesting, Wireless sensor networks, NiMH
*Corresponding author‘s email: rochellesabarillo@gmail.com
52
LOW POWER AND ROBUST 2.4GHz FRONT-END RECEIVER FOR RF POWERED
WIRELESS SENSOR NODES
Catherine F. Andaya*, Louis P. Alarcón, and John Richard E. Hizon
SE05
In today‘s world, the demand for easier and faster access to information such as for health monitoring, environmental
awareness and power line monitoring have led to the development of wireless sensor nodes (WSN) .Reliable data
communication is the key to the envisioned efficient data flow and system monitoring. Receiver block need to operate
efficiently across changes in the environment, supply voltage and especially process corners in chip fabrication.
While there are existing methodologies to mitigate temperature variations in the literature, they do not meet the power
constraints as well as the robustness across process and voltage for an energy harvested powered sensor node. Variable gain
amplifiers with tunable input matching, off chip frequency reference blocks and scalable supply voltage introduce area
overhead and more complex blocks lead to increased power consumption and more variations making them not suitable for the
requirements of an integrated RF powered sensor node.
The aim of this research is to develop a design methodology that will identify the system and circuit level non-idealities
of receiver front end blocks which are dependent on the process, voltage and temperature variations. In addition, techniques to
reduce these variations suitable for requirements of a fully integrated WSN are identified. The chip will be implemented in a
submicron CMOS process with a data operating frequency of 2.4 GHz, 1 Mbps data rate, BER of 10e-3 and temperature range
from 0 to 100 degrees Celsius
*Corresponding author‘s email: andayacatherinef@gmail.com
LOW VOLTAGE ULTRA LOW POWER PVT INDEPENDENT AND HIGH PSRR VOLTAGE
REFERENCE IN 65nm CMOS PROCESS
John Michael A. Gorospe* and Jefferson A. Hora
SE06
A low-voltage Ultra low-power voltage reference circuit is proposed which can operate as low as 350mV with power
consumption of 6.2nW (IQ=4.3nA) at room temperature. The proposed topology which is implemented in 65nm process node
operates in weak inversion region in order to achieve low-voltage low-power operation.
However, devices biased in weak inversion are much more sensitive to temperature variations and to process variability,
in particular to threshold voltage dispersion. However due to the circuit compensation techniques employed, simulation results
shows that the proposed voltage reference is independent to process, voltage, and temperature variations.
Simulation result using Monte Carlo Analysis shows that VTH dependence can be reduced to less than ± 1% (3σ) and with
minimum PSRR of 50.52 dB and 56.19 dB at 100Hz and 10MHz respectively. Furthermore since it is a resistorless voltage
reference, it only consumes a very small die area which is advantageous in biomedical and portable applications.
Keywords: 65 nm process, Low voltage ultra-low power, Process variation, Subthreshold
*Corresponding authors‘ email: gorospejma@yahoo.com
53
MICROCONTROLLER-IMPLEMENTED ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR
ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY-BASED WEARABLE DROWSINESS DETECTION WITH ALERT
SYSTEM
Keith Marlon R. Tabal*, Felicito S. Caluyo, and Joseph Bryan G. Ibarra
SE07
Drowsiness has been one of the leading causes of work-related accidents. For many years, it has also been associated
with highway accidents and fatal crashes. According to Rajaratman et al. (2001), drowsiness surpassed alcohol and drugs as the
greatest identifiable and preventable cause of accidents in all modes of transport. This is due to the fact that the speed at which
information is processed in the brain is reduced by drowsiness (NCSDR/NHTSA 1998).
Various methods have been explored to develop an effective drowsiness detection system to give drivers a warning of
impending drowsiness. However, no study implements a wearable and standalone drowsiness detection system. The present
work has successfully developed an electrooculagraphy-based wearable drowsiness detection system in the form of a visor cap
by implementing an artificial neural network (ANN) into an Arduino LilyPadUSB microcontroller. The ANN was trained to
classify drowsy blink signals from normal blink signals using back-propagation algorithm (BPA) through supervised learning.
Among the fifty (50) blinks performed by the test subject, the system was able to positively identify forty-six (46) normal
blinks while for the drowsy blinks, the system was able to positively identify forty-four (44).The performance of the system for
drowsiness classification has an overall accuracy of 90.00%, precision of 88.00%, sensitivity of 91.67% and a mean squared
error (MSE) of 2.70x10-3. The evaluation for comfort and unobtrusiveness has a mean of 3.60 and 4.10, respectively which
both fall under the very good criterion.
Keywords: Artificial neural network, Electrooculography, Drowsiness detection, Microcontroller implementation
*Corresponding author‘s email: km.tabal@gmail.com
A MODIFIED RF TO DC CONVERTER CMOS RECTIFIER DESIGN FOR ENERGY

HARVESTING
John Michael C. Tolete* and Jefferson A. Hora
SE08
This paper presents an enhanced CMOS based RF to DC converter design by modifying a published Voltage Multiplier
circuit arrangement known as Mandal – Sarpehskar (MSVM) in order to provide a higher output voltage. This has been
achieved by adding auxiliary PMOS transistor and a capacitor. A 4- stage Modified MSVM was implemented with pump
capacitance of 10pF in TSMC 0.18um 1P6M 1.8V Logic Signal CMOS Technology. This design enhancement achieved a
considerable increase of 0.5V at -5dBm in comparison to the conventional Mandal-Sarpeshkar. Also, it was observed that the
modified voltage multiplier shows higher conversion efficiency with the value of 11.53% in DC extraction from RF signal than
the conventional MSVM design.
Keywords: Energy harvesting, RF to DC conversion, High frequency
*Corresponding author‘s email: john_rshs24@yahoo.com
54
A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO A COOPERATIVE BALANCING PROBLEM AMONG
QUADROTOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (QUAVs)
Gerard Ely Faelden*, Jose Martin Maningo, Reiichiro Christian Nakano, Argel Bandala, and Elmer P. Dadios
SE09
There is growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) such as quadrotors over the past several years.
Cooperation among multiple quadrotors is one of the areas of focus. This paper proposes a neural network form of control for a
cooperative task done by four quadrotors and will be tested through simulations. The task at hand is a ball and plate balancing
problem during flight of multiple quadrotors carrying the plate. The objective is to maintain the keep the ball at the center of the
plate even if the ball is introduced at different parts of the plate. The neural network controller will output the appropriate motor
speeds of the rotors based on the detected area of introduction of the ball. Results show that the artificial neural network
controller successfully directs the ball towards the center of the plate. The network outputs an average deviation of 0.00924
units from the expected pulse width modulation (PWM) signal strength which corresponds to a 0.249% error from the expected
value.
Keywords: UAV, Quadrotor, Artificial neural network, Controller, Cooperative tasks
* Corresponding author‘s email: gef.faelden@gmail.com
NITROGEN PLASMA MODIFICATION OF SPRAY-DEPOSITED RESTACKED FEW-

LAYERED GRAPHENE FILMS
Jeremiah G. Chan1, *, Erwin P Enriquez2, Jose Mario Diaz2, and Magdaleno R. Vasquez Jr.1
1University of the Philippines Diliman
SE10
Graphene has been at the forefront of research around the world for its excellent electronic properties since it has been
discovered in 2010 by Nobel Prize for Physics winners Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov. For it to be used as a functional
material in different applications, it still needs to be modified either by chemical means as well as through plasma which is a
clean alternative. In the study, Liquid Phase Exfoliation of graphite was done by ultrasonication of 0.5 g graphite powder in 1:1
Ethanol:DI water with 100ml volume of solution for 1.5 hrs., it was then ultracentrifuged at 4600 rpm for 1 hr. UV-vis
spectroscopy confirms graphene at 267.2 nm wavenumber and 0.732 absorbance. The supernatant graphene dispersion was
spray deposited intermittently unto 1cmx1cm, 1cmx2cm substrates of glass and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass
respectively, at 250ºC for 12 minutes using a hot plate from previous optimized deposition runs. The nozzle to substrate
distance is 20cm from the top of the spray deposition setup to the substrate, making sure all are under the spray cone. Raman
spectroscopy runs confirm graphene with the D, G and 2D peaks at deltawavenumbers (cm-1) 1361, 1586, and 2716 cm-1
respectively. Intensity of G peak is higher than that of the D peak and the distance between defects LD is computed to be 22.36
nm using the Tunistra-Koenig relation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) gives a roughness (root mean square) 61.273nm,
23.63nm, having a height with maximum frequency of 68.12nm, 174.9nm for glass and FTO-glass respectively. For nitrogen
plasma treatment, parameters for exposure time as well as gas chamber pressure would be varied while keeping the filament
and discharge currents and voltages constant. Plasma treated samples would be tested again using AFM for the surface
morphology, Raman Spectroscopy for the defects generated, and Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance
(FTIR-ATR) for the surface chemical bonds modification.
Keywords: Plasma, Spray-deposited, Graphene
* Corresponding author‘s email: haimerej.jerems@gmail.com
55
PARAMETER EXTRACTION OF OPTOELECTRONIC PH SENSOR BASED ON THE HUE
ABSORBANCE OF A pH TEST STRIP
Ira C. Valenzuela* and Febus Reidj G. Cruz
SE11
Optical pH measurement commonly uses a strip of paper with embedded indicator. A pH test strip which has four (4) test
pads changes its color when it is dipped in a sample solution. The color change is compared to the color chart to identify the pH
value of the sample solution. The purpose of this study is to extract the parameter of an optoelectronic pH sensor based on the
hue absorbance of the pH test strip and be implemented on Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE).
Through experiments using a prototype sensor module, highest linearity is obtained when the ILED is 20 mA. The sensitivity of
the device at pad 1 is 0.4217 mV/pH with a correlation coefficient of 0.8177, pad 2 is 0.3667 V/pH with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9597, pad 3 is 0.2659 V/pH with a correlation coefficient of 0.0.9923, and pad 4 is 0.0347 V/pH with a
correlation coefficient of 0.9948. It outputs the RGB Hue levels (in voltage) of the pH test strip.
Optoelectric characteristics of the pH sensor are described by the result acquired in the experiments on parameter
extraction. The transconductance of the device is derived based on the phototransistor current and pH-dependent voltage. The
extracted parameters used on the equivalent circuit of the optoelectronic pH sensor is simulated on SPICE. The percent error
between the responses on experimental and simulation of the test pads 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 10.28%, 0.01%, 0.34% and 0.86%
respectively. Based on these results, an optoelectronic pH sensor model is developed.
Keywords: pH sensor, Optoelectronic, SPICE, Absorbance
* Corresponding author‘s email: valenzuela.ira12@gmail.com
A PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING INTERFACE CIRCUIT USING NEGATIVE

VOLTAGE CONVERTER WITH ACTIVE DIODE AND DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER
Qadier I. Jilluh* and Allen Dela Cerna Lowaton
Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology
SE12
In the present day, harvesting energy from the surrounding environment plays an important role in the day to day human
life. This green energy is gradually replacing the traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels. There are several methods to
capture green energy from the environment and one of the most popular method is the use of piezoelectric (PZT) material to
harvest energy from vibrating sources. Existing piezoelectric energy harvesting system generally have low efficiency due to
matured CMOS process used, and the need to employ negative input voltage to run the device makes these systems harder to
implement.
Thus a piezoelectric energy harvesting system composed of a rectifier and a voltage regulator is proposed in this paper.
The negative voltage converter, an improved version of the full bridge rectifier coupled with an active diode implementation is
used to convert the extracted AC power from the transducer. The simulation results shows that the power extraction efficiency
of the proposed rectifier is 2.2 times that of a conventional full bridge rectifier and more than 82% of power conversion can be
achieved. To complete the harvesting system a low power DC-DC Buck converter is used to regulate the power extracted by
the rectifier to run a wireless sensor node operating at 1.5V voltage and 2mA current. The buck converter has a load regulation
measured at 0.18mV/mA, and a line regulation of 0.18mV/V. The buck converter has a maximum efficiency of 84% with 1%
voltage ripple. The overall efficiency of the design is measured at 68.98%. And the die size for the overall layout is 1008um x
1008um including pad.
Keywords: Energy harvesting, Energy scavenging, Piezo-Electricity, Rectifier
• Corresponding author‘s email: * engr.qadz@ymail.com
56
RFID BASED INDOOR NAVIGATION WITH OBSTACLE DETECTION BASED ON A*
ALGORITHM FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Jayron Lester Sanchez, Analyn N. Yumang, and Felicito S. Caluyo
SE13
The visually impaired individual may use a cane, guide dog or ask for assistance from a person when navigating. This
study implemented an RFID technology which consists of a low-cost RFID reader and passive RFID tag cards. The passive
RFID tag cards serve as checkpoints for the visually impaired. The visually impaired is guided through audio output from the
system while traversing the path. The study implemented an ultrasonic sensor in detecting static obstacles. The system
generated an alternate path based on A* algorithm to avoid the obstacles. Alternate paths were also generated in case the
visually impaired traversed outside the intended path to the destination. The A* algorithm generated the shortest path to the
destination by calculating total cost of movement. The algorithm then selected the smallest movement cost as a successor to the
current tag card. Several trials were conducted to determine the effect of obstacles in the time traversal of the visually impaired.
Dependent-sample t-test was applied for the statistical analysis of the study. Based on the analysis, the obstacles along the path
generated delays while requesting for the alternate path because of the delay in transmission from the laptop to the device via
ZigBee modules.
Keywords: RFID Technology, A* Algorithm, Ultrasonic sensor, ZigBee module, Dependent-sample T-test
RECTIFIER AND REGULATOR COMBO CIRCUIT FOR MEDICAL IMPLANTS

IMPLEMENTED IN 0.18um CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Leo E. Geralla* and Jefferson Hora
SE14
Demand is increasing for ultra-low-power sensors, controllers, power management circuitry, and miniature rechargeable
energy-storage devices, as well as energy-harvesting devices themselves, for use in medical implants.
The size of the implants (1-3 cm) is a major factor required for implanted medical devices into the human body as well as
the type of coupling used to transmit energy. Power for a bio-medical implant is often delivered from an external source.
Transcutaneous inductive power transmission is employed where the power signal is transmitted wirelessly across the skin to
the implant. This method for powering implantable devices reduces the capacity constraint on implantable batteries. Due to
both power and space constraints of biomedical implants, circuit designs that better account for these constraints have been
explored.
A major constraint affecting the size of the device with the conventional circuit topology is the use of two decoupling
capacitors at the outputs of the regulating and the rectifying stage. Combining the rectification and voltage regulation stages
will try to eliminate one or both of the decoupling capacitor and significantly reduce the overall size of the implant.
In this paper, a circuit called rectulator that combines an active rectifier and a linear regulator has been properly
designed. The rectulator has a voltage efficiency of 77% and also has achieved highest power efficiency of 87 % at 13.56MHZ
operating frequency with 1.8V output voltage. The rippling factor is around 0.3%. The full-wave rectulator is implemented in
0.18um CMOS technology.
Keywords: Rectifier, Regulator, Rectulator, Implant, Medical implant; IMD
*Corresponding author‘s email: lgeralla@gmail.com
57
PROGRAM ADVISORY COUNCIL
Chairman
HON. MARIO G. MONTEJO
Secretary
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Vice Chairman
DR. ROWENA CRISTINA L. GUEVARA
Undersecretary for Scientific and Technological Services, DOST
Members
DR. JOSETTE T. BIYO
Director
Science Education Institute
DR. AURA C. MATIAS

DR. DANILO C. LACHICA

President
Semiconductor and Electronics Industries in the Philippines, Inc.
DR. DELFIN JAY SABIDO IX

R&D Executive
IBM Philippines
Proceedings of the 4th ERDT Congress
SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, Philippines

4th Congress Proceedings

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Engineering Research and Development for Technology

DR. AURA C. MATIAS

DR. EVANGELINE P. BAUTISTA

DR. IRENEO C. AGULTO

DR. ROSEMARY R. SEVA

DR. JONATHAN W.L. SALVACION

ATTY. EDGAR ALAN A. DONASCO

DR. AUGUSTUS C. RESURRECCION

DR. ARNOLD R. ELEPAÑO

DR. EVELYN B. TABOADA

Asst. Prof. Paolo Rommel P. Sanchez

Hon. Mario G. Montejo...............................................................................................................xiv

Hon. Proseso J. Alcala...................................................................................................................xv

Dr. Rowena Cristina L. Guevara...............................................................................................xvi

Dr. Reynaldo V. Ebora................................................................................................................xvii

Dr. Josette T. Biyo............................................................................................................ xviii

Dr. Aura C. Matias.......................................................................................................................xix

Hon. Alfredo E. Pascual................................................................................................................xx

Fr. Jose Ramon T. Villarin, SJ...................................................................................................xxii

Dr. Raul D. Divina......................................................................................................................xxiii

Br. Dennis M. Magbanua, FSC.................................................................................................xxiv

Dr. Reynaldo B. Vea...................................................................................................................xxv

Dr. Sukarno D. Tanggol.............................................................................................................xxvi

Fr. Dionisio M. Miranda, SVD.................................................................................................xxvii

The ERDT Program............................................................................................................................1

ABSTRACTS OF KEYNOTE LECTURES

LiDAR and Geospatial Applications for Agricultural

Agriculture R&D Track

AG02: Alternative Seedbed Media in Double Mulching Technique Seedbeds

AG03: Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Small-scale Barrel Type

AG06: A Multi-objective, Multi-period and Multi-product Production Planning Model

AG07: Near-infrared Spectroscopy for Non-destructive Prediction of Maturity and

AG08: Potential of Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Chemometrics

AG11: Solar-powered Paddy Grain Humidifier-Dryer..................................................................................16

AG14: Yield Response Model of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Energy R&D Track

EG02: Densification of Shredded Rice Straw......................................................................................18

EG03: Development of an Android Application for Power Consumption

EG04: Distribution Impact Study (DIS) for Net-Metering with Photovoltaic

EG05: Electrical Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration Strategy Against Partial Shading..................20

EG06: Evaluation of Potential Hydropower Sites in Iligan City

EG07: Life-cycle Greenhouse Gas and Non-renewable Energy

EG08: Light Beam Induced Current Characterization of Solar Cells................................................21

EG09: Meter Placement Optimization for Harmonic State Estimation...............................................22

EG13: Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Rh-Doped Strontium Titanate Thin Film

EG15: Thermal Imaging to Detect Defects in Solar Cells...........................................................................25

EG16: Thermal Modeling of an Inclined Solar Chimney............................................................................25

Environment and Infrastructure R&D Track

EI02: Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted

EI03: Design of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam Using Excel

EI04: Development of Water Supply, Sanitation, And Hygiene

EI05: Effects of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strips in the Flexural

EI06: Elucidation of Pesticide Malathion Contamination in Pagsanjan

EI09: Performance Based Design of Seismic Retrofit Systems for Heritage

EI10: Potential of Producing High Strength Hollow Core

EI11: Removal of Oxalate in Wastewater by Fluidized Bed Reactor...........................................................31

EI12: Self-sensing Carbon Nanotube Cement Composites in Steel-reinforced Concrete............................31

EI14: Structural Efficiency and Deflection Characteristics of Nonprestressed

EI15: The Effect of Structural Parameters on the Behavior of Buckling-restrained

EI18: Wireless Flood Monitoring Using Integrated Hydrological Sensors