structures decision-making positions are less accessible for them.

Though in one of the Caucasian

countries – Georgia - in 2002-2004 the Speaker of the Parliament, then the interim president was
a woman (Nino Burjanadze is still Parliament Chairperson), but women’s involvement in the
process of the decision-making does not have a regular character (the average proportion of
women deputation in the Caucasian countries is 12%). Note, most of the Caucasian women
respondents give the priority to the traditional roles, except the young generation for whom socialur mecnierebaTa seria
professionalism and development is the most vital. Gender inequality and women’s rights
discrimination are especially strong in the Moslem part of the Caucasus, also in the provinces and
conflict zones, where most women are yet limited to traditional gender roles and are often become
victims of violence – abduction for getting married, bargaining, family violence , etc.
Family life of women and their property and right status in Azerbajanian, Armenian and
Georgian culture will be discussed. Marriage and wedding customs will be analyzed. Student will
be given definitiion of terms: custom, Shariat, endogamy, tantikin, levirat, sororat, tavani, arnegin.
Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on the topic
of the lecture presented in the course reader and on the basis of these materials do comparative
analysis in Caucsian cultures. Students will be assigned to interview one married woman and
determine (in terms of the appropriate gudelines) her property right status in the family.

Reference:
genderi - kulturuli da
1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J. socialuri konstruqti
Merguerian, Civic Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102
2. N. Tsintsadze, Describing Traditional Norms of Socialization in a New Environment,
collection of articles: Etrhnic Aspects of Security Starategy (Pankisi Cfisis), Tbilisi, 2002,
pp.:238-265 saleqcio kursi
3. T. Ivelashvili, Wedding Customs in Georgia, Tbilisi, 1999, pp.:263-286, 99-130
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
4. N. Tsintsadze. Women’s Everyday and Social Role in Different Ethnic groups. Collection of
Articles: Conflict Situations in Polyethnic Society, Tbilisi, Caucasus Institute of Peace,
Democracy and Development, 1998, pp.: 218-237
5. L. Surmanidze. Woman in Georgian Mentality, Collection of articles, UN Development
Program “Women in Developing Process”, Tbilisi, 1998, pp.: 3-28

mzia wereTeli

Tbilisi
2006
116
socialur mecnierebaTa seria terms of traditional mentality, woman also was given the function of peace-maker historically
revealed in traditional means of settling opposition between the families.
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili Woman’s status was regulated by means of traditional legal norms (customs, decisions of the
elderly councils, in the Muslim part – by Shariat) and official legal norms – legal books (starting
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
from XI century). Woman’s family and property rights were determined in detail by legal norms,
according to which a woman did not have any right for the legacy, she was given dowry consisting
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi only women clothing and fancy-work box. In the plain regions women from relatively well-off
families were given plot in heredity. Women, generally, did not take part in either community and
political life or decision making. Nevertheless, in the period of renaissance in XII century the king of
the country was a woman (Tamar). In addition, very often personal decisions of queens and noble
ladies in the Caucasus unanimously determined the country’s fate and political life. Hence,
historically Caucasian women bore the function of retention of religion, decency and statehood.
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 Historical and historical-literary examples of heroical deeds conducted by high society women to
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 protect religion, language and nation are one of the important historical institutions for bringing up
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 new generations in the Caucasus.
Starting from the second half of the 19-th century with the advance of capitalism in the Caucasus
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
women legally acquired the right on a share from the heredity. In addition in mountainous bordery
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge and road side regions of the Caucasus a rule came up – to provide a woman upon wedding with a
small part of the capital (in Georgia “Satavno”, in Armenia “Arnegini”). The latter was granted in the
form of a domestic animal or cash, profit from which (sale of milk, cheese, wool, etc. or pawn
brokering) could have been disposed by the woman on her accord .
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa In the 19-th century a powerful charity and enlightenment movement headed by women from the
centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, high society was launched. It aimed at charity activities in favor of the lower layers of the society,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis and teaching them literacy and fancy work.
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT During the Soviet period equality between women and men was advocated by the official
ideology and enhanced by the legislation. The highest management body had 38-40% of quotas
for women deputation in the Supreme Soviet. Starting from 1948 the only official women
organization – women council - having centralized administrative and network structure, also
existed. Any education stage, profession or career was equally accessible for men and women.
And yet women’s integration into the community life was still conventional, since women were not
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, appointed on the positions where actual political decisions were made. The profession selected by
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education a women and the career remained within traditional framework. The professions of a doctor,
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. caretaker, teacher were the ones considered prestigious by traditional mentality.
After the dismantling of the Soviet Union the process of democratic construction began in the
Caucasian countries. From 1991 the first women NGO-s started to appear. Initially women NGO-s
were busy enhancing traditional women functions and their activities were confined to charity,
peace-making or protection of vulnerable layers of the population programs.
In 1995 all the Caucasian countries joined the convention “Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women” (CEDAW). Permanently operating special women state
committees were also set up. Today women organizations in the Caucasian countries are
powerfully developed (approx. 150-170 acting organizations) encompassing almost all the fields of
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 1 – 8 women activities. In the higher educational institutions various gender aspects are being taught.
Scientific research centers on gender and women rights are also operating.
Despite the endeavor of the women non-governmental sector, government and international
foundations, the activities of the women organizations in the Caucasus have not acquired the
shape of feministic movement.
Modern Caucasian women went ahead of women’s traditional role and are actively involved in
the community life, but on the labor and employment market, as well as in the public administration
115
features which are characteristic for different social classes, political and religious views, ethnical sarCevi
groups and sexual orientation of women and men should be taken into consideration by all means.
Equality principles make us think about how we could achieve success in introducing changes in kursis zogadi daxasiaTeba: mizani, amocanebi,
the public structure where authority relations between sexes are not balanced. Equality conception studentTa swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi 5
requires perception of equality between a man and woman. Establishing equality is a constant,
continues process requiring reevaluation and re-realization of values. Tema #1 — genderi - socialur-kulturuli konstruqti.
To realize equality conception the following goals are very important to achieve: genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.
maskulinoba-feminuroba. kroskulturuli kvlevebi. 7
1. recognition and respect of women’s rights;
genderuli kvlevebis warmoSoba da misi adgili
2. improvement of democratic representation;
socialur mecnierebaTa Soris sqesi da genderi
3. economic independence; genderis ZiriTadi kategoriebi da kroskulturuli kvlevebi
4. high education level; ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
5. joint endeavor of both genders; seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
After the III UN Conference dedicated to women’s problems, a new conception of complex ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
approach to gender equality emerged in various international documents. This new conception is
known as Gender Mainstreaming. Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli
National projects of the Netherlands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium on Gender rolebis aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri,
Mainstreaming Policy will be discussed. Students will be given definitions of basic terms: socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,
androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri
androcentrism, gender equality, Gender Mainstreaming.
transcendenciis stadiebis da genderuli sqemis Teoria) 17
Students will be assigned to prepare materials for the lecture topic presented in the course
genderis gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi
reader in the assigned for individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held genderis gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi
at the seminar. In addition, students’ version of Georgian mode ofl gender equality will be worked genderis gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi
out. For this students will have to predetermine and present at the seminar: main fields in which androginiis koncefcia
gender ineqaulity is especially obvious, main factors which in their opinion determine such a transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi:
condition of events (personal, cultural, political), main steps to be taken to achieve equality, main genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria
fields, in which structural changes should be introduced, recent results and future forecasts. genderuli sqemis Teoria
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
Reference: seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
1. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by Nana Berekashvili, Bakur Sulakauri
Publishing House, 2003, pp.: 15-62
Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia da misi institutebi.
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi 33
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp..: 221-237 socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia da misi meqanizmebi
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp..: 282-303 gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba
4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/ bavSvebis movla da maTze zrunva
Tanatolebi
ganaTleba
masmedia
saTamaSoebi
Week #8 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
Topic #8 – Women in South Caucasus Culture. Gender Analysis of Georgian Culture
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
States of Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) and Southern part of Russia (North
Caucasus) tend to enjoy collectivist type of culture and, hence, gender-role ideology is also Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi.
traditional. kroskulturuli monacemebi 40
In feudalistic Caucasus a woman was confined to only family activities and her functions were kroskulturuli monacemebi genderuli rolebisa da stereotipebis Sesaxeb
bringing up children, taking care of the family and housekeeping. The elderly woman institute in the umcrosebze zrunva
family is a Caucasian norm. The elderly woman was responsible for safeguarding the whole family agresia
food products and money means, cooking, equal distribution of food and labor among daughter-in- ufrosebTan siaxlove da moRvaweobis xasiaTi
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba
laws and sons’ families in terms of the number of members, age and gender . Furthermore, in
mamakacurobis ideologia

114 3
 ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #5 - ojaxi da sazogadoeba. qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris urTierTobebi. kroskulturuli gansxvavebebi
ojaxis cneba. ojaxi da sazogadoeba
ojaxis tipebi
ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura da dinamika
colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi
qorwinebis Tanamedrove paternebi
ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba
ojaxis kroskulturuli sxvaobebi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi.
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi
genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi
genderis socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoria
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.
genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura da genderuli
Tanasworobis modelebi
genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis amocanebi da RonisZiebebi
Gender Mainstreaming—i. misi modelebi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.
qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi
samxreT kavkasieli qalis statusis zogadi daxasiaTeba
qali azerbaijanul kulturaSi)
qali somxur kulturaSi
qali qarTul kulturaSi
sqesobrivi urTierTobebis foromebi saqarTvelos mTaSi
genderuli cvlilebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES (GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY)
4 113
some scientists – from a situation-oriented position – certain persons and organizations apply
discriminatory policy against women. But the most efficient is the explanation lying in andro-
centering of our consciousness, which has long and important prerequisites for its development.
Andro-centered or masculine-centered has been considered as a norm for a long time. Asymmetric
attitude towards gender, moreover, the existence of women discrimination was revealed by the first
52
wave of feminism and turned into an acute social and political issue.
A man “became a king” when Judaic religion opposed a goddess cult spread in the Middle
East and offered an idea of Father-God as a world creator. Gradually stereotypes of a perfect man
and imperfect woman were established (in compliance with almighty god).
Orthodox Christians also significantly contributed to the enhancement of a man cult who by
means of Bible versions declared a woman as a secondary creature created from a man. She was
also proclaimed as a tempting, devilish force.
Hence, evaluation stereotypes of a woman comprised the following features: a woman is a
secondary, imperfect creature; she is a seducer and threat to a man’s power.
In addition to biblical story, antique philosophy and political traditions originated in the
Ancient Greece also influenced the concept of gender inequality. In this regard Plato’s and
64 Aristotle’s views are very important.
According to Plato a human has two natures in which men belong to “a superior race”. At
the beginning creation of a woman was not considered, only - men. Women were supposed to be
born by sinned men, after the latter’s rebirth. In his doctrine on ideal city Plato also defined social
role of a woman. In his opinion, in the society free of private property, a woman should have same
as a man role, or a role of a Guard. For this purpose women should be trained but still they won’t
be able to accomplish this function as perfectly as men could.
Unlike Plato, who more or less admits the possibility of equality between men and women,
Aristotle considers the world as a single structure in which components are hierarchically
78 organized. Only the best and advantageous have the principle of rational existence, the rest act as
facilitators. Correspondingly, a woman exists in favor of a man.
In addition, for a hundred years androcentrism has been fed by one of the most powerful
theory from the point of view of influence on public consciousness - Z. Freud’s psycho-analytic
theory. According to this theory psycho-types of a man and a woman are formed through psycho-
sexual development stages and are strongly asymmetric. A woman’s portrait in this theory is
discriminated and imperfect.
Despite such a long-term conditionality of private and public consciousness, attitudes of
modern society dramatically change in favor of gender equality idea (the number of supporters of
woman’s status increase and its strengthening goes up). In the modern world fights for women’s
88
rights have significantly increased and strengthened. Women conferences under UN were held.
They evaluated women’s status and set goals of objectives to improve women’s legal conditions
and strengthen their status.
Action Platform was developed at the Women’s World Conference In Beijing in 1995. This
helped to establish recognition of women’s rights as human rights.
Every endeavor (women’s conferences, activities, special programs, etc.) aims at
establishing equality between men and women. Under equality we mean: equal social status,
independence, equal participation and responsibilities in all fields of social and private life. The
term of equality means the principle of comprehensive participation of both woman and man in
social life. Sex equality does not mean mutual similarity and identity. But equality does not mean
103
establishing man’s lifestyle as a norm.
The idea of sex equality forces us to evaluate the difference between man and woman
roles. Equality principle comprises the right of being different. This means that those distinguishing
stratification directions are the same: men are dominant, women – subordinate. Asymmetry in
remuneration between men and women is well-known (an American woman gets 68% of a man’s
salary, African – 61%, Latino-American – 53%). This fact has several explanations: 1. women earn
less than men because they choose less paid work – mainly traditionally feminine work, such as
cleaning ladies, nurses, etc; 2. women are less valuable employees due to their inexperience and
low qualification; 3. they have fewer expectations and accept lower pay.
Low status of women is also well-known. Prestigious professions in the society are basically
occupied by men (according to US data among scientific researchers 80% are men, among
doctors – 84%, lawyers – 78%). A lot of data also prove less power of women in comparison with
men. They seldom have key positions and their presence in politics is also insignificant.
Furthermore, the higher the power hierarchy level, the lower the presence of women.
The concept of Glass Ceiling will be discussed, as well as widely spread explanations of low
status of women.
The picture of women participation in politics in various countries as given in
WomenAidinternational data will be presented.
To better understand the issue, role playing method will be applied. Partilularly, each group
memebr will write down the duties of women and men in the family and society in todays’ Georgia
on seperate small cards. Then a girl and a boy will be chosen from the group who will come out
into the room center. Each student will read each duty in turn and will pass a card to the students
in the center in compliance with the gender and a burden prepared in advance specially for this
purpose (presumably - a book). Eventually the group will see how many duties does a woman
have in our society, how many – a man, what is their ratio. Students will have to think about the
reasons for such inequality and the ways to improve it. Such a role- play will prepare grounds for
the better understanding of the following topic.
Students will be assigned to prepare materials for the lecture topic presented in the course
reader in the assigned for individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held
at the seminar.
Reference:
1. Crawford M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill,
2004, pp.: 359-395;
2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp.: 194-224;
3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century,
"Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June
2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/
4. V. Sapiro. Woman and Politics, Collection of articles Woman in Political and Social Life,
Bakur Sulakauri Publishing House, 1998, pp. 40-75
Week #7 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #7 – Gender Asymmetry: Discrimination or Norm. Concept of Gender Equality.
Culture and Gender Equality Models.
The fact that a woman has lower than a man status is common for all cultures: seldom do
women have power, their work is less paid, they seldom have prestigious professions, they seldom
happen to have key positions, jobs in government systems, etc.
Some of the scientists explain the low status of women in the society from a person-
centered position – women themselves do not have features and skills relevant for high status;
112
kursis xangrZlivoba da ganrigi: 96 sT (8 kvira);
maT Soris:
saauditorio muSaoba: 32 sT;
studentTa damoukidebeli samecniero muSaoba: 64sT;
saauditorio muSaoba moicavs:
leqciebs praqtikuli ilustraciebiT (roluri TamaSebebi, SemTxvevis ganxilva
da a.S.) — 16 sT;
seminar-diskusiebs - 16 sT;
studentTa damoukidebeli samecniero muSaoba moicavs:
studentTa mier ZiriTadi da damxmare literaturis wakiTxva-damuSavebas, TiTo-
euli studentis mier esses — 18-20 gv.-is moculobis sabiblioTeko-kvleviTi
statiis momzadebas da seminarze prezentacias; studentebis mcire jgufebis mier
jgufuri proeqtis momzadebas SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da prezentaciaSi. TiToeu-
li jgufis mier Seswavlili SemTxvevebi warmodgenili, ganxiluli da Sefasebuli
iqneba jgufSi.
kursis aRwera: genderi, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqti. genderul-
roluri ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi da maskulinoba-feminuroba kroskul-
turuli TvalsazrisiT. genderuli identifikaciisada genderuli rolebis aTvisebis
Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,
androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri transcendenciis da sqemis Teoria). sqesis
socializacia da misi institutebi. kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.
genderuli rolebi da kros-kulturuli monacemebi am mimarTulebiT. sazogadoeba da
ojaxi. qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi. genderuli gansxvavebebi qcevaSi
kroskulturuli TvalsazrisiT. genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. Sromis bazris
genderuli aspeqtebi kulturaTa TvalsazrisiT. genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia
Tu norma. genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura da genderuli Tanasworobis
modelebi. qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi. qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi.
kursis mizani: studentma unda SeiZinos safuuZvliani codna genderis, rogorc
socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis, misi Camoyalibebisa da moqmedebis meqanizmebis
Sesaxeb da agreTve, kulturaTaSorisi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb. studentma unda
icodes Tanamedrove Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. studentma
unda ganiviTaros genderul kvlevebSi samecniero informacis mopovebisa da damu-
Savebis unarebi. man unda SeZlos genderuli Teoriebisa da empiriuli monacemebis
safuZvelze codnis sistematizireba da damoukidebeli genderuli kvlevis warmoeba.
studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:
gamocda
• testi (werilobiT) — 2 sT;
• jgufuri proeqti SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da prezentaciaSi. Seswavlili SemTxvevebi
warmodgenili da ganxiluli iqneba jgufSi. TiToeuli jgufi Seafasebs danarCen
jgufebs Semdegi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: dizaini, SemoqmedebiToba, prob-
lemis gaazrebis siRrme, prezentaciis unar-Cvevebi;
• esses Sefaseba;
• seminarebze gamarTul diskusiebSi aqtiuroba.
5
Sefasebis sistema: Reference:
Sefaseba xdeba jamuri maCveneblis (seminarebi, esse, testi, jgufuri proeqti) safuZ- 1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.
velze, TiToeuli komponentis Semdegi procentuli woniT: seminarebze gamarTul Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474.
diskusiebSi aqtiuroba - 20%, esse - 30%, testi — 25%, jgufuri proeqti — 25%. 2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in Social Context, NY . Oxford University Press,
Sefasebis principi Semdegia: 1989, pp.: 81-111
85% -100% - 5 (friadi);
75%-84,9% - 4 (kargi);
65%-74,9% - 3 (damak.); Week #6 – Lecture- 2hours, Seminar – 2 hours
0 — 64,9% - 2(aradamak.). Topic #6 – Gender Stratification Patterns. Labor Market Gender Aspects in Various
Cultures.

In the 20th century women obtained the right to vote in the elections. In addition in many countries
they also acquired the right to be elected to the elective positions, at least potentially. Their rights
were enhanced on the legislative level. Nevertheless, the studies reveal acute inequality at work, in
remuneration, status and authority.
Gender norms influence gender relations and gender roles. The research results show that social
roles accomplished by women and men differ in several parameters. Such culture aspects as
women’s status in the society, labor distribution by sex, variety of performance, remuneration,
status, authority, religion views, values, economic factors and the extent of women participation in
politics significantly affect gender consciousness.
Friedan and Feree’s opinion in regard with a woman’s role as a “family hearth patron”, also the
results of studies of D’Andrade ( 1966) ethnographic materials of 244 society, Bliar & Lichte,
(1991), Shelton & Jhon (1993) , etc will be discussed.
Most of gender researchers assume that traditional gender role hinders person’s development and
results in social inequality. In the democratic part of the modern world women’s problems and
gender issues acquired special importance in the develipment context. Not only the women in hard
conditions of the developing countries, women deprived of civil and political rights came under the
limelight, but also gender inequality problems in the developed countries, which are still in
abundance. In the second half of the 20th century the condition of gender equality significantly
improved in most of the developing countries: the level of women education increased. The
number of girls’ enrollment in primary schools in South Africa, African countires in the south of the
Sahara, middle east countries and North African countries doubled. As a result of capital
investments in the healthcare of women and girls in 1990, for the first time in the history of South
Asia, women’s life span is longer than men’s. The number of women employees has also
increased. In Latin America and South Asia women employment indicator has increased by 15
points since 1970. Gender differences in remuneration have also reduced. Despite such
achievements, in the majority of the developing countries gender inequality in rights, resource
availability and possibilities of expressing own interests still remain. Not in a single region of the
developing countries do women have equal with men social, legal and economic rights.
Furthermore, all cultures (both in developing and developed countries) share the similarity in the
fact that a woman has lower than a man status. According to the UN data
1. basic housework is done by women;
2. half of the world’s food (agricultural) products is produced by women;
3. one third of human resources is made of women, but they are employed in low-salary jobs;
4. women get less than three fourth of men remuneration paid for the same kind of work;
5. women are less presented in power organs.
Hence, most of the societies of the modern world represent gender stratified systems. The
main stratification patterns are: employment, economic, political and legal. In the majority of cases
6 111
 Dynamic is expressed in the fact that the family structure and its functions could vary at
various stages of family life cycle whether it is newly married, pregnancy, child birth, teenager
child, leaving of the family by a child, after spouses stay alone (empty nest) or accepting old age
stage.
There are many family typologies. The typology criteria are: number of married couples,
existence-nonexistence, number of children in the family, characteristic management style. There
are big nuclear and reduced families, also complex families. According to the management style,
authoritarian, authoritative, liberal and indifferent families are distinguished. According to family
borders, there are open, close and chaotic families. Note, monogamy, polygamy and polyandry
families. Among many models of spouse relations three main types are singled out: traditional,
modern and egalitarian. Classifications are also made in regard with heterosexuality and
homosexuality of the couples.
Examples of German, Canadian, American and Sweden families will be discussed.
In German the stable stereotype of a woman – housewife was destroyed in 50-70-ies,
according to which the main function of a woman was – kitchen, children and church. Today’s
Germany is highly industrial and urban country where women are as involved in work as men.
Government policy, also economic development and mechanization of housework greatly
contributed to it. In modern Germany traditional, modern and egalitarian families co-exist. Single
parents, childless families, families with changed gender roles are also in abundance there.
Korean family is one of the most conservative and stable families. Under the influence of
Confucian ideology the family was framed within strict borders. Woman had no rights and
experienced all sorts of oppression and humiliation. Husband and his parents were completely
dominating her. Society also punished husbands loyal to their wives. In today’s Korea the picture of
violence has significantly changed. Women are involved in office work but until she gets married or
if she has grown up children. It could be said that starting from the 60-80-ies a traditional family
began to collapse and move towards equal gender plane.
American men traditionally used to have dominant role in the family. As a result of Great
Depression a huge army of unemployed men appeared and undermined the stereotype of a strong
man. Men in the families started to get more involved in family affairs. “Good daddy” is an
important component of the stereotype of the modern American man. Feministic movement of the
70-ies significantly contributed to the destruction of a man stereotype. In the 30-ies only one out of
five had positive attitude toward women working either in business or enterprise, in the 70-ies 57%
of the interviewed students was for limiting housewife’s role of a woman, and at the end of XX
century only 25% favors this opinion.
Swedish family and its development process from traditional to egalitarian at the end of XX
century seems very interesting: economic development of the country and implementation of
government policy supporting family contributed to lightening housework of women and increasing
in their employment outside the house. Working parents and children is a typical family form in
modern Sweden. Families (Sambo) with spouses not under official wedlock are also widely spread
in modern Sweden. Both official and Sambo-type families enjoy equal rights and have equal value
for both the country and society.
Students will be given definition of the basic terms: monogamy, polygamy, polyandry,
extended family, nuclear family, Confucian. Students will be asked to prepare within a period
assigned for individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader.
Students will be assigned 1. to compare family systems of different cultures based on the material
given in the reader; 2. to discuss their families from the point of labor distribution between sexes.
At the seminar the group discussions will be held around the basic issue;.3. compare any 5-10
families. Define their types.
110
kvira #1
leqcia - 2 sT
Tema #1 — genderi - socialur-kulturuli konstruqti.
genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.
maskulinoba-feminuroba. kroskulturuli kvlevebi.
saleqcio kursis SesavalSi mocemuli iqneba genderis, rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis
obieqtad Camoyalibebisa da genderuli kvlevebis warmoSobis mokle istoria.
gansazRvruli iqneba genderuli kvlevebis adgili socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi demokratiuli da humanisturi Rirebulebebis da
faseulobebis damkvidrebis procesebma msoflio socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia, ramac uamravi axali, problemuri sakiTxi dasva mecnierebis winaSe.
gansakuTrebiT gafarTovda socialur da humanitarul mecnierebaTa sfero. mravalma
movlenam axali socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnebis zegavleniT cvlileba ganicada
da axli socialuri Tu sazogadoebrivi datvirTva SeiZina. am cvlilebebma bunebrivad
gamoiwvia socialuri mecnierebebis winaSe axali problemuri sakiTxebis dasma da
zogierT SemTxvevaSi mecnierebis axali dargebis Camoyalibebac.
genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, swored am gziT
Camoyalibda. genderma, rogorc socialurma movlenam Tavisi aqtualoba feministuri
moZraobis zegavleniT SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad igi kacobriobis yuradRebis centrSi
moeqca, rogorc qalTa diskriminaciis socialuri instituti. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dReisaTvis genderuli kvlevebi Sors gascda mxolod qalTa problemebis Seswavlas,
politikosebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutebisaTvis genderi dRemde
inarCunebs politikur datvirTvas. igi qveynebis (sazogadoebebis) demokratiulobisa
da ganviTarebis donis ganmsazRvrel erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. genderuli
kvlevebi da genderuli midgoma gaTvaliswinebulia mravali progresuli qveynis (aSS-
s, kanadis, skandinaviis qveynebis da sxv.) socialuri politikis agebisas, rac
iTvaliswinebs genderuli realizaciisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas. amdenad,
genderuli kvlevebis erT-erTi mizania genderis ara mxolod mecnieruli Seswavla,
aramed safuZvlis momzadeba genderuli Tanasworobis modelebis Sesaqmnelad. magram,
amave dros, genderi, rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare da momqmedi movlena,
cxadia mecnierebis kvlevis sagnad iqca da dReisaTvis ise gafarTovda, rom socialuri
mecnierebis damoukidebel disciplinad _ genderul kvlevebad (Gender Study), Camo-
yalibda. igi moicavs adamianis socialuri moRvaweobis yvela aspeqts, iseve, rogorc im
faseulobebsa da monapovrebs, romlebic mTeli am moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSia dagro-
vili. amitom genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc disciplina mWidrod gadaikveTa socialu-
ri da humaniratuli mecnierebis yvela dargTan. Sesabamisad gamoikveTa da genderuli
kvlevebis calkeul mimarTulebebad Camoyalibda ojaxis, socialuri rolebis, Sromis
bazris, ekonomikis, politikis, ganaTlebis da sxva sistemebis genderuli aspeqtebi.
genderuli kvlevebis centrSi moeqca, agreTve, kulturis sociologiis, fsiqologiis,
filosofiis da enis genderuli aspeqtebi. amdenad, genderulma kvlevebma sruliad
samarTlianad interdisciplinaruli dargis kvalifikacia SeiZina.
genderis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis gansazRvrebisTvis mniS-
vnelovania treminebs `sqesi~ da `genderi~ Soris gansxvavebis gageba.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebi, sxvadasxva siZlieriT usvamen xazs
7
sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebs: zogierTi maTgani Zlier aqcents akeTebs am gansxvavebebze,
zogierTi ki - naklebad aqcevs yuradrebas. sqesTa Soris gansxvavebulobis xazgasma
miuTiTebs imaze, rom sqesi adamianis qcevis mniSvnelovani determinantia. amasTan
mniSvnelovania, rom anatomiurad da fiziologiurad qalsa da mamakacs Soris
gacilebiT ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre gansxvaveba. kroskulturulma genderulma
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom sqesi, rogorc socialuri faqtori metad mcire zemoq-
medebas axdens fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis farTe sferoze sxvadasxva kulturul
sferoSi. maSasadame, ZiriTadad qalebsa da mamakacebs sruliad Tavisuflad SeuZliaT
SeaTavson erTmaneTi garkveul socialur rolze. marTlac, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom umravles SemTxvevebSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Tanabrad SeswevT unari ganxor-
cielon erTnairi qceva, maT aqvT Tanabari potenciali Sesrulon esa Tu is socialuri
roli Tu samuSao. cxadia, arsebobs, erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelSic sqesebi
erTmaneTs ver Seenacvlebian. es aris qalis reproduqciuli (Svilebis gaCenis) unari.
mecnieruli kvlevis aseTi monacemebis miuxedavad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi da
kulturaSi arsebobs met-naklebi simkacriT gansazRvruli da miRebuli qalisa da
mamakacisTvis aucilebeli qcevis normebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, agreTve, qalisa da
mamakacisaTvis miuRebeli qcevis normebi, manerebi, Taviseburebebi da sxv. ufro
metic, sazogadoeba adgens saqmianobis qalur an mamakacur sferoebs, qalur da
mamakacur profesiebs da a.S.
tradiciulad sqesis gageba dakavSirebulia fiziologiuri da morfologiuri
gansxvavebebis gamovlenasTan. sqesi ganisazRvreba biologiuri faqtorebiT. garda
amisa, arsebobs gansxvavebebi adamianTa saqmianobebSi, qcevebSi, socialur rolebSi,
mentalur da emocionalur maxasiaTeblebSi, romlebic biologiurad da fiziologiu-
rad ar aris determinirebuli. isini ganpirobebulni arian socialuri da kulturuli
faqtorebiT. termini genderi qalisa da mamakacis swored socialurad naswavli
qcevebis, Tvisebebis da damokidebulebebis aRsaniSnavadaa mecnierebaSi Semotanili.
genderi gulisxmobs socialur maxasiaTeblebs, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi
gansazRvraven cnebebs `qali~ da `mamakaci~.
genderis cneba pirvelad anTropologma geil rubinma (1975w.) Semoitana mecnie-
rebaSi da gansazRvra, rogorc `SeTanxmebaTa kompleqsi, romelic rogorc sazogado-
ebrivi moRvaweobis sagani, aregulirebs biologiur sqess~. Tanamedrove kvlevebSi
yvela avtori eyrdnoba genderis, rogorc socialuri sqesis gagebas. sqesi dakavSi-
rebulia qalsa da mamakacs Soris fizikur, sxeulebriv gansxvavebebTan, cneba `gen-
deri~ ki miuTiTebs maT fsiqologiur, socialur da kulturul Taviseburebebze.
Tuki sqesi biologiurad aris determinirebuli, maSin genderi aris socialurad da
kulturulad mocemuli. genderi — es aris sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebis socialuri
organizacia: qcevis kulturologiuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic Seesabameba sqess
mocemul droSi da mocemul sazogadoebaSi; genderi warmoadgens socio-sqesobrivi
rolebis mimarTebaTa sistemis socialur konstruqcias. genderi mniSvnelovanwilad
apirobebs qalebisa da mamakacebis fsiqikur Tvisebebs, unarebs, moRvaweobis sferoebs,
profesiebs da saqmianobebs, samarTlebriv da eTikur normebs~.
dabadebidanve bavSvi ganekuTvneba biologiur kategorias _ sqess, Sesabamisad
mdedrobiTs an mamrobiTs. SemdgomSi ganviTarebis procesSi orive sqesi msgavsia
fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, iseve, rogorc fsiqologiuri TaviseburebebiT
(TviTSefaseba, inteleqtis done, leqsikis maragi, siarulis dawyeba, kbilebis amosvla
da sxv.). magram sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebi iReben sxvadasxvanair gamocdilebas da
aRzrdas, rac gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis stils da miznebs, maT funqciebs da
rolebs.
8 109
Peculiarities and behavioral norms characteristic for women or men are subject to cultural
variations. Nevertheless there are cultural universalities too. At a certain extent each society links
certain features and activities to a certain gender. At the same time, almost in none society has a
woman higher than a man status. Social role of men is connected with their nature as “an earner”
and in many cultures makes distinction between men and women’s functions. Today empiric
material dedicated to the study of traditional masculine roles is very scarce. This is a relatively new
and less developed field of gender research.
Mastering mechanism of masculine gender roles is the same as of the feminine role: Pleck
and Thompson called opinion system of “masculinity” masculinity ideology. In fact these are social
norms comprising permissions and prohibitions on what a man should feel and do. The structure of
men’s role norms consists of three important factors: status/success norm, sustainability and anti-
femininity norm.
Each norm will be separately discussed. Concrete examples from everyday life will be given
helping students to better familiarize the mechanisms of gender norms of men and women.
Traditional masculine roles and norms will be especially highlighted. Gender stereotype functions,
also stress and conflicts caused by traditional feminine and masculine roles in modern conditions
will be analyzed.
Students will be given definition of basic terms: gender roles, illusive correlation, gender
differences, priming effect, status/success norm, physical strength norm, intelligence strength
norm, emotional stability norm, anti-femininity norm, femifobia.
Students will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on
the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar the group discussions
around the basic issues will be held.The essay prepared by students will be presented; case study
method will be also applied: students will become familiar with the case described in the materials
of 22nd International Session of the Human Rights Canada Foundation: Story of Fatal River
dedicated to the evaluation of gender stereotypes and gender roles in various cultures.
Reference
1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. Petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1995, pp.:9-82
2. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 102-144
Week #5 – Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours
Topic #5 – Family and society. Relations between Men and Women. Cross-cultural
Differences.
Family is a social institute, system made up as a result of marriage and based on blood
consanguinity. Family and marriage are guarantors of society wellbeing and quiet; It arranges
sexual life and socialization of the adolescent generation. Society provides conditions for normal
functioning and protection of the family. Civil law determines the age for marriage, eligibility of
marriage between sexes and number of spouses.
Basic characteristics of the family are: functions, structure and dynamic. Function is
viability connected with satisfaction of needs of the family members. Functions of the family are: 1.
nurturing 2. economic-life 3. emotional 4.primary social control 5.sexual-erotic.
Structure comprises number of family members, their unity and relations. The analysis of
the family structure provides us with the information on how family functions are realized – who is
the leader and who - subordinate; how duties are distributed in the family.
 Cross-cultural researches conducted by various authors (Edvards & Whiting; Mintur &
Lambert; E. Whitting & Edvards; Bredley; Weisner & Gallimore; Katz & Konner; Segall; Whiting;
Lytton & Romney; R.L. Munroe & Munroe; Rohner & Rohner; Mackey; Mackey & Day; Edwards;
Edwards &Whting; Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura; Serpell; Lummis & Stevenso; Archer)
will be seperately discussed.
Students will be given definition of the terms: gender socialization, differential
enhancement, differential imitation (modeling), gender constancy, meta-analysis, sexism, face-
ism. While discussing each source of socialization, it is envisaged for the students to recollect such
cases, when they observed among themselves or their acquaintances modeling (imitating) of
gender behavior samples dictated by these institutes, or such cases when inadequate gender
behavior resulted in negative appraisal from parents, adults or peers.
Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on the
topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. They will be also asked to analyse so called
local magazines for women and men for the seminar: to define their topics, gender stereotypes,
look into the phenomenon of sexism and feisism.
Reference:
1. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 144-188
2. Handbook of Marriage and the Family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.
Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.: 327-370
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994,pp.: 123-144
4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 204-207
Week #4
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #4 –Gender Roles and Stereotypes. Cross-cultural Data
The studies show that children tend to establish stereotypes connected with feminine and
masculine origin within first two years, from the age of 3-4 they start to use these stereotypes to
define the category of toys, activities and professions.
Williams and Best studied 5 and 8 year-old children in 25 countries. In all the countries the
percentage of stereotypes went up with the age. Particularly, the stereotyping level among 5 year-
old children was 60%, while among 8 year-old children – 70%.
From stereotyping point of view high data of girls and boys were collected in New Zealand
and England, especially in Pakistan. The data were low in Brazil, Taiwan, Germany and France.
Though due to education pace there are certain differences among the countries, but in general
mastering of stereotypes begins before the age of 5, its pace goes up at primary classes and finally
finishes in adolescence.
Both girls and boys master stereotypes at the same pace. Though there are cross-cultural
differences in the sequence of mastering feminine or masculine stereotypes. Obviously whether
feminine stereotype or masculine will be mastered first depends on the extent of vividness of
feminine or masculine stereotyping in the given culture, on more or les differentiation of their
image.
These factors will be briefly discussed. To illustrate these data on gender role distribution
in various cultures will be given (Friedan; Feree; D’Andrade; Shelton & Jhon; Bliar &
Lichter;Gibbons et al..;Davis & Robinson; Shelton & Jhon).
108
genderi gulisxmobs fsiqologiur atributebs, maxasiaTeblebs da qcevebs, romel-
Ta SeZena xdeba socialur konteqstSi, rac dakavSirebulia sqesobrivi kategoriebis
socialur gagebasTan. yovel sazogadoebaSi genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba
adamianTa qcevis formebSi. magaliTad, ra samuSaos asruleben, rogor icmeven da a. S.
amdenad, genderi gvevlineba socialuri urTierTobebis sazomad ama Tu im kulturaSi.
genderi aris socialurad da kulturulad mocemuli, igi aRniSnavs socialuri da
kulturuli normebis erTianobas, romelTa Sesrulebasac sazogadoeba miawers adami-
anebs maTi biologiuri sqesidan gamomdinare. genderis cneba socialur mecnierebaSi
gamoiyeneba adamianis sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis socialur-kulturuli aspeqtis
gamosaxatavad.
moyvanili gansazRvrebebis Sedegad moxdeba Sejameba da genderis erTiani koncef-
ciis Camoyalibeba. gamoiyofa genderuli kvlevebis ori mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba:
genderuli cnobierebis kvleva da genderuli midgoma.
genderi — es aris garkveul kulturul (socialur, ekonomikur, politikur da
kulturul) klimatSi qalisa da mamakacis socialuri rolebisa da funqciis Sefasebis
fsiqikaSi asaxvisa da sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
institutebSi am Sefasebis Sesatyvisi asaxvis erToblioba.
amgvarad, erTis mxriv genderi, rogorc socialur SefasebiTi movlena (fenomeni)
adamianis cnobierebis da aracnobieris nayofia da adamianTa da saerTod sazogadoebis
fsiqikaSi arsebobs fsiqikuri warmonaqmnis, fsiqikuri struqturis saxiT, xolo meo-
res mxriv, ki genderi, rogorc socialur-SefasebiTi fenomenis sazogadoebis sxvada-
sxva institutebSi asaxvis Sedegi, arsebobs gare samyaroSi obieqturi saxiT, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi sistemebis moqmedebis erT-erTi meqanizmi da maTi socialuri pro-
duqti.
genderis zemoT moyvanil gansazRvrebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba gamoiyos gender-
Tan dakavSirebuli kvlevebis ori ZiriTadi klasi: 1) es aris genderuli cnobierebis
(genderuli socialuri rolebi, maskulinoba-feminuroba, genderuli stereotipebi,
Rirebulebebi da sxv.) kvleva. da 2) sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur
da kulturul institutebSi genderis movlenis asaxvis Seswavla. swored am tipis
kvlevebma warmoSva termini — genderuli midgoma, romelic sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi
(an maTi Seswavlis sferoebSi) genderis, rogorc fsiqikuri konstruqtis zegavlenis
Sedegebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs. ase magaliTad, genderis politikuri aspeqtebi,
genderuli midgoma pedagogikaSi, ojaxis genderuli aspeqtebi da a.S.
savarjiSo: genderis cnebis ukeT gagebisa da gaSinagnebis mizniT (e.w. genderuli
mgrZnobelobis ganviTarebisaTvis) studentebs vTxovT CamoTvalon qalisa da
mamakacis funqciebis, socialuri rolebis, Tvisebebisa da saqmianobis magaliTebi.
studentebma leqtoris daxmarebiT unda gansazRvron romeli maTgania sqesiT
ganszRvruli da romeli genderiT.
savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg ganisazRvreba genderuli kvlevebis Semdegi
terminebi _ sqesobriv-roluri ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi, maskulino-
ba/feminuroba kroskulturuli kvlevebis magaliTze.
praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi qalebs ekisrebaT meti movaleoba moRvaweobis
im saxeebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia saxlTan. xolo mamakacebs — saxls gareT.
pankulturuli msgavsebis es Tvisebebi Tavis sawyiss iRebs sqesebs Soris biologiur
9
gansxvavebebSi da pirvel rigSi qalebis unarSi gaaCinon Svilebi da mouaron maT. Tumca
ki unda aRiniSnos isic, rom bolo dros sul ufro met sazogadoebaSi qalebisa da
mamakacebis es movaleobebi erTad sruldeba. kacebi sul ufro metad ebmebian ojaxur
saqmianobaSi, xolo qalebi - saxls gareT saqmeebSi.
mkvlevrebis umravlesoba sqesobriv-roluri (genderul-roluri) ideologiis
klasifikacias akeTeben tradiciulidan Tanamedrovemde kontiniumis saxiT.
tradiciuli ideologiebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci ufro `mniSvnelovania~, vidre —
qali, rom mamakacs unda qondes Zalaufleba qalze da marTavdes mas. Tanamedrove
ideologiebi warmoadgenen egalitarul midgomas, romelsac zogjer feminstur
midgomasac uwodeben, radganac isini qalisa da mamakacis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi
erTnairad afaseben da uaryofen erTi sqesis meoreze dominirebas.
sqesobrivi rolebi farTod iyo Seswavlili indoeTSi, sadac erTdroulad Tana-
aarseboben tradiciuli da Tanamedrove genderul-roluri ideologiebi. rodesac in-
doel da amerikel studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ra Tvisebebi unda hqondes maTi
kulturis qals, indoeli studenti qalebi iZleodnen ufro tradiciul pasuxebs, vid-
re - amerikelebi. sainteresoa, rom qalebi orive jgufSi ufro Tanamedrove da
liberalurebi aRmoCndnen, vidre - mamakacebi. aratradiciuli sqesobriv-roluri ide-
ologiis matarebeli studenti qalebi nuklearuli ojaxebidan aRmoCndnen, maT hyav-
daT ganaTlebuli dedebi da apirebdnen dauflebodnen profesias da gaekeTebinaT
kariera.
ganaTlebis done da profesiul-administraciuli samsaxuri warmoadgens sakmaris
safuZvels sqesovriv-roluri ganwyobebis prognozirebisaTvis, rogorc iaponel,
aseve amerikel qalebTan. amerikeli qalebi, romlebsac aqvT samsaxuri (ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, rogori) ufro egalitaruli urTierTobis momxreni arian, vidre isini,
visac samsaxuri saerTod ara aqvs. rac Seexeba iaponel qalebs, aq egelitaruli
ideologia damaxasiaTebelia mxolod im qalebisTvis, romlebsac ufro prestiJuli
samsaxuri aqvs.
mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoikvlia mozardebis genderuli ganwyobebi da rolebis
ganawileba ojaxSi. gamokvlevaSi monawileobdnen 46 sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgeneli
mozardebi, romlebic holandiis skolebSi swavlobdnen. warmoSobis qveynebi or
jgufad iyo dayofili hofstedes kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT. pirvel
jgufSi Sediodnen ufro mdidari da ufro individualisturi qveynebi, xolo meore
jgufi moicavda ufro Rarib da ufro koleqtivistur qveynebs. gamokvlevis Sedegad
meore jgufis Sesatyvisi qveynebis warmomadgenel moswavleebs ufro tradiciuli
Sexedulebebi aRmoaCndaT, vidre - pirveli jgufisas. rac Seexeba sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebebs, aRmoCnda, rom gogonaTa pasuxebi naklebi tradiciulobiT gamoirCeoda
biWebTan SedarebiT.
bevr kvlevaSi amerikelebi warmoadgendnen referentul jgufs da amitom isini
Cveulebriv ufro liberalurebi Candnen, rac iwvevda azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
amerikelebi am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze liberalurebi arian. magram uialiamsis da
bestis (Williams & Best) mier Caatarebulma 14 qveyanis sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom es ase ar aris. yvelaze Tanamedrove sqesobriv-roluri
ideologia aRmoCenili iyo evropul qveynebSi - holandiaSi, germaniSi, fineTSi,
inglisSi da italiaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi siis SuaSi aRmoCnda, xolo
yvelaze tradiciuli ideologiebi gamovlinda aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi - nigeriaSi,
pakistanSi, indoeTSi, iaponiaSi da malaiziaSi. yvela qveyanaSi zogadad qalebis
Sexedulebebi ufro Tanamedrove iyo, vidre — kacebisa. Tumca gamovlinda zogierTi
gamonaklisic, sadac sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi miiRes, magaliTad, malaiziasa da
10
adopted by the society of masculinity and femininity and s/he can show own originalityand different
features. Trnscendental person is neither feminine nor masculine, masculinity or femininity
together or seperately is the part of a transcendental person’s world.
In gender scheme theory gender will be defined as a cognitive category. Gender scheme
is a association network of general knowledge used by an individual in the process of
understanding and thinking. Study of gender scheme begins in early childhood. The scheme helps
the person to become gender typed. Gender typing is the result of a human’s readiness to process
information by means of gender scheme. I-concept is associated with gender scheme. Author of
gender scheme S.Bem says that “when children learn gender scheme of the society, they also
study which attribute is connected with their sex and, hence, with them.”
Gender identification and typing occur by means of two main social-psychological
mechanisms – normative and informational pressure.
Researches by Cross & Markus; Burn; Grady; Fiske & Taylo proving the importance of
gender as a social category in the process of information processing will be discussed.
The students will be given definition of the main terms: gender identification, gender typing,
modelling, prototype, androgyne, cogntive model, cognitive theory, verbal and cognitive
reprezentations, gender scheme. Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for
individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar
the group discussions around the basic issues will be held. Students will become familiar with the
survey data conducted on Georgian students by I. Gedevanishvili using the principle of S. Bem’s
questionnaiore. Students will be able to look into themselves in this direction.
Reference:
1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.: 28-
96.
2. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by N. Berekashvili, Bakuri Sulakauri Publishing
House, 2003, pp.: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79.
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 27-60
Week #3
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #3 – Gender Socialization and Its Institutes. Culture Role in Gender Socialization.
Learning of gender stereotypes occurs during the socialization from childhood age. Gender
is influenced by cultural norms defining what women should do and what men, and social
information inspiring people the extent of difference between women and men. Gender role
socialization is a process when people learn what is socially acceptable for women and what - for
men. Differentiated socialization is a process when a human masters the behavior models, values,
etc. adequate for his/her gender. Rudiment of differential socializations are already revealed prior
to the child’s birth (by selecting name, cloths’ color, toys, etc). Two known basic mechanisms of
differential socialization are: differential reinforcement and differential modeling.
Cross-cultural researches by Barry, Bacon & Child, Lytton & Romney, Perry, etc. will be
discussed.
Main sources of socialization are family (parents, their views, assignment different tasks to
children, peculiarities of child-care and nurture), peers (rituals of initiation), media (especially TV),
education system (text-books, attitudes of teachers and parents, expectations), toys.
107
gender. Freud’s critics (Malinowski, Mead, Deutsch, Erikson, Horney, Thompson, Adler, Chodorov,
Bendjamin, etc.) fill in and further develop his model by introducing additional cultural factors in the
sex identification mechanism. Hence, Froyd’s theory should be considered as one of the stimulus
for the development of gender psychology and scientific prerequisite of today’s understanding of
gender.
Social-cognitive theory. Formation of gender-role orientation is defined by Bandura,
Mishell as a result of experience acquisition. The socialization agents form children’s gender-role
orientation behavior by strengthening adequate and inadequate behavior and punishment.
Unlike animals a child learns by watching others, modelling and imitating others behavior.
People tend to develop cognitive model of certain behavior, which in the form of verbal and
cognitive representations are kept in the memory and which acquire a checkpoint function in the
future behavior. Behavioral cognitive model represents a model behavior image later used as
either adequate or inadequate behavior prototype. Ability to foresee the consequences of the
future behavior enables the child to avoid undesirable behavior and hence, learn which behavior is
acceptable for his/her gender and which – unacceptable.
According to L. Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory, gender identification and
mastering of gender-role orientations are the result of creation, formation (structuring) of the child’s
social and physical world. In their development children go through certain stages of mastering sex
information and the experience acquired by them is structured in compliance with their level of
understanding.
Slaby & Frey single out four levels of understanding of problems connected with sex in
American children. At the initial stage children do not make any distinction between sexes, at the
following stage they begin to use certain categories in regard with sex based on superficial
physical characteristics. On the last two stages which starts approxilmately at the age of 4- 4,5,
little by little children begin to understand that gender is stable and unchangeable pecularity.
According to cross-cultural study by R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe, achievement of 3rd
and 4th stages significantly varies from culture to culture. Perception of gender concepts is slower
in traditional cultures, where children have less contact with men and basically mothers take care
of their children.
Bussey discovered that model of gender typing for boys comprises two processes:
mastering masculine behavior and unaccaptability of feminine behavior. The model for the girls
comprises only one process: mastering behavior connected with women sex without unaccepting
behavior of the opposite sex. As a result the behavior of a boyish girl is quite acceptable, while the
behavior of a “mother’s son” is unacceptable for boys.
Personality traditional theories recognize universality of gender typing into
masculinity/femininity. Due to this any child not revealing gender typing behavior was considered
as a deviation from the norm. Though an alternative opinion on gender identification and typing –
Androgyne concept (S.Bem) also exists. It (in Greek andro means man and gyne - woman)
recognizes balance of masculinity and femininity in a human.
S. Bem developed a special questionnaire measuring the four following parameters in men
and women: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, nondifferentiality. As a result of large scale survey
conducted among the students revealed that 1/3 of the students are androgenic.
According to gender-role transcendence stage theory Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky,
Forisha, Sedney gender typing behavior and thinking from the development point of view belong
to middle stage and not the final point. Children have no idea about gender at the beginning (I
stage), then they start to learn actively adequate steretype role and reject inadequate (II stage).
But gender development could continue until III stage when the knowledge acquired on the II stage
is reorganized specifically and individualy. The individual is no more marked in terms of the laws
106
pakistanSi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am gamokvlevis mixedviT, gamovlinda TiToeul
qveyanaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis Sexedulebebis Sesabamisobis maRali xarisxi.
amgvarad, gamokvlevam aCvena, rom genderul-rolur ideologiaze kultura ufro did
zegavlenas axdens, vidre — sqesi. amas garda, gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda aSkarad
gamoxatuli kavSiri qalebisa da mamakacebis sqesobriv-rolur ideologiasa da
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones Soris, kerZod, sqesobriv-roluri
ideologia, Cveulebriv, ufro Tanamedrovea ufro metad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. igi
ufro metad Tanamedrovea, agreTve, ufro qristianizirebul qveynebSi da
urbanizaciis maRali donis mqone qveynebSi.
amgvarad, ekonomikaSi da ganaTlebaSi progress Tan axlavs mamakacebis, rogorc
dominantebis ganxilvis tendenciis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
rac ufro ganviTarebulia ekonomika da maRalia ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi, miT ufro
mcirdeba tendencia kacebi ganixilebodnen rogorc ufro Zlierebi da aqtiurebi,
vidre - qalebi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kvlevebi adasturebs am tendenciis
mxolod Semcirebas da ara mis srul gaqrobas.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa. igi izrdeba sazogadoebaSi da TandaTanobiT iTvisebs
masSi arsebul stereotipebs — ama Tu im sazogadoebisTvis mocemul istoriul
periodSi mdgrad Sexedulebebs qalsa da kacs Soris gansxvavebebze, maT socialur
rolebze, funqciebze, qcevis normebze. iglis (Eagly) mixedviT, genderuli strereo-
tipebi arsebiTad socialuri normebia, xolo bernis (Bern) mixedviT, stereotipebi — es
aris ZiriTadi wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas sazogadoebaSi da amave
dros, isini fsiqikuri energiis ekonomikis funqcias asruleben. es imas niSnavs, rom
stereotipebi warmoadgenen qalebisaTvis da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvise-
baTa da qcevis modelTa krebuls, romelic gvexmareba informaciis gadamuSavebasa da
adekvatur urTierTobebSi.
amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da
qceva, romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi (an kulturaSi) mocemul istoriul periodSi
iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad damaxasiaTeblad. ase magaliTad: `kacebi
metad agresiulebi arian~ an `kacebi ufro Wkvianebi arian~, `qalebi zedmetad
emociurebi arian~, `qalebs ar SeuZliaT manqanis marTva kargad~ an `kacebma namdvili
megobroba ician, qalebs ki ar SeuZliaT namdvili megobroba~ da a.S. stereotipebi xels
uwyoben sqesobrivi rolebis SeTvisebas da warmoadgenen socializaciis modelebs
bavSvebisTvis.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom arsebobs genderuli stereoripebis maRali xarisxiT
kroskulturuli msgavseba. aqedan gamomdinare, keTdeba daskvna, rom fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic qalisa Tu mamakacis sqesTan asocirdebian, pankulturul
modelSi lagdebian. xolo specifikuri kulturuli faqtorebi apirobeben umniSvnelo
gadaxrebs am zogadi modelidan.
genderuli stereotipebis formirebis uiliamsis da bestis (Williams & Best) modeli
efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom biologiur gansxvavebebs (mag.: qali aCens Svilebs, kacebs
ki meti fizikuri Zala aqvT) mivyavarT Sromis iseT ganawilebamde, romlis drosac
qalebs aqvT pasuxismgebloba bavSvebis aRzrdaze da movlaze, kacebs ki — pasuxis-
mgebloba ojaxis uzrunvelyofaze da dacvaze. uiliamsi da besti Tvlian, rom
genderuli stereotipebi yalibdeboda, raTa uzrunveleyoT aseTnairad Camoyali-
bebuli Sromis ganawilebis ganmtkiceba. stereotipi gulisxmobs, rom Sesabamisi sqesis
warmomadgenels aqvs an SeuZlia rom ganaviTaros misTvis mikuTvnebuli rolis
Sesabamisi Tviseba. erTxel Camoyalibebuli stereoripebi socializaciis modelebis
funqcias arsuleben. isini aiZuleben biWebs iyvnen ufro damoukideblebi da
11
gabedulebi, xolo gogonebs — mzrunvelebi da kontaqturebi. amgvarad, gasagebi xdeba,
rom adamianebi sxvadasxva kulturaTa farTo diapazonis farglebSi midian iqamde, rom
maxasiaTeblebis erTi nakrebi asocirdeba mamakacis sqesTan, xolo meore nakrebi —
asocirdeba qalTa sqesTan.
qalisaTvis an kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli — aseTia maskulinoba/feminurobis
cnebaTa wyvilTa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba. pirovneba SeiZleba iyos qaluri an mamakacuri
sruliad sxvadasxva aspeqtebSi, romelic moicavs rogorc Cacmis manaeras, aseve
moqcevis stils an xmis tons. maskulinoba/feminurobis gansazRvreba Semoifargleba
`me”-koncefciebiT da im xarisxiT, romliTac aseTi koncefciebi moicaven qalis an
mamakacis sqesTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebs (Tvisebebs). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ama
Tu im pirovnebis maskulinoba/feminurobis xarisxi gaizomeba am pirovnebis TviTa-
RqmaSi, `me”-s xatSi Semavali maskulinuri Tu feminuri Tvisebebis raodenobiT. imisaT-
vis, rom konkretuli pirovnebis maskulinoba-feminuroba ganisazRvros, cxadia, auci-
lebelia, rom Tavdapirvelad dadgindes mocemul kulturaSi maskulinoba-femi-
nurobis zogadi modeli anu is maxasiaTeblebi, romelebic am kulturaSi miRebulia
rogorc qaluri an rogorc - mamakacuri. sxvadasxva avtorebis mier maskulinoba-
feminurobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodebi, rogoricaa, mag. TviT-
Sefasebis kiTxvari, socialurad sasurveli maxasiaTeblebis an sqesTan asocirebuli
maxasiaTeblebis kiTxvari da sxv. maskulinoba-feminurobis gazomvisas metad mniSvne-
lovania emikuri da kulturul-specifikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba. uiliamsama
da bestma gamoiyenes kulturul-specifikuri parametrebi maskulinoba-feminurobis
kvlevaSi 14 qveynis universitetis studentebTan. yoveli studenti winaswar mocemuli
300 zedsarTavis safuZvelze aRwerda Tavis Tavs da Tavis ideals. es aRwerebi
dardeboda adgilobriv (qveynis Sesabamisad) genderul stereotipebs, romlebic adre
iyo gamokvleuli. aRmoCnda, rom yvela qveyanaSi mamakacebi iZlevian maskulinobis
ufro maRal maCvenebels, vidre qalebi, rac sulac ar aris gasakviri. magram aRsaniS-
navia is, rom idealuri `me”-s aRwerisas orive sqesi cdilobda Tavis TavisTvis miewera
gacilebiT ufro maRali xarisxis maskulinoba, vidre es realur `me”-Si hqonda. es,
rogorc Cans, mamakacebis dominirebiT da Sesabamisad maskulinuri Tvisebebis meti
RirebulebiT unda aixsnas.
aRmoCnda, rom sxvadasxva kulturul jgufebSi feminuroba/maskulinobis specifi-
kuri gagebis gaTvaliswinebiT qalebi da kacebi erTnairad (erTi da igive xarisxiT)
qalurebi arian yvela kulturaSi, xolo mamakacebi — erTnairad mamakacurebi. magram,
amave dros, ra Tqma unda, me-koncefciaSi feminuroba-maskulinobis TvalsazrisiT
arsebobs garkveuli kulturuli variaciebi.
genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs midis (M.
Mead) kvlevebs kulturis mier qalisa da mamakacis pirovnebebis Camoyalibebis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, kulturis gavlena pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze ar
niSnavs konstitucionalurad determinirebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis uaryo-
fas, magram sqesebs Soris standartul pirovnul gansxvavebebs mainc kulturuli
modelebi ayalibeben, romelsac iZulebulia daemorCilos yvela Taobis orive sqesi.
ase magaliTad, rodesac omSi wasvla didad fasobs sazogadoebaSi, maSin mamrobiTi
sqesis yvela bavSvi cdilobs CaaxSos SiSis nebismieri gamovlineba Tavis TavSi da
SeiZinos is Tvisebebi (gambedaoba, vaJkacoba, Tavganwirva), rac damaxasiaTebelia
mamakacuri saqmianobisTvis, rac identificirdeba mamakacur pirovnebasTan. xolo is
Tvisebebi, romlebic moCneulia Zlier komponentebad zogierTi pirovnebisaTvis,
SemdgomSi viTardeba rogorc norma yvelasaTvis (rogorc maskulinuri pirovnebis
ZiriTadi elementebi). asevea qalebSic. magaliTad, Tu kulturaSi didi mniSvneloba
12
Gender stereotypes – are psychological characteristics and behavior, which at a certain historical
period in this or other society (culture) is considered as more characteristic for one sex. For
example: “Men are too aggressive” or “Men are cleverer”, “Women are too emotional”, “Women
cannot drive well” or “Men could be real friends, but women could not”, etc. Stereotypes facilitate to
learning gender roles and represent socialization models for children.
Masculinity-femininity – is an extent of certain features in self-perception of women and men,
which in their culture are considered as more characteristic either for men or women.
Cross-cultural researches show that the main factors of gender-role ideology change from
traditional to egalitarian are: education level, urbanization level, economical level of a country,
family, individualization of a society and religion.
The results of study of gender-role ideology in 14 countries carried out by Williams and Best
showed that the most modern ideology is in European countries – the Netherlands, Germany,
Finland, England and Italy. The USA was found in the middle of the list, as to the most traditional
ideologies, they were found in Asian and Africal countries – Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Japan amd
Malasya.
Social roles theory by Eagly, formation of gender stereotype models by Williams & Bestand
and heir data of cross-cultural survey, also obsrvations by Gilmore and M. Mead will be also
discussed.
For every seminar each student will have: 1. to prepare (write down and present) at least 10
gender behavior norms; 2. to record professions, employment fields, positions, social status of men
and women on the examples of randomly recollected families.
Reference:
1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-122
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 199-204
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 17-23
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.:, 135-
137
Week #2
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #2 Gender Identification and Gender Typing Theories (Psychodynamics, Social
Learning, Cognitive Development Theories, Androgyny Theory, Gender-Role
Transcendance Stages and Gender Scheme Theory
Freud was the firs psychologist who explained the sexual identification process of a person. The
mechanism of sexual identification and sexual difference formation are ingrained in psycho-sexual
development process of a child. “Envy for penis” and desire “to own” it are driving force for the
development of a normal femininity. Such driving force for a boy to develop normal masculinity is
“freight of castration”. As regards the sex identification mechanism, it is revealed through
overcoming Oedipus complex and identifying oneself with the parent of the similar sex.
Freud does not belong to gender researchers and even its scientific term of gender didn’t
exist then, but Freud’s theory had an immense influence on the development of scientific idea of
105
Grades:
Grades are made of sum of seminars, essays, tests, written tests and percentage weight of each
component below: seminar-20%, essey-25%, test-25%, written test-30%
Grading principles:
90% -100% - 5
74% - 89.9% - 4
65% - 73.9% - 3
0 - 64.9% - failure
Course structure:
Week #1, Lecture- 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours
Topic #1- Gender, as a Social and Cultural Construct; Gender Role Ideology;
Gender Stereotypes, Masculinity-Femininity, Cross-Cultural Researches.
The Introduction will deal with a brief history of establishment of gender as a scientific
research object and origin of gender studies. The place of gender researches among social
sciences will be determined. To define gender as a social-cultural construct, it is important to make
distinction between “sex” and “gender”.
The difference between genders is differently highlighted in various societies, various
countries, hence, proving that sex is an important determinant of a human’s behavior. Note,
anatomically and physiologically there is more similarity than difference between women and men.
In the majority of cases women and men are equally capable of carrying out similar behavior, have
equal potential to conduct this or that social role or work. Despite this, any society and culture have
more or less strictly determined and approved mandatory behavioral norms, jobs, professions for
women and men, etc.
Traditionally understanding of sex depends on identification of physiological and
morphological differences. The term of gender was introduced in the science to denote socially
learnt behaviors, features and attitudes. The concept of gender is used to express socio-cultural
aspect of sex belonging.
Two main groups of gender research could be singled out: 1. study of gender conscious
(gender social roles, masculinity – femininity, gender stereotypes, values, etc.); and 2. study of
gender reflection in social, political, economical and cultural institutes of the society. Such kind of
studies created the term – gender approach, which in various sciences means study of impact
consequences of gender as a psychic construct. For example, political aspects of gender, gender
approach in pedagogy, family gender aspects, etc.
Exercise: To better understand the term of gender, students are asked to name the examples of
the functions, social roles, features and activities of women and men. The students together with
the lecturer shall have to define which of them is determined by sex and which - by gender.
The following terms of gender research will be defined: sexual-role ideology, gender
stereotypes, masculinity/femininity.
Sex-role (gender-role) ideology is classified as a continuum from traditional to modern.
Traditional ideologies indicate that a man is more “important”, than a woman; that a man should
have power over a woman and control her. Modern ideologies represent egalitarian approach,
sometimes called feministic approach, since these ideologies attach equal importance to men and
women in the society and reject domination of one sex by another.
104
aqvs qalis zrunvas bavSvze, kultura gamoyofs am Tvisebas da feminuri pirovnebis
ZiriTad komponentad miiCnevs. midma, ikvlia ra sxvadasxva tomebi, aRmoaCina sxvadasxva
kulturis zegavleniT ganpirobebuli mkveTri gansxvaveba qalisa da mamakacis roleb-
sa da stereotipebSi. ase, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom saSiSroebis atana ufro masku-
linuri maxasiaTebeli iyo. patara bavSvebic ki Tavs ikavebdnen gamoemJRavnebinaT
iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa SiSi, radgan isini darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom sawinaaRmdegod
moqcevisas maT miawerdnen qalur Tvisebebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic qcevaSi gamovlenil genderul sxvaobebs swavloben, xSirad
imowmeben sxvadasxva kulturaTa msgavsebas, rogorc genebisa da hormonebis rolis
dasabuTebas da amiT varaudoben srul genetikur da biologiur determinizms.
biologiuri determinizmi amodis iqidan, rom sqesTa Soris Seucvleli gansxvavebebis
formirebas iwveven yovelTvis raime biologiuri faqtorebi an gadaxrebi, rac biolo-
gias warmoadgens rogorc aucilebels da sakmaris pirobas sqesTa gansxvavebisTvis.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom didi xnis diskusiam bunebisa Tu aRzrdis prioritetu-
lobaze, romelic asakobriv fsiqologiaSi mimdinareobs, aCvena, rom biologia ar gan-
sazRvravs qcevas da aseTi warmodgena sakmaod naivuria. gamokvlevebma (Hoyenga &
Hoyenga, 1983; Stewart, 1988) daadastura, rom sqesobrivi qromosomebi an sqesobrivi
hormonebi ar warmoadgens arc aucilebel da arc sakmaris pirobas qcevis gansazR-
vrisaTvis. isini ubralod amcireben an zrdian garkveuli qcevis ganxorcielebis
albaTobas. gotiebis (Gottlieb, 1983) gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom genebi toveben
SesaZleblobas sawinaaRmdego tipis qcevisTvis. adamianebi garkveuli xarisxiT
memkvidreobiT iReben genebs, magram amasTanave, cxovroben ra mWidro kavSirSi
mSoblebTan da naTesavebTan, adaminebs SeuZliaT `memkvidreobiT~ miiRon garemocvac.
akvirdebodnen ra biologiisa da garemos urTierTqmedebas, sociobiologebma,
evoluciuri fsiqologiis da ekonomikuri anTropologiis specialistebma ivaraudes,
rom gansazRvruli qceviTi meqanizmebi yalibdeba rogorc reaqcia gadarCevis
faqtorebis zewolaze. roluri sxvaobebi, romlebic sqesTan aris dakavSirebuli
asaxavs im faqts, rom gansxvavebul garemoebebs mivyevarT gansxvavebul qceviT
reaqciebamde, romelTagan TiToeulic winaswar gansazRvrulia biologiurad.
gilmori (Gilmore, 1990) varaudobs, rom mamakacis qceva `maCos~ stilSi warmoadgens
adaptacias maRali donis riskTan, romelic saWmlis mopovebasTan da sicocxlisTvis
aucilebeli pirobebis mopovebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. gilmors Tavisi hipoTezis
dasadastureblad magaliTad moyavs is mkveTri gansxvaveba sqesTan dakavSirebul
rolur ganwyobebs Soris, romelic arsebobs wynari okeanis or kunZuls — truksa da
taitis Soris. orive kunZulze Tavs Tevzis WeriT irCenen da am saqmianobiT mamakacebi
arian dakavebulni. magram kunZul trukis mamakaci — es aris TavzexelaRebuli, mudam
saomrad ganwyobili, seqsSi uxeSi da ganurCeveli. am kunZulze iTvleba, rom qalebi
momTmenni da pasiurni unda iyvnen. isini ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen mamakacebs, maT ki,
Tavis mxriv, unda daicvan qalebi. taitis kunZulis kacebi ki ar iRwvian materialuri
miRwevisa da konkurenciisaTvis, isini pasiurebi da damyolebi arian, maSin roca maTi
qalebi, rogorc wesi, aqtiurebi arian. gilmori am gansxvavebebs saWmlis mopovebis
gansxvavebuli pirobebiT xsnis. taitis mkvidrni Tevzs iWeren did lagunebSi, sadac
maT aranairi safrTxe ar emuqrebaT da sadac bevri Tevzia. trukis macxovreblebi ki
Tevzs Ria zRvaSi iWeren, sadac daRupvis riski didia. gilmoris azriT, `maCos~ stili
SeiZleba warmoadgendes riskTan adaftaciis im formas, romelic exmareba mamakacebs
winaaRmdegoba gauwios saSiSroebebs.
biologia ar gansazRvravs beds, magram biologiur faqtorebs, ueWvelad, mniSvne-
lovani wvlili Seaqvs genderuli sxvaobebis formirebaSi. termini `biologiuri~
13
xSirad ixmareba, roca mxedvelobaSi aqvT genebi, am mocemul SemTxvevaSi sqesobrivi
qromosomebi, magram cneba `biologiuri~ unda moicavdes agreTve, im pirobebis
zegavlenas, romelSic organizmi aris (mdebareobs) muclis periodSi mucladyofinisa
da postnataluri ganviTarebisas. xSirad am periodSi moqmedeba (an cxovreba) ganisaz-
Rvreba kulturiT. magaliTad, Zilis periodis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba varirebdes
kulturiT determinirebuli dedis dRis reJimis mixedviT, xolo siarulisa da jdomis
Cvevebis SeZena damokidebulia am kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bavSvebis movlis
praqtikaze.
gamokvlevebi (Eaton & Enns, 1986; Rosenberg & Sutton-Smith, 1972; Tanner, 1961, 1970)
aCvenebs, rom axaldabadebuli biWebi gogonebTan SedarebiT ufro didebi da aqtiurebi
arian, ufro maRali nivTierebaTa cvlis done aqvT, tkivilis SegrZnebis ufro maRali
zRurbli aqvT da ufro kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli muskulatura. mozardobis
asakamde (3-10 ww.) sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi morfologiaSi da hormonalur statusSi
didi ar aris, magram dakvirvebadi gansxvavebebi Seesabameba sqesobriv dimorfizms,
romelic mogvianebiT vlindeba. zrdasruli mamakacebi ufro maRlebi arian, ufro
masiuri ConCxi aqvT, sisxlis JangbadiT kvebis ufro maRali done aqvT, meti Tma aqvT
sxeulze, amasTanave, sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli pirveladi da
meoradi sqesobrivi niSnebi aqvT. gansxvavebis I jgufi dakavSirebulia mamakacis met
ZalasTan da gamZleobasTan. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es gansxvavebebi, cxadia, ZalaSia
umravles SemTxvevebSi, radgan zogierTi konkretuli qali ufro Ronieria, vidre
zogierTi konkretuli kaci.
miuxedavad imisa, rom biologia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens qcevaze, qcevis da
misi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens socialur-kulturuli
faqtorebi. am mosazrebebs adasturebs rigi mkvlevrebis naSromebi (Best &Williams, 1993;
Monroe &Munroe, 1975/1994; Rogjff, Gauvain &Ellis, 1984). kultura Rrma zegavlenas axdens
qcevaze, gansazRvravs ra gvaris gagrZelebas, imas, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis
socializacia, rogor acmeven bavSvebs, romeli qveva iTvleba sworad da gonivrulad,
ras aswavlian bavSvebs, ra funqciebs iReben Tavis Tavze zrdasruli qalebi da
mamakacebi. bavSvis SesaZleblobebi da qcevis Camoyalibeba ganisazRvreba kulturiT,
maSinac ki, roca es qceva ganixileba, rogorc biologiuri faqtorebiT determi-
nirebuli. sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis kulturul universaliebs xSirad xsnian xolme
socializaciis praqtikebis msgavsebiT, maSin roca kulturul gansxvavebulobebs
miakuTvneben xolme socializaciis procesis gansxvavebulobebs.
sqesTan mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevis kulturuli TaviseburebebiT
gansazRvrulobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia margaret midis (Mead, 1935) mier
Catarebuli klasikuri gamokvleva axali gvineis sam tomze. midis gamokvlevebSi
gamovlinda, rom dasavluri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, am sazogadoebebSi qalebsac da
kacebsac aqvT rogorc maskulinoba, aseve feminurobac da maTi qceva ar Seesabameba
miRebul seqsualur-rolur orientacias.
sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Rrma bunebis kargi magaliTia 1920-ian wlebSi daarsebuli
israeleli kibucebis istoria. es iyo mizanmimarTuli mcdeloba Seqmniliyo
egalitaruli sazogadoeba (Rosner, 1967; Snarey & Son, 1986; Spiro, 1956). Tavdapirvelad iq
ar iyo Sromis ganawileba sqesobrivi niSniT. qalebic da kacebic muSaobdnen
mindvrebSi, marTavdnen traqtorebs, muSaobdnen samzareuloSi da samrecxaoSi. dro
gadioda. amaRlda Sobadoba da gamoirkva, rom qalebma veRar SeZles Tavis Tavze aeRoT
fizikuri samuSaos bevri saxe, romlebsac akeTebdnen kacebi. male, qalebma Tavis Tavze
aiRes swored is funqciebi, romelTaganac undodaT Tavdapirvelad gaTavisufleba —
saWmlis momzadeba, recxva, bavSvebis swavla da maTi movla. aSkaraa, rom kibucebis
14
Mzia Tsereteli
GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES
(GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY)
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Course duration and timetable: 96 hours (8 weeks)
Of which
Classroom work: 32 hours
Student’s independent research work: 64 hours
Classroom work includes:
Lectures with practical illustrations (role play, case study, etc.,):16 hours
Seminar-discussions: 16 hours
Student’s Independent Research Work consists of:
Core and reference literature reading and study by students, preparation and presentation of a
library -research article (18-20 pages).
Course description: Gender as a social-cultural construct; gender-role ideology, gender
stereotypes and masculinity-femininity from cross-cultural point of view; Gender identification and
gender type theories (psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive development theories, androgyny
theory, stages of gender-role transcendence and scheme theory). Sex socialization and its
institutions; Culture role in gender socialization; Gender roles and cross-cultural data in this
direction; Society and family; Relationships between men and women; Gender differences from
cross-cultural point of view; Patterns of gender stratification; Gender aspects of labor market from
multicultural point of view. Gender asymmetry: Discrimination or norm; Gender equality; Culture
and Gender equality models; Women in south Caucasian culture; Gender analysis of Georgian
culture.
Course goal: Students will have to gain fundamental knowledge on gender as a social-cultural
construct, its establishing and acting mechanisms, and also gender differences in various cultures.
Students will have to become familiar with modern theoretical and empiric researches in this field.
Students have to develop research skills and learn how to retrieve scientific information and data.
Candidate has to be able to provide an independent research and systemization of gender
theories and empirical data.
Students’ grading system:
Examination
-Test (written)-2 hours
-Written examination (the student has to choose 3 questions from given 10)-2 hours
-Essay evaluation
-Participation in seminar-discussions
103
 tradiciulad samxreT kavkasiaSi?
7. rogor vlindeba `umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi?
moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebidan.
8. rogoria qalis qonebriv-uflebrivi statusi dRevandel saqarTveloSi?
9. rogori iyo qalis uflebrivi statusi saqarTvelos mTaSi wawlobisa da
sworfrobis institutebis arsebobis fonze?
seminarze ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli davaleba da misi Sedegebi. moxdeba
studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J. Merguerian, Civic
Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102;
2. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scarlet Press,1992, gv.: 180-236;
3. n. cincaZe, socializaciis tradiciuli normebis asaxva axal garemoSi, kr.- Si:
usafrTxoebis strategiis eTnikuri aspeqtebi (pankisis krizisi), Tb., 2002, gv.: 238-265;
4. T. ivelaSvili, saqorwilo wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999, gv.: 263-286, 99-130;
5. n. cincaZe. qalis yofiTi da sazogadoebrivi roli sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebSi. -
kr.-Si: konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, Tb., mSvidobis,
demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 1998, gv.: 218-237;
6. surmaniZe l. qali qarTul mentalitetSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis
programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-28;
7. ser. makalaTia, fSavuri wawloba da xevsuruli sworfroba (eTnografiuli masalebi),
tfilisi, s.m.u.s. poligraftrestis ganyofilebis me-3 stamba, 1935, gv.: 3-5; 23-26.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Culture of Peace: Democracy and Dialogue of Cultures, Yerevan (Materials of International conference),
Association of Women with University Education, 1999
2. Women and Society . Gender Equality in the perspective of DemocraticDevelopment, (The materials of
thr third international conference), Armenia, Association of Women with University Education, 1999;
3. abaSiZe T. Jvania i. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamokvleva saqar-
TveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;
4. meliqiSvili l. qonebrivi urTierTobis zogierTi formis Sesaxeb mTiuleTSi —
saTavno, kr.- Si kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli, naw. III , 1971 w, gv.: 160-173;
5. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, genderuli
ganviTarebis asociacia, gam., `nekeri~, 2000;
6. CitaSvili m. kandelaki a. qalTa RirebulebaTa orientaciebi dRevandel saqar-
TveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris
gamomc., 1998, gv.: 112-124;
7. zurikaSvili f. devnili qali da eTnokonfliqtebi saqarTveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali
politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 145-155;
8. javaxiSvili m. qalebi qristianul religiaSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis
programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-14;
9. m.wereTeli qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, Tb., 2000;
10. n. baliauri, sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1991.
saleqcio kurisis bolos studentebi daurigdebaT kursis Sefasebis furceli.
102
mcdelobas, moexdinaT Sromis Tanabari ganawileba, didi gavlena ar mouxdenia
bavSvebze. karlsoni da barnesi (Carlsson & barnes, 1986) ikvlevdnen qalebisa da
mamakacebis Sexedulebebs tipur seqsualur-rolur qcevaze da sakuTari sqesobrivi
mikuTvnebulobis aRqmas. maT ver aRmoaCines kulturuli an sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
Sved bavSvebsa da kibucebSi gazrdil bavSvebs Soris.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
sqesi - gansazRvravs qalsa da mamakacs Soris anatomiur da fiziologiur sxvaobebs da
am sxvaobaTa kavSirs reproduqciis unarTan. sqesi biologiurad aris determini-
rebuli.
genderi - gamoiyeneba qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebuli TaviseburebebisTvis,
romelic aqcents akeTebs socialur da kulturul faqtorebze da ara biologiurze.
sqesobriv-roluri ideologia — gansazRvravs sqesebs Soris adekvatur ganwyobebs da
varirebs tradiciuli antifeministuri midgomidan, romelic mamakacis sqesis domi-
nirebas gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove anu egelitarul midgomamde, romlis mixedviTac
qalisa da mamakacis mniSvneloba Tanabaria da uaryofilia erTi sqesis dominireba
meoreze.
genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da qceva, romelic
iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad damaxasiaTeblad (mag. `kacebi metad agre-
siulebi arian, qalebi ki metad emociurebi~). stereotipebi xels uwyobs sqesobrivi
rolebis SeTvisebas da warmoadgens socializaciis modelebs bavSvebisTvis.
maskulinoba-feminuriba (m/f) — warmoadgens im xarisxs, romliTac qalebisa da
mamakacebis TviTaRqma Seicavs Tvisebebs, romlebic maT kulturaSi ganixileba
rogorc qalebiTvis an kacebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
genderuli cnobiereba — warmoadgens socialuri cnobierebis nawils, romelic
qalebisa da mamakacebs Soris Tanacxovrebisa da urTierTobebis wesis matarebelia.
pirveli leqciis Semdeg studntebi airCeven esses Temebs (saleqcio kursis Temebis
mixedviT), romlebic maT unda moamzadon ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literaturis
gamoyenebiT da warmoadginon seminarze. studentebs daevalebaT individualuri
muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samec-
niero literaturaSi (riderSi) warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
genderis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT, maT
miecemaT, agreTve davaleba Sesarulon praqtikuli samuSao. kerZod, 1). TiToeulma
studentma seminarisaTvis unda moamzados (Caiweros da warmoadginos) sul mcire 10
genderuli qcevis norma. 2). SemTxveviTad gaxsenebuli 10-15 ojaxis magaliTze
aRricxos qalebisa da mamakacebis profesiebi, dasaqmebis sferoebi, Tanamdeboba,
socialuri statusi.
seminari #1 (Tema # 1 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentebis mier Sesrulebuli kvlevis Sedegebis jgufuri
Sejameba da analizi. gaimarTeba diskusia genderis konstruirebaSi socialuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb (1 sT); seminarze moxdeba studentis mier
15
momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba diskusia seminaris Temaze (1 sT). kerZod,
dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra gansxvavebaa sqessa da genders Soris? moiyvaneT sqessa da genders Soris
gansxvavebis magaliTebi.
2. rogor gansazRvraven sxvadasxva avtorebi genders?
3. ras niSnavs genderuli stereotipebi da maskulinoba/feminuroba sxvadasxva
kulturebSi?
4. riTi SeiZleba davasabuToT, rom genderi warmoadgens socialur-kulturul
konstruqts?
5. ra saxiT vlindeba genderuli cnobiereba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?
6. ra xarisxiT arian invariantuli sxvadasxva kulturaSi genderuli Taviseburebebi,
rolebi, stereotipuli qcevebi da Sexedulebebi?
7. rogor gansxvavdebian isini kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis Sedegad?
8. ratom aris genderis Seswavla mniSvnelovani socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis?
saxelmwifosaTvis?
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-55;
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 199-204;
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, p.: 17-23;
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, p.:, 135-137.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 21-28, 238-266;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 316-322;
3. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,
Inc., 1990, gv.:1-34;
4. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti,
genderi da mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003,
nawili II;
5. m. wereTeli, genderi, rogorc fsiqikuri konstruqti — d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis
institutis SromaTa krebuli, 2004, Tb., gv.:185-188;
6. avaliani e. Zveli samyaros `feministuri~ kulturebi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da
socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 95-103.
16
SariaTi — musulmanuri samarTali, religiuri da iuridiuli normebis krebuli,
romelic dafuZnebulia yuranze.
endogamia — qorwineba erTi garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris, ase, magaliTad, tomis,
kastis an religiuri saTvistomos SigniT. leqciaSi ganxilul azrebaijanis
SemTxvevaSi sisxliT naTesavTa Soris. endogamiis tendencia aqvT Tanamedrove
xalxebis did nawilsac, rac maT mier erTi nacionalobis an erTi religiis SigniT
ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis saxiT vlindeba.
egzogamia _ sazogadoebriv-gvarovnuli wyobis wesi, romelic krZalavs erTi
garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris qorwinebas. magaliTad, tomis, kastis an naTesavTa
(sisxliT an mironiT) SigniT.
sorirati — gardacvlili colis umcrosi dis colad SerTvis wesi azerbaijanSi;
levirati — umcrosi Zmis qorwinebis wesi azerbaijanSi ufrosi Zmis qvrivze;
baSligi _ gadasaxadi patarZlisaTvis azerbaijanSi, romelsac iRebda misi mama
qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.
mexri _ gadasaxadi, romelic meuRles unda gadaexada colisTvis Tavisi iniciativiT
gayris SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanSi.
wiwagini - Tanxis gadaxda vaJis mSoblebis mxridan patarZlis dedisTvis somxeTSi.
tanteri — ufrosi mamakaci somxur did ojaxSi;
tantikini — ufrosi qali somxur did ojaxSi;
gerdestani — ramdenime Taobisgan Sedgenili didi ojaxi somxeTSi;
wawloba - naTesav da ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba
fSavSi. igi SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT da wels zeviT alersiT.
sworfroba - sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba xevsureTSi.
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon
saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi da maT
safuZvelze gaakeTon qalis statusis SedarebiTi analizi kavkasiur kulturebSi.
amasTanave, studentebs miecemaT Semdegi davalebebi: 1) maT unda gamoikiTxon erTi an
ori gaTxovili qali da gaarkvion (Sesabamisi instruqciis mixedviT) misi qonebriv-
uflebrivi statusi ojaxSi. 2) maT unda ifiqron imaze, Tu rogor vlindeba
`umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi da moiyvanon
konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebidan.
seminari #8 (Tema # 8 ) — 2 sT
seminarze gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba
Sendegi kiTxvebi:
1. rogoria qalis yofa azerbaijanul kulturaSi?
2. rogoria qalis yofa somxur kulturaSi?
3. rogoria qalis yofa qarTul kulturaSi?
4. ra gansxvavebaa qarTul, azernbaijanul da somxur kulturebs Soris qalis
qonebriv-uflebrivi statusis mixedviT?
5. ra daskvnebi SeiZleba gavakeToT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daniSvnis
wes-Cveulebebidan gamomdinare?
6. ramdenad Tanabari iyo qaliSvilebisa da vaJiSvilebis uflebebi qorwinebis dros
101
procesi daiwyo. 1991 wlidan kavkasiaSi Seiqmna qalTa pirveli arasamTavrobo orga- kvira #2
nizaciebi, romlebic postsabWoTa periodSi mkveTri politikur-ekonomikuri cvli- leqcia— 2 sT
lebebis fonze aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad qalTa organizaciebi ZiriTadad qalTa tra-
diciuli funqciis gaZlierebiT iyvnen dakavebulni da maTi moRvaweoba saqvelmoqme- Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli rolebis
do, mSvidobis myofeli an daucvel fenaTa daxmarebis programebiT Semoifargleboda. aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri,
1995 wels kavkasiis yvela qveyana SeuerTda konvencias `qalis mimarT kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi, androginiis koncefcia,
diskriminaciiis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~. (CEDAW). Seiqmna mudmivmomqmedi genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis da genderuli
specialuri saxelmwifo komisiebi, romelTa funqciaa saxelmwifo genderuli
sqemis Teoria).
politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba. qalTa moZraobis sagrZnobi gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia
aseve bolo wlebSi dasavleTTan kontaqtebis zrdam, ucxouri fondebis daxmarebam da
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba TiToeuli Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi, genderis
samoqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebam. dRes kavkasiis qveynebSi arsebobs mZlavrad
gageba am TeoriaTa farglebSi, agreTve, maTi kritikuli Sefaseba da mniSvneloba
ganviTarebuli qalTa organizaciebi (daax. 150-170 momqmedi organizacia), romlebic
genderuli kvelvebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
qalTa sakiTxis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicaven.
bolo 3-4 weliwadia, rac kavkasiis wamyvan umaRles saswavleblebSi daiwyo genderis
genderis gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi. genderul kvlevebze, kerZod
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis swavleba, magram jerjerobiT es sfero mainc naklebadaa
ki, genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli sxvaobebis gagebaze udidesi gavlena
ganviTarebuli. kavkasiis did qalaqebSi arsebobs genderisa da qalTa uflebebis
moaxdina z. froidis (Freud) fsiqoanalizurma Teoriam. froidi iyo pirveli fsiqo-
samecniero-kvleviTi centrebic.
logi, romelmac pirovnebis Teoriis centrSi moaqcia biologiuri sqesi da xazi gausva
miuxedavad qalTa arasamTavrobo seqtoris, saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso fon-
mis mniSvnelovan rols ganviTarebis procesSi.
debis didi Zalisxmevisa kavkasiaSi qalTa moRvaweoba feministuri moZraobis saxiT ar
marTalia, froidi genderis mkvlevarTa ricxvs ar miekuTvneba da TviT genderis
Camoyalibda. regionSi kvlav Zlieria tradiciuli kulturis gavlena da kavkasiis
mecnieruli terminic ar arsebobda am droisaTvis, magram man pirvelma axsna pirov-
qveynebi jer kidev Sorsaa genderuli Tanasworobisagan. marTalia kavkasieli qalebi
nebis sqesobrivi identifikaciisa da sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Camoyalibebis procesi.
gascdnen qalis tradiciul rols da aqtiurad CaerTnen sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,
amdenad, froidma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra genderis fenomenis mecnierTa
magram Sromisa da dasaqmebis bazarze, iseve, rogorc qveynis mmarTvelobis struq-
yuradRebis centrSi moqceva. misma Sexedulebebma safuZveli Cauyara genderis
turebSi maTTvis naklebad misawvdomia gadawyvetilebis mimRebi Tanamdebobebi. Tumca
mecnieruli kvlevis obieqtad Camoyalibebas. swored amitom, mniSvnelovnia
kavkasiis erT-erT qveyanaSi — saqarTveloSi, 2002-2004 wlebSi parlamentis Tavmjdo-
sqesobrivi identifikaciis meqanizmis froidiseuli gagebis ganxilva.
mare da Semdeg ki prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli qali iyo (nino burjanaZe,
z. froidis midgoma sqesobrivi identifikaciisadmi efuZneba bavSvis fsiqoseqsu-
romelic dRemde parlamentis Tavmjdomarea), magram qalTa CarTva gadawyvetilebis
aluri ganviTarebis mis mier gamoyofil stadiebs. kerZod, froidis Teoriis mixedviT
miRebis procesSi sistemur xasiaTs ar atarebs (ase, mag. kavkasiis qveynebis
sqesobrivi identifikaciisa da sqesobrivi sxvaobebis formirebis meqanizmi bavSvis
parlamentSi qali deputatebi saSualod 12%-s Seadgenen). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TviT
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSia Cadebuli. sqesobrivi identurobis ganviTa-
kavkasieli qalebis umetesoba gamokiTxvisas prioritets mainc tradiciul rolebs
reba mimdinareobs stadiebis seriebis mixedviT. yoveli etapi xasiaTdeba libiduri
aniWebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens axalgazrda Taoba, romelisTvisac prioritetulia
(seqsualuri) energiis koncentraciiT sxeulis garkveul nawilSi. fsiqoseqsualuri
sakuTari profesionalizmi da ganviTareba. genderuli uTanasworoba da qalTa
ganviTarebis I etapze — oralur stadiaze bavSvi aRwevs primitiul seqsualur
uflebebis diskriminacia gansakuTrebiT Zlieria kavkasiis musulmanur nawilSi,
dakmayofilebas wovis saSualebiT. II etapze — analur stadiaze siamovneba miiRweva
agreTve, provinciebSi da konfliqtis zonebSi, sadac qalebis umravlesoba jer kidev
defekaciiT da bavSvi koncentrirebulia ganavlis Sekavebasa da gamoyofaze. froidis
tradiciuli genderuli rolebiTaa Semofargluli da xSirad xdebian Zaladobis —
mixedviT, biWebisa da gogonebis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba erTnairad
colad SerTvis mizniT motacebis, vaWrobis, ojaxuri Zaladobisa da a.S. msxverplni.
mimdinareobs am ori sawyisi stadiis ganmavlobaSi.
falosur stadiaze, romelic daaxloebiT samidan eqvs wlamde mimdinareobs, bavSvis
leqciis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
libiduri energia fokusirdeba genitaliebze. swored am etapze xdeba sqesi da genderi
ojaxis `ufrosi qali~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi deda an dedamTili; gadamwyveti bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis. igi acnobierebs, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs
ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi mama an mamamTili; gansxvavebuli sasqeso organoebi aqvT.
am stadiamde siyvarulisa da erotikuli mimzidvelobis pirveli obieqti rogorc
`ganridebis~ wesi — kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac umcrosebi gogonebisaTvis, aseve biWebisaTvis, dedaa. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebi miaRweven
eridebodnen ufrosebs, qalebi ufrosebs da mamakacebs, rac magaliTad, gulisxmobda falosur stadias, maTi urTierTobebi dedasTan rTuldeba. biWebSi dedis mimarT
rogorc fizikur moridebas, agreTve, orsuli qalis moridebas (damalvas) rogorc siyvaruli incestad iqceva da viTardeba oidipos kompleqsi. patara biWebis survili
mSobel mamasTan, aseve qmris ojaxis mamakacebTan da sxv. `flobdnen~ dedas da masTan urTierTobaSi `Caanacvlon~ mama, iwvevs kastraciis SiSs.
`umZraxobis~ wesi - kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac qalebs ar hqondaT swored am SiSiT gamowveuli stresi da SfoTva biWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
ojaxis ufros mamakacebTan dalaparakebis ufleba. mamoZravebeli Zlieri Zalaa. biWebi Tavs arTmeven kastraciis SiSs dedis mimarT
seqsualuri ltolvisa da mamasTan mtruli damokidebulebis gandevniT (aracno-
100 17
bierSi). es xorcieldeba mamasTan identifikaciis gziT. biWebi cdiloben moawonon
mamas Tavi da gaiziaron misi Rirebulebebi. mamasTan identifikacia biWebs saSualebas
aZlevs `flobdes~ dedas, Tumca ara realurad, aramed — gaSualebulad (Canac-
vlebulad). mamasTan identifikaciis gziT daiZleva oidipos kompleqsi da viTardeba
superego — moraluri normebis sistema.
gogonebis ganviTareba sxvagvarad mimdinareobs. falosur stadiaze gogonebis mier
gakeTebuli aRmoCena, rom maT akliaT penisi, froidis mixedviT, gogonaTa
ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti momentia. gogonas uviTardeba e.w. `penisis Suri~. es
ukanaskneli gogonebis TviTSefasebas did dartymas ayenebs da maT arasrulfasovnebis
kompleqss uyalibebs. Tumca deda aris gogonebis siyvarulis Tavdapirveli obieqti,
magram isini swored dedas adanaSauleben penisis arqonaSi da uars amboben dedis
siyvarulze. TavianT siyvaruls isini mamebisken mimarTaven, romelTac aqvT is organo,
romelic maT da maT `defeqtur~ dedebs arasodes eqnebaT. gogonebis `penisis flobis~
survili mamisken siyvarulis warmarTviT ar aris srulad dakmayofilebuli. igi
gardaiqmneba mamisgan bavSvis yolis survilad da mogvianebiT, bavSvis yolis survilad
sakuTari meuRlisgan. froidis mixedviT, qali sruliad realizirdeba vaJiSvilis
gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, radgan igi aseTnairad, bolos da bolos, aRwevs didi xnis
sasurveli `penisis flobas~. amgvarad, patara gogo, romelic `patara kaci~ iyo
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis preoidipalur stadiaze, falosuri stadiis gavlis
Sedegad xdeba pasiuri, mgrZnobiare da ganayofierebis momlodine qali.
froidis azriT, gansxvavebiT biWebisgan, gogonebi Cveulebriv, warumateblobas
ganicdian srulad gadawyviton oidipos kompleqsi (am situacias, gogonebis Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba eleqtras kompleqsi ewodos). gogonebs aqvT krizisi maT mier penisis
ar flobis gamo da maTi incesturi moTxovnileba mamis mimarT aris penisis mopovebis
mcdeloba. biWebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic kastraciis SfoTviT arian motivi-
rebulni gadaWran iodipos kompleqsi, gogonebi TavianT Tavs ukve kastrirebulad
ganixilaven da amdenad, nakleb SfoTvas ganicdian. amitom qalebs Cveulebriv aqvT
naklebad ganviTarebuli moralurobis grZnobaTa sistema anu superego.
z. froidis mixedviT, gogonebSi iodipos kompleqsis nawilobrivi an arasruli
daZleva xdeba. es ki iwvevs tipur qalur Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas, iseTebs, rogoricaa,
pasiuroba da dedobis survili. froidi aRniSnavda, rom ganayofierebis survili aseve
miuTiTebs mazoxizmze da siamovnebaze tkivilisa da tanjvisagan, radganac seqsua-
luri urTierTobebi da Svilebis gaCena SeiZleba tkivilTan iyos dakavSirebuli.
amgvarad, froidis mixedviT, `penisis Suri~ da misi `flobis~ survili normaluri
qalurobis Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. biWisaTvis normaluri mamakacurobis
Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zala ki kastraciis SiSia. rac Seexeba sqesis identifi-
kaciis meqanizms, igi, froidis mixedviT, oidipos kompleqsis daZlevasa da igive sqesis
mSobelTan identifikaciaSi mdgomareobs.
z. froidis Teoriam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina ara mxolod genderis, aramed,
saerTod adamianis Sesaxeb mecnieruli azris ganviTarebaze. Tumca, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom misi Teoria mkacri kritikis sagani gaxda. yvelaze seriozuli kritika
anTropologebis mxridan modioda, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom es Teoria dasavluri
kulturis CarCoebiT aris SezRuduli. kerZod, malinovski miuTiTebda, rom oidipos
kompleqsi ar aris universaluri fenomeni, rogorc amas froidi varaudobda.
malinovski aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis sabazo struqtura (mama, deda da Svili), romelzec
agebulia oidipos kompleqsi, ar aris damaxasiaTebeli bevri kulturisTvis. magali-
Tad, trobrianis kunZulebze (papua — axali gvinea) ojaxis ufrosi ara mama, aramed —
biZaa dedis mxridan. amasTan mkacri tabu incestze dadebulia ara bavSvebisa da
18
Wrel windebs, ukeravda saTambaqoes, xolo vaJi Cuqnida qals kalaTas windebisTvis,
TiTis tarebs da xelsaqmis sxva instrumentebs.
xSirad wawloba wyvils Soris maTi gaTxoveba/colis SerTvis Semdegac grZeldeboda.
zogi qmari qals gaTxovebis Semdeg wawlobis uflebas ar aZlevda. amitom qali xSirad eyre-
boda anu gaurboda qmars. fSavuri ojaxis keTildReoba qalze iyo damyarebuli. mamakaci,
Cveulebriv, ar muSaobda da ojaxur meurneobas mTlianad qali uZRveboda. qali mkida da
Tibavda yanas, mwyemsavda Zroxebs, amzadebda rZis nawarms. garda amisa, qali uvlida ojaxs,
qsovda da keravda tansacmels. amgvarad, qalze iyo damokidebuli ojaxis ekonomikuri
siZliere. aqedan gamomdinare, qalis ojaxidan wasvla ar iyo sasurveli. ufro metic, es
SesaZlebelia ojaxis sruli ganadgurebiTac dasrulebuliyo. amitom mamakaci iZulebuli
iyo Segueboda qalis wawlobas. garda amisa, colis gaqceva fSavSi did sircxvilad
iTvleboda. aseT kacze gaTxovba qalebs aRar undodaT. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
qmari, Cveulebriv, egueboda qalis wawlobas. ra Tqma unda, igi TviTonac wawlobda.
xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli iyo qal-vaJTa sqesobrivi urTierTobebis msgavsi wesi,
romelic sworfrobis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. xevsureTis sworfroba urTierToba-
Ta ZiriTadi principiT fSavuri wawlobis msgavsia. sworfrobis ritualSic akrZa-
lulia qal-vaJis urTierTobaSi dawesebuli zRvris gadalaxva. Tumca ki arsebobs rigi
gansxvavebebisa maT Soris: fSavSi qalTan vaJi midis, xevsureTSi ki, piriqiT, qali midis
vaJTan. garda amisa, xevsureTSi Zmobili Tavis sworfer qals stumars uwvens
pativiscemis niSnad.
rogorc sworfrobis, aseve wawlobis wes-Cveulebis genezisi da funqciebi dRemde
ar aris sabolood garkveuli.
me-19 s.-is meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi kapitalizmis SemoWrasTan erTad qals ukve
kanoniT ekuTvnoda momkvidreobidan wili. es iyo mcire miwis nakveTi. amave dros,
kavkasiis mTian sasazRvro da gzispira regionebSi gaCnda wesi — gaTxovebisas
qalisaTvis ojaxidan mcire kapitalis gataneba (saqarTveloSi — `saTavno~, somxeTSi —
`arnegini~). am ukanasknels an pirutyvis an fulis saxe hqonda, romlisganac miRebul
mogebasc (rZis, yvelis, matylis da sxv. gayidviT an mevaxSoebiT) qalis pirad
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. amdenad, qali am qonebas sakuTari neba-survilis mixedviT
gankargavda. `saTavnosa~ da `arneginis~ wesi qals SedarebiT finansur Tavisuflebas
aZlevda ojaxSi. amdenad, qali ukve aRar iyo iseTi SezRuduli ojaxSi, rogorc es
feodaluri wyobis dros iyo.
me-19s.-Si daiwyo, agreTve, metad mZlavri qalTa saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaT-
leblo moZraoba, romelsac saTaveSi maRali wris qalebi edgnen. misi mizani iyo dabali
fenebisaTvis qvelmoqmedeba, wera-kiTxvisa da xelsaqmis swavleba.
sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworoba oficialuri
ideologiiT propagandirebuli da kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli iyo. mmarTvelobis
umaRles organoSi — umaRles sabWoSi qali deputatebisaTvis 38-40%-iani kvota
arsebobda; sabWoTa kavSirSi 1948 wlidan arsebobda oficialuri da erTaderTi qalTa
organizaciac — qalTa sabWo, romelsac centralizirebuli mmarTveloba da qseluri
struqrura hqonda. qalisaTvis mamakacTan Tanasworad xelmisawvdomi iyo ganaTlebis
sistemis yvela safexuri, nebismieri profesia da moRvaweobis sfero. miuxedavad amisa,
qalis intagracia sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mainc formalur xasiaTs atarebda,
radganac realuri polirikuri gadawyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze qalebi ar
iniSnebodnen. qalis mier arCeul profesia da moRvaweobis sfero mainc tradiciul
CarCoebSi rCeboda. arsebobda tradiciuli mentalitetiT gansazRvruli qalis
prestiJuli profesiebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, aRmzrdeli, pedagogi, eqimi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kavkasiis qveynebSi demokratiis mSeneblobis
99
mamakaci daiwunebda cols anu gayras gadawyvetda, maSin mas colisaTvis `namaSvrali~
unda gadaexada. `namaSvrali~ imdeni saqonlis micemas gulisxmobda colisTvis, ramdeni
welic qali cxovrobda da muSaobda qmris ojaxSi, pirveli da bolo wlebis gamoklebiT.
saqarTveloSi qalis statusis gasaanalizeblad metad sainteresoa sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis formebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelos mTian nawilSi
(xevsureTSi da fSavSi). mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs fSavuri wawlobisa da xevsuruli
sworfrobis insitutebi.
wawloba fSavelTa Soris gavrcelebuli seqsualuri xasiaTis Cveulebaa. wawlobas
nadob-naZmobasac uwodebdnen xolme. wawloba iwyeba fSaveli qal-vaJis sqesobrivi
simwifis periodidan (ToTxmeti wlidan). rac ufro meti wawali hyavda ymawvil qalsa Tu
vaJs, miT ufro pativcemuli iyo igi. Tu qaliSvils an vaJiSvils ar yavda wawlebi, maSin is
fSavSi `uxeirod~ iTvleboda. miRebuli iyo, rom axalgazrda ise unda moqceuliyo, rom
miezida wawlebi. wawloba niSnavs naTesav da ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis wes-Cveulebas fSavSi. es Cveuleba daculia xatis sjuliTa da wesebiT.
qal-vaJis sqesobrivi urTierTobebi garkveuli uflebebiTa da SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba.
kerZod, wawloba daSvebulia rogorc naTesavTa, aseve - ucxo pirTa Soris. miuxedavad
amisa, fSavSi naTesavTa Soris wawlobas eridebian. saqmes isaa, rom wawlobis wes-Cveulebis
mixedviT, sqesobrivi urTierTobebi qal-vaJs Soris SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT da wels
zeviT alersiT. wawlis orsuloba did sircxvilad iTvleboda. wawlebis mxridan wesis
darRveva maTi Temidan gandevniT isjeboda. es wesi gansakuTrebiT mkacrad moqmedebda
naTesav wawalTa Soris, romlebic sisxlis aRrevis gamo ara Tu Temidan gandevniT, aramed
sikvdiliTac SeeZloT daesajaT. amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, naTesavTa Soris dasaSvebia
wawloba, magram qorwineba miuRebelia. erTi Temis wawlebs xatisgan akrZaluri hqondaT
SeuRleba, SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva Temis wawlebis SeuRleba.
wawloba, cxadia, urTierTmowonebaze da ltolvaze iyo dafuZnebuli. qaliSvili da
vaJiSvili urTierTmowonebis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs nadob-naZmobas ucxadebdnen da
amis Semdeg mimarTavdnen wawlobis wesis Sesrulebas anu erTad wolas.
fSavSi miRebulia, rom daniSnul adgilas qaliSvilTan vaJi mivides. es adgili
Tavdapirvelad saxlidan moSorebiT mdebareobs (tyeSi nabdis qveS, sabZelSi, boselSi
da a.S.). garkveuli siaxlovis damyarebis Semdeg vaJi midis qaliSvilis saxlSi ise, rom
misma mSoblebma ar gaigon. Tu mSoblebi mainc SeamCneven TavianTi qaliSvilis wawalis
stumrobas, wesisamebr ise moiqcevian, rom viTom araferi gaugiaT.
wawloba, Cveulebriv, Rame mimdinareobs da mamlis yivilamde grZeldeba.
fSavSi gavrcelebulia mravalwawlianoba. SesaZlebelia xuTi an aTi wawlis yola.
eTnografiuli masalebidan cnobilia oci wawlis yolis SemTxvevebic. es, cxadia,
warmoSobs naZmobTa (wawali vaJi) Soris qiSpobis SemTxvevebs. mtrobisa da
konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba da daregulireba qalis saqmea. man ise unda moawyos
Sexvedra, rom misi sxva wawali amas ar Seeswros (magaliTad, qali mxolod erT wawals
uSvebs saxlSi anu mxolod maSin uRebs karebs vaJs, winaswar setanxmebuli specialuri
niSnis, stvenis an kakunis Semdeg, Tu igi sxva wawalTan dakavebuli ar aris).
fSaveli qalis gaTxovebas sruliad ar uSlida xels wawloba. piriqiT, wawloba xels
uwyobda gaTxovwebas. saqme isaa, rom fSavelTa SexedulebiT, rac ufro meti wawali
hyavs qaliSvils, miT ufro Rirseul da pativcemul qalad iTvleba igi. miRebuli iyo,
rom rodesac nadobi (wawali qali) Txovdeboda, mas mayrebad Tan mihyvebodnen naZmobni
(wawlebi). amasTan nadobis (wawali qalis) qorwilis dros naZmobebis (wawali
mamakacebis) mayarSi wayola da maTi simravle qalisaTvis saamayod iTvleboda.
garda trfoba-alersisa, wawlobis instituti moicavda wyvilis mier erTma-
neTisTvis saCuqrebis gakeTebis wes-Cveulebasac: ase magaliTad, qali uqsovda vaJs
98
mSoblebis urTierTobebze, aramed Zmebsa da debs Soris urTierTobebze. malinovski
aRniSnavda, rom aseT pirobebSi oidipos kompleqss sruliad sxvagavari saxe unda mis-
cemoda. marTlac, trobrianis kunZulebis miTebis Seswavlisas malinovskim aRmoaCina,
rom maT safuZvels warmoadgens debsa da Zmebs Soris urTierTobebis mkacri tabu.
Tumca malinovski akritikebda froids oidipos kompleqsTan dakavSirebiT, magram
igi sruliad iziarebda misi Teoriis ZiriTad principebs. malinovski iziarebda
froidis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxebac, rom gandevnili survilebi proeqciebSi (miTebSi,
folklorSi da a. S.) vlindeba, im gansxvavebiT, rom es proeqciebi universaluri ki ar
aris, aramed gansxvavdeba kulturaTa mixedviT.
froidis ideebma normaluri feminuri da maskulinuri pirovnebis Sesaxeb metad
farTe gavrceleba pova rogorc mis studentebSi, aseve fsiqologebsa da socialuri
mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebSi. misi midgoma genderuli identifikaciisa da
genderuli tipirebis Sesaxeb mravali interpretaciis dasayrdeni gaxda.
z. froidis Teoriis mimdevaris helen daCis azriT, gogonas ganviTarebis
mamoZravebel Zalas `penisis Suris~ universaluri kategoria ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
yvela adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Suri imisa, rac sxvas aqvs.
erik eriqsonma ganavrco froidis ganviTarebis Teoria. eriqsonis damsaxurebaa
bavSvis ganviTarebaSi da identifikaciaSi biologiur impulsebTan erTad socialuri
faqtorebis zegavlenis mniSvnelobis xazgasma. amasTan, eriqsonis mixedviT, qalis
genderuli identifikaciis safuZvels penisis uqonloba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed —
saSvilosnos qona. eriqsonma xazi gausva Sinagani sivrcis cnebas. igi akvirdeboda 10-12
wlis bavSvebis TamaSs da daadgina, rom Sinagani sivrce gavlenas axdens sqesis
identifikaciaze. bavSvebs eZleodaT adamianebisa da cxovelebis miniaturuli figu-
rebi. maT sTxovdnen, rom aegoT kinos (filmis) scena. gogos tipuri scena Sedgeboda
interieris scenisagan adamianebiT da avejiT. biWis tipuri scena iyo saxls gareT,
morTuli kedlebiT, fasadebiT da boZebiT. gogonebis scenebi mSvidi da statikuri
iyo, xolo biWebisa — aqtiurobisken orientirebuli. eriqsonma paraleli gaavlo
genderul konstruqtiul TamaSebs Soris gansxvavebebsa da sqesTabiologiur gansxva-
vebebs Soris (qalis Sinagani faqizi organoebi da kacis garegani, aqtiuri organoebi).
swored es gansxvavebuli organoebi gansazRvraven, eriqsonis mixedviT, bavSvebis
gansxvavebul Sinagan sivrces, romlic maTi sqesobrivi identifikaciis safuZvelia.
alfred adleri Tvlida, rom adamiani upirvelasad socialuri da ara seqsualuri
arsebaa. da amdenad, misi qceva motivirebulia ara biologiuri instiqtebiT, aramed -
socialuri interesebiT. misi azriT, maskulinuri dominantoba ar aris bunebrivi
movlena. igi gamowveulia kacebisa da biWebis ufro meti socialuri RirebulebiT
ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi.
karen horni Tvlida, rom froidis monacemebi qalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb asaxavs
patara biWis azrebs qalis anatomiis Sesaxeb. Tumca patara biWi SeiZleba uyurebdes
patara gogos da fiqrobdes, rom man dakarga penisi, magram aranairi safuZveli ara
gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom gogoc ase fiqrobs. horni ar eTanxmeboda froids, rom `penisis
Suri~ da kastraciis kompleqsi qalis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmia. igi
aRniSnavda, rom icnobda zustad imdenive kacs, romlebsac qalis saSvilosnosi
SurdaT, ramdensac qals, romlebsac kacis penisis SurdaT. igi Tvlida, rom zogierTi
kacis akviatebuli swrafva miRwevisaken gamoxatavs qalebis unikaluri
SesaZleblobebis (reproduqciuli unaris) zekompensacias. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
hornis azriT, saSvilosnos Surs mivyevarT feminur kompleqsamde.
hornis azriT, ar arsebobs qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris biologiurad deter-
minitebuli fsiqologiuri sxvaobebi. isini ganpirobebulia genderul
19
identifikaciaze kulturuli faqtorebis da qalis susti bunebis Sesaxeb ideo-
logiebis didi zegavlenis gamo.
biologiuri da kulturuli faqtorebis genderul identifikaciaze gavlenis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania m. midis kvlevebi. axli gvineis 3
ganxsvavebuli tomis Seswavlis Sedegad, man daadgina, rom qalisa da mamakacis
stereotipuli Tvisebebi yovelTvis ar aris biologiuri sqesiT ganpirobebuli.
seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda, agreTve qalisa da qalurobis fenomenis
froidiseuli gageba. feministuri moZraobis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom froidis
damokidebuleba qalebisadmi viqtorianuli epoqis Sexedulebebis asaxvaa. klara
tompsonis azriT, froidis Sexedulebebis SezRuduloba yvelaze kargad Cans `penisis
Suris~ mis koncefciaSi. klara tompsoni aRiarebs, rom gogonebs SurT biWebis, magram
misi azriT, es Suri qalebis biologiuri arasrulfasovnebiT ki ar aris gamowveuli
(rogorc es froids aqvs gagebuli), aramed im privilegiebiT, romlebiTac gansxvavebiT
gogonebisa da qalebisagan, sargebloben sazogadoebaSi biWebi da mamakacebi.
froidis Teorias akritikeben empiriuli monacemebis simwiris gamoc. kerZod, sxva
mkvlevarTa mravalricxovani empiriuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom zneobrivi
grZnobebi bavSvebs ar uyalibdebaT sxeulebrivi dazianebebis miRebis SiSis gamo
(iqneba es kastraciis SiSi Tu sxva tipis fizikuri dasja). moraluri grZnobebi bavSvs
uviTardeba maSin, roca igi siyvaruliT aris garSemortymuli da cdilobs
SeinarCunos es siyvaruli. es monacemebi exeba rogorc biWebs, aseve gogonebs.
fsiqoanalizis feministuri mimarTulebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom
froidis Teoria zedmetad individualisturia da mowyvetilia socialur garemos.
nensi Codorou da jesika benJamini aRniSnavdnen, rom SeuZlebelia SeviswavloT
adamiani izolirebulad da mxolod misi ltolvebi da egofunqciebi gaviTvaliswinoT.
maTi azriT, mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli Tvisebebis
Camoyalibebis modelis agebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobebic.
froidis Teoria gakritikebuli iyo imis gamoc, rom misi debulebebi exeba bavSvis
ganviTarebas, misi damamtkicebeli empiriuli sabuTebi ki zrdasruli adamianebis
kvlevis Sedegadaa mopovebuli.
zogierTi fsiqologis azriT, froidis Teorias aranairi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, rad-
gan igi Zalian bundovani da araerTmniSvnelovania. kerZod, kritika exeba am Teoriis
safuZvelze bavSvis ganviTarebis prognozirebis SesaZleblobebs. am avtorebis azriT,
xSir SemTxvevebSi mas mivyevarT erTi da igive movlenis urTierTsawinaaRmdego
interpretaciebamde. magaliTad, frustraciam analur stadiaze SeiZleba gamoiwvios
xasiaTis iseTi Tvisebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa, akuratuloba, sisufTave da
damjeroba an piriqiT — amboxisa da areulobisaken midrekileba.
amgvarad, daskvnisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom z. froidis Teoriis farglebSi
genderuli identifikaciis gagebis kritika efuZneba Semdeg argumentebs: empiriuli
masalis simwire; pirovnebis biologiuri fsqtorebiT determinirebuloba; qalis
moralurobisa da Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis modelis sisuste; pirovnebis socialur
garemosgan mowyvetili gageba; kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da maT Soris ojaxisa da
urTierTobebis kulturuli praqtikebis gauTvaliswinebloba.
miuxedavad mravalricxovani da seriozuli kritikisa, froidis Teoriam udidesi
gavlena moaxdina genderis gagebaze da misi, rogorc mecnieruli koncefciis
ganviTarebaze. rogorc zemoT davrwmundiT, froidis bevri kritikosis Sexeduleba
swored misi Teoriidan iRebs saTaves: maTi umetesoba iziarebs sqesis identifikaciis
froidiseuli gagebis ZiriTad principebs. Tumca ki, froidis kritikosebi avseben da
20
srolis wesi.
saqarTvelos zogierT nawilSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli colis SerTva
motacebis gziT. es wesi metad popularuli iyo afxazeTSi da samegreloSi.
specialistebis azriT, qalis motacebis mizezebi qorwinebastan dakavSirebuli
materialuri danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebaSi unda veZeboT. xSirad motaceba xdeboda
axalgazrdebis SeTanxmebiTac, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca qaliSvils saqmro hyavda
da iwunebda. zogierTi specialistis azriT, qalis motaceba gamowveuli iyo
feodalur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli `pirveli Ramis~ wesiT, romlis mixedviTac
patarZalTan pirveli Ramis gatarebis ufleba batons hqonda.
Tu gamtaceblebs mdevari gamoedevneboda, maSin vaJis ojaxs mdevrisaTvis saxlis
karebTan saklavi unda daexvedrebina Semosarigeblad. Tu qali winaaRmdegi iyo, maSin
mas sruli ufleba hqonda ukan gayoloda mdevars. amgvarad, motacebis SemTxvevaSi
qalis azrs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
garigebiT daniSvna mTels saqarTveloSi farTed gavrcelebuli wesi iyo. igi
dRemde SemorCa mosaxleobis garkveul fenebSi. garigebaSi mTavari momqmedi gmiri iyo
`maWankali~ an misi Semcvleli axlo naTesavi. `maWankali~ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi sxvadasxva motivebiT moqmedebda. zogan is ubralod axlo naTesavi an
keTilmosurne iyo da amitom misTvis gasamrjelos an saCuqris SeTavazeba did
Seuracyofad iTvleboda. zogan igi saCuqars iRebda, zogan ki igi gasamrjelosaTvis
irjeboda. amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi gasamrjelos odenoba mziTvis odenobis
proporciulad izrdeboda.
niSnoba warmoadgens saqorwino mxareebis SeTanxmebis dadasturebis gamomxatvel
rituals. niSnobis ritualiTvis mniSvnelovania beWdis an raime sxva samkaulis gada-
cema. niSnobis Semdeg ojaxebi ukve danaTesavebulad iTvlebodnen. daniSvnis Semdeg
qali faqtiurad gaTxovilad iTvleboda da misi Txova sxva pirisagan miuRebeli iyo.
sainteresoa `kveTilSi Casmis~ rituali. es rituali maSin sruldeboda, roca qali
daiwunebda Tavis daniSnul saqmros. am SemTxvevaSi saqmro qals `kveTilSi svamda~, rac
imas niSnavda, rom vaJi ramdenime wliT ukrZalavda qals gaTxovebas an usaxelebda im
soflebs, sadac mas gaTxoveba ar SeeZlo.
saqarTveloSi niSnobidan qorwinebamde, Cveulebriv, erTi weli gadioda. Tumca es
periodi SeiZleba ufro gagrZelebuliyo. es damokidebuli iyo ojaxebis materialur
mdgomareobaze da daniSnuli wyvilis asakze. niSnobidan qorwilamde peroidSi,
Cveulebriv, qal-vaJs erTmaneTis naxvis ufleba ar hqondaT. daniSnuli qali
moridebulad unda moqceuliyo, saxlidan iSviaTad unda gasuliyo. miuRebeli iyo,
agreTve, misi stumroba sxva soflebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, saqmros sofelSi. zogierT
kuTxeSi am periods `sapatarZlos tyveobis~ periodsac uwodeben. saintersoa, rom
tradiciis mixedviT, erT-erTi daniSnulis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, meore mas ise
iglovebda, rogorc namdvili meuRle, Tumca ki erTmaneTi SeiZleba nanaxic ki ar
hyavdaT.
qorwili saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTels samxreT kavkasiaSi or etapad mimdina-
reobda: qorwili qalis mamis saxlSi da qorwili vaJis mamis saxlSi. amasTan, saqarTve-
loSic qalis mamis saxlSi gamarTuli qorwili ufro mcirericxovani iyo. rogorc vi-
ciT, es rituali dRemde arsebobs samxreT kavkasiaSi. qorwilis erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani rituali iyo jvriswera, romelic, Cveulebriv, sapatarZlos sofelSi arsebul
eklesiaSi mimdinareobda. qalis cxovreba axal ojaxSi moicavda rig ritualebs,
romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo rogorc rZlis ojaxSi miRebasTan, aseve qalis mier axal
ojaxsa da Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxs Soris naTesavuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebasTan.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi arsebobda col-qmris gayris specialuri wesic. Tu
97
 saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli genderuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb metad saintereso
masalebs gvawvdis saqorwino wes-Cveulebebis analizi.
saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. esaa
winasaqorwino periodi, TviTon qorwili da qorwilis Semdgomi periodi. qorwinebis
rituali ZiriTadad xuT cikls Seicavda: qalis SerTvis saSualebebi (daniSvna),
niSnoba, periodi niSnobidan qorwilamde, qorwili da qorwilis Semdgomi periodi.
saqarTveloSi naTesavTa Soris egzogamia daculia manam, sanam naTesaoba STamoma-
valTa mexsierebaSi aris Senaxuli. amasTan egzogamia daculia iyo ar mxolod naTe-
savTa Soris, aramed erTi soflis an erTi Temis SigniTac, romelTa mkvidrnic erTi sa-
locavis (xatis) mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen (magaliTad, mTaSi). qorwineba ikrZa-
leboda, agreTve, mosisxle gvarebs Sorisac, imis Semdegac ki, roca gvarebi Serig-
debodnen. akrZalva ZalaSi iyo manam, sanam es STamomavalTa mesxierebaSi arsebobda.
vaJiSvilisaTvis meuRlis arCeva mSoblebis movaleobas da uflebas warmoadgenda.
dasaqorwinebeli wyvilis SerCevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda sapatarZlos
dedis, rogorc diasaxlisis reputacias, radgan iTvleboda, rom qali ara mxolod
swavlobda dedisagan diasaxlisobas, aramed memkvidreobiT iRebda misgan pirovnul
niSan-Tvisebebsac. vaJis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, arkvevdnen mis da misi winaprebis fizikur
da gonebriv sijansaRes, saojaxo da sameurneo saqmianobis gaZRolis unars, zneobas da
sxv. saqarTveloSi arsebobda qalis daniSvnis sxvadasxva wesebi: dabadebamde daniSvna,
akvanSi daniSvna, `xelis dakvriT~ daniSvna da sxv. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-
calke.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli iyo bavSvis dabadebamde daniSvnis
wesi. danaTesavebis mizniT, ojaxebi Tanxmdebodnen momavali Svilebis qorwinebis
Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo akvanSi daniSvnis wesic. am wesis mixedviTac,
bavSvebis momavali bedi wydeboda mSoblebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi
akvanSi mwoliare daniSnul gogos miutandnen xolme saCuqars (TavSals, beWeds), xolo
mis ojaxs ZRvens puris, saklavis, sasmelis da sxva saxiT. samkauls akvanze kidebdnen da
es iyo momavali qaliSvilis daniSvnis niSani. iseve rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi, akvanSi
daniSvnis drosac, daniSnuli vaJis mSoblebi movaleni iyvnen qorwinebis asakis
dadgomamde garkveuli periodulobiT (magaliTad, weliwadSi erTxel) qaliSvilis
ojaxSi saCuqrebi mietanaT. SesaZlebeli iyo zrdasrulobisas qaliSvils uari eTqva
qorwinebaze, magram am SemTxvevaSi mis ojaxs e.w. `danaxarji~ unda aenazraurebina
vaJiSvilis ojaxisaTvis. amgvarad, daniSvnis es wesebi, TvalnaTliv gviCveneben qalis
uuflebobas feodalur saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi arsebobda daniSvnis sxva saxeebic. metad sainte-
resoa qalis daniSvnis wesi, romelic ZiriTadad xevsureTSi da afxazeTSi gvxvdeba da
romelsac `xelis dakvriT~ daniSvna ewodeba. aseTi wesiT daniSvna SeiZleba momxdariyo
TavSeyris adgilebSi. es rituali SemdegSi mdgomareobda. qals vaJis mama, biZa an sxva
mamrobiTi sqesis axlo naTesavi mxarze xels dakravda, rac imas niSnavda, rom qali
`xeldakrulia~, `xelmokidebulia~ da mas sxvagan gaTxovwebis ufleba aRar hqonda.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi arsebobda qalis daniSvnis sxva wesic. igi qalis
nivTebiT daniSvnis wesis saxeliTaa cnobili. ojaxSi mosuli stumari (mamakaci) ojaxSi
tovebda raime nivTs (saTuTunes, maTraxs, fuls da a.S.), rac imis niSani iyo, rom
stumars am ojaxSi qaliSvili moewona sacoled an sarZlod. am dros maspinZeli
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ifiqrebda, rom es SemTxveviT moxda. ori dRis Semdeg,
qaliSvilis ojaxs ugzavnidnen Suamavlebs. aseTi wesiT qalis daniSvnis Semdeg
qorwilze uaris Tqma did Seuracyofad iTvleboda.
arsebobda qalis daniSvnis kidev sxva wesebic, magaliTad, cekvis dros qudis
96
anviTareben mis models, sqesis identifikaciis meqanizmSi damatebiTi, kulturuli
faqtorebis Semotanis gziT. amdenad, froidis Teoria unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
genderis fsiqologiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi stimuli, mamoZravebeli Zala da
genderis Tanamedrove gagebis mecnieruli winapiroba.
genderis gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi.
pirovnebis socialur-kognituri Teoriis(Bandura, Mishell) mixedviT qcevis
asaxsnelad sakmarisi ar aris mxolod adamianis Sinagani realobis gaTvaliswineba.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, kulturuli da socialuri faqtorebic, romelic zegavlenas
axdens pirovnebis ganviTarebaze. banduras mixedviT, adamianis fsiqikuri funqci-
onirebis meqanizmi qcevis, SemecnebiTi sferos da garemos uwyveti urTierT-
zemoqmedebis terminebSi unda iyos agebuli.
socialur-kognituri Teoria genderul-roluri orientaciis formirebas
ganixilavs, rogorc gamocdilebis SeZenis rezultats. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi,
Tanatolebi da socializaciis sxva agentebi ayalibeben bavSvebis genderul-rolurad
orientirebul qcevas, adekvaturi da araadekvaturi qcevis ganmtkicebiTa da dasjiT,
modelirebiT, molodinebiT, saTamaSoebis SerCeviT da sxva momentebiT, romelic
dakavSirebulia gansxvavebuli moqceviT gogonebTan da biWebTan.
socialur-kognituri Teoria biheviorizmidan da swavlis eqsperimentuli gamok-
vlevebidan iRebs saTaves. am Teoriis mixedviT, adamini swavlobs qcevis paternebs
daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc cxoveli, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
gamomwvevi mizezi ar aris yovelTvis iseTi konkretuli, rogorc cxovelisaTvis
sakvebi. bavSvis qceva yalibdeba mozrdilebis yuradRebiTa da waxalisebiT. rogorc
angeri aRniSnavs, mSoblebi ar dayvebian TavianT patara gogonas da yovelTvis, roca is
Tojinas aiRebs xelSi saTamaSod, ar aZleven kanfetebs waxalisebis mizniT. aseve ar
ubrazdebian yovelTvis, roca manqaniT TamaSobs. magram Tu mama periodulad Sexedavs
mas Tbili RimiliT, roca is fanqrebiT rveulSi xatavs, gogona xSirad gaimeorebs am
qcevas. axlad naswavli qceva SeiZleba gavrceldes sxva situaciebzec — gogona
daiwyebs xatvas ara mxolod saxlSi, aramed — sabavSvo baRSic. ufro zogadad, gogonam
SeiZleba daiswavlos, rom `wynari~ TamaSi ukeTesia, vidre — `aqtiuri~.
am Teoriis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
bavSvi cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT swavlobs sxvebze dakvirvebiT, modelirebiT da
maTi qcevis imitirebiT. socialur-kognituri Teoriis amosavals warmoadgens
debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom qcevis axali formebis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia uSualo
garegani ganmtkicebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. qcevis aTviseba SesaZlebelia
magaliTis saSualebiTac. Cven vakvirdebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian sxvebi da Semdeg
vimeorebT maT qcevas. amgvarad, bandura aqcents akeTebs ara pirdapir ganmtkicebaze,
aramed — swavlaze dakvirvebisa da magaliTis gziT. aseTnairad adamianebs
uyalibdebaT garkveuli qcevis kognituri modeli, romelic verbaluri da kognituri
reprezentaciebis saxiT inaxeba mexsierebaSi da momaval qcevaSi orientiris funqcias
asrulebs. kerZod, qcevis am kognitur modelebze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba momavali
qcevis Rirebulebis kognituri Sefaseba da sazogadoebaSi misi dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis ganWvreta.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qcevis kognituri modeli am Teoriis farglebSi samodelo qcevis
xatia, romelic SemdgomSi Sesabamisi an Seusabamo qcevis prototipad gamoiyeneba.
qcevis da maT Soris genderuli qcevis prototipis Camoyalibeba swavlis procesSi
mimdinare Sesabamisi qceviTi magaliTebis, informaciis verbaluri gadacemis,
imitaciisa da modelirebis Sedegia.
21
 imitacia an modelireba spontanurad vlindeba bavSvSi. isini manerebis, laparakis
da sxva mravali qcevis imitacias axdenen. magaliTad, patara biWuna saTamaSo saparsiT
iparsavs, roca mamamisi namdvil saparss iyenebs, deda axalSobils aWmevs, patara
gogona ki - Tavis Tojinas. imitacia xSirad vlindeba TamaSebSi, iseTebSi, rogoricaa,
`saxlobana~, omobana~, deda-Svilobana~, `skolobana~ da a.S.
swavla xSirad dakvirvebis Sedegia, Tumca igi SeiZleba maSinve ar gamovlindes
imitaciis saxiT. magaliTad, gogona SeiZleba akvirdebodes dedas, romelic did dros
uTmobs Tavis garegnobas, kosmetikas, tansacmels da swavlobdes, rom mimzidveloba
qalis aucilebeli kategoriaa. amave dros, man es codna SeiZleba ara maSinve, aramed
garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg, mxolod mozrdilobisas gamoiyenos. banduras
mixedviT, aTvisebuli genderulad tipiuri qceva mexsierebaSi inaxeba da gamoiyeneba
maSin, rodesac mosalodnelia am qcevis sazogadoebis mxridan dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
(waxaliseba).
bavSvis unari winaswar ganWvritos momavali qcevis Sedegebi (kognituri struq-
turebisa da funqciebis gamoyenebiT) saSualebas aZlevs mas Tavidan aicilos arasa-
surveli qceva da amgvarad iswavlos, Tu romeli qcevaa misaRebi misi sqesisTvis da
romeli qcevaa miuRebeli.
amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, am Teoriis mixedviT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kogni-
turi procesebis monawileobas qcevis modelirebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, socialur-
kognituri Teoria xazs usvams socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis mniSvnelovan
rols sqesis identifikaciis procesSi. igi ganixilavs am faqtorTa zegavlenis 2 dones:
uSualo qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas pirdapiri gamocdilebis safuZvelze) da
Teoriuli qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas dakvirvebis, modelirebisa da qcevis
Sedegebis kognituri Sefasebis, ganWvretis gziT).
amgvarad, socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi kognituri kategoriebi da codna
warmoadgens erT-erT damatebiT mniSvnelovan (adamianisaTvis specifikur) faqtors
genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, genderuli qcevis
kognituri kategoria — prototipi, am TeoriaSi ufro genderuli identifikaciisa da
tipirebis procesis meqanizmis amxsneli cnebaa, vidre — uSualo dasja-waxalisabisa Tu
momavali qcevis rezultatebis Sefasebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli fsiqikuri
konstruqtisa.
qcevis genderuli tipireba (bavSvis mier gernderul-roluri orientaciebis aTvi-
seba) ufro advilad mimdinareobs, roca mSoblebi ise awyoben garemocvas, rom zogi
qcevis ganxorcieleba ufro iyos mosalodneli (an mosaxerxebeli) vidre — sxvisa.
magaliTad, Tu biWis oTaxi savsea sportuli danadgarebiT, ufro metia imis albaToba,
rom is ufro uxeSi TamaSebiT iqneba gatacebuli, vidre misi da, romlis oTaxic naz
ferebSi da nazi atributebiTaa mowyobili.
arsebobs damajerebeli kroskulturuli sabuTebi, rom socialuri faqtorebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTvisebaSi. davale-
bebi, romlebsac bavSvebs aZleven, agreTve, roluri modelebi, romlebsac gvTavazobs
kultura, ufro farTe planSi, aZlevs bavSvebs saSualebas aiTvisos sxvadasxva rolebi
da qcevis tipebi.
genderul identifikaciaze da tipirebaze socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas adastureben sxvadasxva avtorTa mier Catarebul kroskul-
turul kvlevebi. marTalia, yvela es kvleva socialuri daswavlis Teoriis farglebSi
ar Catarebula, magram TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens bavSvebis genderul identi-
fikaciaze da tipirebaze socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis ilus-
tracias. amdenad, es kvlevebi socialur-kognituri Teoriis damadasturebel sabu-
22
erTmaneTs.
saqorwino rituali, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasomxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
gansxvavebebs moicavs, ZiriTadad erTnairad mimdinareobda. somxuri qorwinebisTvis
specifikuria garkveuli Tanxis gadaxda vaJis mSoblebis mxridan patarZlis
dedisTvis. am Tanxas wiwagins uwodeben, romelic pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT `ZuZus
fass~ anu im rZis safasurs aRniSnavs, romliTac dedam Tavisi qaliSvili gamokveba.
somxur kulturaSi tradiciulad iTvleba, agreTve, mziTvis gataneba qaliSvilisTvis,
romlis ragvaroba da sididec aseve winaswari SeTanxmebis sagania. Cveulebriv,
mziTevSi Sedioda loginis TeTreuli, saqorwilo farda, WurWeli, zogjer ki
pirutyvic. sainteresoa, rom Zroxas somxeTSi arasodes ar atandnen mziTevSi. xalxuri
gadmocemis mixedviT, es imiT aixsneba, rom ojaxidan mdedrobiTi sqesis ori wevri ar
gasuliyo. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo.
iseve, rogorc sxva samxreT kavkasiur kulturebSi (azerbaijani, saqarTvelo)
qorwili aqac Semodgomaze imarTeboda.
somxeTSic, iseve rogorc azerbaijanSi moqmedebda ubiwobis instituti. orivegan
did sircxvilad iTvleboda, Tu pirvel saqorwilo Rames patarZali ubiwo ar iyo.
magram somxeTSi sruldeboda Semdegi ritualic. rogorc ki gairkveoda, rom qmari
`daeufla~ qaliSvils, am faqtis aRsaniSnad Tofs isrodnen, xolo Semdeg patarZlis
dedas ugzavnidnen daklul qaTams, saqorwilo Ramis zewars da milocvebs. am ritualis
Semdeg iTvleboda, rom qorwineba bednieri iqneboda.
qorwinebis darRveva miuRebeli iyo. cols RalatisaTvis Tmebs kreWdnen, virze
ukuRma svamdnen da atarebdnen quCa-quCa, igivenairad eqceodnen mamakacebsac,
romlebic cols uRalatebdnen.
somexi qalisaTvis yvelaze did ubedurebad uSviloba iTvleboda, orsul qals
ekrZaleboda uSvilos gverdze dajdoma, raTa es seni ar gadasdeboda. fexmZime qals
ekrZaleboda mSobliur saxlSi stumrobac. mSobiarobis Semdeg qali midioda xolme
mSobliur saxlSi dedis mosanaxuleblad, oRond mxolod maSin, roca mama saxlSi ar
iyo. amasTan mas bavSvi arasodes Tan ar miyavda. es gaxldaT ganridebis wes-Cveulebis
erT-erTi gamovlineba, msgavsi wesi moqmedebda saqarTveloSic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom somxur kulturaSic biWis dabadeba ufro sasixarulo iyo, vidre
— gogosi. biWis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi qalTan moqondaT tkbileuli (Tafli), misi
saxlis win ukravda musika, Tvis saxli ki morTuli iyo mwvane totebiT, romelic gvaris
gagrZelebis simbolod iTvleboda.
qarTuli ojaxi zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tips warmoadgens. amitom qarTul ojaxSi
misi wevrebis ufleba-movaleobebi sxva kavkasiur ojaxebSi arsebuli uflebrivi
sistemebis msgavsia. saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi
moqmedebda ojaxis wevrebs Soris ufros-umcrosobis ierarqiuli instituti, `ufrosi
qalis~ instituti, `umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wesebi. ufros qals, Cveulebriv,
ufrosi deda anu dedamTili warmoadgenda. misi funqciebi iyo ojaxis tradiciebis
dacva da, agreTve, Senaxva da gadacema axali TaobebisaTvis, sursaT-sanovagis
ganawileba didi ojaxis Semadgeneli patar-patara ojaxebisaTvis suladobisa da
patara bavSvebis raodenebis mixedviT. qals, feodalur saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc
sxva kavkasiur kulturebSi, memkvidreoba ar ekuTvnoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi mis
qonebas Seadgenda mziTvi, romelic Cveulebriv, loginis TeTreulisgan,
tansacmlisgan, WurWelisgan da pirutyvisgan Sedgeboda. mTaSi qals mxolod sakuTari
tansacmlsa da xelsaqmis yuTs atandnen mziTvSi. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze
zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo. sasiZos mxares unda ezruna, agreTve, patarZlis Cacmaze
qorwili dRes.
95
iyo raimes Tqma da axlomaxlo ar iyvnen bavSvebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleboda
saTqmelis gadacema, maSin rZali mimarTavda bavSvs akvanSi, an katas an raime Sinaur
cxovels da maT eubneboda, rom gadaecaT saTqmeli magaliTad, iseTi rogoricaa,
mezoblis Txovna. mamakacisTvis tradiciul somxur ojaxSi qalis cema did
sircxvilad iTvleboda. Tumca diasaxliss — tantikins hqonda ufleba gaertya
rZlisaTvis, magram mis Svils anu qalis qmars amis ufleba ar hqonda. da Tu es mainc
moxdeboda, rZals hqonda ufleba miemarTa diasaxlisisTvis saCivriT.
rogorc vxedavT, somxur ojaxSi daculi iyo mkveTri genderuli uflebrivi
ierarqia. mamakacebi qalebTan SedarebiT privilegirebulni iyvnen, Tumca diasaxlisi —
tantikini ojaxis ufrosTan TiTqmis Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda, magram es ar
exeboda danarCen qalebs.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom uflebrivi ierarqia agebuli iyo rogorc sqesobrivi
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve ufros—umcrosobis safuZvlzec. uflebriv
ierarqiaSi am orive faqtoris rolze miuTiTebs agreTve, somxur tradiciul
kulturaSi arsebuli daZinebis (mosvenebis) wesic. yvelaze adre dasaZineblad wveboda
ufrosi mamakaci — (tanteri) Semdeg rigrigobiT ojaxis sxva mamakacebi ufrosobis
mixedviT. Semdeg wveboda `ufrosi qali~ da mas mosdevdnen sxva qalebi aseve ufros—
umcrosobis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvarad, umcrosi rZali yvelaze gvian wveboda.
amasTanave, igi yvelaze adre iRviZebda da ierarqiis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
TandaTanobiT iRviZebdnen ojaxis sxva wevrebi: jer Zalebi, Semdeg ki — mamakacebi.
yvelaze gvian loginidan dgeboda ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~.
Zilis win umcrosi rZali an umcrosi qaliSvili ojaxis yvela mamakac wevrs fexebs
banda da umSralebda.
roca ojaxi Zalian farTovdeboda da SeuZlebeli xdeboda erTad cxovreba, didi
ojaxi iSleboda, magram erToblivi RonisZiebebis (qorwili, dakrZalva da sxv.) dros
ufrosumcrosobis instituti SenarCunebuli iyo.
ojaxis qonebis pirdapir memkvidreebad mamakacebi iTvlebodnen, qaliSvilebs ki,
Tu Zmebi cocxlebi hyavdaT, araferi ar ekuTvnodaT.
am kulturis genderuli analizisaTvis sainteresoa naTesauri mimarTebebic.
kerZod, mamis mxridan naTesavebs somxebi azRakans uwodebdnen, rac sityvasityviTi
TargmaniT naTesavs, mogvares niSnavs, xolo dedis mxridan naTesavs ki — barekamas, rac
pirdapiri TargmaniT keTilismsurvels aRniSnavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad qalisa
da kacis mxridan naTesavebisadmi aseTi araTanaswori damokidebulebisa, qorwilebisa
an sxva saerTo Tavyrilobebis dros, orive mxaris daswreba-dapatiJeba savaldebulod
iTvleboda.
sainteresoa SeuRlebis wes—Cveulebebic. naTesavebs Soris qorwineba nebadarTuli
iyo ara uaxloes 7 Taobisa, somxebi tradiciulad qorwindebodnen Zalian adreul
asakSi. moqmedebda akvanSi daniSvnis wesic.
qorwinebis iniciativa da patarZlis arCeva momdinareobda `ufrosi qalisagan~ an
vaJis dedisgan, romelic winaswar uTanxmebda Tavis arCevans qmars da naTesavebs.
somxebi maWanklis saSualebiT arkvevdnen daTanxmdeboda Tu ara qalis ojaxi
qorwinebaze. gogos deda rCevas ekiTxeboda Tavis Zmebs. mama ki am gadawyvetilebaSi
monawileobas ar iRebda. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gogos mSoblebTan midiodnen
sasiZos mSoblebi naTesavebTan erTad, raTa gadaecaT niSnobis beWedi. niSanis
funqcias, Cveulebriv, beWedi an raime sxva samkauli asrulebda. am dRidan dawyebuli
qaliSvili daniSnulad iTvleboda.
niSnobidan qorwilamde zogjer ramdenime weliwadi gadioda. magram niSnobis
Semdeg ojaxebi ukve damoyvrebulad iTvlebodnen da yvelanairad exmarebodnen
94
Tebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
amgvarad, socialur-kognituri Teoria xazs usvams kulturuli Zalebis mniSvne-
lobas bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa da genderul-roluri orienta-
ciebis aTvisebaSi. socialur-kognituri Teoria socialuri gavlenebis Teoriaa. igi
genderul identifikaciasa da genderul tipirebas ganixilavs ara rogorc
biologiurad determinirebuls, aramed rogorc bavSvisa da misi garemos (mSoblebi,
momvlelebi, media, skola, Tanatolebi da sxv.) yoveldRiuri interaqciis Sedegs.
amasTan, am Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia da tipireba imdenad soci-
aluri garemos mxridan ganxorcielebuli uSualo (pirdapiri) ganmtkicebis Sedegi ki
ar aris, ramdenadac SesaZlo qcevis Rirebulebis, misi ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobis
kognituri Sefasebis Sedegia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, am Teoriis farglebSi
Semotanilia specifikuri struqtura — kognituri modeli, romelic gamocdilebis
procesSi modelirebuli qcevebis verbaluri da xatovani reprezentaciebis saxiT
inaxeba mexsierebaSi. es kognituri modeli, romelsac prototipis saxe aqvs,
genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmis erT-erTi rgolia: igi momavali qcevis Sefasebis
nimuSad gamoiyeneba.
socialur-kogniturma Teoriam didi zegavlena moaxdina genderuli kvlevebis
ganviTarebaze. gansakuTrebiT didia misi wvlili am TvalsazrisiT empiriuli masalis
mopovebaSi. kerZod ki, genderuli identifikaciis procesSi socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis zegavlenis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebis dagrovebaSi.
genderis gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Teoria,
romelic exeba genderul-roluri orientacis aTvisebas, aris kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria. igi efuZneba Jan piaJes gamokvlevebs. man daadastura, rom bavSvebi gadian
kognituri ganviTarebis etapebs. gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, man aCvena, rom zogierTi
koncefciis gaazreba bavSvisaTvis SeuZlebelia, sanam igi ar miaRwevs ganviTarebis
garkveul kognitur etaps. bavSvis mier sakuTari sqesis gagebac icleba sxvadasxva
etapze. l. kolbergis (Kohlberg) kognituri ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT, gende-
ruli identifikacia da genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTviseba aris bavSvis soci-
aluri da fizikuri samyaros aqriuri Seqmnis, Camoyalibebis (struqturirebis) Sedegi.
bavSvebi mudmivad ikvleven garemos, cdiloben mis gaazrebas da am procesSi isini
aqtiurad ageben axal da ufro rTul struqturebs, romlebic garemosTan kontaqtis
saSualebas iZlevian. amgvarad, es Teoria xazs usvams garegani faqtorebis rols sqe-
sobriv-roluri orientaciis formirebaSi. Tumca am faqtorebis zegavlena ganisaz-
Rvreba bavSvis kognituri struqturebis formirebiT. bavSvebi gadian Tavis gan-
viTarebaSi sqesTan dakavSirebuli informaciis aTvisebis gansazRvrul etapebs da maT
mier SeZenili gamocdileba struqturirdeba gagebis misawvdomi donis Sesabamisad.
arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi adasturebs, rom kognituri ganviTarebis
faqtorebi dominantur rols TamaSoben genderuli warmodgenebis formirebis
procesSi. ase magaliTad, 2-3 wlis bavSvi swor pasuxebs iZleva sakuTar sqesTan
dakavSirebiT dasmul kiTxvaze. Tumca bavSvs sjera, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT sakuTari
sqesis Tmis varcxnilobasTan an tansacmelTan erTad Secvla.
slebi da frei (Slaby & Frey) gamoyofen amerikeli bavSvebis mier sqesTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis gagebis oTx dones. Tavdapirvelad bavSvebi ar ansxvaveben
sqesebs, meore etapze bavSvebi iwyeben sqesTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebis gamoye-
nebas, magram isini efuZnebian zedapirul fizikur maxasiaTeblebs. bolo or etapze,
romelic daaxloebiT 4,5-5 wlis asakSi iwyebs mimdinareobas, bavSvebi TandaTanobiT
midian imis gagebamde, rom sqesi warmoadgens myar da Seucvlel Taviseburebas.
23
 r. monro, Simini da monro (R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe) ikvlevdnen kulturul
sxvaobebs qalisa da mamakacis sqess Soris am oTxi etapis mimdinareobaSi. rogorc
navaraudevi iyo, maRali doneebis (me-3 da me-4 done) miRweva Zlierad varirebda
sxvadasxva kulturebis mixedviT. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom genderuli cnebebis
aTviseba ufro nela mimdinareobs im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebs naklebi
urTierTobebi aqvT mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTan, rac xSirad xdeba
tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebze zrunviT ZiriTadad dedaa dakavebuli.
besim (Bussey) aRmoaCina, rom sqesis Seucvlelobis Sesaxeb warmodgena ar aris
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobiT gansazRvruli qcevis
formirebisTvis. biWebis qcevis modeli moicavs 2 process, romelic erTis mxriv,
maskulinuri qcevis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs, meores mxriv ki feminuri qcevis
miuReblobaSi. gogonebisTvis analogiuri modeli moicavs mxolod erT process:
qalTa sqesTan dakavSirebuli qcevis aTvisebas, sawinaaRmdego sqesis qcevis ar miRebis
gareSe. amis Sedegad, patara gogonebisTvis qala-biWa qceva sruliad misaRebia, maSin
roca `dedikos Svilis~ qceva miuRebelia biWisTvis.
genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa da mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb stereotipuli kulturuli Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur da mamakacur
sawyisTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am
stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxisa da
profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, agreTve, rom bavSvebis
mier im stereotipebis aTviseba, romlebic dakavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa da
moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul dayofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa da mamakacis
xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.
kolbergis kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis mixedviT, zedmet dajildoebebsa da
dasjas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs genderul tipirebis procesSi. socialuri
dasja da waxaliseba am Teoriis farglebSi gzamkvlevebis rols asruleben bavSvis
kignituri ganviTarebis procesSi. amdenad, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis
principebi ar uaryofs daswavlis Teorias, aramed avsebs mas.
kolbergis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia genderul-roluri orientaciebis
aTvisebis Sedegia. sanam bavSvi miaRwevs stabilur genderul identifikacias, man unda
moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis socializacia Sesatyvis genderul rolTan, radgan is
motivirebulia iyos kargi gogo an kargi biWi. gogonebisaTvis es imas niSnavs, rom
feminurobis misaRwevad maT jer unda moaxdinon feminurobis rolis identifikacia.
Tumca feminuri roli sazogadoebaSi naklebad prestiJulia, vidre — maskulinuri.
rodesac gogonebi ecnobian feminurobisa da maskulinobis kategoriebs, maT aseve
unda gaacnobieron maTi upiretesobebi. rogor xdeba, rom gogonebi irCeven da
iTviseben sakuTar sazogadoebaSi aradafasebul rols? kolbergi varaudobs, rom
gogonebi feminurobaSi pouloben iseT aspeqtebs (mag. sinaze), romlebic urCevniaT
maskulinur aspeqtebs (mag. agresia). garda amisa, asakiT ufros qalebs ufro meti
Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre patara gogonebs da esec SeiZleba gaxdes maTTan
identifikaciis mizezi.
androginiis koncefcia. sqesis identiikaciisa da tipirebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
Sexedulebebis umravlesoba feminurobasa da maskulinobas ganixilavs, rogorc
kontiniumis or urTierTsawinaaRmdego poluss. am Teoriebis farglebSi adamiani
SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri an feminuri, magram ara orive erTdroulad, radgan ufro
metad maskulinoba niSnavs ufro nakleb feminurobas. es debuleba efuZneba
24
ojaxis ufrosebsac — saxlis patronsa da diasaxliss. eqvs-Svid wlamde bavSvebi
(gogonebic da biWebic) Tavisi drois udides nawils ezoSi TamaSSi atarebdnen. Semdeg
iwyeboda maTi aRzrda TavianTi sqesis Sesatyvisi saqmianobis aTvisebis mizniT.
gogonebs aswavlidnen saojaxo saqmianobas, xSirad isini uvlidnen umcros da-Zmas,
Semdeg maT aswavlidnen ojaxis wevrebisa da stumrebisaTvis momsaxureobas, xelsaqmes.
biWebs aswavlidnen batknis da xbos mwyemsvas, saqonlis sadgomSi Serekvas, Semdeg ki
isini ojaxis mamakacebs savele samuSaoebSic exmarebodnen.
amgvarad, 7-8 wlis asakidan somxur ojaxebSi bavSvebi aqtiurad erTvebodnen
genderulad tipirebul saqmianobebSi.
saxlis patroni erTpirovnulad marTavda mTels meurneobas da aravis ar abarebda
angariSs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Tumca ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisas mas SeeZlo rCeva ekiTxa ojaxis ufrosi wevrebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
Tavisi ZmebisTvis, Tu isini maTTan erTad erT ojaxad cxovrobdnen.
ojaxSi mkveTrad iyo sameurneo funqciebi gayofili sqesis mixedviT. yvela savele
samuSaos mamakacebi asrulebdnen, saojaxos ki — qalebi. samuSao winaswar nawildeboda.
rodesac ojaxi savaxSmod ikribeboda saRamos, isini ufrosobis mixedviT sxdebodnen.
TiToeauli ojaxis wevri moaxsenebda, Tu ra gaakeTa dRis ganmavlobaSi da maSinve
iRebda axal davalebas. ojaxis yoveli wevris piradi Semosavali saerTo meurneobaSi
ideboda.
ojaxur saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda ufrosi qali, diasaxlisi anu tantikini. is,
Cveulebriv, ojaxis ufrosis meuRle iyo, magram Tu igi qmarze adre gardaicvleboda,
maSin misi uflebebi gadadioda ufrosobis mixedviT Semdegi mamakacis (ufrosi Zmis an
ufrosi vaJiSvilis) colze. aseTi `ufrosi qalis~ avtoriteti aRiarebuli iyo
rogorc ojaxis ufrosis, aseve sxva wevrebis mxridan. igi am SemTxvevaSi uflebrivi
TvalsazrisiT ufro maRla idga, vidre misi meuRle, radgan es ukanaskneli ojaxis
Cveulebriv, daqvemdebarebul wevrs warmoadgenda. saxlSi yvela emorCileboda
tantikinis mier dadgenil wesebs. mas saxlis sazRvrebSi emorCileboda ufrosi
mamakacic. tantikinis ufleba iyo agreTve, axalgazrda kacisTvis sacolis SerCevac.
tantikins mimarTavdnen ojaxSi axalgazrda qalis mTxovnelebic, Tumca
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas is rCevas ekiTxeboda qmars da ufros Zmas.
tantikini iyo erTaderTi qali ojaxSi, vinc mimarTavda ojaxis ufros mamakacs
kiTxviT, rCeviT an problemiT. mdedrobiTi sqesis ojaxis danarCen wevrebs saxlis
patronisTvis mimarTvis ufleba ar hqondaT. tantikinis uflebebi gamorCeuli iyo
sufrasTanac, igi iyo is erTaderTi qali, romelsac ufleba hqonda damjdariyo
sufrasTan mamakacebis gverdiT.
tantikinis xelmZRvanelobiT da misi uSualo zedamxedvelobiT mimdinareobda
mTeli saojaxo saqmianoba. saukuneebis manZilze dadgenili iyo qalTa funqciebi
ojaxSi, dawyebuli ufrosi rZlidan damTavrebuli umcrosamde. ufrosi rZali
warmoadgenda diasaxlisis TanaSemwes da iTavsebda xolme mis funqciebs, rodesac
tantikini saxlSi ar iyo an midioda zafxulSi SviliSvilebTan erTad saZovrebze.
axali rZali Tavsaburavs ramdenime weli atarebda ojaxSi da Tu rodis miecemoda mas
misi moxsnis ufleba, amas tantikini gansazRvravda erTpirovnulad. diasaxlisis
funqcia iyo, agreTve, bavSvebisaTvis zRaprebis moyola.
rZals neba ar hqonda esaubra `ufrosebTan~ maTTvis mas miniSnebebiT (niSnebiT)
unda miemarTa. amgvarad Camoyalibda niSnebis garkveuli sistema, romlebiTac
sargeblobdnen rZlebi, roca saWiro iyo miemarTaT ufrosi mamakacebisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, mamamTilisa da ufrosi mazlisTvis. TavianT naTlias isini mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi CurCuliT elaparakebodnen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebeli
93
 rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axalgaTxovil qals faqtiurad aranairi uflebebi
ar hqonda. mxolod Svilis gaCenis Semdeg mas eZleoda neba saxlSi moexada Tavsafari da
esaubra uaxloes naTesavebTan.
amgvarad, gaTxovili qalis poziciebi myardeboda ojaxSi pirveli Svilis gaCenis
Semdeg. biWis gaCenas, gogosagan gansxvavebiT gansakuTrebuli nadimiT aRniSnavdnen.
amasTan, axaldabadebuli vaJis Wiplars marxavdnen sajiniboSi an meCeTis ezoSi. es
rituali gadmocemis mixedviT, imitom tardeboda, rom momaval mamakacs yvareboda
saqoneli an daufleboda codnas, xolo axaldabadebuli gogos Wiplars ki karebTan
axlos marxavdnen, raTa igi saxlidan Sors ar wasuliyo.
amgvarad, qorwinebis, agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli ritualis da
bavSvebis gaCenis analizi naTlad gviCvenebs azerbaijanul kulturaSi gabatonebul
genderul uTanasworobas, romelic qalis mimarT gansakuTrebuli asimetriulobiT
gamoirCeva.
tradiciul azerbaijanul kulturaSi qalTa uflebaTa SezRudva kargad Cans,
agreTve, gayros wesebSic. tradiciulad gayris ufleba mxolod mamakacs hqonda.
Tumca ki am SemTxvevaSi qmars colisTvis unda gadaexada winaswar niSnobis SeTan-
xmebuli sazRauri — mexri, gayris mizezebs aravin ar kiTxulobda. gayris rituali
erTi da igive frazis (am SemTxvevisTvis specialurad dawesebuli) saxalxod samjer
gameorebaSi mdgomareobda. igive gzisTvis SeeZlo miemarTa qalsac, magram am
SemTxvevaSi igi gayras miaRwevda mxolod Tavisi mziTvis dakargvis fasad. am gzas qali
mxolod Zalian iSviaTad, gausaZlis pirobebSi mimarTavda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi
yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe rCeboda.
azerbaijanul ojaxSi qali SinameurneobiT iyo dakavebuli. saojaxo saqmeebs, iseve
rogorc zogadad kavkasiur ojaxSi, xelmZRvanelobda `ufrosi qali~.
mTels azerbaijanSi qali Cadrs atarebda, magram Cadri gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebuli iyo qalaqebSi, sadac saxlidan gamosvlisas qali valdebuli iyo mTeli
sxeuli CadriT daefara. soflebSi Cadrs SedarebiT iSviaTad xmarobdnen,
umeteswilad is gamoiyeneboda, roca qali mezobel sofelSi an soflis gareT gadioda,
soflis SigniT ki igi, Cveulebriv, mxolod cxvirs da pirs malavda. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qals mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT ar hqonda sazamTro, Tbili tansacmeli. es
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom qalis mier saxlis didxans datoveba ar iyo miRebuli.
amgvarad, tansacmeli, iseve, rogorc yofiTi kulturis sxva elementebi da wes—
Cveulebebi naTlad gviCveneben azerbaijanul tradiciul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul
genderul uTanasworobas.
jer kidev XIX s—Si somxebTan gavrcelebuli iyo saojaxo satvistomo — ger-
dastani, romelic aerTianebda ramodenime Taobas, romelsac uxucesi uZRveboda. erT
ojaxad cxovrobdnen mSoblebi zrdasruli SvilebiT, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, hyavdaT
Svilebi da SviliSvilebi. Rrma provinciaSi aseT gerdastanSi SeiZleba yofiliyo 50—
mde adamiani, romelic erT Wer qveS cxovrobda. Tumca ki samxreT kavkasiaSi zogadad,
es iSviaTi movlena iyo. me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis TandaTanobiT daiwyo aseTi didi
saTvistomoebis rRveva da ojaxi ukve Sedgeboda mxolod mSoblebisgan da maTi
vaJebisgan, romlebsac meuRle da mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavdaT. daiwyo me-3 Taobidan
Svilebiani ojaxebis gamoyofis procesi. miuxedavad amisa, es ojaxebi cdilobdnen
erTmaneTTan axlo dasaxlebas. ase, rom mTeli kvartlebi atarebda erTi ojaxis gvars.
erTi ojaxis SigniT, bavSvebi, romelic Zmisac ar unda yofiliyvnen, Tanabar
pirobebSi iyvnen, isini yvelani iTvlebodnen da-Zmebad. miuRebeli iyo, rom romelime
dedas Tavisi mazlebis SvilebTan SedarebiT Tavisi RviZli Svilebis mimarT meti
siyvaruli gamoevlina. yvela bavSvisadmi erTnairi mzrunveloba unda gamoeCinaT
92
feminuroba-maskulinobis mraval tests. amgvarad, pirovnebis tradiciuli Teoriebi
iziareben tradiciuli genderuli tipirebis universalurobis ideas. amis gamo,
nebismieri bavSvi, romelic ar avlenda genderulad tipirebul qcevas, ganixileboda
rogorc normidan gadaxra. tradiciuli fsiqologiuri Terapia exmareba maT gende-
ruli rolebis morgebaSi. pirovnebis Teoriebis mixedviT, genderuli ganviTareba
mTavrdeba maSin, roca aSkarad vlindeba agresiuli domonanturi mamakacoba da nazi,
pasiuri qaloba.
Tumca arseboben iseTi adamianebic, romlebsa TiTqmis erTnairad axasiaTebT
maskulinobisa da feminurobis niSnebi. magaliTad, qali, romlic aTleturi
aRnagobisaa da uyvars bavSvebi an mamakaci, romelic gulCvilia da gulkeTilia da
amavdroulad kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli logikuri azrovneba.
bolo periodSi genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebasTan erTad dagrovda didi
empiriuli masala da gaCnda mravali alternatiuli Sexeduleba genderuli
identifikaciisa da tipirebis Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi aseT axali midgomaa androginiis koncefcia. androginia — sityva, romel-
Sic erTmaneTs erwymis berZnuli andro (kaci) da gyn (qali), aRniSnavs maskulinobisa da
feminurobis balanss adamianSi. am koncefciis fesvebi klasikuri miTologiidan,
literaturidan da religiidan modis. fsiqologiaSi es idea gamoyenebuli iqna iungis
(Jung) animas koncefciaSi (kacSi feminuri nawili) da animusis koncefciaSi
(maskulinuri nawili qalSi). iungs miaCnda, rom pirovnebis srulyofilebisaTvis
aucilebelia am ori nawilis erTianoba.
gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisis feministuri moZraobis erT-erTi idea
gaxldaT azri imis Sesaxeb, rom tradiciuli genderuli rolebi aferxeben pirovnul
ganviTarebas da masSi Cadebul potencials. am ideam safuZveli Cauyara sandra bemis (S.
Bem) koncefcias androginiis Sesaxeb. androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel adamians,
damoukideblad biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve
feminurobis Tvisebebi da aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur
Tvisebebs, aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs. es adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs naklebad
mkacrad daicvan genderul-roluri normebi da Tavisuflad gadainacvlon
tradiciuli qaluri saqmianobidan tradiciul mamakacur saqmianobaze.
amgvarad, androginiis idea kvlav gacocxlda feministi fsiqologebis gamokvle-
vebis Sedegad. fsiqologiuri androginia aris iseTi fsiqologiuri niSnebis balansi,
romlebic maskulinurad an feminurad arian stereotipizebuli. androginiis gansaz-
RvrebasTan erTad, es koncefcia gansazRvravs imasac, Tu ra ar aris androginia: 1)
androginia ar aris qalTa liberaluri pozicia sazogadoebaSi. adamiani SeiZleba
miiCnevdes sakuTar Tavs, rogorc sazogadoebaSi naklebad genderulad tipizebuls
sxvebTan SedarebiT da amavdroulad, gaaCndes genderTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli
Sexedulebebi; 2) androginia ar aris seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli. homo-
seqsualuri an biseqsualuri orientacia aris adamianis seqsualuri midrekilebebis
forma, rac aranair kavSirSi ar aris fsiqologiuri androginiasTan da bolos 3) an-
droginia ar aris dakavSirebuli fizikur, seqsualur an masTan dakavSirebul
maxasiaTeblebTan.
s. bemma SeimuSava specialuri kiTxvari maskulinobisa da feminurobis gansazRvri-
saTvis. amasTan am kiTxvarSi feminuroba da maskulinoba moiazreboda rogorc
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli pirovnebis ganzomilebebi. misi kiTxvaris mixedviT,
qalebisa da kacebis gazomva SesaZlebelia dabali da maRali gamoxatulebis oTxi
Semdegi parametris mixedviT: maskulinoba, feminuroba, androginia, aradiferen-
cirebuloba. pirovneba fasdeba Zlier maskulinurad, Tu igi aRwers sakuTar Tavs,
25
rogorc damoukidebels, agresiuls da uemocio adamians. pirovneba fasdeba Zlier
feminurad, Tu igi aRwers Tavs, rogorc — daucav da naz arsebad. mxolod adamianTa
mcire jgufi Sefasebul iqna rogorc aradiferencirebuli, maT orive stereotipSi
mcire qulebi daagroves. studentTa Soris Catarebuli farTemasStabiani gamokvlevis
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom studentTa 1/3 androginulebi arian.
androginis kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom genderul tipirebaSi arsebobs individua-
luri variabilurobis didi raodenoba. amdenad, gasarkvevia sakiTxi, arsebobs Tu ara
androginiasa da adamianis (qalebisa da mamakacebis) qcevas, pirovnul niSnebs, Tavise-
burebebs, Sexedulebebsa Tu cxovrebis stils Soris kavSiri. miuxedavad mraval-
ricxovani kvlevebisa, es sakiTxi dRemde erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris gadawyvetili.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom gederulad tipirebul da
androginul adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba arsebobs fleqsibilobaSi. maskulinurad
tipirebuli adamiani moxerxebulad grZnobs Tavs situaciaSi, sadac saWiroa aqtivoba,
daJineba da damoukidebloba da ara sinaze, TanagrZnoba da emociuroba. meores mxriv,
feminurad tipirebuli adamianebi komfortulad grZnoben Tavs situaciebSi, sadac
saWiroa interpersonaluri urTierTobebis, sinazis, sikeTis gamovlena. sandra bemma
ivarauda, rom androginuli pirovnebebi komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs orive
situaciaSi. androginuli adamianebis Zlieri adaftaciis unari Semowmebuli iqna
mravali kvlevis Sedegad. dadgenili iyo, agreTve, androginiis kavSiri maRal
TviTpativiscemis da miRwevis motivis maRal xarisxTan.
transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi: genderuli rolis
transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria. genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis
Teoris (Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky, Forisha, Sedney) mixedviT, genderulad tipirebuli
qceva da azrovneba ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mxolod Sua stadiaa. igi Camoyali-
bebulia magram ar aris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saboloo wertili. am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, genderuli ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mowifu-
lobasTan da logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan kolbergis kognituri ganviTa-
rebis etapebis msgavsad mimdinareoben. bavSvebma Tavdapirvelad genderis arseboba ar
ician (I etapi), Semdeg aqtiurad iTviseben Sesabamis stereotipul rols da ukuagdeben
Seusabamos (II etapi). magram genderuli ganviTareba SeiZleba III etapamdec gagrZeldes,
sadac II etapze miRebuli codnis reorganizacia xdeba unikaluri da individualuri
gziT. individi aRar aris daRdasmuli maskulinobisa da feminurobis sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli kanonebiT da mas SeuZlia gamoamJRavnos sakuTari unikaluri da gansxva-
vebuli maxasiaTeblebi.
es Teoria androginias ganixilavs, ara rogorc individSi maskulinuri da feminuri
niSnebis balanss, aramed rogorc pirovnebis gardaqmnisa da Camoyalibebis process,
romelic orientirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze. genderul-rolurad transcenden-
tulma pirovnebam SeiZleba daagrovos maskulinuri, feminuri an androginuli qulebi,
magram es ganzomilebebi irelevanturni iyvnen misi identurobis mimarT.
transcedentuli adamiani arc feminuria da arc maskulinuri maskulinoba an
feminuroba, erTad an cal-calke ar arian transcedentuli pirovnebis samyaros
nawili.
transcedencia miCneulia genderuli rolis swavlis (aTvisebis) umaRles etapad.
igi gulisxmobs sazogadoebisa da me-s (selfis) resinTezirebas da reintegracias.
amgvarad, kognitur da emociur mowifulobas adamiani, rogorc wesi, ver aRwevs
zrdasrulobamde. iseTi bavSvebic ki, romelTa mSoblebi tradiciuli genderuli
rolebis transcendencias axdenen, ar amJRavneben TavianT androginul zrdas, sanam ar
26
qorwinebis wes-CveulebebSi metad sainteresoa soriratisa da leviratis wesebi.
Tu axalgazrda qali gardaicvleboda, misi meuRle, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg
colad irTavda gardacvlili qalis umcros das. specialistebis azriT, es wesi
dakavSirebuli iyo xelmeore qorwilis xarjebis Tavidan acilebasTan. Tu ojaxebs
Soris kargi urTierTobebi iyo, maSin mSoblebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe
atandnen TavianT meore qaliSvils daqvrivebul siZes. magram am SemTxvevaSi,
gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi qorwinebisgan, qaliSvils winaswar acnobebdnen da
uTanxmebdnen momaval qorwinebas. soriratis wesTan aris dakavSirebuli azerbaijanSi
farTed gavrcelebuli andaza: `colis gardacvaleba im mamakacma iglovos, visac
colis da ara hyavso~.
soritarTan erTad, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, agreTve, leviratis wesic.
leviratiuli qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo orive mxaris Tanxmoba, amasTan qvrivi
qalis Tanxmoba warmoadgenda aucilebel winapirobas. umcrosi Zmis qorwineba ufrosi
Zmis qvrivze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis SedarebiT SeZlebul fenaSi.
specialistebis azriT, leviratis wesi dakavSirebuli iyo ojaxisaTvis im zaralis
Tavidan asacileblad, romelic qvrivi rZlis mSobliur ojaxSi dabruneba gamoiwvevda.
saqme isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ojaxis saerTo qonebis
erTi mervedi nawili ekuTvnoda, mis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda agreTve mis mier
mziTvis saxiT ojaxSi Semotanili qoneba. soriratisa da leviratis wesebi Tumca
Tanamedrove azerbaijanSi aRar aris miRebuli, magram erTeuli SemTxvevebis saxiT
(gansakuTrebiT soflebSi) axlac gvxvdeba.
tradiciulad qals aTxovebdnen 14-dan 18 wlamde. vaJi qorwindeboda 18-dan 22
wlamde. iyo ufro gviani qorwinebis SemTxvevebic, rac ukiduresi siRaribiT iyo
gamowveuli. arsebobda dabadebidanve niSnobis wesic, rodesac ojaxebi winaswar
Tanxmdebodnen TavianTi Svilebis qorwinebis Sesaxeb. moqmedebda jer ar gaCenili
Svilebis qorwinebis SeTanxmebis wesic.
Cveulebriv, axalgazrdebs momaval qorwinebas ar uTanxmebdnen xolme da gadawyve-
tilebas mSoblebi iRebdnen. axalgazrda qalebs ara Tu ar uTanxmebdnen momaval
qorwinebas, aramed arc ki atyobinebdnen mis Sesaxeb. sacoles axalgazrda kacisaTvis,
Cveulebriv, misi deda an da amoirCevda. Tu momavali sacole moewonebodaT ojaxis
sxva wevrebs, pirvel rigSi papas, mamas da ufros Zmas, maSin am ojaxis qalebi midiodnen
gogos dedasTan araoficialurad xelis saTxovnelad, xolo ukve amis Semdeg, mamasTan
oficialurad midiodnen xelis mTxovneli ojaxis mamakacebi.
am ceremonials eswrebodnen soflis uxucesebic — aRsakalebic. isini monawi-
leobdnen agreTve, qorwinebaze SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxTa Soris damoyvrebisas
gankuTvnili gadasaxadis mexrisa da baSligis odenobaze molaparakebebSic. mexri
warmoadgenda im gadasaxads, romelic meuRles unda gadaexada colisTvis Tavisi
iniciativiT gayris SemTxvevaSi. xolo baSligi iyo gadasaxads patarZlisaTvis,
romelsac iRebda misi mama qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.
TviT qorwinebis rituali moicavda sam etaps: 1) winaswari SeTanxmeba, roca
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, vaJis mxare maSinve aZlevda qals beWeds, abreSumis Tavsafars
da tkbileuls 2) niSnoba, am dRes saqmros sacolisTvis moaqvs samkaulebi, kabisaTvis
qsovili da misi ojaxisTvis tkbileuli 3) sakuTriv qorwili, romelsac Tan axlda
saqorwilo saCuqrebi.
tradiciulad iTvleboda, agreTve, sacolis motacebac. es gansakuTrebiT miRe-
buli iyo gaWirvebul fenebSi, sadac ar iyo materialuri SesaZlebloba qorwilis
rTuli ritualis Catarebisa, amitom xSirad, sacolis motaceba ojaxebis Tanxmobis
fonzec ki mimdinareobda.
91
 istoriulad azerbaijanSi mamakacs qalTan SedarebiT privilegirebuli mdgoma-
reoba ekava. es upiratesoba vrceldeboda rogorc sazogadoebriv doneze, aseve
ojaxur cxovrebaSic. mSobliur saxlSi qaliSvili srulad emorCileboda dedas da
bebias. qaliSvils ar hqonda ufleba Sepasuxeboda ufrosebs an gamoexata raime
ukmayofileba, gansakuTrebiT ki, mamisa da papis TandaswrebiT. gaTxovili qali yvela
sakiTxSi emorCileboda ojaxis ufros diasaxliss — dedamTils an ufrosi mazlis
cols. Tu axaldaqorwinebulebi cxovrobdnen qmris mSoblebTan erTad, maSin
axalgazrda qali unda morideboda yvela mamakacs ojaxSi. mas ar hqonda, agreTve, im
oTaxSi Sesvlis uflebac, sadac ufrosebi isxdnen da Tu saxlSi calke oTaxi ar iyo,
igi udides dros samzareuloSi atarebda. axalgazrda rZali movale iyo saRamos
savele samuSaoebidan dabrunebuli ojaxis yvela mamakacisaTvis fexebi daebana.
amasTan qals saxe dafaruli unda hqonoda. Tu ki ojaxSi rZali ar iyo, maSin am
movaleobas qaliSvili asrulebda. azerbaijanuli wes-Cveulebebis mixedviT, axalgaz-
rda rZals pirveli Svilis gaCenamde ufleba ar hqonda uSualod miemarTa ojaxis
romelime ufrosi wevrisaTvis an maT mier dasmul SekiTxvaze epasuxa. amitom, icavda
ra adaTs, ojaxis ufrosi wevri TviTonac erideboda rZalTan Sexvedras da
SeZlebisdagvarad ar elaparakeboda mas. axalgazrda qali movale iyo ojaxis yvela
mamakacisgan daemala rogorc saxe, aseve Tmebic. ufrosi qalebis garemocvaSi ki mas
mxolod piri, nikapi da yeli unda daefara TavSalis boloTi. miuReblad iTvleboda,
agreTve, qalis mxridan xmamarali saubari da xSiri sicili. axalgazrda qals ar hqonda
ufleba qmris da ufrosi diasaxlisis nebarTvis gareSe wasuliyo mSobliur saxlSi,
gasuliyo baRSi an mezobelTan stumrad.
bavSvebis movla mTlianad qalis movaleobas warmoadgenda. mama ara Tu ar
monawileobda bavSvebis aRzrdaSi, aramed igi mSobliuri grZnobebis gamovlenisganac
ki ikavebda Tavs. es gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo ucxoebis garemocvaSi. Tu ki mama
mainc gamoavlenda mSobliur siyvaruls Svilis mimarT, es, Cveulebriv, vaJiSvilis
rogorc memkvidrisa da gvaris gamgrZeleblis mimarT xdeboda. vaJiSvilis
mdgomareoba ojaxSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda qaliSvilis mdgomareobisgan. biWebs
bavSvobidanve unergavdnen qedmaRlur, privilegirebul damokidebulebas qalebis
mimarT. 6-7 wlidan biWebis aRzrdas xels hkidebda papa, mama da misi ufrosi Zma. amave
asakidan iwyeboda bavSvebis religiuri aRzrdac. warsulSi azerbaijanel xalaxTan
gabatonebuli iyo endogamia. Cveulebriv, sofeli Sedgeboda ramdenime ubnisagan,
romelTaganac TiToeulSi naTesavebi cxovrobdnen. qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba eniWeboda ubnis Sida kavSirebs. SeuRleba pirvel rigSi xdeboda
biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebTan da deidaSvilebTan (RviZli Zmebis da debis SvilebTan),
Semdgom mesame Taobis naTesavebTan da ase Soreuli naTesavebiT gaTavebuli.
akrZaluli iyo RviZl da-Zmebs Soris qorwineba. SeuRleba xdeboda aranaTesavebTanac,
pirvel rigSi TanasoflelebTan, Semdeg mezobeli soflebis da qalaqebis
macxovreblebTan (amasTan aucileblad daculi unda yofiliyo naTesauri siaxlovis
rigiToba). SariaTis mixedviT, nebadarTuli iyo, agreTve, SeuRleba sxva nacionalobis,
oRond musulmanuri aRmsareblobis, warmomadgenelTan. magram, unda iTqvas, rom
warsulSi aseTi ojaxebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo.
azerbaijanSi gavrcelebuli iyo mravalcolianoba, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sadac
es SariaTiT nebadarTuli iyo. magram umeteswilad igi gvxvdeboda mosaxleobis
SeZlebul nawilSi. is vinc mdidari ar iyo, Cveulebriv, am wess ar iyenebda. gamonakliss
warmoadgenda SemTxveva, roca pirveli colisgan ar hyavdaT Svilebi. rac Seexeba
gaWrvebul fenas, maT xSirad erTi colis SerTvac ki uWirdaT, radgan qorwineba
tradiciulad xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
90
gaivlian gederuli tipirebis 2 etaps. I- dan II-ze gadasvla dakavSirebulia socialur
zewolasTan. II-dan III etapze gadasvlis dros ki socialuri mxardaWera Zalian sustia
da swored amitomaa, rom arc ise bevri adamiani axerxebs genderiT gansazRvruli
qcevisa da azrovnebis transcedencias. magram isini vinc amas axerxeben, srulfasovan
pirovnebebad yalibdebian.
am TeoriaSi nacadia genderuli tipirebis problemis ganxilva pirovnebis Teoriis
WrilSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rogorc socialuri garemos zegavlenas, aseve —
adamianis kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebsac. mniSvnelovania, rom es Teoria moicavs,
ara mxolod genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis zogad kanonzomierebebs
(rogorc es aqamde ganxilul TeoriebSi iyo), aramed xazs usvams pirovnuli arCevanis
da Tavisuflebis rols genderuli tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, TviTon tipirebasac
igi rogorc e.w. yalibs ki ar ganixilavs, romelic uSvebs feminuri, maskulinuri an
Tundac androginuli da aradiferencirebuli tipis arsebobas, aramed am socialuri
yalibis modificirebas pirovnuli interesebis, motivebis da SesaZleblobebis
WrilSi. sxvagavrad rom vTqvaT, es Teoria iTvaliswinebs pirovnebaTSoris indivi-
dualur gansxvavebebs. swored amitom igi metad mniSvnelovania genderuli kvlevebis
ganviTarebisaTvis. magram, gender-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria Zalian
zogadia da adamianis ganviTarebis ufro fundamentur principebs gamoxatavs. misi
naklia empiriuli masalaze dayrdnobiT gamovlenili ZiriTadi principebis damadas-
turebel konkretuli kanonzomierebebis ararseboba. am Teoriis farglebSi ar aris
gadawyvetili, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis (genderulad normatiulad tipire-
bulis Tu transcendentulis), rogorc konstruqtis raobisa da misi moqmedebis
meqanizmebis problema. miuxedavad amisa, swored genderuli tipirebisa da genderuli
rolis transcendenturma midgomam dasva mecnierTa winaSe genderTan dakavSirebuli
informaciis gadamuSavebis da misi gamoyenebis sakiTxi. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema
nacadia genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi.
genderuli sqemis Teoria. genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi genderi ganxiluli iqna
rogorc kognituri kategoria.
movlenebis ubralo gagebac damokidebulia mexsierebaSi codnis didi raodenobiT
arsebobaze. sqemis kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, martivi winadadebis gasaazrebladac
ki aucilebelia, rom am winadadebis Sinaarsi gavataroT sqemaSi. sqemebi SeiZleba iyos
globaluri da ufro specifikuri. informaciis gageba xdeba Sinaarsis swor sqemasTan
dakavSirebisa da Sedarebis gziT.
sxva sqemebis msgavsad, genderis sqema aris zogadi codnis asociaciebis qseli,
romelsac individi iyenebs gagebisa da azrovnebis procesSi. am Teoriis mixedviT,
genderis sqemis Seswavla iwyeba adreul bavSvobaSi. sqema exmareba adamians gaxdes
genderulad tipirebuli. genderuli tipireba Sedegia adamianis mzadyofnis gada-
amuSaos informacia genderuli sqemis safuZvelze. me-koncefcia asimilirdeba
genderul sqemasTan. genderuli sqemis Teoriis avtori s. bemi aRniSnavs, rom `rodesac
bavSvebi swavloben sazogadoebis genderul sqemas, isini swavloben agreTve, Tu
romeli atributi unda iyos dakavSirebuli maT sqesTan da masaSadame, maTTan~.
genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli tipireba aris samyaros Sesaxeb
informaciis genderuli terminebiT gadamuSavebis mzadyofna. ase, rom genderulad
Zlierad da sustad tipirebul adamianebs Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom maT aqvT
Sesabamisad metad an naklebad ganviTarebuli genderuli sqema. genderulad Zlierad
tipirebul adamianebs aqvT mzadyofna samyaros Sesaxeb codna genderuli sqemis
mixedviT gadaamuSaon. bemis sityvebiT, maT genderuli linzebi ukeTiaT. genderulad
sustad tipirebuli adamianebi ki informaciis gadamuSavebisas ufro metad sxva
27
sqemebs eyrdnobian.
am Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebis umravlesobas aqvs mdidari da mravalferovani
genderuli sqemebi. genderul sqemasTan dakavSirebulia iseTi koncefciebic, rom-
lebic SeiZleba metaforulad ukavSirdebodes genders (iseTebi, rogoricaa, ferebis
genderuli aRqma, mTvaris am mzis genderuli gaazreba da sxv.).
genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebuli sxvaobebi informaciis
gadamuSavebaSi dakavSirebulia adamianTa genderulad tipirebis xarisxTan.
genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT genderuli
sqemis Teoria ar aRiarebs genderuli tipirebis maRal xarisxs momwifebis ganuyofel
nawilad. am Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebi ufro genderulad tipirebulni xdebian,
radgan ufrosebi aswavlian maT samyaros sqesis mixedviT dayofas. saxlSi, gogonebs
eZaxian `lamazs~ da aqedan gamomdinare, bavSvebSi silamazis cneba qalebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. skolaSi, xSirad biWebi erT rigSi arian gamwkrivebulni, gogonebi ki —
meoreSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, ufrosebis mxridan aseTi qceva iwvevs genderuli sqemis
ganviTarebas bavSvebSi. socializaciis mniSvneloba xazgasmulia genderuli sqemis
TeoriaSi im debulebiTac, romlis mixedviTac, bavSvebis aRzrda SesaZlebelia ise, rom
minimumamde daviyvanoT genderuli sqema da Tavidan aviciloT genderuli
stereotipuli azrovneba.
amgvarad, sqema Sexedulebebis kompleqsia, romelic gamoiyeneba informaciis
organizebisTvis, axali informaciis filtraciisTvis da kognituri moRvaweobis
mimarTulebis micemisTvis. genderuli sqemis Teoria varaudobs, rom genderuli
prioriteti konkretuli kulturis sazRvrebSi informaciis organizaciis
safuZvelia.
rogorc vxedavT, genderuli sqemis Teoria kognituri ganviTarebisa da socialur-
kognituri Teoriis modifikaciaa.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genderuli sqemis Teoria erTaderTi fsiqologi-
uri Teoriaa, romlic ara mxolod bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa da
genderuli tipirebis procesis meqanizmebs swavlobs, aramed im kognituri struq-
turebis Camoyalibebisa da moqmedebis meqanizmebsac, romlebic genderuli identi-
fikaciisa da tipirebis Sedegad yalibdeba cnobierebaSi. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
genderuli sqemis Teoria mimarTulia axsnas genderuli cnobierebis meqanizmebic.
genderuli sqemis Teoria gamoyofs genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis or
ZiriTad socialur-fsiqologiur meqanizms. es aris normatiuli da informaciuli
zewola. termini `normatiuli~ zewola aRwers meqanizms, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis
`iZuleba~ Seewyos sazogadoebriv an jgufur molodinebs, raTa sazogadoebam ar
uaryos igi. `normatiuli~ zewolis meqanizmi am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli qcevis
normebis waxalisebaSi da am sazogadoebaSi miuRebeli qcevis normebis e.w. `dasjaSi~
gamoixateba. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom genderuli rolis Seusabamo qceva
gansakuTrebul zians ayenebs popularobas biWebs Soris da rom mSoblebi uaryofiTad
reagireben TavianTi bavSvebis im TamaSebze, romlebic damaxasiTebelia sawinaaRmdego
sqesisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu biWi TojinebiT TamaSobs, mas deda eubneba - `ara
grcxvenia, gogo xom ara xar?!~, xolo danarCeni bavSvebi dascinian da qalaCunas
eZaxian. Tu gogona saxls ar alagebs an Tavis nivTebs yris, mSoblebi mas xSirad ase
mimarTaven - `sircxvilia, Sen xom gogo xar da mowesrigrbuli unda iyo~ da a.S.
informaciul zewolaSi moiazreba is, rom adamiani afarToebs ra Tavis codnas
sakuTari Tavis da samyaros Sesaxeb, amave dros, igebs imasac, Tu ra pozicia unda
daiWiros ama Tu im socialur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra poziciaa miRebuli da
mowonebuli mis sazogadoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian ara
28
Zalaufleba danarCen qalebze, Sromis mkacri sqesobriv-asakobrivi ganawileba,
`ganridebisa~ da `umZraxobis~ wes-CveulebaTa dacva. qalis uflebriv mdgomareobis
erT aspeqts `ufrosi qalis~ maRali statusi warmoadgenda, xolo meores _ ki
danarCeni qalebis uufleboba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT `ufrosi qalis~ saerTokavkasiur
modelze, romelsac axasiaTebs rigi saerTo niSnebi. esenia: `ufrosi qalis~
naklebdasaqmebuloba ojaxSi, qalebis SromiTi saqmianobis organizeba,
aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia, tradiciebisa da sawesCveulebo ritualebis Sesrulebis
xelmZRvanloba. `ufrosi qali~ iTvleboda erTmmarTvelad mxolod Sida saojaxo
saqmianobis sferoSi. `ufrosi qalis~ uflebrivi mdgomareobis gamoxatulebis
simbolo iyo saojaxo sursaTis Sesanaxi saTavsos gasaRebis mudmivad Tan tareba da
sursaT-sanovagis ganawileba ojaxis wevrebs Soris. ojaxis `ufrosi qalis~ funqcia
iyo, agreTve, ojaxuri tradiciebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacema da amdenad, Senaxva.
`ufrosi qalis~ uflebebi vlindeboda saojaxo xalxur etiketSic: mamakacebi mas
pativs scemdnen, igi saojaxo saqmeebis garCevaSi monawileobda, sadavo situaciaSi mis
azrs gadamwyveti Tu ara, gasaTvaliswinebeli mniSvneloba mainc eniWeboda.
Cveulebriv, `ufrosi qali~ iyo is erTaderTi qali (garda bavSvebisa), visTanac
urTierTobda ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~. `ufrosi qali~ imdenad mniSvnelovani figura
iyo ojaxSi, rom misi statusi da avtoriteti mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda
saerTod ojaxis statussa da avtoritets.
me- 20 saukunemde azerbaijanSi gabatonebuli iyo ojaxis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
patriarqaluri wyoba. ojaxis ufrosi warmoadgenda ojaxis moZravi da uZravi qonebis
erTpirovnul mflobelsa da sruluflebian mmarTvels. ojaxis SigniT arsebuli
qonebrivi urTierTobebi mTlianad damokidebuli iyo ojaxis ufrossze.
daoblebul arasrulwlovan bavSvebs uniSnavdnen meurves — umetaswilad biZas
mamis an dedis mxridan. ojaxis ufrosis anderZis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi qoneba
iyofoda SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT. vaJSvils orjer ufro meti wili ergeboda
saerTo qonebidan, vidre — qaliSvils. gardacvlili ojaxis ufrosis qvrivi iRebda
mTeli qonebis erT merved nawils da aseve im qonebas, romelic piradad mas ekuTvnoda
saqorwino SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad.
azerbaijanul ojaxSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava soflis uxucesebis — aRsakalebis
instituts. maT rCevas ekiTxebodnen da maTi azri metad mniSvnelovani iyo sofelSi
romelime ojaxSi garkveuli problemis gadawyvetisas. aRsakalebi adaTis mimdevarni,
damcvelni da gamtarebelni iyvnen. isini adaTisa da SariaTis safuZvelze
gadawyvetdnen sazogadoebriv da saojaxo problemebs. isini saqmebis gansaxilvelad
meCeTTan ikribebodnen saRamos locvis Semdeg. Cveulebriv, am Sekrebas molac
eswreboda. axalgazrdebs da bavSvebs da, aseve, qalebsac am SekrebebSi monawileobis
ufleba ar hqondaT. Zalian iSviaTad Sekrebas eswrebodnen is moxuci qalebi, romlebic
gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen sazogadoebaSi. maTi mowveva krebaze
mxolod maSin xdeboda, roca gansaxilveli sakiTxi qals exeboda an qaliSvilis bedTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, qalis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba SezRuduli iyo. igi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ar monawileobda. ufro metic, qalis uflebebi
SezRuduli iyo ojaxSic.
ojaxur urTierTobebSi batonobda umcrosebis mxridan ufrosebis sruli
morCileba. vaJiSvils ar hqonda ufleba Sepasuxeboda (SekamaTeboda) an ar
damorCileboda mamas, miTumetes ki papas. amgvarad, mamis an papis gadawyvetilebas ama
Tu im ojaxuri an sameurneo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonis Zala hqonda ojaxis
umcrosi wevrebisaTvis. ufrosebis pativiscema dRemde warmoadgens azerbaijaneli
xalxis saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan elements.
89
kvira #8
leqcia - 2 sT
Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.
qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi
leqciaze warmodgenili iqneba azerbaijanel, somex da qarTvel xalxTa
tradiciuli kulturis genderuli analizi. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba saojaxo yofa,
qalisa da mamakacis qonebrivi da uflebrivi statusi ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi, Sromis
genderuli ganawileba, qorwinebis genderuli analizi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve,
saqarTvelos mTaSi gavrcelebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wawlobisa da
sworfrobis institutebi. mokled warmodgenili iqneba, agreTve, samxreT kavkasiaSi
mimdinare genderuli cvlilebebi rogorc ojaxis, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva doneebze.
kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa (azerbaijani, somxeTi, saqarTvelo) da ruseTis samxreT
nawilis (Crdilo kavkasia) xalxTa kultura koleqtivisturi tipisaa da sqesobriv-
genderuli ideologiac tradiciulia. tradiciulad qali aq dedisa da ojaxis
diasaxlisis roliT iyo SezRuduli. misi ZiriTadi funqcia iyo bavSvebis aRzrda,
ojaxis movla da Sina mrewveloba, agreTve, tradiciebis dacva da axali TaobebisaTvis
maTi gadacema. tradiciuli mentalitetis mixedviT qals, garda amisa, mSvidobis
myofelis funqciac eniWeboda, rac istoriulad ojaxebs Soris arsebuli
dapirispirebebis mogvarebis tradiciul xerxebSi vlindeboda.
kavkasiuri normaa ojaxis uxucesi qalis instituti. mas ebara ojaxis mier mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi moweuli sursaT-sanovagis da fuladi saxsrebis Senaxva, saWmlis
momzadeba, sanovagis da Sromis Tanabari ganawileba rZlebisa da Svilebis
ojaxebisTvis misi suladobis, asakis da sqesis mixedviT.
qalis statusi regulirdeboda tradiciuli samarTlis normebiT (adaTebiT,
uxucesTa sabWoebis gadawyvetilebebiT, musulmanur nawilSi —SariaTiT) da
oficialuri samarTlis normebiT -samarTlis wignebiT (dawyebuli me-11 s. -dan).
samarTlis normebSi detalurad iyo gansazRvruli qalis ojaxuri da qonebrivi
uflebebi. mTaSi qalis memkvidreobis ufleba ar hqonda, mas aZlevdnen mziTvs,
romelic Semoifargleboda qalis tansacmliT da xelsaqmis yuTiT. barSi, SedarebiT
SeZlebul ojaxebSi qals memkvidreobaSi aZlevdnen miwas. Cveulebriv qali
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ar monawileobda.
Tumca saqarTvelos oqros xanaSi 12s. — Si qveyanas qali (Tamar mefe) marTavda. garda
amisa, kavkasiaSi Zalian xSirad dedofalTa da Tavadis qalTa pirovnuli
gadawyvetilebebi erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda qveynis bedsa da politikur
cxovrebas. amdenad, istoriulad kavkasieli qali religiis, zneobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis funqcias atarebs. maRali wris qalebis
sarwmunoebis, enisa da eris gadarCenisaTvis Cadenili gmirobebis istoriuli da
istoriul-literaturuli magaliTebi kavkasiaSi axali Taobebis aRzrdis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani istoriuli institutia.
samxreT kavkasiaSi qalis yofiTi da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad
mniSvnelovania kavkasiuri ojaxis ganxilva, radgan swored ojaxi warmoadgenda,
Cveulebriv, qalis moRvaweobis erTaderT asparezs. zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tipi
moicavs rig Tvisebebs: ojaxis `ufrosi mamakacis~ ganusazRvreli uflebebi anu ojaxis
marTvis avtoritaruli forma, ufros-umcrosobis instituti, ojaxis wevrTa
statusis ierarqiuloba, qalis damokidebuli mdgomareoba, `ufrosi qalis~
88
sakuTar gamocdilebas, Sexedulebas, pirad azrs an intesess, aramed informacias,
romelsac iReben sxvebisgan. ase magaliTad, bavSvebi da mozardebi mSoblebisgan, naTe-
savebisgan an sxva avtoritetuli pirovnebebisgan (an jgufebisagan) arkveven, Tu
rogor unda moiqcnen ama Tu im cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, magaliTad, qorwilSi,
panaSvidze da sxva mraval yofiT situaciaSi, romelic adamianTa urTierTobebs
moicavs.
marTalia, adamianebi TviTon qmnian socialur normebs, Rirebulebebs, wes-Cveu-
lebebs da a.S., magram, amave dros, TiToeuli adamiani akvirdeba sxvas da Tavis qcevas
afasebs marTebulad manam, sanam igi Tavisi relevanturi jgufis msgavsad iqceva. amas
socialuri Semowmeba hqvia.
amgvarad, genderi Zlieri zegavlenis qveS imyofeba rogorc kulturuli normebis
mxridan, romelic adgens, Tu ra unda gaakeTon mamakacebma da qalebma, aseve
socialuri informaciis mxridanac, romelic STaagonebs adamianebs, Tu raoden didi
gansxvavebaa qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris. genderul-roluri socializacia procesia,
romlis drosac adamianebi swavloben, Tu ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis
da ra — mamakacebisTvis.
S. berns genderis, rogorc kognituri kategoriis sailustraciod moyavs Semdegi
magaliTi: erTxel mxatvarma daxata patara komiqsi: ori personaJi sicivisgan
gawiTlebuli yurebiT dgas quCaSi zamTris civ amindSi. erTi ambobs: `raSi mWirdeba
qudi, me sicivis ar meSinia~. meore ki pasuxobs: `me quds ar vatareb, radgan
varcxnilobas mifuWebs~. dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli maTgania gogo da romeli — biWi,
bernis azriT, pasuxis gacema aravis ar gauWirdeba, radgan orive fraza asaxavs
saerTod miRebul stereotips.
SigadaSig Cven vxvdebiT adamianebs, romelTa sqesis gansazRvrac gviWirs. Cveu-
lebriv aseTi situaciebi garkveuli dafiqrebisa da msjelobis sagani xdeba xolme.
berns moyavs Tavisi TanamSromlis klifis magaliTi, romelic studentobis dros
restoranSi muSaobda oficiantad. igi specialurad icvamda iubkas, frCxilebze
isvamda laqs da ikeTebda makiaJs. garSemomyofi adamianebis umravlesobas ar SeeZlo am
ambis mSvidad yureba. bernis azriT, amis mizezi klifis mier sazogadoebaSi miRebuli
normebis darRveva ki ar iyo, aramed is, rom maT ar icodnen, rogor moqceuliyvnen
adamianTan, romlis sqesic gaurkvevelia.
fsiqologebis krosis da markusis (Cross, Markus) azriT, aseTi SemTxvevebi
gansakuTrebuli interesis Rirsia, radgan isini xazs usvamen genderis, rogorc
socialuri kategoriis mniSvnelobas. maT magaliTad moyavT gaurkveveli sqesis mqone
petis istoria satelevizio Soudan. isini aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi, romlebic
naxulobdnen scenebs am personaJis monawileobiT, ganicdidnen Sinagan diskomforts,
radgan ar icodnen, Tu rogor unda aReqvaT am adamianis qceva misi genderuli
mikuTvnobulobis Sesaxeb informaciis ararsebobis gamo.
imisaTvis, rom gasagebi gaxdes, Tu ra didi miSvneloba aqvs genders adamianis Sesaxeb
informaciis gadamuSavebisas, genderuli sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven,
rom adamianebi ar aqceven yuradRebas adamianis Tvalebis an Tmis fers, aviwydebaT Tu
rogor iyo igi Cacmuli, an ra erqva mas, magram praqtikulad yovelTvis axsovT qali iyo es
adamiani Tu kaci. magaliTad, greidim (Grady) daadgina, rom metros mgzavrebi, romlebsac
sTxovdnen aReweraT molare, romelmac maT bileTi miyida, pirvel rigSi an meoreSi mainc,
asaxelebdnen mis sqess. amgvarad, am tipis dakvirvebebze da eqsperimentebze dayrdnobiT,
genderuli sqemis Teoris warmomadgenlebi asabuTeben, rom sqesi warmoadgens
umniSvnelovanes socialur kategorias, romlis saSualebiTac Cven vaxdenT garSemomyofi
adamianebis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamuSavebas.
29
 am TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad kognitur fsiqologiaSi, ismeba sakiTxi ZiriTadi sferoebi, sadac unda gatrdes struqturuli cvlilebebi, uaxloesi
informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemebis gamtarunarianobisa da informaciis kodirebis Sedegebi da samomavlo prognozebi.
Sesaxeb. sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben fsiqikuri energiis ekonomizmis
princips da aRniSnaven, rom Cven ar vaxdenT mTeli Semosuli informaciis ZiriTadi literatura:
gadamuSavebas. Cveni samyaro savsea adamianTa, saganTa da sxvadasxvagvar situaciaTa 1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli nana berekaSvili, bakur sualakauris
uTvalavi raodenobiT. Cven SeiZleba gavgiJebuliyaviT, rom SegvemCnia da gamomcemloba, 2003, gv.: 15-62;
gadagvemuSavebina Semosuli sruli informacia gamonaklisis gareSe. sinamdvileSi Cven 2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
gadavamuSavebT mxolod imas, rasac vamCnevT. magram ra gvaiZulebs yuradReba Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 211-237;
mivaqcioT swored am movlenebs? kognituri sqemis Teoria am sakiTxze pasuxis 3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, gv.: 282-303.
gasacemad gamoyofs iseT parametrebs, rogoricaa zoma, feri, intensivoba da siaxle 4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/
(uCveuloba). amave dros, aranakleb rols TamaSobs adamianis wina gamocdilebac da
agreTve, adamianis gaTviTcnobierebuloba imaSi, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani mocemul
situaciaSi da ra — ara (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, codna imisa, Tu ramdenad damatebiTi literatura:
mniSvnelovania, ramdenad Rirebulia ama Tu im informaciis (an parametris) SemCneva da 1. qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, redaqtor-gamomcemlebi: Suleri m.a. Tomasi
am situaciis gadamuSavebis saerTo kognitur procesSi CarTva). imisaTvis, rom Cveni d.q., Tb., gamomc.: logos presi, 2001.
mravalsaxovani gare samyaro daviyvanoT kogniturad aRqmad formamde, Cven 2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 267-303
vanawilebT Semosul informacias calkeul kategoriebad. amgvarad formirdeba
3. m. wereTeli, qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT (mon.), Tb., 2000,
gansakuTrebuli kognituri kategoriebi, romlebsac sqemebs uwodeben. sqemebi
gv.: 6-32;
gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogor xdeba Semosuli informaciis aRqma, Senaxva da
4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 31-43
aRdgena. mokled, sqemebi warmarTaven informaciis gadamuSavebis process. fiskesa da
5. Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference, edited by Deborah L. Rhode, Yale University press,
teiloris (Fiske & Taylor) mixedviT, Cveulebriv, Cven gvaqvs winaswar momzadebuli
1990, p.: 239-257
kognituri kategoriebi socialuri situaciebis (movlenebis sqemebi) umravleso-
6. http://www/unhchr.ch/women/genderequality.html
bisTvis, adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac vicnobT (pirovnuli sqemebi) da socialuri
jgufebisaTvis, romelTa identifikaciac genderis, eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis da
moRvaweobis saxeebis (roluri sqemebi) safuZvelze xdeba. msgavsi kategoriebi
marTaven adamianebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb Semomavali informaciis gadamuSavebas.
amgvarad, genderuli sqemis Teoria genderis struqturirebaSi iTvaliswinebs
rogorc socialuri da kulturul faqtorebs, aseve kognituri ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebsa da kognituri funqciebis Taviseburebebs. amitom, erTi SexedviT, es
Teoria universaluradac SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magram Tu yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT
mas, aRmovaCenT, rom igi adekvaturad ver asaxavs genderis, rogorc socialur-
kulturuli konstruqtis raobas. saqme isaa, rom sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderi
kognituri kategoriaa da amdenad, igi mxolod codnis matarebeli konstruqtia.
sinamdvileSi ki genderi moicavs emociur, SefasebiT damokidebulebasac, romelic
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan da Rrma mTlian pirovnebiseul
xasiaTs atarebs.
es Teoria ver iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis
aracnobier meqanizmebsac. saqme isaa, genderis konstruqti (iqneba es genderuli
Rirebulebebi, stereotipebi Tu sxv. ) umeteswilad adamianebis mier cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis SeZenis procesSi yalibdeba da igi xSirad aracnobieri swavlis Sedegia.

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:

genderuli identifikacia — sakuTari Tavis ama Tu im sqesisadmi mikuTvnebuloba.

genderuli tipireba - procesi, romelic mdedrsa da mamrs gardaqmnis feminur an

maskulinur arsebad (e.i. qalad da mamakacad) cnobilia, rogorc sqesad tipirebis (an
genderuli tipirebis) procesi.

30 87
 aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis saqmeebSi TanamSromlobis SvedeTis saerTaSoriso
saagento _ SIDA, 1980 wlidan moyolebuli muSaobs qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis
problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis sakiTxebis TanamSromlobis sferoSi da
ganviTarebis saqmeSi gamoyenebisaTvis. axal programaSi, romlebic exeba qalTa da
mamakacTa Tanasworobis waxalisebis moqmedebebs partnior qveynebSi (1997)
kompleqsuri midgoma aris gansaxRvruli, rogorc mTavari midgoma.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
androcentrizmi — mamakacze orientirebuli.
genderuli Tanasworoba — Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,
romelic moicavs adamianuri kapitalisa da warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor
xelmisawvdomobas, agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromos anazraurebaSi da interesebis
gamoxatvis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.
genderuli meinstrimingi - qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon
saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
seminari #7
Tema #7 (2 sT)
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia. seminarze
gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis
kiTxvebi:
1. ras niSnavs androcentrizmi?
2. saidan iRebs androcentrizmi saTaves?
3. rogori iyo plstonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis
funqciebze? maT Tanasworobaze?
4. ra mniSvneloba hqonda froidis fsiqoanalizur Teorias androcentrizmis
ganmtkicebaSi? ratom?
5. ra aris genderuli Tanasworoba gansazRvrebis moxedviT? axseniT Tqveni sitvebiT.
moiyvaneT magaliTebi;
6. ra aris genderuli meinstrimingi da riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderuli
Tanasworobisagan?
7. rogoria genderuli Tanasworobis damkvidrebis mcdelobis modelebi sxvadasxva
qveynebSi? moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi;
8. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania Tu
ara am qveynis kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba? ratom?
9. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas, Tqveni azriT, ra
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa mniSvnelovani? ratom?
amasTanave, seminarze SemuSavebuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis qarTuli
modelis studenturi varianti. amisaTvis maT daevalebaT (leqciis Semdeg) winaswar
gansazRvron da seminarze warmoadginon: ZiriTadi sferoebi, sadac sqesTa
uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic, maTi
azriT, gansazRvraven movlenaTa aseT viTarebas (pirovnuli, kulturuli,
politikuri), ZiriTadi nabijebi, romlebic unda gadaidgas Tanasworobis misaRwevad,
86
modelireba — swavlis forma sxvis swor qcevaze dakvirvebis saSualebiT.
prototipi - prototipis cneba farTed gamoiyeneba kognitur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod,
ki informaciis amocnobis, gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis modelebSi. prototipi
warmoadgens ama Tu im obieqtis (an movlenis) arsebiTi niSnebis krebuls, romelic
saukeTesod da srulad asaxavs am obieqtebs (an movlenebs) an maT klasebs. informaciis
identifikacia anu `kognituri Zieba~ Semosuli informaciis prototipTan Sedarebis
gziT mimdinareobs.
androginia - androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel adamians, damoukideblad
biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve feminurobis
Tvisebebi da aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur Tvisebebs,
aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs.
kognituri modeli — metafora, romelic dfuZnebulia dakvirvebebze da daskvnebze
da aRwers informaciis Semosvlis, Senaxvis da gamoyenebis procesebs.
kognituri Teoria — Teoria, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis
informaciis gadamamuSavebel sistemebs. igi adamians ganixilavs rogorc informaciis
gadamamuSavebel sistemas.
verbaluri da kognituri reprezentaciebi — informaciis Senaxvis forma, romelic
miiReba obieqturi informaciis pirovnuli gamocdilebisa da interesebis WrilSi
gadamuSavebis Sedegad.
genderuli sqema - hipoTeturi kognituri struqtura, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba
genderTan dakavSirebuli informaciis aRqma, gadamuSaveba da gamoyeneba.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi.
seminari #2 (Tema # 2 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. rogoria froidis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmi?
2. ra mniSvneloba hqonda froidis Teorias genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?
3. ratom akritikebdnen feministebi froids? rogoria maTi argumentebi?
4. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciisa da
tipirebis meqanizmi?
5. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis roli genderis, rogorc socialur-
kognituri konstruqtis Tanamedrove gagebaSi?
6. ratom aris mniSvnelovani kroskulturuli kvlevebisTvis kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria?
7. rogoria androginiis koncefciis mecnieruli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba?
8. rogor aris gagebuli genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis TeoriaSi
androginia?
9. ratom aris es Teoria mniSvnelovani genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?
10. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderul identifikaciisa da tipirebis meqanizms
31
 genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT?
11. rogor aris gagebuli am TeoriebSi genderuli cnobiereba?
12. seminaris bolos studentebi gaecnobian maskulinoba-feminuribs s. bemis kiTxvaris
principiT i. gendevaniSvilis mier qarTvel studentebze Catarebul gamokvlevis
monacemebs. studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT agreTve, gamoikvlion sakuTari Tavi am
mimarTulebiT.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.: 28-96;
2. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli n. berekaSvili, bakur sulakauris
gamomc., 2003, gv: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79;
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 27-60.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,
Inc., 1990, gv.: 35-78;
2. Jacklin, C.N. (1989). Female and male: Issues of Gender. American Psychologist, 44, gv. :127-133;
3. Bussey K. & Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of Gender Constancy and social power on sex-linked
modeling. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 47, gv.:1292-1302;
4. Bern, S. L. (1981). Gender Schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological Review, 88,
gv.:354-364;
5. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 337–339;
6. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, T. I, V;
7. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 199-204, 218-131;
8. Liben, L.S. & Signorella, M. L. (1980). Gender Related Schemata and constructive memory in Children,
Child Development, 51, gv.:11-17.
32
daniaSi ringstedis komunam aamoqmeda proeqti, romlis mizani iyo genderuli
Tanasworobis problemis integracia sakadro politikaSi. misi mizani iyo, agreTve,
genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia komunis administraciis muSa-
obaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;
fineTma proeqtis ganxorcieleba daiwyo samTavrobo doneze. yoveli saministro
proeqtis farglebSi gamoimuSavebda meTodebsa da instrumentebs genderuli Tanas-
worobis problematikis sakuTar sferoSi integraciisaTvis;
islandiaSi ganxorcielda ori proeqti: erTi q. reikiavikSi, meore q. akureirSi.
Tavisufali drois organizaciis municipaluri komisiebis farglebSi tardeboda
eqsperimentebi, romelic problemis mogvarebis gzebsa da da meTodebs avlenda.
komisiebi TanamSromlobdnen sportul da kulturul organizaciebTan, raTa maT
moexdinaT resursebis (drois, sportuli moednebis, finansebis da a.S.) samarTliani
ganawileba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris;
norvegiaSi amoqmedda ori proeqti — erTi nacionalur doneze, meore ki — regio-
nalurze. Tavis Cveul saqmianobaSi am problemis integrireba moaxdina ojaxisa da
bavSvebis saqmeebis saministrom. mimdinareobs saxelmwifo moxeleebis momzdeba, rom-
lebic CaerTvebian saqmeSi da pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis
sakiTxebze;
SvedeTma aamoqmeda ori proeqti (orive regionalur doneze). regionaluri Zalovani
struqturebis yvelaze maRali donis moxeleebi TanamSromlobdnen am proeqtebTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanasworobis problemiT SeSfoTebulobis donis gasarkvevad
Sromismowyobis biuroSi moxda testireba (3 R meTodiT). am proeqtis farglebSi moxda
Tavisufali drois organizatori administraciuli struqturis samuSao procesSi
Tanasworobis axali meTodebiT integrireba.
fareris kunZulebze ki maswavebelTa momzadebis dawesebulebaSi xorcieldeba proeq-
ti, romlis mizania genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebis maswavebelTa momzadebis procesSi.
portugaliuaSi 1997 wels qveynis premier ministris TaosnobiT moxda genderuli
Tanasworobis gamyarebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romelSic yvela saministro iRebda
monawileobas. gegmis ZiriTad elementebs warmoadgendnen Semdegi aspeqtebi: im
sakiTxebis integracia saskolo programebSi, romlebic genderul Tanasworobas exeba,
axal samuSao adgilTa Seqmnis programebi, mosamsaxureTa ideuri momzadeba
genderuli Tanasworobis ideis mimReblobisaTvis. statistikuri monacemebis
xelaxali analizi da am monacemTa dalageba sqesobrivi niSniT;
axal zelandiaSi 1995 wels qalTa saqmeebis saministrom gamoaqveyna saxelmZRvanelo
analizisTvis, romelic iTvaliswinebs qalTa da mamakacTa damaxasiaTvebel yvela
kritetiums. am saxelmZRvanelos (faqtiurad gzamkvlevis) mizania, rom daexmaros
yvelas, vinc amzadebs proeqtebs genderuli Tanasworobis problematikasTan
dakavSirebuli mTavrobis politikuri miznebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi debulebebi exeba ara mxolod
samTavrobo seqtors, aramed _ kerZo organizaciebsac.
85
wilebas, rom likvidirebul iqnes wonasworobis darRveva kerZo, Tu sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. saqme exeba TiToeuli adamianis codnisa da talantis gamoyenebas imis
misaRwevad, rom qalebi da mamakacebi Tanasworad monawileobdnen sazogadoebis mSe-
neblobaSi da rekonstruqciaSi. sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis dasamyareblad da
SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli xelaxali gaazrebisa da gadafasebis mudmivi, uwyveti
procesi.
arsebobs rigi RonisZiebebisa, romlebic cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da doneze qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworobis damkvidrebisaTvis unda gadatardes. yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani miznebi, romlebic dRes am mimarTulebiT unda iqnes miRweuli aris:
1. qalTa uflebebis, romlebic aseve adamianTa uflebebis ganuyofeli nawilia —
sruli miReba da pativiscema; agreTve, im zomebis gatareba, romlebic saSualebas
miscems qalebs realuriad gamoiyenon sakuTari uflebebi;
2. demokratiuli reprezentatiulobis ganviTareba da gaumjobeseba. miuxedavad qa-
lis pirobebis gaumjobesebisa, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi arasakmarisi reprezen-
tatiulobaa. anu qalis monawileobis ararsebobaa gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela
doeneze;
3. ekonomikuri damoukidebloba amis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia: Sromis
Tanabari anazRaurebis daweseba, kreditebis miRebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi;
Sromis bazarze Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna;
4. ganaTleba. igi Zlieri instrumentia — sqesTa Tanasworobis sferoSi, rameTu
ganaTlebis wyalobiT sazogadoeba Taobidan Taobas gadascems rolebisa da
normebis Sesaxeb codnas. agreTve misi meSveobiT SeiZleba arsebuli ierarqiuli
sistemis koreqtireba;
5. orive sqesis erToblivi moqmedeba. Zalze mniSvnelovania orive sqesis SeTanxmeba,
arsebuli socialuri disproporciebis Sesaxeb da erToblivi moqmedeba mis
gamosasworeblad. mniSvnelovania pasuxismgeblobisa da Zalisxmevis ganawileba;
gaeros, qalTa problemebisadmi miZRvnili, mesame konferenciis (naiobi, 1985)
Semdgom sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi gamoCnda sqesTa Tanasworobisadmi
kompleqsuri midgomis axali koncefcia.
meinstrimingi (Mainstreaming) — kompleqsuri midgoma sqesTa Tanasworobis
problemisadmi, Znelad saTargmnia sxvadasxva enebze. magram es midgoma gulisxmobs
sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis sakiTxebis integrirebis mcdelobas sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis konteqstSi. amgvarad, is SeiZleba CamovayaliboT aseTnairad: `qalTa da
mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma~. aRsaniSnavia, rom sqesTa Soris
Tanasworobis kompleqsuri midgomis mimarT specialistTa erToblivi azri,
konsensusi jer kidev ar arsebobs. kompleqsuri midgomis momxreebi Tvlian, rom yvela
qveyanaSi sqesTa Tanasworobis koncefcia unda detalurad ganimartos da aixsnas,
raTa gaTvaliswonebuli iyos qveynis specifika (pilitikuri wyoba, mmarTvelobis
struqtura, tradiciebi da a.S.)
rac Seexeba zogadad `Mainstriming”-is koncefcias, misTvis amosavali wertili aris
sazogadoeba mTlianad (mTlianobaSi).
mokled ganvixiloT rogoria `Mainstriming”-is midgoma sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
CrdiloeT qveynebis ministrTa sabWom aamuSava proeqti, romlis mizani iyo
meTodebis da instrumentebis amoqmedeba qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemis
integraciis mizniT Sromismowyobis da axalgazrdaTa saqmeebis politikaSi. proeqtis
struqtura iyo `qolgis~ msgavsi da moicavda moqmedebis rig sferoebs.
amoqmedda Semdegi nacionaluri proeqtebi:
84
kvira #3
leqcia—2 sT
Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia da misi institutebi.
kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia
da misi meqanizmebi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, socializaciis ZiriTadi institutebi
— ojaxi, mSoblebis qceva, gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba, bavSvebis movla da maTze
zrunva, Tanatolebi, ganaTlebis sistema (saxelmZRvaneloebi, seqsizmi, feisizmi)
masmedia, saTamaSoebi da sxv. kroskulturuli kvlevebis monacemebi am TvalsazrisiT.
genderuli stereotipebis aTviseba xdeba bavSvobis asakidan socializaciis pro-
cesSi. socializacia gulisxmobs yvela im procesebis erTianobas, romelTa meSve-
obiTac adamiani iTvisebs cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, swavlobs yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis normebs, stils, wesebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul sazogado-
ebaSia miRebuli. socializaciis meqanizmis Sesaswavlad sociologma e. gidensma
Caatara Semdegi saxis eqsperimenti: qalebis jgufs aCvenes vardisfer mosaxvevSi
gaxveuli patara bavSvi vardisferi qudiT. am bavSvze qalebi yvelaze xSirad ase
reagirebdnen: `rogori pataraa~, `namdvili mzeTunaxavia~, `ra nazi xma aqvs~ da a.S.
Semdeg qalebis amave jgufs aCvenes igive bavSvi, oRond amjerad bavSvi cisferebSi iyo
gamowyobili. qalebma ar icodnen, rom pirveli da meore bavSvi erTi da igive iyo. e.w.
meore bavSvze Semdegi reaqciebi dafiqsirda: `Tavidanve etyoba, rom Zlieri mamakaci
iqneba~ an `xedav, rogori boxi xmiT tiris, etyoba, rom Tavisas yovelTvis gaitans~.
qalebs Zalian gaukvirdaT, roca gaiges, rom maT orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive bavSvi
warudgines.
genderze zegavlenas axdens rogorc kulturuli normebi, romlebic adgens, Tu ra
unda gaakeTon qalebma da ra mamakacebma, aseve socialuri informaciac, romelic
STaagonebs adamianebs, Tu ramdenad didia qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris sxvaobebi.
genderul-roluri socializacia procesia, romlis drosac adamianebi swavloben, Tu
ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis da ra — mamakacebisTvis.
gogonebsa da biWebs Soris bevri gansxvaveba aixsneba socializaciaSi gansxvavebiT.
bari, bekoni da Caildi (Barry, Bacon & Child, 1957) ikvlevdnen 100-ze meti qveynis
socializaciis praqtikebs. maT aRmoaCines, rom biWebs Cveulebriv aswavlian miaRwios
mizans, hqondes sakuTari Zalebis imedi, iyos damoukidebeli, maSin roca gogonebs
Cveulebriv aswavlian izrunon sustebze, hqondeT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da iyvnen
damjerebi.
litonma da romnim (Lytton & Romney, !991) ikvlies Crdilo amerikaSi Catarebuli 158
socializaciis kvleva metaanalizis saSualebiT. maT aRmoaCines, rom xelSesaxebi
rezultatebi miRweuli iyo mxolod sqesiT gasazRvruli qcevis waxalisebis dros.
dasavleTis qveynebSi Catarebuli 17 gamokvlevis Sedegebi ki gviCveneben, rom
arsebobs gamoxatuli sxvaobebi bavSvis sqessa da mSoblebis mier maT aRzrdaSi
fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis sixSires Soris. amasTan, biWebTan fizikuri dasja ufro
mkacri iyo, vidre - gogonebTan. gansxvavebebi biWebsa da gogonebTan moqcevaSi
mcirdeboda asakis matebasTan erTad.
diferencialuri socializacia - es aris procesi, romlis drosac adamiani iTvisebs
Tavisi sqesis Seabamis qcevis modelebs, Rirebulebebs da a.S. diferencialuri
socializaciis Canasaxebi vlindeba jer kidev bavSvis dabadebamde. mSoblebs undaT
33
winaswar icodnen gogo eyolebaT maT Tu biWi, radgan amazea damokidebuli Tu ras
daarqmeven mas, rogor saTamaSoebs da tansacmels uyidian da rogor gazrdian mas.
magaliTad, meqsikaSi gogonebs dabadebisTanave uxvritaven yurebs da ukeTeben
sayureebs, rom garSemomyofebs ar SeeSaloT maTi sqesi. amerikaSi axalSobil gogonebs
ukeTeben lentebs da babTebs. saqarTveloSi miRebulia gogosaTvis vardsferi da
biWisaTvis cisferi tansacmlisa da atributebis SeZena. am monacemebidan Cans, rom
genderi Zalian mniSvnelovani socialuri kategoriaa da mSoblebi cdiloben
Tavdapirveladve moaxdinion, bavSvTa sqesis mixedviT, diferenciacia.
diferencialuri socializaciis ori ZiriTadi meqanizmia cnobili: diferencia-
luri gaZliereba da diferencialuri mibaZva (modelireba). diferencialuri
gaZliereba muSaobs maSin, roca misaRebi genderuli qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo
miuReblis — dasja (im pirobiT, rom garkveuli qcevis modelis dasja-waxaliseba
Seesabameba mis biologiur sqess). ase magaliTad, peris (Perry) da misi kolegebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom aSS-Si me-4-dan me-7 klasis biWebi gogonebTan SedarebiT naklebad
elodebian mSoblebisgan gakicxvas agresiuli qcevisaTvis.
empiriuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom 7 wlis asakisTvis, zogjer ki 4-5 wlis
asakisTvis bavSvebi aRweven genderul konstantobas. amasTanave, dawyebiT skolaSi
wasvlamde bavSvebs ukve aqvT myari Sexedulebebi saTamaSoebSi, tansacmelSi,
moqmedebebSi da saqmianobis sferoebSi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc ki sruldeba genderuli identifikacia, bavSvi avlens gansakuTrebul
interess im roluri modelebisadmi, romlebic Seesabameba maT sqess. es interesi
ganpirobebulia surviliT iyos saukeTeso gogo an biWi. am movlenas diferencialuri
mibaZva an diferencialuri modelireba ewodeba. banduras mixedviT, biWebis umrav-
lesoba (iseve, rogorc gogonebi) 2 wlis asakSi akvirdeba dedis qcevas da cdilobs
gaimeoros igi: icvams quslian fexsacmelebs, isvams frCxilebze laqs da a.S. magram,
rodesac genderuli identifikaciis procesi sruldeba, muSaobas iwyebs diferenci-
aluri modelirebis meqanizmi da biWi ukve cdilobs mibaZos mamas. diferencialuri
mibaZvis safuZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas is, Tu ratom xdeba, rom qalebs Cveulebriv
moswonT maRaziebSi siaruli, dResaswaulebisTvis mzadeba, xolo mamakacebi cdiloben
am saqmianobisTvis Tavis aridebas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sina meurneobazec anu
diasaxlisobaze. diferencialuri socializaciiT SeiZleba aixsnas, agreTve,
mamakacebis da Sesabamisad biWebis midrekileba uyuron sportul telegedacemebs.
socializaciis umTavres wyaroebad miCneulia ojaxi (mSoblebi), Tanatolebi,
masmedia (gansakuTrebiT televizia), ganaTlebis sistema. Cven ganvixilavT
socializaciis institutebis kvlevebs sxvadasxva kulturebis magaliTze. es kvlevebi
naTlad gviCvenebs socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis rols genderuli tipirebis
procesSi.
gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba. im pirobaTa Seswavla, romelSic xdeba bavSvebis
swavleba da aRzrda, saSualebas iZleva ukeT gavigoT Tu rogor axdenen zegavlenas
kulturuli gansxvavebebi socializaciis procesSi bavSvebis ganviTarebaze.
mecnierebi (Edvards & Whiting, 1974; Minturn &Lambert, 1964; E. Whitting & Edvards, 1973)
akvirdebodnen bavSvTa aRzrdis pirobebs 6 kulturis kvlevis procesSi. kvleva
exeboda bavSvebis qcevas, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo agresiasTan, umcrosebze
zrunvasTan, pasuxismgeblobasTan, daxmarebis Ziebasa da yuradRebasTan. gamokvlevaSi
monawileobdnen 3-11 wlis bavSvebi kunZul okinavadan, meqsikidan, filipinebidan,
indoeTidan, keniidan da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan. umniSvnelo genderuli
sxvaobebi aRmoCenili iyo sam SerCevaSi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, filipinebi,
34
vxvdebiT xolme aseT viTarebas) evropaSi sqesTa Tanasworoba ganisazRvreboda
mamakacebisa da qalebis deiure uflebebiT aRWurviT. Cvens droSi aRiarebulia, rom
deiure uflebebs aucileblad ar mivyevarT defaqto viTarebisaken. realurad
mamakacisa da qalis cxovrebis pirobebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT, genderuli Tanasworoba an sqesTa
Tanasworoba — es aris Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,
romelic moicavs adamianuri kapitalisa da warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor xel-
misawvdomobas, agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromis anazRaurebaSi da interesebis
gamoxatvis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.
sqesTa Tanasworoba ar niSnavs urTierTdamsgavsebasa da identurobas. Tanaswo-
roba arc mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesis normad damkvidrebas
gulisxmobs. Tanasworobis arsis garkvevaSi mTavari mniSvneloba or aspeqts aqvs:
sqesis socialur struqturas da sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs.
qalisa da mamakacis genderad, socialur sqesad dayofa qalisa da mamakacis
socialuri identifikaciis aRmocenebis droidan momdinareobs. genderi, romelic
biologiuri sqesis socialuri anabeWdia da ganpirobebulia sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli
sqesis damaxasiaTebeli funqciebisa da rolebis ganawilebaze. es ganawileba, romelsac
pirvel rigSi kulturuli xasiaTi aqvs, varirebs (cvalebadobas ganicdis) droisa da
adgilis Sesabamisad. aseTi saxiT gansazRvrul genderis struqturas aqvs individu-
aluri da socialuri ganzomileba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive es faqtori erTnairad
mniSvnelovania.
TavianTi sicocxlis (cxovelqmedebis) ganmavlobaSi manZilze adamianebi indivi-
dualurad ayalibeben sqesobriv rolebs da normebs, magram, amave dros, genderi,
agreTve, politikur da institucionalur planSi unda ganixilebodes. politikuri da
sazogadoebriv—politikuri struqturebi pirvelxarisxovan rolis TamaSoben
cxovrebis pirobebis modelirebaSi da xSirad ganapirobeben ama Tu im sqesis statusis
ZalaSi darCenas, romelic dadgenilia mocemiuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi. diskri-
minaciis xangrZlivi istoria (ama Tu im sqesis mimarT) uxilavad da uneblied axdens
zemoqmedebas adamianTa yoveldRiur qcevebsa da gadawyvetilebebze.
radgan tradiciulad aRiarebulia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis RerZi mamakacuria, es
imas niSnavs, rom norma, romelic mamakacebisTvis aris miRebuli, normaa mTeli
sazogadoebisTvis, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis struqturaSi da politikur gadawyve-
tilebebSi, da rac xSirad, Tumca ara aucileblad ganzraxulad, aaSkaravebs sqesTa
Soris uTanasworobas.
sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis idea gvaiZulebs SevafasoT mamakacisa da qalis rolebs
Soris gansxvaveba. Tanasworobis principi Seicavs gansxvavebulobis uflebas, rac
gulisxmobs aucileblobas gaviTvaliswinoT is ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi (Strixebi),
rac sxvadasxva socialuri klasis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, religiuri Sexedule-
bebisa, eTnikuri jgufis da seqsualuri orientaciis qalebsa da mamakacebs axasiaTebT.
Tanasworobis principi imazec gvafiqrebinebs, Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT warmatebas,
cvlilebebis Sesatanad im sazogadoebriv struqturebSi, sadac ZalauflebiTi
damokidebulebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris ar aris dabalansebuli. Tanasworobis
principi gvafiqrebinebs, agreTve, Tu rogor unda damyardes wonasworoba garkveul
faseulobebsa da prioritetebs Soris, romlebic sqesebs aqvT.
Tanasworobis koncefcia gviCvenebs, rom sqesTa socialuri identifikacia gvaZ-
levs saSualebas qalebisa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebisaTvis. amasTan, ise, rom am
dros ar daveyrdnoT ierarqiis princips (romelic mamakacs maRla ayenebs). es iTxovs
sqesebs Soris partniorobis gacnobierebas (Segnebas) da faseulobebis iseT gana-
83
sasargeblod (qalis sazogadoebrivi statusis gazrdisa da gamyarebis momxreTa
ricxvi rom sagrZnoblad gaizarda, amaze metyvelebs oskampis (Oskamp, 1991) kvlevebic.
am kvlevebis mixedviT, qalis prezidentobis kandidaturas 1937 wels — 33% — uWerda
mxars 1987 wels ki — 82%).
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad gaxSirda da gaZlierda qalis uflebebis-
Tvis brZola da qalebs statusis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi (konferenciebi,
seminarebi, aqciebi, programebi da sxv.) — es im procesis Sedegs warmoadgenen, rasac
feministurma moZraobebma daudes saTave.
gaeros egidiT qalTa konferenciebi Catarda: mexikoSi (1975), kopenhagenSi (1980) da
nairobiSi (1985). am konferenciebze moxda qalis statusis Sefaseba da qalTa
ganviTarebis da winsvlis strategiebis dasaxva. 80—90—ian wlebSi sxvadasxva qveynis
warmomadgenelma qalebma wamowies adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxi da daJinebiT moiTxoves
adamianis uflebebis koreqcia da qalis uflebebis, integracia;
adamianis uflebebis ganxilva Seicavda im ormagi standartebis analizsac,
romelic adamianis uflebebsa da qalis cxovrebis realobas Soris arsebobs. qalebma
farTo sazogadoebas daanaxves, rom adamianis uflebebis ganxorcielebas genderuli
elferi dahkravs da, agreTve, moiTxoves, rom adamianebis uflebebis struqtura
srulfasovnad iTvaliswinebdes kacobriobis meore naxevris — qalebis gamocdilebas.
qalis adamianis uflebebis moxmobiT qali uaryofs adamianis uflebebis iseT
ierarqias, sadac politikuri da moqalaqis uflebebi an socialur—ekonomikuri uf-
lebebi ganixileba, rogorc upiratesi. amis sapirispirod, qalebi amtkiceben, rom
politikuri stabiloba ar ganxorcieldeba manam, sanam ar mogvardeba qalis soci-
aluri da ekonomikuri uflebebis sakiTxi; mdgradi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia poli-
tikur procesebSi qalis kulturuli da socialuri rolis CarTvisa da mis mimarT
pativiscemis gareSe. Tanasworoba ver damyardeba ekonomikuri samarTlianobis da
politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela doneze qalis monawileobis gareSe.
mTeli msoflios qalebi xangrZlivi drois granmavlobaSi cdilobdnen yuradRebis
centrSi daeyenebinaT qalTa diskriminaciis sakiTxi; agreTve, ayenebdnen sakiTxs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aqvs qalis uflebebs adamianis uflebebis mimarT damxmare statusi.
am mcdelobam 90—iani wlebis dasawyisSi garkveuli winsvla ganicada.
1993 wels venaSi gamarTuli gaeros saerTaSoriso konferenciai adamianis
uflebebis Sesaxeb, gadaiqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli adamianis uflebebis axali
xedvisa da praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. am konferenciaze qalTa uflebebis
saerTaSoriso kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias mouwodebda
yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina qalis adamianis uflebebi da eRiarebina genderuli
Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni (Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi specifikuri
formiT gamovlenili). qalebma gaagrZeles am sakiTxis lobireba da 1994 wels kairoSi
gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze gamorCeulad aRiarebuli iqna qalTa repro-
duqciuli uflebebi. 1995 wels pekinSi ki, qalTa msoflio konferenciaze SeimuSaves
moqmedebis platforma. amiT niSani mieca qalTa uflebebis adamianis uflebebad
oficialur aRiarebas. marTalia am konferenciaze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli
Zala ara aqvs; Tumca maT namdvilad aqvT eTikuri da politikuri wona.
yvela es mcdeloba mimarTulia qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobis dasamya-
reblad. sqesTa Soris TanasworobaSi ki igulisxmeba: Tanabari mdgomareoba (socia-
luri), damoukidebloba, sazogadoebrivi da kerZo cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari
monawileoba da pasuxismgebloba.
Tanasworobis cneba gulisxmobs qalisa da mamakacis yovlismomcveli monawileobis
princips sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Zvelad (zogjer exlac, Tanamedrove droSic,
82
kenia), romlebSic rogorc gogonebs, aseve biWebs daaxloebiT erTnairi samuSao
evalebodaT. danarCen sam SerCevaSi (indoeTi, meqsika da okinava) gogonebs da biWebs
eqceodnen gansxvavebulad da gogonebs gacilebiT ufro xSirad sTxovdnen moearaT
umcrosi da-ZmisTvis da gaekeTebinaT saxlis samuSao. rac Seexeba ojaxuri
davalebebis Sesrulebebis sixSires, es maCvenebeli yvelaze mcire iyo amerikul
SerCevaSi, sadac arc gogonebi da arc biWebi ar iRebdnen gansakuTrebul monawileobas
ojaxur saqmianobebSi da umcrosebis movlaSi.
bredlim (Bredley, 1993) gamoikvlia bavSvTa Sroma 91 kulturaSi standartuli
kroskulturuli SerCevis magaliTze. man miiRo Semdegi rezultatebi: 6 wlamde
bavSvebi asruleben mcire samuSaos yvela kulturaSi. 6 welze ufrosi asakis bavSvebi
asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelic faqtiurad Seesabameba (uaxlovdeba) misi
Sesatyvisi sqesis ufrosis samuSaos. Tumca rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi, ufro
xSirad asruleben qalur samuSaos (mag. wylis motana), vidre mamakacurs (mag.
nadiroba). amasTan, bavSvebi xSirad asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelsac ufrosebi
damamcireblad an arakvalificiurad miiCneven. bavSvTa Sromas Tvals adevneben
qalebi, rac xels uwyobs bavSvebis mier kulturuli normebis aTvisebas da amsubuqebs
dedis Sromas. amgvarad, bredli Tvlis, rom is vinc zrdis bavSvs, ara mxolod zrdis
Tavis momaval dasayrdens sibereSi, aramed, amave dros, aqvs saSualeba isargeblos
bavSvTa Sromis nayofiTac.
bavSvebis movla da maTze zrunva. vaisnernma da galimorma (Weisner & Gallimore, 1977)
gaaanalizes 186 sazogadoebis monacemebi da mividnen im daskvnamde, rom Cvili
bavSvebis movliT pirvel rigSi dakavebulni arian dedebi, ufrosi naTesavi qalebi da
gogonebi. Tumca ki, rogorc ki patarebi izrdebian, maTi aRzrdis pasuxismgeblobas
iReben ara mxolod maTi debi, aramed — Zmebic. 2-4 wlis bavSvebi aseT `ZiZebTan~
yoveldRiurad drois 70% atareben im sazogadoebebSi, sadac dedebi Tavis drois
umetesi nawili sxvadasxva tipis warmoebiTi saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni da mTel
dros dedobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebas ar axmaren. Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi
bavSvebi xedaven dedaSi imas, vinc maTze pasuxs agebs.
80 gamokvleuli kulturidan (Katz & Konner, 1981; West & Konner, 1976) faqtiurad 20%-
Si mamebi iSviaTad, an arasodes ar arian dakavebulni Cvil bavSvebze zrunviT. mamis
axlo urTierToba CvilebTan gamovlenili iyo mxolod kulturaTa 4 %- Si, magram
aseTi siaxlovis drosac ki mamebi CvilebTan Tavisi drois mxolod 14 %-s xarjavdnen
da uzrunvelyofdnen maTi moTxovnilebebis mxolod 6%-s. monros (R.L. Munroe &
Monroe, 1994) gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom umetes sazogadoebebSi mamis bavSvTan
urTierToba — es aris mxolod TamaSi.
rig gamokvlevebSi dadasturda (Katz & Konner, 1981; Segall, 1988, B.B. Whiting, 1965), rom
mamis aryofna (ararseboba) ukavSirdeba zedmet agresias an hipermaskulinur qcevas.
xolo sxva gamokvlevebSi (Gronseth, 1957; Lynn & Sawrey, 1959) dadginda, rom mamis
xangrZlivi aryofnis dros, magaliTad, omis gamo an zRvaS gasvlis gamo
hipermaskulinur qcevasTan erTad vaJiSvilebi iqcevian aSkarad aravaJkacurad da
avlenen daqvemdebarebis maRal dones, zedmetad giJur fantazias.
dadgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi mamebi nakleb dros uTmoben
qaliSvilebs, vidre - vaJiSvilebs. amasTanave, isini, ufro metad, vidre — dedebi,
axaliseben gogonebis iseT qcevas, romelic sqesobriv-roluri orientaciiT aris
gansazRvruli (Lytton & Romney, 1991). dedis aRmzrdelobiTi roli erTnairad
mniSvnelovania rogorc gogonebisTvis, aseve — biWebisTvis. magram mama Cveulebriv
35
ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs vaJisSvilis aRzrdaSi (Rohner & Rohner, 1982). maki da
dei (Mackey, 1985; Mackey & Day, 1997) akvirdebodnen bavSvTa da mSobelTa qcevas
sazogadoebriv adgilebSi 10 sxvadasxva kulturaSi da aRmoaCines, rom gogonebi ufro
xSirad iyvnen iseT jgufebSi (sazogadoebaSi), sadac ar arian zrdasruli mamakacebi,
maSin roca biWebi ufri xSirad arian iseT jgufebSi, romlebic mTlianad
mamakacebisgan Sedgebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom es gansxvavebebi asakTan erTad matulobs.
Tanatolebi. bavSvobaSi da ymawvilobisas socializaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben Tanatolebi. Tanatolebis zegavlena izrdeba bavSvTa zrdasTan erTad,
axdens ra bavSvobidan zrdasrulobisken gadasvlis struqturirebas.
2-10 wlis bavSvTa TanatolebTan urTierTobis analizma, romelic xorcieldeboda
6 kulturis da 6 damatebiTi SerCevis farglebSi mkvlevarTa jgufis mier (Edwards,
1992; Edwards &Whting, 1993), aCvena sakuTari sqesis warmomadgenlebisadmi upiratesobis
miniWebis kros-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT universalurad mdgradi tendencia,
romelic vlindeba dawyebuli 2 wlis asakidan. ufro ufros bavSvebSi sqesis mixedviT
segregacia gxvdeba Zalian xSirad. edvardsi gamoTqvams varauds, rom Tavis msgavsisken
swrafva SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis SecnobiT iyos ganpirobebuli, Tanatolebi ki —
yvelaze kargi sarkea. bavSvisTvis Tanatolebi — es arian isini, visac aqvT misi msgavsi
Sexedulebebi da gansazRvruli moRvaweobis da qcevis upiratesobis miniWebis
msgavseba. magram Tanatolebi, aseve, uzrunvelyofen SesaZleblobebs Sejibrisa
(konkurenciisa) da konfliqtebisaTvis, rac normalur farglebSi ganviTarebis
safuZvelia.
mozardTa iniciaciis ritualebi vlindeba bevr kulturaSi da miznad isaxavs
CamoaSoron inicirebuli axloblebs (mSoblebs); moamzados igi seqsualobisTvis,
domonirebisa da agresiisaTvis (im doziT, rogorc is micemul kulturaSia misaRebi);
ganamtkicos politiluri kavSirebi. edvardsis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
koleqtiuri ritualebi ufro gavrcelebulia biWebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre —
gogonebTan da xSired gvxvdeba meomarTa sazogadoebebSi, romlebic aqcents akeTeben
qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saqmianobebze.
gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom dasavluri ganaTlebis miRebas
da gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi iniciaciis ritualebis cvlileba mohyveba, magram isini
ukvalod ar qrebian da mainc axdenen gavlenas gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciaze.
ganaTleba. bavSvTa mier genderuli rolebis aTvisebaze aseve did zegavlenas axdens
ganaTlebis sistemac. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis sistema erTiania gogonebisa da
biWebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc am sistemaSi codnasTan da qcevasTan dakavSirebuli
oficialuri moTxovnebi, gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba skolis literaturaSi warmodgenil qceviT nimuSebSi biWebisTvis da
gogonebisTvis da pedagogebis urTierTobaSi orive sqesis warmomadgenlebTan.
ganaTlebis pirobebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens bavSvebis socializaciaze.
iaponiisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis me-5 klaselebze Catarebuli dakvirebebi
(Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura, 1991) aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi orive qveyanaSi met
yuradRebas aqceven biWebs, amasTan afaseben maT uaryofiTad. amave dros, meti
yuradReba veranairad ver aixsneba cudi moqceviT an davalebis SeusruleblobiT.
genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, agreTve, skolis
saxelmZRvaneloebi da maTSi moTavsebuli ilustraciebi. aq warmodgenili qalis da
gogonas personaJebi tradiciuli stereotipuli Tvisebebis matarebelia: maT
mamakacebi da biWebi icaven, Sevlian, aswavlian an mfarveloben. aqedan gamomdinare,
36
platonis mier kerZo ojaxis ideis uaryofiT (kerZo colis, Svilis) qalma dakarga
kidev erTi tradiciuli elementi — qali, rogorc daqvemdebarebuli patriarqalur
ojaxSi.
magram platonis meore idealur ojaxSi qalis daqvemdebarebuloba da metic
diskriminacia kvlav gamoCnda. aq qalebi moklebulni arian ZiriTad samoqalaqo da
kanonier uflebebs, maT Soris: sakuTrebis uflebas, memkvidreobis uflebas da
sasamarTloSi mowmed yofnis uflebas. maT mxolod yoveldRiuri, rutinuli samuSaos
Sesruleba uwevT — saojaxo saqme, bavSvebis mrovla da meTvalyureoba — bavSvebis
aRzrda ganaTlebaze zrunvac ki ar Sedis maT funqciebSi, radgan es funqciebi,
rogorc inteleqtualuri da prioritetuli, mamakacebs ekuTvnis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu platoni pirveli idealuri qalaqis Sesaxeb msjelobisas,
mainc uSvebs qalisa da mamakacis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas, aristotele am SesaZ-
leblobas saerTod gamoricxavs.
aristotelesTvis samyaro erTiani struqturaa, sadac Semadgeneli nawilebi
ierarqiulad aris organizebuli, mxolod saukeTesosa da upiratess aqvs raciona-
luri arsebobis principi, xolo yvela danarCeni misi xelSewyobis funqcias asrulebs.
asevea qalisa da mamakacis mimarTebaSic. mamakaci ierarqiis saTaveSia, rogorc
srulyofili da unariani, xolo qali, rogorc bunebrivi naklis mqone Tavisze
`upiratesis~ sasargeblod arsebobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli berZnebis daSvebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebrivi
gansxvavebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris amarTlebs politikur uTanasworobas
SeuTavsebeli iyo adamianTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso enasTan, maT mainc SeaRwies
ganmanaTlebeli Teoretikosebis naSromebSi da, agreTve, Tanamedrove demokratiul
konstituciebSic. (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebis konstituciaSic yvelaze
ZiriTad uflebas — xmis uflebas — feradkanianebTan erTad moklebuli iyvnen qalebic.
Jan—Jak ruso mgznebared gamodioda yovelgvari politikuri uTanasworobis
winaaRmdeg, man bunebrivi gansxvavebebis da politikuri uTanasworobis gamo Zveli
berZnebis sawinaaRmdego azri gamoTqva, magram es exeboda mxolod mamakacebs da
qalebis Sesaxeb mas sityvac ar dauZravs.
Tuki es filosofiuri da religiuri ideebi ganapirobebden aTasi wlis winandel
androcentrizms, arsebobs ideebic, romlebic uaxles, Tanamedrove androcentrizms
daedo safuZvlad. amjerad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs androcentrizmis asi wlis winandeli
gamocdileba, romelmac kidev ufri gaamyara Zveli stereotipebi. man, agreTve,
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba adamianuri bunebis gageba dasavlur kulturaSi da Tamamad
SeiZleba miviCnioT qalis Tanamedrove koncefciis ZiriTad qvakuTxedad. — es aris
zigmund froidis Sexedulebebi qalisa da mamakacis Sesaxeb.
Tuki iudaistebis da qristianebis Tanaxmad, mamakacebs da qalebs RmerTma mianiWa
Tavidanve gansxvavebuli buneba, Tu berZeni filosofosebis Tanaxmad, sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebebi bunebam ganapiroba, z. froidis Teoriis Tanaxmad (rogorc zemoT
davinaxeT), mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebi, ganviTarebis
procesSi Camoyalibda.
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSi, garkveuli etapebis gavTliT mamakacebsa
da qalebs gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Strixebi uyalibdebaT, sadac mamakacebis da qalebis
fsiqologiuri portretebi mkveTrad asimetriulia, xolo qalis portreti sakmaod da
meorexarisxovani arasrulfaysovani magaliTad: mamakaci — dominanturi, aqtiuri,
mamaci, gonieri da a.S. qali ki— pasiuri, eWviani, narcisuli, crumorwmune da a.S.
miuxedavad kerZo da sazogadoebriv cnobierebis aseTi xangrZlivi ganpirobebu-
lobisa, bolo dros sazogadoebaSi icvleba ganwyobebi genderuli Tanasworobis ideis
81
orsulobas, tanjviT Sob Svilebs. qmrisken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze~.
qalis arasrulfasovnad, meorexarisxovnad Sefasebis tendencia grZeldeba da
Rrmavdeba qristianobaSic. qristianebi, romlebic ebraelTa RmerTs — iahves — qristes
mamad miiCnevdnen, da Sesabamisad monoTeizms da RmerTis mamrobiToba aRiarebdnen.
aranaklebi mondomebiT cdilobdnen bibliidan da axali aRTqmidan qalis RvTaebri-
obis niSanwyalis aRmofxvras. qristianebi kategoriulad daupirispirdnen gnosti-
kosebis Sexedulebebs, romelTa azriT, bibliis dabadebis teqstSi arsebuli muxlis
`Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi; mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna igi~
(dabadeba 1:27) — interpretireba saSualebas iZleva mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis
da Sesabamisad Tanasoruflebianobis aRiarebisa. orTodoqsma qristianebma katego-
riuli miuRebloba gamoucxades gnostikosTa Sexedulebebs, maTi azrebi eretikulad
gamoacxades da Semdegom gnostikosTa teqstebi saerTod gaanadgures.
bibliuri istoria mTeli dasavluri civilizaciisTvis qalis Sesaxeb koncefciis
safuZvels qmnis. magram am koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi dasavluri azrovneba ara
mxolod bibliur istorias eyrdnoboda, aramed antikur filosofiur da politikur
tradiciebsac, romlebic saTaves Zvel saberZneTSi iReben.
istorikosebi antikuri xanis berZnebs dasavluri civilizaciis damfuZneblad
miiCneven. maT Seqmnes pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis tradiciebi, maTi
xelovneba da mecniereba dasavluris fundamentia, magram am dadebiTi wvlilis garda
maTve Seqmnes mizoginiis (qalTmoZuleobis) tradiciac, romelic SemdgomSi dasavluri
qalis koncefciis ganmsazRvreli gaxda.
Zalze mniSvnelovania platonis da aristoteles azrebi da gansazRvrebebi qalis
bunebis Sesaxeb. maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian axlosaa iudeur da qristianul
SexedulebebTan, Tumca platonis da aristoteles TxzulebebSi qali ar iyo
ganxiluli, rogorc macdunebeli da qalis seqsualoba maTTvis angariSgasawevi
fenomeni ar iyo.
platonis azriT, adamianis buneba ori saxisaa, sadac mamakacebi `upiratesi rasaa~.
Tavdapirveli Seqmna, saerTod ar Seicavda qalebs. Seiqmnen mxolod mamakacebi,
romelTa sulebi calkeulvarskvlavebtan iyvnen dakavSirebulni da vin am qveynad
wesierad cxovrobda, isev Tavis varskvlavze brunedeboda dalocvili da araCveu-
lebrivi cxovrebisTvis. codvili mamakacebi ki, meored dabadebisas qalad
evlinebodnen samyaros da Tu am saxiTac ver Seikavebdnen Tavs borotebisgan,
SemdgomSi ukve sazarel arsebebad gadaiqceodnen. Seqmnis am miTis Tanaxmad qali
mamakacisgan aris warmoqmnili, iseve, rogorc bibliaSi da metic, qali Seqmnilia
codvili, mxdali da uRirsi mamakacisagan. is ki, vinc qalad yofnisasac agrZelebda
uRirs cxovrebas, mdabal mankier cxovelad iqceoda xelaxali dabadebisas.
platonma, rogorc socialurma vizionerma, ori qalaqis aRwerilobac mogvca:
idealuri qalaqi — sadac mTel sakuTrebas erTad flobs `mcvelebis~ elitaruli
jgufi, romelTac ar amoZavebs piradi interesebi da meore idealuri qalaqi — sadac
sakuTreba ar aris saerTo. platonis pirvel idealur qalaqSi anu sazogadoebaSi iyo
yovelgvari kerZo — ojaxic, Svilic da colic.
platonis idealur sazogadoebaSi qals uCveulo roli eniWeboda; mas iseve unda
Seesrulebina `mcvelis~ roli, rogorc mamakacs. amisTvis ki isini unda
gadaemzadebinaT, Tumca amis miuxedavad, qali, savaraudod, mainc uaresad
Seasrulebda am rols, radgan ar flobda, im umaRles Tvisebebs, rasac - mamakaci.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi xedviT qalis erTmeoda seqsualuri atributika.
Zveli berZnebis ganmartebaSi qals tradiciuli androcentruli elementebidan
erTi aklia, es aris qali, rogorc seqsualuri, saSiSi arseba — macduri. xolo
80
skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi, rogorc socializaciis modelebi xels uwyobs tra-
diciuli genderul-roluri ideologiis ganmtkicebas da Sesabamisi stereotipuli
Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.
sabavSvo literaturaSi seqsizmis gamosavlenad genderuli mkvlevrebi akeTebdnen
teqstebis Sinaarsis analizss. kroskulturuli kvlevebis umravlesobaSi dadginda,
rom im wignebis kiTxva, romlebSic SeimCneva sqesobriv-roluri stereotipizacia, xels
uwyoben bavSvebis TamaSebis sqesobriv-rolur tipizacias.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bolo dros Catarebuli wignebis analizi uCvenebs,
rom 1980 wlis Semdeg gamocemuli sabavSvo literatura sagrZnoblad Seicvala, magram
biblioTekebSi jer kidev arsebobs seqsizmiT gaJRenTili wignebi. am literaturaSi
qalebi warmodgenilni arian rogorc ojaxuri keris mfarvelebi, maSin roca mamakacebs
aqvT sruli SesaZlebloba sakuTari Tavis realizacia saxls gareT moaxdinon. es
istoriebi (moTxrobebi) gogonebs aswavlian, rom maTi funqciaa bavSvebis movla da
ojaxuri meurneobis gaZRola, sxva rolebi ki mamakacTa privilegiaa. sabavSvo
literaturis umetesobaSi gogonebisa da qalebis ilustraciebi saojaxo nivTebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, gogonas uWiravs cocxi, dedas exmareba WurWlis
recxvaSi da sxv. biWebisa da mamakacebis ilustraciebi ki amave literaturaSi iseT
Sromis iaraRebTan (instrumentebTan da atributebTan) aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic
saWiroa saxls gareT samuSaod.
mSobelTa ganwyobebs moswrebis mimarT aseve SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani gavlenis
moxdena bavSvTa miRwevebze. serpelma (Serpell, 1993) aRmoaCina, rom zambiaSi iTvleba,
rom ganaTleba ufro mniSvnelovania biWebisTvis, vidre — gogonebisaTvis. amitom
skolaSi swavlebaze pasuxismgeblobas ZiriTadad iRebs mama, deda ki bavSvebis movliT
aris dakavebuli. CineTSi, iaponiaSi da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dedebi Tvlian,
rom biWebi ufro kargad unda iTvisebdnen maTematikas, gogonebi ki — kiTxvas (Lummis &
Stevenson, 1990), Tumca ki, realobaSi gogonebic da biWebic erTnairi warmatebiT
iTviseben orive sagans.
masmedia. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, bolo dros televizia konkurencias uwevs
mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mier warmodgenil qceviT modelebs. televizia myari
sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis matarebelia da Sesabamisad qmnis qalebisa da
mamakacebis stereotipul saxeebs.
mkvlevrebis mier satelevizio programebis analizma aCvena, rom umravles
kulturebSi teleekranebze mamakacebi ufro xSirad Canan, vidre - qalebi. amasTan,
mamakacebi warmodgenilni arian, rogorc ufro Zlierni da aqtiurni, xolo qalebi ki -
rogorc gulisxmierni da emociurni.
reklamebSic mamakacebi dominantur rolSi gamodian. qalebi ZiriTadad iseT
reklamebSi monawileoben, romlebic saojaxo saqmianobas an saojaxo nivTebs exeba. es,
ra Tqma unda, Zlier zegavlenas axdens tradiciuli genderul-roluri ideologiis
Camoyalibebaze.
rigi gamokvlevebisa (Archer) gviCveneben, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis
gamosaxulebebSi saxe warmodgenilia sxvadasxva xarisxiT. am movlenas feisizmi
ewodeba. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad,
gamovlinda, rom fotoebi presaSi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi xazs usvamen saxes, xolo
qalebis SemTxvevaSi — maT sxeuls. mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilni arian
kisridan zemoT, xolo qalebi — mTlianad. es faqti, arCeris azriT, miuTiTebs imaze,
rom masmedia mamakacebis saxis upiretesi CvenebiT xazs usvams mamakacebis pirovnebas
da maT mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi. arCerisa da misi kolegebis mier gamokvleuli iyo
37
12 qveynis beWvdiTi gamocemebi. yvela qveyanaSi gamovlinda feisizmis movlena.
saTamaSoebi. saTamaSoebi asruleben mniSvnelovan rols diferencialuri sociali-
zaciis procesSi. arsebobs saTamaSoebis mkveTri diferenciacia, genderuli niSniT.
kerZod, gogonebis saTamaSoebad yvela kulturaSi miiCneva Tojinebi, saojaxo
saqmianobaSi gamosadegari nivTebis modelebi (e.w. saeqimo inventari, WurWeli, bavSvis
movlasTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi, logini, etli, sabani da sxv.). biWebis saTamaSoebad
miCneulia manqanebis modelebi TviTmfrinavis da manqanebis konstruqtorebi da sxv.
msgavsi genderuli stereotipebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saTamaSoebTan,
gamovlenili iyo rogorc dasavlur kulturebSi, aseve afrikaSic, sadac gogonebi
TamaSobdnen TojinebiT, biWebi ki — manqanebis konstruqtorebiT da iaraRebis mode-
lebiT. gogonebisa da biWebis saTamaSoebis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom gogonebi
gadian e.w. `praqtikas~ da emzadebian momavali rolebisaTvis —diasaxlisobisa da
dedobisaTvis. genderulad tipirebuli saTamaSoebi uviTareben maT urTierTobebis
unarebsac. biWebis saTamaSoebi ki mimarTulia SemoqmedebiTobis, garSemomyofi samya-
ros gardasaxvis unaris, maTematikuri unarebis, logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.
biWebis saTamaSoebi iwveven, agreTve, Sejibrze da liderobaze mimarTuli qcevebis
waxalisebas.
amgvarad, nebismieri saTamaSoebis maRaziis analizi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs gogo-
nebisa da biWebis saTamaSoebi. isini diferencialuri socializaciis instrumentebia.
amasTan, saTamaSoebis genderul mikuTvnebulobaze miuTiTebs ara matro maTi
funqcia, aramed saxeli da SefuTvis kolofic.
amgvarad, arsebobs pankulturuli tendencia bavSvebs aswavlon, maT ki aiTvison
genderis Sesatyvisi qceva, Tumca kulturaTa Soris mciredi sxvaoba vlindeba TviT
swavlebis SinaarsSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
diferencialuri gaZliereba — socializacis procesi, romlis drosac mocemuli
sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo miuReblis — socialuri
dasja.
diferencialuri imitacia (modelireba) — socializaciis procesi, romlis drosac
adamiani irCevs rolur modelebs misTvis Sesatyvis jgufSi miRebuli normebis
mixedviT da cdilobs mibaZos maT.
genderuli konstantoba — bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom sqesi mudmivia da misi Secvla
SeuZlebelia.
metaanalizi — es aris statistikuri teqnika, romlis mizania jgufTa Soris sxvaobis
saerTo Sefaseba dadgena ramdenime gamokvlevidan miRebuli informaciis kombinaciis
gziT.
seqsizmi — winaswari ganwyobebi da madiskriminirebeli qceva ama Tu im sqesis
warmomadgenlis mimarT.
feisizmi — qalisa da mamakacis gamosaxulebaSi saxisa da sxeulis gansxvavebuli
xarisxiT warmoCenis tendencia.
38
socialur institutebSi, rac mamakacTa Zalauflebis mudmiv kvlavwarmoebas iwvevda.
`androcentrizms~ Tavisi didi istoria aqvs, is maSin iwyeba, roca daiwyo qal-
RmerTis mamrobiTi RmerTiT Secvlis procesi da Sesabamisad qalis arasrulfasovan
da macdur arsebad gamocxadeba. manamde ki iyo xana, sadac adidebdnen `zeciur diad
dedofals~, memkvidreoba qalis xaziT gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, kaci ar
akontrolebda qals; sufevda matriarqati. mesopotamiuri wyaroebi savsea diad
qalRmerTze miTiTebebiT. Sumeruli locvebi adideben didebul dedofals — nanas,
rogorc Zlevamosil qalbatonsa da Semoqmeds.
qalRmerTis Zalauflebas yvelaze Zolierad daupirispirda iudaizmi, mama—
RmerTis ideiT. es iyo me—17 saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, roca abraamma iahvesTan
`xelSekruleba~ dado. ase daiwyo mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi qalRmerTis mamrobiTi
RmerTiT Secvlis procesi. cnobierebaSi damkvidrda mamrobiTi sqesis RmerTis —
Sesabamisad ki srulfasovani mamakacis da arasrulfasovani qalis stereotipi,
romelic acdunebs mamakacs, rom WeSmariti gzidan gadaaxvevinos.
qalRmerTis sruli uaryofisTvis ebraelebma samyaros Seqmnis axlebuli versia
wamoayenes, romelic gansxvavdeboda aRmosavluri versiebisagan, sadac Zalauflebi-
sTvis brZola mdedrobiT da mamrobiT RvTaebebs Soris mimdinareobs. iahves
mimdevrebi saerTod uaryofdnen sxva RmerTebis arsebobas da yvela diad saqmes
mxolod iahves miawerdnen (samyaros Seqmnas). amrigad qalRmerTis sruli uaryofa
xdeboda.
amis Semdeg ki mamakaci, rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi da misi STamomavali, sazRvravs
qalTan, rogorc `sxvasTan~ damokidebulebasa da urTierTobas.
androcentruli TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gamoiyos mamakacis qalTan damokide-
bulebis sami aspeqti: 1) qali, rogorc arasrulfasovani universalur standartTan
mimarTebaSi, romelTanac mamakacs sakuTari Tavi aqvs identificirebuli. 2) qals
mxolod saojaxo da reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs ojaxSi, romlis ufrosadac
mamakaci sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs. 3) qals aqvs unari aRZras da daakmayofilos mamakacis
seqsualuri mada, romelic mamakacisTvis erTdToulad amaRelvebelicaa da saSiSic.
es ideebi warmodgenilia samyaros Seqmnis bibliur versiaSic. magaliTad, adams
uflisgan miniWebuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli ufleba sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr saxeli
mianiWos yovel qmnilebas, maT Soris qalsac; amasTan RmerTis xatad mxolod adami aris
Seqmnili. `RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara adams da ra daeZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da mis
adgilas xorci Caudo. im neknisagan, adams, rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma
RmerTma da adams miuyvana. Tqva adamma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci
Cemi xorcTagani; dedakaci erqvas mas, radgan kacisagan aris gamoRebuli~. (dabadeba
2:18—23).
amrigad, bibliis mixedviT, eva aris arasrulfasovani, meoradi qmnileba, mamakacis
damxmared Seqmnili. is ar aris `saxelebis damrqmevi~.
qalis arasrulfasovnebaze miuTiTebs codviT dacemis istoriac.l gvelma imitom
daiyolia eva. gaasinja akrZaluli xis nayofi, rom igi arasrulfasovan arsebad da
RmerTTan naklebad daaxloebulad CaTvala.
codviT dacemis ambavSi, agreTve, kargad Cans qalis macduri buneba; roca eva
daiTanxmebs adams gaakeTos is, rac mas ufalma aukrZala. saukuneebis manZilze
interpretatorebi adamis codvas evas macdurobas miawerdnen.
da bolos, bibliaSi moTxroblia im sasjelis Sesaxebac, romelsac qali iRebs
reproduqciuli da ojaxuri funqciis SesrulebiT. qali isedac mamakacis damxmared
iyo Seqmnili, magram codvis dacemis Semdgom kidev ufro daqvemdebarebuli da
tanjuli gaxda. RmerTma uTxra dedakacs: `satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb
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kvira #7
leqcia —2 sT
Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.
genderuli Tanasworobis cneba.
kultura da genderuli Tanasworobis modelebi.
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria.
sakiTxi ganxiluli iqneba rogorc religiur WrilSi, aseve, antikuri filosofiuri
azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTac. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba platonisa da
aristoteles mosazrebebi qalisa da mamakacis funqciebze da rolebze sazogadoebaSi.
ganxiluli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad mniSvnelovani amocanebi da RonisZiebebi.
ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Gender Mainstreaming –i da misi ganxorcielebis modelebi
sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
mTlianobaSi Tu moviazrebT yvela im SesaZlo mizezebs, romelic ganapirobebs
qalis dabal statuss, maTi sakmaod farTo speqtri arsebobs: sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi gamjdari stereotipebi qalis tradiciuli rolis da marTvis unarebis
uqonlobis Sesaxeb, organizaciebsa da dawesebulebebSi arsebuli normebi, romlis
mixedviT mamakacs eniWeba upiratesoba. TviTon qalebSi arsebuli ganwyobebi, dabali
statusis molodini da mimRebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalis dabali statusi zogadi tendencia yvela kulturis-
Tvis saerToa, kulturaTa Soris arsebuli variaciebi mainc sakmaod mravalferovania
da damokidebulia: sazogadoebis kulturis da ganaTlebis doneze.
Cven patriarqalur samyaroSi vcxovrobT da Cveni cnobierebac amis Sesabamisia.
jari, industria, teqnologia, universitetebi, mecniereba, politikuri dawesebu-
lebebi, finansebi, maSasadame, yvelaferi rac Zalauflebas ukavSirdeba mamakacTa
xelSia. am fenomenis aRsaniSnavad XX saukuneSi Cndeba axali cnebac — androcentrizmi.
rogorc Sarlot perkins gilmani ambobs: `mamakacis Seqmnili samyaro, anu Cveni
androcentruli kultura~. am kulturis Tanaxmad, ki mamakaci ganasaxierebs
kacobriobas, qali ki erTgvari damatebaa, mamakacs daqvemdebarebuli damxmarea.
androcentrizms da Sesabamisad qalis diskriminacias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,
Tumca kacobriobisTvis es eTgvari `norma~ iyo. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde TiTqos
mTeli msoflio da maT Soris amerikelebic, Tavisuflebis flamgmanebi — TiTqos ver
amCnevden gansvlas Tavisuflebis idealis erTgulebasa da qalTa uflebebis uaryofs
(diskriminacias) Soris. amaze maT Tvalebi feministuri moZraobis pirvelma talRam
auxila.
60-iani wlebis feminizmis meore talRam win wamowia `seqsizmis~ socialuri
cnobiereba yvela im ideologiur da praqtikul sferoSi, sadac diskriminacia sqesis
safuZvelze xdeboda. feministebma naTeli gaxades, rom qalisTvis naklebi samuSaos,
(Tanac, dabali statusis mqone) miecema da naklebi anazRaureba, sworedac rom
diskriminacia iyo, romelic mxolod dromoWmul kulturul stereotipebs
efuZneboda. (amis Semdeg TviT reaqciulma politikosebmac ki dauWires mxari Tanabari
xelfasis ideas).
magram bolo periodSi sazogadoebaSi da cnobierebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
miuxedavad aRmoCnda, rom sqesisa da genderis Sesaxeb arseabuli stereotipuli
Sexedulebebi Zalian farTod iyo gamjdari rogorc adamianis fsiqikaSi, aseve
78
leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidanac, rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier genderuli socializaciis
institutebis zegavlenis ukeT gacnobierebas da kulturis rolis gaazrebas am
procesSi.
socializaciis yoveli wyaros ganxilvisas gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, studen-
tebis aqtiuri monawileoba leqciis procesSi. maT moeTxovebaT gaixsenon SemTxvevebi,
roca maTi an maTi nacnobebis mier am institutebis mxridan mowodebuli genderuli
qcevis nimuSebis modelireba (imitacia) xdeboda an iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca gende-
rulad Seusabamo qcevas mSoblebis, ufrosebis an Tanatolebis mxridan uaryofiTi
Sefaseba mohyva.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi. studentebs, agreTve, daevalebaT seminarisaTvis gaakeTon e.w. qalebisa da
mamakacebis Jurnalebis analizi. kerZod, gansazRvron, maTi Tematika, ikvlion
seqsizmisa da feisizmis movlena; gaanalizon, Tu rogor vlindeba genderuli
stereotipebi mocemul publikaciebSi.
seminari #3 (Tema # 3 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba jgufuri dis-
kusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, Semowmdeba masalis aTvisebis (socializaciis institutebis
codna, ZiriTadi cnebebis floba) xarisxi; dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. daasaxeleT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
genderul sxvaobebs.
2. socializaciis romeli institutebi iciT? mokled daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
3. axdens Tu ar gansxvavebul zegavlenas socializacia niWier gogonebze da niWier
biWebze?
4. ra zegavlenas axdenen kulturuli tradiciebi socializaciis Sedegbze?
5. ra da ra sferoebSi vlindeba genderuli diferencialuri socializaciis Sedegebi?
6. rogoria diferencialuri socializaciis meqanizmebi?
7. seminarze moxdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis warmodgena, Sedegebis jgufuri
Sejameba da analizi.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, p.: 144-188;
2. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, p.: 327-370;
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 123-144;
4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 204-207.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 29-82;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 329-332;
3. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press, 1992, T.: 8;
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.:, 198-226.
39
kvira #4 kiTxvebi:
leqcia —2 sT 1. ras niSnavs genderuli stratifikacia?
2. daasaxeleT genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. SeadareT isini erTmaneTs.
Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi. 3. rogoria genderuli stratifikaciis paternebis mimarTuleba sxvadasxva
kroskulturuli monacemebi. kulturebSi?
4. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis genderul stratipikacias?
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba stereotipebis raoba da maTi warmoSobis kanonzo- 5. rogoria Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi?
mierebebi, agreTve, maTi funqcionirebis konkretuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva 6. rogoria qalTa monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi?
kulturebSi. moyvanili iqneba iluzoruli korelaciebis cneba da misi SesaZlo 7. rogor da ra sferoebSi vlindeba gansxvavebebi qalTa da mamakacTa uflebebSi?
axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli rolebi da maTi kroskulturuli sxvaobebi 8. ra aris genderuli socialuri konstruqtivizmis arsi?
umcrosebze zrunvis, ufrosebTan siaxlovis, agresiis gamovlenis da sakuTaris 9. ra Teoriulma da politikurma wanamZRvrebma gansazRvra genderuli socialuri
Rirsebis grZnobis TvalsazrisiT. ganxiluli iqneba tradiciuli qaluri da konstruqtivizmis aRmoceneba?
tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebi da agreTve, is SezRudevebi, romlebsac es rolebi 10. rogor aris gagebuli genderuli socialuri konstruqtivizmis TeoriaSi genderi?
uweseben qalebsa da mamakacebs.
genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa da mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb stereotipuli kulturuli Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur da mamakacur
sawyisTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am
stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebiis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxisa da
profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, agreTve, rom im
stereotipebis aTviseba bavSvebis mier, romlebic dakavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa da
moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul dayofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa da mamakacis
xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.
uiliamsma da bestma ikvlies 25 qveynis 5 da 8 wlis asakis bavSvebi. yvela qveyanaSi
stereotipebis procenti izrdeboda asakis matebasTan erTad. kerZod, 5 wlis
bavSvebTan stereotipizaciis done 60% iyo, xolo 8 wlis bavSvebSi — 70%. iseTi
zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa Zlieri, agresiuli, ulmobeli, gabeduli -
dakavSirebuli iyo mamakacTa sqesTan. xolo iseTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa
susti, nazi, damTmobi, keTili - dakavSirebuli iyo qalTa sqesTan.
stereotipizaciis TvalsazrisiT, gogonebisa da biWebis maRali monacemebi
miRebuli iyo axal zelandiaSi da inglisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki — pakistanSi. Zalian
dabali monacemebi iqna miRebuli braziliaSi, taivanSi, genmaniaSi da safrangeTSi.
Tumca qveynebs Soris arsebobs sxvaobebi swavlebis tempebSi, magram, saerTod,
stereotipebis aTviseba iwyeba 5 wlis asakidamde, misi tempi izrdeba dawyebiT klasebSi
da sabolod sruldeba Wabukobis periodSi.
gogonebi da biWebi stereotipebs erTnairi tempiT iTviseben. Tumca arsebobs
kroskulturuli sxvaobebi maT mier qalisa Tu mamakacis stereotipebis aTvisebis
rigiTobaSi. rogorc Cans, qalis stereotipi iqneba aTvisebuli pirvelad, Tu mama-
kacis, es damokidebulia mocemul kulturaSi qalisa da mamakacis stereotipizaciis
simkveTris xarisxze, maTi xatis met-nakleb diferencirebulobaze. ase magaliTad,
genmaniaSi, braziliaSi, portugaliaSi da venesuelaSi bavSvebis mier qalis genderuli
stereotipi ufro adre iyo aTvisebuli, vidre — mamakacisa.
bavSvebis mier stereotipiebis aTviseba damokidebulia, agreTve, mocemul
kulturaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipizaciis da maTi Tvisebebis gamijvnis
xarisxze. islamur kulturebSi 5 wlis bavSvebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom isini ufro
mkacr sazRvrebs avleben qalisa da mamakacis stereotipul Tvisebebs Soris. amasTan,
islamur qveynebSi sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT stereotipebis aTviseba ufro
adreul asakSi mimdinareobs.

40 77
uTanasworoba da ra gziT SeiZleba misi gamosworeba. es TamaSi amave dros safuZvels
moamzadebs Semdegi Temis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis.
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi
moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samecniero literaturSi (riderSi)
warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
leqciis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
samarTlianobis Teoria (Adams) _ Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,
kvalifikacias, unarebs da a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi da viRebT garkveul anazRa-
urebas., imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven
vadarebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa da anazRaurebis mimarTebas `Sesadarebeli
jgufis~ mier Cadebul Zalisxmevisa da mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas.
`SuSis Weri~ _ es aris metafora imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri, romlis zemoTac qalebi da agreTve, araevropuli
warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod ver adian.
genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmi _ feministuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
genderi ar aris biologiurad determinirebuli, aramed igi socialurad konstrui-
rebulia Zalauflebis asimertiuli gadanawilebis gamo.
genderuli urTierTobebi (genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis mixedviT) _ es
aris Zalauflebisa da Tanasworobis socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Crawford M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill, 2004, p.: 359-395;
2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 194-224;
3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century, "Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd
Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June 2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/
4. sapiro v. qali da politika, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~,
bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 1998, gv.: 40-75.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) -Beijing, China, 4-15 September 1995 -–
www.un.org/womenwatch/
2. qalTa dasaqmebis sakiTxebi, kr., gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi
ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;
3. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998;
4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 1-13, 57-79
5. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scavlet Press,1992, p.: 1-179
6. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press,
1992, c.: 11
7. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998.
seminari # 6
Tema # 6 (2 sT)
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; seminarze
gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis
76
alberti da porteri (Albert & Porter, 1986) ikvlevdnen genderul stereotipebs farTe
mniSvnelobiT (damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs da rolur ganwyobebs). maT kvlevaSi
monawileobdnen 4-dan 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebidan da
samxreT afrikidan. mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom stereotipebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi
farTovdeba asakTan erTad. amasTan, samxreT afrikel bavSvebs ufro mkafio
warmodgena hqondaT mamakacis stereotipul rolze, vidre _ amerikel bavSvebs. qalis
stereotipuli rolis mimarT sxvaobebi kulturaTa Soris ar gamovlinda.
intons-petersonis (Intons-Peterson, 1988) kvlevam aCvena, rom Svedi bavSvebi (11-18 ww.)
qalebs miaweren ufro met mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, vidre — amerikeli bavSvebi.
bavSvebSi gamovlenili aseTi Sedegebi gansazRvra iman, rom stereotipuli
Sexedulebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis Sesaxeb ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTan SvedeTSi,
vidre — amerikaSi. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis prioritetebi
profesiis arCevaSi SvedeTSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. qalebi upiratesobas aniWeben
momsaxureobis sferos, xolo mamakacebi — bizness. amerikaSi ki piriqiT, profesiuli
prioritetebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris erTmaneTs emTxveva. amasTan orive jgufi
upiratesobas aniWebs eqimis da advokatis profesias da xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobas.
uiliamisis da bestis, da, agreTve, sxva mkvlevarTa mier ganxorcielebuli
kroskulturuli kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi universalur
xasiaTs atareben. amasTan kultura zegavlenas axdens maTi aTvisebis tempsa da
araarsebiT Sinaarsobriv aspeqtebze. amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT im universaliebis rangSi, romlebic sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxva
formiT vlindebian.
mravali kvlevis Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom informacia, romelic Cvens genderul
stereotipebs Seesabameba ufro metad (xSirad) iqneba SemCneuli da daxsomebuli,
vidre informacia, romelic maT ar Seesabameba.
informaciis gadamuSavebaze genderuli stereotipebis zegavlena farTed aris
nakvlevi genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi. igi stereotipebs ganixilavs rogorc socialuri
jgufebis socialur kategorias (sqemas). stereotipebi — es aris identificirebuli
jgufis wevrebis msgavsebis Sesaxeb farTed gavrcelebuli azri. stereotipebi
muSaoben rogorc sqemebi am jgufebis aRqmis dros. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iseve,
rogorc nebismieri sxva sqema, isini zegavlenas axdenen aRqmasa da daxsomebaze.
teilori (Taylor) aRniSnavs, rom iseTi parametrebi, rogoricaa rasa an sqesi,
gamoiyeneba diskriminaciuli paternebis saxiT Cvens garSemo myofi adamianebis Sesaxeb
informaciis dajgufebisa da gadamuSavebisaTvis. adamianebis gansakuTrebulad
ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani, iseTebi, rogoricaa sqesi, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba,
kilo — `aaqtiureben~ saWiro sqemebs da SemdgomSi informaciis gadamuSaveba am jgufis
calkeuli wevrebis Sesaxeb am sqemebiT imarTeba. kognituri sqemebis mier informaciis
gadamuSavebis marTvis sailustraciod S. berns (Bern) moyavs Semdegi magaliTi: `Tu
Tqven ar xarT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTis macxovrebeli, me ki Tqven
mogmarTeT samxreTuli gamoTqmiT (kiloTi) da gatyobinebT, rom vizrdebodi
konfederaciis dedaqalaqSi (riCmondi, virjiniis Stati), es gamoiwvevs Tqvens
cnobierebaSi garkveul stereotipebs, romlebic zegavlenas moaxdenen imaze, Tu ras
miaqcevT CemSi yuradRebas da ras daixsomebT Cems Sesaxeb samudamod. aseTi
informaciis miRebis gareSe Cemi qcevis da garegnobis zogierTi damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba SeumCneveli da daumaxsovrebeli dagrCebodaT~.
kohenis (Cohen, 1981) mier Catarebul gamokvlevaSi cdispirebs aCvenebdnen
videoCanawers, romelic erTi qalis dabadebis dRes asaxavda. im adamianebma,
romlebsac eubneodnen, rom es qali oficiantia, daimaxsovres, rom igi svamda luds da
41
uyurebda televizors, xolo im adamianebma, romlebsac igi rogorc bibilioTekari
warmoudgines, daimaxsovres, rom igi saTvales atarebda da usmenda klasikur musikas.
mkvlevari askvnis, rom oficiantis `xatma~ gamoiwvia erTi sqemis muSaoba, xolo
`biblioTekaris~ xatma — meore sqemisa. wveulebis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdgomi
gadamuSavebac imarTeboda am mimarTulebebiT.
markusis da zaioncis (Markus & Zajonc) gansazRvrebiT, mzamzareuli sqemebiT
informaciis gadamuSaveba araCveulebrivia im TvalsazrisiT, rom is `ekonomiuria~,
radgan warmodgenili rTuli socialuri garemocva dayavs azrobrivi kategoriebis
kontrolirebad ricxvebamde. isini arasakmarisi informaciis konpensirebis
saSualebas iZlevian da gvexmarebian gavideT mocemuli informaciis sazRvrebs gareT.
ra Tqma unda, informaciis gadamuSavebis aseT process Tavisi naklic aqvs. rogorc
fiske da teilori miuTiTeben, adamianTa kategoriebis Sesaxeb dagrovili zogadi
codna saSualebas ar gvaZlevs sworad (samarTlianad) Sevafasod pirovnebaTa
unikaluri Tvisebebi. ase magaliTad, bernis azriT, Setyobinebam misi amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb moaxdina misi aRzrdis,
pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, `provinciuli~ sqemis gaSveba (amuSaveba). es sqema Seicavs iseT
elementebs, rogoricaa `gauzrdeli~, `ukulturo~, `rasisti~. SemdgomSi es sqema
gaaZlierebs aRmqmelis mgrZnobelobas misi nebismieri moqmedebebis an gamoTqmebis
mimarT, romlebic gakvriT mainc SeiZleba dakavSirebulni iyvnen provincialobis
sqemasTan. isini zedmetad miiqceven yuradRebas da iqcevian misi pirovnebis aRqmis
ZiriTad safuZvlad, im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca isini ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi
pirovnebisaTvs damaxasiaTeblad.
amgvarad, stereotipebi Tavdapirvelad gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu ras aRviqvamT,
Semdgom ki imaze, Tu ras vimaxsovrebT. fiske da teilori (Fiske & Taylor) aRniSnavdnen,
rom aseTi wyoba gansxvavdeba aRqmis Sesaxeb Cveni Cveulebrivi warmodgenisagan. isini
werdnen, rom adamianebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom aRqma — es aris obieqturi
monacemebis pirdapiri kopireba, maTi pirdapiri asli. sinamdvileSi ki, ase ar aris.
sqemebis koncefcia dafuZnebulia im debulebaze, rom sqematizirebuli winaswari
codna (sqemebi) zegavlenas axdens socialuri realobis aqtiur konstruirebaze. maSin,
roca obieqturi minacemebi ayalibebs imas, rasac Cven aRviqvamT, Tqveni Sexedeulebebi
da molodinebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu rogor xedavT Tqven am monacemebs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba genderuli sxvaobebis
meqanizmis axsnas. genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderis safuZvelze
kategorizaciis Cveni swrafva marTavs informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebs da iwvevs
imas, rom Cven vxedevT qalebsa da mamakacebSi gacilebiT ufro met gansxvavebebs, vidre
isini arseboben sinamdvileSi. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebis rezultatebi adasturebs,
rom ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli, arsebiTi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris. miuxedevad amisa, Cven jiutad vagrZelebT maTi, rogorc sxvadasxvanairebis
xedvas da Sesabamisad, veqceviT maT sxvadasxvagvarad. gavrcelebuli stereotipebi
warmoadgenen mamakacebs aqtiurebad, agresiulebad da efeqtianad momqmedebad, qalebs
ki — pasiurebad, damokidebulebad da emociurebad. hofmans da hersts (Hoffman, Hurst)
moyavT gamokvlevis rezultatebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom sqesTaSoris
gansxvavebebis umravlesoba Zalian umniSvneloa imisaTvis, rom movelodeT maT
regularul gamovlenas. es avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom rogorc Cans, arsebobs mxolod
umniSvnelo korelacia sqesTa Soris sxvaobis xarisxsa da im masStabs Soris, romliTac
igi vlindeba stereotipebSi.
martinis (Martin) eqsperimentebma kidev erTxel daadastura Cveni tendencia
davinaxoT qalebi da mamakacebi ufro gansxvavebulad, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am
42
medebis mizezsa da Sedegs.
biologiuri determinizmi miuRebeli xdeba feministebisaTvis politikuri mosaz-
rebebidan gamomdinarec, radgan feminizmi orientirebulia socialur cvlilebebze
anu genderulad stratificirebuli sistemebis cvlilebebze. amdenad, maTTvis
miuRebelia biologiuri determinizmi. amgvarad, genderis socialur konstruqti-
vistuli Teoria moicavs politikur motivs da mimarTulia politikur Sedegze. so-
cialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoria sam ZiriTad Teorias efuZneba. es aris bergerisa
da lukmanis socialur- konstruqtiuli midgoma, garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia da
gofmanis dramaturgiuli intraspeqcionizmi.
Cven ar SevudgebiT am SexedulebaTa detalur ganxilvas. Cven mokled ganvixilavT
mxolod genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs.
genderi da Zalaufleba. genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis erT-erT mniSvne-
lovani Tezisia ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebSi genderis inkorporirebulobis Sesaxeb.
am debulebis mixedviT, socialuri realobis genderuli organizebis safuZvels
ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgens. maT mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
qalursa da mamakacurs Soris mimarTeba - es aris im gansxvavebebis mimarTeba, romlebic
SesaZleblobebis uTanasworobas warmoadgens. urTierTobaTa asimetria Sefarulia
genderuli displeiT, romelic genderul diskriminacias genderul sxvaobebad
warmogvidgens. genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Sexeduleba uars ambobs
socialur-sqesobrivi urTierTobebis adre arsebul or Sexedulebaze: socialuri
rolebis (genderuli rolebis) koncefciaze da fsiqologiuri sqesobrivi sxvaobebis
koncefciaze. konstruqtivistebis mixedviT, genderi ar SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc
socialuri roli. genderi sabazo identobaa. am TvalsazrisiT, genderi aris
eTnikurobis msgvsi kategoria, radgan igi aseve apirobebs im konstruqts, romelsac
iZenen konkretuli rolebi pirovnebisa Tu socialuri jgufebisaTvis. genderis
dayvana fsiqologiur niSnebze (maskulinurze an feminurze) ar SeiZleba. genderis
fsiqologizacia, genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebis moxedviT,
xels uSlis imis analizs, Tu rogor xdeba, rom socialuri institutebi genderulad
stratificirebulni xdebian. genderuli urTierTobebi, rogorc sqesis mixedviT
uTanasworobis socialuri urTierTobebi Cazrdilia socialuri wyobaSi iseTnirad,
rom fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis miwera warmoadgens am urTierTobaTa mxolod
erT aspeqts. amgvarad, genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis moxedviT,
genderi — es ar aris arc roli da arc fsiqologiur niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba.
genderuli urTierTobebis safuZvels ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgenen da
amitom _ es aris stratifikaciis safuZveli. am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, genderis
sociluri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebi miznad isaxaven konkretul amocanebs
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
saleqcio Temis ukeT gazrebis mizniT, gamoyenebuli iqneba roluri TamaSis
meTodi. kerZod, Tavdapirvelad jgufis TiToeuli wevri patara baraTebze cal-calke
Camowers dRevandel saqarTveloSi qalebisa da mamakcebisTvis gankuTvnil
movaleobebs ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi. Semdeg jgufidan amoirCeva studenti gogona
da vaJi, romlebic gamovlen oTaxis centrSi. TiTTeuli studenti waikiTxavs yovel
movaleobas rigrigobiT da sqesis Sesabamisad gadascems gamosul students baraTs da
am mizniT winaswar momzadebul tvirTs (savaraudod wigns). saboloo jamSi jgufi
dainaxavs, Tu ramdeni movaleoba aqvs Cvens sazogadoebasi qals da ramdeni mamakacs,
rogoria maTi Tanafardoba. studentebma unda ifiqron imaze, Tu ratom aris aseTi
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ganxilva, kerZod, ki Cven mokled ganvixilavT genderis socialuri konstruqtivizmis
Teorias.
genderuli socialuri konstruirebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben im mosazrebas,
rom yvelaferi socialuri biologiurzea dasfuZnebuli da amitom iTvleba
bunebrivad da normalurad. am debulebiT isini akritikeben im mimarTebebs, romlebic
Tanamedrove samyaroSi damkvidrda biologiur sqessa da maT socialur reprezen-
taciebs, genderul rolebsa da funqciebs Soris.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis feeministi mimdevrebi akritikeben, erTis mxriv, e.w.
`saRi azris“ pozicias, meores mxriv, sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTad mimarTulebas
da mesame _ im feministur mimarTulebebs, romlebic genders ganixilaven rogorc
biologiuri sqesisgan kulturis mier nawarmoebs.
`saRi azris~ poziciis kritikisas, socialuri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebi
acxadeben, rom adamianis buneba dualisturia, masSi bunebrivad Cadebulia rogorc
qaluri, aseve — mamakacuri. amitom qalebad da mamakacebad xdebian da ara — ibadebian.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis momxreebi akritikeben genderis Sromis ganawilebaze
da civilizaciis ganviTarebaze agebul Sexedulebebs, romelsac emil diurkgeimi
aviTarebda. talkot parsonsis azriT, sqesTa Soris urTirTobebSi wamyvania maTi
funqcionaluri datvirTva. am Sexedulebam rolebis Teoriis anu sqesobriv-roluri
midgomis saxeli daimkvidra. am mosazrebis mixedviT, qali asrulebs eqspresiul rols
kaci ki _instrumentuls (ix. mamakacisa da qakis rolebi amerikul ojaxSi)
eqspresiuli roli mdgomareobs zrunvis gamovlenaSi, ojaxis emociur mxardaWeraSi,
siyvarulSi, ojaxSi dadebiTi emociuri klimatis SenarCunebaSi. es aris diasaxlisis
monopoliuri socialuri roli. rac Seexeba instrumentul rols, igi mamakacis
monopoliaa da pirvel rigSi, vlindeba Tavis ojaxsa da sxva socialur jgufebs Soris
urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofaSi. es aris Semomtanisa da damcvelis socialuri roli.
rolebis aTviseba qalebisa da mamakacebis mxridan socializaciisa da socialuri
normebis interiorizaciis (gaTavisebis, gaSinagnebis) procesSi xdeba. rolis swori
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba dasjisa da waxalisebis socialuri sistemebis
muSaobiT, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT. gofmanis (Goffman) dramaturgiuli
intraspeqcionizmi iTvleba genderuli urTierTobebis socialur-konstruqtivistu-
li interpretaciis amosavlad. Tumca ki, misi Sromebi gamsWvalulia esencialisturi
TezisebiT: sqesobrivi sxvaobebi, romlebic socialuri urTierTmimarTebis doneze
ganixileba, warmoadgenen individebis sqesobrivi arsis bunebriv gamovlinebas;
`genderuli TamaSi~, Tumca socialurad aris organizebuli, magram igi warmoadgens
bunebrivi sqesis gamovlinebas.
am SexedulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, 70-iani wlebis feministebis naSromebSi
genderuli urTierTobebi Tavisufldeba sqesiT determinizaciisagan da Semdegnairad
ganisazRvreba: genderuli urTierTobebi es aris Zalauflebisa da Tanasworobis
socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi. amgvarad, socialuri konstruqtivizmis
farglebSi genderuli urTierTobebis aseTi gageba Camoyalibda. socialuri
konstruqtivizmi uaryofs, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, adreuli feminizmis erT-erT
amosaval debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `qalad ibadebian~. es aris Tezisi, romlis
mixedviTac, genderi aris sqesze (biologiaze) dafuZnebuli kulturuli konstruqti.
es Tezisi gabatonebuli iyo feministebSi 70-ian wlebamde.
socialur-konstruqtivistuli feministuri kritikis zegavleniT, eWv qveS dgeba
genderis sqesiT (anatomiurad da biologiurad) gansazRvruloba. sakiTxi sxvagvari
kuTxiT ganixileba da aqedan gamomdinare, genderic axleburad isazRvreba: genderi
warmoadgens sazogadoebis mxridan gakontrolebuli yoveldRiuri urTierTmoq-
74
gamokvlevaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, warmodgenili Tvisebebidan
romeli aqvT maT. am TvisebaTa CamonaTvalSi Sedioda `tipuri mamakacuri~, `tipiuri
qaluri~ da `neitraluri~ Tvisebebi. meore jgufs sTxoves ganesazRvraT, maTi azriT,
mamakacebisa da qalebis ramdeni procenti flobda TiToeul CamoTvlil Tvisebas.
kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom mamakacebis da qalebis pasuxebi, romlebic sakuTar
Tavs afasebdnen, gansxvavdeboda mxolod xuTi punqtis mixedviT, maSin roca meore
jgufis monacemebma qalebi da mamakacebi sruliad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgines 40
punqtidan TiToeulSi. gamokvlevis Sedegebi adastureben, rom adamianebi qalebsa da
mamakacebs aRiqvamen rogorc `sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs~. am garemoebis
asaxsnelad genderuli sqemis warmomadgenlebs mohyavT Semdegi argumentebi: qalebisa
da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebi gvaiZuleben vivaraudoT maTSi
gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri niSnebisa da SesaZleblobebis arseboba. amasTan, Cvens
sazogadoebaSi Zalian xSirad saubroben qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris fundamentur
gansxvavebebze. da rac mTavaria, CvenTvis dabadebidan damaxasiaTebeli informaciis
gadamuSavebis strategiebi aseve SeiZleba xels uwyobdes qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
arsebuli sxvaobebis masStabebis gadametebas. yvelafer amas aqvs uSualo kavSiri
genderis socialur SemecnebasTan. genderuli stereotipebi warmoadgenen genderul
sqemebs (genderuli stereotipebi aq genderuli sqemebis rols TamaSoben). genderuli
sqemebi — es aris genderuli kognituri kategoriebi. isini ise marTaven Semosuli
informaciis gadamuSavebis process, rom Cven viwyebT mis aRqmas, damaxsovrebas da
interpretacias genderze Cveni Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad. radganac sqemebi
yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi SemTxvevebisken, romelic adasturebs (amarTlebs) Cvens
molodinebs, Cven or rames Soris kavSiri ufro mdgradad (myarad) SeiZleba aRviqvaT,
vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am movlenas iluzorul korelaciebs uwodeben. isini
warmoiqmneba nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom sqemebi Cvens yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi
SemTxvevebisken, romelic adasturebs Camoyalibebul stereotipebs. meores mxriv,
iluzoruli korlaciebis formirebaze SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos informaciiis
gadamuSavebis procesis sxva tendenciebmac. Cven genderul gansxvavebebs aRviqvamT
ufro didad, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi, radganac sqemebi zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras vamCnevT pirvel rigSi. garda amisa, informacia romelic Cvens sqemebs Seesabameba
ufro advilad kodirdeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (anu kodireba martivdeba, roca Cven
ubralod koreqturas ukeTebT arsebul sqemas da ar vqmniT axals). magaliTad, biWebic
da gogonebic gacilebiT ukeT ixseneben adamianebs, romlebic ganasaxiereben
garkveuli sqesis stereotips da maT qcevebs, vidre iseT mamakacebs da qalebs,
romelTa xatebi da qcevebi ar Seesabamebian stereotipebs. amasTan mexsierebis aseTi
arCeviToba gacilebiT ufro Zlieria iseT bavSvebTan, romlebsac aqvT mdgradi
genderuli stereotipi.
amgvarad, mamakaci, romelsac miaCnia, rom xelmZRvaneli Tanamdeboba qalisTvis
Seusabamoa, xelmZRvaneli qalis yovel konfliqtSi Tavis xelqveiTTan xedavs imis
dasabuTebas, rom qalebs ara aqvT emociuri simyare, romelic aucilebelia
xelmZRvanelobisTvis. meores mxriv, mamakaci xelmZRvanelis analogiuri qceva misTvis
sruliad misaRebia. Tavis mxriv, qali, romelic darwmunebulia, rom mamakacebs ara
aqvT emociebis Zlierad gamoxatvis unari, Zalian advilad ixsenebs Tavis nacnob
mamakacebs, romlebic Seesabamebian mocemul stereotips da warumateblobas ganicdis
emociuri mamakacis gaxsenebis mcdelobisas.
movlenas, romelic sqesTa Soris realurad arsebuli sxvaobebis gacilebiT didi
masStabis genderul sxvaobebad gardasaxvaSi mdgomareobs, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, iluzorul korelacias uwodeben da miuxedavad am Temaze gamarTuli
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aqtiuri diskusiisa, misi warmoSobis mizezebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba genderuli
sqemis Teoriis farglebSi ver xerxdeba. saWirod migvaCnia genderuli iluzoruli
korelaciebis Cveneuli axsnis aq moyvana. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebi, romlebic
genderTa Soris gansxvavebebs exeba, umravles SemTxvevebSi, kiTxvarebis, Tavisufali
reproduqciis (Tavisufali gaxsenebis) an iseTi eqsperimentebis saxiT momdinareobs,
sadac cdis pirebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi azri qalisa da mamakacis ama Tu im
fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb. swored aseT gamokvlevebSi vlindeba
mniSvnelovani genderTaSorisi gansxvavebebi. meores mxriv, ki gamokvlevebSi,
romlebSic xorcieldeba garkveuli fsiqikuri Tvisebebis Tu funqciebis ufro zusti
da obieqturi gazomva specialuri testebis saSualebiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdego
Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, am gamokvlevaTa mixedviT, sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebi
umniSvneloa. am ori tipis kvlevebs Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs, aRmovaCenT, rom meore
tipis kvlevebi emsaxureba e.w. realurad arsebuli sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis
gamovlenas. pirveli tipis kvlevebi ki mimarTulia genderisa da genderuli sxvaobebis
gamosavlenad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini ikvleven sqesTa reprezentaciebsa da maT
sxvaobebs Cvens cnobierebaSi anu Cvens mexsierebaSi Senaxul cnebebs `qali~ da
`mamakaci~. qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis _ ganwyobis fsiqologiis farglebSi Cvens
mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenil iqna mexsierebaSi semantikuri
informaciis Senaxvis formebisa da meqanizmebis kanonzomierebebi. es
kanonzomierebiebi naTels hfens e.w. `iluzoruli korelaciis~ meqanizms. saqme isaa,
rom cnebebi `qali~ da `mamakaci~ warmoadgenen tipur bunebriv cnebebs da enis
sistemaSi funqcionireben. amdenad, iseve, rogorc yvela bunebrivi cneba, isini
Camoyalibdnen adamianis individualuri da istoriuli gamocdilebis procesSi.
amasTan es bunebrivi cnebebi mexsierebaSi struqturirebulia ara logikis
principebiT, ara arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT, rogorc es logikuri mecnieruli
cnebebis SemTxvevaSia, aramed im praqtikuli funqciis niSnis mixedviT, romelsac
asruleben maTSi nagulisxmevi obieqtebi (am SemTxvevaSi qalebi da mamakacebi)
socialur garemoSi. mexsierebaSi maTi struqturirebis meqanizms mTlian pirivnuli
konstruqti -fiqsirebuli ganwyoba warmoadgens, romelSic asaxulia da
dafiqsirebulia qalebisa da mamakacebis xSiri da mniSvnelovani (individualuri da
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT) funqciebi, romlebsac isini asrulebdnen Tanacxovrebis
dros ama Tu im kulturaSi. amgvarad, bunebrivi cnebebi `qali~ da `mamakaci~ anu sqesTa
genderuli reprezentaciebi funqcionalurad struqturirebulni arian. swored
amitom isini gansxvavdebian logikuri cnebebisagan `qali~ da `mamakaci~, romelTac
ikvlevs sqesTaSorisi sxvaobebis gasazomi instrumentebi (realuri inteleqti,
realuri fizikuri Zala, emociuroba, agresiuloba Tu ConCxisa da kunTebis sistemis
siZliere).
erT-erT cnobil gamokvlevaSi, romelic kondrim da kondrim Caatares (Condry,
Condry), cdispirebs aCvenebdnen, films cxra Tvis bavSvze. amasTan mayureblebis
naxevars eubnebodnen, rom es bavSvi biWia, xolo meore naxevar ki — rom bavSvi gogoa. es
umartivesi manipulacia iwvevda erTi da igive qcevis sruliad gansxvavebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, erT-erT naCveneb epizodSi bavSvi iwyebda yvirils, mas Semdeg rac
kolofidan zambara amoagdebs saTamaSos. is adamianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom bavSvi
biWia, aRiqvamdnen mas `gabrazebulad~, xolo is adamianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom
bavSvi gogoa, aRiqvamdnen mas `SeSinebulad~.
kondrim da rosma (Condry, Ross) aseve daadgines, rom bavSvis genderi zegavlenas
axdens imaze, rom Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas ufrosebi. maT mier Catarebul kvlevaSi
cdispirebs aCvenebdnen videokameraze Caweril bavSvTa TamaSis epizods. ori bavSvi
44
lanka. am sias bolo dros daemata saqarTvelo da ukraina.
studentebs daevalebaT internetis saSualebiT moipovon uaxlesi informacia am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
qalebi msoflios 190 qveynidan saxelmwifo meTaurebisa da mTavrobis Tavmjdo-
mareebis moadgileebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi: albaneTi, avstria, belgia, kosta-rika,
xorvatia, dania, fiji, hondurasi, indonezia, irlandia.
msoflios regionebis mixedviT, qalTa xelisuflebaSi monawileobis suraTi Sem-
degia: skandinaviis qveynebi _ 38,8%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis CaTvliT)
_ 15,2%, amerika _ 15,2%, azia _ 14,2%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis
gamoklebiT) _ 13,4%, xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebi _ 13,5%, afrikis saqaris samxreTiT
mdebare qveynebi _ 11,75, arabeTis saxelmwifoebi _ 3,5%.
iseve, rogorc politikur organizaciebSi da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis struqtu-
rebSi, mamakacebs aqvT ufro meti Zalaufleba biznessa da warmoebaSi. amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis menejerebis 39% qalia, magram rac ufro zemoT iwevs samsaxureobrivi
ierarqiuli kibe, miT ufro nakalebi qali gvxvdeba. komerciul organizaciebSi da
msxvil kompaniebSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebis mxolod 1-2% ukaviaT qalebs.
jekobsis (Jacobs, 1992) gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi 1988 wels SedarebiT 1970 welTan qalTa raodenoba xelmZRvanel Tanamdebo-
bebze mkveTrad gaizarda, kerZod, 18%-dan 40%-mde. magram amasTan, qali menejerebis
xelfasi da avtoriteti kvlevac ufro dabalia, vidre igive Tanamdebobebze dasaq-
mebuli mamakaci menejerebisa.
qalebi, romlebsac undaT karieris gakeTeba ejaxebian e.w. `SuSis Wers~. es aris
metafora imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri,
romlis zemoTac qalebi da, agreTve, araevropuli warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod
ver adian. lin martinma `SuSis Weri~ gansaxRvra, rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili
barierebi, romlebic dafuZnebulni arian organizaciis SigniT arsebul crurwme-
nebze. es saSualebas ar aZlevs kvlalificiur muSakebs waiwion win samsaxureobriv
kibeze da gaikeTon kariera. kvlalificiuri specialisti qalebi da umciresobebis
warmomadgenlebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, swored am uxilavi kibis qveS aRmoCndebian,
xolme. maT mxolod is darCeniaT, rom qvemodan adevnen Tvali imas, Tu rogor miiweven
win sxva TanamSromlebi.
afrikoamerikeli da laTinoamerikeli qalebi warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi arsebul qal menejerTa mxolod 4%-s. amitom, zogierTi mecnieri amasTan
dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom am jgufis qalebisTvis ar Tu `SuSis~, aramed _ `betonis
Weria~.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom umciresobebis warmomadgeneli qalebi ormagi
diskriminaciis qveS imyofebian. es aris rasobrivi da sqesobrivi diskriminacia.
rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs eSiniaT
maRali Tanamdebobebis, radgan maT isini qalurobasTan SeuTavseblad miaCniaT da
amitom TviTon amboben uars karieris gakaTebaze. magram 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis Sua
periodSi socialurma fsiqologebma sabolood uaryves es Sexeduleba. cxadi gaxda,
rom qalis sazogadoebaSi dabali statusis axsna SeuZlebelia mxolod qalis
pirovnebaze centrirebuli poziciidan. kanteris (Kanter, 1977) naSromis gamosvliT
safuZveli Caeyara axal, situaciaze centrirebul midgomas. es midgoma eurdnoboda
iseT axsnebs, rogoricaa diskriminaciuli politika, romelsac axorcieleben
calkeuli pirovnebebi Tu organizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi.
sazogadoebis da socialuri institutebis genderuli stratifikaciis ukeT
gaazrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania am sakiTxze zogierTi feministuri Sexedulebis
73
da politikaSic mcired arian warmodgenilni. amasTan rac ufro maRalia Zalauflebis
ierarqiuli safexuri, miT ufro mcirea qalTa warmomadgenloba.
aswleulebis manZilze miuRebeli iyo nebismier politikur formaciaSi qalebis
monawileoba. sul axlaxansac, qalTa minawileoba politikaSi dagmobili iyo, radgan
gavrcelebuli stereotipuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalis pilitikaSi CarTva ojaxisa
da sazogadoebis daSlas gamoiwvevda. dRes Tanamedrove msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
qalebi aqtiurad monawileoben politikur cxovrebaSi, gaizarda maTi aseTi
saqmianobebis mimReblobis xarisxi ara mxolod skandinaviisa, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi da demokratiis wamyvan qveynebSi, aramed tradiciuli kulturebis
matarebel qveynebSic. magaliTad, m. wereTlis 2002-2003 wlebSi Caterebuli
gamokvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi qalis politikaSi moRvaweobis
faqts gamokiTxulTa ori mesamedi nawili dasaSvebad afasebs.
kacobriobis politikuri ganviTarebis istorias Tu gavaanalizebT, davinaxavT,
rom politikur cxovrebas metwilad egelitaruli wre qmnida: mefeebi didgvrovanni,
aristokratia da a.S. mas Semdeg, rac politikiT da qveynis mmarTvelobiT Cveulebrivi
xalxi dakavda, politikis sferoSi arsebuli genderuli asimetria kidev uro
gamokveTili gaxda. politikuri uflebebi pirvel rigSi mamakacebs hqondaT. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da evropis wamyvan qveynebSi politikuri da samoqalaqo
uflebebi, kerZod, ki saarCevno uflebebi qalebma me-20 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan
moipoves.
saqarTveloSi momqmedi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciis `WomenAid international”-
is monacemebis mixedviT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi
politikaSi qalTa monawileobis Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs:
qalTa warmomadgenloba parlamentSi (procentuli Semedgenloba TiToeul jgufSi
daklagebulia sididis mixedviT):
40-50% qali parlamentarebi qveyanaSi — SvedeTi;
35-39,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi —dania, fineTi, norvegia,
holandia;
30-34,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — islandia, genmania, axali
zelandia, mozambiki;
25-29,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — samxreT afrika, bosnia, kuba,
avstria, argentina, TurqmeneTi;
20-24,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belgia, avstralia, CineTi,
espsneTi, xorvatia;
15-19,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — kanada, inglisi, estoneTi
litva, CexeTi;
10-14,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — slovakeTi, poloneTi,
israeli, azerbaijani, italia, safrangeTi, bulgareTi, yazaxeTi slovenia;
5-9,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — yirgizeTi, ungreTi,
monRoleTi, ukraina, ruseTi, rumineTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, iaponia;
3-4,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belorusia, TurqeTi korea,
irani, somxeTi;
0,1-2,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — egvipte, nigeria;
0 % qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — quveiTi, arabTa emiretebi.
gaeros monacemebiT, 2000 wlisaTvis qalebi msoflios 190 qveynidan mxolod 9
saxelmwifoSi arian meTaurebi da mTavrobis Tavmjdonmareebi:
bangladeSi, fineTi, irlandia, latvia, axali zelandia, panama, san marino, Sri-
72
TamaSobda TovliT dafarul moedanze. erTnairi kostiumebi maTi sqesis gansazRvris
saSualebas ar iZleoda. naCveneb epizodSi erTi bavSvi mudmivad xels kravda meores,
axteboda mas da esroda gundebs. mayurebelTa erT nawils eubnebodnen, rom orive
bavSvi gogoa, meores - rom orive bavSvi biWia, mesames - rom agresori biWia, xolo
meoTxes - rom agresori gogoa. mas Semdeg, rac mayureblebs auxsnes, rom agresia
warmoadgens winaswar ganzraxul qmedebas, romelmac SeiZleba ziani moutanos meore
bavSvs, maT sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT bavSvis agresiis xarisxi. mayureblebma, romlebic
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom orive bavSvi biWia, miiCnies naCvenebi sqema naklebad
agresiulad danarCeni jgufebis SefasebasTan SedarebiT. mkvlevrebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom genderis kognituri kategoria — genderuli sqema mimarTavs
molodinebsa da Sefasebebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, radgan
biWebis TamaSis ramdenadme agresiuli gamovlineba normalur movlenad iTvleba,
amitom es agresiulad ar fasdeboda.
teilorisa da misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis rezultatebi aseve
adasturebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesze. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaerkviaT, Tu rogor axdens
gavlenas genderi aRqmasa da informaciis gadamuSavebaze, teilori da falkone
eqsperimentis monawileebs asmeninebdnen eqvsi politikuri diskusiis Canawers,
romlebic miyavdaT sam qalsa da sam mamakacs. gamosvlebi amomrCevelTa Sexvedrebze
iwereboda magnitofonze, sadac TiToeuli kandidati gamoTqvamda eqvs konkretul
SemoTavazebas. mkvlevrebma ise dagegmes gamokvleva, rom yvela SemoTavazeba
(winadadeba) iyo Tanabrad sasargeblo. maTi arCevani (mkvlevarebis) efuZneboda
msgavsi winadadebebis SefasebaTa farTo analizs. yvela gamoTqmuli winadadebidan
SeirCa 36 debuleba, romlebmac daaxloebiT erTnairi reitingi miiRo. 13 wuTiani
diskusiis mosmenis Semdeg cdis pirebs unda SeefasebinaT, politikurad ramdenad
gonieri da damarwmunebeli iyo TiToeuli kandidati, ramdenad sasiamovno da
saintereso iqneboda maTTan muSaoba da ramdenad efeqtianad SeZlebda igi mxaris
(raionis) xelmZRvanelobas. Sedegad, 5 Sefasebis kriteriumidan 4-Si mamakacebma miiRes
ufro maRali Sefaseba (ar iyo gansxvaveba mxolod sasiamovnoebis kriteriumiT
Sefasebisas). Tumca ufri gviandel eqsperimentSi, romelic bovem da spensma (Bauvais,
Spence) Caatares, eqsperimentis monawileTa umravlesobas aseTi keTilganwyoba
mamakacebis mimarT ar gamouvlenia. gaurkvevelia rasTan aris es cvlileba
dakavSirebuli: 1982 wlidan (roca teilorma da falkonem Caatares eqsperimenti) da
1987 wlamde (roca bovem da spensma Caatares eqsperimenti) ganwyobebis cvlilebebTan,
Tu ufro gviani eqsperimentis monawileebi cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT
eqsperomentatorebis molodinebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, agreTve, rom rezultatebze
gavlena iqonia eqsperimentis Catarebis mciredma meTodologiurma sxvaobebmac.
Tumca teilor-falkones da bove-spensis kvlevebis rezultatebi gansxvavdeboda
mamakacebis mimarT zedmetad keTilganwyobis xarisxiT, magram orive kvlevam
daadastura, rom biologiuri sqesi gamoiyeneba sqemis saxiT informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesSi. orive eqsperimentSi monawileebi met Secdomebs uSvebdnen
erTi sqesis farglebSi, vidre — sqesTaSoris Secdomebs anu maT ufro xSirad
eSlebodaT, Tu romel qals ekuTvnoda esa Tu is gamonaTqvami da iSviaTad uSvebdnen
iseT Secdomebs, roca gamonaTqvami qals ekuTvnoda, maT ki mamakacisa egonaT an
piriqiT. arsebobs sxva eqsperimentebic, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom adamianebi sxva
adamianebis kategorizacias pirvel rigSi sqesis mixedviT axdenen. ase magaliTad,
fiskem daadgina, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi erTi da
igive sqesis, rasis an iseT adamianebs, romlebic erTi da igive socialur rols
45
asruleben an iseT adamianebs, romlebsac erTi da igive saxeli hqviaT. stangorma
(Stangor, 1986) daadgina, rom adamianebi kategorizacias ufro xSirad sqesis mixedviT
axdenen, vidre - rasisa.
fiske da teilori miuTiTebdnen, rom genderul sqemaTa aqtivacia nawilobriv
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad didi xnis win aqtivirdnen isini bolos da ramdenad
xSirad iyvnen isini gamoyenebuli adre. rac ufro xSirad xdeboda sqemaTa aqtivacia
warsulSi, miT ufro misawvdomia isini mexsierebisaTvis da miT ufro xSirad iqnebian
gamoyenebulni. es movlena praimingis efeqtis saxelis matarebelia. amgvarad, unda
movelodeT, rom axalgazrdebi da mozardebi, romlebic did yuradRebas aqceven
sqesis problemas, gansakuTrebiT xSirad aRiqvamen sxva adamianebs maTi genderis
TvalsazrisiT. teilorisa da fiskes azriT, xSirad gamoiyenebuli sqema momarTul
(mzadyofnis) mdgomareobaSia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi masmediis saSualebebi zedmetad
xSirad amaxvileben yuradRebas genderis problemebze. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom
aseT mimarTebas mivyvarT iqamde, rom Cveni genderuli sqemebi momarTul
mdgomareobaSi arian da mzad arian meyseuli aqtivaciisaTvis. rogorc bemi aRniSnavda:
`genderuli sqemis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis mxridan daJinebiTi gaxseneba
genderuli sqemas kidev ufro kogniturad misawvdomad aqcevs~.
mravalricxovani gamokvlevebis rezultatebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom genderi is
mniSvnelovani kognituri kategoriaa, romelic adamianis aRqmisas gamoiyeneba. Tumca
ki zogjer SeiZleba SevxvdeT iseT adamianebsac, romlebic darwmunebulni arian, rom
maT mier adamianebis aRqma genderze dafuZnebuli ar aris. marTlac, arsebobs,
individualuri gansxvavebebi genderis, rogorc informaciis mniSvnelovani
`parametris~ gamoyenebaSi sxva adamianebis aRqmisas. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
bemis mixedviT, adamiani SeiZleba CaiTvalos genderis sqemis gamomyeneblad, Tuki mas
aqvs mzadyofna adamianTa ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebis da maT Sesaxeb informaciis
sortireba moaxdinos genderis safuZvelze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi ekuTvnis im
individebs, romlebic ar iyeneben genderul sqemebs. bemis azriT, is adamianebi,
romlebic gamoxatul qalur an mamakacur sawyisebs floben, metad SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT genderuli sqemis gamomyeneblebs.
genderuli sqemis Teoria genderuli sqemis warmoSobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas
eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom Cven dabadebidan gvaxasiaTebs kategorizaciisaken
midrekileba, romelic mimdinareobs garegani stimulirebis ganmasxvavebeli
Taviseburebebis safuZvelze (rogorc adamianis, aseve sagnebis SemTxvevaSi).
garSemomyofi samyaros aseTi dayofa Semadgenel elementebad ukve bavSvobidan iwyeba
da warmoadgens kognituri ganviTarebis procesis arss. bavSvoba — es aris swrafi
sqematuri ganviTarebisa da daxvewis periodi. bavSvis cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili
swored gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis SeTvisebas xmardeba.
imisaTvis, rom Seimsubuqon uamravi informaciis SeTviseba, bavSvebi mimarTven
kategorizacias. `qaluri~ da `mamakacuri~ warmodgenen diqotomiur amomwurav
ganmasxvavebel bunebriv kategoriebs, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba, rogorc zrdasrulebis mxridan, aseve bavSvebis, Tanatolebis mxrdanac.
genderi kategorizaciis mniSvnelovani kriteriumia nawilobriv imitomac, rom
Cvens sazogadoebaSi mudmivad laparakoben genderuli sxvaobebis mniSvnelovan
rolzec. rogorc ukve adre iyo naTqvami, televizia, literatura da folklori
Zalian xSirad warmosaxaven qalebsa da mamakacebs iseT arsebebad, romelTa Sorisac
didi gansxvavebaa da romlebic sruliad ar gvanan erTmaneTs. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi
da Tanatolebi aseve xSirad ubiZgeben bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion
genders da rogorc Sedegi, maT uyalibdebaT azri, rom qali da mamakaci mxolod
46
(gadaxdili gasamrjelo) Cven, Cveulebriv, vadarebT Cvens Tavs sxvas. samuSaosTan
mimarTebaSi es debuleba ase JRers: Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,
kvalifikacias, unarebs da a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi da viRebT garkveul
anazRaurebas. amaSi mdgomareobs adamsis (Adams) samarTlianobis Teoriis arsi.
amgvarad, imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven
vadarebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa da anazRaurebis mimarTebas sxvis mier
Cadebul Zalisxmevisa da mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas. aseT sxvebs, Cveulebriv,
`Sesadarebel jgufs~ uwodeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom imis da mixedviT, Tu vin arian
Sesadarebgeli jgufis wevrebi, Cven Tavs an daCagrulad an kmayofilad vgrZnobT.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ar ganaxilaven mamakacebs
`Sesadarebeli jgufis~ rangSi. isini sakuTar Tavs sxva qalebs adareben da sanam erTi
romelime qalis Zalisxmevisa da Semosavlebis mimarTeba Seesabameba sxva qalebis aseT
mimarTebas, am qals aqvs samarTlianobis da Sesabamisad, kmayofilebis gancda. erTi
sqesis SigniT Sedarebis ganxorcielebas Tavisi fsiqologiuri fsqtorebi aqvs
(magaliTad, Sedareba msgavsebis safuZvelze). amasTan, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
sakuTar sqesTan Sedareba xdeba maSin, roca samuSao tradiciulad genderul damRas
atarebs. maSin ki roca samuSao tradiciulad neitraluria, Sedarebis dros sqesis
faqtoris ignorireba xdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tu adamians aqvs usamarTlobis gancda Tavis
xelfasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin igi cdilobs aRadginos samarTlianoba. qalebs ki,
rogorc zemoT davrwmundiT, samarTlianobis aRdgenis es moTxovnileba ar uCndebaT,
radgan maT `Sesadarebel jgufSi~ iseTive dabali xelfasia. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs kanoni Tanaswori ananzRaurebis Sesaxeb. ro-
gorc moyvanili gamokvlevebis monacemebi gviCvenebs, es kanoni realurad ar
xorcieldeba.
qalTa procentuli Semadgenloba msoflios Sromisunarian mosaxleobaSi ganviTa-
rebis TvalsazrisiT aseTia: 1950 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekono-
mikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 30 %, samxreT amerikis qvey-
nebSi — 18%, samxreT afrikasa da ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 30%, CrdiloeT afrikis
nawilSi — 9%. 1985 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekonomikurad ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 27%,
samxreT afrikasa da ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 39%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 9%.
2000 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi
(maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 28%, samxreT afrikasa da
ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 37%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 17%. rogorc vxedavT,
qalTa dasaqmebis ricxvi ixrdeba wlidan wlamde. magram, amasTanave, zrdis tendencia
Zalia mcirea da igi Zalian Sorsaa Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis damkvid-
rebisagan.
garda imisa, rom qalebs aqvT mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabali xelfasebi, maT aseve
aqvT mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabali statusic. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi yvelaze prestiuli profesiebiT mamakacebi arian dakavebulni: mamakaci
mecnier-muSakTa Soris 80%-ia, eqimebs Soris — 84%, universitetebisa da kolejebis
profesorebs Soris _ 61%. Tumca pedagogTa Soris SedarebiT maRalia qalTa ricxvi,
magram maT Soris maRal statusze (mudmivi profesorebi) mxolod 10%-ia. advokatebs
da mosamarTleebs Soris 78% mamakacia, arqiteqtorebs Soris 87% mamakacia, xolo
inJinrebs Soris _ 94%.
arsebobs mravali monacemic, romelic TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom qalebs
mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba aqvT. maT iSviaTad ukaviaT Tanamdebobebi
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erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. igi safuZvels qmnis SendgomSi Sromis
bazris genderuli stratifikaciisaTvis. amasTan, sainteresoa, rom genderuli diskr-
iminacia samsaxurSi miRebis dros mxolod qalebs ar exeba. igi iseTive ZaliT moqmedebs
im mamakacebis mimarTac, romlebsac tradiciulad `qalur~ samuSaoze undaT moxvedra.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebis umravlesobas survili ara aqvs Seasrulos
tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ samuSao. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, amis erT-erT mizezad
saxeldeba qalebis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `mamakacuri~ samuSao maT daukargavs qalur
momxibvlelobas.
meore mosazreba, romelic cdilobs axsnas genderuli asimetria Sromis bazarze,
varaudobs, rom qalebs ufro naklebanazraurebadi samuSao imitom aqvT, rom qalebi
mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebad Rirebuli muSakebi arian. saqme isaa, rom qalebs
mamakacebze naklebs uxdian maSinac ki, roca isini igive samuSaos asruleben, rasac _
mamakacebi. ase magaliTad, qali kompiuteruli programistebi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi iReben mamakaci kompiuteruli programistebis xelfasis 83%-s, qali
finansuri menejerebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 67%-s, dawyebiTi
swavlebis skolebis pedagogi qalebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 89%-s da a.S.
erTi da igive samuSaoSi qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasebs Soris aseTi gansxvavebis
erT-erTi axsna efuZneba adamianuri kapitalis Sefasebis princips. am midgomis
mixedviT, individis Sromis anazRaureba damokidebulia ganaTlebaSi da profesiul
momzadebaSi mis mier Cadebul investiciebze. iTvleba, rom qalebi gamoimuSaveben
naklebs, radgan maT naklebi ician, naklebad ganaTlebulebi arian, an naklebi
gamocdileba aqvT da Sesabamisad maTi Sroma naklebad Rirebulia. gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom, umravles SemTxvevebSi, erTnair Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebuli qalebisa
da mamakacebis monacemebi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, keTdeba
daskvna, rom Sromis bazarze genderuli asimetriis umTavresi mizezi mainc
gavrcelebul stereotipebSi unda veZeboT.
mesame mosazrebis mixedviT, qalebi winaswar moelian dabal xelfass da swored
amitom aqvT maT aseTi dabali anazraureba. es mosazreba dadasturda
eqsperimentuladac. aRmoCnda, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT marTlac ufro
nakleb anazraurebas iTxovdnen igive samuSaoSi. es Sedegebi dadasturda studentebze
Catarebul kvlevebSic, sadac erTi da igive specialobis mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi
sqesis studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogori iyo maTi molodinebi momavali
Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevrebis (Jackson, Major, Forcey da sxv.) azriT, es, erTis mxriv,
SeiZleba aixsnas qalebis mier samuSaosTan erTad dedubrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, meores mxriv, ki imiT, rom qalebs aqvT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis da
codnis daweuli Sefaseba. asea Tu ise, qalebis mxridan naklebi molodinebi maTi
Sromis dabali anazraurebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia.
sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am monacemebis mixedviT, 1975 wels gamokiTxuli amerikelebis
32% adasturebda, rom amerikaSi mamakacebi ukeT cxovroben, vidre — qalebi. 1989 wels
es debuleba daadastura gamokiTxulTa 49%-ma, xolo 1923 wels ki — 60%-ma. 1975 wlis
monacemebis mixedviT, gamokiTxul amerikelTa 48% Tvlida, rom qalebs da mamakacebs
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. 1989 wlis gamokvlevis mixedviT, am
debulebas daeTanxma gamokiTxul amerikelTa 42%, xolo 1993 wels ki _ gamokiTxulTa
39%. 1993 wels gamokiTxuli amerikeli qalebis mxolod 30% Tvlida, rom maT aqvT
mamakacebTan Tanabari dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi, xolo maTi 70% ki Tvlida, rom
mamakacebs ukeTesi sastarto pirobebi aqvT amerikul Sromis bazarze.
imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania Sromis anazraureba
70
genitaliebiT ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. bavSvebi amCneven, rom qalebi da
mamakacebi sxvadasxvagvarad icvamen d cdiloben sxvadasxva rameebi gaakeTon. msgavsi
Sexeduleba uyalibdebaT maT sazogadoebis iseTi warmomadgenlebis dakvirvebisas,
rogoric arian magaliTad, maTi mSoblebi. iglis (Egly) socialuri rolebis Teoriis
mixedviT, socialurma rolebma SeiZleba biZgi misces socialuri stereotipebis
Camoyalibebas. is faqti, rom socialuri rolebis umravlesoba qalebis an kacebis mier
sruldeba, SeiZleba xels uwyobdes genderis kognitur diqotomizacias. martini da
halversoni (Martin, Halverson) werdnen, rom radgan qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
daikvirveba amdeni gansxvaveba, bavSvebi xvdebian, rom genderul kategoriebSi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba Zalian sasargebloa garSemomyofTa qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis.
ganvixiloT sqesTa Soris gansxvavebis oTxi kroskulturuli sfero: umcrosebze
zrunva, agresia, ufrosebTan siaxlove da sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba.
umcrosebze zrunva: edvardsma da uaitingma (Edwards &Whiting, 1980) eqvsi sxvadasxva
kulturi kvlevis Sedagad aRmoaCines, rom 5-dan 12 wlamde asakobriv SualedSi
genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba ufro Tanmimdevrulad im CvilTa da bavSvTa mimarT
qcevaSi, romlebic siaruls swavloben, vidre didebisa da ufroso asakis bavSvebis
mimarT. radganac Cvilebi met zrunvas iTxoven, vidre ufrosi bavSvebi, gogonebi,
romlebic CvilebTan did dros atareben, ufro met swrafvas avlenen umcrosebze
zrunvis, videre - biWebi, romlebic ase didad ar arian dakavebulni patara bavSvebiT.
barim, bekonma da Caildma (Barry, Bacon & Child) aRmoaCines, rom biWebTan SedarebiT,
gogonebs metad amzadeben umcrosebze zrunvisTvis (kulturaTa 82%-Si), imisTvis, rom
iyvnen ufro damjerni (kulturaTa 35%-Si) da ufro pasuxismgebliani (kulturaTa
61%-Si). biWebs ki Tavis mxriv, aswavlian miznis miRwevas (kulturaTa 87%-Si) da
damoukideblobas (kulturaTa 85%-Si).
uelCma, peijma da martinma (Welch, Page & Martin, 1981) 108 kulturis kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoaCines, rom biWebis roluri orientaciebi metad limitirebulia, gogonebis
socialuri orientaciebisgan gansxvavebiT. am ukanasknelTa socialuri orientaciebi
gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT. amasTanave, biWebs ufro mkacrad moeTxovebaT
miRebuli rolisadmi Sesatyvisoba, videre — gogonebs.
agresia: im bavSvTa kroskulturuli gamokvlevebi, romlebmac jer ar miaRwies
sqesobriv momwifebas, aCveneben, rom biWebs gogonebTan SedarebiT ufro metad
axasiaTebT agresia, meqiSpeobis (Sejibris) suli, dominirebisken swrafva da CxubTan da
brZolasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebi. uaitingisa da edvardsis (B.B. Whiting & Edvards,
1981) mier eqvsi kulturisa da afrikis damatebiTi SerCevis Seswavlis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom sqesebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba agresiulobisa da dominirebisaken
swrafvis TvalsazrisiT. dadginda, agreTve, rom agresia ar mcirdeba asakis
momatebasTan erTad, aramed piriqiT, igi ufro gamoxatuli xdeba ufrosi asakis
biWebSi. dakvirvevbebi, romlebic omarkma, omarkma da edelmanma (Omark, Omark & Edelman,
1975) Caatares eTiopiis, Sveicariis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saTamaSo
moednebze, aCveneben, rom biWebi ufro agresiulad iqcevian, videre - gogonebi.
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenili oTxi kulturis Seswavlisas monrom da misma
kolegebma (Munroe, ... 2000) aRmoaCines, rom agresiis gamovlineba biWebTan ufro xSiria,
vidre — gogonebTan. rodesac gogonebi da biWebi ikribebian erTgvarovan sqesobriv
jgfufebad, agresiis epizodebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba biWebTan, vidre — gogonebTan.
eqvsi kulturis kvlevam aCvena, rom dedebi, Cveulebriv, erTnairad reagireben
agresiis gamovlenaze biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxridan. xolo mama mniSvnelovan rols
47
asrulebs agresiulobis aRzrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki - biWebSi. dadgenilia, rom
agresiis xarisxze Zlier zegavlenas axdens aRzrdis kulturuli sistema da am
sistemaSi mamakacisa Tu qalis agresiulobisTvis miwerili valentoba. ase magaliTad,
Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom okinavaze da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
sxvadasxvagvarad udgebian gogonebTan da biWebTan agresiulobis aRzrdas.
qalebisa da mamakacebis mxridan agresiis mimReblobis xarisxi dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi erTnairia, Tumca gansxvavdeba qalebisa da mamakacebis mier agresiis
gamovlenis formebi. mamakacebi Tavdapirvelad Zalian TavSekavebulad iqcevian,
Tumca Semdeg ufro meti siSmage euflebaT, maSin roca qalebi ufro emociurebi arian
da aqvT midrekileba Tavidanve mimarTon yvirils an sityvier kinklaobas.
ufrosebTan siaxlove da moRvaweobis xasiaTi: fridmani (Ftedman, 1976)
akvirdeboda 5-7 wlis bavSvebis TamaSs rva kulturaSi (avstralieli aborigenebi,
balis, taivanis, ceilonis, kikuitus, iaponiis macxovreblebs, navahos tomis
warmomadgenlebs da penjabebi). man aRmoaCina, rom biWebi TamaSis dros grovdebian did
jgufebSi, did manZilebs gadian da ufro metad arian TamaSis fizikuri saxeobebiT
dakavebulni, maSin roca gogonebi ufro metad iseTi TamaSebiT erTobian, romlebic
garkveuli moqmedebebis gameorebasTan da laparakTan aris dakavSirebuli. garda
amisa, gogonebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad Sordebian saxls. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
genderul gansxvavebaTa gaRrmavebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs is prioritetebi,
romlebic garkveul qcevebs eniWebaT biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxridan.
biWebi metad eswragvian sxva biWebTan urTierTobebs, xolo gogonebi upiratesobas
aniWeben ufrosebTan urTierTobas. sqesis mixedviT segregacias asaxaven, agreTve,
bavSvebis naxatebic. maTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven biWebs,
xolo gogonebi — gogonebs. bavSvebis naxatebSi genderuli gansaxvavebebis gamovlenad
miiCneva, agreTve, isic, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven manqanebs, urCxulebs da
agresiasTan dakavSirebul scenebs, movlenebs Tu sagnebs, xolo gogonebi
upiratesobas aniWeben yvavilebis daxatvas. sqesis mixedviT bavSvTa naxatTa aseT
gansxvavebebi gamovlinda gamokvleuli cxra sxvadasxva kulturidan yvelaSi.
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba: gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela
kulturaSi gogonebi naklebad kmayofilni arian imiT, rom isini gogonebi arian, vidre
biWebi imiT, rom isini biWebi arian. miuxedavad amisa, gogonebis Tavisi sqesiT aseTi
ukmayofileba yovelTvis ar gamoixateba dabal TviTSefasebaSi. ase magaliTad,
gogonebi filipinebSi, nepalSi, avstraliaSi da nigeriaSi Tvlian, rom isini biWebTan
SedarebiT naklebad niWierebi arian fizikasa da maTematikaSi. amave dros, gogonebs
avstraliaSi da nigeriaSi miaCniaT, rom maTi miRwevebi kiTxvaSi gacilebiT ufro
didia, vidre — biWebis warmatebebi am saganSi. nigerieli biWebi ki Tvlian, rom isini
gogonebze ufro Wkvianebi arian.
amgvarad, gogonebsa da biWebs Soris arsebobs myarad gamoxatuli gansxvavebebi
umcrosebze zrunvaSi, agresiaSi da mobilurobaSi da es gansxvavebebi vlindeba yvela
kulturaSi. kultura ayalibebs bavSvTa socialur qcevas, gansazRvravs im adamianTa
wres, romelTa garemocvaSic bavSvi imyofeba. kultura gansazRvravs, agreTve, im
saqmianobebis saxeebsac, romlebiTac sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebi arian dakavebulni.
mamakacebis socialuri roli dakavSirebulia maTi bunebis, rogorc `Semomtanis~
gagebasTan da umravles kulturaSi mijnavs qalebisa da mamakacebis funqciebs.
feministebis did nawils miaCnia, rom ar aris saWiro mamakacis socialuri rolebis
Seswavla, radgan es gvaSorebs mTavar problemas _ qalis diskriminaciul
mdgomareobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas. magram faqtia, rom kultura uwesebs
48
naklebs uxdian imitom, rom isini TviTon irCeven dabalanazraurebad samsaxurs. meore
Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebs uxdian imitom, rom
isini warmoadgenen naklebad Rirebul samuSao Zalas, radganac maT akliaT
gamocdileba da kvalifikacia. arsebobs mesame mosazrebac: qalebs mamakacebTan
SedarebiT samuSaoSi uxdian naklebs imitom, rom isini moelian, rom cotas gadauxdian
da Tanxmdebian ufro mcire xelfass. ganvixiloT TiToeuli mosazreba cal-calke.
pirvel mosazrebas, romlis arsic isaa, rom qalebi dakavebulebi arian
tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaoTi, xolo mamakacebi _ `mamakacuriT~ da es
ukanaskneli ufro maRalanazRaurebadia, xSirad uwdeben makompensirebeli sxvaobebis
safuZvelze axsnas. es mosazreba eyrdnoba debulebas, rom qalebi, irCeven ra
dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos, amiT isini samagierod iReben Sromis ukeTes pirobebs:
karg socialur klimats, ufro moqnil samuSao grafiks (magliTad gamodgeba pedagogi
qalebi saqarTveloSi. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, pedagogoba qalebisTvis kargia,
radgan is mxolod naxevar dRes muSaobs) an ufro advil samuSaos.
samuSao Zala gayofilia sqesis mixedviT anu profesiebis umravlesoba yvela
kulturaSi dayofilia sqesis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Catarebuli
kvlevis mixedviT (n. javaxiSvili, 2000), gamovlinda tipuri qaluri da tipuri
mamakacuri profesiebi saqarTveloSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1993 wlis
monacemebiT mdivnebis 90%-s qalebi arian. monacemebi adasturebs imasac, rom is
profesiebi da samuSao, romlebiTac sxvadasxva kulturaSi mamakacebi arian
dakavebulni, ufro maRalanazraurebadia, vidre isini, romlebiTac qalebi arian
dakavebulni. ase magaliTad, bernis (Burn) monacemebiT, kaliforniis politeqnikur
universitetSi mRebavis sastarto xelfasi ufro maRalia, vidre meddis an mdivan-
saqmeTmwarmoeblis xelfasi.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa jakobsisa da steinbergis gamokvleva (Jacobs &
Steinberg, 1990). miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, ama Tu im profesiaSi dasaqmebul qalTa
wili zegavlenas axdens am sferoSi arsebuli xelfasis saerTo doneze. kerZod, rac
ufro metia qali, miT ufro dabalia Sromis anazRaureba.
sainteresoa, ratom xdeba, rom qalebi iSviaTad arian dakavebulni `tradiciulad~
mamakacuri samuSaoTi? xom ar aris amis mizezi tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaos
siadvile an aseTi samuSaos pirobebSi dedobrivi funqciebis paraleluri Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba? statistikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar aris. `qaluri~
samuSaoebi sinamdvileSi sulac ar gulisxmoben ufro moqnil grafiks, samuSaos
siadviles an nakleb daZabulobas. piriqiT, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rac ufro
meti qalia koleqtivSi, miT ufro mkacria ufrosos mxridan moTxovnebi. 1600
profesiis analizis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom `qaluri~ profesiebi ufro xSirad
dakavSirebulia e.w. Znel klientebTan, dalagebasTan (WuWyTan) meqanikurad
gameorebad moqmedebebTan da avtonomiis (anu sakuTari samuSaos dagegmvisa da
warmarTvis) ararsebobasTan.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebis mier tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ profesiebis
arCevas win eRobeba mravali barieri. esenia: daqiravebis dros iseTi moTxovnebis
wayeneba (magaliTad, ama Tu im Tvisebebis qona), romelic qals ara aqvs. ase magaliTad,
cnobilia, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi policiis erT-erTi akademiis misaRebi
gamocdebis moTxovna iyo 170 sm simaRlis qona, romelic qalebs gansakuTrebulad
zRudavda. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania is daZabulobac, romelic qals eufleba, roca
igi mamakacTa koleqtivSi muSaobs. daZabulobis gamomwvev faqtorTa Soris SeiZleba
davasaxeloT miuRebloba, stereotipebi, patara Secdomaze araadekvaturad mkacri
reagireba da sxv. samsaxurSi miRebis dros diskriminacia genderuli diskriminaciis
69
 monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom arc erT qveyanaSi qalebs ara aqvT mamakacebTan
gaTanabrebuli uflebebi. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi
qalTa SedarebiTi statusis TvalsazrisiT regionebis mixedviT. saSualod, qalebs
evropaSi da Sua aziaSi yvelaze meti Tanasworoba aqvT, xolo samxreT aziaSi, afrikis
qveynebSi (samxreTSi), axlo aRmosavleTSi da Crdilo afrikaSi — ufro naklebi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom im qveynebSi, sadac politikuri da iuridiuli Tanasworoba
oficialurad miRweulia, igi ar muSaobs sinamdvileSi.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda genderuli Tanasworobis
mdgomareoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi: amaRlda qalTa ganaTlebis done.
samxreT aziaSi, saqaras samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi, axloaRmosavleTis
qveynebSi da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi dawyebiT skolaSi Caricxul gogonaTa ricxvi
daaxloebiT orjer gaizarda. qalebis da da gogonebis janmrTelobis dacvis sis-
temebSi kapitaldabandebis Sedegad, 1990 wels qalebi samxreT aziis istoriaSi pirve-
lad ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre - mamakacebi. gaizarda qalTa dasaqmebis ricxvic.
laTinur amerikaSi da samxreT aziaSi 1970 wlidan qalTa dasaqmebis procentuli maC-
venebeli 15 punqtiT gaizarda. Semcirda genderuli sxvaobebi Sromis anazraurebaSic.
miuxedavad aseTi miRwevebisa, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umaravlesobaSi kvlav narCun-
deba genderuli uTanasworeoba uflebebSi, resursebis xelmisawvdomobaSi da sakuTa-
ri interesebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebSi. ganviTarebad qveynebis arc erT regionSi
qalebs ara aqvT mamakacTan Tanabari socialuri, iuridiuli d ekonomikuri uflebebi.
amasTan yvela kulturisaTvis (rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul qveynebSi)
saerToa is, rom qals mamakacze naklebi statusi aqvs. gaeros monacemebis Tanaxmad:
1. qalebi asruleben ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes;
2. qalebs moyavT msoflios sakvebi produqtebis (soflis meurneobis) naxevari;
3. qalebi Seadgenen msoflios muSaxelis erT mesameds, magram dasaqmebulni arian
mciredanazraurebad samuSaoze;
4. qalebi Sesrulebul samuSaoSi analogiur samuSaoSi mamakacebisTvis gadaxdili
xelfasis sam meoTxedze naklebs iReben;
5. qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilni Zalauflebis da mmarTvelobis organoebSi.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove samyaros sazogadoebaTa umravlesoba genderulad
stratificirebuli sistemebia. stratifikaciis umtavresi paternebia: dasaqmebis,
ekonomikuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, umravles
SemTxvevaSi stratifikaciis mimarTuleba erT da igivea: mamakacebi dominanturebi
arian, qalebi ki — daqvemdebarebulni.
cnobilia asimetria Sromis anazraurebaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris (amerikeli
qali mamakacis xelfasis 68%-s iRebs, afrikeli — 61%-s, laTinoamerikeli —
TeTrkaniani mamakacis xelfsis 53%-s, xolo TeTrkaniani qalis xelfasis 78%-s).
Savkaniani da espanurenovani mamakacebi ufro maRal anazraurebas iReben, vidre
Savkaniani da espanurenovani qalebi (gansxvaveba maT SemosavlebSi Sesabamisad 84%-s da
82%-s Seadgens). Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom SedarebiT 1979 welTan, roca qalis
saSualo xelfasi mamakacis saSualo xelfasis mxolod 60%-s Sedgenda, qalTa samuSaos
Rirebuleba gaizarda (amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi). magram qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
araevropuli warmomavlobis qalebi, dRemde dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze arian
dasaqmebulebi. ufro metic, isini iReben ufro naklebs, vidre igive samuSaoSi
aiRebdnen mamakacebi. arsebobs qalebisa mamakacebis anazRaurebis gansxvavebis ori
yvelaze gavrcelebuli axsna. pirvelis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT
68
mamakacebs garkveul socialur SezRudvebs iseve, rogorc qalebs da amitom
mniSvnelovania am SezRudvebis Seswavla.
unda iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis arsebobs sakmaod mwiri empiriuli masala, romelic
eZRvneba tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebis Seswavlas. es genderuli kvlevebis
SedarebiT axali da naklebad ganviTarebuli sferoa.
mamakacuri genderuli rolebis aTvisebis meqanizmi iseTivea, rogorc qaluri genderuli
rolisa (diferencialuri socializacia, modelebze dakvirveba, kulturuli arxebis
saSualebiT zegavlena) mamakacebi, iseve rogorc qalebi mudmivi informaciuli da
normatiuli zewolis zegavlenis qveS imyofebian. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi biWebi da
mamakacebi socialuri informaciis didi nakadis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian. maTi qceva
isjeba, rogorc ki igi gadauxvevs tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ qcevis normebidan.
`mamakacurobis~ Sesaxeb warmodgenebs biWebi iTviseben kulturis da socializaciis sxva
institutebis meSveobiT. am SexedulebaTa sistemas plekma (Pleck) da misma kolegebma
mamakacurobis ideologia uwodes. faqtiurad es aris socialuri normebis krebuli
mamakacebisTvis. tompsonma da plekma mamakacuri genderuli roli gansazRvres, rogorc
socialuri normebi, romelic Seicavs nebarTvebsa da akrZalvebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda
igrZnos da akeTos mamakacma da ra -ara. tompsonmma da plekma gamokvlevis Sedagad daadgines,
rom mamakacTa roluri normebis struqtura Sedgeba sami mniSvnelovani faqtorisgan:
pirveli — es aris molodinebi imis Taobaze, rom mamakacebi miaRweven maRal statuss da
daimsaxureben garSemomyofTa pativiscemas (statusis norma); meore — mdgradobis norma,
romelic gansazRvravs mamakacebisgan gonrbrivi, emociuri da fizikuri mdgradobis
molodins; mesame _ es aris molodini imisa, rom mamakacma Tavi unda aaridos stereotipulad
qalur saqmianobebs (antiqalurobis norma). zogierT sazogadoebaSi am normas iseTi Zlieri
zegavlenis Zala aqvs, rom igi zogjer mamakacSi femifobiis saxiTac vlindeba.
mamakacis stereotipuli normebi did zegavlenas axdens maT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze. ubralo magaliTebic ki cxadyofs, rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mamakaci
— mamakaci ar aris, Tu is fuls ar Soulobs, Tu igi emociuria, fizikurad sustia, ar
SeuZlia kompetenturi rCevebis mocema an qaluri saqmianobebiT aris dakavebuli.
bernma da leverma (Burn & Laver, 1994) aRmoaCines, rom amerikeli qalebi da mamakacebi
srulad eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs imaSi, rom mamakacma kariera unda gaikeTos.
amasTanave, umravlesoba maTgani iziarebda im azrsac, rom mamakacma bevri fuli unda
iSovos. statusis stereotipis mamakacis mimarT moqmedebas adasturebs igive
avtorebis sxva kvlevac, romelSic gaanalizda amerikuli Jurnalebis e.w. `paemnebis~
nawili. aRmoCnda, rom qalebi, gansxvavebiT mamakacebisagan, sasurveli partnioris
amorCevisas prioritets mis statussa da finansur mdgomareobas aniWebdnen.
statusisa da warmatebulobis norma garkveul problemebs uqmnis mamakacebs. saqme
isaa, rom maT umravlesobas ar Seswevs unari 100%-iT daakmayofilos igi. es ki maTi
dabali TviTSefasebis safuZveli xdeba. Zalian cota mamakacs aqvs sakmarisi fuli,
Zalaufleba da pativiscema sazogadebaSi, radgan yovelTvis moiZebneba adamiani,
romelic socialur kibeze ufro maRla dgas.
sazogadoebis mxridan mamakacebis Sefasebas maTi Semosavlebis mixedviT xSir
SemTxvevaSi mivyevarT TviTaqtualizaciis xarisxis dacemamde. kerZod, mamakaci
iZulebulia akeTos saqme, romelic ar ainteresebs, ar uyvars da igi muSaobs mxolod
imitom, rom es samuSao kargad anazRaurebadia.
finansuri zewola gansakuTrebiT mZimea iseTi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac
diasaxlisi colebi hyavT. rodesac mamakaci Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa, mas xSirad
aRiqvamen rogorc fulis tomaras da yvela cdilobs am tomridan fulis amoRebas.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom rac ufro izrdeba mamakacis Semosavali, miT ufro
49
klebulobs misi wvlili bavSvebis aRzrdaSi. iaponiaSi, sadac mamakacurobis norma
gulisxmobs sruli datvirTviT muSaobas, mamebi saSualod bavSvebTan 3 wT-s
urTierToben samuSao dReebSi, xolo uqme dRes ki maTi bavSvebTan urTierTobis
xangrZlovoba 19 wT-s Seadgens.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mamakacurobis gagebaSi arsebobs garkveuli variaciebi,
romlebic Seaqvs garkveul rasas, nacionalobas, socialuri klasisadmi an kul-
turisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, seqsualur orientacias da sxv. miuxedavad amisa,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mamakacurobis zemoT CamoTvlili normebi universaluria.
mamakacebisaTvis dawesebuli kulturuli normebi Zalian xSirad maTTvis
konfliqtisa da steresis safuZveli xdeba. xSir SemTxvevebSi isini aryeven mamakacTa
fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobas, zogjer ki maTi mxridan qalebisa da bavSvebis
mimarT uxeSobisa da Zaladobis safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdnen.
leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidanac. rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier mamakacebisa da qalebis
genderuli normebis moqmedebis meqanizmebis ukeT gacnobas. gansakuTrebiT xazi
gaesmeba tradiciul mamakacur rolebs da normebs. gaanalizebuli iqneba genderuli
stereotipebis funqciebi da, agreTve, stresi da konfliqti, romelsac iwvevs
tradiciuli qaluri da mamakacuri rolebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
genderuli rolebi — es aris socialuri rolebi, romlebiTac qalebi da mamakacebi
arian araerTgvarovnad dakavebulni ojaxisa da profesiuli moRvaweobis sxvadasxva
sferoSi, da agreTve, Tavisufali drois ganmavlobaSi.
iluzoruli korelacia - cnebaTa Soris kavSiris simyaris xarisxis zedmetad maRali
Sefaseba an mcdeloba daadgino igi iq, sadac kavSiri saerTod ar arsebobs. genderis
SemTxvevaSi moCvenebiTi an gadametebuli kavSiri xSirad moiazreba gendersa da
garkveul Tvisebebs, Cvevebs da qcevebs Soris.
genderuli sxvaobebi — sxvaobebi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
TvisebaTa da qcevaTa Soris, romelic socialur-kulturul xasiaTs atarebs.
praimingis efeqti - procesi, romlis Sedegadac cotaxniswinandeli gancdebi da
procesebi aZliereben ama Tu im informaciis misawvdomobas.
statusis/warmatebulobis norma _ genderuli stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacis socialuri Rirseba ganisazRvreba misi Semosavlis sididiT da warmatebis
xarisxiT samsaxurSi.
fizikuri siZlieris norma _ mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacs unda hqondes didi fizikuri Zala da maRali biologiuri aqtivoba.
gonebrivi siZlieris norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakaci
unda iyos mcodne da kompetenturi.
emociuri mdgradobis norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacs unda hqondes naklebi grZnobebi da SeeZlos gadawyvitos Tavisi emociuri
problemebi damoukideblad.
antiqalurobis norma — stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakacma Tavi unda aaridos
specifikurad qalur saqmianobebs da qcevis modelebs.
femifobia - es aris mamakacis SiSi, rom igi ar iqnes garSemomyofebisgan Sefasebuli,
rogorc qaluri.
50
dakavSirebulia pirad da ojaxis prestiJTan, romlebic moicaven mamakacis vaJkacobasa
da qalis seqsualur siwmindes. aseT kulturebSi gaTxovili qali, romelic
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebiT aris dakavebuli, negatiur Sefasebas iwvevs. im SemTxvevaSi
Tu qali muSaobs, maSin misi kontaqtebi mamakacebTan minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili.
ekonomikuri faqtorebic metad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens genderul-rolur
ideologiaze. zogadi kanonzomierebis mixedviT, colad SerTvis dros gamosyidvis
instituti am qveynebSi muSaobs, sadac qalis saojaxo Sroma mniSvnelovania ojaxis
bijetisaTvis. mziTvs ki, Cveulebriv, qals atanen im kulturebSi, sadac qalis Sromis
wili ojaxSi SedarebiT mcirea.
politikur procesebSi monawileoba yvela kulturaSi mamakacebisaTvis ufro
xelmisawvdomia, vidre — qalebisTvis. ganuviTarebeli warmoebis mqone 90
sazogadoebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi ufro maRalia
maSin, roca gare konfliqtebis da omebis saSiSroeba mcirea, magram arsebobs Sida
sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebi da daZabuloba.
genderuli mkvlevrebis umravlesoba varaudobs, rom tradiciuli genderuli
rolebi aferxeben pirovnebis ganviTarebas da iwveven socialur uTanasworobas.
Tanamedrove msoflios demokratiul nawilSi qalTa problematikam da aseve
genderulma sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina ganviTarebis konteqstSi.
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca ara mxolod ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobaSi
myofi qalebi, romlebic moklebulni arian samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs,
aramed ganviTarebul qveynebSi jer kodev mravlad arsebuli genderuli uTanaswo-
robis problemebi. qalTa problemaTagan gansakuTrebiT mwvavea imunodeficitis
infeqciis gansakuTrebiT farTe gavrceleba qalebSi, qalebiT vaWroba, qalebis gamo-
yeneba seqsis industriaSi da sxv. Tumca arsebobs qalTa mravali sxva, ufro yofiTi
problemebic, romelTa mogvarebac aranakleb mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. mTels msoflioSi gabatonebulia genderuli diskriminacia cxovrebis
bevr sferoSi. Tumca diskriminaciis formebi, zomebi da xarisxi gansxvavebulia
rogorc regionebs, aseve qveynebs Sorisac. ganviTarebadi msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi
qalebi ar arian gaTanabrebuli mamakacebTan iuridiuli (subieqturi), socialuri da
ekonomikuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. didia genderuli gansvlebi resursebis
xelmisawvdomobisa da maTi gankargvis sferoSi, ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis
sferoSi da Zalauflebisa da interesebis warmomadgenlobiT sferoSi.
uflebebi.uflebebSi asimetria gavrcelebulia sasamarTlo kanonmdeblobaSi,
sazogadoebebis yofiT samarTalSi, ojaxebisa da Sida meurneobebis cxovrebaSi.
asimetria arsebobs saqorwino kanonmdeblobaSic, ojaxis zomis gansazRvraSi (Svilebis
gaCena-argaCena da maTi raodenobis gadawyveta) qonebis memkvidreobaSi, da mis
marTvaSi, Sida meurneobaSi Sromis ganawilebaSi, Semosaval-gasavlebSi, gadaadgilebis
TavisuflebaSi.
samxreT afrikis da afrikis bevr qveyanaSi qalebi TavianTi qmrebis mudmivi
zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebian. maT ara aqvT ufleba damoukideblad marTon
sakuTreba. afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi mamakacs aqvs ufleba isargeblos qalis Sromis
SedegebiT, magaram qals ara aqvs igive ufleba mamakacis Sromis nayofis mimarT.
boliviaSi, gvatemalaSi da siriaSi mamakacebs aqvT ufleba SezRudon TavianTi colebi
da ar miscen maT ufleba imuSaon saxls gareT. egvipteSi da gvatemalaSi qalebs
sWirdebaT TavianTi meuRleebis nebarTva mogzaurobisa da mgzavrobisaTvis. zogierT
arabul qveyanaSi qalebs unda hqondeT meuRleebis nebaTrTva pasportis miRebisTvis,
maSin roca qmrisTvis colis mxridan aseTi nebarTvis miReba saWiro ar aris.
67
gansazRvravs, agreTve, qalis Sromis ufro mcire anazRaureba mamakacTan SedarebiT.
mas Semdeg, rac qali imuSavebs samsaxurSi, igi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meore cvlaSi
muSaobs saxlSi. es meore cvla qalebisa da mamakacebis dasvenebis drois gansxvavebis
mizezia. Seltonisa da jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) monacemebis mixedviT, colebTan
SedarebiT Savkaniani kacebi akeTeben saojaxo saqmeebis _ 40%-s, TeTrkaniani
mamakacebi — 34%-s, espanuri warmoSobis mamakacebi _ 36%. bolo drois monacemebi
gviCvenebs, rom qmrebs saojaxo saqmianobaSi sul ufro meti wili SeaqvT, magram
momuSave qali saSualo ojaxuri saqmeebis 69%-s akeTebs. im drois gazrdam, romelsac
qali uTmobs saxls gareT muSaobas, gamoiwvia ojaxur saqmianobaze daxarjuli drois
mxolod mciredad Semcireba.
Tanamedrove droSi Zalian bevri qali muSaobs imisTvis, rom Seinaxos ojaxi.
miuxedavad amisa, isini kvlav asruleben tradiciul qalur movaleobebsac ojaxSi, rac
qalebis ormag datvirTvas iwvevs. qalis rolis Semcireba saojaxo meurneobaSi ar
moxda im sazogadoebebSic ki, sadac qalebi warmoadgenen saerTo samuSao Zalis
umetesobas. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, SveicariaSi, kanadaSi,
italiaSi, poloneTSi da rumineTSi saojaxo saqmeebis udides nawils qalebi
asruleben, imisgan damoukideblad, ewevian Tu ara isini profesiul saqmianobas.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 3000 ojaxuri wyvilis gamokvlevis Sedegebis
analizis safuZvelze bleri da lixteri (Bliar & Lichter,1991) mividnen im daskvnamde, rom
qalebi ojaxSi muSaobdnen gacilebiT ufro didxans, vidre — mamakacebi (Sesabamisad 33
sT. da 14sT.). amasTan saojaxo saqmeebi mkveTrad gamijnulia sqesobrivi niSniT. qaluri
saqmeebia isini, romelTa keTebac aucilebelia sistematurad (sadili, WurWlis
recxva, bavSvebze zrunva da sxv.), maSin roca mamakacTa saqmeebis sistematuri
yoveldRiuri xasiaTi ara aqvs (baRSi muSaoba, raimes SekeTeba da a.S). sainteresoa
Seltonis da jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) gamokvlevis Sedegebi. maT aRmoaCines, rom
Savkanian amerikelTa ojaxebSi ojaxuri saqmianobebi ase mkveTrad ar aris
ganawilebuli sqesobrivi niSniT. gamokvlevebi aseve aCvenebs, rom ojaxis biujetis
ganmkargavic ufro qalia, vidre _ mamakaci.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom momuSave qals ojaxSi ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs,
vidre — diasaxliss. ojaxSi Zalauflebis Teoriis moxedviT, visac meti Semosavali
(ekonomikuri) aqvs, imas aqvs meti Zalaufleba ojaxSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave qali iRebs Tavis SromaSi daaxloebiT kacis
xelfasis 70%-s. amasTan Sromis bazari gayofilia genderuli niSniT da arsebobs
qaluri da mamakacuri profesiebi. ufro prestiJuli profesiebi da Tanamdebobebi
mamakacebs ukaviaT, qalebi Zalian sustad arian warmodgenili mTavrobaSi da maRal
Tanamdebobebze msxvil organizaciebSi. amas nawilobriv gansazRvravs gavrcelebuli
stereotipebi, rom qalebi cudi liderebi arian. garda amisa, qalis karieras yvela
qveyanaSi xels uSlis ojaxuri da dedobrivi movaleobebi.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom dResac, bevr qveyanaSi qalebi
ekonomikur diskriminacias ganicdian. isini iReben ufro dabal xelfass, vidre - maTi
kolega mamakacebi igive Tanamdebobaze. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom umetes qveynebSi
qalebi dResac upiratesobas aniWeben moRvaweobis tradiciul sferoebs da, agreTve,
iseT samsaxurs, romelic adamianebis did wresTan urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva.
mamakacebi ki upiratesad irCeven ufro maRalanazRaurebad samuSaos, romelic,
amasTanave, perspeqtiulicaa samsaxureobrivi karieris TvalsazrisiT.
genderul-rolur ideologiaze did zegavlenas axdens, agreTve, religiuri
Sexedulebebi da Rirebulebebi. bevr kulturaSi (magaliTad, laTinuri amerikisa da
axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi) sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi da idealebi
66
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi
moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
seminari #4 (Tema # 4 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderuli stereotipebis Camoyalibebas?
2. ra zegavlenas axdens genderuli stereotipebi adamianis da sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi?
3. ras niSnavs genderulad tipirebuli adamiani da riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderulad
aratipirebuli adamianisagan?
4. rogor vlindeba qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebi?
5. ra SezRudvebs uweserbs tradiciuli ideologia mamakacebs?
6. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs mcire sqesTaSoris sxvaobebis did genderul
sxvaobebad gardaqmnas?
7. rogor xsnis genderuli sqemis Teoria genderul iluzorul korelaciebs?
8. rogor ixsneba genderuli iluzoruli korelaciebi qarTuli fsiqologiuri
skolis poziciebidan?
9. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs gansxvavebul genderul rolebs sxvadasxva
kulturebSi?
seminarze gamoyenebuli iqneba, agreTve, SemTxvevis ganxilvis meTodi. kerZod,
studentebs daurigdebaT kanadis adamianis uflebebis fondis 22-e saerTaSoriso
sesiis masalebSi warmodgenili SemTxvevis aRwera: `sabediswero mdinaris istoria~,
romelic ama Tu im kulturaSi genderuli stereotipebis da genderuli rolebis
Sefasebas eZRvneba. studentebi individualurad gaecnobian istorias da Semdeg
Seafaseben iq warmodgenil personaJebs specialuri Sefasebis kiTxvaris safuZvelze.
moxdeba Sedegebis jgufuri ganxilva da Sejameba. jgufuri Sefasebis Semdeg
studentebs eZlevaT instruqcia Secvalon sapirispiroTi yoveli personaJis sqesi da
amis Semdeg, kidev erTxel Seavson Sefasebis kiTxvari. miRebuli Sedegebi kvlev
ganixileba da Sejamdeba erToblivi muSaobis gziT. gakeTdeba genderuli
stereotipebis analizi pirveli da meore Sefasebis urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.:17-82;
2. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 102-144.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 334-337;
2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 196-218;
3. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.: 252-294;
4. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, gv.: 535-560;
5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;
6. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti, genderi
da mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003, nawili II.
51
kvira #5
leqcia (2 sT)
Tema #5 - ojaxi da sazogadoeba. qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
urTierTobebi. kroskulturuli gansxvavebebi.
leqciaze mocemuli iqneba ojaxis mokle istoria, misi gansazRvreba, ojaxisa da
sazogadoebis sxva institutebis mimarTeba, ojaxis struqtura, dinamika da funqciebi,
colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi. ganxiluli iqneba ojaxis tipebis sxvadasxva
klasifikaciebi. mokled ganxiluli iqneba qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi da
agreTve, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi germanul, koreul, amerikul da
Svedur ojaxebSi.
ojaxi da qorwineba warmoiSva jer kidev pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi — Sua
paleoliTSi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ojaxmac ganvlo ganviTarebis
araerTi etapi, romlebSic ZiriTadia e.w. wyviladi ojaxi, patriarqalur-monogamuri
ojaxi da monogamur-elitaruli ojaxi. mecniereba Tvlis, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis
kvaldakval icvleba, magram mas, agreTve, aqvs konservatuli xasiaTic; radgan
meyseulad sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili axali movlenebi maSinve ki ar aisaxeba masSi,
aramed _ TandaTanobiT. konservatuloba gamoixateba imaSic, rom yoveli axali
periodis azrovneba mistiris wina periodis ojaxis funqcionirebas da ufro
srulyofilad miiCnevs mas. azrovneba Znelad iRebs axals. cvlilebis yvela tendencia
aRiqmeba, rogorc krizisis, gadagvarebis maCvenebeli. maS rodis iyo ojaxi yvela
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT (Sobadoba, bavSvebis aRzrda, qorwinebis sakiTxebi
mogvareba, ojaxis wevriTa ufleba—movaleobebis ganawileba da sxv.) yvelaze
srulyofili? aseTi wiaRsvliT Cven mivadgebiT patriarqalur ojaxs da Tanac
despoturs! ra gamodis? erTis mxriv yvelaze srulyofili da organizebuli
patriarqalur—despoturi ojaxi, meores mxriv, ki dRevandeli Cveni epoqisTvis misi
sruli miuRebloba. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom dRes ojaxis Sesaxeb SromaTa
umetesoba iwyeba ojaxis masStaburi kriziis aRiarebiT.
ojaxis gansazRvreba. ra aris ojaxi, rogor ganisazRvreba igi aravisTvis sadavo ar
aris, rom ojaxi socialuri institutia; zusti ganmartebisTvis mivmarToT
filistimikas — ojaxis Sesaxeb mecnierebas. mravali ganmartebidan saxelmZRvanelod
miRebulia, Semdegi: `ojaxi aris qorwinebisa da sisxlis naTesaobis niadagze Seqmnili
socialuri sistema — mcire jgufi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian
yofa-cxovrebis erTianobiT, moraluri urTierTpasuxismgeblobiT da
urTierTdaxmarebiT.
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove tendenciebs da gansakuTrebiT
dasavleTis sazogadoebis realobas, maSin SeiZleba ufro sagulisxmod gveCvenos
Semdegi ganmarteba: `ojaxi aris daqorwinebuli meuRleebi SvilebiT an maT gareSe, an
martoxela mSobeli SviliT~. amgvarad, ojaxi aris sazogadoebis ujredi (mcire
socialuri jgufi) dafuZnebuli col-qmrul kavSirsa da naTesaur urTierTobebze,
anu igi moicavs colqmars Soris, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris, debsa da Zmebs Soris da
sxva naTesavebs Soris urTierTobebs, urTierTobebs im adamianebs Soris, romlebic
erTad cxovroben da uZRvebian saerTo meurneobas. ojaxi asrulebs udides rols,
rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
52
raodenoba garSemo. amasTan, diasaxlisebis daukmayofileblobas sakuTari saqmiano-
biT xels uwyobs momuSave qalebSi farTed gavrcelebuli azri, rom maTgan gan-
sxvavebiT diasaxlisebi udardelad da uproblemod cxovroben. zogierTi mkvlevris
azriT, diasaxlisebis dabali TviTSefaseba swored am faqtorTa erToblivi
zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. amgvarad, faqtia, rom saojaxo Sroma da Sesabamisad,
diasaxlisis roli erTgvarovani, damRleli da araprestiJulia.
244 sazogadoebis eTnografiuli masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad dandradma (D’Andrade,
1966) gaarkvia, rom mamakacebi yvelgan dakavebulni iyvnen nadirobiT, iaraRis
damzadebiT da Tavisi samuSaos procesSi isini metad scildebodnen saxls, maSin
rodesac qalebis saqmianoba saxlTan iyo dakavSirebuli, isini pasuxs agebdnen sarCo-
sanovagis Senaxvaze, saWmlis momzadebaze, zrunavdnen tansacmelze da iseTi nivTebis
damzadebaze, romlebic saojaxo meurneubaSi moixmareboda. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen
bavSvebis movliTa da maTi aRzrdiT, maSin rodesac mamakacebi bavSvebis aRzrdaSi
monawileobas iRebdnen gamokvleuli kulturebis mxolod 10%-Si.
tradiciuli Sexedulebebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci CarTuli unda iyos
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, aqtiurobdes biznesSi, politikaSi da kulturaSi, qali ki
saxlSi unda iyos da bavSvebs da ojaxs uvlides. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove
kroskulturuli kvlevebi avlens aseTi dixotomiis Sesustebas faqtobriv doneze.
qalebi sul ufro aqriurad ebmebian muSaobasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi saxls
gareT, mamakacebi ki sxva saqmeebTan erTad saojaxo saqmeebiTac arian dakavebulni.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axalgazrda TaobaSi SeimCneva qalis rolis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis
gafarToeba. kerZod, qalis roli moicavs rogorc saxlis saqmeebis Sesrulebas, aseve -
samsaxursac. am mosazrebas adasturebs gibonsisa (Gibbons et al.., 1991/1993) da misi
kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi oTx sxvadasxva kulturaSi mozardebze. qalis
rolis Sesaxeb mozardTa Sexedulebebi asaxaven qalis cxovrebis pirobebisa da mis
mimarT damokidebulebis Secvlas mTels msoflioSi.
dadgenilia, rom egaliteruli Sexedulebebi mamakacebSi vlindeba ganaTlebis
maRali donisa da maRali socialuri statusis proporciulad. Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom qalebisaTvis samsaxuris arCevanis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba an
ganaTlebis donis amaRleba ar iwvevs sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis saboloo
aRmofxvras. devisisa da robinsonis (Davis &Robinson, 1991) mier oTx qveyanaSi (amerikis
SeerTebul Statebi, didi britaneTi, germania da avstria) Catarebulma kvlevam
gamoavlina Semdegi kanonzomiereba: adamianebs, romlebsac aqvT sakmaod maRali
ganaTlebis done da, agreTve, qalebs, romlis qmrebic muSaoben, naklebad awuxebT
sqesTa Soris diskriminaciis arseboba da naklebad zrunaven mis aRmosafxvrelad.
xolo mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac ganaTlebis SedarebiT dabali done aqvs da
agreTve, qalebi, romlebsac ara hyavT marCenali qmrebi, ufro metad iswrafvian
genderuli uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad.
qalis mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi izomeba mravali parametriT, romelTa Sorisac
mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, socialuri avtoriteti da gerderul-
roluri ideologiis sxva parametrebi, qalTa monawileoba politikaSi da a.S. qalisa
Tu kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da qcevis normebi kulturul
variaciebs eqvemdebareba, miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs kulturuli unversaliebic am
TvalsazrisiT: garkveuli xarisxiT yoveli sazogadoeba gansazRvrul Tvisebebs da
moRvaweobis saxeebs akavSirebs gansazRvrul sqesTan. amave dros, TiTqmis arc erT
sazogadoebaSi qals ara aqvs ufro maRali statusi, vidre — mamakacs.
qalis diasaxlisis roli mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvrulia genderuli
stereotipebiT da diferencialuri socializaciiT. qalis diasaxlisis rols xSirad
65
kvira #6 ojaxi da sazogadoeba. ojaxi socialur—biologiuri warmonaqmnia. mas ganapirobeben,
leqcia (2 sT), seminari (2 sT) rogorc socialuri, aseve biologiuri moTxovnilebebi (sqesobrivi instiqtebi).
swored biofsiqosocialuri moTxovnilebebis damTxvevam warmoqmna socialuri
Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. instituti — qorwineba. qorwineba da ojaxi sazogadoebis keTildReobis da simSvidis
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi. garantia. igi sazogadoebis seqsualuri cxovrebis momwesrigebelia, mozardi Taobis
socializaciis saSualebaa. Tavis mxriv ki, sazogadoeba uzrunvelyofs ojaxis
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. kerZod, normaluri funqcionireba- ganviTarebis pirobebs da mis daculobas. sxvadasxva
mocemuli iqneba sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebi qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis, sazogadoebebi aregulirebs qorwinebas da ojaxs, kerZo urTierTobebs wyvilebs
qalTa pilitikuri aqtivobis da Sromis bazarze maT warmomadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, Soris. kanoni da kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs imas, Tu vis visTan SeuZlia qorwineba.
moyvanili iqneba qalTa dabali Semosavlebis mizezebis sxvadasxva gavrcelebuli magaliTad, sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebis garda, zogierT qveyanaSi erTi sqesis
axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis faqtorebi. moyvanili iqneba adamianebsac aqvT amis ufleba. kanoni gansazRvravs qorwinebis minimalur asaksac.
sxvadasxva qveynebis da kulturebis kanonmdebloba da, agreTve, religia gansazRvravs
socialuri samarTlianobis koncefcia. `SuSis Weris~ (Glass ceiling) cneba da qalTa
imasac, Tu ramdeni coli SeiZleba yavdes mamakacs, an ramdeni qmari SeiZleba hyavdes
dabali statusis axsnis gavrcelebuli variantebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli
qals, agreTve, gayrisa da xelaxali qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. zogi sazogadoeba
sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoria da misi mecnieruli wanamZRvrebi, genderis
qorwinebis farglebs gareT sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvisac mkacrad gansjis pirovnebas.
gageba am Teoriis farglebSi da misi politikuri miznebi.
amis magaliTebia aRmosavleTis poligamia, afrikis zogierT qveynebSi (magaliTad,
burkino fsasoSi) gavrcelebuli poliandria, dasavleTis erTsqesiani ojaxebi. agreTve
me-20 saukuneSi qalebma miaRwies xmis uflebas arCevnebSi, aseve bevr qveyanaSi maT
sagulisxmoa, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qorwineba gacilebiT axalagazrdaa, vidre —
moipoves ufleba iyvnen arCeulni arCeviT Tanamdebobebze, Tundac potenciurad.
dasavleTSi. aRmosavleTSi qorwinebis saSualo asaki (qalebis) 18 welia. amerikaSi ki — 25
qalebma miaRwies maTi uflebebis ganmtkicebas sakanonmdeblo donezec. qalebma
weli. evropis zog qveyanaSi da skandinaviis qveynebSi ki _ kidev ufro xandazmuli.
miaRwies imasac, rom maTTvis gaizarda ganaTlebisa da jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom radgan qorwinebis instituts istoriulad mkacrad patriarquli
qalTa uflebebis CamoyalibebiTa da maTi adamianis uflebebTan mierTebiT miaRwies
xasiaTi aqvs, amitom gvari da tituli gadaicema mamakacuri xaziT; es saerToa TiTqmis
imasc, rom msoflio ganviTarebis politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs genderul
yvela kulturisaTvis.
problematikas. miuxedavad amisa, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs mkveTrad
gamoxatuli qalTa uTanasworoba yvelaferSi, rac exeba samuSaos, Sromis
ojaxis tipebi. cnobilia, rom ojaxis mravali tipologia arsebobs. umetesad
anazraurebas, statuss da Zalauflebas sazogadoebaSi.
tipologiis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia saqorwino wyvilis (ojaxis birTvis) dayofa
genderuli normebi zegavlenas axdens genderul urTierTobebze da genderul
arseboba-ararsebobis mixedviT da maTi raodenobis mixedviT. gamoyofen patara anu
rolebze. gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
nuklearul (erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SvilebiT (SviliT) an uSvilod) da rTul
Sesrulebuli socialuri rolebi gansxvavdebian rigi parametrebis mixedviT.
ojaxs. rTuli ojaxi arTianebs Semdeg qvetipebs:
genderul cnobierebaze did zegavlenas axdens kulturis iseTebi aspeqtebi,
1. erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod da erT—erTi meuRlis
rogoricaa, qalTa mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi, sqesis mixedviT Sromis ganawileba,
mSobeli;
Sesrulebuli samuSaos nairsaxeoba, samuSaos anazRaureba, statusi, Zalaufleba,
2. erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod, erTi meuRlis mSobeli
religiuri Sexedulebebi, Rirebulebebi, ekonomikuri faqtorebi da, agreTve, qalTa
(an mis gareSe) da sxva naTesavebi;d da sxva naTesavebi (an mis gareSe);
monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi. Zalian mokled ganvixiloT es faqtorebi.
3. deda SviliT (SvilebiT) da erT-erTi mSobeli;
qalebis 40% mTel Tavis dros saxlSi atarebs. amasTan, es qalebi saSualod saojaxo
4. mama SviliT (SvilebiT) da erT-erTi mSobeli;
samuSaoSi xarjaven 48 sT-dan 70 sT-mde kviraSi. zogadad, saxls gareT muSaoba
5. danarCeni ojaxebi, sadac arian da-Zmebi, bebia-babuebi, sxva naTesavebi da a.S.
momgebiania ara mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. misi saSualebiT kmayofildeba
ojaxis klasifikaciis erT-erTi parametria _ ojaxuri marTvis (xelmZRvanelobis)
iseTi socialuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa aRiarebis, miRwevis, statusis da
stili. es ukanaskneli specialur literaturaSi ganisazRvreba, rogorc mSoblebis im
pativiscemis moTxovnilebebi. adamiani, romelic mTeli dRe saxlSia, am moTxovni-
qmedebis ragvaroba, romelic miznad isaxavs bavSvebis swor gzaze dayenebas. am
lebebs ver ikmayofilebs. fridanis (Friedan) monacemebis mixedviT, daukmayofileblo-
klasifikaciis mixedviT, ojaxi oTx ZiriTad tipad (avtoritetuli, avtoritaruli,
bis grZnoba aqvT im qalebsac ki, romlebic mTeli cxovreba ocnebobdnen colisa da
liberaluri da indiferentuli) iyofa. es klasifikacia xorcieldeba mSoblebis
dedis rolze. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aseTi qalebi emsaxurebian sxvisi
Svilebisadmi gamovlenili kontrolis da maTdami gamoxatuli siTbos mixedviT.
moTxovnilebebis dakamayofilebas da sakuTar pirovnebas kargaven. meore problema,
mokled davaxasiaTod TiToeuli maTgani.
romelic dakavSirebulia qalis `ojaxuri keris mfarvelis~ rolTan isaa, rom
diasaxlisi `TamaSgare~ mdgomareobaSi aris, igi ar monawileobs sazogadoebriv
indiferentuli mSobeli gamoirCeva Svilebisadmi kontrolis dabali doniT, maTdami
cxovrebaSi da amitom arasrulfasovan adamianad grZnobs Tavs.
siTbos naklebobiT da ugulisyurobiT. aseTi mSoblebi TavianTi SvilebisTvis ar
feris (Feree) azriT, diasaxlisebSi izolaciis gancdis warmoSobas xels uwyobs
adgenen TiTqmis aranair SezRudvebs, rac SesaZloa maTi yoveldRiuri problemebiT da
iseTi faqtorebis arsebobac, rogoricaa, gadaadgilebis SezRudva, mudmivi
Svilebisadmi arasakmarisi interesiT aris ganpirobebuli.
yuradRebam, romelsac bavSvebis aRzrda moiTxovs da momuSave qalebis didi
64 53
avtoritetuli mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis kontrols da amave
dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi. avtoritetuli mSoblebi adgenen TavianTi
SvilebisaTvis SezRudvebs da mkacrad icaven maT mier SemuSavebul wesebs, Tumca isini
uxsnian TavianT Svilebs am SezRudvis mizezebs, ris gamoc mSoblis qceva Svils ar
eCveneba Zalismierad da usamarTlod. avtoritetuli mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali
TviTdarwmunebis done, mTlianad akontroleben sakuTar Tavs, arian socialurad
kompetenturebi. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali TviTSefaseba. maT aqvT maRali
akademiuri moswrebis donec.
liberaluri mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT nakleb kontrols (SezRudvebs)
da aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi. isini TiTqmis saerTod ar zRudaven
Svilis qcevas da avlenen maTdami e.w. `upirobo siyvaruls~, maSinac ki, roca
liberaluri mSoblebi gabrazebulni arian TavianTi Svilis qceviT, cdiloben
TavSekavebas. maT axasiaTebT SvilebTan Ria, SeuZRudavi urTierTobebi.
avtoritaruli mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben Zlier kontrols (adgenen mkacr
moTxovnebs da mkacrad moiTxoven maT mier dadgenili wesebis Sesrulebas), rasac Tan
erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis da sulieri siaxlovis araseboba da Sesabamisad,
ufro civi urTierTobebi. avtoritaruli mSoblebi gacemen brZanebebs da moelian,
rom es brZanebebi zustad da usityvod iqneba Sesrulebuli maTi Svilebis mier. aseTi
mSoblebis Svilebi, Cveulebriv, Caketilebi, pasiuriebi da nerviulebi arian. umravles
SemTxvevebSi, isini imeoreben mSobelTa marTvis stils Tavis momaval ojaxebSi.
rogorc vTqviT, ojaxi sazogadoebis birTvia, umniSvnelovanesi formaa piradi
yofisa, romelic dafuZnebulia col—qmaris kavSirze da naTesavebis urTierTobebze
e.i. colis, qmris, mSoblebis, Svilebis, debis, Zmebis da sxva naTesavebis
urTierTobebze, romlebic erTad cxovroben da erT meurneobas ewevian. ojaxi udides
rolis TamaSobs, rogorc sazogadoebis, agreTve, calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebaSi.
msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 90% cxovrebis am formas — ojaxi
mimarTavs.
8. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda XIX—XX sauk. koreuli ojaxi?
9. ra mimarTulebiT Seicvala 60—iani wlebidan amerikuli mamakacis roli?
10. ra tipis ojaxebia gavrcelebuli SvedeTSi?
11. ra faqtorebma Seuwyves xeli SvedeTSi ojaxis institutis transformacias?
seminarze moxdeba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli davalebis ganxilva.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, p.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474;
2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in Social Context, NY . Oxford University Press, 1989, p.: 81-
111, 462-470;
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press,
1992, gv.: 205-236;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 323-326, 332-334;
3. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 100-122;
4. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 313-336; 336-400;
5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;
6. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, T. 8;
7. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, gv.: 165-180;

ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura da dinamika. ojaxis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

misi funqciebi, struqtura da dinamika.

ojaxis funqciebi. funqcia ewodeba ojaxis cxovelqmedebas, romelic dakavSirebulia

misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan. ojaxs imdeni funqcia aqvs, ramden
moTxovnilebasac (mdgradi, ganmeorebiTi formiT) igi akmayofilebs. ojaxis ZiriTadi
funqciebia;
1. aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia. is gamoixateba dedobis da mamobis individualur
moTxovnilebaSi, bavSvebTan kontaqtis moTxovnilebaSi. am funqciis Sesrulebas
ojaxi uzrunvelyofs mozardi Taobis socializacias;
2. sameurneo yofiTi funqcia. es funqcia mdgomareobs ojaxis materialuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaSi (sakvebi, sacxovrebeli, tansacmeli da a.S.) am
funqciis SesrulebiT ojaxi axdens Sromis dros daxarjuli fizikuri Zalebis
aRdgenas;
3. emociuri funqcia es aris urTierTpativiscemis, siTbos, siyvarulis, daculobis,
simpaTiis da aRiarebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. am funqciis SesrulebiT
ojaxi sazogadoebis wevrTa emociur stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs;
4. pirveladi socialuri kontrolis funqcia. am funqciis meSveobiT ojaxi uzrun-
velyofs ojaxis wevrebis mier socialuri normebis Sesrulebas. gansakuTrebiT es
54 63
tradiciulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes
meti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti.
modernulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram
urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris
qmari mainc mTavari Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.
indiferentuli tipis ojaxi - mSobelebi gamoirCevian Svilebisadmi kontrolis
dabali doniT, maTdami siTbos naklebobiT da ugulisyurobiT.
avtoritetuli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis
kontrols da amave dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi.
liberaluri tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT mcire donis
kontrols (SezRudvebs) da aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi.
avtoritaruli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben maRali donis
kontrols, rasac Tan erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis da sulieri siaxlovis
araseboba.
komfucionalisturi — Cineli filosofosis komfuciis moZRvrebaze dayrdnobili
ideologia.
eqspresiuli roli — socialuri roli, romelic Cveulebriv qalebs miewerebaT da is
ojaxis emociuri klimatis balansSi, ojaxis wevrebis mimarT gamovlenil zrunvasa da
siyvarulSi gamoixateba.
instrumentuli roli - roli, romelic Cveulebriv mamakacebs miewerebaT da is
sakuTari ojaxisa da sxva socialuri jgufebis urTierTobebis mogvarebaSi, ojaxis
Senaxvasa da dacvaSi vlindeba.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi. maT, agreTve, miecemaT Semdegi davalebebi seminarisTvis: 1) nebismieri 5—10
ojaxi SeadareT erTmaneTs, gansazRvreT ra tipisaa. 2) ganixileT sakuTari ojaxi
sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis mixedviT. 3) Tqveni nacnobi ramdenime axalgazrda
wyvilis urTierTobebi ganixileT da miakuTvneT romelime models.
seminari #5 (Tema # 5) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra mimarTebaa ojaxsa da sazogadoebas Soris?
2. CamoTvaleT ojaxis ZiriTadi funqciebi.
3. ojaxis ra da ra tipebi iciT? ra principebze SeiZleba iyos agebuli ojaxis
klasifikacia?
4. ra gansxvavebaa ojaxebs Soris marTvis stilis mixedviT?
5. ra ZiriTad fazebad SeiZleba daiyos ojaxis sasicoxlo cikli?
6. moiyvaneT sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis araerTgvarovnebis magaliTebi
sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
7. ra tipis ojaxebi gvxvdeba Tanamedrove germaniaSi?
62
exeba ojaxis im wevrebs, romelTac damoukideblad ar SeuZlia amis ganxorcieleba
asakobrivi Tu avadmyofobis da sxva mizezebis gamo;
5. seqsualur-erotikuli funqcia. es aris ojaxis wevrTa seqsualuri moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis funqcia. am funqciis Sesruleba mniSvnelovania, radgan
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis biologiur kvlavwarmoebas.
rac Seexeba ojaxis funqciebis moSlas, mas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mravalma
faqtorma _ ojaxis wevrTa pirovnulma Taviseburebebma da wevrTa Soris
urTierTobebma, yofiTma problemebma, mSobelTa gaurkvevlobam (uvicobam) aRzrdis
sakiTxebSi, gareSe pirTa Carevam ojaxis saqmeebSi da a.S.
ojaxis struqtura. ojaxis struqturaSi Sedis: ojaxis wevrebis raodenoba, maTi
erTianoba da urTierTobebi. struqturis analizi gvaZlevs informacias imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra saxiT xdeba ojaxis funqciaTa realizeba — vin xelmZRvanelobs da vin
eqvemdebareba, rogor aris ganawilebuli movaleobebi ojaxSi. struqturis mixedviT,
ganasxvaveben erTi piris xelmZRvanelobis qveS myof ojaxebs da ojaxebs, sadac wevrebi
Tanabar monawileobas iReben marTvaSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ojaxis avtoritarul
sistemaze laparakoben, meore SemTxvevaSi ki — demokratiulze. ojaxebs ganasxvaveben,
agreTve, wevrTa Soris movaleobaTa ganawilebis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT,
gamoyofen ojaxebs, sadac movaleobebi Tanabaradaa ganawilebuli wevrTa Soris da
ojaxebs, sadac ojaxis erT wevrs sxvebTan SedarebiT Warbi movaleobebi gaCnia.
ojaxis struqturis rRvevis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes ojaxis wevrebs Soris
movaleobebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri asimetriuloba, radgan zedmeti datvirTva
mavnebelia fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobisTvis (gadatvirTvis Sedegad SeiZleba
veRar moxerxdes am Zalebis aRdgena).
ojaxis dinamika. ojaxis funqciebi da struqtura SeiZleba icvlebodes (Seicvalos)
cxovelqmedebis sxvadasxva etapebze. arsebobs ojaxis sasicocxlo mTliani ciklis
etapebis gamoyofis gansxvavebuli sistemebi. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia
`stadiebis~ sistema, sadac stadiebis gamoyofis kriteriumad ojaxSi bavSvebis
arseboba da maTi asaki aris miCneuli. arsebobs mTeli rigi periodizaciebisa,
magaliTad, W.Cove—es (1973) da A.Barcai (1981)—is Raush—is (1974). Cven SevCerdebiT
diuvalis (Duvall E.M. - 1957) periodizaciaze.
diuvalma ojaxis sasicocxlo ciklSi gamoyo Semdegi fazebi:
1. CarTuloba. meuRlesTan Sexvedra da emociuri miziduloba;
2. mSoblis axali rolis miReba da ganviTareba;
3. axali pirovnebis miReba ojaxSi. diaduri urTierTobebidan samkuTxa
urTierTobebze gadasvla;
4. bavSvebis Seyvana ojaxis gare institutebSi;
5. mozardobis xanis miReba;
6. damoukideblobis eqsperimenti;
7. bavSvebis ojaxidan wasvlis faqtis miRebisTvis mzadeba;
8. bavSvebis ojaxidan wasvla da meuRleebis marto darCena;
9. pensiaze gasvlis faqtis da siberis miReba.
unda avRniSnoT, rom ojaxis ganviTarebis yovel fazaze SeiZleba aRmocendes mZime
qronikuli avadmyofoba an sikvdili, rac did zegavlenas axdens ojaxis
funqcionirebaze.
rac Seexeba ojaxis disfunqcionirebas (funqcionirebis moSlas), amis mizezebi
SeiZleba iyos: partnioris araswori arCeva, mSoblebis ojaxTan zedmetad mWidro kavSiri
(yvela sakiTxebis SeTanxmeba) Ralati da kulturuli normebis Seusabamoba da sxv.
55
colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi. warmatebuli qorwineba lederesis da
jeksonis azriT, xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: tolerantuloba, urTierTpativiscema,
patiosneba, erTad yofnis survili, interesebisa da faseulobaTa sistemis Tanxvedra.
colqmruli (wyvilTa) urTierTobebis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas gaaCnia fazebi.
mecnieruli literaturis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi fazebi: 1)
partnioris arCeva, 2) urTierTobebis romantizireba (roca wyvili mxolod Rirsebebs
xedavs erTmaneTSi), 3) colqmruli urTierTobis stilis individualizacia: urTier-
Tobebis wesebis formireba. (es wesebi gansazRvraven Semdgom urTierTobebs da
qmedebebs ojaxSi), 4) urTierTobaTa stabiluroba/cvalebadoba. mravali gamocdis
Sedegad meuRleebi cdiloben wonasworobis miRwevas. normalur ojaxebSi stabi-
lurobis tendencia wonaswordeba cvalebadobis tendenciiT da 5) egzistencialuri
Sefaseba (erToblivi cxovrebis Sefaseba (ojaxuri cxobrebiT da urTierTobebiT
kmayofileba—ukmayofileba).
bolo drois publikaciebSi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgeba ojaxis krizisis sakiTxi,
ganixilaven mis SesaZlo mizezebs. wyvilTa Soris urTierTobebis cvlilebebs aqvs
Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. frangi mkvlevris elizabed badenteris
azriT, es imitom xdeba, rom: `arasodes ar yofilan mamakacebi da qalebi ase msgavsebi
rogorc dRes. sqesebs Soris arasodes ar yofila aseTi mcire kontrasti~.
qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi. Tanamedrove mdgomareobas (situacias) Tu
gadavxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom qorwinebaSi Tanaarsebobis bevri paterni (modeli)
arsebobs. am paternebis klasificireba SeiZleba sam ZiriTad tipad. esenia:
tradiciuli, modernuli da egalitaruli. aseTi tipizacia eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad
maxasiaTebels: Zalauflebis ganawiolebas, specialuri rolebis gansazRvras da
ojaxSi aqtivobis wvlilis dozas.
tradiciulia ojaxi, Tu orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes meti
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti anu, sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT qmari iyos ojaxis `Tavi~.
modernulia ojaxi, Tu coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram urTierTSeTanxmebis
safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris qmari mainc mTavari
Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.
egalitarulia ojaxi, Tu col—qmars aqvs Tanabari Zalaufleba da maTi ojaxis gareT
saqmianobac, xSirad Tanabaria. isini erTmaneTs uTanxmeben yvelafers, bavSvebis
aRzrdaSic Tanabrad monawileoben. eseTi ojaxebi ufro iSviaTia.
gansakuTrebuli yuradrebis Rirsia ojaxebi ayvanili bavSvebiT da Svilobilad
ayvanili bavSvebiT. arsebobs bevri wyvili, romlebic dedobis da mamaobis krizisis
winaSe dganan (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli eqvsi wyvilidan erTi
unayofoa). es krizisi romelime maTganis an orives unayofobis gamo Cndeba.
unayofobis mizezebi mravalgvaria. Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobs misi daZlevis
gzebic (saSualebebic): meuRlis spermis xelovnuri gadanergva, donoris spermiT
daorsuleba, in-vitro ganayofiereba, xelovnuri embrionalizacia da surogatuli
dedebis daxmareba. Tu yvela es saSualeba uSedegoa an arasasurvelia, wyvils SeuZlia
mimarTos sxva gzas — es aris bavSvis ayvana (Svileba). unayofo wyvilebi am gzas xSirad
mimarTaven. am gzas mimarTaven isinic, visac surT ojaxis gafarToeba da sakuTari
Svilebis garda ayvanili Svilebis gazrdac.
bolo wlebSi bavSvebis ayvanaze gacilebiT ufro meti moTxovnilebaa, vidre aseTi
56
qalaqebSi samuSao Zalis gadineba. Sedegad mamakacebma qalaqebs miaSures da mTeli
saojaxo meurneoba qalebis anabara darCa.
Svedi mkvlevrebis TvalsazrisiT, bolo dros ojaxis institutma Zlieri saxecvla
ganicada. es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri
cvlilebebiT. XX s. 90-iani wlebisaTvis Sveduri ojaxi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba momuSave
mSoblebisgan da bavSvebisgan. XXI s. dasawyisSi gaCenili bavSvebis 90%-s dedebi
diasaxlisebi hyavdaT, maSin roca XX s. bolosaTvis momuSave dedebis ricxvma 90%-s
miaRwia. es aris evropaSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli qalebis da saxlis gareT
dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT.
Sveduri ojaxis aseT transformacias xeli Seuwyo ojaxis mxardaWeraze
mimarTulma saxelmwifo politikam. pirvel rigSi, es mxardaWera mdgomareobda
bavSvebis movlis saxelmwifo sistemis (baga—baRebi, gaxangrZlivebuli klasebi
skolaSi da sxv.) da socialuri dazRvevis sistemis (sxvadasxva Semweobebis gadaxdis,
maT Soris bavSvTa daxmarebis) CamoyalibebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
martoxela dedebis mxardWeris programebs; mcirewlovani bavSvebis mSoblebisaTvis
SemoRebul iqna moqnili samuSao grafiki da sxv. am faqtorebma ganapiroba Sobadobis
mkveTri zrda SvedeTSi.
amgvarad, Sved qalebs SeeqmnaT muSaobisa da materialuri damokidebulobisaTvis
keTilsasurveli pirobebi. aman ki Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia tradiciuli Sveduri ojaxis
transformacia, da tradiciuli colqmruli urTierTobebis egalitarulisken
cvlileba.
Tanamedrove SvedeTSi gavrcelebulia iseTi ojaxebic, romlebSic coli da qmari
oficialurad qorwinebaSi ar imyofebian. aseTi ojaxebi sambos (sambo -
Tanamcxovreblebis) saxeliTaa cnobili. sambos tipis ojaxebi da maTSi gazrdili
Svilebi sul ufro da ufro normalur movlenad iTvleba SvedeTSi. isini ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba axalgazrdebSi da did qalaqebSi. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove
SvedeTSi arsebobs oficialurad daregistrirebuli qorwinebebis Semcirebis
tendencia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom oficialuri da sambos tipis ojaxebi
Tanasworuflebiani da TanabarmniSvnelovania rogorc saxelmwifosTvis, aseve
sazogadoebisTvis.
es mxolod mcire nawilia im saxesxvaobebisa, romelic ojaxuri cxovrebis
(mowyobis) stilebs Soris arsebobs msoflio kulturebSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
filistimika — mecniereba ojaxis Sesaxeb;
monogamia — erTcolianoba;
polgamia — mravalcolianoba;
poliandria — mravalqmrianoba;
nuklearuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, sadac mTavari birTvi dauSlelia (col—qmari).
rTuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, romelic moicavs ramdenime Taobas da maT ojaxebs.
egalitaruli ojaxi — ojaxi, sadac qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabari uflebebiT
sargebloben da maT Tanabari pasuxismgeblobebi aqvT ojaxur cxovrebaSi;
61
profesionaluri warmatebis da materialuri keTildReobis miRweva. amerikeli
mamakaci isev ojaxis ufrosi da marCenali iyo, sadac samsaxuridan dabrunebuls,
mosiyvarule col-Svili xvdeboda. petersonis azriT, 50-iani wlebis amerikuli,
kapitalisturi ojaxis funqcionirebis optimaluri modelia — `instrumentaluri~
mama da `eqspresiuli~ deda.
60—iani wlebidan, rogorc m. midi aRniSnavs, amerikeli mamakacis roli ganicdis
cvlilebas. mamakaci metad erTveba ojaxis saqmianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis
aRzrdaSi. yalibdeba Tanabari mSoblobis idea. amerikeli mamakacis Tasnamedrove
stereotipSi aucilebel kolmponentad Sedis `kargi mamoba~.
70—80—iani wlebSi aRmocenda axali, mgrZnobiare da eqspresuli mamakacis
koncefciac. es ganwyoba dResac grZeldeba. am dros amerikelebis cxovrebiseul
(yofiT) filosofiaSi Semovida androginulobis cnebac. genderuli stereotipebis
cvlilebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana mZlavrma feministurma moZraobamac.
90—iani wlebidan moyolebuli, amerikeli qalebi sul ufro metad momTxovni
xdebian kacebis mimarT. ojaxis institutSi momxdari am mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis
miuxedavad amerikeli ojaxebis umetesoba Tavis keTildReobas mainc mamakacis (qmris)
samuSao statusis mixedviT afasebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qals (cols) SeiZleba meti
Semosavali qondes, Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis ekonomiur mdgomareobaze
pasuxismgebloba kvlavac mamakacis prioritetia.
sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva wlebSi Catarebuli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Sedareba. kerZod, 1938 wlis monacemebiT yoveli xuTi
gamokiTxulidan mxolod erTs miaCnda misaRebad, rom `gaTxovil qals emuSava biznesSi
an warmoebaSi, isic im pirobiT, rom mis qmars SeuZlia misi Senaxva~. 1993 wels
niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, qalis aseTi
tipi misaRebad miaCnda gamokiTxuli amerikelebis 83%-s. amasTan, mniSvnelovania 1990
wels catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac respodentebis erT
mesameds miaCnda, rom bavSvebisaTvis `idealuri ojaxuri situaciaa, roca mama muSaobs,
deda ki saxlSia da bavSvebis movliT aris dakavebuli~. 1967 wels Catarebuli
gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom amerikeli pirvelkurselebis 57% daeTanxma
debulebas, rom `ukeTesi iqneba, Tu qalis saqmianoba Semofargleba saxliTa da
ojaxiT~, xolo 1994 wels am debulebas daeTanxma amerikeli pirvelkurselebis
mxolod 25%.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikaSi ar moqmedebs ojaxTa da bavSvTa uzrunvelyofis iseTi
sistemebi, rogorica saxelmwifo daxmarebebi bavSvebze, specialuri Svebulebebi da
sxv. amitom Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis Seqmnasa da bavSvebis yolas didi
sifrTxiliT ekidebian. Cveulebriv ojaxs qmnian karieris da materialuri siZlieris
Semdgom. aq gavrcelebulia sakmaod gviani qorwinebebi (35—40 wlis asakSi). es ki
TavisTavad gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia SvedeTis ojaxi da XIX s. bolos misi tradiciidan
egalitalurisken ganviTarebis faqtorebi. jer kidev XIX s. dasawyisSi Sveduri
sazogadoeba ojaxSi genderuli rolebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT tradiciuli
wyobis iyo. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen diasaxlisobiT da bavSvebis aRzrdiT. SvedeTSi
am droisaTvis qorwineba oficialuri kanonmdeblobiT da uklesiiT damowmebuli iyo.
gameorebiTi qorwineba, isic iSviaTad, meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi
xdeboda. mcire iyo, agreTve, gayrebis ricxvic. ojaxebi cxovrobdnen did ganuyofel
ojaxebSi (mSoblebi, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi) didi ojaxi erTad muSaobda fermebSi.
SvedeTSi warmoebis ganviTarebam da industrializaciis procesma gamoiwvia did
60
bavSvebi arseboben realurad (es, cxadia, exeba ganviTarebul qveynebs). bavSvTa ayvanis
ZiriTadi, legaluri wyaro bavSvTa saxlebia. am saxlebSi umetesad iseTi bavSvebi
xvdebian, romlebsac dedebi qorwinebis gareSe aCenen.
bavSvis ayvanis procesi sakmaod rTul procedurebs moicavs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
bavSvis gaSvilebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebas bavSvis biologiuri mSoblebi (an
deda, mamis aryolis SemTxvevaSi) iReben. arsebobs bavSvTa ayvanis specialuri
komitetebi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis monacemebiT, yovel wels 2 milion wyvils
aqvs bavSvis ayvanis survili, realurad amis ganxorcielebas ki 50 aTasi wyvili
axrexebs. sirTule mxolod bavSvis ayvanis procesSi ar mdgomareobs. SemdgomSi
mSoblebs gadasawyveti uxdebaT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi — uTxran Tu ara
bavSvs maTi biologiuri mSoblebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, anu gaagebinon Tu ara, rom isini
ayvanilni arian. Tumca bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT, bavSvs aqvs ufleba
icodes, Tu vin arian misi biologiuri mSoblebi.
problemuria, agreTve, sakiTxi _ bavSvisaTvis maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb
informaciis miwodebisaTvis swori asakisa da formis SerCeva.
Svilobilobis instituti Svilad ayvanisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
institutia. saqme isaa, rom Svilad ayvanis dros bavSvi ojaxis sruluflebiani wevri
xdeba rogorc uflebrivad, aseve iuridiulad (mas aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba,
atarebis ojaxis gvars da a.S.). rac Seexeba Svilobilobis instituts, igi dafuZnebulia
bavSvis uflebaze gaizardos ojaxSi. miCneulia, rom es instituti bavSvTa saxlTan
SedarebiT ukeTesad axerxebs bavSvis am uflebis realizacias. bavSvi garkveuli
procedurebis gavlis Semdeg bavSvTa saxlidan gadaecema ojaxs aRsazrdelad da amiT
igi uzrunvelyofilia ojaxuri garemoTi. magram mas ar aqvs am ojaxis memkvidreobaze
iuridiuli ufleba.
ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba. istoriulad ise Camoyalibda, rom qalebi
da mamakacebi sxvadasxva saqmes asruleben. samuSao mTel msoflioSi sqesis niSniT aris
ganawilebuli, magram sxvadasxva kulturebSi Sromis ganawileba sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebulia. genderulad ganawilebul SromiT saqmianobaSi CarTva mozardobidan
iwyeba: magaliTad, meqsikaSi, salvadorSi, argentinaSi, peruSi, samxreT afrikaSi,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da pakistanSi: gogonebi ZiriTadaT amzadeben saWmels,
alageben, recxaven, uvlian patara bavSvebs; biWebi ki — dakavebuli arian `quCis~ saqmiT:
exmarebian ezoSi, baRSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Sromis ganawileba sqesis niSniT
erTgvarovani ar aris sxvadasxva qveynebSi, ase magaliTad, senegalSi brinjis
mindvrebs qalebi uvlian, siera—lioneSi ki — mamakacebi. centralur afrikaSi soflis
meurneobiT qalebi arian dakavebuli, laTinur amerikaSi ki — mamakacebi.
miuxedavad am gansxvavebebisa, nebismier sazogadoebaSi saxlis saqmes ZiriTadad
mainc qalebi asruleben. agreTve, bavSvis movla-aRzrdiTac umetesad qalebi arian
dakavebuli.
mTels msoflioSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa saxlis gareT momuSave qalebis mier
saojaxo saqmis sakuTar Tavze aRebac. es gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad daikvirveba yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, izraelSi, saberZneTsa da
SveicariaSi.
ojaxis kroskulturuli sxvaobebi. ojaxis struqturis, dianmikis, colqmrul
urTierTobebis kroskulturuli gansxvavebebis gasarkvevad mivmarToT: germaniis,
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, koreis da SvedeTis magaliTebs.
57
germania. 50—70—ian wlebSi, germaniaSi daingra qali — diasaxlisis myari stereotipi,
romelic damyarebuli iyo wina periodis ideologiaze, romlis mixedviTac qalis
funqcia gamoixateboda sami К—Ti (samzareulo, bavSvebi, eklesia. germanulad samive
sityva К asoTi iwyba). Zveli stereotipis msxvreva moxda qveynis industrializaciis
da mravali samuSao adgilis gaCenis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani
iyo, agreTve, feministuri moZraobis pirveli talRac. axali aqtivoba qalebs aZlevda
TviTrealizaciis, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
saSualebas. magram es yvelaferi qalebisaTvis didi tvirTi iyo, radgan ojaxis movla
kvlavac qals awva mxrebze. qali ormagi datvirTviT Sromobs, ojaxis Tavi da mTavari
marCenali ki kvlav mamakacia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germania aris industriuli da umaRles doneze urbanizebuli
saxelmwifo. urbanizaciam da, agreTve, saxelmwifo socialuri uzrunvelyofis rolis
zrdam TandaTanobiT 70—ian wlebidan moyolebuli, mraval socialur fenas mouxsna
ekonomikuri problemebi. amitom moixsna gafarTovebuli ojaxis saWiroeba, romelic
ekonomikuri funqciis Sesasruleblad iyo mizanSewonili. amis Sedegad yvela Taobas
gauCnda calke cxovrebis moTxovnileba da SesaZlebloba. nuklearuli ojaxis
magivrad Cdeba ojaxis sxva variantebi: arasruli dedobrivi an mamobrivi ojaxi (erTi
mSobeli da erTi an ramodenime Svili) meore (ganmeorebiT) qorwinebis ojaxi, sadac
axali wyvili cxovrobs wina qorwinebis SvilTan an SvilebTan erTad, uSvilo ojaxi.
gaxSirda, agreTve, iseTi ojaxebic, romlebsac Secvlili sqesobriv—realuri
ganwyobebi axasiaTebT (sadac qali muSaobs da ojaxis marCenalia, qmari ki dakavebulia
saojaxo saqmianobiT). magram unda aRiniSnos, rom rolebis aseTi cvlileba ZiriTadaT
droebiT xasiaTs atarebs, radgan maT safuZvlad udevs praqtikuli motivebi — cols
karieris ukeTesi Sansi aqvs da bavSvis gaCenisas qmari iRebs diasaxlisis funqcias,
raTa es Sansi ar daikargos.
Tanamedrove germaniaSi partniorebs Soris jer kidev qorwinebamde yalibdeba da
Tanmdeba momavali ojaxuri cxovrebis perspeqtivebi. germanul ojaxSi partnioruli
urTierTobebis ramdenime varianti arsebobs, amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia (bolo
aTwleulebSi), ojaxuri urTierTobebis iseTi forma, roca meuRleebi, orive muSaoben
da bavSvis movlas da ojaxur saqmes Tanabrad inawileben. unda aRiniSnos, rom es
modeli yvelaze optimaluria
konfliqtebis da stresebis asacileblad. unda iTqvas isic, rom misi
ganxorcieleba germaniaSi imitom aris SesaZlebeli, rom saojaxo yofa aq uaRresad
meqanizirebulia sayofacxovrebo teqnikis saSualebiT. arsebobs partnioruli
urTierTobis iseTi variantic, roca qalic da mamakacic Tanabrad aris datvirTuli,
rogorc samsaxurSi, aseve ojaxSic, magram ojaxis saqme TiToeulisTvis mkacrad
gansazRvrulia, e.i. ojaxis yvela wevri TavisTvis irCevs garkveul saqmes. arsebobs,
mesame, patriarqalur-tradiciuli variantic, sadac qali da mamakaci gansxvavebul
funqciebs asruleben; mamakaci — ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelmyofelia, qali ki —
deda da diasaxlisia. Tanamedrove germaniaSi ojaxis samive varianti arsebobs.
aqve yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT germanul axalgazrdobaSi bolo dros arsebul
tendenciaze. es aris faseulobiTi orientaciis Secvla. axalgazrdebi uars amboben
ufrosi Taobis faseulobebze da materialuri keTildReobisa da sazogadoebrivi
statusis nacvlad TviTaqtualizaciasa da TviTdamkvidrebas aRiareben. isini `Tavad
zrdian sakuTar Tavs~. dRes axalgazrda germaneli qalebi ar Tvlian, rom ojaxi ufro
prioritetulia, vidre kariera, romelic maT avtonomiurobas aZlevs mSoblebis da
qmris mimarT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi bolo dros Zalian gaxSirda gviani qorwinebebi (30—40
58
wlis asakSi) ojaxs qmnian karieris da materialuri siZlieris Semdgom, rac TavisTavad
gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.
korea. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, koreuli ojaxi Zalian konservatuli
da stabiluri institutia. (saSualo asakis mosaxleobis 99% daojaxebulia, Zalian
iSviaTia gayris SemTxvevebi) unda aRiniSnos rom keTildReobisa da sazogadoebis
harmoniuli ganviTarebis es suraTi Zalian Sors aris idealurisagan, radgan
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ojaxi koreaSi konfuciuri ideologiis modelis
Sesabamisad arsebobs, sadac umcrosi mkacrad eqvemdebareba ufross.
gamoyofen e.w. koreul tradiciul ojaxs, sadac qmris da misi mSoblebis
mbrZanebloba mkacrad aris daculi. aseT ojaxSi akrZalulia col-qmris gayrac. aseTi
ideologia koreaSi Cosonis dinastiis bolosaTvis (1392—1910) damyarda. manamde ki,
rogor mecnierebi mogviTxroben, ojaxi gacilebiT ufro msubuqi (Tavisufali) iyo.
magaliTad, cols daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo qmris qoneba mieRo da xelmeored
gaTxoviliyo. daSvebuli iyo poligamiac. es viTareba SeSfoTebis iwvevda mezobel
Cinel komfucianelebs Soris, amitomac maTi ZalixmeviT da Cosonis dinastiis
daxmarebiT 1392 wlidan moyolebuli, koreaSi situacia TandaTan Seicvala. dawesda
axali kanonebi, romelTa meSveobiTac koreuli ojaxi sabolood moeqca komfucianuri
modelis CarCoebSi.
mecnierebi da mkvlevrebi XX saukunis koreeli qalis funqcias utoleben
STamomavlobis Semqmnel instruments. koreel qals yvelanairi Cagvra da damcireba
unda aetana qmrisgan da misi mSoblebisgan. sazogadoebis mxridan isjeboda is qmaric,
romelic loialuri iyo colis mimarT.
dRevandel, Tanamedrove koreaSi Zaladobis suraTi sagrZnoblad Seicvala.
qveyanaSi Seiqmna (gaCnda) Zaladobis msxverplTa reabilitaciis centrebi. koreeli
qali CaerTo samsaxurSi, Tumca garkveuli SezRudviT — gaTxovebamde da Svilebis
zrdasruli asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60—80—iani wlebis koreis respublikaSi moxda tradiciuli
ojaxis struqturis ngreva da daiwyo qmari—coli = morCilebas sibrtyidan Tanabari
partniorobis sibrtyeze TandaTanobiT gadasvla.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebi. tradiciulad amerikel mamakacebs konkurentuli
xasiaTis Tvisebebi moewerebodaT: ambiciuroba, avtoritaruloba, Zalauflebis
moyvareoba, Seupovroba, damoukidebloba, Tavdajerebuloba, TviTkontroli,
aqtiuroba, warmatebis survili, gambedaoba, logikuri azrovneba da uxeSi xasiaTi.
gansakuTrebiT fasobda mamakaci, romelmac `TviTon Seqmna Tavis Tavi~ (Self-made man).
etalonis Sesabamisad mamakacis emociuri sfero daiyvaneboda imaze, rom mas SeeZlo
mxolod qalis mxridan gamovlenili grZnobebis miReba, Tavad ki ar yofiliyo amis
iniciatori.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT ki 30-
ian wlebSi, didi depresiis dros, moxda mniSvnelovani cvlileba, gaCnda umuSevar
mamakacTa didi armia, ramac Searyia Zlieri mamakacis stereotipi. gaxSirda gayrebi.
saxlSi darCenilma umuSevarma mamakacebma daiwyes saojaxo saqmeebSi meti
monawileobis miReba, gansakuTrebiT ki _ bavSvebis aRzrdaSi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma ekonomikurma warmatebebma Sveba moutanes Semdgom
Taobebs. magram mamakacis tradiciuli stereotipi ukve Seryeuli iyo, amis Sedegad ki
warmoiSva mamakacebis Semdegi `tipaJebi~: Zlieri mdumare mama, rbili galanturi `don—
Juani~, meocnebe mamakaci da moxdenili warmatebaze orientirebuli `biWunebi~ wina
Taobidan nasesxebi TvisebebiT. 50—iani wlebis amerikeli mamakacebis orientacia iyo
59
germania. 50—70—ian wlebSi, germaniaSi daingra qali — diasaxlisis myari stereotipi,
romelic damyarebuli iyo wina periodis ideologiaze, romlis mixedviTac qalis
funqcia gamoixateboda sami К—Ti (samzareulo, bavSvebi, eklesia. germanulad samive
sityva К asoTi iwyba). Zveli stereotipis msxvreva moxda qveynis industrializaciis
da mravali samuSao adgilis gaCenis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani
iyo, agreTve, feministuri moZraobis pirveli talRac. axali aqtivoba qalebs aZlevda
TviTrealizaciis, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
saSualebas. magram es yvelaferi qalebisaTvis didi tvirTi iyo, radgan ojaxis movla
kvlavac qals awva mxrebze. qali ormagi datvirTviT Sromobs, ojaxis Tavi da mTavari
marCenali ki kvlav mamakacia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germania aris industriuli da umaRles doneze urbanizebuli
saxelmwifo. urbanizaciam da, agreTve, saxelmwifo socialuri uzrunvelyofis rolis
zrdam TandaTanobiT 70—ian wlebidan moyolebuli, mraval socialur fenas mouxsna
ekonomikuri problemebi. amitom moixsna gafarTovebuli ojaxis saWiroeba, romelic
ekonomikuri funqciis Sesasruleblad iyo mizanSewonili. amis Sedegad yvela Taobas
gauCnda calke cxovrebis moTxovnileba da SesaZlebloba. nuklearuli ojaxis
magivrad Cdeba ojaxis sxva variantebi: arasruli dedobrivi an mamobrivi ojaxi (erTi
mSobeli da erTi an ramodenime Svili) meore (ganmeorebiT) qorwinebis ojaxi, sadac
axali wyvili cxovrobs wina qorwinebis SvilTan an SvilebTan erTad, uSvilo ojaxi.
gaxSirda, agreTve, iseTi ojaxebic, romlebsac Secvlili sqesobriv—realuri
ganwyobebi axasiaTebT (sadac qali muSaobs da ojaxis marCenalia, qmari ki dakavebulia
saojaxo saqmianobiT). magram unda aRiniSnos, rom rolebis aseTi cvlileba ZiriTadaT
droebiT xasiaTs atarebs, radgan maT safuZvlad udevs praqtikuli motivebi — cols
karieris ukeTesi Sansi aqvs da bavSvis gaCenisas qmari iRebs diasaxlisis funqcias,
raTa es Sansi ar daikargos.
Tanamedrove germaniaSi partniorebs Soris jer kidev qorwinebamde yalibdeba da
Tanmdeba momavali ojaxuri cxovrebis perspeqtivebi. germanul ojaxSi partnioruli
urTierTobebis ramdenime varianti arsebobs, amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia (bolo
aTwleulebSi), ojaxuri urTierTobebis iseTi forma, roca meuRleebi, orive muSaoben
da bavSvis movlas da ojaxur saqmes Tanabrad inawileben. unda aRiniSnos, rom es
modeli yvelaze optimaluria
konfliqtebis da stresebis asacileblad. unda iTqvas isic, rom misi
ganxorcieleba germaniaSi imitom aris SesaZlebeli, rom saojaxo yofa aq uaRresad
meqanizirebulia sayofacxovrebo teqnikis saSualebiT. arsebobs partnioruli
urTierTobis iseTi variantic, roca qalic da mamakacic Tanabrad aris datvirTuli,
rogorc samsaxurSi, aseve ojaxSic, magram ojaxis saqme TiToeulisTvis mkacrad
gansazRvrulia, e.i. ojaxis yvela wevri TavisTvis irCevs garkveul saqmes. arsebobs,
mesame, patriarqalur-tradiciuli variantic, sadac qali da mamakaci gansxvavebul
funqciebs asruleben; mamakaci — ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelmyofelia, qali ki —
deda da diasaxlisia. Tanamedrove germaniaSi ojaxis samive varianti arsebobs.
aqve yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT germanul axalgazrdobaSi bolo dros arsebul
tendenciaze. es aris faseulobiTi orientaciis Secvla. axalgazrdebi uars amboben
ufrosi Taobis faseulobebze da materialuri keTildReobisa da sazogadoebrivi
statusis nacvlad TviTaqtualizaciasa da TviTdamkvidrebas aRiareben. isini `Tavad
zrdian sakuTar Tavs~. dRes axalgazrda germaneli qalebi ar Tvlian, rom ojaxi ufro
prioritetulia, vidre kariera, romelic maT avtonomiurobas aZlevs mSoblebis da
qmris mimarT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi bolo dros Zalian gaxSirda gviani qorwinebebi (30—40
58
wlis asakSi) ojaxs qmnian karieris da materialuri siZlieris Semdgom, rac TavisTavad
gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.
korea. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, koreuli ojaxi Zalian konservatuli
da stabiluri institutia. (saSualo asakis mosaxleobis 99% daojaxebulia, Zalian
iSviaTia gayris SemTxvevebi) unda aRiniSnos rom keTildReobisa da sazogadoebis
harmoniuli ganviTarebis es suraTi Zalian Sors aris idealurisagan, radgan
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ojaxi koreaSi konfuciuri ideologiis modelis
Sesabamisad arsebobs, sadac umcrosi mkacrad eqvemdebareba ufross.
gamoyofen e.w. koreul tradiciul ojaxs, sadac qmris da misi mSoblebis
mbrZanebloba mkacrad aris daculi. aseT ojaxSi akrZalulia col-qmris gayrac. aseTi
ideologia koreaSi Cosonis dinastiis bolosaTvis (1392—1910) damyarda. manamde ki,
rogor mecnierebi mogviTxroben, ojaxi gacilebiT ufro msubuqi (Tavisufali) iyo.
magaliTad, cols daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo qmris qoneba mieRo da xelmeored
gaTxoviliyo. daSvebuli iyo poligamiac. es viTareba SeSfoTebis iwvevda mezobel
Cinel komfucianelebs Soris, amitomac maTi ZalixmeviT da Cosonis dinastiis
daxmarebiT 1392 wlidan moyolebuli, koreaSi situacia TandaTan Seicvala. dawesda
axali kanonebi, romelTa meSveobiTac koreuli ojaxi sabolood moeqca komfucianuri
modelis CarCoebSi.
mecnierebi da mkvlevrebi XX saukunis koreeli qalis funqcias utoleben
STamomavlobis Semqmnel instruments. koreel qals yvelanairi Cagvra da damcireba
unda aetana qmrisgan da misi mSoblebisgan. sazogadoebis mxridan isjeboda is qmaric,
romelic loialuri iyo colis mimarT.
dRevandel, Tanamedrove koreaSi Zaladobis suraTi sagrZnoblad Seicvala.
qveyanaSi Seiqmna (gaCnda) Zaladobis msxverplTa reabilitaciis centrebi. koreeli
qali CaerTo samsaxurSi, Tumca garkveuli SezRudviT — gaTxovebamde da Svilebis
zrdasruli asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60—80—iani wlebis koreis respublikaSi moxda tradiciuli
ojaxis struqturis ngreva da daiwyo qmari—coli = morCilebas sibrtyidan Tanabari
partniorobis sibrtyeze TandaTanobiT gadasvla.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebi. tradiciulad amerikel mamakacebs konkurentuli
xasiaTis Tvisebebi moewerebodaT: ambiciuroba, avtoritaruloba, Zalauflebis
moyvareoba, Seupovroba, damoukidebloba, Tavdajerebuloba, TviTkontroli,
aqtiuroba, warmatebis survili, gambedaoba, logikuri azrovneba da uxeSi xasiaTi.
gansakuTrebiT fasobda mamakaci, romelmac `TviTon Seqmna Tavis Tavi~ (Self-made man).
etalonis Sesabamisad mamakacis emociuri sfero daiyvaneboda imaze, rom mas SeeZlo
mxolod qalis mxridan gamovlenili grZnobebis miReba, Tavad ki ar yofiliyo amis
iniciatori.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT ki 30-
ian wlebSi, didi depresiis dros, moxda mniSvnelovani cvlileba, gaCnda umuSevar
mamakacTa didi armia, ramac Searyia Zlieri mamakacis stereotipi. gaxSirda gayrebi.
saxlSi darCenilma umuSevarma mamakacebma daiwyes saojaxo saqmeebSi meti
monawileobis miReba, gansakuTrebiT ki _ bavSvebis aRzrdaSi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma ekonomikurma warmatebebma Sveba moutanes Semdgom
Taobebs. magram mamakacis tradiciuli stereotipi ukve Seryeuli iyo, amis Sedegad ki
warmoiSva mamakacebis Semdegi `tipaJebi~: Zlieri mdumare mama, rbili galanturi `don—
Juani~, meocnebe mamakaci da moxdenili warmatebaze orientirebuli `biWunebi~ wina
Taobidan nasesxebi TvisebebiT. 50—iani wlebis amerikeli mamakacebis orientacia iyo
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profesionaluri warmatebis da materialuri keTildReobis miRweva. amerikeli
mamakaci isev ojaxis ufrosi da marCenali iyo, sadac samsaxuridan dabrunebuls,
mosiyvarule col-Svili xvdeboda. petersonis azriT, 50-iani wlebis amerikuli,
kapitalisturi ojaxis funqcionirebis optimaluri modelia — `instrumentaluri~
mama da `eqspresiuli~ deda.
60—iani wlebidan, rogorc m. midi aRniSnavs, amerikeli mamakacis roli ganicdis
cvlilebas. mamakaci metad erTveba ojaxis saqmianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis
aRzrdaSi. yalibdeba Tanabari mSoblobis idea. amerikeli mamakacis Tasnamedrove
stereotipSi aucilebel kolmponentad Sedis `kargi mamoba~.
70—80—iani wlebSi aRmocenda axali, mgrZnobiare da eqspresuli mamakacis
koncefciac. es ganwyoba dResac grZeldeba. am dros amerikelebis cxovrebiseul
(yofiT) filosofiaSi Semovida androginulobis cnebac. genderuli stereotipebis
cvlilebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana mZlavrma feministurma moZraobamac.
90—iani wlebidan moyolebuli, amerikeli qalebi sul ufro metad momTxovni
xdebian kacebis mimarT. ojaxis institutSi momxdari am mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis
miuxedavad amerikeli ojaxebis umetesoba Tavis keTildReobas mainc mamakacis (qmris)
samuSao statusis mixedviT afasebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qals (cols) SeiZleba meti
Semosavali qondes, Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis ekonomiur mdgomareobaze
pasuxismgebloba kvlavac mamakacis prioritetia.
sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva wlebSi Catarebuli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Sedareba. kerZod, 1938 wlis monacemebiT yoveli xuTi
gamokiTxulidan mxolod erTs miaCnda misaRebad, rom `gaTxovil qals emuSava biznesSi
an warmoebaSi, isic im pirobiT, rom mis qmars SeuZlia misi Senaxva~. 1993 wels
niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, qalis aseTi
tipi misaRebad miaCnda gamokiTxuli amerikelebis 83%-s. amasTan, mniSvnelovania 1990
wels catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac respodentebis erT
mesameds miaCnda, rom bavSvebisaTvis `idealuri ojaxuri situaciaa, roca mama muSaobs,
deda ki saxlSia da bavSvebis movliT aris dakavebuli~. 1967 wels Catarebuli
gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom amerikeli pirvelkurselebis 57% daeTanxma
debulebas, rom `ukeTesi iqneba, Tu qalis saqmianoba Semofargleba saxliTa da
ojaxiT~, xolo 1994 wels am debulebas daeTanxma amerikeli pirvelkurselebis
mxolod 25%.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikaSi ar moqmedebs ojaxTa da bavSvTa uzrunvelyofis iseTi
sistemebi, rogorica saxelmwifo daxmarebebi bavSvebze, specialuri Svebulebebi da
sxv. amitom Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis Seqmnasa da bavSvebis yolas didi
sifrTxiliT ekidebian. Cveulebriv ojaxs qmnian karieris da materialuri siZlieris
Semdgom. aq gavrcelebulia sakmaod gviani qorwinebebi (35—40 wlis asakSi). es ki
TavisTavad gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia SvedeTis ojaxi da XIX s. bolos misi tradiciidan
egalitalurisken ganviTarebis faqtorebi. jer kidev XIX s. dasawyisSi Sveduri
sazogadoeba ojaxSi genderuli rolebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT tradiciuli
wyobis iyo. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen diasaxlisobiT da bavSvebis aRzrdiT. SvedeTSi
am droisaTvis qorwineba oficialuri kanonmdeblobiT da uklesiiT damowmebuli iyo.
gameorebiTi qorwineba, isic iSviaTad, meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi
xdeboda. mcire iyo, agreTve, gayrebis ricxvic. ojaxebi cxovrobdnen did ganuyofel
ojaxebSi (mSoblebi, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi) didi ojaxi erTad muSaobda fermebSi.
SvedeTSi warmoebis ganviTarebam da industrializaciis procesma gamoiwvia did
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bavSvebi arseboben realurad (es, cxadia, exeba ganviTarebul qveynebs). bavSvTa ayvanis
ZiriTadi, legaluri wyaro bavSvTa saxlebia. am saxlebSi umetesad iseTi bavSvebi
xvdebian, romlebsac dedebi qorwinebis gareSe aCenen.
bavSvis ayvanis procesi sakmaod rTul procedurebs moicavs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
bavSvis gaSvilebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebas bavSvis biologiuri mSoblebi (an
deda, mamis aryolis SemTxvevaSi) iReben. arsebobs bavSvTa ayvanis specialuri
komitetebi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis monacemebiT, yovel wels 2 milion wyvils
aqvs bavSvis ayvanis survili, realurad amis ganxorcielebas ki 50 aTasi wyvili
axrexebs. sirTule mxolod bavSvis ayvanis procesSi ar mdgomareobs. SemdgomSi
mSoblebs gadasawyveti uxdebaT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi — uTxran Tu ara
bavSvs maTi biologiuri mSoblebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, anu gaagebinon Tu ara, rom isini
ayvanilni arian. Tumca bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT, bavSvs aqvs ufleba
icodes, Tu vin arian misi biologiuri mSoblebi.
problemuria, agreTve, sakiTxi _ bavSvisaTvis maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb
informaciis miwodebisaTvis swori asakisa da formis SerCeva.
Svilobilobis instituti Svilad ayvanisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
institutia. saqme isaa, rom Svilad ayvanis dros bavSvi ojaxis sruluflebiani wevri
xdeba rogorc uflebrivad, aseve iuridiulad (mas aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba,
atarebis ojaxis gvars da a.S.). rac Seexeba Svilobilobis instituts, igi dafuZnebulia
bavSvis uflebaze gaizardos ojaxSi. miCneulia, rom es instituti bavSvTa saxlTan
SedarebiT ukeTesad axerxebs bavSvis am uflebis realizacias. bavSvi garkveuli
procedurebis gavlis Semdeg bavSvTa saxlidan gadaecema ojaxs aRsazrdelad da amiT
igi uzrunvelyofilia ojaxuri garemoTi. magram mas ar aqvs am ojaxis memkvidreobaze
iuridiuli ufleba.
ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba. istoriulad ise Camoyalibda, rom qalebi
da mamakacebi sxvadasxva saqmes asruleben. samuSao mTel msoflioSi sqesis niSniT aris
ganawilebuli, magram sxvadasxva kulturebSi Sromis ganawileba sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebulia. genderulad ganawilebul SromiT saqmianobaSi CarTva mozardobidan
iwyeba: magaliTad, meqsikaSi, salvadorSi, argentinaSi, peruSi, samxreT afrikaSi,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da pakistanSi: gogonebi ZiriTadaT amzadeben saWmels,
alageben, recxaven, uvlian patara bavSvebs; biWebi ki — dakavebuli arian `quCis~ saqmiT:
exmarebian ezoSi, baRSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Sromis ganawileba sqesis niSniT
erTgvarovani ar aris sxvadasxva qveynebSi, ase magaliTad, senegalSi brinjis
mindvrebs qalebi uvlian, siera—lioneSi ki — mamakacebi. centralur afrikaSi soflis
meurneobiT qalebi arian dakavebuli, laTinur amerikaSi ki — mamakacebi.
miuxedavad am gansxvavebebisa, nebismier sazogadoebaSi saxlis saqmes ZiriTadad
mainc qalebi asruleben. agreTve, bavSvis movla-aRzrdiTac umetesad qalebi arian
dakavebuli.
mTels msoflioSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa saxlis gareT momuSave qalebis mier
saojaxo saqmis sakuTar Tavze aRebac. es gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad daikvirveba yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, izraelSi, saberZneTsa da
SveicariaSi.
ojaxis kroskulturuli sxvaobebi. ojaxis struqturis, dianmikis, colqmrul
urTierTobebis kroskulturuli gansxvavebebis gasarkvevad mivmarToT: germaniis,
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, koreis da SvedeTis magaliTebs.
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colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi. warmatebuli qorwineba lederesis da
jeksonis azriT, xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: tolerantuloba, urTierTpativiscema,
patiosneba, erTad yofnis survili, interesebisa da faseulobaTa sistemis Tanxvedra.
colqmruli (wyvilTa) urTierTobebis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas gaaCnia fazebi.
mecnieruli literaturis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi fazebi: 1)
partnioris arCeva, 2) urTierTobebis romantizireba (roca wyvili mxolod Rirsebebs
xedavs erTmaneTSi), 3) colqmruli urTierTobis stilis individualizacia: urTier-
Tobebis wesebis formireba. (es wesebi gansazRvraven Semdgom urTierTobebs da
qmedebebs ojaxSi), 4) urTierTobaTa stabiluroba/cvalebadoba. mravali gamocdis
Sedegad meuRleebi cdiloben wonasworobis miRwevas. normalur ojaxebSi stabi-
lurobis tendencia wonaswordeba cvalebadobis tendenciiT da 5) egzistencialuri
Sefaseba (erToblivi cxovrebis Sefaseba (ojaxuri cxobrebiT da urTierTobebiT
kmayofileba—ukmayofileba).
bolo drois publikaciebSi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgeba ojaxis krizisis sakiTxi,
ganixilaven mis SesaZlo mizezebs. wyvilTa Soris urTierTobebis cvlilebebs aqvs
Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. frangi mkvlevris elizabed badenteris
azriT, es imitom xdeba, rom: `arasodes ar yofilan mamakacebi da qalebi ase msgavsebi
rogorc dRes. sqesebs Soris arasodes ar yofila aseTi mcire kontrasti~.
qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi. Tanamedrove mdgomareobas (situacias) Tu
gadavxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom qorwinebaSi Tanaarsebobis bevri paterni (modeli)
arsebobs. am paternebis klasificireba SeiZleba sam ZiriTad tipad. esenia:
tradiciuli, modernuli da egalitaruli. aseTi tipizacia eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad
maxasiaTebels: Zalauflebis ganawiolebas, specialuri rolebis gansazRvras da
ojaxSi aqtivobis wvlilis dozas.
tradiciulia ojaxi, Tu orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes meti
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti anu, sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT qmari iyos ojaxis `Tavi~.
modernulia ojaxi, Tu coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram urTierTSeTanxmebis
safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris qmari mainc mTavari
Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.
egalitarulia ojaxi, Tu col—qmars aqvs Tanabari Zalaufleba da maTi ojaxis gareT
saqmianobac, xSirad Tanabaria. isini erTmaneTs uTanxmeben yvelafers, bavSvebis
aRzrdaSic Tanabrad monawileoben. eseTi ojaxebi ufro iSviaTia.
gansakuTrebuli yuradrebis Rirsia ojaxebi ayvanili bavSvebiT da Svilobilad
ayvanili bavSvebiT. arsebobs bevri wyvili, romlebic dedobis da mamaobis krizisis
winaSe dganan (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli eqvsi wyvilidan erTi
unayofoa). es krizisi romelime maTganis an orives unayofobis gamo Cndeba.
unayofobis mizezebi mravalgvaria. Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobs misi daZlevis
gzebic (saSualebebic): meuRlis spermis xelovnuri gadanergva, donoris spermiT
daorsuleba, in-vitro ganayofiereba, xelovnuri embrionalizacia da surogatuli
dedebis daxmareba. Tu yvela es saSualeba uSedegoa an arasasurvelia, wyvils SeuZlia
mimarTos sxva gzas — es aris bavSvis ayvana (Svileba). unayofo wyvilebi am gzas xSirad
mimarTaven. am gzas mimarTaven isinic, visac surT ojaxis gafarToeba da sakuTari
Svilebis garda ayvanili Svilebis gazrdac.
bolo wlebSi bavSvebis ayvanaze gacilebiT ufro meti moTxovnilebaa, vidre aseTi
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qalaqebSi samuSao Zalis gadineba. Sedegad mamakacebma qalaqebs miaSures da mTeli
saojaxo meurneoba qalebis anabara darCa.
Svedi mkvlevrebis TvalsazrisiT, bolo dros ojaxis institutma Zlieri saxecvla
ganicada. es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri
cvlilebebiT. XX s. 90-iani wlebisaTvis Sveduri ojaxi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba momuSave
mSoblebisgan da bavSvebisgan. XXI s. dasawyisSi gaCenili bavSvebis 90%-s dedebi
diasaxlisebi hyavdaT, maSin roca XX s. bolosaTvis momuSave dedebis ricxvma 90%-s
miaRwia. es aris evropaSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli qalebis da saxlis gareT
dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT.
Sveduri ojaxis aseT transformacias xeli Seuwyo ojaxis mxardaWeraze
mimarTulma saxelmwifo politikam. pirvel rigSi, es mxardaWera mdgomareobda
bavSvebis movlis saxelmwifo sistemis (baga—baRebi, gaxangrZlivebuli klasebi
skolaSi da sxv.) da socialuri dazRvevis sistemis (sxvadasxva Semweobebis gadaxdis,
maT Soris bavSvTa daxmarebis) CamoyalibebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
martoxela dedebis mxardWeris programebs; mcirewlovani bavSvebis mSoblebisaTvis
SemoRebul iqna moqnili samuSao grafiki da sxv. am faqtorebma ganapiroba Sobadobis
mkveTri zrda SvedeTSi.
amgvarad, Sved qalebs SeeqmnaT muSaobisa da materialuri damokidebulobisaTvis
keTilsasurveli pirobebi. aman ki Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia tradiciuli Sveduri ojaxis
transformacia, da tradiciuli colqmruli urTierTobebis egalitarulisken
cvlileba.
Tanamedrove SvedeTSi gavrcelebulia iseTi ojaxebic, romlebSic coli da qmari
oficialurad qorwinebaSi ar imyofebian. aseTi ojaxebi sambos (sambo -
Tanamcxovreblebis) saxeliTaa cnobili. sambos tipis ojaxebi da maTSi gazrdili
Svilebi sul ufro da ufro normalur movlenad iTvleba SvedeTSi. isini ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba axalgazrdebSi da did qalaqebSi. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove
SvedeTSi arsebobs oficialurad daregistrirebuli qorwinebebis Semcirebis
tendencia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom oficialuri da sambos tipis ojaxebi
Tanasworuflebiani da TanabarmniSvnelovania rogorc saxelmwifosTvis, aseve
sazogadoebisTvis.
es mxolod mcire nawilia im saxesxvaobebisa, romelic ojaxuri cxovrebis
(mowyobis) stilebs Soris arsebobs msoflio kulturebSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
filistimika — mecniereba ojaxis Sesaxeb;
monogamia — erTcolianoba;
polgamia — mravalcolianoba;
poliandria — mravalqmrianoba;
nuklearuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, sadac mTavari birTvi dauSlelia (col—qmari).
rTuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, romelic moicavs ramdenime Taobas da maT ojaxebs.
egalitaruli ojaxi — ojaxi, sadac qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabari uflebebiT
sargebloben da maT Tanabari pasuxismgeblobebi aqvT ojaxur cxovrebaSi;
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tradiciulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes
meti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti.
modernulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram
urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris
qmari mainc mTavari Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.
indiferentuli tipis ojaxi - mSobelebi gamoirCevian Svilebisadmi kontrolis
dabali doniT, maTdami siTbos naklebobiT da ugulisyurobiT.
avtoritetuli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis
kontrols da amave dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi.
liberaluri tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT mcire donis
kontrols (SezRudvebs) da aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi.
avtoritaruli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben maRali donis
kontrols, rasac Tan erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis da sulieri siaxlovis
araseboba.
komfucionalisturi — Cineli filosofosis komfuciis moZRvrebaze dayrdnobili
ideologia.
eqspresiuli roli — socialuri roli, romelic Cveulebriv qalebs miewerebaT da is
ojaxis emociuri klimatis balansSi, ojaxis wevrebis mimarT gamovlenil zrunvasa da
siyvarulSi gamoixateba.
instrumentuli roli - roli, romelic Cveulebriv mamakacebs miewerebaT da is
sakuTari ojaxisa da sxva socialuri jgufebis urTierTobebis mogvarebaSi, ojaxis
Senaxvasa da dacvaSi vlindeba.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi. maT, agreTve, miecemaT Semdegi davalebebi seminarisTvis: 1) nebismieri 5—10
ojaxi SeadareT erTmaneTs, gansazRvreT ra tipisaa. 2) ganixileT sakuTari ojaxi
sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis mixedviT. 3) Tqveni nacnobi ramdenime axalgazrda
wyvilis urTierTobebi ganixileT da miakuTvneT romelime models.
seminari #5 (Tema # 5) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra mimarTebaa ojaxsa da sazogadoebas Soris?
2. CamoTvaleT ojaxis ZiriTadi funqciebi.
3. ojaxis ra da ra tipebi iciT? ra principebze SeiZleba iyos agebuli ojaxis
klasifikacia?
4. ra gansxvavebaa ojaxebs Soris marTvis stilis mixedviT?
5. ra ZiriTad fazebad SeiZleba daiyos ojaxis sasicoxlo cikli?
6. moiyvaneT sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis araerTgvarovnebis magaliTebi
sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
7. ra tipis ojaxebi gvxvdeba Tanamedrove germaniaSi?
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exeba ojaxis im wevrebs, romelTac damoukideblad ar SeuZlia amis ganxorcieleba
asakobrivi Tu avadmyofobis da sxva mizezebis gamo;
5. seqsualur-erotikuli funqcia. es aris ojaxis wevrTa seqsualuri moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis funqcia. am funqciis Sesruleba mniSvnelovania, radgan
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis biologiur kvlavwarmoebas.
rac Seexeba ojaxis funqciebis moSlas, mas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mravalma
faqtorma _ ojaxis wevrTa pirovnulma Taviseburebebma da wevrTa Soris
urTierTobebma, yofiTma problemebma, mSobelTa gaurkvevlobam (uvicobam) aRzrdis
sakiTxebSi, gareSe pirTa Carevam ojaxis saqmeebSi da a.S.
ojaxis struqtura. ojaxis struqturaSi Sedis: ojaxis wevrebis raodenoba, maTi
erTianoba da urTierTobebi. struqturis analizi gvaZlevs informacias imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra saxiT xdeba ojaxis funqciaTa realizeba — vin xelmZRvanelobs da vin
eqvemdebareba, rogor aris ganawilebuli movaleobebi ojaxSi. struqturis mixedviT,
ganasxvaveben erTi piris xelmZRvanelobis qveS myof ojaxebs da ojaxebs, sadac wevrebi
Tanabar monawileobas iReben marTvaSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ojaxis avtoritarul
sistemaze laparakoben, meore SemTxvevaSi ki — demokratiulze. ojaxebs ganasxvaveben,
agreTve, wevrTa Soris movaleobaTa ganawilebis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT,
gamoyofen ojaxebs, sadac movaleobebi Tanabaradaa ganawilebuli wevrTa Soris da
ojaxebs, sadac ojaxis erT wevrs sxvebTan SedarebiT Warbi movaleobebi gaCnia.
ojaxis struqturis rRvevis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes ojaxis wevrebs Soris
movaleobebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri asimetriuloba, radgan zedmeti datvirTva
mavnebelia fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobisTvis (gadatvirTvis Sedegad SeiZleba
veRar moxerxdes am Zalebis aRdgena).
ojaxis dinamika. ojaxis funqciebi da struqtura SeiZleba icvlebodes (Seicvalos)
cxovelqmedebis sxvadasxva etapebze. arsebobs ojaxis sasicocxlo mTliani ciklis
etapebis gamoyofis gansxvavebuli sistemebi. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia
`stadiebis~ sistema, sadac stadiebis gamoyofis kriteriumad ojaxSi bavSvebis
arseboba da maTi asaki aris miCneuli. arsebobs mTeli rigi periodizaciebisa,
magaliTad, W.Cove—es (1973) da A.Barcai (1981)—is Raush—is (1974). Cven SevCerdebiT
diuvalis (Duvall E.M. - 1957) periodizaciaze.
diuvalma ojaxis sasicocxlo ciklSi gamoyo Semdegi fazebi:
1. CarTuloba. meuRlesTan Sexvedra da emociuri miziduloba;
2. mSoblis axali rolis miReba da ganviTareba;
3. axali pirovnebis miReba ojaxSi. diaduri urTierTobebidan samkuTxa
urTierTobebze gadasvla;
4. bavSvebis Seyvana ojaxis gare institutebSi;
5. mozardobis xanis miReba;
6. damoukideblobis eqsperimenti;
7. bavSvebis ojaxidan wasvlis faqtis miRebisTvis mzadeba;
8. bavSvebis ojaxidan wasvla da meuRleebis marto darCena;
9. pensiaze gasvlis faqtis da siberis miReba.
unda avRniSnoT, rom ojaxis ganviTarebis yovel fazaze SeiZleba aRmocendes mZime
qronikuli avadmyofoba an sikvdili, rac did zegavlenas axdens ojaxis
funqcionirebaze.
rac Seexeba ojaxis disfunqcionirebas (funqcionirebis moSlas), amis mizezebi
SeiZleba iyos: partnioris araswori arCeva, mSoblebis ojaxTan zedmetad mWidro kavSiri
(yvela sakiTxebis SeTanxmeba) Ralati da kulturuli normebis Seusabamoba da sxv.
55
avtoritetuli mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis kontrols da amave
dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi. avtoritetuli mSoblebi adgenen TavianTi
SvilebisaTvis SezRudvebs da mkacrad icaven maT mier SemuSavebul wesebs, Tumca isini
uxsnian TavianT Svilebs am SezRudvis mizezebs, ris gamoc mSoblis qceva Svils ar
eCveneba Zalismierad da usamarTlod. avtoritetuli mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali
TviTdarwmunebis done, mTlianad akontroleben sakuTar Tavs, arian socialurad
kompetenturebi. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali TviTSefaseba. maT aqvT maRali
akademiuri moswrebis donec.
liberaluri mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT nakleb kontrols (SezRudvebs)
da aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi. isini TiTqmis saerTod ar zRudaven
Svilis qcevas da avlenen maTdami e.w. `upirobo siyvaruls~, maSinac ki, roca
liberaluri mSoblebi gabrazebulni arian TavianTi Svilis qceviT, cdiloben
TavSekavebas. maT axasiaTebT SvilebTan Ria, SeuZRudavi urTierTobebi.
avtoritaruli mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben Zlier kontrols (adgenen mkacr
moTxovnebs da mkacrad moiTxoven maT mier dadgenili wesebis Sesrulebas), rasac Tan
erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis da sulieri siaxlovis araseboba da Sesabamisad,
ufro civi urTierTobebi. avtoritaruli mSoblebi gacemen brZanebebs da moelian,
rom es brZanebebi zustad da usityvod iqneba Sesrulebuli maTi Svilebis mier. aseTi
mSoblebis Svilebi, Cveulebriv, Caketilebi, pasiuriebi da nerviulebi arian. umravles
SemTxvevebSi, isini imeoreben mSobelTa marTvis stils Tavis momaval ojaxebSi.
rogorc vTqviT, ojaxi sazogadoebis birTvia, umniSvnelovanesi formaa piradi
yofisa, romelic dafuZnebulia col—qmaris kavSirze da naTesavebis urTierTobebze
e.i. colis, qmris, mSoblebis, Svilebis, debis, Zmebis da sxva naTesavebis
urTierTobebze, romlebic erTad cxovroben da erT meurneobas ewevian. ojaxi udides
rolis TamaSobs, rogorc sazogadoebis, agreTve, calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebaSi.
msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 90% cxovrebis am formas — ojaxi
mimarTavs.
8. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda XIX—XX sauk. koreuli ojaxi?
9. ra mimarTulebiT Seicvala 60—iani wlebidan amerikuli mamakacis roli?
10. ra tipis ojaxebia gavrcelebuli SvedeTSi?
11. ra faqtorebma Seuwyves xeli SvedeTSi ojaxis institutis transformacias?
seminarze moxdeba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli davalebis ganxilva.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, p.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474;
2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in Social Context, NY . Oxford University Press, 1989, p.: 81-
111, 462-470;
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press,
1992, gv.: 205-236;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 323-326, 332-334;
3. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 100-122;
4. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 313-336; 336-400;
5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;
6. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, T. 8;
7. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, gv.: 165-180;

ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura da dinamika. ojaxis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

misi funqciebi, struqtura da dinamika.

ojaxis funqciebi. funqcia ewodeba ojaxis cxovelqmedebas, romelic dakavSirebulia

misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan. ojaxs imdeni funqcia aqvs, ramden
moTxovnilebasac (mdgradi, ganmeorebiTi formiT) igi akmayofilebs. ojaxis ZiriTadi
funqciebia;
1. aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia. is gamoixateba dedobis da mamobis individualur
moTxovnilebaSi, bavSvebTan kontaqtis moTxovnilebaSi. am funqciis Sesrulebas
ojaxi uzrunvelyofs mozardi Taobis socializacias;
2. sameurneo yofiTi funqcia. es funqcia mdgomareobs ojaxis materialuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaSi (sakvebi, sacxovrebeli, tansacmeli da a.S.) am
funqciis SesrulebiT ojaxi axdens Sromis dros daxarjuli fizikuri Zalebis
aRdgenas;
3. emociuri funqcia es aris urTierTpativiscemis, siTbos, siyvarulis, daculobis,
simpaTiis da aRiarebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. am funqciis SesrulebiT
ojaxi sazogadoebis wevrTa emociur stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs;
4. pirveladi socialuri kontrolis funqcia. am funqciis meSveobiT ojaxi uzrun-
velyofs ojaxis wevrebis mier socialuri normebis Sesrulebas. gansakuTrebiT es
54 63
kvira #6 ojaxi da sazogadoeba. ojaxi socialur—biologiuri warmonaqmnia. mas ganapirobeben,
leqcia (2 sT), seminari (2 sT) rogorc socialuri, aseve biologiuri moTxovnilebebi (sqesobrivi instiqtebi).
swored biofsiqosocialuri moTxovnilebebis damTxvevam warmoqmna socialuri
Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. instituti — qorwineba. qorwineba da ojaxi sazogadoebis keTildReobis da simSvidis
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi. garantia. igi sazogadoebis seqsualuri cxovrebis momwesrigebelia, mozardi Taobis
socializaciis saSualebaa. Tavis mxriv ki, sazogadoeba uzrunvelyofs ojaxis
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. kerZod, normaluri funqcionireba- ganviTarebis pirobebs da mis daculobas. sxvadasxva
mocemuli iqneba sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebi qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis, sazogadoebebi aregulirebs qorwinebas da ojaxs, kerZo urTierTobebs wyvilebs
qalTa pilitikuri aqtivobis da Sromis bazarze maT warmomadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, Soris. kanoni da kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs imas, Tu vis visTan SeuZlia qorwineba.
moyvanili iqneba qalTa dabali Semosavlebis mizezebis sxvadasxva gavrcelebuli magaliTad, sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebis garda, zogierT qveyanaSi erTi sqesis
axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis faqtorebi. moyvanili iqneba adamianebsac aqvT amis ufleba. kanoni gansazRvravs qorwinebis minimalur asaksac.
sxvadasxva qveynebis da kulturebis kanonmdebloba da, agreTve, religia gansazRvravs
socialuri samarTlianobis koncefcia. `SuSis Weris~ (Glass ceiling) cneba da qalTa
imasac, Tu ramdeni coli SeiZleba yavdes mamakacs, an ramdeni qmari SeiZleba hyavdes
dabali statusis axsnis gavrcelebuli variantebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli
qals, agreTve, gayrisa da xelaxali qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. zogi sazogadoeba
sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoria da misi mecnieruli wanamZRvrebi, genderis
qorwinebis farglebs gareT sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvisac mkacrad gansjis pirovnebas.
gageba am Teoriis farglebSi da misi politikuri miznebi.
amis magaliTebia aRmosavleTis poligamia, afrikis zogierT qveynebSi (magaliTad,
burkino fsasoSi) gavrcelebuli poliandria, dasavleTis erTsqesiani ojaxebi. agreTve
me-20 saukuneSi qalebma miaRwies xmis uflebas arCevnebSi, aseve bevr qveyanaSi maT
sagulisxmoa, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qorwineba gacilebiT axalagazrdaa, vidre —
moipoves ufleba iyvnen arCeulni arCeviT Tanamdebobebze, Tundac potenciurad.
dasavleTSi. aRmosavleTSi qorwinebis saSualo asaki (qalebis) 18 welia. amerikaSi ki — 25
qalebma miaRwies maTi uflebebis ganmtkicebas sakanonmdeblo donezec. qalebma
weli. evropis zog qveyanaSi da skandinaviis qveynebSi ki _ kidev ufro xandazmuli.
miaRwies imasac, rom maTTvis gaizarda ganaTlebisa da jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom radgan qorwinebis instituts istoriulad mkacrad patriarquli
qalTa uflebebis CamoyalibebiTa da maTi adamianis uflebebTan mierTebiT miaRwies
xasiaTi aqvs, amitom gvari da tituli gadaicema mamakacuri xaziT; es saerToa TiTqmis
imasc, rom msoflio ganviTarebis politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs genderul
yvela kulturisaTvis.
problematikas. miuxedavad amisa, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs mkveTrad
gamoxatuli qalTa uTanasworoba yvelaferSi, rac exeba samuSaos, Sromis
ojaxis tipebi. cnobilia, rom ojaxis mravali tipologia arsebobs. umetesad
anazraurebas, statuss da Zalauflebas sazogadoebaSi.
tipologiis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia saqorwino wyvilis (ojaxis birTvis) dayofa
genderuli normebi zegavlenas axdens genderul urTierTobebze da genderul
arseboba-ararsebobis mixedviT da maTi raodenobis mixedviT. gamoyofen patara anu
rolebze. gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
nuklearul (erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SvilebiT (SviliT) an uSvilod) da rTul
Sesrulebuli socialuri rolebi gansxvavdebian rigi parametrebis mixedviT.
ojaxs. rTuli ojaxi arTianebs Semdeg qvetipebs:
genderul cnobierebaze did zegavlenas axdens kulturis iseTebi aspeqtebi,
1. erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod da erT—erTi meuRlis
rogoricaa, qalTa mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi, sqesis mixedviT Sromis ganawileba,
mSobeli;
Sesrulebuli samuSaos nairsaxeoba, samuSaos anazRaureba, statusi, Zalaufleba,
2. erTi daqorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod, erTi meuRlis mSobeli
religiuri Sexedulebebi, Rirebulebebi, ekonomikuri faqtorebi da, agreTve, qalTa
(an mis gareSe) da sxva naTesavebi;d da sxva naTesavebi (an mis gareSe);
monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi. Zalian mokled ganvixiloT es faqtorebi.
3. deda SviliT (SvilebiT) da erT-erTi mSobeli;
qalebis 40% mTel Tavis dros saxlSi atarebs. amasTan, es qalebi saSualod saojaxo
4. mama SviliT (SvilebiT) da erT-erTi mSobeli;
samuSaoSi xarjaven 48 sT-dan 70 sT-mde kviraSi. zogadad, saxls gareT muSaoba
5. danarCeni ojaxebi, sadac arian da-Zmebi, bebia-babuebi, sxva naTesavebi da a.S.
momgebiania ara mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. misi saSualebiT kmayofildeba
ojaxis klasifikaciis erT-erTi parametria _ ojaxuri marTvis (xelmZRvanelobis)
iseTi socialuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa aRiarebis, miRwevis, statusis da
stili. es ukanaskneli specialur literaturaSi ganisazRvreba, rogorc mSoblebis im
pativiscemis moTxovnilebebi. adamiani, romelic mTeli dRe saxlSia, am moTxovni-
qmedebis ragvaroba, romelic miznad isaxavs bavSvebis swor gzaze dayenebas. am
lebebs ver ikmayofilebs. fridanis (Friedan) monacemebis mixedviT, daukmayofileblo-
klasifikaciis mixedviT, ojaxi oTx ZiriTad tipad (avtoritetuli, avtoritaruli,
bis grZnoba aqvT im qalebsac ki, romlebic mTeli cxovreba ocnebobdnen colisa da
liberaluri da indiferentuli) iyofa. es klasifikacia xorcieldeba mSoblebis
dedis rolze. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aseTi qalebi emsaxurebian sxvisi
Svilebisadmi gamovlenili kontrolis da maTdami gamoxatuli siTbos mixedviT.
moTxovnilebebis dakamayofilebas da sakuTar pirovnebas kargaven. meore problema,
mokled davaxasiaTod TiToeuli maTgani.
romelic dakavSirebulia qalis `ojaxuri keris mfarvelis~ rolTan isaa, rom
diasaxlisi `TamaSgare~ mdgomareobaSi aris, igi ar monawileobs sazogadoebriv
indiferentuli mSobeli gamoirCeva Svilebisadmi kontrolis dabali doniT, maTdami
cxovrebaSi da amitom arasrulfasovan adamianad grZnobs Tavs.
siTbos naklebobiT da ugulisyurobiT. aseTi mSoblebi TavianTi SvilebisTvis ar
feris (Feree) azriT, diasaxlisebSi izolaciis gancdis warmoSobas xels uwyobs
adgenen TiTqmis aranair SezRudvebs, rac SesaZloa maTi yoveldRiuri problemebiT da
iseTi faqtorebis arsebobac, rogoricaa, gadaadgilebis SezRudva, mudmivi
Svilebisadmi arasakmarisi interesiT aris ganpirobebuli.
yuradRebam, romelsac bavSvebis aRzrda moiTxovs da momuSave qalebis didi
64 53
kvira #5
leqcia (2 sT)
Tema #5 - ojaxi da sazogadoeba. qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
urTierTobebi. kroskulturuli gansxvavebebi.
leqciaze mocemuli iqneba ojaxis mokle istoria, misi gansazRvreba, ojaxisa da
sazogadoebis sxva institutebis mimarTeba, ojaxis struqtura, dinamika da funqciebi,
colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi. ganxiluli iqneba ojaxis tipebis sxvadasxva
klasifikaciebi. mokled ganxiluli iqneba qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi da
agreTve, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi germanul, koreul, amerikul da
Svedur ojaxebSi.
ojaxi da qorwineba warmoiSva jer kidev pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi — Sua
paleoliTSi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ojaxmac ganvlo ganviTarebis
araerTi etapi, romlebSic ZiriTadia e.w. wyviladi ojaxi, patriarqalur-monogamuri
ojaxi da monogamur-elitaruli ojaxi. mecniereba Tvlis, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis
kvaldakval icvleba, magram mas, agreTve, aqvs konservatuli xasiaTic; radgan
meyseulad sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili axali movlenebi maSinve ki ar aisaxeba masSi,
aramed _ TandaTanobiT. konservatuloba gamoixateba imaSic, rom yoveli axali
periodis azrovneba mistiris wina periodis ojaxis funqcionirebas da ufro
srulyofilad miiCnevs mas. azrovneba Znelad iRebs axals. cvlilebis yvela tendencia
aRiqmeba, rogorc krizisis, gadagvarebis maCvenebeli. maS rodis iyo ojaxi yvela
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT (Sobadoba, bavSvebis aRzrda, qorwinebis sakiTxebi
mogvareba, ojaxis wevriTa ufleba—movaleobebis ganawileba da sxv.) yvelaze
srulyofili? aseTi wiaRsvliT Cven mivadgebiT patriarqalur ojaxs da Tanac
despoturs! ra gamodis? erTis mxriv yvelaze srulyofili da organizebuli
patriarqalur—despoturi ojaxi, meores mxriv, ki dRevandeli Cveni epoqisTvis misi
sruli miuRebloba. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom dRes ojaxis Sesaxeb SromaTa
umetesoba iwyeba ojaxis masStaburi kriziis aRiarebiT.
ojaxis gansazRvreba. ra aris ojaxi, rogor ganisazRvreba igi aravisTvis sadavo ar
aris, rom ojaxi socialuri institutia; zusti ganmartebisTvis mivmarToT
filistimikas — ojaxis Sesaxeb mecnierebas. mravali ganmartebidan saxelmZRvanelod
miRebulia, Semdegi: `ojaxi aris qorwinebisa da sisxlis naTesaobis niadagze Seqmnili
socialuri sistema — mcire jgufi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian
yofa-cxovrebis erTianobiT, moraluri urTierTpasuxismgeblobiT da
urTierTdaxmarebiT.
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove tendenciebs da gansakuTrebiT
dasavleTis sazogadoebis realobas, maSin SeiZleba ufro sagulisxmod gveCvenos
Semdegi ganmarteba: `ojaxi aris daqorwinebuli meuRleebi SvilebiT an maT gareSe, an
martoxela mSobeli SviliT~. amgvarad, ojaxi aris sazogadoebis ujredi (mcire
socialuri jgufi) dafuZnebuli col-qmrul kavSirsa da naTesaur urTierTobebze,
anu igi moicavs colqmars Soris, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris, debsa da Zmebs Soris da
sxva naTesavebs Soris urTierTobebs, urTierTobebs im adamianebs Soris, romlebic
erTad cxovroben da uZRvebian saerTo meurneobas. ojaxi asrulebs udides rols,
rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
52
raodenoba garSemo. amasTan, diasaxlisebis daukmayofileblobas sakuTari saqmiano-
biT xels uwyobs momuSave qalebSi farTed gavrcelebuli azri, rom maTgan gan-
sxvavebiT diasaxlisebi udardelad da uproblemod cxovroben. zogierTi mkvlevris
azriT, diasaxlisebis dabali TviTSefaseba swored am faqtorTa erToblivi
zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. amgvarad, faqtia, rom saojaxo Sroma da Sesabamisad,
diasaxlisis roli erTgvarovani, damRleli da araprestiJulia.
244 sazogadoebis eTnografiuli masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad dandradma (D’Andrade,
1966) gaarkvia, rom mamakacebi yvelgan dakavebulni iyvnen nadirobiT, iaraRis
damzadebiT da Tavisi samuSaos procesSi isini metad scildebodnen saxls, maSin
rodesac qalebis saqmianoba saxlTan iyo dakavSirebuli, isini pasuxs agebdnen sarCo-
sanovagis Senaxvaze, saWmlis momzadebaze, zrunavdnen tansacmelze da iseTi nivTebis
damzadebaze, romlebic saojaxo meurneubaSi moixmareboda. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen
bavSvebis movliTa da maTi aRzrdiT, maSin rodesac mamakacebi bavSvebis aRzrdaSi
monawileobas iRebdnen gamokvleuli kulturebis mxolod 10%-Si.
tradiciuli Sexedulebebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci CarTuli unda iyos
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, aqtiurobdes biznesSi, politikaSi da kulturaSi, qali ki
saxlSi unda iyos da bavSvebs da ojaxs uvlides. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove
kroskulturuli kvlevebi avlens aseTi dixotomiis Sesustebas faqtobriv doneze.
qalebi sul ufro aqriurad ebmebian muSaobasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi saxls
gareT, mamakacebi ki sxva saqmeebTan erTad saojaxo saqmeebiTac arian dakavebulni.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axalgazrda TaobaSi SeimCneva qalis rolis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis
gafarToeba. kerZod, qalis roli moicavs rogorc saxlis saqmeebis Sesrulebas, aseve -
samsaxursac. am mosazrebas adasturebs gibonsisa (Gibbons et al.., 1991/1993) da misi
kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi oTx sxvadasxva kulturaSi mozardebze. qalis
rolis Sesaxeb mozardTa Sexedulebebi asaxaven qalis cxovrebis pirobebisa da mis
mimarT damokidebulebis Secvlas mTels msoflioSi.
dadgenilia, rom egaliteruli Sexedulebebi mamakacebSi vlindeba ganaTlebis
maRali donisa da maRali socialuri statusis proporciulad. Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom qalebisaTvis samsaxuris arCevanis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba an
ganaTlebis donis amaRleba ar iwvevs sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis saboloo
aRmofxvras. devisisa da robinsonis (Davis &Robinson, 1991) mier oTx qveyanaSi (amerikis
SeerTebul Statebi, didi britaneTi, germania da avstria) Catarebulma kvlevam
gamoavlina Semdegi kanonzomiereba: adamianebs, romlebsac aqvT sakmaod maRali
ganaTlebis done da, agreTve, qalebs, romlis qmrebic muSaoben, naklebad awuxebT
sqesTa Soris diskriminaciis arseboba da naklebad zrunaven mis aRmosafxvrelad.
xolo mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac ganaTlebis SedarebiT dabali done aqvs da
agreTve, qalebi, romlebsac ara hyavT marCenali qmrebi, ufro metad iswrafvian
genderuli uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad.
qalis mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi izomeba mravali parametriT, romelTa Sorisac
mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, socialuri avtoriteti da gerderul-
roluri ideologiis sxva parametrebi, qalTa monawileoba politikaSi da a.S. qalisa
Tu kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da qcevis normebi kulturul
variaciebs eqvemdebareba, miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs kulturuli unversaliebic am
TvalsazrisiT: garkveuli xarisxiT yoveli sazogadoeba gansazRvrul Tvisebebs da
moRvaweobis saxeebs akavSirebs gansazRvrul sqesTan. amave dros, TiTqmis arc erT
sazogadoebaSi qals ara aqvs ufro maRali statusi, vidre — mamakacs.
qalis diasaxlisis roli mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvrulia genderuli
stereotipebiT da diferencialuri socializaciiT. qalis diasaxlisis rols xSirad
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gansazRvravs, agreTve, qalis Sromis ufro mcire anazRaureba mamakacTan SedarebiT.
mas Semdeg, rac qali imuSavebs samsaxurSi, igi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meore cvlaSi
muSaobs saxlSi. es meore cvla qalebisa da mamakacebis dasvenebis drois gansxvavebis
mizezia. Seltonisa da jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) monacemebis mixedviT, colebTan
SedarebiT Savkaniani kacebi akeTeben saojaxo saqmeebis _ 40%-s, TeTrkaniani
mamakacebi — 34%-s, espanuri warmoSobis mamakacebi _ 36%. bolo drois monacemebi
gviCvenebs, rom qmrebs saojaxo saqmianobaSi sul ufro meti wili SeaqvT, magram
momuSave qali saSualo ojaxuri saqmeebis 69%-s akeTebs. im drois gazrdam, romelsac
qali uTmobs saxls gareT muSaobas, gamoiwvia ojaxur saqmianobaze daxarjuli drois
mxolod mciredad Semcireba.
Tanamedrove droSi Zalian bevri qali muSaobs imisTvis, rom Seinaxos ojaxi.
miuxedavad amisa, isini kvlav asruleben tradiciul qalur movaleobebsac ojaxSi, rac
qalebis ormag datvirTvas iwvevs. qalis rolis Semcireba saojaxo meurneobaSi ar
moxda im sazogadoebebSic ki, sadac qalebi warmoadgenen saerTo samuSao Zalis
umetesobas. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, SveicariaSi, kanadaSi,
italiaSi, poloneTSi da rumineTSi saojaxo saqmeebis udides nawils qalebi
asruleben, imisgan damoukideblad, ewevian Tu ara isini profesiul saqmianobas.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 3000 ojaxuri wyvilis gamokvlevis Sedegebis
analizis safuZvelze bleri da lixteri (Bliar & Lichter,1991) mividnen im daskvnamde, rom
qalebi ojaxSi muSaobdnen gacilebiT ufro didxans, vidre — mamakacebi (Sesabamisad 33
sT. da 14sT.). amasTan saojaxo saqmeebi mkveTrad gamijnulia sqesobrivi niSniT. qaluri
saqmeebia isini, romelTa keTebac aucilebelia sistematurad (sadili, WurWlis
recxva, bavSvebze zrunva da sxv.), maSin roca mamakacTa saqmeebis sistematuri
yoveldRiuri xasiaTi ara aqvs (baRSi muSaoba, raimes SekeTeba da a.S). sainteresoa
Seltonis da jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) gamokvlevis Sedegebi. maT aRmoaCines, rom
Savkanian amerikelTa ojaxebSi ojaxuri saqmianobebi ase mkveTrad ar aris
ganawilebuli sqesobrivi niSniT. gamokvlevebi aseve aCvenebs, rom ojaxis biujetis
ganmkargavic ufro qalia, vidre _ mamakaci.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom momuSave qals ojaxSi ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs,
vidre — diasaxliss. ojaxSi Zalauflebis Teoriis moxedviT, visac meti Semosavali
(ekonomikuri) aqvs, imas aqvs meti Zalaufleba ojaxSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave qali iRebs Tavis SromaSi daaxloebiT kacis
xelfasis 70%-s. amasTan Sromis bazari gayofilia genderuli niSniT da arsebobs
qaluri da mamakacuri profesiebi. ufro prestiJuli profesiebi da Tanamdebobebi
mamakacebs ukaviaT, qalebi Zalian sustad arian warmodgenili mTavrobaSi da maRal
Tanamdebobebze msxvil organizaciebSi. amas nawilobriv gansazRvravs gavrcelebuli
stereotipebi, rom qalebi cudi liderebi arian. garda amisa, qalis karieras yvela
qveyanaSi xels uSlis ojaxuri da dedobrivi movaleobebi.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom dResac, bevr qveyanaSi qalebi
ekonomikur diskriminacias ganicdian. isini iReben ufro dabal xelfass, vidre - maTi
kolega mamakacebi igive Tanamdebobaze. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom umetes qveynebSi
qalebi dResac upiratesobas aniWeben moRvaweobis tradiciul sferoebs da, agreTve,
iseT samsaxurs, romelic adamianebis did wresTan urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva.
mamakacebi ki upiratesad irCeven ufro maRalanazRaurebad samuSaos, romelic,
amasTanave, perspeqtiulicaa samsaxureobrivi karieris TvalsazrisiT.
genderul-rolur ideologiaze did zegavlenas axdens, agreTve, religiuri
Sexedulebebi da Rirebulebebi. bevr kulturaSi (magaliTad, laTinuri amerikisa da
axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi) sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi da idealebi
66
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi
moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
seminari #4 (Tema # 4 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderuli stereotipebis Camoyalibebas?
2. ra zegavlenas axdens genderuli stereotipebi adamianis da sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi?
3. ras niSnavs genderulad tipirebuli adamiani da riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderulad
aratipirebuli adamianisagan?
4. rogor vlindeba qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebi?
5. ra SezRudvebs uweserbs tradiciuli ideologia mamakacebs?
6. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs mcire sqesTaSoris sxvaobebis did genderul
sxvaobebad gardaqmnas?
7. rogor xsnis genderuli sqemis Teoria genderul iluzorul korelaciebs?
8. rogor ixsneba genderuli iluzoruli korelaciebi qarTuli fsiqologiuri
skolis poziciebidan?
9. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs gansxvavebul genderul rolebs sxvadasxva
kulturebSi?
seminarze gamoyenebuli iqneba, agreTve, SemTxvevis ganxilvis meTodi. kerZod,
studentebs daurigdebaT kanadis adamianis uflebebis fondis 22-e saerTaSoriso
sesiis masalebSi warmodgenili SemTxvevis aRwera: `sabediswero mdinaris istoria~,
romelic ama Tu im kulturaSi genderuli stereotipebis da genderuli rolebis
Sefasebas eZRvneba. studentebi individualurad gaecnobian istorias da Semdeg
Seafaseben iq warmodgenil personaJebs specialuri Sefasebis kiTxvaris safuZvelze.
moxdeba Sedegebis jgufuri ganxilva da Sejameba. jgufuri Sefasebis Semdeg
studentebs eZlevaT instruqcia Secvalon sapirispiroTi yoveli personaJis sqesi da
amis Semdeg, kidev erTxel Seavson Sefasebis kiTxvari. miRebuli Sedegebi kvlev
ganixileba da Sejamdeba erToblivi muSaobis gziT. gakeTdeba genderuli
stereotipebis analizi pirveli da meore Sefasebis urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.:17-82;
2. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 102-144.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 334-337;
2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 196-218;
3. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.: 252-294;
4. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, gv.: 535-560;
5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;
6. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti, genderi
da mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003, nawili II.
51
klebulobs misi wvlili bavSvebis aRzrdaSi. iaponiaSi, sadac mamakacurobis norma
gulisxmobs sruli datvirTviT muSaobas, mamebi saSualod bavSvebTan 3 wT-s
urTierToben samuSao dReebSi, xolo uqme dRes ki maTi bavSvebTan urTierTobis
xangrZlovoba 19 wT-s Seadgens.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mamakacurobis gagebaSi arsebobs garkveuli variaciebi,
romlebic Seaqvs garkveul rasas, nacionalobas, socialuri klasisadmi an kul-
turisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, seqsualur orientacias da sxv. miuxedavad amisa,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mamakacurobis zemoT CamoTvlili normebi universaluria.
mamakacebisaTvis dawesebuli kulturuli normebi Zalian xSirad maTTvis
konfliqtisa da steresis safuZveli xdeba. xSir SemTxvevebSi isini aryeven mamakacTa
fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobas, zogjer ki maTi mxridan qalebisa da bavSvebis
mimarT uxeSobisa da Zaladobis safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdnen.
leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidanac. rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier mamakacebisa da qalebis
genderuli normebis moqmedebis meqanizmebis ukeT gacnobas. gansakuTrebiT xazi
gaesmeba tradiciul mamakacur rolebs da normebs. gaanalizebuli iqneba genderuli
stereotipebis funqciebi da, agreTve, stresi da konfliqti, romelsac iwvevs
tradiciuli qaluri da mamakacuri rolebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
genderuli rolebi — es aris socialuri rolebi, romlebiTac qalebi da mamakacebi
arian araerTgvarovnad dakavebulni ojaxisa da profesiuli moRvaweobis sxvadasxva
sferoSi, da agreTve, Tavisufali drois ganmavlobaSi.
iluzoruli korelacia - cnebaTa Soris kavSiris simyaris xarisxis zedmetad maRali
Sefaseba an mcdeloba daadgino igi iq, sadac kavSiri saerTod ar arsebobs. genderis
SemTxvevaSi moCvenebiTi an gadametebuli kavSiri xSirad moiazreba gendersa da
garkveul Tvisebebs, Cvevebs da qcevebs Soris.
genderuli sxvaobebi — sxvaobebi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
TvisebaTa da qcevaTa Soris, romelic socialur-kulturul xasiaTs atarebs.
praimingis efeqti - procesi, romlis Sedegadac cotaxniswinandeli gancdebi da
procesebi aZliereben ama Tu im informaciis misawvdomobas.
statusis/warmatebulobis norma _ genderuli stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacis socialuri Rirseba ganisazRvreba misi Semosavlis sididiT da warmatebis
xarisxiT samsaxurSi.
fizikuri siZlieris norma _ mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacs unda hqondes didi fizikuri Zala da maRali biologiuri aqtivoba.
gonebrivi siZlieris norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakaci
unda iyos mcodne da kompetenturi.
emociuri mdgradobis norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac
mamakacs unda hqondes naklebi grZnobebi da SeeZlos gadawyvitos Tavisi emociuri
problemebi damoukideblad.
antiqalurobis norma — stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakacma Tavi unda aaridos
specifikurad qalur saqmianobebs da qcevis modelebs.
femifobia - es aris mamakacis SiSi, rom igi ar iqnes garSemomyofebisgan Sefasebuli,
rogorc qaluri.
50
dakavSirebulia pirad da ojaxis prestiJTan, romlebic moicaven mamakacis vaJkacobasa
da qalis seqsualur siwmindes. aseT kulturebSi gaTxovili qali, romelic
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebiT aris dakavebuli, negatiur Sefasebas iwvevs. im SemTxvevaSi
Tu qali muSaobs, maSin misi kontaqtebi mamakacebTan minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili.
ekonomikuri faqtorebic metad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens genderul-rolur
ideologiaze. zogadi kanonzomierebis mixedviT, colad SerTvis dros gamosyidvis
instituti am qveynebSi muSaobs, sadac qalis saojaxo Sroma mniSvnelovania ojaxis
bijetisaTvis. mziTvs ki, Cveulebriv, qals atanen im kulturebSi, sadac qalis Sromis
wili ojaxSi SedarebiT mcirea.
politikur procesebSi monawileoba yvela kulturaSi mamakacebisaTvis ufro
xelmisawvdomia, vidre — qalebisTvis. ganuviTarebeli warmoebis mqone 90
sazogadoebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi ufro maRalia
maSin, roca gare konfliqtebis da omebis saSiSroeba mcirea, magram arsebobs Sida
sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebi da daZabuloba.
genderuli mkvlevrebis umravlesoba varaudobs, rom tradiciuli genderuli
rolebi aferxeben pirovnebis ganviTarebas da iwveven socialur uTanasworobas.
Tanamedrove msoflios demokratiul nawilSi qalTa problematikam da aseve
genderulma sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina ganviTarebis konteqstSi.
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca ara mxolod ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobaSi
myofi qalebi, romlebic moklebulni arian samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs,
aramed ganviTarebul qveynebSi jer kodev mravlad arsebuli genderuli uTanaswo-
robis problemebi. qalTa problemaTagan gansakuTrebiT mwvavea imunodeficitis
infeqciis gansakuTrebiT farTe gavrceleba qalebSi, qalebiT vaWroba, qalebis gamo-
yeneba seqsis industriaSi da sxv. Tumca arsebobs qalTa mravali sxva, ufro yofiTi
problemebic, romelTa mogvarebac aranakleb mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. mTels msoflioSi gabatonebulia genderuli diskriminacia cxovrebis
bevr sferoSi. Tumca diskriminaciis formebi, zomebi da xarisxi gansxvavebulia
rogorc regionebs, aseve qveynebs Sorisac. ganviTarebadi msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi
qalebi ar arian gaTanabrebuli mamakacebTan iuridiuli (subieqturi), socialuri da
ekonomikuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. didia genderuli gansvlebi resursebis
xelmisawvdomobisa da maTi gankargvis sferoSi, ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis
sferoSi da Zalauflebisa da interesebis warmomadgenlobiT sferoSi.
uflebebi.uflebebSi asimetria gavrcelebulia sasamarTlo kanonmdeblobaSi,
sazogadoebebis yofiT samarTalSi, ojaxebisa da Sida meurneobebis cxovrebaSi.
asimetria arsebobs saqorwino kanonmdeblobaSic, ojaxis zomis gansazRvraSi (Svilebis
gaCena-argaCena da maTi raodenobis gadawyveta) qonebis memkvidreobaSi, da mis
marTvaSi, Sida meurneobaSi Sromis ganawilebaSi, Semosaval-gasavlebSi, gadaadgilebis
TavisuflebaSi.
samxreT afrikis da afrikis bevr qveyanaSi qalebi TavianTi qmrebis mudmivi
zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebian. maT ara aqvT ufleba damoukideblad marTon
sakuTreba. afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi mamakacs aqvs ufleba isargeblos qalis Sromis
SedegebiT, magaram qals ara aqvs igive ufleba mamakacis Sromis nayofis mimarT.
boliviaSi, gvatemalaSi da siriaSi mamakacebs aqvT ufleba SezRudon TavianTi colebi
da ar miscen maT ufleba imuSaon saxls gareT. egvipteSi da gvatemalaSi qalebs
sWirdebaT TavianTi meuRleebis nebarTva mogzaurobisa da mgzavrobisaTvis. zogierT
arabul qveyanaSi qalebs unda hqondeT meuRleebis nebaTrTva pasportis miRebisTvis,
maSin roca qmrisTvis colis mxridan aseTi nebarTvis miReba saWiro ar aris.
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 monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom arc erT qveyanaSi qalebs ara aqvT mamakacebTan
gaTanabrebuli uflebebi. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi
qalTa SedarebiTi statusis TvalsazrisiT regionebis mixedviT. saSualod, qalebs
evropaSi da Sua aziaSi yvelaze meti Tanasworoba aqvT, xolo samxreT aziaSi, afrikis
qveynebSi (samxreTSi), axlo aRmosavleTSi da Crdilo afrikaSi — ufro naklebi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom im qveynebSi, sadac politikuri da iuridiuli Tanasworoba
oficialurad miRweulia, igi ar muSaobs sinamdvileSi.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda genderuli Tanasworobis
mdgomareoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi: amaRlda qalTa ganaTlebis done.
samxreT aziaSi, saqaras samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi, axloaRmosavleTis
qveynebSi da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi dawyebiT skolaSi Caricxul gogonaTa ricxvi
daaxloebiT orjer gaizarda. qalebis da da gogonebis janmrTelobis dacvis sis-
temebSi kapitaldabandebis Sedegad, 1990 wels qalebi samxreT aziis istoriaSi pirve-
lad ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre - mamakacebi. gaizarda qalTa dasaqmebis ricxvic.
laTinur amerikaSi da samxreT aziaSi 1970 wlidan qalTa dasaqmebis procentuli maC-
venebeli 15 punqtiT gaizarda. Semcirda genderuli sxvaobebi Sromis anazraurebaSic.
miuxedavad aseTi miRwevebisa, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umaravlesobaSi kvlav narCun-
deba genderuli uTanasworeoba uflebebSi, resursebis xelmisawvdomobaSi da sakuTa-
ri interesebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebSi. ganviTarebad qveynebis arc erT regionSi
qalebs ara aqvT mamakacTan Tanabari socialuri, iuridiuli d ekonomikuri uflebebi.
amasTan yvela kulturisaTvis (rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul qveynebSi)
saerToa is, rom qals mamakacze naklebi statusi aqvs. gaeros monacemebis Tanaxmad:
1. qalebi asruleben ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes;
2. qalebs moyavT msoflios sakvebi produqtebis (soflis meurneobis) naxevari;
3. qalebi Seadgenen msoflios muSaxelis erT mesameds, magram dasaqmebulni arian
mciredanazraurebad samuSaoze;
4. qalebi Sesrulebul samuSaoSi analogiur samuSaoSi mamakacebisTvis gadaxdili
xelfasis sam meoTxedze naklebs iReben;
5. qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilni Zalauflebis da mmarTvelobis organoebSi.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove samyaros sazogadoebaTa umravlesoba genderulad
stratificirebuli sistemebia. stratifikaciis umtavresi paternebia: dasaqmebis,
ekonomikuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, umravles
SemTxvevaSi stratifikaciis mimarTuleba erT da igivea: mamakacebi dominanturebi
arian, qalebi ki — daqvemdebarebulni.
cnobilia asimetria Sromis anazraurebaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris (amerikeli
qali mamakacis xelfasis 68%-s iRebs, afrikeli — 61%-s, laTinoamerikeli —
TeTrkaniani mamakacis xelfsis 53%-s, xolo TeTrkaniani qalis xelfasis 78%-s).
Savkaniani da espanurenovani mamakacebi ufro maRal anazraurebas iReben, vidre
Savkaniani da espanurenovani qalebi (gansxvaveba maT SemosavlebSi Sesabamisad 84%-s da
82%-s Seadgens). Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom SedarebiT 1979 welTan, roca qalis
saSualo xelfasi mamakacis saSualo xelfasis mxolod 60%-s Sedgenda, qalTa samuSaos
Rirebuleba gaizarda (amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi). magram qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
araevropuli warmomavlobis qalebi, dRemde dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze arian
dasaqmebulebi. ufro metic, isini iReben ufro naklebs, vidre igive samuSaoSi
aiRebdnen mamakacebi. arsebobs qalebisa mamakacebis anazRaurebis gansxvavebis ori
yvelaze gavrcelebuli axsna. pirvelis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT
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mamakacebs garkveul socialur SezRudvebs iseve, rogorc qalebs da amitom
mniSvnelovania am SezRudvebis Seswavla.
unda iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis arsebobs sakmaod mwiri empiriuli masala, romelic
eZRvneba tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebis Seswavlas. es genderuli kvlevebis
SedarebiT axali da naklebad ganviTarebuli sferoa.
mamakacuri genderuli rolebis aTvisebis meqanizmi iseTivea, rogorc qaluri genderuli
rolisa (diferencialuri socializacia, modelebze dakvirveba, kulturuli arxebis
saSualebiT zegavlena) mamakacebi, iseve rogorc qalebi mudmivi informaciuli da
normatiuli zewolis zegavlenis qveS imyofebian. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi biWebi da
mamakacebi socialuri informaciis didi nakadis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian. maTi qceva
isjeba, rogorc ki igi gadauxvevs tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ qcevis normebidan.
`mamakacurobis~ Sesaxeb warmodgenebs biWebi iTviseben kulturis da socializaciis sxva
institutebis meSveobiT. am SexedulebaTa sistemas plekma (Pleck) da misma kolegebma
mamakacurobis ideologia uwodes. faqtiurad es aris socialuri normebis krebuli
mamakacebisTvis. tompsonma da plekma mamakacuri genderuli roli gansazRvres, rogorc
socialuri normebi, romelic Seicavs nebarTvebsa da akrZalvebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda
igrZnos da akeTos mamakacma da ra -ara. tompsonmma da plekma gamokvlevis Sedagad daadgines,
rom mamakacTa roluri normebis struqtura Sedgeba sami mniSvnelovani faqtorisgan:
pirveli — es aris molodinebi imis Taobaze, rom mamakacebi miaRweven maRal statuss da
daimsaxureben garSemomyofTa pativiscemas (statusis norma); meore — mdgradobis norma,
romelic gansazRvravs mamakacebisgan gonrbrivi, emociuri da fizikuri mdgradobis
molodins; mesame _ es aris molodini imisa, rom mamakacma Tavi unda aaridos stereotipulad
qalur saqmianobebs (antiqalurobis norma). zogierT sazogadoebaSi am normas iseTi Zlieri
zegavlenis Zala aqvs, rom igi zogjer mamakacSi femifobiis saxiTac vlindeba.
mamakacis stereotipuli normebi did zegavlenas axdens maT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze. ubralo magaliTebic ki cxadyofs, rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mamakaci
— mamakaci ar aris, Tu is fuls ar Soulobs, Tu igi emociuria, fizikurad sustia, ar
SeuZlia kompetenturi rCevebis mocema an qaluri saqmianobebiT aris dakavebuli.
bernma da leverma (Burn & Laver, 1994) aRmoaCines, rom amerikeli qalebi da mamakacebi
srulad eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs imaSi, rom mamakacma kariera unda gaikeTos.
amasTanave, umravlesoba maTgani iziarebda im azrsac, rom mamakacma bevri fuli unda
iSovos. statusis stereotipis mamakacis mimarT moqmedebas adasturebs igive
avtorebis sxva kvlevac, romelSic gaanalizda amerikuli Jurnalebis e.w. `paemnebis~
nawili. aRmoCnda, rom qalebi, gansxvavebiT mamakacebisagan, sasurveli partnioris
amorCevisas prioritets mis statussa da finansur mdgomareobas aniWebdnen.
statusisa da warmatebulobis norma garkveul problemebs uqmnis mamakacebs. saqme
isaa, rom maT umravlesobas ar Seswevs unari 100%-iT daakmayofilos igi. es ki maTi
dabali TviTSefasebis safuZveli xdeba. Zalian cota mamakacs aqvs sakmarisi fuli,
Zalaufleba da pativiscema sazogadebaSi, radgan yovelTvis moiZebneba adamiani,
romelic socialur kibeze ufro maRla dgas.
sazogadoebis mxridan mamakacebis Sefasebas maTi Semosavlebis mixedviT xSir
SemTxvevaSi mivyevarT TviTaqtualizaciis xarisxis dacemamde. kerZod, mamakaci
iZulebulia akeTos saqme, romelic ar ainteresebs, ar uyvars da igi muSaobs mxolod
imitom, rom es samuSao kargad anazRaurebadia.
finansuri zewola gansakuTrebiT mZimea iseTi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac
diasaxlisi colebi hyavT. rodesac mamakaci Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa, mas xSirad
aRiqvamen rogorc fulis tomaras da yvela cdilobs am tomridan fulis amoRebas.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom rac ufro izrdeba mamakacis Semosavali, miT ufro
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asrulebs agresiulobis aRzrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki - biWebSi. dadgenilia, rom
agresiis xarisxze Zlier zegavlenas axdens aRzrdis kulturuli sistema da am
sistemaSi mamakacisa Tu qalis agresiulobisTvis miwerili valentoba. ase magaliTad,
Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom okinavaze da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
sxvadasxvagvarad udgebian gogonebTan da biWebTan agresiulobis aRzrdas.
qalebisa da mamakacebis mxridan agresiis mimReblobis xarisxi dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi erTnairia, Tumca gansxvavdeba qalebisa da mamakacebis mier agresiis
gamovlenis formebi. mamakacebi Tavdapirvelad Zalian TavSekavebulad iqcevian,
Tumca Semdeg ufro meti siSmage euflebaT, maSin roca qalebi ufro emociurebi arian
da aqvT midrekileba Tavidanve mimarTon yvirils an sityvier kinklaobas.
ufrosebTan siaxlove da moRvaweobis xasiaTi: fridmani (Ftedman, 1976)
akvirdeboda 5-7 wlis bavSvebis TamaSs rva kulturaSi (avstralieli aborigenebi,
balis, taivanis, ceilonis, kikuitus, iaponiis macxovreblebs, navahos tomis
warmomadgenlebs da penjabebi). man aRmoaCina, rom biWebi TamaSis dros grovdebian did
jgufebSi, did manZilebs gadian da ufro metad arian TamaSis fizikuri saxeobebiT
dakavebulni, maSin roca gogonebi ufro metad iseTi TamaSebiT erTobian, romlebic
garkveuli moqmedebebis gameorebasTan da laparakTan aris dakavSirebuli. garda
amisa, gogonebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad Sordebian saxls. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
genderul gansxvavebaTa gaRrmavebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs is prioritetebi,
romlebic garkveul qcevebs eniWebaT biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxridan.
biWebi metad eswragvian sxva biWebTan urTierTobebs, xolo gogonebi upiratesobas
aniWeben ufrosebTan urTierTobas. sqesis mixedviT segregacias asaxaven, agreTve,
bavSvebis naxatebic. maTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven biWebs,
xolo gogonebi — gogonebs. bavSvebis naxatebSi genderuli gansaxvavebebis gamovlenad
miiCneva, agreTve, isic, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven manqanebs, urCxulebs da
agresiasTan dakavSirebul scenebs, movlenebs Tu sagnebs, xolo gogonebi
upiratesobas aniWeben yvavilebis daxatvas. sqesis mixedviT bavSvTa naxatTa aseT
gansxvavebebi gamovlinda gamokvleuli cxra sxvadasxva kulturidan yvelaSi.
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba: gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela
kulturaSi gogonebi naklebad kmayofilni arian imiT, rom isini gogonebi arian, vidre
biWebi imiT, rom isini biWebi arian. miuxedavad amisa, gogonebis Tavisi sqesiT aseTi
ukmayofileba yovelTvis ar gamoixateba dabal TviTSefasebaSi. ase magaliTad,
gogonebi filipinebSi, nepalSi, avstraliaSi da nigeriaSi Tvlian, rom isini biWebTan
SedarebiT naklebad niWierebi arian fizikasa da maTematikaSi. amave dros, gogonebs
avstraliaSi da nigeriaSi miaCniaT, rom maTi miRwevebi kiTxvaSi gacilebiT ufro
didia, vidre — biWebis warmatebebi am saganSi. nigerieli biWebi ki Tvlian, rom isini
gogonebze ufro Wkvianebi arian.
amgvarad, gogonebsa da biWebs Soris arsebobs myarad gamoxatuli gansxvavebebi
umcrosebze zrunvaSi, agresiaSi da mobilurobaSi da es gansxvavebebi vlindeba yvela
kulturaSi. kultura ayalibebs bavSvTa socialur qcevas, gansazRvravs im adamianTa
wres, romelTa garemocvaSic bavSvi imyofeba. kultura gansazRvravs, agreTve, im
saqmianobebis saxeebsac, romlebiTac sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebi arian dakavebulni.
mamakacebis socialuri roli dakavSirebulia maTi bunebis, rogorc `Semomtanis~
gagebasTan da umravles kulturaSi mijnavs qalebisa da mamakacebis funqciebs.
feministebis did nawils miaCnia, rom ar aris saWiro mamakacis socialuri rolebis
Seswavla, radgan es gvaSorebs mTavar problemas _ qalis diskriminaciul
mdgomareobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas. magram faqtia, rom kultura uwesebs
48
naklebs uxdian imitom, rom isini TviTon irCeven dabalanazraurebad samsaxurs. meore
Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebs uxdian imitom, rom
isini warmoadgenen naklebad Rirebul samuSao Zalas, radganac maT akliaT
gamocdileba da kvalifikacia. arsebobs mesame mosazrebac: qalebs mamakacebTan
SedarebiT samuSaoSi uxdian naklebs imitom, rom isini moelian, rom cotas gadauxdian
da Tanxmdebian ufro mcire xelfass. ganvixiloT TiToeuli mosazreba cal-calke.
pirvel mosazrebas, romlis arsic isaa, rom qalebi dakavebulebi arian
tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaoTi, xolo mamakacebi _ `mamakacuriT~ da es
ukanaskneli ufro maRalanazRaurebadia, xSirad uwdeben makompensirebeli sxvaobebis
safuZvelze axsnas. es mosazreba eyrdnoba debulebas, rom qalebi, irCeven ra
dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos, amiT isini samagierod iReben Sromis ukeTes pirobebs:
karg socialur klimats, ufro moqnil samuSao grafiks (magliTad gamodgeba pedagogi
qalebi saqarTveloSi. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, pedagogoba qalebisTvis kargia,
radgan is mxolod naxevar dRes muSaobs) an ufro advil samuSaos.
samuSao Zala gayofilia sqesis mixedviT anu profesiebis umravlesoba yvela
kulturaSi dayofilia sqesis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Catarebuli
kvlevis mixedviT (n. javaxiSvili, 2000), gamovlinda tipuri qaluri da tipuri
mamakacuri profesiebi saqarTveloSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1993 wlis
monacemebiT mdivnebis 90%-s qalebi arian. monacemebi adasturebs imasac, rom is
profesiebi da samuSao, romlebiTac sxvadasxva kulturaSi mamakacebi arian
dakavebulni, ufro maRalanazraurebadia, vidre isini, romlebiTac qalebi arian
dakavebulni. ase magaliTad, bernis (Burn) monacemebiT, kaliforniis politeqnikur
universitetSi mRebavis sastarto xelfasi ufro maRalia, vidre meddis an mdivan-
saqmeTmwarmoeblis xelfasi.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa jakobsisa da steinbergis gamokvleva (Jacobs &
Steinberg, 1990). miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, ama Tu im profesiaSi dasaqmebul qalTa
wili zegavlenas axdens am sferoSi arsebuli xelfasis saerTo doneze. kerZod, rac
ufro metia qali, miT ufro dabalia Sromis anazRaureba.
sainteresoa, ratom xdeba, rom qalebi iSviaTad arian dakavebulni `tradiciulad~
mamakacuri samuSaoTi? xom ar aris amis mizezi tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaos
siadvile an aseTi samuSaos pirobebSi dedobrivi funqciebis paraleluri Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba? statistikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar aris. `qaluri~
samuSaoebi sinamdvileSi sulac ar gulisxmoben ufro moqnil grafiks, samuSaos
siadviles an nakleb daZabulobas. piriqiT, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rac ufro
meti qalia koleqtivSi, miT ufro mkacria ufrosos mxridan moTxovnebi. 1600
profesiis analizis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom `qaluri~ profesiebi ufro xSirad
dakavSirebulia e.w. Znel klientebTan, dalagebasTan (WuWyTan) meqanikurad
gameorebad moqmedebebTan da avtonomiis (anu sakuTari samuSaos dagegmvisa da
warmarTvis) ararsebobasTan.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebis mier tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ profesiebis
arCevas win eRobeba mravali barieri. esenia: daqiravebis dros iseTi moTxovnebis
wayeneba (magaliTad, ama Tu im Tvisebebis qona), romelic qals ara aqvs. ase magaliTad,
cnobilia, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi policiis erT-erTi akademiis misaRebi
gamocdebis moTxovna iyo 170 sm simaRlis qona, romelic qalebs gansakuTrebulad
zRudavda. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania is daZabulobac, romelic qals eufleba, roca
igi mamakacTa koleqtivSi muSaobs. daZabulobis gamomwvev faqtorTa Soris SeiZleba
davasaxeloT miuRebloba, stereotipebi, patara Secdomaze araadekvaturad mkacri
reagireba da sxv. samsaxurSi miRebis dros diskriminacia genderuli diskriminaciis
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erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. igi safuZvels qmnis SendgomSi Sromis
bazris genderuli stratifikaciisaTvis. amasTan, sainteresoa, rom genderuli diskr-
iminacia samsaxurSi miRebis dros mxolod qalebs ar exeba. igi iseTive ZaliT moqmedebs
im mamakacebis mimarTac, romlebsac tradiciulad `qalur~ samuSaoze undaT moxvedra.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebis umravlesobas survili ara aqvs Seasrulos
tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ samuSao. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, amis erT-erT mizezad
saxeldeba qalebis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `mamakacuri~ samuSao maT daukargavs qalur
momxibvlelobas.
meore mosazreba, romelic cdilobs axsnas genderuli asimetria Sromis bazarze,
varaudobs, rom qalebs ufro naklebanazraurebadi samuSao imitom aqvT, rom qalebi
mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebad Rirebuli muSakebi arian. saqme isaa, rom qalebs
mamakacebze naklebs uxdian maSinac ki, roca isini igive samuSaos asruleben, rasac _
mamakacebi. ase magaliTad, qali kompiuteruli programistebi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi iReben mamakaci kompiuteruli programistebis xelfasis 83%-s, qali
finansuri menejerebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 67%-s, dawyebiTi
swavlebis skolebis pedagogi qalebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 89%-s da a.S.
erTi da igive samuSaoSi qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasebs Soris aseTi gansxvavebis
erT-erTi axsna efuZneba adamianuri kapitalis Sefasebis princips. am midgomis
mixedviT, individis Sromis anazRaureba damokidebulia ganaTlebaSi da profesiul
momzadebaSi mis mier Cadebul investiciebze. iTvleba, rom qalebi gamoimuSaveben
naklebs, radgan maT naklebi ician, naklebad ganaTlebulebi arian, an naklebi
gamocdileba aqvT da Sesabamisad maTi Sroma naklebad Rirebulia. gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom, umravles SemTxvevebSi, erTnair Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebuli qalebisa
da mamakacebis monacemebi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, keTdeba
daskvna, rom Sromis bazarze genderuli asimetriis umTavresi mizezi mainc
gavrcelebul stereotipebSi unda veZeboT.
mesame mosazrebis mixedviT, qalebi winaswar moelian dabal xelfass da swored
amitom aqvT maT aseTi dabali anazraureba. es mosazreba dadasturda
eqsperimentuladac. aRmoCnda, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT marTlac ufro
nakleb anazraurebas iTxovdnen igive samuSaoSi. es Sedegebi dadasturda studentebze
Catarebul kvlevebSic, sadac erTi da igive specialobis mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi
sqesis studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogori iyo maTi molodinebi momavali
Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevrebis (Jackson, Major, Forcey da sxv.) azriT, es, erTis mxriv,
SeiZleba aixsnas qalebis mier samuSaosTan erTad dedubrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, meores mxriv, ki imiT, rom qalebs aqvT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis da
codnis daweuli Sefaseba. asea Tu ise, qalebis mxridan naklebi molodinebi maTi
Sromis dabali anazraurebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia.
sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am monacemebis mixedviT, 1975 wels gamokiTxuli amerikelebis
32% adasturebda, rom amerikaSi mamakacebi ukeT cxovroben, vidre — qalebi. 1989 wels
es debuleba daadastura gamokiTxulTa 49%-ma, xolo 1923 wels ki — 60%-ma. 1975 wlis
monacemebis mixedviT, gamokiTxul amerikelTa 48% Tvlida, rom qalebs da mamakacebs
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. 1989 wlis gamokvlevis mixedviT, am
debulebas daeTanxma gamokiTxul amerikelTa 42%, xolo 1993 wels ki _ gamokiTxulTa
39%. 1993 wels gamokiTxuli amerikeli qalebis mxolod 30% Tvlida, rom maT aqvT
mamakacebTan Tanabari dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi, xolo maTi 70% ki Tvlida, rom
mamakacebs ukeTesi sastarto pirobebi aqvT amerikul Sromis bazarze.
imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania Sromis anazraureba
70
genitaliebiT ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. bavSvebi amCneven, rom qalebi da
mamakacebi sxvadasxvagvarad icvamen d cdiloben sxvadasxva rameebi gaakeTon. msgavsi
Sexeduleba uyalibdebaT maT sazogadoebis iseTi warmomadgenlebis dakvirvebisas,
rogoric arian magaliTad, maTi mSoblebi. iglis (Egly) socialuri rolebis Teoriis
mixedviT, socialurma rolebma SeiZleba biZgi misces socialuri stereotipebis
Camoyalibebas. is faqti, rom socialuri rolebis umravlesoba qalebis an kacebis mier
sruldeba, SeiZleba xels uwyobdes genderis kognitur diqotomizacias. martini da
halversoni (Martin, Halverson) werdnen, rom radgan qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
daikvirveba amdeni gansxvaveba, bavSvebi xvdebian, rom genderul kategoriebSi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba Zalian sasargebloa garSemomyofTa qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis.
ganvixiloT sqesTa Soris gansxvavebis oTxi kroskulturuli sfero: umcrosebze
zrunva, agresia, ufrosebTan siaxlove da sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba.
umcrosebze zrunva: edvardsma da uaitingma (Edwards &Whiting, 1980) eqvsi sxvadasxva
kulturi kvlevis Sedagad aRmoaCines, rom 5-dan 12 wlamde asakobriv SualedSi
genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba ufro Tanmimdevrulad im CvilTa da bavSvTa mimarT
qcevaSi, romlebic siaruls swavloben, vidre didebisa da ufroso asakis bavSvebis
mimarT. radganac Cvilebi met zrunvas iTxoven, vidre ufrosi bavSvebi, gogonebi,
romlebic CvilebTan did dros atareben, ufro met swrafvas avlenen umcrosebze
zrunvis, videre - biWebi, romlebic ase didad ar arian dakavebulni patara bavSvebiT.
barim, bekonma da Caildma (Barry, Bacon & Child) aRmoaCines, rom biWebTan SedarebiT,
gogonebs metad amzadeben umcrosebze zrunvisTvis (kulturaTa 82%-Si), imisTvis, rom
iyvnen ufro damjerni (kulturaTa 35%-Si) da ufro pasuxismgebliani (kulturaTa
61%-Si). biWebs ki Tavis mxriv, aswavlian miznis miRwevas (kulturaTa 87%-Si) da
damoukideblobas (kulturaTa 85%-Si).
uelCma, peijma da martinma (Welch, Page & Martin, 1981) 108 kulturis kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoaCines, rom biWebis roluri orientaciebi metad limitirebulia, gogonebis
socialuri orientaciebisgan gansxvavebiT. am ukanasknelTa socialuri orientaciebi
gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT. amasTanave, biWebs ufro mkacrad moeTxovebaT
miRebuli rolisadmi Sesatyvisoba, videre — gogonebs.
agresia: im bavSvTa kroskulturuli gamokvlevebi, romlebmac jer ar miaRwies
sqesobriv momwifebas, aCveneben, rom biWebs gogonebTan SedarebiT ufro metad
axasiaTebT agresia, meqiSpeobis (Sejibris) suli, dominirebisken swrafva da CxubTan da
brZolasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebi. uaitingisa da edvardsis (B.B. Whiting & Edvards,
1981) mier eqvsi kulturisa da afrikis damatebiTi SerCevis Seswavlis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom sqesebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba agresiulobisa da dominirebisaken
swrafvis TvalsazrisiT. dadginda, agreTve, rom agresia ar mcirdeba asakis
momatebasTan erTad, aramed piriqiT, igi ufro gamoxatuli xdeba ufrosi asakis
biWebSi. dakvirvevbebi, romlebic omarkma, omarkma da edelmanma (Omark, Omark & Edelman,
1975) Caatares eTiopiis, Sveicariis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saTamaSo
moednebze, aCveneben, rom biWebi ufro agresiulad iqcevian, videre - gogonebi.
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenili oTxi kulturis Seswavlisas monrom da misma
kolegebma (Munroe, ... 2000) aRmoaCines, rom agresiis gamovlineba biWebTan ufro xSiria,
vidre — gogonebTan. rodesac gogonebi da biWebi ikribebian erTgvarovan sqesobriv
jgfufebad, agresiis epizodebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba biWebTan, vidre — gogonebTan.
eqvsi kulturis kvlevam aCvena, rom dedebi, Cveulebriv, erTnairad reagireben
agresiis gamovlenaze biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxridan. xolo mama mniSvnelovan rols
47
asruleben an iseT adamianebs, romlebsac erTi da igive saxeli hqviaT. stangorma
(Stangor, 1986) daadgina, rom adamianebi kategorizacias ufro xSirad sqesis mixedviT
axdenen, vidre - rasisa.
fiske da teilori miuTiTebdnen, rom genderul sqemaTa aqtivacia nawilobriv
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad didi xnis win aqtivirdnen isini bolos da ramdenad
xSirad iyvnen isini gamoyenebuli adre. rac ufro xSirad xdeboda sqemaTa aqtivacia
warsulSi, miT ufro misawvdomia isini mexsierebisaTvis da miT ufro xSirad iqnebian
gamoyenebulni. es movlena praimingis efeqtis saxelis matarebelia. amgvarad, unda
movelodeT, rom axalgazrdebi da mozardebi, romlebic did yuradRebas aqceven
sqesis problemas, gansakuTrebiT xSirad aRiqvamen sxva adamianebs maTi genderis
TvalsazrisiT. teilorisa da fiskes azriT, xSirad gamoiyenebuli sqema momarTul
(mzadyofnis) mdgomareobaSia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi masmediis saSualebebi zedmetad
xSirad amaxvileben yuradRebas genderis problemebze. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom
aseT mimarTebas mivyvarT iqamde, rom Cveni genderuli sqemebi momarTul
mdgomareobaSi arian da mzad arian meyseuli aqtivaciisaTvis. rogorc bemi aRniSnavda:
`genderuli sqemis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis mxridan daJinebiTi gaxseneba
genderuli sqemas kidev ufro kogniturad misawvdomad aqcevs~.
mravalricxovani gamokvlevebis rezultatebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom genderi is
mniSvnelovani kognituri kategoriaa, romelic adamianis aRqmisas gamoiyeneba. Tumca
ki zogjer SeiZleba SevxvdeT iseT adamianebsac, romlebic darwmunebulni arian, rom
maT mier adamianebis aRqma genderze dafuZnebuli ar aris. marTlac, arsebobs,
individualuri gansxvavebebi genderis, rogorc informaciis mniSvnelovani
`parametris~ gamoyenebaSi sxva adamianebis aRqmisas. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
bemis mixedviT, adamiani SeiZleba CaiTvalos genderis sqemis gamomyeneblad, Tuki mas
aqvs mzadyofna adamianTa ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebis da maT Sesaxeb informaciis
sortireba moaxdinos genderis safuZvelze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi ekuTvnis im
individebs, romlebic ar iyeneben genderul sqemebs. bemis azriT, is adamianebi,
romlebic gamoxatul qalur an mamakacur sawyisebs floben, metad SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT genderuli sqemis gamomyeneblebs.
genderuli sqemis Teoria genderuli sqemis warmoSobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas
eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom Cven dabadebidan gvaxasiaTebs kategorizaciisaken
midrekileba, romelic mimdinareobs garegani stimulirebis ganmasxvavebeli
Taviseburebebis safuZvelze (rogorc adamianis, aseve sagnebis SemTxvevaSi).
garSemomyofi samyaros aseTi dayofa Semadgenel elementebad ukve bavSvobidan iwyeba
da warmoadgens kognituri ganviTarebis procesis arss. bavSvoba — es aris swrafi
sqematuri ganviTarebisa da daxvewis periodi. bavSvis cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili
swored gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis SeTvisebas xmardeba.
imisaTvis, rom Seimsubuqon uamravi informaciis SeTviseba, bavSvebi mimarTven
kategorizacias. `qaluri~ da `mamakacuri~ warmodgenen diqotomiur amomwurav
ganmasxvavebel bunebriv kategoriebs, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba, rogorc zrdasrulebis mxridan, aseve bavSvebis, Tanatolebis mxrdanac.
genderi kategorizaciis mniSvnelovani kriteriumia nawilobriv imitomac, rom
Cvens sazogadoebaSi mudmivad laparakoben genderuli sxvaobebis mniSvnelovan
rolzec. rogorc ukve adre iyo naTqvami, televizia, literatura da folklori
Zalian xSirad warmosaxaven qalebsa da mamakacebs iseT arsebebad, romelTa Sorisac
didi gansxvavebaa da romlebic sruliad ar gvanan erTmaneTs. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi
da Tanatolebi aseve xSirad ubiZgeben bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion
genders da rogorc Sedegi, maT uyalibdebaT azri, rom qali da mamakaci mxolod
46
(gadaxdili gasamrjelo) Cven, Cveulebriv, vadarebT Cvens Tavs sxvas. samuSaosTan
mimarTebaSi es debuleba ase JRers: Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,
kvalifikacias, unarebs da a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi da viRebT garkveul
anazRaurebas. amaSi mdgomareobs adamsis (Adams) samarTlianobis Teoriis arsi.
amgvarad, imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven
vadarebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa da anazRaurebis mimarTebas sxvis mier
Cadebul Zalisxmevisa da mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas. aseT sxvebs, Cveulebriv,
`Sesadarebel jgufs~ uwodeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom imis da mixedviT, Tu vin arian
Sesadarebgeli jgufis wevrebi, Cven Tavs an daCagrulad an kmayofilad vgrZnobT.
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ar ganaxilaven mamakacebs
`Sesadarebeli jgufis~ rangSi. isini sakuTar Tavs sxva qalebs adareben da sanam erTi
romelime qalis Zalisxmevisa da Semosavlebis mimarTeba Seesabameba sxva qalebis aseT
mimarTebas, am qals aqvs samarTlianobis da Sesabamisad, kmayofilebis gancda. erTi
sqesis SigniT Sedarebis ganxorcielebas Tavisi fsiqologiuri fsqtorebi aqvs
(magaliTad, Sedareba msgavsebis safuZvelze). amasTan, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
sakuTar sqesTan Sedareba xdeba maSin, roca samuSao tradiciulad genderul damRas
atarebs. maSin ki roca samuSao tradiciulad neitraluria, Sedarebis dros sqesis
faqtoris ignorireba xdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tu adamians aqvs usamarTlobis gancda Tavis
xelfasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin igi cdilobs aRadginos samarTlianoba. qalebs ki,
rogorc zemoT davrwmundiT, samarTlianobis aRdgenis es moTxovnileba ar uCndebaT,
radgan maT `Sesadarebel jgufSi~ iseTive dabali xelfasia. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs kanoni Tanaswori ananzRaurebis Sesaxeb. ro-
gorc moyvanili gamokvlevebis monacemebi gviCvenebs, es kanoni realurad ar
xorcieldeba.
qalTa procentuli Semadgenloba msoflios Sromisunarian mosaxleobaSi ganviTa-
rebis TvalsazrisiT aseTia: 1950 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekono-
mikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 30 %, samxreT amerikis qvey-
nebSi — 18%, samxreT afrikasa da ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 30%, CrdiloeT afrikis
nawilSi — 9%. 1985 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekonomikurad ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 27%,
samxreT afrikasa da ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 39%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 9%.
2000 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi
(maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 28%, samxreT afrikasa da
ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 37%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 17%. rogorc vxedavT,
qalTa dasaqmebis ricxvi ixrdeba wlidan wlamde. magram, amasTanave, zrdis tendencia
Zalia mcirea da igi Zalian Sorsaa Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis damkvid-
rebisagan.
garda imisa, rom qalebs aqvT mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabali xelfasebi, maT aseve
aqvT mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabali statusic. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi yvelaze prestiuli profesiebiT mamakacebi arian dakavebulni: mamakaci
mecnier-muSakTa Soris 80%-ia, eqimebs Soris — 84%, universitetebisa da kolejebis
profesorebs Soris _ 61%. Tumca pedagogTa Soris SedarebiT maRalia qalTa ricxvi,
magram maT Soris maRal statusze (mudmivi profesorebi) mxolod 10%-ia. advokatebs
da mosamarTleebs Soris 78% mamakacia, arqiteqtorebs Soris 87% mamakacia, xolo
inJinrebs Soris _ 94%.
arsebobs mravali monacemic, romelic TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom qalebs
mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba aqvT. maT iSviaTad ukaviaT Tanamdebobebi
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da politikaSic mcired arian warmodgenilni. amasTan rac ufro maRalia Zalauflebis
ierarqiuli safexuri, miT ufro mcirea qalTa warmomadgenloba.
aswleulebis manZilze miuRebeli iyo nebismier politikur formaciaSi qalebis
monawileoba. sul axlaxansac, qalTa minawileoba politikaSi dagmobili iyo, radgan
gavrcelebuli stereotipuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalis pilitikaSi CarTva ojaxisa
da sazogadoebis daSlas gamoiwvevda. dRes Tanamedrove msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
qalebi aqtiurad monawileoben politikur cxovrebaSi, gaizarda maTi aseTi
saqmianobebis mimReblobis xarisxi ara mxolod skandinaviisa, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi da demokratiis wamyvan qveynebSi, aramed tradiciuli kulturebis
matarebel qveynebSic. magaliTad, m. wereTlis 2002-2003 wlebSi Caterebuli
gamokvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi qalis politikaSi moRvaweobis
faqts gamokiTxulTa ori mesamedi nawili dasaSvebad afasebs.
kacobriobis politikuri ganviTarebis istorias Tu gavaanalizebT, davinaxavT,
rom politikur cxovrebas metwilad egelitaruli wre qmnida: mefeebi didgvrovanni,
aristokratia da a.S. mas Semdeg, rac politikiT da qveynis mmarTvelobiT Cveulebrivi
xalxi dakavda, politikis sferoSi arsebuli genderuli asimetria kidev uro
gamokveTili gaxda. politikuri uflebebi pirvel rigSi mamakacebs hqondaT. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da evropis wamyvan qveynebSi politikuri da samoqalaqo
uflebebi, kerZod, ki saarCevno uflebebi qalebma me-20 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan
moipoves.
saqarTveloSi momqmedi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciis `WomenAid international”-
is monacemebis mixedviT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi
politikaSi qalTa monawileobis Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs:
qalTa warmomadgenloba parlamentSi (procentuli Semedgenloba TiToeul jgufSi
daklagebulia sididis mixedviT):
40-50% qali parlamentarebi qveyanaSi — SvedeTi;
35-39,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi —dania, fineTi, norvegia,
holandia;
30-34,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — islandia, genmania, axali
zelandia, mozambiki;
25-29,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — samxreT afrika, bosnia, kuba,
avstria, argentina, TurqmeneTi;
20-24,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belgia, avstralia, CineTi,
espsneTi, xorvatia;
15-19,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — kanada, inglisi, estoneTi
litva, CexeTi;
10-14,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — slovakeTi, poloneTi,
israeli, azerbaijani, italia, safrangeTi, bulgareTi, yazaxeTi slovenia;
5-9,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — yirgizeTi, ungreTi,
monRoleTi, ukraina, ruseTi, rumineTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, iaponia;
3-4,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belorusia, TurqeTi korea,
irani, somxeTi;
0,1-2,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — egvipte, nigeria;
0 % qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — quveiTi, arabTa emiretebi.
gaeros monacemebiT, 2000 wlisaTvis qalebi msoflios 190 qveynidan mxolod 9
saxelmwifoSi arian meTaurebi da mTavrobis Tavmjdonmareebi:
bangladeSi, fineTi, irlandia, latvia, axali zelandia, panama, san marino, Sri-
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TamaSobda TovliT dafarul moedanze. erTnairi kostiumebi maTi sqesis gansazRvris
saSualebas ar iZleoda. naCveneb epizodSi erTi bavSvi mudmivad xels kravda meores,
axteboda mas da esroda gundebs. mayurebelTa erT nawils eubnebodnen, rom orive
bavSvi gogoa, meores - rom orive bavSvi biWia, mesames - rom agresori biWia, xolo
meoTxes - rom agresori gogoa. mas Semdeg, rac mayureblebs auxsnes, rom agresia
warmoadgens winaswar ganzraxul qmedebas, romelmac SeiZleba ziani moutanos meore
bavSvs, maT sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT bavSvis agresiis xarisxi. mayureblebma, romlebic
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom orive bavSvi biWia, miiCnies naCvenebi sqema naklebad
agresiulad danarCeni jgufebis SefasebasTan SedarebiT. mkvlevrebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom genderis kognituri kategoria — genderuli sqema mimarTavs
molodinebsa da Sefasebebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, radgan
biWebis TamaSis ramdenadme agresiuli gamovlineba normalur movlenad iTvleba,
amitom es agresiulad ar fasdeboda.
teilorisa da misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis rezultatebi aseve
adasturebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesze. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaerkviaT, Tu rogor axdens
gavlenas genderi aRqmasa da informaciis gadamuSavebaze, teilori da falkone
eqsperimentis monawileebs asmeninebdnen eqvsi politikuri diskusiis Canawers,
romlebic miyavdaT sam qalsa da sam mamakacs. gamosvlebi amomrCevelTa Sexvedrebze
iwereboda magnitofonze, sadac TiToeuli kandidati gamoTqvamda eqvs konkretul
SemoTavazebas. mkvlevrebma ise dagegmes gamokvleva, rom yvela SemoTavazeba
(winadadeba) iyo Tanabrad sasargeblo. maTi arCevani (mkvlevarebis) efuZneboda
msgavsi winadadebebis SefasebaTa farTo analizs. yvela gamoTqmuli winadadebidan
SeirCa 36 debuleba, romlebmac daaxloebiT erTnairi reitingi miiRo. 13 wuTiani
diskusiis mosmenis Semdeg cdis pirebs unda SeefasebinaT, politikurad ramdenad
gonieri da damarwmunebeli iyo TiToeuli kandidati, ramdenad sasiamovno da
saintereso iqneboda maTTan muSaoba da ramdenad efeqtianad SeZlebda igi mxaris
(raionis) xelmZRvanelobas. Sedegad, 5 Sefasebis kriteriumidan 4-Si mamakacebma miiRes
ufro maRali Sefaseba (ar iyo gansxvaveba mxolod sasiamovnoebis kriteriumiT
Sefasebisas). Tumca ufri gviandel eqsperimentSi, romelic bovem da spensma (Bauvais,
Spence) Caatares, eqsperimentis monawileTa umravlesobas aseTi keTilganwyoba
mamakacebis mimarT ar gamouvlenia. gaurkvevelia rasTan aris es cvlileba
dakavSirebuli: 1982 wlidan (roca teilorma da falkonem Caatares eqsperimenti) da
1987 wlamde (roca bovem da spensma Caatares eqsperimenti) ganwyobebis cvlilebebTan,
Tu ufro gviani eqsperimentis monawileebi cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT
eqsperomentatorebis molodinebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, agreTve, rom rezultatebze
gavlena iqonia eqsperimentis Catarebis mciredma meTodologiurma sxvaobebmac.
Tumca teilor-falkones da bove-spensis kvlevebis rezultatebi gansxvavdeboda
mamakacebis mimarT zedmetad keTilganwyobis xarisxiT, magram orive kvlevam
daadastura, rom biologiuri sqesi gamoiyeneba sqemis saxiT informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesSi. orive eqsperimentSi monawileebi met Secdomebs uSvebdnen
erTi sqesis farglebSi, vidre — sqesTaSoris Secdomebs anu maT ufro xSirad
eSlebodaT, Tu romel qals ekuTvnoda esa Tu is gamonaTqvami da iSviaTad uSvebdnen
iseT Secdomebs, roca gamonaTqvami qals ekuTvnoda, maT ki mamakacisa egonaT an
piriqiT. arsebobs sxva eqsperimentebic, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom adamianebi sxva
adamianebis kategorizacias pirvel rigSi sqesis mixedviT axdenen. ase magaliTad,
fiskem daadgina, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi erTi da
igive sqesis, rasis an iseT adamianebs, romlebic erTi da igive socialur rols
45
aqtiuri diskusiisa, misi warmoSobis mizezebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba genderuli
sqemis Teoriis farglebSi ver xerxdeba. saWirod migvaCnia genderuli iluzoruli
korelaciebis Cveneuli axsnis aq moyvana. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebi, romlebic
genderTa Soris gansxvavebebs exeba, umravles SemTxvevebSi, kiTxvarebis, Tavisufali
reproduqciis (Tavisufali gaxsenebis) an iseTi eqsperimentebis saxiT momdinareobs,
sadac cdis pirebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi azri qalisa da mamakacis ama Tu im
fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb. swored aseT gamokvlevebSi vlindeba
mniSvnelovani genderTaSorisi gansxvavebebi. meores mxriv, ki gamokvlevebSi,
romlebSic xorcieldeba garkveuli fsiqikuri Tvisebebis Tu funqciebis ufro zusti
da obieqturi gazomva specialuri testebis saSualebiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdego
Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, am gamokvlevaTa mixedviT, sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebi
umniSvneloa. am ori tipis kvlevebs Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs, aRmovaCenT, rom meore
tipis kvlevebi emsaxureba e.w. realurad arsebuli sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis
gamovlenas. pirveli tipis kvlevebi ki mimarTulia genderisa da genderuli sxvaobebis
gamosavlenad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini ikvleven sqesTa reprezentaciebsa da maT
sxvaobebs Cvens cnobierebaSi anu Cvens mexsierebaSi Senaxul cnebebs `qali~ da
`mamakaci~. qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis _ ganwyobis fsiqologiis farglebSi Cvens
mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenil iqna mexsierebaSi semantikuri
informaciis Senaxvis formebisa da meqanizmebis kanonzomierebebi. es
kanonzomierebiebi naTels hfens e.w. `iluzoruli korelaciis~ meqanizms. saqme isaa,
rom cnebebi `qali~ da `mamakaci~ warmoadgenen tipur bunebriv cnebebs da enis
sistemaSi funqcionireben. amdenad, iseve, rogorc yvela bunebrivi cneba, isini
Camoyalibdnen adamianis individualuri da istoriuli gamocdilebis procesSi.
amasTan es bunebrivi cnebebi mexsierebaSi struqturirebulia ara logikis
principebiT, ara arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT, rogorc es logikuri mecnieruli
cnebebis SemTxvevaSia, aramed im praqtikuli funqciis niSnis mixedviT, romelsac
asruleben maTSi nagulisxmevi obieqtebi (am SemTxvevaSi qalebi da mamakacebi)
socialur garemoSi. mexsierebaSi maTi struqturirebis meqanizms mTlian pirivnuli
konstruqti -fiqsirebuli ganwyoba warmoadgens, romelSic asaxulia da
dafiqsirebulia qalebisa da mamakacebis xSiri da mniSvnelovani (individualuri da
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT) funqciebi, romlebsac isini asrulebdnen Tanacxovrebis
dros ama Tu im kulturaSi. amgvarad, bunebrivi cnebebi `qali~ da `mamakaci~ anu sqesTa
genderuli reprezentaciebi funqcionalurad struqturirebulni arian. swored
amitom isini gansxvavdebian logikuri cnebebisagan `qali~ da `mamakaci~, romelTac
ikvlevs sqesTaSorisi sxvaobebis gasazomi instrumentebi (realuri inteleqti,
realuri fizikuri Zala, emociuroba, agresiuloba Tu ConCxisa da kunTebis sistemis
siZliere).
erT-erT cnobil gamokvlevaSi, romelic kondrim da kondrim Caatares (Condry,
Condry), cdispirebs aCvenebdnen, films cxra Tvis bavSvze. amasTan mayureblebis
naxevars eubnebodnen, rom es bavSvi biWia, xolo meore naxevar ki — rom bavSvi gogoa. es
umartivesi manipulacia iwvevda erTi da igive qcevis sruliad gansxvavebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, erT-erT naCveneb epizodSi bavSvi iwyebda yvirils, mas Semdeg rac
kolofidan zambara amoagdebs saTamaSos. is adamianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom bavSvi
biWia, aRiqvamdnen mas `gabrazebulad~, xolo is adamianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom
bavSvi gogoa, aRiqvamdnen mas `SeSinebulad~.
kondrim da rosma (Condry, Ross) aseve daadgines, rom bavSvis genderi zegavlenas
axdens imaze, rom Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas ufrosebi. maT mier Catarebul kvlevaSi
cdispirebs aCvenebdnen videokameraze Caweril bavSvTa TamaSis epizods. ori bavSvi
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lanka. am sias bolo dros daemata saqarTvelo da ukraina.
studentebs daevalebaT internetis saSualebiT moipovon uaxlesi informacia am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
qalebi msoflios 190 qveynidan saxelmwifo meTaurebisa da mTavrobis Tavmjdo-
mareebis moadgileebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi: albaneTi, avstria, belgia, kosta-rika,
xorvatia, dania, fiji, hondurasi, indonezia, irlandia.
msoflios regionebis mixedviT, qalTa xelisuflebaSi monawileobis suraTi Sem-
degia: skandinaviis qveynebi _ 38,8%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis CaTvliT)
_ 15,2%, amerika _ 15,2%, azia _ 14,2%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis
gamoklebiT) _ 13,4%, xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebi _ 13,5%, afrikis saqaris samxreTiT
mdebare qveynebi _ 11,75, arabeTis saxelmwifoebi _ 3,5%.
iseve, rogorc politikur organizaciebSi da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis struqtu-
rebSi, mamakacebs aqvT ufro meti Zalaufleba biznessa da warmoebaSi. amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis menejerebis 39% qalia, magram rac ufro zemoT iwevs samsaxureobrivi
ierarqiuli kibe, miT ufro nakalebi qali gvxvdeba. komerciul organizaciebSi da
msxvil kompaniebSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebis mxolod 1-2% ukaviaT qalebs.
jekobsis (Jacobs, 1992) gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi 1988 wels SedarebiT 1970 welTan qalTa raodenoba xelmZRvanel Tanamdebo-
bebze mkveTrad gaizarda, kerZod, 18%-dan 40%-mde. magram amasTan, qali menejerebis
xelfasi da avtoriteti kvlevac ufro dabalia, vidre igive Tanamdebobebze dasaq-
mebuli mamakaci menejerebisa.
qalebi, romlebsac undaT karieris gakeTeba ejaxebian e.w. `SuSis Wers~. es aris
metafora imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri,
romlis zemoTac qalebi da, agreTve, araevropuli warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod
ver adian. lin martinma `SuSis Weri~ gansaxRvra, rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili
barierebi, romlebic dafuZnebulni arian organizaciis SigniT arsebul crurwme-
nebze. es saSualebas ar aZlevs kvlalificiur muSakebs waiwion win samsaxureobriv
kibeze da gaikeTon kariera. kvlalificiuri specialisti qalebi da umciresobebis
warmomadgenlebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, swored am uxilavi kibis qveS aRmoCndebian,
xolme. maT mxolod is darCeniaT, rom qvemodan adevnen Tvali imas, Tu rogor miiweven
win sxva TanamSromlebi.
afrikoamerikeli da laTinoamerikeli qalebi warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi arsebul qal menejerTa mxolod 4%-s. amitom, zogierTi mecnieri amasTan
dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom am jgufis qalebisTvis ar Tu `SuSis~, aramed _ `betonis
Weria~.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom umciresobebis warmomadgeneli qalebi ormagi
diskriminaciis qveS imyofebian. es aris rasobrivi da sqesobrivi diskriminacia.
rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs eSiniaT
maRali Tanamdebobebis, radgan maT isini qalurobasTan SeuTavseblad miaCniaT da
amitom TviTon amboben uars karieris gakaTebaze. magram 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis Sua
periodSi socialurma fsiqologebma sabolood uaryves es Sexeduleba. cxadi gaxda,
rom qalis sazogadoebaSi dabali statusis axsna SeuZlebelia mxolod qalis
pirovnebaze centrirebuli poziciidan. kanteris (Kanter, 1977) naSromis gamosvliT
safuZveli Caeyara axal, situaciaze centrirebul midgomas. es midgoma eurdnoboda
iseT axsnebs, rogoricaa diskriminaciuli politika, romelsac axorcieleben
calkeuli pirovnebebi Tu organizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi.
sazogadoebis da socialuri institutebis genderuli stratifikaciis ukeT
gaazrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania am sakiTxze zogierTi feministuri Sexedulebis
73
ganxilva, kerZod, ki Cven mokled ganvixilavT genderis socialuri konstruqtivizmis
Teorias.
genderuli socialuri konstruirebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben im mosazrebas,
rom yvelaferi socialuri biologiurzea dasfuZnebuli da amitom iTvleba
bunebrivad da normalurad. am debulebiT isini akritikeben im mimarTebebs, romlebic
Tanamedrove samyaroSi damkvidrda biologiur sqessa da maT socialur reprezen-
taciebs, genderul rolebsa da funqciebs Soris.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis feeministi mimdevrebi akritikeben, erTis mxriv, e.w.
`saRi azris“ pozicias, meores mxriv, sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTad mimarTulebas
da mesame _ im feministur mimarTulebebs, romlebic genders ganixilaven rogorc
biologiuri sqesisgan kulturis mier nawarmoebs.
`saRi azris~ poziciis kritikisas, socialuri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebi
acxadeben, rom adamianis buneba dualisturia, masSi bunebrivad Cadebulia rogorc
qaluri, aseve — mamakacuri. amitom qalebad da mamakacebad xdebian da ara — ibadebian.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis momxreebi akritikeben genderis Sromis ganawilebaze
da civilizaciis ganviTarebaze agebul Sexedulebebs, romelsac emil diurkgeimi
aviTarebda. talkot parsonsis azriT, sqesTa Soris urTirTobebSi wamyvania maTi
funqcionaluri datvirTva. am Sexedulebam rolebis Teoriis anu sqesobriv-roluri
midgomis saxeli daimkvidra. am mosazrebis mixedviT, qali asrulebs eqspresiul rols
kaci ki _instrumentuls (ix. mamakacisa da qakis rolebi amerikul ojaxSi)
eqspresiuli roli mdgomareobs zrunvis gamovlenaSi, ojaxis emociur mxardaWeraSi,
siyvarulSi, ojaxSi dadebiTi emociuri klimatis SenarCunebaSi. es aris diasaxlisis
monopoliuri socialuri roli. rac Seexeba instrumentul rols, igi mamakacis
monopoliaa da pirvel rigSi, vlindeba Tavis ojaxsa da sxva socialur jgufebs Soris
urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofaSi. es aris Semomtanisa da damcvelis socialuri roli.
rolebis aTviseba qalebisa da mamakacebis mxridan socializaciisa da socialuri
normebis interiorizaciis (gaTavisebis, gaSinagnebis) procesSi xdeba. rolis swori
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba dasjisa da waxalisebis socialuri sistemebis
muSaobiT, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT. gofmanis (Goffman) dramaturgiuli
intraspeqcionizmi iTvleba genderuli urTierTobebis socialur-konstruqtivistu-
li interpretaciis amosavlad. Tumca ki, misi Sromebi gamsWvalulia esencialisturi
TezisebiT: sqesobrivi sxvaobebi, romlebic socialuri urTierTmimarTebis doneze
ganixileba, warmoadgenen individebis sqesobrivi arsis bunebriv gamovlinebas;
`genderuli TamaSi~, Tumca socialurad aris organizebuli, magram igi warmoadgens
bunebrivi sqesis gamovlinebas.
am SexedulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, 70-iani wlebis feministebis naSromebSi
genderuli urTierTobebi Tavisufldeba sqesiT determinizaciisagan da Semdegnairad
ganisazRvreba: genderuli urTierTobebi es aris Zalauflebisa da Tanasworobis
socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi. amgvarad, socialuri konstruqtivizmis
farglebSi genderuli urTierTobebis aseTi gageba Camoyalibda. socialuri
konstruqtivizmi uaryofs, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, adreuli feminizmis erT-erT
amosaval debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `qalad ibadebian~. es aris Tezisi, romlis
mixedviTac, genderi aris sqesze (biologiaze) dafuZnebuli kulturuli konstruqti.
es Tezisi gabatonebuli iyo feministebSi 70-ian wlebamde.
socialur-konstruqtivistuli feministuri kritikis zegavleniT, eWv qveS dgeba
genderis sqesiT (anatomiurad da biologiurad) gansazRvruloba. sakiTxi sxvagvari
kuTxiT ganixileba da aqedan gamomdinare, genderic axleburad isazRvreba: genderi
warmoadgens sazogadoebis mxridan gakontrolebuli yoveldRiuri urTierTmoq-
74
gamokvlevaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, warmodgenili Tvisebebidan
romeli aqvT maT. am TvisebaTa CamonaTvalSi Sedioda `tipuri mamakacuri~, `tipiuri
qaluri~ da `neitraluri~ Tvisebebi. meore jgufs sTxoves ganesazRvraT, maTi azriT,
mamakacebisa da qalebis ramdeni procenti flobda TiToeul CamoTvlil Tvisebas.
kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom mamakacebis da qalebis pasuxebi, romlebic sakuTar
Tavs afasebdnen, gansxvavdeboda mxolod xuTi punqtis mixedviT, maSin roca meore
jgufis monacemebma qalebi da mamakacebi sruliad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgines 40
punqtidan TiToeulSi. gamokvlevis Sedegebi adastureben, rom adamianebi qalebsa da
mamakacebs aRiqvamen rogorc `sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs~. am garemoebis
asaxsnelad genderuli sqemis warmomadgenlebs mohyavT Semdegi argumentebi: qalebisa
da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebi gvaiZuleben vivaraudoT maTSi
gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri niSnebisa da SesaZleblobebis arseboba. amasTan, Cvens
sazogadoebaSi Zalian xSirad saubroben qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris fundamentur
gansxvavebebze. da rac mTavaria, CvenTvis dabadebidan damaxasiaTebeli informaciis
gadamuSavebis strategiebi aseve SeiZleba xels uwyobdes qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
arsebuli sxvaobebis masStabebis gadametebas. yvelafer amas aqvs uSualo kavSiri
genderis socialur SemecnebasTan. genderuli stereotipebi warmoadgenen genderul
sqemebs (genderuli stereotipebi aq genderuli sqemebis rols TamaSoben). genderuli
sqemebi — es aris genderuli kognituri kategoriebi. isini ise marTaven Semosuli
informaciis gadamuSavebis process, rom Cven viwyebT mis aRqmas, damaxsovrebas da
interpretacias genderze Cveni Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad. radganac sqemebi
yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi SemTxvevebisken, romelic adasturebs (amarTlebs) Cvens
molodinebs, Cven or rames Soris kavSiri ufro mdgradad (myarad) SeiZleba aRviqvaT,
vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am movlenas iluzorul korelaciebs uwodeben. isini
warmoiqmneba nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom sqemebi Cvens yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi
SemTxvevebisken, romelic adasturebs Camoyalibebul stereotipebs. meores mxriv,
iluzoruli korlaciebis formirebaze SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos informaciiis
gadamuSavebis procesis sxva tendenciebmac. Cven genderul gansxvavebebs aRviqvamT
ufro didad, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi, radganac sqemebi zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras vamCnevT pirvel rigSi. garda amisa, informacia romelic Cvens sqemebs Seesabameba
ufro advilad kodirdeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (anu kodireba martivdeba, roca Cven
ubralod koreqturas ukeTebT arsebul sqemas da ar vqmniT axals). magaliTad, biWebic
da gogonebic gacilebiT ukeT ixseneben adamianebs, romlebic ganasaxiereben
garkveuli sqesis stereotips da maT qcevebs, vidre iseT mamakacebs da qalebs,
romelTa xatebi da qcevebi ar Seesabamebian stereotipebs. amasTan mexsierebis aseTi
arCeviToba gacilebiT ufro Zlieria iseT bavSvebTan, romlebsac aqvT mdgradi
genderuli stereotipi.
amgvarad, mamakaci, romelsac miaCnia, rom xelmZRvaneli Tanamdeboba qalisTvis
Seusabamoa, xelmZRvaneli qalis yovel konfliqtSi Tavis xelqveiTTan xedavs imis
dasabuTebas, rom qalebs ara aqvT emociuri simyare, romelic aucilebelia
xelmZRvanelobisTvis. meores mxriv, mamakaci xelmZRvanelis analogiuri qceva misTvis
sruliad misaRebia. Tavis mxriv, qali, romelic darwmunebulia, rom mamakacebs ara
aqvT emociebis Zlierad gamoxatvis unari, Zalian advilad ixsenebs Tavis nacnob
mamakacebs, romlebic Seesabamebian mocemul stereotips da warumateblobas ganicdis
emociuri mamakacis gaxsenebis mcdelobisas.
movlenas, romelic sqesTa Soris realurad arsebuli sxvaobebis gacilebiT didi
masStabis genderul sxvaobebad gardasaxvaSi mdgomareobs, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, iluzorul korelacias uwodeben da miuxedavad am Temaze gamarTuli
43
uyurebda televizors, xolo im adamianebma, romlebsac igi rogorc bibilioTekari
warmoudgines, daimaxsovres, rom igi saTvales atarebda da usmenda klasikur musikas.
mkvlevari askvnis, rom oficiantis `xatma~ gamoiwvia erTi sqemis muSaoba, xolo
`biblioTekaris~ xatma — meore sqemisa. wveulebis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdgomi
gadamuSavebac imarTeboda am mimarTulebebiT.
markusis da zaioncis (Markus & Zajonc) gansazRvrebiT, mzamzareuli sqemebiT
informaciis gadamuSaveba araCveulebrivia im TvalsazrisiT, rom is `ekonomiuria~,
radgan warmodgenili rTuli socialuri garemocva dayavs azrobrivi kategoriebis
kontrolirebad ricxvebamde. isini arasakmarisi informaciis konpensirebis
saSualebas iZlevian da gvexmarebian gavideT mocemuli informaciis sazRvrebs gareT.
ra Tqma unda, informaciis gadamuSavebis aseT process Tavisi naklic aqvs. rogorc
fiske da teilori miuTiTeben, adamianTa kategoriebis Sesaxeb dagrovili zogadi
codna saSualebas ar gvaZlevs sworad (samarTlianad) Sevafasod pirovnebaTa
unikaluri Tvisebebi. ase magaliTad, bernis azriT, Setyobinebam misi amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb moaxdina misi aRzrdis,
pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, `provinciuli~ sqemis gaSveba (amuSaveba). es sqema Seicavs iseT
elementebs, rogoricaa `gauzrdeli~, `ukulturo~, `rasisti~. SemdgomSi es sqema
gaaZlierebs aRmqmelis mgrZnobelobas misi nebismieri moqmedebebis an gamoTqmebis
mimarT, romlebic gakvriT mainc SeiZleba dakavSirebulni iyvnen provincialobis
sqemasTan. isini zedmetad miiqceven yuradRebas da iqcevian misi pirovnebis aRqmis
ZiriTad safuZvlad, im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca isini ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi
pirovnebisaTvs damaxasiaTeblad.
amgvarad, stereotipebi Tavdapirvelad gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu ras aRviqvamT,
Semdgom ki imaze, Tu ras vimaxsovrebT. fiske da teilori (Fiske & Taylor) aRniSnavdnen,
rom aseTi wyoba gansxvavdeba aRqmis Sesaxeb Cveni Cveulebrivi warmodgenisagan. isini
werdnen, rom adamianebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom aRqma — es aris obieqturi
monacemebis pirdapiri kopireba, maTi pirdapiri asli. sinamdvileSi ki, ase ar aris.
sqemebis koncefcia dafuZnebulia im debulebaze, rom sqematizirebuli winaswari
codna (sqemebi) zegavlenas axdens socialuri realobis aqtiur konstruirebaze. maSin,
roca obieqturi minacemebi ayalibebs imas, rasac Cven aRviqvamT, Tqveni Sexedeulebebi
da molodinebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu rogor xedavT Tqven am monacemebs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba genderuli sxvaobebis
meqanizmis axsnas. genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderis safuZvelze
kategorizaciis Cveni swrafva marTavs informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebs da iwvevs
imas, rom Cven vxedevT qalebsa da mamakacebSi gacilebiT ufro met gansxvavebebs, vidre
isini arseboben sinamdvileSi. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebis rezultatebi adasturebs,
rom ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli, arsebiTi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris. miuxedevad amisa, Cven jiutad vagrZelebT maTi, rogorc sxvadasxvanairebis
xedvas da Sesabamisad, veqceviT maT sxvadasxvagvarad. gavrcelebuli stereotipebi
warmoadgenen mamakacebs aqtiurebad, agresiulebad da efeqtianad momqmedebad, qalebs
ki — pasiurebad, damokidebulebad da emociurebad. hofmans da hersts (Hoffman, Hurst)
moyavT gamokvlevis rezultatebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom sqesTaSoris
gansxvavebebis umravlesoba Zalian umniSvneloa imisaTvis, rom movelodeT maT
regularul gamovlenas. es avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom rogorc Cans, arsebobs mxolod
umniSvnelo korelacia sqesTa Soris sxvaobis xarisxsa da im masStabs Soris, romliTac
igi vlindeba stereotipebSi.
martinis (Martin) eqsperimentebma kidev erTxel daadastura Cveni tendencia
davinaxoT qalebi da mamakacebi ufro gansxvavebulad, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am
42
medebis mizezsa da Sedegs.
biologiuri determinizmi miuRebeli xdeba feministebisaTvis politikuri mosaz-
rebebidan gamomdinarec, radgan feminizmi orientirebulia socialur cvlilebebze
anu genderulad stratificirebuli sistemebis cvlilebebze. amdenad, maTTvis
miuRebelia biologiuri determinizmi. amgvarad, genderis socialur konstruqti-
vistuli Teoria moicavs politikur motivs da mimarTulia politikur Sedegze. so-
cialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoria sam ZiriTad Teorias efuZneba. es aris bergerisa
da lukmanis socialur- konstruqtiuli midgoma, garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia da
gofmanis dramaturgiuli intraspeqcionizmi.
Cven ar SevudgebiT am SexedulebaTa detalur ganxilvas. Cven mokled ganvixilavT
mxolod genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs.
genderi da Zalaufleba. genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis erT-erT mniSvne-
lovani Tezisia ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebSi genderis inkorporirebulobis Sesaxeb.
am debulebis mixedviT, socialuri realobis genderuli organizebis safuZvels
ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgens. maT mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
qalursa da mamakacurs Soris mimarTeba - es aris im gansxvavebebis mimarTeba, romlebic
SesaZleblobebis uTanasworobas warmoadgens. urTierTobaTa asimetria Sefarulia
genderuli displeiT, romelic genderul diskriminacias genderul sxvaobebad
warmogvidgens. genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Sexeduleba uars ambobs
socialur-sqesobrivi urTierTobebis adre arsebul or Sexedulebaze: socialuri
rolebis (genderuli rolebis) koncefciaze da fsiqologiuri sqesobrivi sxvaobebis
koncefciaze. konstruqtivistebis mixedviT, genderi ar SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc
socialuri roli. genderi sabazo identobaa. am TvalsazrisiT, genderi aris
eTnikurobis msgvsi kategoria, radgan igi aseve apirobebs im konstruqts, romelsac
iZenen konkretuli rolebi pirovnebisa Tu socialuri jgufebisaTvis. genderis
dayvana fsiqologiur niSnebze (maskulinurze an feminurze) ar SeiZleba. genderis
fsiqologizacia, genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebis moxedviT,
xels uSlis imis analizs, Tu rogor xdeba, rom socialuri institutebi genderulad
stratificirebulni xdebian. genderuli urTierTobebi, rogorc sqesis mixedviT
uTanasworobis socialuri urTierTobebi Cazrdilia socialuri wyobaSi iseTnirad,
rom fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis miwera warmoadgens am urTierTobaTa mxolod
erT aspeqts. amgvarad, genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis moxedviT,
genderi — es ar aris arc roli da arc fsiqologiur niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba.
genderuli urTierTobebis safuZvels ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgenen da
amitom _ es aris stratifikaciis safuZveli. am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, genderis
sociluri konstruqtivizmis warmomadgenlebi miznad isaxaven konkretul amocanebs
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
saleqcio Temis ukeT gazrebis mizniT, gamoyenebuli iqneba roluri TamaSis
meTodi. kerZod, Tavdapirvelad jgufis TiToeuli wevri patara baraTebze cal-calke
Camowers dRevandel saqarTveloSi qalebisa da mamakcebisTvis gankuTvnil
movaleobebs ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi. Semdeg jgufidan amoirCeva studenti gogona
da vaJi, romlebic gamovlen oTaxis centrSi. TiTTeuli studenti waikiTxavs yovel
movaleobas rigrigobiT da sqesis Sesabamisad gadascems gamosul students baraTs da
am mizniT winaswar momzadebul tvirTs (savaraudod wigns). saboloo jamSi jgufi
dainaxavs, Tu ramdeni movaleoba aqvs Cvens sazogadoebasi qals da ramdeni mamakacs,
rogoria maTi Tanafardoba. studentebma unda ifiqron imaze, Tu ratom aris aseTi
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uTanasworoba da ra gziT SeiZleba misi gamosworeba. es TamaSi amave dros safuZvels
moamzadebs Semdegi Temis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis.
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi
moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samecniero literaturSi (riderSi)
warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
leqciis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
samarTlianobis Teoria (Adams) _ Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,
kvalifikacias, unarebs da a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi da viRebT garkveul anazRa-
urebas., imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven
vadarebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa da anazRaurebis mimarTebas `Sesadarebeli
jgufis~ mier Cadebul Zalisxmevisa da mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas.
`SuSis Weri~ _ es aris metafora imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri, romlis zemoTac qalebi da agreTve, araevropuli
warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod ver adian.
genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmi _ feministuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
genderi ar aris biologiurad determinirebuli, aramed igi socialurad konstrui-
rebulia Zalauflebis asimertiuli gadanawilebis gamo.
genderuli urTierTobebi (genderis sociluri konstruqtivizmis mixedviT) _ es
aris Zalauflebisa da Tanasworobis socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Crawford M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill, 2004, p.: 359-395;
2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 194-224;
3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century, "Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd
Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June 2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/
4. sapiro v. qali da politika, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~,
bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 1998, gv.: 40-75.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) -Beijing, China, 4-15 September 1995 -–
www.un.org/womenwatch/
2. qalTa dasaqmebis sakiTxebi, kr., gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi
ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;
3. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998;
4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 1-13, 57-79
5. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scavlet Press,1992, p.: 1-179
6. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press,
1992, c.: 11
7. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998.
seminari # 6
Tema # 6 (2 sT)
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; seminarze
gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis
76
alberti da porteri (Albert & Porter, 1986) ikvlevdnen genderul stereotipebs farTe
mniSvnelobiT (damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs da rolur ganwyobebs). maT kvlevaSi
monawileobdnen 4-dan 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebidan da
samxreT afrikidan. mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom stereotipebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi
farTovdeba asakTan erTad. amasTan, samxreT afrikel bavSvebs ufro mkafio
warmodgena hqondaT mamakacis stereotipul rolze, vidre _ amerikel bavSvebs. qalis
stereotipuli rolis mimarT sxvaobebi kulturaTa Soris ar gamovlinda.
intons-petersonis (Intons-Peterson, 1988) kvlevam aCvena, rom Svedi bavSvebi (11-18 ww.)
qalebs miaweren ufro met mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, vidre — amerikeli bavSvebi.
bavSvebSi gamovlenili aseTi Sedegebi gansazRvra iman, rom stereotipuli
Sexedulebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis Sesaxeb ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTan SvedeTSi,
vidre — amerikaSi. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis prioritetebi
profesiis arCevaSi SvedeTSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. qalebi upiratesobas aniWeben
momsaxureobis sferos, xolo mamakacebi — bizness. amerikaSi ki piriqiT, profesiuli
prioritetebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris erTmaneTs emTxveva. amasTan orive jgufi
upiratesobas aniWebs eqimis da advokatis profesias da xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobas.
uiliamisis da bestis, da, agreTve, sxva mkvlevarTa mier ganxorcielebuli
kroskulturuli kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi universalur
xasiaTs atareben. amasTan kultura zegavlenas axdens maTi aTvisebis tempsa da
araarsebiT Sinaarsobriv aspeqtebze. amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT im universaliebis rangSi, romlebic sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxva
formiT vlindebian.
mravali kvlevis Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom informacia, romelic Cvens genderul
stereotipebs Seesabameba ufro metad (xSirad) iqneba SemCneuli da daxsomebuli,
vidre informacia, romelic maT ar Seesabameba.
informaciis gadamuSavebaze genderuli stereotipebis zegavlena farTed aris
nakvlevi genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi. igi stereotipebs ganixilavs rogorc socialuri
jgufebis socialur kategorias (sqemas). stereotipebi — es aris identificirebuli
jgufis wevrebis msgavsebis Sesaxeb farTed gavrcelebuli azri. stereotipebi
muSaoben rogorc sqemebi am jgufebis aRqmis dros. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iseve,
rogorc nebismieri sxva sqema, isini zegavlenas axdenen aRqmasa da daxsomebaze.
teilori (Taylor) aRniSnavs, rom iseTi parametrebi, rogoricaa rasa an sqesi,
gamoiyeneba diskriminaciuli paternebis saxiT Cvens garSemo myofi adamianebis Sesaxeb
informaciis dajgufebisa da gadamuSavebisaTvis. adamianebis gansakuTrebulad
ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani, iseTebi, rogoricaa sqesi, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba,
kilo — `aaqtiureben~ saWiro sqemebs da SemdgomSi informaciis gadamuSaveba am jgufis
calkeuli wevrebis Sesaxeb am sqemebiT imarTeba. kognituri sqemebis mier informaciis
gadamuSavebis marTvis sailustraciod S. berns (Bern) moyavs Semdegi magaliTi: `Tu
Tqven ar xarT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTis macxovrebeli, me ki Tqven
mogmarTeT samxreTuli gamoTqmiT (kiloTi) da gatyobinebT, rom vizrdebodi
konfederaciis dedaqalaqSi (riCmondi, virjiniis Stati), es gamoiwvevs Tqvens
cnobierebaSi garkveul stereotipebs, romlebic zegavlenas moaxdenen imaze, Tu ras
miaqcevT CemSi yuradRebas da ras daixsomebT Cems Sesaxeb samudamod. aseTi
informaciis miRebis gareSe Cemi qcevis da garegnobis zogierTi damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba SeumCneveli da daumaxsovrebeli dagrCebodaT~.
kohenis (Cohen, 1981) mier Catarebul gamokvlevaSi cdispirebs aCvenebdnen
videoCanawers, romelic erTi qalis dabadebis dRes asaxavda. im adamianebma,
romlebsac eubneodnen, rom es qali oficiantia, daimaxsovres, rom igi svamda luds da
41
kvira #4 kiTxvebi:
leqcia —2 sT 1. ras niSnavs genderuli stratifikacia?
2. daasaxeleT genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. SeadareT isini erTmaneTs.
Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi. 3. rogoria genderuli stratifikaciis paternebis mimarTuleba sxvadasxva
kroskulturuli monacemebi. kulturebSi?
4. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis genderul stratipikacias?
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba stereotipebis raoba da maTi warmoSobis kanonzo- 5. rogoria Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi?
mierebebi, agreTve, maTi funqcionirebis konkretuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva 6. rogoria qalTa monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi?
kulturebSi. moyvanili iqneba iluzoruli korelaciebis cneba da misi SesaZlo 7. rogor da ra sferoebSi vlindeba gansxvavebebi qalTa da mamakacTa uflebebSi?
axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli rolebi da maTi kroskulturuli sxvaobebi 8. ra aris genderuli socialuri konstruqtivizmis arsi?
umcrosebze zrunvis, ufrosebTan siaxlovis, agresiis gamovlenis da sakuTaris 9. ra Teoriulma da politikurma wanamZRvrebma gansazRvra genderuli socialuri
Rirsebis grZnobis TvalsazrisiT. ganxiluli iqneba tradiciuli qaluri da konstruqtivizmis aRmoceneba?
tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebi da agreTve, is SezRudevebi, romlebsac es rolebi 10. rogor aris gagebuli genderuli socialuri konstruqtivizmis TeoriaSi genderi?
uweseben qalebsa da mamakacebs.
genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa da mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb stereotipuli kulturuli Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur da mamakacur
sawyisTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am
stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebiis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxisa da
profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, agreTve, rom im
stereotipebis aTviseba bavSvebis mier, romlebic dakavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa da
moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul dayofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa da mamakacis
xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.
uiliamsma da bestma ikvlies 25 qveynis 5 da 8 wlis asakis bavSvebi. yvela qveyanaSi
stereotipebis procenti izrdeboda asakis matebasTan erTad. kerZod, 5 wlis
bavSvebTan stereotipizaciis done 60% iyo, xolo 8 wlis bavSvebSi — 70%. iseTi
zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa Zlieri, agresiuli, ulmobeli, gabeduli -
dakavSirebuli iyo mamakacTa sqesTan. xolo iseTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa
susti, nazi, damTmobi, keTili - dakavSirebuli iyo qalTa sqesTan.
stereotipizaciis TvalsazrisiT, gogonebisa da biWebis maRali monacemebi
miRebuli iyo axal zelandiaSi da inglisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki — pakistanSi. Zalian
dabali monacemebi iqna miRebuli braziliaSi, taivanSi, genmaniaSi da safrangeTSi.
Tumca qveynebs Soris arsebobs sxvaobebi swavlebis tempebSi, magram, saerTod,
stereotipebis aTviseba iwyeba 5 wlis asakidamde, misi tempi izrdeba dawyebiT klasebSi
da sabolod sruldeba Wabukobis periodSi.
gogonebi da biWebi stereotipebs erTnairi tempiT iTviseben. Tumca arsebobs
kroskulturuli sxvaobebi maT mier qalisa Tu mamakacis stereotipebis aTvisebis
rigiTobaSi. rogorc Cans, qalis stereotipi iqneba aTvisebuli pirvelad, Tu mama-
kacis, es damokidebulia mocemul kulturaSi qalisa da mamakacis stereotipizaciis
simkveTris xarisxze, maTi xatis met-nakleb diferencirebulobaze. ase magaliTad,
genmaniaSi, braziliaSi, portugaliaSi da venesuelaSi bavSvebis mier qalis genderuli
stereotipi ufro adre iyo aTvisebuli, vidre — mamakacisa.
bavSvebis mier stereotipiebis aTviseba damokidebulia, agreTve, mocemul
kulturaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipizaciis da maTi Tvisebebis gamijvnis
xarisxze. islamur kulturebSi 5 wlis bavSvebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom isini ufro
mkacr sazRvrebs avleben qalisa da mamakacis stereotipul Tvisebebs Soris. amasTan,
islamur qveynebSi sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT stereotipebis aTviseba ufro
adreul asakSi mimdinareobs.

40 77
kvira #7
leqcia —2 sT
Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.
genderuli Tanasworobis cneba.
kultura da genderuli Tanasworobis modelebi.
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria.
sakiTxi ganxiluli iqneba rogorc religiur WrilSi, aseve, antikuri filosofiuri
azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTac. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba platonisa da
aristoteles mosazrebebi qalisa da mamakacis funqciebze da rolebze sazogadoebaSi.
ganxiluli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad mniSvnelovani amocanebi da RonisZiebebi.
ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Gender Mainstreaming –i da misi ganxorcielebis modelebi
sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
mTlianobaSi Tu moviazrebT yvela im SesaZlo mizezebs, romelic ganapirobebs
qalis dabal statuss, maTi sakmaod farTo speqtri arsebobs: sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi gamjdari stereotipebi qalis tradiciuli rolis da marTvis unarebis
uqonlobis Sesaxeb, organizaciebsa da dawesebulebebSi arsebuli normebi, romlis
mixedviT mamakacs eniWeba upiratesoba. TviTon qalebSi arsebuli ganwyobebi, dabali
statusis molodini da mimRebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalis dabali statusi zogadi tendencia yvela kulturis-
Tvis saerToa, kulturaTa Soris arsebuli variaciebi mainc sakmaod mravalferovania
da damokidebulia: sazogadoebis kulturis da ganaTlebis doneze.
Cven patriarqalur samyaroSi vcxovrobT da Cveni cnobierebac amis Sesabamisia.
jari, industria, teqnologia, universitetebi, mecniereba, politikuri dawesebu-
lebebi, finansebi, maSasadame, yvelaferi rac Zalauflebas ukavSirdeba mamakacTa
xelSia. am fenomenis aRsaniSnavad XX saukuneSi Cndeba axali cnebac — androcentrizmi.
rogorc Sarlot perkins gilmani ambobs: `mamakacis Seqmnili samyaro, anu Cveni
androcentruli kultura~. am kulturis Tanaxmad, ki mamakaci ganasaxierebs
kacobriobas, qali ki erTgvari damatebaa, mamakacs daqvemdebarebuli damxmarea.
androcentrizms da Sesabamisad qalis diskriminacias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,
Tumca kacobriobisTvis es eTgvari `norma~ iyo. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde TiTqos
mTeli msoflio da maT Soris amerikelebic, Tavisuflebis flamgmanebi — TiTqos ver
amCnevden gansvlas Tavisuflebis idealis erTgulebasa da qalTa uflebebis uaryofs
(diskriminacias) Soris. amaze maT Tvalebi feministuri moZraobis pirvelma talRam
auxila.
60-iani wlebis feminizmis meore talRam win wamowia `seqsizmis~ socialuri
cnobiereba yvela im ideologiur da praqtikul sferoSi, sadac diskriminacia sqesis
safuZvelze xdeboda. feministebma naTeli gaxades, rom qalisTvis naklebi samuSaos,
(Tanac, dabali statusis mqone) miecema da naklebi anazRaureba, sworedac rom
diskriminacia iyo, romelic mxolod dromoWmul kulturul stereotipebs
efuZneboda. (amis Semdeg TviT reaqciulma politikosebmac ki dauWires mxari Tanabari
xelfasis ideas).
magram bolo periodSi sazogadoebaSi da cnobierebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
miuxedavad aRmoCnda, rom sqesisa da genderis Sesaxeb arseabuli stereotipuli
Sexedulebebi Zalian farTod iyo gamjdari rogorc adamianis fsiqikaSi, aseve
78
leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidanac, rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier genderuli socializaciis
institutebis zegavlenis ukeT gacnobierebas da kulturis rolis gaazrebas am
procesSi.
socializaciis yoveli wyaros ganxilvisas gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, studen-
tebis aqtiuri monawileoba leqciis procesSi. maT moeTxovebaT gaixsenon SemTxvevebi,
roca maTi an maTi nacnobebis mier am institutebis mxridan mowodebuli genderuli
qcevis nimuSebis modelireba (imitacia) xdeboda an iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca gende-
rulad Seusabamo qcevas mSoblebis, ufrosebis an Tanatolebis mxridan uaryofiTi
Sefaseba mohyva.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi. studentebs, agreTve, daevalebaT seminarisaTvis gaakeTon e.w. qalebisa da
mamakacebis Jurnalebis analizi. kerZod, gansazRvron, maTi Tematika, ikvlion
seqsizmisa da feisizmis movlena; gaanalizon, Tu rogor vlindeba genderuli
stereotipebi mocemul publikaciebSi.
seminari #3 (Tema # 3 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba jgufuri dis-
kusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, Semowmdeba masalis aTvisebis (socializaciis institutebis
codna, ZiriTadi cnebebis floba) xarisxi; dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. daasaxeleT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris
genderul sxvaobebs.
2. socializaciis romeli institutebi iciT? mokled daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
3. axdens Tu ar gansxvavebul zegavlenas socializacia niWier gogonebze da niWier
biWebze?
4. ra zegavlenas axdenen kulturuli tradiciebi socializaciis Sedegbze?
5. ra da ra sferoebSi vlindeba genderuli diferencialuri socializaciis Sedegebi?
6. rogoria diferencialuri socializaciis meqanizmebi?
7. seminarze moxdeba Sesrulebuli davalebis warmodgena, Sedegebis jgufuri
Sejameba da analizi.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, p.: 144-188;
2. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum
Press, 1988, p.: 327-370;
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 123-144;
4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 204-207.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 29-82;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 329-332;
3. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guilford Press, 1992, T.: 8;
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.:, 198-226.
39
12 qveynis beWvdiTi gamocemebi. yvela qveyanaSi gamovlinda feisizmis movlena.
saTamaSoebi. saTamaSoebi asruleben mniSvnelovan rols diferencialuri sociali-
zaciis procesSi. arsebobs saTamaSoebis mkveTri diferenciacia, genderuli niSniT.
kerZod, gogonebis saTamaSoebad yvela kulturaSi miiCneva Tojinebi, saojaxo
saqmianobaSi gamosadegari nivTebis modelebi (e.w. saeqimo inventari, WurWeli, bavSvis
movlasTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi, logini, etli, sabani da sxv.). biWebis saTamaSoebad
miCneulia manqanebis modelebi TviTmfrinavis da manqanebis konstruqtorebi da sxv.
msgavsi genderuli stereotipebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saTamaSoebTan,
gamovlenili iyo rogorc dasavlur kulturebSi, aseve afrikaSic, sadac gogonebi
TamaSobdnen TojinebiT, biWebi ki — manqanebis konstruqtorebiT da iaraRebis mode-
lebiT. gogonebisa da biWebis saTamaSoebis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom gogonebi
gadian e.w. `praqtikas~ da emzadebian momavali rolebisaTvis —diasaxlisobisa da
dedobisaTvis. genderulad tipirebuli saTamaSoebi uviTareben maT urTierTobebis
unarebsac. biWebis saTamaSoebi ki mimarTulia SemoqmedebiTobis, garSemomyofi samya-
ros gardasaxvis unaris, maTematikuri unarebis, logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.
biWebis saTamaSoebi iwveven, agreTve, Sejibrze da liderobaze mimarTuli qcevebis
waxalisebas.
amgvarad, nebismieri saTamaSoebis maRaziis analizi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs gogo-
nebisa da biWebis saTamaSoebi. isini diferencialuri socializaciis instrumentebia.
amasTan, saTamaSoebis genderul mikuTvnebulobaze miuTiTebs ara matro maTi
funqcia, aramed saxeli da SefuTvis kolofic.
amgvarad, arsebobs pankulturuli tendencia bavSvebs aswavlon, maT ki aiTvison
genderis Sesatyvisi qceva, Tumca kulturaTa Soris mciredi sxvaoba vlindeba TviT
swavlebis SinaarsSi.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
diferencialuri gaZliereba — socializacis procesi, romlis drosac mocemuli
sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo miuReblis — socialuri
dasja.
diferencialuri imitacia (modelireba) — socializaciis procesi, romlis drosac
adamiani irCevs rolur modelebs misTvis Sesatyvis jgufSi miRebuli normebis
mixedviT da cdilobs mibaZos maT.
genderuli konstantoba — bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom sqesi mudmivia da misi Secvla
SeuZlebelia.
metaanalizi — es aris statistikuri teqnika, romlis mizania jgufTa Soris sxvaobis
saerTo Sefaseba dadgena ramdenime gamokvlevidan miRebuli informaciis kombinaciis
gziT.
seqsizmi — winaswari ganwyobebi da madiskriminirebeli qceva ama Tu im sqesis
warmomadgenlis mimarT.
feisizmi — qalisa da mamakacis gamosaxulebaSi saxisa da sxeulis gansxvavebuli
xarisxiT warmoCenis tendencia.
38
socialur institutebSi, rac mamakacTa Zalauflebis mudmiv kvlavwarmoebas iwvevda.
`androcentrizms~ Tavisi didi istoria aqvs, is maSin iwyeba, roca daiwyo qal-
RmerTis mamrobiTi RmerTiT Secvlis procesi da Sesabamisad qalis arasrulfasovan
da macdur arsebad gamocxadeba. manamde ki iyo xana, sadac adidebdnen `zeciur diad
dedofals~, memkvidreoba qalis xaziT gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, kaci ar
akontrolebda qals; sufevda matriarqati. mesopotamiuri wyaroebi savsea diad
qalRmerTze miTiTebebiT. Sumeruli locvebi adideben didebul dedofals — nanas,
rogorc Zlevamosil qalbatonsa da Semoqmeds.
qalRmerTis Zalauflebas yvelaze Zolierad daupirispirda iudaizmi, mama—
RmerTis ideiT. es iyo me—17 saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, roca abraamma iahvesTan
`xelSekruleba~ dado. ase daiwyo mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi qalRmerTis mamrobiTi
RmerTiT Secvlis procesi. cnobierebaSi damkvidrda mamrobiTi sqesis RmerTis —
Sesabamisad ki srulfasovani mamakacis da arasrulfasovani qalis stereotipi,
romelic acdunebs mamakacs, rom WeSmariti gzidan gadaaxvevinos.
qalRmerTis sruli uaryofisTvis ebraelebma samyaros Seqmnis axlebuli versia
wamoayenes, romelic gansxvavdeboda aRmosavluri versiebisagan, sadac Zalauflebi-
sTvis brZola mdedrobiT da mamrobiT RvTaebebs Soris mimdinareobs. iahves
mimdevrebi saerTod uaryofdnen sxva RmerTebis arsebobas da yvela diad saqmes
mxolod iahves miawerdnen (samyaros Seqmnas). amrigad qalRmerTis sruli uaryofa
xdeboda.
amis Semdeg ki mamakaci, rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi da misi STamomavali, sazRvravs
qalTan, rogorc `sxvasTan~ damokidebulebasa da urTierTobas.
androcentruli TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gamoiyos mamakacis qalTan damokide-
bulebis sami aspeqti: 1) qali, rogorc arasrulfasovani universalur standartTan
mimarTebaSi, romelTanac mamakacs sakuTari Tavi aqvs identificirebuli. 2) qals
mxolod saojaxo da reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs ojaxSi, romlis ufrosadac
mamakaci sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs. 3) qals aqvs unari aRZras da daakmayofilos mamakacis
seqsualuri mada, romelic mamakacisTvis erTdToulad amaRelvebelicaa da saSiSic.
es ideebi warmodgenilia samyaros Seqmnis bibliur versiaSic. magaliTad, adams
uflisgan miniWebuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli ufleba sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr saxeli
mianiWos yovel qmnilebas, maT Soris qalsac; amasTan RmerTis xatad mxolod adami aris
Seqmnili. `RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara adams da ra daeZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da mis
adgilas xorci Caudo. im neknisagan, adams, rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma
RmerTma da adams miuyvana. Tqva adamma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci
Cemi xorcTagani; dedakaci erqvas mas, radgan kacisagan aris gamoRebuli~. (dabadeba
2:18—23).
amrigad, bibliis mixedviT, eva aris arasrulfasovani, meoradi qmnileba, mamakacis
damxmared Seqmnili. is ar aris `saxelebis damrqmevi~.
qalis arasrulfasovnebaze miuTiTebs codviT dacemis istoriac.l gvelma imitom
daiyolia eva. gaasinja akrZaluli xis nayofi, rom igi arasrulfasovan arsebad da
RmerTTan naklebad daaxloebulad CaTvala.
codviT dacemis ambavSi, agreTve, kargad Cans qalis macduri buneba; roca eva
daiTanxmebs adams gaakeTos is, rac mas ufalma aukrZala. saukuneebis manZilze
interpretatorebi adamis codvas evas macdurobas miawerdnen.
da bolos, bibliaSi moTxroblia im sasjelis Sesaxebac, romelsac qali iRebs
reproduqciuli da ojaxuri funqciis SesrulebiT. qali isedac mamakacis damxmared
iyo Seqmnili, magram codvis dacemis Semdgom kidev ufro daqvemdebarebuli da
tanjuli gaxda. RmerTma uTxra dedakacs: `satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb
79
orsulobas, tanjviT Sob Svilebs. qmrisken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze~.
qalis arasrulfasovnad, meorexarisxovnad Sefasebis tendencia grZeldeba da
Rrmavdeba qristianobaSic. qristianebi, romlebic ebraelTa RmerTs — iahves — qristes
mamad miiCnevdnen, da Sesabamisad monoTeizms da RmerTis mamrobiToba aRiarebdnen.
aranaklebi mondomebiT cdilobdnen bibliidan da axali aRTqmidan qalis RvTaebri-
obis niSanwyalis aRmofxvras. qristianebi kategoriulad daupirispirdnen gnosti-
kosebis Sexedulebebs, romelTa azriT, bibliis dabadebis teqstSi arsebuli muxlis
`Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi; mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna igi~
(dabadeba 1:27) — interpretireba saSualebas iZleva mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworobis
da Sesabamisad Tanasoruflebianobis aRiarebisa. orTodoqsma qristianebma katego-
riuli miuRebloba gamoucxades gnostikosTa Sexedulebebs, maTi azrebi eretikulad
gamoacxades da Semdegom gnostikosTa teqstebi saerTod gaanadgures.
bibliuri istoria mTeli dasavluri civilizaciisTvis qalis Sesaxeb koncefciis
safuZvels qmnis. magram am koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi dasavluri azrovneba ara
mxolod bibliur istorias eyrdnoboda, aramed antikur filosofiur da politikur
tradiciebsac, romlebic saTaves Zvel saberZneTSi iReben.
istorikosebi antikuri xanis berZnebs dasavluri civilizaciis damfuZneblad
miiCneven. maT Seqmnes pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis tradiciebi, maTi
xelovneba da mecniereba dasavluris fundamentia, magram am dadebiTi wvlilis garda
maTve Seqmnes mizoginiis (qalTmoZuleobis) tradiciac, romelic SemdgomSi dasavluri
qalis koncefciis ganmsazRvreli gaxda.
Zalze mniSvnelovania platonis da aristoteles azrebi da gansazRvrebebi qalis
bunebis Sesaxeb. maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian axlosaa iudeur da qristianul
SexedulebebTan, Tumca platonis da aristoteles TxzulebebSi qali ar iyo
ganxiluli, rogorc macdunebeli da qalis seqsualoba maTTvis angariSgasawevi
fenomeni ar iyo.
platonis azriT, adamianis buneba ori saxisaa, sadac mamakacebi `upiratesi rasaa~.
Tavdapirveli Seqmna, saerTod ar Seicavda qalebs. Seiqmnen mxolod mamakacebi,
romelTa sulebi calkeulvarskvlavebtan iyvnen dakavSirebulni da vin am qveynad
wesierad cxovrobda, isev Tavis varskvlavze brunedeboda dalocvili da araCveu-
lebrivi cxovrebisTvis. codvili mamakacebi ki, meored dabadebisas qalad
evlinebodnen samyaros da Tu am saxiTac ver Seikavebdnen Tavs borotebisgan,
SemdgomSi ukve sazarel arsebebad gadaiqceodnen. Seqmnis am miTis Tanaxmad qali
mamakacisgan aris warmoqmnili, iseve, rogorc bibliaSi da metic, qali Seqmnilia
codvili, mxdali da uRirsi mamakacisagan. is ki, vinc qalad yofnisasac agrZelebda
uRirs cxovrebas, mdabal mankier cxovelad iqceoda xelaxali dabadebisas.
platonma, rogorc socialurma vizionerma, ori qalaqis aRwerilobac mogvca:
idealuri qalaqi — sadac mTel sakuTrebas erTad flobs `mcvelebis~ elitaruli
jgufi, romelTac ar amoZavebs piradi interesebi da meore idealuri qalaqi — sadac
sakuTreba ar aris saerTo. platonis pirvel idealur qalaqSi anu sazogadoebaSi iyo
yovelgvari kerZo — ojaxic, Svilic da colic.
platonis idealur sazogadoebaSi qals uCveulo roli eniWeboda; mas iseve unda
Seesrulebina `mcvelis~ roli, rogorc mamakacs. amisTvis ki isini unda
gadaemzadebinaT, Tumca amis miuxedavad, qali, savaraudod, mainc uaresad
Seasrulebda am rols, radgan ar flobda, im umaRles Tvisebebs, rasac - mamakaci.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi xedviT qalis erTmeoda seqsualuri atributika.
Zveli berZnebis ganmartebaSi qals tradiciuli androcentruli elementebidan
erTi aklia, es aris qali, rogorc seqsualuri, saSiSi arseba — macduri. xolo
80
skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi, rogorc socializaciis modelebi xels uwyobs tra-
diciuli genderul-roluri ideologiis ganmtkicebas da Sesabamisi stereotipuli
Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.
sabavSvo literaturaSi seqsizmis gamosavlenad genderuli mkvlevrebi akeTebdnen
teqstebis Sinaarsis analizss. kroskulturuli kvlevebis umravlesobaSi dadginda,
rom im wignebis kiTxva, romlebSic SeimCneva sqesobriv-roluri stereotipizacia, xels
uwyoben bavSvebis TamaSebis sqesobriv-rolur tipizacias.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bolo dros Catarebuli wignebis analizi uCvenebs,
rom 1980 wlis Semdeg gamocemuli sabavSvo literatura sagrZnoblad Seicvala, magram
biblioTekebSi jer kidev arsebobs seqsizmiT gaJRenTili wignebi. am literaturaSi
qalebi warmodgenilni arian rogorc ojaxuri keris mfarvelebi, maSin roca mamakacebs
aqvT sruli SesaZlebloba sakuTari Tavis realizacia saxls gareT moaxdinon. es
istoriebi (moTxrobebi) gogonebs aswavlian, rom maTi funqciaa bavSvebis movla da
ojaxuri meurneobis gaZRola, sxva rolebi ki mamakacTa privilegiaa. sabavSvo
literaturis umetesobaSi gogonebisa da qalebis ilustraciebi saojaxo nivTebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, gogonas uWiravs cocxi, dedas exmareba WurWlis
recxvaSi da sxv. biWebisa da mamakacebis ilustraciebi ki amave literaturaSi iseT
Sromis iaraRebTan (instrumentebTan da atributebTan) aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic
saWiroa saxls gareT samuSaod.
mSobelTa ganwyobebs moswrebis mimarT aseve SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani gavlenis
moxdena bavSvTa miRwevebze. serpelma (Serpell, 1993) aRmoaCina, rom zambiaSi iTvleba,
rom ganaTleba ufro mniSvnelovania biWebisTvis, vidre — gogonebisaTvis. amitom
skolaSi swavlebaze pasuxismgeblobas ZiriTadad iRebs mama, deda ki bavSvebis movliT
aris dakavebuli. CineTSi, iaponiaSi da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dedebi Tvlian,
rom biWebi ufro kargad unda iTvisebdnen maTematikas, gogonebi ki — kiTxvas (Lummis &
Stevenson, 1990), Tumca ki, realobaSi gogonebic da biWebic erTnairi warmatebiT
iTviseben orive sagans.
masmedia. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, bolo dros televizia konkurencias uwevs
mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mier warmodgenil qceviT modelebs. televizia myari
sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis matarebelia da Sesabamisad qmnis qalebisa da
mamakacebis stereotipul saxeebs.
mkvlevrebis mier satelevizio programebis analizma aCvena, rom umravles
kulturebSi teleekranebze mamakacebi ufro xSirad Canan, vidre - qalebi. amasTan,
mamakacebi warmodgenilni arian, rogorc ufro Zlierni da aqtiurni, xolo qalebi ki -
rogorc gulisxmierni da emociurni.
reklamebSic mamakacebi dominantur rolSi gamodian. qalebi ZiriTadad iseT
reklamebSi monawileoben, romlebic saojaxo saqmianobas an saojaxo nivTebs exeba. es,
ra Tqma unda, Zlier zegavlenas axdens tradiciuli genderul-roluri ideologiis
Camoyalibebaze.
rigi gamokvlevebisa (Archer) gviCveneben, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis
gamosaxulebebSi saxe warmodgenilia sxvadasxva xarisxiT. am movlenas feisizmi
ewodeba. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad,
gamovlinda, rom fotoebi presaSi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi xazs usvamen saxes, xolo
qalebis SemTxvevaSi — maT sxeuls. mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilni arian
kisridan zemoT, xolo qalebi — mTlianad. es faqti, arCeris azriT, miuTiTebs imaze,
rom masmedia mamakacebis saxis upiretesi CvenebiT xazs usvams mamakacebis pirovnebas
da maT mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi. arCerisa da misi kolegebis mier gamokvleuli iyo
37
ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs vaJisSvilis aRzrdaSi (Rohner & Rohner, 1982). maki da
dei (Mackey, 1985; Mackey & Day, 1997) akvirdebodnen bavSvTa da mSobelTa qcevas
sazogadoebriv adgilebSi 10 sxvadasxva kulturaSi da aRmoaCines, rom gogonebi ufro
xSirad iyvnen iseT jgufebSi (sazogadoebaSi), sadac ar arian zrdasruli mamakacebi,
maSin roca biWebi ufri xSirad arian iseT jgufebSi, romlebic mTlianad
mamakacebisgan Sedgebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom es gansxvavebebi asakTan erTad matulobs.
Tanatolebi. bavSvobaSi da ymawvilobisas socializaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben Tanatolebi. Tanatolebis zegavlena izrdeba bavSvTa zrdasTan erTad,
axdens ra bavSvobidan zrdasrulobisken gadasvlis struqturirebas.
2-10 wlis bavSvTa TanatolebTan urTierTobis analizma, romelic xorcieldeboda
6 kulturis da 6 damatebiTi SerCevis farglebSi mkvlevarTa jgufis mier (Edwards,
1992; Edwards &Whting, 1993), aCvena sakuTari sqesis warmomadgenlebisadmi upiratesobis
miniWebis kros-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT universalurad mdgradi tendencia,
romelic vlindeba dawyebuli 2 wlis asakidan. ufro ufros bavSvebSi sqesis mixedviT
segregacia gxvdeba Zalian xSirad. edvardsi gamoTqvams varauds, rom Tavis msgavsisken
swrafva SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis SecnobiT iyos ganpirobebuli, Tanatolebi ki —
yvelaze kargi sarkea. bavSvisTvis Tanatolebi — es arian isini, visac aqvT misi msgavsi
Sexedulebebi da gansazRvruli moRvaweobis da qcevis upiratesobis miniWebis
msgavseba. magram Tanatolebi, aseve, uzrunvelyofen SesaZleblobebs Sejibrisa
(konkurenciisa) da konfliqtebisaTvis, rac normalur farglebSi ganviTarebis
safuZvelia.
mozardTa iniciaciis ritualebi vlindeba bevr kulturaSi da miznad isaxavs
CamoaSoron inicirebuli axloblebs (mSoblebs); moamzados igi seqsualobisTvis,
domonirebisa da agresiisaTvis (im doziT, rogorc is micemul kulturaSia misaRebi);
ganamtkicos politiluri kavSirebi. edvardsis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
koleqtiuri ritualebi ufro gavrcelebulia biWebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre —
gogonebTan da xSired gvxvdeba meomarTa sazogadoebebSi, romlebic aqcents akeTeben
qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saqmianobebze.
gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom dasavluri ganaTlebis miRebas
da gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi iniciaciis ritualebis cvlileba mohyveba, magram isini
ukvalod ar qrebian da mainc axdenen gavlenas gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciaze.
ganaTleba. bavSvTa mier genderuli rolebis aTvisebaze aseve did zegavlenas axdens
ganaTlebis sistemac. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis sistema erTiania gogonebisa da
biWebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc am sistemaSi codnasTan da qcevasTan dakavSirebuli
oficialuri moTxovnebi, gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba skolis literaturaSi warmodgenil qceviT nimuSebSi biWebisTvis da
gogonebisTvis da pedagogebis urTierTobaSi orive sqesis warmomadgenlebTan.
ganaTlebis pirobebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens bavSvebis socializaciaze.
iaponiisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis me-5 klaselebze Catarebuli dakvirebebi
(Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura, 1991) aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi orive qveyanaSi met
yuradRebas aqceven biWebs, amasTan afaseben maT uaryofiTad. amave dros, meti
yuradReba veranairad ver aixsneba cudi moqceviT an davalebis SeusruleblobiT.
genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, agreTve, skolis
saxelmZRvaneloebi da maTSi moTavsebuli ilustraciebi. aq warmodgenili qalis da
gogonas personaJebi tradiciuli stereotipuli Tvisebebis matarebelia: maT
mamakacebi da biWebi icaven, Sevlian, aswavlian an mfarveloben. aqedan gamomdinare,
36
platonis mier kerZo ojaxis ideis uaryofiT (kerZo colis, Svilis) qalma dakarga
kidev erTi tradiciuli elementi — qali, rogorc daqvemdebarebuli patriarqalur
ojaxSi.
magram platonis meore idealur ojaxSi qalis daqvemdebarebuloba da metic
diskriminacia kvlav gamoCnda. aq qalebi moklebulni arian ZiriTad samoqalaqo da
kanonier uflebebs, maT Soris: sakuTrebis uflebas, memkvidreobis uflebas da
sasamarTloSi mowmed yofnis uflebas. maT mxolod yoveldRiuri, rutinuli samuSaos
Sesruleba uwevT — saojaxo saqme, bavSvebis mrovla da meTvalyureoba — bavSvebis
aRzrda ganaTlebaze zrunvac ki ar Sedis maT funqciebSi, radgan es funqciebi,
rogorc inteleqtualuri da prioritetuli, mamakacebs ekuTvnis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu platoni pirveli idealuri qalaqis Sesaxeb msjelobisas,
mainc uSvebs qalisa da mamakacis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas, aristotele am SesaZ-
leblobas saerTod gamoricxavs.
aristotelesTvis samyaro erTiani struqturaa, sadac Semadgeneli nawilebi
ierarqiulad aris organizebuli, mxolod saukeTesosa da upiratess aqvs raciona-
luri arsebobis principi, xolo yvela danarCeni misi xelSewyobis funqcias asrulebs.
asevea qalisa da mamakacis mimarTebaSic. mamakaci ierarqiis saTaveSia, rogorc
srulyofili da unariani, xolo qali, rogorc bunebrivi naklis mqone Tavisze
`upiratesis~ sasargeblod arsebobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli berZnebis daSvebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebrivi
gansxvavebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris amarTlebs politikur uTanasworobas
SeuTavsebeli iyo adamianTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso enasTan, maT mainc SeaRwies
ganmanaTlebeli Teoretikosebis naSromebSi da, agreTve, Tanamedrove demokratiul
konstituciebSic. (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebis konstituciaSic yvelaze
ZiriTad uflebas — xmis uflebas — feradkanianebTan erTad moklebuli iyvnen qalebic.
Jan—Jak ruso mgznebared gamodioda yovelgvari politikuri uTanasworobis
winaaRmdeg, man bunebrivi gansxvavebebis da politikuri uTanasworobis gamo Zveli
berZnebis sawinaaRmdego azri gamoTqva, magram es exeboda mxolod mamakacebs da
qalebis Sesaxeb mas sityvac ar dauZravs.
Tuki es filosofiuri da religiuri ideebi ganapirobebden aTasi wlis winandel
androcentrizms, arsebobs ideebic, romlebic uaxles, Tanamedrove androcentrizms
daedo safuZvlad. amjerad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs androcentrizmis asi wlis winandeli
gamocdileba, romelmac kidev ufri gaamyara Zveli stereotipebi. man, agreTve,
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba adamianuri bunebis gageba dasavlur kulturaSi da Tamamad
SeiZleba miviCnioT qalis Tanamedrove koncefciis ZiriTad qvakuTxedad. — es aris
zigmund froidis Sexedulebebi qalisa da mamakacis Sesaxeb.
Tuki iudaistebis da qristianebis Tanaxmad, mamakacebs da qalebs RmerTma mianiWa
Tavidanve gansxvavebuli buneba, Tu berZeni filosofosebis Tanaxmad, sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebebi bunebam ganapiroba, z. froidis Teoriis Tanaxmad (rogorc zemoT
davinaxeT), mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebi, ganviTarebis
procesSi Camoyalibda.
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSi, garkveuli etapebis gavTliT mamakacebsa
da qalebs gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Strixebi uyalibdebaT, sadac mamakacebis da qalebis
fsiqologiuri portretebi mkveTrad asimetriulia, xolo qalis portreti sakmaod da
meorexarisxovani arasrulfaysovani magaliTad: mamakaci — dominanturi, aqtiuri,
mamaci, gonieri da a.S. qali ki— pasiuri, eWviani, narcisuli, crumorwmune da a.S.
miuxedavad kerZo da sazogadoebriv cnobierebis aseTi xangrZlivi ganpirobebu-
lobisa, bolo dros sazogadoebaSi icvleba ganwyobebi genderuli Tanasworobis ideis
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sasargeblod (qalis sazogadoebrivi statusis gazrdisa da gamyarebis momxreTa
ricxvi rom sagrZnoblad gaizarda, amaze metyvelebs oskampis (Oskamp, 1991) kvlevebic.
am kvlevebis mixedviT, qalis prezidentobis kandidaturas 1937 wels — 33% — uWerda
mxars 1987 wels ki — 82%).
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad gaxSirda da gaZlierda qalis uflebebis-
Tvis brZola da qalebs statusis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi (konferenciebi,
seminarebi, aqciebi, programebi da sxv.) — es im procesis Sedegs warmoadgenen, rasac
feministurma moZraobebma daudes saTave.
gaeros egidiT qalTa konferenciebi Catarda: mexikoSi (1975), kopenhagenSi (1980) da
nairobiSi (1985). am konferenciebze moxda qalis statusis Sefaseba da qalTa
ganviTarebis da winsvlis strategiebis dasaxva. 80—90—ian wlebSi sxvadasxva qveynis
warmomadgenelma qalebma wamowies adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxi da daJinebiT moiTxoves
adamianis uflebebis koreqcia da qalis uflebebis, integracia;
adamianis uflebebis ganxilva Seicavda im ormagi standartebis analizsac,
romelic adamianis uflebebsa da qalis cxovrebis realobas Soris arsebobs. qalebma
farTo sazogadoebas daanaxves, rom adamianis uflebebis ganxorcielebas genderuli
elferi dahkravs da, agreTve, moiTxoves, rom adamianebis uflebebis struqtura
srulfasovnad iTvaliswinebdes kacobriobis meore naxevris — qalebis gamocdilebas.
qalis adamianis uflebebis moxmobiT qali uaryofs adamianis uflebebis iseT
ierarqias, sadac politikuri da moqalaqis uflebebi an socialur—ekonomikuri uf-
lebebi ganixileba, rogorc upiratesi. amis sapirispirod, qalebi amtkiceben, rom
politikuri stabiloba ar ganxorcieldeba manam, sanam ar mogvardeba qalis soci-
aluri da ekonomikuri uflebebis sakiTxi; mdgradi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia poli-
tikur procesebSi qalis kulturuli da socialuri rolis CarTvisa da mis mimarT
pativiscemis gareSe. Tanasworoba ver damyardeba ekonomikuri samarTlianobis da
politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela doneze qalis monawileobis gareSe.
mTeli msoflios qalebi xangrZlivi drois granmavlobaSi cdilobdnen yuradRebis
centrSi daeyenebinaT qalTa diskriminaciis sakiTxi; agreTve, ayenebdnen sakiTxs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aqvs qalis uflebebs adamianis uflebebis mimarT damxmare statusi.
am mcdelobam 90—iani wlebis dasawyisSi garkveuli winsvla ganicada.
1993 wels venaSi gamarTuli gaeros saerTaSoriso konferenciai adamianis
uflebebis Sesaxeb, gadaiqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli adamianis uflebebis axali
xedvisa da praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. am konferenciaze qalTa uflebebis
saerTaSoriso kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias mouwodebda
yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina qalis adamianis uflebebi da eRiarebina genderuli
Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni (Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi specifikuri
formiT gamovlenili). qalebma gaagrZeles am sakiTxis lobireba da 1994 wels kairoSi
gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze gamorCeulad aRiarebuli iqna qalTa repro-
duqciuli uflebebi. 1995 wels pekinSi ki, qalTa msoflio konferenciaze SeimuSaves
moqmedebis platforma. amiT niSani mieca qalTa uflebebis adamianis uflebebad
oficialur aRiarebas. marTalia am konferenciaze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli
Zala ara aqvs; Tumca maT namdvilad aqvT eTikuri da politikuri wona.
yvela es mcdeloba mimarTulia qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobis dasamya-
reblad. sqesTa Soris TanasworobaSi ki igulisxmeba: Tanabari mdgomareoba (socia-
luri), damoukidebloba, sazogadoebrivi da kerZo cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari
monawileoba da pasuxismgebloba.
Tanasworobis cneba gulisxmobs qalisa da mamakacis yovlismomcveli monawileobis
princips sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Zvelad (zogjer exlac, Tanamedrove droSic,
82
kenia), romlebSic rogorc gogonebs, aseve biWebs daaxloebiT erTnairi samuSao
evalebodaT. danarCen sam SerCevaSi (indoeTi, meqsika da okinava) gogonebs da biWebs
eqceodnen gansxvavebulad da gogonebs gacilebiT ufro xSirad sTxovdnen moearaT
umcrosi da-ZmisTvis da gaekeTebinaT saxlis samuSao. rac Seexeba ojaxuri
davalebebis Sesrulebebis sixSires, es maCvenebeli yvelaze mcire iyo amerikul
SerCevaSi, sadac arc gogonebi da arc biWebi ar iRebdnen gansakuTrebul monawileobas
ojaxur saqmianobebSi da umcrosebis movlaSi.
bredlim (Bredley, 1993) gamoikvlia bavSvTa Sroma 91 kulturaSi standartuli
kroskulturuli SerCevis magaliTze. man miiRo Semdegi rezultatebi: 6 wlamde
bavSvebi asruleben mcire samuSaos yvela kulturaSi. 6 welze ufrosi asakis bavSvebi
asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelic faqtiurad Seesabameba (uaxlovdeba) misi
Sesatyvisi sqesis ufrosis samuSaos. Tumca rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi, ufro
xSirad asruleben qalur samuSaos (mag. wylis motana), vidre mamakacurs (mag.
nadiroba). amasTan, bavSvebi xSirad asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelsac ufrosebi
damamcireblad an arakvalificiurad miiCneven. bavSvTa Sromas Tvals adevneben
qalebi, rac xels uwyobs bavSvebis mier kulturuli normebis aTvisebas da amsubuqebs
dedis Sromas. amgvarad, bredli Tvlis, rom is vinc zrdis bavSvs, ara mxolod zrdis
Tavis momaval dasayrdens sibereSi, aramed, amave dros, aqvs saSualeba isargeblos
bavSvTa Sromis nayofiTac.
bavSvebis movla da maTze zrunva. vaisnernma da galimorma (Weisner & Gallimore, 1977)
gaaanalizes 186 sazogadoebis monacemebi da mividnen im daskvnamde, rom Cvili
bavSvebis movliT pirvel rigSi dakavebulni arian dedebi, ufrosi naTesavi qalebi da
gogonebi. Tumca ki, rogorc ki patarebi izrdebian, maTi aRzrdis pasuxismgeblobas
iReben ara mxolod maTi debi, aramed — Zmebic. 2-4 wlis bavSvebi aseT `ZiZebTan~
yoveldRiurad drois 70% atareben im sazogadoebebSi, sadac dedebi Tavis drois
umetesi nawili sxvadasxva tipis warmoebiTi saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni da mTel
dros dedobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebas ar axmaren. Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi
bavSvebi xedaven dedaSi imas, vinc maTze pasuxs agebs.
80 gamokvleuli kulturidan (Katz & Konner, 1981; West & Konner, 1976) faqtiurad 20%-
Si mamebi iSviaTad, an arasodes ar arian dakavebulni Cvil bavSvebze zrunviT. mamis
axlo urTierToba CvilebTan gamovlenili iyo mxolod kulturaTa 4 %- Si, magram
aseTi siaxlovis drosac ki mamebi CvilebTan Tavisi drois mxolod 14 %-s xarjavdnen
da uzrunvelyofdnen maTi moTxovnilebebis mxolod 6%-s. monros (R.L. Munroe &
Monroe, 1994) gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom umetes sazogadoebebSi mamis bavSvTan
urTierToba — es aris mxolod TamaSi.
rig gamokvlevebSi dadasturda (Katz & Konner, 1981; Segall, 1988, B.B. Whiting, 1965), rom
mamis aryofna (ararseboba) ukavSirdeba zedmet agresias an hipermaskulinur qcevas.
xolo sxva gamokvlevebSi (Gronseth, 1957; Lynn & Sawrey, 1959) dadginda, rom mamis
xangrZlivi aryofnis dros, magaliTad, omis gamo an zRvaS gasvlis gamo
hipermaskulinur qcevasTan erTad vaJiSvilebi iqcevian aSkarad aravaJkacurad da
avlenen daqvemdebarebis maRal dones, zedmetad giJur fantazias.
dadgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi mamebi nakleb dros uTmoben
qaliSvilebs, vidre - vaJiSvilebs. amasTanave, isini, ufro metad, vidre — dedebi,
axaliseben gogonebis iseT qcevas, romelic sqesobriv-roluri orientaciiT aris
gansazRvruli (Lytton & Romney, 1991). dedis aRmzrdelobiTi roli erTnairad
mniSvnelovania rogorc gogonebisTvis, aseve — biWebisTvis. magram mama Cveulebriv
35
winaswar icodnen gogo eyolebaT maT Tu biWi, radgan amazea damokidebuli Tu ras
daarqmeven mas, rogor saTamaSoebs da tansacmels uyidian da rogor gazrdian mas.
magaliTad, meqsikaSi gogonebs dabadebisTanave uxvritaven yurebs da ukeTeben
sayureebs, rom garSemomyofebs ar SeeSaloT maTi sqesi. amerikaSi axalSobil gogonebs
ukeTeben lentebs da babTebs. saqarTveloSi miRebulia gogosaTvis vardsferi da
biWisaTvis cisferi tansacmlisa da atributebis SeZena. am monacemebidan Cans, rom
genderi Zalian mniSvnelovani socialuri kategoriaa da mSoblebi cdiloben
Tavdapirveladve moaxdinion, bavSvTa sqesis mixedviT, diferenciacia.
diferencialuri socializaciis ori ZiriTadi meqanizmia cnobili: diferencia-
luri gaZliereba da diferencialuri mibaZva (modelireba). diferencialuri
gaZliereba muSaobs maSin, roca misaRebi genderuli qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo
miuReblis — dasja (im pirobiT, rom garkveuli qcevis modelis dasja-waxaliseba
Seesabameba mis biologiur sqess). ase magaliTad, peris (Perry) da misi kolegebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom aSS-Si me-4-dan me-7 klasis biWebi gogonebTan SedarebiT naklebad
elodebian mSoblebisgan gakicxvas agresiuli qcevisaTvis.
empiriuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom 7 wlis asakisTvis, zogjer ki 4-5 wlis
asakisTvis bavSvebi aRweven genderul konstantobas. amasTanave, dawyebiT skolaSi
wasvlamde bavSvebs ukve aqvT myari Sexedulebebi saTamaSoebSi, tansacmelSi,
moqmedebebSi da saqmianobis sferoebSi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc ki sruldeba genderuli identifikacia, bavSvi avlens gansakuTrebul
interess im roluri modelebisadmi, romlebic Seesabameba maT sqess. es interesi
ganpirobebulia surviliT iyos saukeTeso gogo an biWi. am movlenas diferencialuri
mibaZva an diferencialuri modelireba ewodeba. banduras mixedviT, biWebis umrav-
lesoba (iseve, rogorc gogonebi) 2 wlis asakSi akvirdeba dedis qcevas da cdilobs
gaimeoros igi: icvams quslian fexsacmelebs, isvams frCxilebze laqs da a.S. magram,
rodesac genderuli identifikaciis procesi sruldeba, muSaobas iwyebs diferenci-
aluri modelirebis meqanizmi da biWi ukve cdilobs mibaZos mamas. diferencialuri
mibaZvis safuZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas is, Tu ratom xdeba, rom qalebs Cveulebriv
moswonT maRaziebSi siaruli, dResaswaulebisTvis mzadeba, xolo mamakacebi cdiloben
am saqmianobisTvis Tavis aridebas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sina meurneobazec anu
diasaxlisobaze. diferencialuri socializaciiT SeiZleba aixsnas, agreTve,
mamakacebis da Sesabamisad biWebis midrekileba uyuron sportul telegedacemebs.
socializaciis umTavres wyaroebad miCneulia ojaxi (mSoblebi), Tanatolebi,
masmedia (gansakuTrebiT televizia), ganaTlebis sistema. Cven ganvixilavT
socializaciis institutebis kvlevebs sxvadasxva kulturebis magaliTze. es kvlevebi
naTlad gviCvenebs socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis rols genderuli tipirebis
procesSi.
gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba. im pirobaTa Seswavla, romelSic xdeba bavSvebis
swavleba da aRzrda, saSualebas iZleva ukeT gavigoT Tu rogor axdenen zegavlenas
kulturuli gansxvavebebi socializaciis procesSi bavSvebis ganviTarebaze.
mecnierebi (Edvards & Whiting, 1974; Minturn &Lambert, 1964; E. Whitting & Edvards, 1973)
akvirdebodnen bavSvTa aRzrdis pirobebs 6 kulturis kvlevis procesSi. kvleva
exeboda bavSvebis qcevas, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo agresiasTan, umcrosebze
zrunvasTan, pasuxismgeblobasTan, daxmarebis Ziebasa da yuradRebasTan. gamokvlevaSi
monawileobdnen 3-11 wlis bavSvebi kunZul okinavadan, meqsikidan, filipinebidan,
indoeTidan, keniidan da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan. umniSvnelo genderuli
sxvaobebi aRmoCenili iyo sam SerCevaSi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, filipinebi,
34
vxvdebiT xolme aseT viTarebas) evropaSi sqesTa Tanasworoba ganisazRvreboda
mamakacebisa da qalebis deiure uflebebiT aRWurviT. Cvens droSi aRiarebulia, rom
deiure uflebebs aucileblad ar mivyevarT defaqto viTarebisaken. realurad
mamakacisa da qalis cxovrebis pirobebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT, genderuli Tanasworoba an sqesTa
Tanasworoba — es aris Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,
romelic moicavs adamianuri kapitalisa da warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor xel-
misawvdomobas, agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromis anazRaurebaSi da interesebis
gamoxatvis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.
sqesTa Tanasworoba ar niSnavs urTierTdamsgavsebasa da identurobas. Tanaswo-
roba arc mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesis normad damkvidrebas
gulisxmobs. Tanasworobis arsis garkvevaSi mTavari mniSvneloba or aspeqts aqvs:
sqesis socialur struqturas da sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs.
qalisa da mamakacis genderad, socialur sqesad dayofa qalisa da mamakacis
socialuri identifikaciis aRmocenebis droidan momdinareobs. genderi, romelic
biologiuri sqesis socialuri anabeWdia da ganpirobebulia sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli
sqesis damaxasiaTebeli funqciebisa da rolebis ganawilebaze. es ganawileba, romelsac
pirvel rigSi kulturuli xasiaTi aqvs, varirebs (cvalebadobas ganicdis) droisa da
adgilis Sesabamisad. aseTi saxiT gansazRvrul genderis struqturas aqvs individu-
aluri da socialuri ganzomileba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive es faqtori erTnairad
mniSvnelovania.
TavianTi sicocxlis (cxovelqmedebis) ganmavlobaSi manZilze adamianebi indivi-
dualurad ayalibeben sqesobriv rolebs da normebs, magram, amave dros, genderi,
agreTve, politikur da institucionalur planSi unda ganixilebodes. politikuri da
sazogadoebriv—politikuri struqturebi pirvelxarisxovan rolis TamaSoben
cxovrebis pirobebis modelirebaSi da xSirad ganapirobeben ama Tu im sqesis statusis
ZalaSi darCenas, romelic dadgenilia mocemiuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi. diskri-
minaciis xangrZlivi istoria (ama Tu im sqesis mimarT) uxilavad da uneblied axdens
zemoqmedebas adamianTa yoveldRiur qcevebsa da gadawyvetilebebze.
radgan tradiciulad aRiarebulia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis RerZi mamakacuria, es
imas niSnavs, rom norma, romelic mamakacebisTvis aris miRebuli, normaa mTeli
sazogadoebisTvis, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis struqturaSi da politikur gadawyve-
tilebebSi, da rac xSirad, Tumca ara aucileblad ganzraxulad, aaSkaravebs sqesTa
Soris uTanasworobas.
sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis idea gvaiZulebs SevafasoT mamakacisa da qalis rolebs
Soris gansxvaveba. Tanasworobis principi Seicavs gansxvavebulobis uflebas, rac
gulisxmobs aucileblobas gaviTvaliswinoT is ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi (Strixebi),
rac sxvadasxva socialuri klasis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, religiuri Sexedule-
bebisa, eTnikuri jgufis da seqsualuri orientaciis qalebsa da mamakacebs axasiaTebT.
Tanasworobis principi imazec gvafiqrebinebs, Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT warmatebas,
cvlilebebis Sesatanad im sazogadoebriv struqturebSi, sadac ZalauflebiTi
damokidebulebebi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris ar aris dabalansebuli. Tanasworobis
principi gvafiqrebinebs, agreTve, Tu rogor unda damyardes wonasworoba garkveul
faseulobebsa da prioritetebs Soris, romlebic sqesebs aqvT.
Tanasworobis koncefcia gviCvenebs, rom sqesTa socialuri identifikacia gvaZ-
levs saSualebas qalebisa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebisaTvis. amasTan, ise, rom am
dros ar daveyrdnoT ierarqiis princips (romelic mamakacs maRla ayenebs). es iTxovs
sqesebs Soris partniorobis gacnobierebas (Segnebas) da faseulobebis iseT gana-
83
wilebas, rom likvidirebul iqnes wonasworobis darRveva kerZo, Tu sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. saqme exeba TiToeuli adamianis codnisa da talantis gamoyenebas imis
misaRwevad, rom qalebi da mamakacebi Tanasworad monawileobdnen sazogadoebis mSe-
neblobaSi da rekonstruqciaSi. sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis dasamyareblad da
SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli xelaxali gaazrebisa da gadafasebis mudmivi, uwyveti
procesi.
arsebobs rigi RonisZiebebisa, romlebic cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da doneze qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworobis damkvidrebisaTvis unda gadatardes. yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani miznebi, romlebic dRes am mimarTulebiT unda iqnes miRweuli aris:
1. qalTa uflebebis, romlebic aseve adamianTa uflebebis ganuyofeli nawilia —
sruli miReba da pativiscema; agreTve, im zomebis gatareba, romlebic saSualebas
miscems qalebs realuriad gamoiyenon sakuTari uflebebi;
2. demokratiuli reprezentatiulobis ganviTareba da gaumjobeseba. miuxedavad qa-
lis pirobebis gaumjobesebisa, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi arasakmarisi reprezen-
tatiulobaa. anu qalis monawileobis ararsebobaa gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela
doeneze;
3. ekonomikuri damoukidebloba amis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia: Sromis
Tanabari anazRaurebis daweseba, kreditebis miRebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi;
Sromis bazarze Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna;
4. ganaTleba. igi Zlieri instrumentia — sqesTa Tanasworobis sferoSi, rameTu
ganaTlebis wyalobiT sazogadoeba Taobidan Taobas gadascems rolebisa da
normebis Sesaxeb codnas. agreTve misi meSveobiT SeiZleba arsebuli ierarqiuli
sistemis koreqtireba;
5. orive sqesis erToblivi moqmedeba. Zalze mniSvnelovania orive sqesis SeTanxmeba,
arsebuli socialuri disproporciebis Sesaxeb da erToblivi moqmedeba mis
gamosasworeblad. mniSvnelovania pasuxismgeblobisa da Zalisxmevis ganawileba;
gaeros, qalTa problemebisadmi miZRvnili, mesame konferenciis (naiobi, 1985)
Semdgom sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi gamoCnda sqesTa Tanasworobisadmi
kompleqsuri midgomis axali koncefcia.
meinstrimingi (Mainstreaming) — kompleqsuri midgoma sqesTa Tanasworobis
problemisadmi, Znelad saTargmnia sxvadasxva enebze. magram es midgoma gulisxmobs
sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis sakiTxebis integrirebis mcdelobas sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis konteqstSi. amgvarad, is SeiZleba CamovayaliboT aseTnairad: `qalTa da
mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma~. aRsaniSnavia, rom sqesTa Soris
Tanasworobis kompleqsuri midgomis mimarT specialistTa erToblivi azri,
konsensusi jer kidev ar arsebobs. kompleqsuri midgomis momxreebi Tvlian, rom yvela
qveyanaSi sqesTa Tanasworobis koncefcia unda detalurad ganimartos da aixsnas,
raTa gaTvaliswonebuli iyos qveynis specifika (pilitikuri wyoba, mmarTvelobis
struqtura, tradiciebi da a.S.)
rac Seexeba zogadad `Mainstriming”-is koncefcias, misTvis amosavali wertili aris
sazogadoeba mTlianad (mTlianobaSi).
mokled ganvixiloT rogoria `Mainstriming”-is midgoma sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
CrdiloeT qveynebis ministrTa sabWom aamuSava proeqti, romlis mizani iyo
meTodebis da instrumentebis amoqmedeba qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemis
integraciis mizniT Sromismowyobis da axalgazrdaTa saqmeebis politikaSi. proeqtis
struqtura iyo `qolgis~ msgavsi da moicavda moqmedebis rig sferoebs.
amoqmedda Semdegi nacionaluri proeqtebi:
84
kvira #3
leqcia—2 sT
Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia da misi institutebi.
kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia
da misi meqanizmebi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, socializaciis ZiriTadi institutebi
— ojaxi, mSoblebis qceva, gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba, bavSvebis movla da maTze
zrunva, Tanatolebi, ganaTlebis sistema (saxelmZRvaneloebi, seqsizmi, feisizmi)
masmedia, saTamaSoebi da sxv. kroskulturuli kvlevebis monacemebi am TvalsazrisiT.
genderuli stereotipebis aTviseba xdeba bavSvobis asakidan socializaciis pro-
cesSi. socializacia gulisxmobs yvela im procesebis erTianobas, romelTa meSve-
obiTac adamiani iTvisebs cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, swavlobs yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis normebs, stils, wesebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul sazogado-
ebaSia miRebuli. socializaciis meqanizmis Sesaswavlad sociologma e. gidensma
Caatara Semdegi saxis eqsperimenti: qalebis jgufs aCvenes vardisfer mosaxvevSi
gaxveuli patara bavSvi vardisferi qudiT. am bavSvze qalebi yvelaze xSirad ase
reagirebdnen: `rogori pataraa~, `namdvili mzeTunaxavia~, `ra nazi xma aqvs~ da a.S.
Semdeg qalebis amave jgufs aCvenes igive bavSvi, oRond amjerad bavSvi cisferebSi iyo
gamowyobili. qalebma ar icodnen, rom pirveli da meore bavSvi erTi da igive iyo. e.w.
meore bavSvze Semdegi reaqciebi dafiqsirda: `Tavidanve etyoba, rom Zlieri mamakaci
iqneba~ an `xedav, rogori boxi xmiT tiris, etyoba, rom Tavisas yovelTvis gaitans~.
qalebs Zalian gaukvirdaT, roca gaiges, rom maT orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive bavSvi
warudgines.
genderze zegavlenas axdens rogorc kulturuli normebi, romlebic adgens, Tu ra
unda gaakeTon qalebma da ra mamakacebma, aseve socialuri informaciac, romelic
STaagonebs adamianebs, Tu ramdenad didia qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris sxvaobebi.
genderul-roluri socializacia procesia, romlis drosac adamianebi swavloben, Tu
ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis da ra — mamakacebisTvis.
gogonebsa da biWebs Soris bevri gansxvaveba aixsneba socializaciaSi gansxvavebiT.
bari, bekoni da Caildi (Barry, Bacon & Child, 1957) ikvlevdnen 100-ze meti qveynis
socializaciis praqtikebs. maT aRmoaCines, rom biWebs Cveulebriv aswavlian miaRwios
mizans, hqondes sakuTari Zalebis imedi, iyos damoukidebeli, maSin roca gogonebs
Cveulebriv aswavlian izrunon sustebze, hqondeT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da iyvnen
damjerebi.
litonma da romnim (Lytton & Romney, !991) ikvlies Crdilo amerikaSi Catarebuli 158
socializaciis kvleva metaanalizis saSualebiT. maT aRmoaCines, rom xelSesaxebi
rezultatebi miRweuli iyo mxolod sqesiT gasazRvruli qcevis waxalisebis dros.
dasavleTis qveynebSi Catarebuli 17 gamokvlevis Sedegebi ki gviCveneben, rom
arsebobs gamoxatuli sxvaobebi bavSvis sqessa da mSoblebis mier maT aRzrdaSi
fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis sixSires Soris. amasTan, biWebTan fizikuri dasja ufro
mkacri iyo, vidre - gogonebTan. gansxvavebebi biWebsa da gogonebTan moqcevaSi
mcirdeboda asakis matebasTan erTad.
diferencialuri socializacia - es aris procesi, romlis drosac adamiani iTvisebs
Tavisi sqesis Seabamis qcevis modelebs, Rirebulebebs da a.S. diferencialuri
socializaciis Canasaxebi vlindeba jer kidev bavSvis dabadebamde. mSoblebs undaT
33
 genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT?
11. rogor aris gagebuli am TeoriebSi genderuli cnobiereba?
12. seminaris bolos studentebi gaecnobian maskulinoba-feminuribs s. bemis kiTxvaris
principiT i. gendevaniSvilis mier qarTvel studentebze Catarebul gamokvlevis
monacemebs. studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT agreTve, gamoikvlion sakuTari Tavi am
mimarTulebiT.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.: 28-96;
2. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli n. berekaSvili, bakur sulakauris
gamomc., 2003, gv: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79;
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 27-60.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,
Inc., 1990, gv.: 35-78;
2. Jacklin, C.N. (1989). Female and male: Issues of Gender. American Psychologist, 44, gv. :127-133;
3. Bussey K. & Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of Gender Constancy and social power on sex-linked
modeling. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 47, gv.:1292-1302;
4. Bern, S. L. (1981). Gender Schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological Review, 88,
gv.:354-364;
5. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 337–339;
6. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, T. I, V;
7. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 199-204, 218-131;
8. Liben, L.S. & Signorella, M. L. (1980). Gender Related Schemata and constructive memory in Children,
Child Development, 51, gv.:11-17.
32
daniaSi ringstedis komunam aamoqmeda proeqti, romlis mizani iyo genderuli
Tanasworobis problemis integracia sakadro politikaSi. misi mizani iyo, agreTve,
genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia komunis administraciis muSa-
obaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;
fineTma proeqtis ganxorcieleba daiwyo samTavrobo doneze. yoveli saministro
proeqtis farglebSi gamoimuSavebda meTodebsa da instrumentebs genderuli Tanas-
worobis problematikis sakuTar sferoSi integraciisaTvis;
islandiaSi ganxorcielda ori proeqti: erTi q. reikiavikSi, meore q. akureirSi.
Tavisufali drois organizaciis municipaluri komisiebis farglebSi tardeboda
eqsperimentebi, romelic problemis mogvarebis gzebsa da da meTodebs avlenda.
komisiebi TanamSromlobdnen sportul da kulturul organizaciebTan, raTa maT
moexdinaT resursebis (drois, sportuli moednebis, finansebis da a.S.) samarTliani
ganawileba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris;
norvegiaSi amoqmedda ori proeqti — erTi nacionalur doneze, meore ki — regio-
nalurze. Tavis Cveul saqmianobaSi am problemis integrireba moaxdina ojaxisa da
bavSvebis saqmeebis saministrom. mimdinareobs saxelmwifo moxeleebis momzdeba, rom-
lebic CaerTvebian saqmeSi da pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis
sakiTxebze;
SvedeTma aamoqmeda ori proeqti (orive regionalur doneze). regionaluri Zalovani
struqturebis yvelaze maRali donis moxeleebi TanamSromlobdnen am proeqtebTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanasworobis problemiT SeSfoTebulobis donis gasarkvevad
Sromismowyobis biuroSi moxda testireba (3 R meTodiT). am proeqtis farglebSi moxda
Tavisufali drois organizatori administraciuli struqturis samuSao procesSi
Tanasworobis axali meTodebiT integrireba.
fareris kunZulebze ki maswavebelTa momzadebis dawesebulebaSi xorcieldeba proeq-
ti, romlis mizania genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebis maswavebelTa momzadebis procesSi.
portugaliuaSi 1997 wels qveynis premier ministris TaosnobiT moxda genderuli
Tanasworobis gamyarebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romelSic yvela saministro iRebda
monawileobas. gegmis ZiriTad elementebs warmoadgendnen Semdegi aspeqtebi: im
sakiTxebis integracia saskolo programebSi, romlebic genderul Tanasworobas exeba,
axal samuSao adgilTa Seqmnis programebi, mosamsaxureTa ideuri momzadeba
genderuli Tanasworobis ideis mimReblobisaTvis. statistikuri monacemebis
xelaxali analizi da am monacemTa dalageba sqesobrivi niSniT;
axal zelandiaSi 1995 wels qalTa saqmeebis saministrom gamoaqveyna saxelmZRvanelo
analizisTvis, romelic iTvaliswinebs qalTa da mamakacTa damaxasiaTvebel yvela
kritetiums. am saxelmZRvanelos (faqtiurad gzamkvlevis) mizania, rom daexmaros
yvelas, vinc amzadebs proeqtebs genderuli Tanasworobis problematikasTan
dakavSirebuli mTavrobis politikuri miznebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi debulebebi exeba ara mxolod
samTavrobo seqtors, aramed _ kerZo organizaciebsac.
85
 aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis saqmeebSi TanamSromlobis SvedeTis saerTaSoriso
saagento _ SIDA, 1980 wlidan moyolebuli muSaobs qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis
problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis sakiTxebis TanamSromlobis sferoSi da
ganviTarebis saqmeSi gamoyenebisaTvis. axal programaSi, romlebic exeba qalTa da
mamakacTa Tanasworobis waxalisebis moqmedebebs partnior qveynebSi (1997)
kompleqsuri midgoma aris gansaxRvruli, rogorc mTavari midgoma.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
androcentrizmi — mamakacze orientirebuli.
genderuli Tanasworoba — Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,
romelic moicavs adamianuri kapitalisa da warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor
xelmisawvdomobas, agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromos anazraurebaSi da interesebis
gamoxatvis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.
genderuli meinstrimingi - qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon
saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
seminari #7
Tema #7 (2 sT)
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia. seminarze
gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis
kiTxvebi:
1. ras niSnavs androcentrizmi?
2. saidan iRebs androcentrizmi saTaves?
3. rogori iyo plstonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis
funqciebze? maT Tanasworobaze?
4. ra mniSvneloba hqonda froidis fsiqoanalizur Teorias androcentrizmis
ganmtkicebaSi? ratom?
5. ra aris genderuli Tanasworoba gansazRvrebis moxedviT? axseniT Tqveni sitvebiT.
moiyvaneT magaliTebi;
6. ra aris genderuli meinstrimingi da riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderuli
Tanasworobisagan?
7. rogoria genderuli Tanasworobis damkvidrebis mcdelobis modelebi sxvadasxva
qveynebSi? moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi;
8. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania Tu
ara am qveynis kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba? ratom?
9. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas, Tqveni azriT, ra
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa mniSvnelovani? ratom?
amasTanave, seminarze SemuSavebuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis qarTuli
modelis studenturi varianti. amisaTvis maT daevalebaT (leqciis Semdeg) winaswar
gansazRvron da seminarze warmoadginon: ZiriTadi sferoebi, sadac sqesTa
uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic, maTi
azriT, gansazRvraven movlenaTa aseT viTarebas (pirovnuli, kulturuli,
politikuri), ZiriTadi nabijebi, romlebic unda gadaidgas Tanasworobis misaRwevad,
86
modelireba — swavlis forma sxvis swor qcevaze dakvirvebis saSualebiT.
prototipi - prototipis cneba farTed gamoiyeneba kognitur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod,
ki informaciis amocnobis, gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis modelebSi. prototipi
warmoadgens ama Tu im obieqtis (an movlenis) arsebiTi niSnebis krebuls, romelic
saukeTesod da srulad asaxavs am obieqtebs (an movlenebs) an maT klasebs. informaciis
identifikacia anu `kognituri Zieba~ Semosuli informaciis prototipTan Sedarebis
gziT mimdinareobs.
androginia - androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel adamians, damoukideblad
biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve feminurobis
Tvisebebi da aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur Tvisebebs,
aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs.
kognituri modeli — metafora, romelic dfuZnebulia dakvirvebebze da daskvnebze
da aRwers informaciis Semosvlis, Senaxvis da gamoyenebis procesebs.
kognituri Teoria — Teoria, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis
informaciis gadamamuSavebel sistemebs. igi adamians ganixilavs rogorc informaciis
gadamamuSavebel sistemas.
verbaluri da kognituri reprezentaciebi — informaciis Senaxvis forma, romelic
miiReba obieqturi informaciis pirovnuli gamocdilebisa da interesebis WrilSi
gadamuSavebis Sedegad.
genderuli sqema - hipoTeturi kognituri struqtura, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba
genderTan dakavSirebuli informaciis aRqma, gadamuSaveba da gamoyeneba.
leqciis Semdeg studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil
droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis
masalebi.
seminari #2 (Tema # 2 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba
jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. rogoria froidis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmi?
2. ra mniSvneloba hqonda froidis Teorias genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?
3. ratom akritikebdnen feministebi froids? rogoria maTi argumentebi?
4. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciisa da
tipirebis meqanizmi?
5. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis roli genderis, rogorc socialur-
kognituri konstruqtis Tanamedrove gagebaSi?
6. ratom aris mniSvnelovani kroskulturuli kvlevebisTvis kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria?
7. rogoria androginiis koncefciis mecnieruli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba?
8. rogor aris gagebuli genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis TeoriaSi
androginia?
9. ratom aris es Teoria mniSvnelovani genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?
10. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderul identifikaciisa da tipirebis meqanizms
31
 am TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad kognitur fsiqologiaSi, ismeba sakiTxi ZiriTadi sferoebi, sadac unda gatrdes struqturuli cvlilebebi, uaxloesi
informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemebis gamtarunarianobisa da informaciis kodirebis Sedegebi da samomavlo prognozebi.
Sesaxeb. sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben fsiqikuri energiis ekonomizmis
princips da aRniSnaven, rom Cven ar vaxdenT mTeli Semosuli informaciis ZiriTadi literatura:
gadamuSavebas. Cveni samyaro savsea adamianTa, saganTa da sxvadasxvagvar situaciaTa 1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli nana berekaSvili, bakur sualakauris
uTvalavi raodenobiT. Cven SeiZleba gavgiJebuliyaviT, rom SegvemCnia da gamomcemloba, 2003, gv.: 15-62;
gadagvemuSavebina Semosuli sruli informacia gamonaklisis gareSe. sinamdvileSi Cven 2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
gadavamuSavebT mxolod imas, rasac vamCnevT. magram ra gvaiZulebs yuradReba Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 211-237;
mivaqcioT swored am movlenebs? kognituri sqemis Teoria am sakiTxze pasuxis 3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, gv.: 282-303.
gasacemad gamoyofs iseT parametrebs, rogoricaa zoma, feri, intensivoba da siaxle 4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/
(uCveuloba). amave dros, aranakleb rols TamaSobs adamianis wina gamocdilebac da
agreTve, adamianis gaTviTcnobierebuloba imaSi, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani mocemul
situaciaSi da ra — ara (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, codna imisa, Tu ramdenad damatebiTi literatura:
mniSvnelovania, ramdenad Rirebulia ama Tu im informaciis (an parametris) SemCneva da 1. qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, redaqtor-gamomcemlebi: Suleri m.a. Tomasi
am situaciis gadamuSavebis saerTo kognitur procesSi CarTva). imisaTvis, rom Cveni d.q., Tb., gamomc.: logos presi, 2001.
mravalsaxovani gare samyaro daviyvanoT kogniturad aRqmad formamde, Cven 2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 267-303
vanawilebT Semosul informacias calkeul kategoriebad. amgvarad formirdeba
3. m. wereTeli, qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT (mon.), Tb., 2000,
gansakuTrebuli kognituri kategoriebi, romlebsac sqemebs uwodeben. sqemebi
gv.: 6-32;
gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogor xdeba Semosuli informaciis aRqma, Senaxva da
4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Padavic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 31-43
aRdgena. mokled, sqemebi warmarTaven informaciis gadamuSavebis process. fiskesa da
5. Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference, edited by Deborah L. Rhode, Yale University press,
teiloris (Fiske & Taylor) mixedviT, Cveulebriv, Cven gvaqvs winaswar momzadebuli
1990, p.: 239-257
kognituri kategoriebi socialuri situaciebis (movlenebis sqemebi) umravleso-
6. http://www/unhchr.ch/women/genderequality.html
bisTvis, adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac vicnobT (pirovnuli sqemebi) da socialuri
jgufebisaTvis, romelTa identifikaciac genderis, eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis da
moRvaweobis saxeebis (roluri sqemebi) safuZvelze xdeba. msgavsi kategoriebi
marTaven adamianebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb Semomavali informaciis gadamuSavebas.
amgvarad, genderuli sqemis Teoria genderis struqturirebaSi iTvaliswinebs
rogorc socialuri da kulturul faqtorebs, aseve kognituri ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebsa da kognituri funqciebis Taviseburebebs. amitom, erTi SexedviT, es
Teoria universaluradac SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magram Tu yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT
mas, aRmovaCenT, rom igi adekvaturad ver asaxavs genderis, rogorc socialur-
kulturuli konstruqtis raobas. saqme isaa, rom sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderi
kognituri kategoriaa da amdenad, igi mxolod codnis matarebeli konstruqtia.
sinamdvileSi ki genderi moicavs emociur, SefasebiT damokidebulebasac, romelic
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan da Rrma mTlian pirovnebiseul
xasiaTs atarebs.
es Teoria ver iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis
aracnobier meqanizmebsac. saqme isaa, genderis konstruqti (iqneba es genderuli
Rirebulebebi, stereotipebi Tu sxv. ) umeteswilad adamianebis mier cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis SeZenis procesSi yalibdeba da igi xSirad aracnobieri swavlis Sedegia.

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:

genderuli identifikacia — sakuTari Tavis ama Tu im sqesisadmi mikuTvnebuloba.

genderuli tipireba - procesi, romelic mdedrsa da mamrs gardaqmnis feminur an

maskulinur arsebad (e.i. qalad da mamakacad) cnobilia, rogorc sqesad tipirebis (an
genderuli tipirebis) procesi.

30 87
kvira #8
leqcia - 2 sT
Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.
qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi
leqciaze warmodgenili iqneba azerbaijanel, somex da qarTvel xalxTa
tradiciuli kulturis genderuli analizi. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba saojaxo yofa,
qalisa da mamakacis qonebrivi da uflebrivi statusi ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi, Sromis
genderuli ganawileba, qorwinebis genderuli analizi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve,
saqarTvelos mTaSi gavrcelebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wawlobisa da
sworfrobis institutebi. mokled warmodgenili iqneba, agreTve, samxreT kavkasiaSi
mimdinare genderuli cvlilebebi rogorc ojaxis, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva doneebze.
kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa (azerbaijani, somxeTi, saqarTvelo) da ruseTis samxreT
nawilis (Crdilo kavkasia) xalxTa kultura koleqtivisturi tipisaa da sqesobriv-
genderuli ideologiac tradiciulia. tradiciulad qali aq dedisa da ojaxis
diasaxlisis roliT iyo SezRuduli. misi ZiriTadi funqcia iyo bavSvebis aRzrda,
ojaxis movla da Sina mrewveloba, agreTve, tradiciebis dacva da axali TaobebisaTvis
maTi gadacema. tradiciuli mentalitetis mixedviT qals, garda amisa, mSvidobis
myofelis funqciac eniWeboda, rac istoriulad ojaxebs Soris arsebuli
dapirispirebebis mogvarebis tradiciul xerxebSi vlindeboda.
kavkasiuri normaa ojaxis uxucesi qalis instituti. mas ebara ojaxis mier mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi moweuli sursaT-sanovagis da fuladi saxsrebis Senaxva, saWmlis
momzadeba, sanovagis da Sromis Tanabari ganawileba rZlebisa da Svilebis
ojaxebisTvis misi suladobis, asakis da sqesis mixedviT.
qalis statusi regulirdeboda tradiciuli samarTlis normebiT (adaTebiT,
uxucesTa sabWoebis gadawyvetilebebiT, musulmanur nawilSi —SariaTiT) da
oficialuri samarTlis normebiT -samarTlis wignebiT (dawyebuli me-11 s. -dan).
samarTlis normebSi detalurad iyo gansazRvruli qalis ojaxuri da qonebrivi
uflebebi. mTaSi qalis memkvidreobis ufleba ar hqonda, mas aZlevdnen mziTvs,
romelic Semoifargleboda qalis tansacmliT da xelsaqmis yuTiT. barSi, SedarebiT
SeZlebul ojaxebSi qals memkvidreobaSi aZlevdnen miwas. Cveulebriv qali
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ar monawileobda.
Tumca saqarTvelos oqros xanaSi 12s. — Si qveyanas qali (Tamar mefe) marTavda. garda
amisa, kavkasiaSi Zalian xSirad dedofalTa da Tavadis qalTa pirovnuli
gadawyvetilebebi erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda qveynis bedsa da politikur
cxovrebas. amdenad, istoriulad kavkasieli qali religiis, zneobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis funqcias atarebs. maRali wris qalebis
sarwmunoebis, enisa da eris gadarCenisaTvis Cadenili gmirobebis istoriuli da
istoriul-literaturuli magaliTebi kavkasiaSi axali Taobebis aRzrdis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani istoriuli institutia.
samxreT kavkasiaSi qalis yofiTi da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad
mniSvnelovania kavkasiuri ojaxis ganxilva, radgan swored ojaxi warmoadgenda,
Cveulebriv, qalis moRvaweobis erTaderT asparezs. zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tipi
moicavs rig Tvisebebs: ojaxis `ufrosi mamakacis~ ganusazRvreli uflebebi anu ojaxis
marTvis avtoritaruli forma, ufros-umcrosobis instituti, ojaxis wevrTa
statusis ierarqiuloba, qalis damokidebuli mdgomareoba, `ufrosi qalis~
88
sakuTar gamocdilebas, Sexedulebas, pirad azrs an intesess, aramed informacias,
romelsac iReben sxvebisgan. ase magaliTad, bavSvebi da mozardebi mSoblebisgan, naTe-
savebisgan an sxva avtoritetuli pirovnebebisgan (an jgufebisagan) arkveven, Tu
rogor unda moiqcnen ama Tu im cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, magaliTad, qorwilSi,
panaSvidze da sxva mraval yofiT situaciaSi, romelic adamianTa urTierTobebs
moicavs.
marTalia, adamianebi TviTon qmnian socialur normebs, Rirebulebebs, wes-Cveu-
lebebs da a.S., magram, amave dros, TiToeuli adamiani akvirdeba sxvas da Tavis qcevas
afasebs marTebulad manam, sanam igi Tavisi relevanturi jgufis msgavsad iqceva. amas
socialuri Semowmeba hqvia.
amgvarad, genderi Zlieri zegavlenis qveS imyofeba rogorc kulturuli normebis
mxridan, romelic adgens, Tu ra unda gaakeTon mamakacebma da qalebma, aseve
socialuri informaciis mxridanac, romelic STaagonebs adamianebs, Tu raoden didi
gansxvavebaa qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris. genderul-roluri socializacia procesia,
romlis drosac adamianebi swavloben, Tu ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis
da ra — mamakacebisTvis.
S. berns genderis, rogorc kognituri kategoriis sailustraciod moyavs Semdegi
magaliTi: erTxel mxatvarma daxata patara komiqsi: ori personaJi sicivisgan
gawiTlebuli yurebiT dgas quCaSi zamTris civ amindSi. erTi ambobs: `raSi mWirdeba
qudi, me sicivis ar meSinia~. meore ki pasuxobs: `me quds ar vatareb, radgan
varcxnilobas mifuWebs~. dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli maTgania gogo da romeli — biWi,
bernis azriT, pasuxis gacema aravis ar gauWirdeba, radgan orive fraza asaxavs
saerTod miRebul stereotips.
SigadaSig Cven vxvdebiT adamianebs, romelTa sqesis gansazRvrac gviWirs. Cveu-
lebriv aseTi situaciebi garkveuli dafiqrebisa da msjelobis sagani xdeba xolme.
berns moyavs Tavisi TanamSromlis klifis magaliTi, romelic studentobis dros
restoranSi muSaobda oficiantad. igi specialurad icvamda iubkas, frCxilebze
isvamda laqs da ikeTebda makiaJs. garSemomyofi adamianebis umravlesobas ar SeeZlo am
ambis mSvidad yureba. bernis azriT, amis mizezi klifis mier sazogadoebaSi miRebuli
normebis darRveva ki ar iyo, aramed is, rom maT ar icodnen, rogor moqceuliyvnen
adamianTan, romlis sqesic gaurkvevelia.
fsiqologebis krosis da markusis (Cross, Markus) azriT, aseTi SemTxvevebi
gansakuTrebuli interesis Rirsia, radgan isini xazs usvamen genderis, rogorc
socialuri kategoriis mniSvnelobas. maT magaliTad moyavT gaurkveveli sqesis mqone
petis istoria satelevizio Soudan. isini aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi, romlebic
naxulobdnen scenebs am personaJis monawileobiT, ganicdidnen Sinagan diskomforts,
radgan ar icodnen, Tu rogor unda aReqvaT am adamianis qceva misi genderuli
mikuTvnobulobis Sesaxeb informaciis ararsebobis gamo.
imisaTvis, rom gasagebi gaxdes, Tu ra didi miSvneloba aqvs genders adamianis Sesaxeb
informaciis gadamuSavebisas, genderuli sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven,
rom adamianebi ar aqceven yuradRebas adamianis Tvalebis an Tmis fers, aviwydebaT Tu
rogor iyo igi Cacmuli, an ra erqva mas, magram praqtikulad yovelTvis axsovT qali iyo es
adamiani Tu kaci. magaliTad, greidim (Grady) daadgina, rom metros mgzavrebi, romlebsac
sTxovdnen aReweraT molare, romelmac maT bileTi miyida, pirvel rigSi an meoreSi mainc,
asaxelebdnen mis sqess. amgvarad, am tipis dakvirvebebze da eqsperimentebze dayrdnobiT,
genderuli sqemis Teoris warmomadgenlebi asabuTeben, rom sqesi warmoadgens
umniSvnelovanes socialur kategorias, romlis saSualebiTac Cven vaxdenT garSemomyofi
adamianebis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamuSavebas.
29
sqemebs eyrdnobian.
am Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebis umravlesobas aqvs mdidari da mravalferovani
genderuli sqemebi. genderul sqemasTan dakavSirebulia iseTi koncefciebic, rom-
lebic SeiZleba metaforulad ukavSirdebodes genders (iseTebi, rogoricaa, ferebis
genderuli aRqma, mTvaris am mzis genderuli gaazreba da sxv.).
genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebuli sxvaobebi informaciis
gadamuSavebaSi dakavSirebulia adamianTa genderulad tipirebis xarisxTan.
genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT genderuli
sqemis Teoria ar aRiarebs genderuli tipirebis maRal xarisxs momwifebis ganuyofel
nawilad. am Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebi ufro genderulad tipirebulni xdebian,
radgan ufrosebi aswavlian maT samyaros sqesis mixedviT dayofas. saxlSi, gogonebs
eZaxian `lamazs~ da aqedan gamomdinare, bavSvebSi silamazis cneba qalebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. skolaSi, xSirad biWebi erT rigSi arian gamwkrivebulni, gogonebi ki —
meoreSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, ufrosebis mxridan aseTi qceva iwvevs genderuli sqemis
ganviTarebas bavSvebSi. socializaciis mniSvneloba xazgasmulia genderuli sqemis
TeoriaSi im debulebiTac, romlis mixedviTac, bavSvebis aRzrda SesaZlebelia ise, rom
minimumamde daviyvanoT genderuli sqema da Tavidan aviciloT genderuli
stereotipuli azrovneba.
amgvarad, sqema Sexedulebebis kompleqsia, romelic gamoiyeneba informaciis
organizebisTvis, axali informaciis filtraciisTvis da kognituri moRvaweobis
mimarTulebis micemisTvis. genderuli sqemis Teoria varaudobs, rom genderuli
prioriteti konkretuli kulturis sazRvrebSi informaciis organizaciis
safuZvelia.
rogorc vxedavT, genderuli sqemis Teoria kognituri ganviTarebisa da socialur-
kognituri Teoriis modifikaciaa.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genderuli sqemis Teoria erTaderTi fsiqologi-
uri Teoriaa, romlic ara mxolod bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa da
genderuli tipirebis procesis meqanizmebs swavlobs, aramed im kognituri struq-
turebis Camoyalibebisa da moqmedebis meqanizmebsac, romlebic genderuli identi-
fikaciisa da tipirebis Sedegad yalibdeba cnobierebaSi. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
genderuli sqemis Teoria mimarTulia axsnas genderuli cnobierebis meqanizmebic.
genderuli sqemis Teoria gamoyofs genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis or
ZiriTad socialur-fsiqologiur meqanizms. es aris normatiuli da informaciuli
zewola. termini `normatiuli~ zewola aRwers meqanizms, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis
`iZuleba~ Seewyos sazogadoebriv an jgufur molodinebs, raTa sazogadoebam ar
uaryos igi. `normatiuli~ zewolis meqanizmi am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli qcevis
normebis waxalisebaSi da am sazogadoebaSi miuRebeli qcevis normebis e.w. `dasjaSi~
gamoixateba. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom genderuli rolis Seusabamo qceva
gansakuTrebul zians ayenebs popularobas biWebs Soris da rom mSoblebi uaryofiTad
reagireben TavianTi bavSvebis im TamaSebze, romlebic damaxasiTebelia sawinaaRmdego
sqesisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu biWi TojinebiT TamaSobs, mas deda eubneba - `ara
grcxvenia, gogo xom ara xar?!~, xolo danarCeni bavSvebi dascinian da qalaCunas
eZaxian. Tu gogona saxls ar alagebs an Tavis nivTebs yris, mSoblebi mas xSirad ase
mimarTaven - `sircxvilia, Sen xom gogo xar da mowesrigrbuli unda iyo~ da a.S.
informaciul zewolaSi moiazreba is, rom adamiani afarToebs ra Tavis codnas
sakuTari Tavis da samyaros Sesaxeb, amave dros, igebs imasac, Tu ra pozicia unda
daiWiros ama Tu im socialur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra poziciaa miRebuli da
mowonebuli mis sazogadoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian ara
28
Zalaufleba danarCen qalebze, Sromis mkacri sqesobriv-asakobrivi ganawileba,
`ganridebisa~ da `umZraxobis~ wes-CveulebaTa dacva. qalis uflebriv mdgomareobis
erT aspeqts `ufrosi qalis~ maRali statusi warmoadgenda, xolo meores _ ki
danarCeni qalebis uufleboba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT `ufrosi qalis~ saerTokavkasiur
modelze, romelsac axasiaTebs rigi saerTo niSnebi. esenia: `ufrosi qalis~
naklebdasaqmebuloba ojaxSi, qalebis SromiTi saqmianobis organizeba,
aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia, tradiciebisa da sawesCveulebo ritualebis Sesrulebis
xelmZRvanloba. `ufrosi qali~ iTvleboda erTmmarTvelad mxolod Sida saojaxo
saqmianobis sferoSi. `ufrosi qalis~ uflebrivi mdgomareobis gamoxatulebis
simbolo iyo saojaxo sursaTis Sesanaxi saTavsos gasaRebis mudmivad Tan tareba da
sursaT-sanovagis ganawileba ojaxis wevrebs Soris. ojaxis `ufrosi qalis~ funqcia
iyo, agreTve, ojaxuri tradiciebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacema da amdenad, Senaxva.
`ufrosi qalis~ uflebebi vlindeboda saojaxo xalxur etiketSic: mamakacebi mas
pativs scemdnen, igi saojaxo saqmeebis garCevaSi monawileobda, sadavo situaciaSi mis
azrs gadamwyveti Tu ara, gasaTvaliswinebeli mniSvneloba mainc eniWeboda.
Cveulebriv, `ufrosi qali~ iyo is erTaderTi qali (garda bavSvebisa), visTanac
urTierTobda ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~. `ufrosi qali~ imdenad mniSvnelovani figura
iyo ojaxSi, rom misi statusi da avtoriteti mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda
saerTod ojaxis statussa da avtoritets.
me- 20 saukunemde azerbaijanSi gabatonebuli iyo ojaxis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
patriarqaluri wyoba. ojaxis ufrosi warmoadgenda ojaxis moZravi da uZravi qonebis
erTpirovnul mflobelsa da sruluflebian mmarTvels. ojaxis SigniT arsebuli
qonebrivi urTierTobebi mTlianad damokidebuli iyo ojaxis ufrossze.
daoblebul arasrulwlovan bavSvebs uniSnavdnen meurves — umetaswilad biZas
mamis an dedis mxridan. ojaxis ufrosis anderZis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi qoneba
iyofoda SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT. vaJSvils orjer ufro meti wili ergeboda
saerTo qonebidan, vidre — qaliSvils. gardacvlili ojaxis ufrosis qvrivi iRebda
mTeli qonebis erT merved nawils da aseve im qonebas, romelic piradad mas ekuTvnoda
saqorwino SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad.
azerbaijanul ojaxSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava soflis uxucesebis — aRsakalebis
instituts. maT rCevas ekiTxebodnen da maTi azri metad mniSvnelovani iyo sofelSi
romelime ojaxSi garkveuli problemis gadawyvetisas. aRsakalebi adaTis mimdevarni,
damcvelni da gamtarebelni iyvnen. isini adaTisa da SariaTis safuZvelze
gadawyvetdnen sazogadoebriv da saojaxo problemebs. isini saqmebis gansaxilvelad
meCeTTan ikribebodnen saRamos locvis Semdeg. Cveulebriv, am Sekrebas molac
eswreboda. axalgazrdebs da bavSvebs da, aseve, qalebsac am SekrebebSi monawileobis
ufleba ar hqondaT. Zalian iSviaTad Sekrebas eswrebodnen is moxuci qalebi, romlebic
gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen sazogadoebaSi. maTi mowveva krebaze
mxolod maSin xdeboda, roca gansaxilveli sakiTxi qals exeboda an qaliSvilis bedTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, qalis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba SezRuduli iyo. igi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ar monawileobda. ufro metic, qalis uflebebi
SezRuduli iyo ojaxSic.
ojaxur urTierTobebSi batonobda umcrosebis mxridan ufrosebis sruli
morCileba. vaJiSvils ar hqonda ufleba Sepasuxeboda (SekamaTeboda) an ar
damorCileboda mamas, miTumetes ki papas. amgvarad, mamis an papis gadawyvetilebas ama
Tu im ojaxuri an sameurneo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonis Zala hqonda ojaxis
umcrosi wevrebisaTvis. ufrosebis pativiscema dRemde warmoadgens azerbaijaneli
xalxis saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan elements.
89
 istoriulad azerbaijanSi mamakacs qalTan SedarebiT privilegirebuli mdgoma-
reoba ekava. es upiratesoba vrceldeboda rogorc sazogadoebriv doneze, aseve
ojaxur cxovrebaSic. mSobliur saxlSi qaliSvili srulad emorCileboda dedas da
bebias. qaliSvils ar hqonda ufleba Sepasuxeboda ufrosebs an gamoexata raime
ukmayofileba, gansakuTrebiT ki, mamisa da papis TandaswrebiT. gaTxovili qali yvela
sakiTxSi emorCileboda ojaxis ufros diasaxliss — dedamTils an ufrosi mazlis
cols. Tu axaldaqorwinebulebi cxovrobdnen qmris mSoblebTan erTad, maSin
axalgazrda qali unda morideboda yvela mamakacs ojaxSi. mas ar hqonda, agreTve, im
oTaxSi Sesvlis uflebac, sadac ufrosebi isxdnen da Tu saxlSi calke oTaxi ar iyo,
igi udides dros samzareuloSi atarebda. axalgazrda rZali movale iyo saRamos
savele samuSaoebidan dabrunebuli ojaxis yvela mamakacisaTvis fexebi daebana.
amasTan qals saxe dafaruli unda hqonoda. Tu ki ojaxSi rZali ar iyo, maSin am
movaleobas qaliSvili asrulebda. azerbaijanuli wes-Cveulebebis mixedviT, axalgaz-
rda rZals pirveli Svilis gaCenamde ufleba ar hqonda uSualod miemarTa ojaxis
romelime ufrosi wevrisaTvis an maT mier dasmul SekiTxvaze epasuxa. amitom, icavda
ra adaTs, ojaxis ufrosi wevri TviTonac erideboda rZalTan Sexvedras da
SeZlebisdagvarad ar elaparakeboda mas. axalgazrda qali movale iyo ojaxis yvela
mamakacisgan daemala rogorc saxe, aseve Tmebic. ufrosi qalebis garemocvaSi ki mas
mxolod piri, nikapi da yeli unda daefara TavSalis boloTi. miuReblad iTvleboda,
agreTve, qalis mxridan xmamarali saubari da xSiri sicili. axalgazrda qals ar hqonda
ufleba qmris da ufrosi diasaxlisis nebarTvis gareSe wasuliyo mSobliur saxlSi,
gasuliyo baRSi an mezobelTan stumrad.
bavSvebis movla mTlianad qalis movaleobas warmoadgenda. mama ara Tu ar
monawileobda bavSvebis aRzrdaSi, aramed igi mSobliuri grZnobebis gamovlenisganac
ki ikavebda Tavs. es gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo ucxoebis garemocvaSi. Tu ki mama
mainc gamoavlenda mSobliur siyvaruls Svilis mimarT, es, Cveulebriv, vaJiSvilis
rogorc memkvidrisa da gvaris gamgrZeleblis mimarT xdeboda. vaJiSvilis
mdgomareoba ojaxSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda qaliSvilis mdgomareobisgan. biWebs
bavSvobidanve unergavdnen qedmaRlur, privilegirebul damokidebulebas qalebis
mimarT. 6-7 wlidan biWebis aRzrdas xels hkidebda papa, mama da misi ufrosi Zma. amave
asakidan iwyeboda bavSvebis religiuri aRzrdac. warsulSi azerbaijanel xalaxTan
gabatonebuli iyo endogamia. Cveulebriv, sofeli Sedgeboda ramdenime ubnisagan,
romelTaganac TiToeulSi naTesavebi cxovrobdnen. qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba eniWeboda ubnis Sida kavSirebs. SeuRleba pirvel rigSi xdeboda
biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebTan da deidaSvilebTan (RviZli Zmebis da debis SvilebTan),
Semdgom mesame Taobis naTesavebTan da ase Soreuli naTesavebiT gaTavebuli.
akrZaluli iyo RviZl da-Zmebs Soris qorwineba. SeuRleba xdeboda aranaTesavebTanac,
pirvel rigSi TanasoflelebTan, Semdeg mezobeli soflebis da qalaqebis
macxovreblebTan (amasTan aucileblad daculi unda yofiliyo naTesauri siaxlovis
rigiToba). SariaTis mixedviT, nebadarTuli iyo, agreTve, SeuRleba sxva nacionalobis,
oRond musulmanuri aRmsareblobis, warmomadgenelTan. magram, unda iTqvas, rom
warsulSi aseTi ojaxebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo.
azerbaijanSi gavrcelebuli iyo mravalcolianoba, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sadac
es SariaTiT nebadarTuli iyo. magram umeteswilad igi gvxvdeboda mosaxleobis
SeZlebul nawilSi. is vinc mdidari ar iyo, Cveulebriv, am wess ar iyenebda. gamonakliss
warmoadgenda SemTxveva, roca pirveli colisgan ar hyavdaT Svilebi. rac Seexeba
gaWrvebul fenas, maT xSirad erTi colis SerTvac ki uWirdaT, radgan qorwineba
tradiciulad xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
90
gaivlian gederuli tipirebis 2 etaps. I- dan II-ze gadasvla dakavSirebulia socialur
zewolasTan. II-dan III etapze gadasvlis dros ki socialuri mxardaWera Zalian sustia
da swored amitomaa, rom arc ise bevri adamiani axerxebs genderiT gansazRvruli
qcevisa da azrovnebis transcedencias. magram isini vinc amas axerxeben, srulfasovan
pirovnebebad yalibdebian.
am TeoriaSi nacadia genderuli tipirebis problemis ganxilva pirovnebis Teoriis
WrilSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rogorc socialuri garemos zegavlenas, aseve —
adamianis kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebsac. mniSvnelovania, rom es Teoria moicavs,
ara mxolod genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis zogad kanonzomierebebs
(rogorc es aqamde ganxilul TeoriebSi iyo), aramed xazs usvams pirovnuli arCevanis
da Tavisuflebis rols genderuli tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, TviTon tipirebasac
igi rogorc e.w. yalibs ki ar ganixilavs, romelic uSvebs feminuri, maskulinuri an
Tundac androginuli da aradiferencirebuli tipis arsebobas, aramed am socialuri
yalibis modificirebas pirovnuli interesebis, motivebis da SesaZleblobebis
WrilSi. sxvagavrad rom vTqvaT, es Teoria iTvaliswinebs pirovnebaTSoris indivi-
dualur gansxvavebebs. swored amitom igi metad mniSvnelovania genderuli kvlevebis
ganviTarebisaTvis. magram, gender-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria Zalian
zogadia da adamianis ganviTarebis ufro fundamentur principebs gamoxatavs. misi
naklia empiriuli masalaze dayrdnobiT gamovlenili ZiriTadi principebis damadas-
turebel konkretuli kanonzomierebebis ararseboba. am Teoriis farglebSi ar aris
gadawyvetili, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis (genderulad normatiulad tipire-
bulis Tu transcendentulis), rogorc konstruqtis raobisa da misi moqmedebis
meqanizmebis problema. miuxedavad amisa, swored genderuli tipirebisa da genderuli
rolis transcendenturma midgomam dasva mecnierTa winaSe genderTan dakavSirebuli
informaciis gadamuSavebis da misi gamoyenebis sakiTxi. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema
nacadia genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi.
genderuli sqemis Teoria. genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi genderi ganxiluli iqna
rogorc kognituri kategoria.
movlenebis ubralo gagebac damokidebulia mexsierebaSi codnis didi raodenobiT
arsebobaze. sqemis kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, martivi winadadebis gasaazrebladac
ki aucilebelia, rom am winadadebis Sinaarsi gavataroT sqemaSi. sqemebi SeiZleba iyos
globaluri da ufro specifikuri. informaciis gageba xdeba Sinaarsis swor sqemasTan
dakavSirebisa da Sedarebis gziT.
sxva sqemebis msgavsad, genderis sqema aris zogadi codnis asociaciebis qseli,
romelsac individi iyenebs gagebisa da azrovnebis procesSi. am Teoriis mixedviT,
genderis sqemis Seswavla iwyeba adreul bavSvobaSi. sqema exmareba adamians gaxdes
genderulad tipirebuli. genderuli tipireba Sedegia adamianis mzadyofnis gada-
amuSaos informacia genderuli sqemis safuZvelze. me-koncefcia asimilirdeba
genderul sqemasTan. genderuli sqemis Teoriis avtori s. bemi aRniSnavs, rom `rodesac
bavSvebi swavloben sazogadoebis genderul sqemas, isini swavloben agreTve, Tu
romeli atributi unda iyos dakavSirebuli maT sqesTan da masaSadame, maTTan~.
genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli tipireba aris samyaros Sesaxeb
informaciis genderuli terminebiT gadamuSavebis mzadyofna. ase, rom genderulad
Zlierad da sustad tipirebul adamianebs Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom maT aqvT
Sesabamisad metad an naklebad ganviTarebuli genderuli sqema. genderulad Zlierad
tipirebul adamianebs aqvT mzadyofna samyaros Sesaxeb codna genderuli sqemis
mixedviT gadaamuSaon. bemis sityvebiT, maT genderuli linzebi ukeTiaT. genderulad
sustad tipirebuli adamianebi ki informaciis gadamuSavebisas ufro metad sxva
27
rogorc damoukidebels, agresiuls da uemocio adamians. pirovneba fasdeba Zlier
feminurad, Tu igi aRwers Tavs, rogorc — daucav da naz arsebad. mxolod adamianTa
mcire jgufi Sefasebul iqna rogorc aradiferencirebuli, maT orive stereotipSi
mcire qulebi daagroves. studentTa Soris Catarebuli farTemasStabiani gamokvlevis
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom studentTa 1/3 androginulebi arian.
androginis kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom genderul tipirebaSi arsebobs individua-
luri variabilurobis didi raodenoba. amdenad, gasarkvevia sakiTxi, arsebobs Tu ara
androginiasa da adamianis (qalebisa da mamakacebis) qcevas, pirovnul niSnebs, Tavise-
burebebs, Sexedulebebsa Tu cxovrebis stils Soris kavSiri. miuxedavad mraval-
ricxovani kvlevebisa, es sakiTxi dRemde erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris gadawyvetili.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom gederulad tipirebul da
androginul adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba arsebobs fleqsibilobaSi. maskulinurad
tipirebuli adamiani moxerxebulad grZnobs Tavs situaciaSi, sadac saWiroa aqtivoba,
daJineba da damoukidebloba da ara sinaze, TanagrZnoba da emociuroba. meores mxriv,
feminurad tipirebuli adamianebi komfortulad grZnoben Tavs situaciebSi, sadac
saWiroa interpersonaluri urTierTobebis, sinazis, sikeTis gamovlena. sandra bemma
ivarauda, rom androginuli pirovnebebi komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs orive
situaciaSi. androginuli adamianebis Zlieri adaftaciis unari Semowmebuli iqna
mravali kvlevis Sedegad. dadgenili iyo, agreTve, androginiis kavSiri maRal
TviTpativiscemis da miRwevis motivis maRal xarisxTan.
transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi: genderuli rolis
transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria. genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis
Teoris (Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky, Forisha, Sedney) mixedviT, genderulad tipirebuli
qceva da azrovneba ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mxolod Sua stadiaa. igi Camoyali-
bebulia magram ar aris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saboloo wertili. am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, genderuli ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mowifu-
lobasTan da logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan kolbergis kognituri ganviTa-
rebis etapebis msgavsad mimdinareoben. bavSvebma Tavdapirvelad genderis arseboba ar
ician (I etapi), Semdeg aqtiurad iTviseben Sesabamis stereotipul rols da ukuagdeben
Seusabamos (II etapi). magram genderuli ganviTareba SeiZleba III etapamdec gagrZeldes,
sadac II etapze miRebuli codnis reorganizacia xdeba unikaluri da individualuri
gziT. individi aRar aris daRdasmuli maskulinobisa da feminurobis sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli kanonebiT da mas SeuZlia gamoamJRavnos sakuTari unikaluri da gansxva-
vebuli maxasiaTeblebi.
es Teoria androginias ganixilavs, ara rogorc individSi maskulinuri da feminuri
niSnebis balanss, aramed rogorc pirovnebis gardaqmnisa da Camoyalibebis process,
romelic orientirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze. genderul-rolurad transcenden-
tulma pirovnebam SeiZleba daagrovos maskulinuri, feminuri an androginuli qulebi,
magram es ganzomilebebi irelevanturni iyvnen misi identurobis mimarT.
transcedentuli adamiani arc feminuria da arc maskulinuri maskulinoba an
feminuroba, erTad an cal-calke ar arian transcedentuli pirovnebis samyaros
nawili.
transcedencia miCneulia genderuli rolis swavlis (aTvisebis) umaRles etapad.
igi gulisxmobs sazogadoebisa da me-s (selfis) resinTezirebas da reintegracias.
amgvarad, kognitur da emociur mowifulobas adamiani, rogorc wesi, ver aRwevs
zrdasrulobamde. iseTi bavSvebic ki, romelTa mSoblebi tradiciuli genderuli
rolebis transcendencias axdenen, ar amJRavneben TavianT androginul zrdas, sanam ar
26
qorwinebis wes-CveulebebSi metad sainteresoa soriratisa da leviratis wesebi.
Tu axalgazrda qali gardaicvleboda, misi meuRle, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg
colad irTavda gardacvlili qalis umcros das. specialistebis azriT, es wesi
dakavSirebuli iyo xelmeore qorwilis xarjebis Tavidan acilebasTan. Tu ojaxebs
Soris kargi urTierTobebi iyo, maSin mSoblebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe
atandnen TavianT meore qaliSvils daqvrivebul siZes. magram am SemTxvevaSi,
gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi qorwinebisgan, qaliSvils winaswar acnobebdnen da
uTanxmebdnen momaval qorwinebas. soriratis wesTan aris dakavSirebuli azerbaijanSi
farTed gavrcelebuli andaza: `colis gardacvaleba im mamakacma iglovos, visac
colis da ara hyavso~.
soritarTan erTad, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, agreTve, leviratis wesic.
leviratiuli qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo orive mxaris Tanxmoba, amasTan qvrivi
qalis Tanxmoba warmoadgenda aucilebel winapirobas. umcrosi Zmis qorwineba ufrosi
Zmis qvrivze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis SedarebiT SeZlebul fenaSi.
specialistebis azriT, leviratis wesi dakavSirebuli iyo ojaxisaTvis im zaralis
Tavidan asacileblad, romelic qvrivi rZlis mSobliur ojaxSi dabruneba gamoiwvevda.
saqme isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ojaxis saerTo qonebis
erTi mervedi nawili ekuTvnoda, mis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda agreTve mis mier
mziTvis saxiT ojaxSi Semotanili qoneba. soriratisa da leviratis wesebi Tumca
Tanamedrove azerbaijanSi aRar aris miRebuli, magram erTeuli SemTxvevebis saxiT
(gansakuTrebiT soflebSi) axlac gvxvdeba.
tradiciulad qals aTxovebdnen 14-dan 18 wlamde. vaJi qorwindeboda 18-dan 22
wlamde. iyo ufro gviani qorwinebis SemTxvevebic, rac ukiduresi siRaribiT iyo
gamowveuli. arsebobda dabadebidanve niSnobis wesic, rodesac ojaxebi winaswar
Tanxmdebodnen TavianTi Svilebis qorwinebis Sesaxeb. moqmedebda jer ar gaCenili
Svilebis qorwinebis SeTanxmebis wesic.
Cveulebriv, axalgazrdebs momaval qorwinebas ar uTanxmebdnen xolme da gadawyve-
tilebas mSoblebi iRebdnen. axalgazrda qalebs ara Tu ar uTanxmebdnen momaval
qorwinebas, aramed arc ki atyobinebdnen mis Sesaxeb. sacoles axalgazrda kacisaTvis,
Cveulebriv, misi deda an da amoirCevda. Tu momavali sacole moewonebodaT ojaxis
sxva wevrebs, pirvel rigSi papas, mamas da ufros Zmas, maSin am ojaxis qalebi midiodnen
gogos dedasTan araoficialurad xelis saTxovnelad, xolo ukve amis Semdeg, mamasTan
oficialurad midiodnen xelis mTxovneli ojaxis mamakacebi.
am ceremonials eswrebodnen soflis uxucesebic — aRsakalebic. isini monawi-
leobdnen agreTve, qorwinebaze SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxTa Soris damoyvrebisas
gankuTvnili gadasaxadis mexrisa da baSligis odenobaze molaparakebebSic. mexri
warmoadgenda im gadasaxads, romelic meuRles unda gadaexada colisTvis Tavisi
iniciativiT gayris SemTxvevaSi. xolo baSligi iyo gadasaxads patarZlisaTvis,
romelsac iRebda misi mama qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.
TviT qorwinebis rituali moicavda sam etaps: 1) winaswari SeTanxmeba, roca
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, vaJis mxare maSinve aZlevda qals beWeds, abreSumis Tavsafars
da tkbileuls 2) niSnoba, am dRes saqmros sacolisTvis moaqvs samkaulebi, kabisaTvis
qsovili da misi ojaxisTvis tkbileuli 3) sakuTriv qorwili, romelsac Tan axlda
saqorwilo saCuqrebi.
tradiciulad iTvleboda, agreTve, sacolis motacebac. es gansakuTrebiT miRe-
buli iyo gaWirvebul fenebSi, sadac ar iyo materialuri SesaZlebloba qorwilis
rTuli ritualis Catarebisa, amitom xSirad, sacolis motaceba ojaxebis Tanxmobis
fonzec ki mimdinareobda.
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 rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axalgaTxovil qals faqtiurad aranairi uflebebi
ar hqonda. mxolod Svilis gaCenis Semdeg mas eZleoda neba saxlSi moexada Tavsafari da
esaubra uaxloes naTesavebTan.
amgvarad, gaTxovili qalis poziciebi myardeboda ojaxSi pirveli Svilis gaCenis
Semdeg. biWis gaCenas, gogosagan gansxvavebiT gansakuTrebuli nadimiT aRniSnavdnen.
amasTan, axaldabadebuli vaJis Wiplars marxavdnen sajiniboSi an meCeTis ezoSi. es
rituali gadmocemis mixedviT, imitom tardeboda, rom momaval mamakacs yvareboda
saqoneli an daufleboda codnas, xolo axaldabadebuli gogos Wiplars ki karebTan
axlos marxavdnen, raTa igi saxlidan Sors ar wasuliyo.
amgvarad, qorwinebis, agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli ritualis da
bavSvebis gaCenis analizi naTlad gviCvenebs azerbaijanul kulturaSi gabatonebul
genderul uTanasworobas, romelic qalis mimarT gansakuTrebuli asimetriulobiT
gamoirCeva.
tradiciul azerbaijanul kulturaSi qalTa uflebaTa SezRudva kargad Cans,
agreTve, gayros wesebSic. tradiciulad gayris ufleba mxolod mamakacs hqonda.
Tumca ki am SemTxvevaSi qmars colisTvis unda gadaexada winaswar niSnobis SeTan-
xmebuli sazRauri — mexri, gayris mizezebs aravin ar kiTxulobda. gayris rituali
erTi da igive frazis (am SemTxvevisTvis specialurad dawesebuli) saxalxod samjer
gameorebaSi mdgomareobda. igive gzisTvis SeeZlo miemarTa qalsac, magram am
SemTxvevaSi igi gayras miaRwevda mxolod Tavisi mziTvis dakargvis fasad. am gzas qali
mxolod Zalian iSviaTad, gausaZlis pirobebSi mimarTavda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi
yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe rCeboda.
azerbaijanul ojaxSi qali SinameurneobiT iyo dakavebuli. saojaxo saqmeebs, iseve
rogorc zogadad kavkasiur ojaxSi, xelmZRvanelobda `ufrosi qali~.
mTels azerbaijanSi qali Cadrs atarebda, magram Cadri gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebuli iyo qalaqebSi, sadac saxlidan gamosvlisas qali valdebuli iyo mTeli
sxeuli CadriT daefara. soflebSi Cadrs SedarebiT iSviaTad xmarobdnen,
umeteswilad is gamoiyeneboda, roca qali mezobel sofelSi an soflis gareT gadioda,
soflis SigniT ki igi, Cveulebriv, mxolod cxvirs da pirs malavda. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qals mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT ar hqonda sazamTro, Tbili tansacmeli. es
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom qalis mier saxlis didxans datoveba ar iyo miRebuli.
amgvarad, tansacmeli, iseve, rogorc yofiTi kulturis sxva elementebi da wes—
Cveulebebi naTlad gviCveneben azerbaijanul tradiciul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul
genderul uTanasworobas.
jer kidev XIX s—Si somxebTan gavrcelebuli iyo saojaxo satvistomo — ger-
dastani, romelic aerTianebda ramodenime Taobas, romelsac uxucesi uZRveboda. erT
ojaxad cxovrobdnen mSoblebi zrdasruli SvilebiT, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, hyavdaT
Svilebi da SviliSvilebi. Rrma provinciaSi aseT gerdastanSi SeiZleba yofiliyo 50—
mde adamiani, romelic erT Wer qveS cxovrobda. Tumca ki samxreT kavkasiaSi zogadad,
es iSviaTi movlena iyo. me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis TandaTanobiT daiwyo aseTi didi
saTvistomoebis rRveva da ojaxi ukve Sedgeboda mxolod mSoblebisgan da maTi
vaJebisgan, romlebsac meuRle da mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavdaT. daiwyo me-3 Taobidan
Svilebiani ojaxebis gamoyofis procesi. miuxedavad amisa, es ojaxebi cdilobdnen
erTmaneTTan axlo dasaxlebas. ase, rom mTeli kvartlebi atarebda erTi ojaxis gvars.
erTi ojaxis SigniT, bavSvebi, romelic Zmisac ar unda yofiliyvnen, Tanabar
pirobebSi iyvnen, isini yvelani iTvlebodnen da-Zmebad. miuRebeli iyo, rom romelime
dedas Tavisi mazlebis SvilebTan SedarebiT Tavisi RviZli Svilebis mimarT meti
siyvaruli gamoevlina. yvela bavSvisadmi erTnairi mzrunveloba unda gamoeCinaT
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feminuroba-maskulinobis mraval tests. amgvarad, pirovnebis tradiciuli Teoriebi
iziareben tradiciuli genderuli tipirebis universalurobis ideas. amis gamo,
nebismieri bavSvi, romelic ar avlenda genderulad tipirebul qcevas, ganixileboda
rogorc normidan gadaxra. tradiciuli fsiqologiuri Terapia exmareba maT gende-
ruli rolebis morgebaSi. pirovnebis Teoriebis mixedviT, genderuli ganviTareba
mTavrdeba maSin, roca aSkarad vlindeba agresiuli domonanturi mamakacoba da nazi,
pasiuri qaloba.
Tumca arseboben iseTi adamianebic, romlebsa TiTqmis erTnairad axasiaTebT
maskulinobisa da feminurobis niSnebi. magaliTad, qali, romlic aTleturi
aRnagobisaa da uyvars bavSvebi an mamakaci, romelic gulCvilia da gulkeTilia da
amavdroulad kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli logikuri azrovneba.
bolo periodSi genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebasTan erTad dagrovda didi
empiriuli masala da gaCnda mravali alternatiuli Sexeduleba genderuli
identifikaciisa da tipirebis Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi aseT axali midgomaa androginiis koncefcia. androginia — sityva, romel-
Sic erTmaneTs erwymis berZnuli andro (kaci) da gyn (qali), aRniSnavs maskulinobisa da
feminurobis balanss adamianSi. am koncefciis fesvebi klasikuri miTologiidan,
literaturidan da religiidan modis. fsiqologiaSi es idea gamoyenebuli iqna iungis
(Jung) animas koncefciaSi (kacSi feminuri nawili) da animusis koncefciaSi
(maskulinuri nawili qalSi). iungs miaCnda, rom pirovnebis srulyofilebisaTvis
aucilebelia am ori nawilis erTianoba.
gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisis feministuri moZraobis erT-erTi idea
gaxldaT azri imis Sesaxeb, rom tradiciuli genderuli rolebi aferxeben pirovnul
ganviTarebas da masSi Cadebul potencials. am ideam safuZveli Cauyara sandra bemis (S.
Bem) koncefcias androginiis Sesaxeb. androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel adamians,
damoukideblad biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve
feminurobis Tvisebebi da aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur
Tvisebebs, aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs. es adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs naklebad
mkacrad daicvan genderul-roluri normebi da Tavisuflad gadainacvlon
tradiciuli qaluri saqmianobidan tradiciul mamakacur saqmianobaze.
amgvarad, androginiis idea kvlav gacocxlda feministi fsiqologebis gamokvle-
vebis Sedegad. fsiqologiuri androginia aris iseTi fsiqologiuri niSnebis balansi,
romlebic maskulinurad an feminurad arian stereotipizebuli. androginiis gansaz-
RvrebasTan erTad, es koncefcia gansazRvravs imasac, Tu ra ar aris androginia: 1)
androginia ar aris qalTa liberaluri pozicia sazogadoebaSi. adamiani SeiZleba
miiCnevdes sakuTar Tavs, rogorc sazogadoebaSi naklebad genderulad tipizebuls
sxvebTan SedarebiT da amavdroulad, gaaCndes genderTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli
Sexedulebebi; 2) androginia ar aris seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli. homo-
seqsualuri an biseqsualuri orientacia aris adamianis seqsualuri midrekilebebis
forma, rac aranair kavSirSi ar aris fsiqologiuri androginiasTan da bolos 3) an-
droginia ar aris dakavSirebuli fizikur, seqsualur an masTan dakavSirebul
maxasiaTeblebTan.
s. bemma SeimuSava specialuri kiTxvari maskulinobisa da feminurobis gansazRvri-
saTvis. amasTan am kiTxvarSi feminuroba da maskulinoba moiazreboda rogorc
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli pirovnebis ganzomilebebi. misi kiTxvaris mixedviT,
qalebisa da kacebis gazomva SesaZlebelia dabali da maRali gamoxatulebis oTxi
Semdegi parametris mixedviT: maskulinoba, feminuroba, androginia, aradiferen-
cirebuloba. pirovneba fasdeba Zlier maskulinurad, Tu igi aRwers sakuTar Tavs,
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 r. monro, Simini da monro (R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe) ikvlevdnen kulturul
sxvaobebs qalisa da mamakacis sqess Soris am oTxi etapis mimdinareobaSi. rogorc
navaraudevi iyo, maRali doneebis (me-3 da me-4 done) miRweva Zlierad varirebda
sxvadasxva kulturebis mixedviT. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom genderuli cnebebis
aTviseba ufro nela mimdinareobs im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebs naklebi
urTierTobebi aqvT mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTan, rac xSirad xdeba
tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebze zrunviT ZiriTadad dedaa dakavebuli.
besim (Bussey) aRmoaCina, rom sqesis Seucvlelobis Sesaxeb warmodgena ar aris
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobiT gansazRvruli qcevis
formirebisTvis. biWebis qcevis modeli moicavs 2 process, romelic erTis mxriv,
maskulinuri qcevis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs, meores mxriv ki feminuri qcevis
miuReblobaSi. gogonebisTvis analogiuri modeli moicavs mxolod erT process:
qalTa sqesTan dakavSirebuli qcevis aTvisebas, sawinaaRmdego sqesis qcevis ar miRebis
gareSe. amis Sedegad, patara gogonebisTvis qala-biWa qceva sruliad misaRebia, maSin
roca `dedikos Svilis~ qceva miuRebelia biWisTvis.
genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa da mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb stereotipuli kulturuli Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur da mamakacur
sawyisTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am
stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxisa da
profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, agreTve, rom bavSvebis
mier im stereotipebis aTviseba, romlebic dakavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa da
moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul dayofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa da mamakacis
xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.
kolbergis kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis mixedviT, zedmet dajildoebebsa da
dasjas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs genderul tipirebis procesSi. socialuri
dasja da waxaliseba am Teoriis farglebSi gzamkvlevebis rols asruleben bavSvis
kignituri ganviTarebis procesSi. amdenad, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis
principebi ar uaryofs daswavlis Teorias, aramed avsebs mas.
kolbergis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia genderul-roluri orientaciebis
aTvisebis Sedegia. sanam bavSvi miaRwevs stabilur genderul identifikacias, man unda
moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis socializacia Sesatyvis genderul rolTan, radgan is
motivirebulia iyos kargi gogo an kargi biWi. gogonebisaTvis es imas niSnavs, rom
feminurobis misaRwevad maT jer unda moaxdinon feminurobis rolis identifikacia.
Tumca feminuri roli sazogadoebaSi naklebad prestiJulia, vidre — maskulinuri.
rodesac gogonebi ecnobian feminurobisa da maskulinobis kategoriebs, maT aseve
unda gaacnobieron maTi upiretesobebi. rogor xdeba, rom gogonebi irCeven da
iTviseben sakuTar sazogadoebaSi aradafasebul rols? kolbergi varaudobs, rom
gogonebi feminurobaSi pouloben iseT aspeqtebs (mag. sinaze), romlebic urCevniaT
maskulinur aspeqtebs (mag. agresia). garda amisa, asakiT ufros qalebs ufro meti
Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre patara gogonebs da esec SeiZleba gaxdes maTTan
identifikaciis mizezi.
androginiis koncefcia. sqesis identiikaciisa da tipirebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
Sexedulebebis umravlesoba feminurobasa da maskulinobas ganixilavs, rogorc
kontiniumis or urTierTsawinaaRmdego poluss. am Teoriebis farglebSi adamiani
SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri an feminuri, magram ara orive erTdroulad, radgan ufro
metad maskulinoba niSnavs ufro nakleb feminurobas. es debuleba efuZneba
24
ojaxis ufrosebsac — saxlis patronsa da diasaxliss. eqvs-Svid wlamde bavSvebi
(gogonebic da biWebic) Tavisi drois udides nawils ezoSi TamaSSi atarebdnen. Semdeg
iwyeboda maTi aRzrda TavianTi sqesis Sesatyvisi saqmianobis aTvisebis mizniT.
gogonebs aswavlidnen saojaxo saqmianobas, xSirad isini uvlidnen umcros da-Zmas,
Semdeg maT aswavlidnen ojaxis wevrebisa da stumrebisaTvis momsaxureobas, xelsaqmes.
biWebs aswavlidnen batknis da xbos mwyemsvas, saqonlis sadgomSi Serekvas, Semdeg ki
isini ojaxis mamakacebs savele samuSaoebSic exmarebodnen.
amgvarad, 7-8 wlis asakidan somxur ojaxebSi bavSvebi aqtiurad erTvebodnen
genderulad tipirebul saqmianobebSi.
saxlis patroni erTpirovnulad marTavda mTels meurneobas da aravis ar abarebda
angariSs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Tumca ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisas mas SeeZlo rCeva ekiTxa ojaxis ufrosi wevrebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
Tavisi ZmebisTvis, Tu isini maTTan erTad erT ojaxad cxovrobdnen.
ojaxSi mkveTrad iyo sameurneo funqciebi gayofili sqesis mixedviT. yvela savele
samuSaos mamakacebi asrulebdnen, saojaxos ki — qalebi. samuSao winaswar nawildeboda.
rodesac ojaxi savaxSmod ikribeboda saRamos, isini ufrosobis mixedviT sxdebodnen.
TiToeauli ojaxis wevri moaxsenebda, Tu ra gaakeTa dRis ganmavlobaSi da maSinve
iRebda axal davalebas. ojaxis yoveli wevris piradi Semosavali saerTo meurneobaSi
ideboda.
ojaxur saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda ufrosi qali, diasaxlisi anu tantikini. is,
Cveulebriv, ojaxis ufrosis meuRle iyo, magram Tu igi qmarze adre gardaicvleboda,
maSin misi uflebebi gadadioda ufrosobis mixedviT Semdegi mamakacis (ufrosi Zmis an
ufrosi vaJiSvilis) colze. aseTi `ufrosi qalis~ avtoriteti aRiarebuli iyo
rogorc ojaxis ufrosis, aseve sxva wevrebis mxridan. igi am SemTxvevaSi uflebrivi
TvalsazrisiT ufro maRla idga, vidre misi meuRle, radgan es ukanaskneli ojaxis
Cveulebriv, daqvemdebarebul wevrs warmoadgenda. saxlSi yvela emorCileboda
tantikinis mier dadgenil wesebs. mas saxlis sazRvrebSi emorCileboda ufrosi
mamakacic. tantikinis ufleba iyo agreTve, axalgazrda kacisTvis sacolis SerCevac.
tantikins mimarTavdnen ojaxSi axalgazrda qalis mTxovnelebic, Tumca
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas is rCevas ekiTxeboda qmars da ufros Zmas.
tantikini iyo erTaderTi qali ojaxSi, vinc mimarTavda ojaxis ufros mamakacs
kiTxviT, rCeviT an problemiT. mdedrobiTi sqesis ojaxis danarCen wevrebs saxlis
patronisTvis mimarTvis ufleba ar hqondaT. tantikinis uflebebi gamorCeuli iyo
sufrasTanac, igi iyo is erTaderTi qali, romelsac ufleba hqonda damjdariyo
sufrasTan mamakacebis gverdiT.
tantikinis xelmZRvanelobiT da misi uSualo zedamxedvelobiT mimdinareobda
mTeli saojaxo saqmianoba. saukuneebis manZilze dadgenili iyo qalTa funqciebi
ojaxSi, dawyebuli ufrosi rZlidan damTavrebuli umcrosamde. ufrosi rZali
warmoadgenda diasaxlisis TanaSemwes da iTavsebda xolme mis funqciebs, rodesac
tantikini saxlSi ar iyo an midioda zafxulSi SviliSvilebTan erTad saZovrebze.
axali rZali Tavsaburavs ramdenime weli atarebda ojaxSi da Tu rodis miecemoda mas
misi moxsnis ufleba, amas tantikini gansazRvravda erTpirovnulad. diasaxlisis
funqcia iyo, agreTve, bavSvebisaTvis zRaprebis moyola.
rZals neba ar hqonda esaubra `ufrosebTan~ maTTvis mas miniSnebebiT (niSnebiT)
unda miemarTa. amgvarad Camoyalibda niSnebis garkveuli sistema, romlebiTac
sargeblobdnen rZlebi, roca saWiro iyo miemarTaT ufrosi mamakacebisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, mamamTilisa da ufrosi mazlisTvis. TavianT naTlias isini mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi CurCuliT elaparakebodnen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebeli
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iyo raimes Tqma da axlomaxlo ar iyvnen bavSvebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleboda
saTqmelis gadacema, maSin rZali mimarTavda bavSvs akvanSi, an katas an raime Sinaur
cxovels da maT eubneboda, rom gadaecaT saTqmeli magaliTad, iseTi rogoricaa,
mezoblis Txovna. mamakacisTvis tradiciul somxur ojaxSi qalis cema did
sircxvilad iTvleboda. Tumca diasaxliss — tantikins hqonda ufleba gaertya
rZlisaTvis, magram mis Svils anu qalis qmars amis ufleba ar hqonda. da Tu es mainc
moxdeboda, rZals hqonda ufleba miemarTa diasaxlisisTvis saCivriT.
rogorc vxedavT, somxur ojaxSi daculi iyo mkveTri genderuli uflebrivi
ierarqia. mamakacebi qalebTan SedarebiT privilegirebulni iyvnen, Tumca diasaxlisi —
tantikini ojaxis ufrosTan TiTqmis Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda, magram es ar
exeboda danarCen qalebs.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom uflebrivi ierarqia agebuli iyo rogorc sqesobrivi
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve ufros—umcrosobis safuZvlzec. uflebriv
ierarqiaSi am orive faqtoris rolze miuTiTebs agreTve, somxur tradiciul
kulturaSi arsebuli daZinebis (mosvenebis) wesic. yvelaze adre dasaZineblad wveboda
ufrosi mamakaci — (tanteri) Semdeg rigrigobiT ojaxis sxva mamakacebi ufrosobis
mixedviT. Semdeg wveboda `ufrosi qali~ da mas mosdevdnen sxva qalebi aseve ufros—
umcrosobis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvarad, umcrosi rZali yvelaze gvian wveboda.
amasTanave, igi yvelaze adre iRviZebda da ierarqiis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
TandaTanobiT iRviZebdnen ojaxis sxva wevrebi: jer Zalebi, Semdeg ki — mamakacebi.
yvelaze gvian loginidan dgeboda ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~.
Zilis win umcrosi rZali an umcrosi qaliSvili ojaxis yvela mamakac wevrs fexebs
banda da umSralebda.
roca ojaxi Zalian farTovdeboda da SeuZlebeli xdeboda erTad cxovreba, didi
ojaxi iSleboda, magram erToblivi RonisZiebebis (qorwili, dakrZalva da sxv.) dros
ufrosumcrosobis instituti SenarCunebuli iyo.
ojaxis qonebis pirdapir memkvidreebad mamakacebi iTvlebodnen, qaliSvilebs ki,
Tu Zmebi cocxlebi hyavdaT, araferi ar ekuTvnodaT.
am kulturis genderuli analizisaTvis sainteresoa naTesauri mimarTebebic.
kerZod, mamis mxridan naTesavebs somxebi azRakans uwodebdnen, rac sityvasityviTi
TargmaniT naTesavs, mogvares niSnavs, xolo dedis mxridan naTesavs ki — barekamas, rac
pirdapiri TargmaniT keTilismsurvels aRniSnavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad qalisa
da kacis mxridan naTesavebisadmi aseTi araTanaswori damokidebulebisa, qorwilebisa
an sxva saerTo Tavyrilobebis dros, orive mxaris daswreba-dapatiJeba savaldebulod
iTvleboda.
sainteresoa SeuRlebis wes—Cveulebebic. naTesavebs Soris qorwineba nebadarTuli
iyo ara uaxloes 7 Taobisa, somxebi tradiciulad qorwindebodnen Zalian adreul
asakSi. moqmedebda akvanSi daniSvnis wesic.
qorwinebis iniciativa da patarZlis arCeva momdinareobda `ufrosi qalisagan~ an
vaJis dedisgan, romelic winaswar uTanxmebda Tavis arCevans qmars da naTesavebs.
somxebi maWanklis saSualebiT arkvevdnen daTanxmdeboda Tu ara qalis ojaxi
qorwinebaze. gogos deda rCevas ekiTxeboda Tavis Zmebs. mama ki am gadawyvetilebaSi
monawileobas ar iRebda. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gogos mSoblebTan midiodnen
sasiZos mSoblebi naTesavebTan erTad, raTa gadaecaT niSnobis beWedi. niSanis
funqcias, Cveulebriv, beWedi an raime sxva samkauli asrulebda. am dRidan dawyebuli
qaliSvili daniSnulad iTvleboda.
niSnobidan qorwilamde zogjer ramdenime weliwadi gadioda. magram niSnobis
Semdeg ojaxebi ukve damoyvrebulad iTvlebodnen da yvelanairad exmarebodnen
94
Tebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
amgvarad, socialur-kognituri Teoria xazs usvams kulturuli Zalebis mniSvne-
lobas bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa da genderul-roluri orienta-
ciebis aTvisebaSi. socialur-kognituri Teoria socialuri gavlenebis Teoriaa. igi
genderul identifikaciasa da genderul tipirebas ganixilavs ara rogorc
biologiurad determinirebuls, aramed rogorc bavSvisa da misi garemos (mSoblebi,
momvlelebi, media, skola, Tanatolebi da sxv.) yoveldRiuri interaqciis Sedegs.
amasTan, am Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia da tipireba imdenad soci-
aluri garemos mxridan ganxorcielebuli uSualo (pirdapiri) ganmtkicebis Sedegi ki
ar aris, ramdenadac SesaZlo qcevis Rirebulebis, misi ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobis
kognituri Sefasebis Sedegia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, am Teoriis farglebSi
Semotanilia specifikuri struqtura — kognituri modeli, romelic gamocdilebis
procesSi modelirebuli qcevebis verbaluri da xatovani reprezentaciebis saxiT
inaxeba mexsierebaSi. es kognituri modeli, romelsac prototipis saxe aqvs,
genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmis erT-erTi rgolia: igi momavali qcevis Sefasebis
nimuSad gamoiyeneba.
socialur-kogniturma Teoriam didi zegavlena moaxdina genderuli kvlevebis
ganviTarebaze. gansakuTrebiT didia misi wvlili am TvalsazrisiT empiriuli masalis
mopovebaSi. kerZod ki, genderuli identifikaciis procesSi socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis zegavlenis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebis dagrovebaSi.
genderis gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Teoria,
romelic exeba genderul-roluri orientacis aTvisebas, aris kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria. igi efuZneba Jan piaJes gamokvlevebs. man daadastura, rom bavSvebi gadian
kognituri ganviTarebis etapebs. gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, man aCvena, rom zogierTi
koncefciis gaazreba bavSvisaTvis SeuZlebelia, sanam igi ar miaRwevs ganviTarebis
garkveul kognitur etaps. bavSvis mier sakuTari sqesis gagebac icleba sxvadasxva
etapze. l. kolbergis (Kohlberg) kognituri ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT, gende-
ruli identifikacia da genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTviseba aris bavSvis soci-
aluri da fizikuri samyaros aqriuri Seqmnis, Camoyalibebis (struqturirebis) Sedegi.
bavSvebi mudmivad ikvleven garemos, cdiloben mis gaazrebas da am procesSi isini
aqtiurad ageben axal da ufro rTul struqturebs, romlebic garemosTan kontaqtis
saSualebas iZlevian. amgvarad, es Teoria xazs usvams garegani faqtorebis rols sqe-
sobriv-roluri orientaciis formirebaSi. Tumca am faqtorebis zegavlena ganisaz-
Rvreba bavSvis kognituri struqturebis formirebiT. bavSvebi gadian Tavis gan-
viTarebaSi sqesTan dakavSirebuli informaciis aTvisebis gansazRvrul etapebs da maT
mier SeZenili gamocdileba struqturirdeba gagebis misawvdomi donis Sesabamisad.
arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi adasturebs, rom kognituri ganviTarebis
faqtorebi dominantur rols TamaSoben genderuli warmodgenebis formirebis
procesSi. ase magaliTad, 2-3 wlis bavSvi swor pasuxebs iZleva sakuTar sqesTan
dakavSirebiT dasmul kiTxvaze. Tumca bavSvs sjera, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT sakuTari
sqesis Tmis varcxnilobasTan an tansacmelTan erTad Secvla.
slebi da frei (Slaby & Frey) gamoyofen amerikeli bavSvebis mier sqesTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis gagebis oTx dones. Tavdapirvelad bavSvebi ar ansxvaveben
sqesebs, meore etapze bavSvebi iwyeben sqesTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebis gamoye-
nebas, magram isini efuZnebian zedapirul fizikur maxasiaTeblebs. bolo or etapze,
romelic daaxloebiT 4,5-5 wlis asakSi iwyebs mimdinareobas, bavSvebi TandaTanobiT
midian imis gagebamde, rom sqesi warmoadgens myar da Seucvlel Taviseburebas.
23
 imitacia an modelireba spontanurad vlindeba bavSvSi. isini manerebis, laparakis
da sxva mravali qcevis imitacias axdenen. magaliTad, patara biWuna saTamaSo saparsiT
iparsavs, roca mamamisi namdvil saparss iyenebs, deda axalSobils aWmevs, patara
gogona ki - Tavis Tojinas. imitacia xSirad vlindeba TamaSebSi, iseTebSi, rogoricaa,
`saxlobana~, omobana~, deda-Svilobana~, `skolobana~ da a.S.
swavla xSirad dakvirvebis Sedegia, Tumca igi SeiZleba maSinve ar gamovlindes
imitaciis saxiT. magaliTad, gogona SeiZleba akvirdebodes dedas, romelic did dros
uTmobs Tavis garegnobas, kosmetikas, tansacmels da swavlobdes, rom mimzidveloba
qalis aucilebeli kategoriaa. amave dros, man es codna SeiZleba ara maSinve, aramed
garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg, mxolod mozrdilobisas gamoiyenos. banduras
mixedviT, aTvisebuli genderulad tipiuri qceva mexsierebaSi inaxeba da gamoiyeneba
maSin, rodesac mosalodnelia am qcevis sazogadoebis mxridan dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
(waxaliseba).
bavSvis unari winaswar ganWvritos momavali qcevis Sedegebi (kognituri struq-
turebisa da funqciebis gamoyenebiT) saSualebas aZlevs mas Tavidan aicilos arasa-
surveli qceva da amgvarad iswavlos, Tu romeli qcevaa misaRebi misi sqesisTvis da
romeli qcevaa miuRebeli.
amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, am Teoriis mixedviT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kogni-
turi procesebis monawileobas qcevis modelirebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, socialur-
kognituri Teoria xazs usvams socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis mniSvnelovan
rols sqesis identifikaciis procesSi. igi ganixilavs am faqtorTa zegavlenis 2 dones:
uSualo qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas pirdapiri gamocdilebis safuZvelze) da
Teoriuli qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas dakvirvebis, modelirebisa da qcevis
Sedegebis kognituri Sefasebis, ganWvretis gziT).
amgvarad, socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi kognituri kategoriebi da codna
warmoadgens erT-erT damatebiT mniSvnelovan (adamianisaTvis specifikur) faqtors
genderuli identifikaciisa da tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, genderuli qcevis
kognituri kategoria — prototipi, am TeoriaSi ufro genderuli identifikaciisa da
tipirebis procesis meqanizmis amxsneli cnebaa, vidre — uSualo dasja-waxalisabisa Tu
momavali qcevis rezultatebis Sefasebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli fsiqikuri
konstruqtisa.
qcevis genderuli tipireba (bavSvis mier gernderul-roluri orientaciebis aTvi-
seba) ufro advilad mimdinareobs, roca mSoblebi ise awyoben garemocvas, rom zogi
qcevis ganxorcieleba ufro iyos mosalodneli (an mosaxerxebeli) vidre — sxvisa.
magaliTad, Tu biWis oTaxi savsea sportuli danadgarebiT, ufro metia imis albaToba,
rom is ufro uxeSi TamaSebiT iqneba gatacebuli, vidre misi da, romlis oTaxic naz
ferebSi da nazi atributebiTaa mowyobili.
arsebobs damajerebeli kroskulturuli sabuTebi, rom socialuri faqtorebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTvisebaSi. davale-
bebi, romlebsac bavSvebs aZleven, agreTve, roluri modelebi, romlebsac gvTavazobs
kultura, ufro farTe planSi, aZlevs bavSvebs saSualebas aiTvisos sxvadasxva rolebi
da qcevis tipebi.
genderul identifikaciaze da tipirebaze socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas adastureben sxvadasxva avtorTa mier Catarebul kroskul-
turul kvlevebi. marTalia, yvela es kvleva socialuri daswavlis Teoriis farglebSi
ar Catarebula, magram TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens bavSvebis genderul identi-
fikaciaze da tipirebaze socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis ilus-
tracias. amdenad, es kvlevebi socialur-kognituri Teoriis damadasturebel sabu-
22
erTmaneTs.
saqorwino rituali, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasomxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
gansxvavebebs moicavs, ZiriTadad erTnairad mimdinareobda. somxuri qorwinebisTvis
specifikuria garkveuli Tanxis gadaxda vaJis mSoblebis mxridan patarZlis
dedisTvis. am Tanxas wiwagins uwodeben, romelic pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT `ZuZus
fass~ anu im rZis safasurs aRniSnavs, romliTac dedam Tavisi qaliSvili gamokveba.
somxur kulturaSi tradiciulad iTvleba, agreTve, mziTvis gataneba qaliSvilisTvis,
romlis ragvaroba da sididec aseve winaswari SeTanxmebis sagania. Cveulebriv,
mziTevSi Sedioda loginis TeTreuli, saqorwilo farda, WurWeli, zogjer ki
pirutyvic. sainteresoa, rom Zroxas somxeTSi arasodes ar atandnen mziTevSi. xalxuri
gadmocemis mixedviT, es imiT aixsneba, rom ojaxidan mdedrobiTi sqesis ori wevri ar
gasuliyo. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo.
iseve, rogorc sxva samxreT kavkasiur kulturebSi (azerbaijani, saqarTvelo)
qorwili aqac Semodgomaze imarTeboda.
somxeTSic, iseve rogorc azerbaijanSi moqmedebda ubiwobis instituti. orivegan
did sircxvilad iTvleboda, Tu pirvel saqorwilo Rames patarZali ubiwo ar iyo.
magram somxeTSi sruldeboda Semdegi ritualic. rogorc ki gairkveoda, rom qmari
`daeufla~ qaliSvils, am faqtis aRsaniSnad Tofs isrodnen, xolo Semdeg patarZlis
dedas ugzavnidnen daklul qaTams, saqorwilo Ramis zewars da milocvebs. am ritualis
Semdeg iTvleboda, rom qorwineba bednieri iqneboda.
qorwinebis darRveva miuRebeli iyo. cols RalatisaTvis Tmebs kreWdnen, virze
ukuRma svamdnen da atarebdnen quCa-quCa, igivenairad eqceodnen mamakacebsac,
romlebic cols uRalatebdnen.
somexi qalisaTvis yvelaze did ubedurebad uSviloba iTvleboda, orsul qals
ekrZaleboda uSvilos gverdze dajdoma, raTa es seni ar gadasdeboda. fexmZime qals
ekrZaleboda mSobliur saxlSi stumrobac. mSobiarobis Semdeg qali midioda xolme
mSobliur saxlSi dedis mosanaxuleblad, oRond mxolod maSin, roca mama saxlSi ar
iyo. amasTan mas bavSvi arasodes Tan ar miyavda. es gaxldaT ganridebis wes-Cveulebis
erT-erTi gamovlineba, msgavsi wesi moqmedebda saqarTveloSic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom somxur kulturaSic biWis dabadeba ufro sasixarulo iyo, vidre
— gogosi. biWis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi qalTan moqondaT tkbileuli (Tafli), misi
saxlis win ukravda musika, Tvis saxli ki morTuli iyo mwvane totebiT, romelic gvaris
gagrZelebis simbolod iTvleboda.
qarTuli ojaxi zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tips warmoadgens. amitom qarTul ojaxSi
misi wevrebis ufleba-movaleobebi sxva kavkasiur ojaxebSi arsebuli uflebrivi
sistemebis msgavsia. saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi
moqmedebda ojaxis wevrebs Soris ufros-umcrosobis ierarqiuli instituti, `ufrosi
qalis~ instituti, `umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wesebi. ufros qals, Cveulebriv,
ufrosi deda anu dedamTili warmoadgenda. misi funqciebi iyo ojaxis tradiciebis
dacva da, agreTve, Senaxva da gadacema axali TaobebisaTvis, sursaT-sanovagis
ganawileba didi ojaxis Semadgeneli patar-patara ojaxebisaTvis suladobisa da
patara bavSvebis raodenebis mixedviT. qals, feodalur saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc
sxva kavkasiur kulturebSi, memkvidreoba ar ekuTvnoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi mis
qonebas Seadgenda mziTvi, romelic Cveulebriv, loginis TeTreulisgan,
tansacmlisgan, WurWelisgan da pirutyvisgan Sedgeboda. mTaSi qals mxolod sakuTari
tansacmlsa da xelsaqmis yuTs atandnen mziTvSi. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze
zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo. sasiZos mxares unda ezruna, agreTve, patarZlis Cacmaze
qorwili dRes.
95
 saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli genderuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb metad saintereso
masalebs gvawvdis saqorwino wes-Cveulebebis analizi.
saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. esaa
winasaqorwino periodi, TviTon qorwili da qorwilis Semdgomi periodi. qorwinebis
rituali ZiriTadad xuT cikls Seicavda: qalis SerTvis saSualebebi (daniSvna),
niSnoba, periodi niSnobidan qorwilamde, qorwili da qorwilis Semdgomi periodi.
saqarTveloSi naTesavTa Soris egzogamia daculia manam, sanam naTesaoba STamoma-
valTa mexsierebaSi aris Senaxuli. amasTan egzogamia daculia iyo ar mxolod naTe-
savTa Soris, aramed erTi soflis an erTi Temis SigniTac, romelTa mkvidrnic erTi sa-
locavis (xatis) mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen (magaliTad, mTaSi). qorwineba ikrZa-
leboda, agreTve, mosisxle gvarebs Sorisac, imis Semdegac ki, roca gvarebi Serig-
debodnen. akrZalva ZalaSi iyo manam, sanam es STamomavalTa mesxierebaSi arsebobda.
vaJiSvilisaTvis meuRlis arCeva mSoblebis movaleobas da uflebas warmoadgenda.
dasaqorwinebeli wyvilis SerCevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda sapatarZlos
dedis, rogorc diasaxlisis reputacias, radgan iTvleboda, rom qali ara mxolod
swavlobda dedisagan diasaxlisobas, aramed memkvidreobiT iRebda misgan pirovnul
niSan-Tvisebebsac. vaJis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, arkvevdnen mis da misi winaprebis fizikur
da gonebriv sijansaRes, saojaxo da sameurneo saqmianobis gaZRolis unars, zneobas da
sxv. saqarTveloSi arsebobda qalis daniSvnis sxvadasxva wesebi: dabadebamde daniSvna,
akvanSi daniSvna, `xelis dakvriT~ daniSvna da sxv. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-
calke.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli iyo bavSvis dabadebamde daniSvnis
wesi. danaTesavebis mizniT, ojaxebi Tanxmdebodnen momavali Svilebis qorwinebis
Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo akvanSi daniSvnis wesic. am wesis mixedviTac,
bavSvebis momavali bedi wydeboda mSoblebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi
akvanSi mwoliare daniSnul gogos miutandnen xolme saCuqars (TavSals, beWeds), xolo
mis ojaxs ZRvens puris, saklavis, sasmelis da sxva saxiT. samkauls akvanze kidebdnen da
es iyo momavali qaliSvilis daniSvnis niSani. iseve rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi, akvanSi
daniSvnis drosac, daniSnuli vaJis mSoblebi movaleni iyvnen qorwinebis asakis
dadgomamde garkveuli periodulobiT (magaliTad, weliwadSi erTxel) qaliSvilis
ojaxSi saCuqrebi mietanaT. SesaZlebeli iyo zrdasrulobisas qaliSvils uari eTqva
qorwinebaze, magram am SemTxvevaSi mis ojaxs e.w. `danaxarji~ unda aenazraurebina
vaJiSvilis ojaxisaTvis. amgvarad, daniSvnis es wesebi, TvalnaTliv gviCveneben qalis
uuflebobas feodalur saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi arsebobda daniSvnis sxva saxeebic. metad sainte-
resoa qalis daniSvnis wesi, romelic ZiriTadad xevsureTSi da afxazeTSi gvxvdeba da
romelsac `xelis dakvriT~ daniSvna ewodeba. aseTi wesiT daniSvna SeiZleba momxdariyo
TavSeyris adgilebSi. es rituali SemdegSi mdgomareobda. qals vaJis mama, biZa an sxva
mamrobiTi sqesis axlo naTesavi mxarze xels dakravda, rac imas niSnavda, rom qali
`xeldakrulia~, `xelmokidebulia~ da mas sxvagan gaTxovwebis ufleba aRar hqonda.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi arsebobda qalis daniSvnis sxva wesic. igi qalis
nivTebiT daniSvnis wesis saxeliTaa cnobili. ojaxSi mosuli stumari (mamakaci) ojaxSi
tovebda raime nivTs (saTuTunes, maTraxs, fuls da a.S.), rac imis niSani iyo, rom
stumars am ojaxSi qaliSvili moewona sacoled an sarZlod. am dros maspinZeli
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ifiqrebda, rom es SemTxveviT moxda. ori dRis Semdeg,
qaliSvilis ojaxs ugzavnidnen Suamavlebs. aseTi wesiT qalis daniSvnis Semdeg
qorwilze uaris Tqma did Seuracyofad iTvleboda.
arsebobda qalis daniSvnis kidev sxva wesebic, magaliTad, cekvis dros qudis
96
anviTareben mis models, sqesis identifikaciis meqanizmSi damatebiTi, kulturuli
faqtorebis Semotanis gziT. amdenad, froidis Teoria unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
genderis fsiqologiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi stimuli, mamoZravebeli Zala da
genderis Tanamedrove gagebis mecnieruli winapiroba.
genderis gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi.
pirovnebis socialur-kognituri Teoriis(Bandura, Mishell) mixedviT qcevis
asaxsnelad sakmarisi ar aris mxolod adamianis Sinagani realobis gaTvaliswineba.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, kulturuli da socialuri faqtorebic, romelic zegavlenas
axdens pirovnebis ganviTarebaze. banduras mixedviT, adamianis fsiqikuri funqci-
onirebis meqanizmi qcevis, SemecnebiTi sferos da garemos uwyveti urTierT-
zemoqmedebis terminebSi unda iyos agebuli.
socialur-kognituri Teoria genderul-roluri orientaciis formirebas
ganixilavs, rogorc gamocdilebis SeZenis rezultats. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi,
Tanatolebi da socializaciis sxva agentebi ayalibeben bavSvebis genderul-rolurad
orientirebul qcevas, adekvaturi da araadekvaturi qcevis ganmtkicebiTa da dasjiT,
modelirebiT, molodinebiT, saTamaSoebis SerCeviT da sxva momentebiT, romelic
dakavSirebulia gansxvavebuli moqceviT gogonebTan da biWebTan.
socialur-kognituri Teoria biheviorizmidan da swavlis eqsperimentuli gamok-
vlevebidan iRebs saTaves. am Teoriis mixedviT, adamini swavlobs qcevis paternebs
daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc cxoveli, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
gamomwvevi mizezi ar aris yovelTvis iseTi konkretuli, rogorc cxovelisaTvis
sakvebi. bavSvis qceva yalibdeba mozrdilebis yuradRebiTa da waxalisebiT. rogorc
angeri aRniSnavs, mSoblebi ar dayvebian TavianT patara gogonas da yovelTvis, roca is
Tojinas aiRebs xelSi saTamaSod, ar aZleven kanfetebs waxalisebis mizniT. aseve ar
ubrazdebian yovelTvis, roca manqaniT TamaSobs. magram Tu mama periodulad Sexedavs
mas Tbili RimiliT, roca is fanqrebiT rveulSi xatavs, gogona xSirad gaimeorebs am
qcevas. axlad naswavli qceva SeiZleba gavrceldes sxva situaciebzec — gogona
daiwyebs xatvas ara mxolod saxlSi, aramed — sabavSvo baRSic. ufro zogadad, gogonam
SeiZleba daiswavlos, rom `wynari~ TamaSi ukeTesia, vidre — `aqtiuri~.
am Teoriis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
bavSvi cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT swavlobs sxvebze dakvirvebiT, modelirebiT da
maTi qcevis imitirebiT. socialur-kognituri Teoriis amosavals warmoadgens
debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom qcevis axali formebis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia uSualo
garegani ganmtkicebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. qcevis aTviseba SesaZlebelia
magaliTis saSualebiTac. Cven vakvirdebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian sxvebi da Semdeg
vimeorebT maT qcevas. amgvarad, bandura aqcents akeTebs ara pirdapir ganmtkicebaze,
aramed — swavlaze dakvirvebisa da magaliTis gziT. aseTnairad adamianebs
uyalibdebaT garkveuli qcevis kognituri modeli, romelic verbaluri da kognituri
reprezentaciebis saxiT inaxeba mexsierebaSi da momaval qcevaSi orientiris funqcias
asrulebs. kerZod, qcevis am kognitur modelebze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba momavali
qcevis Rirebulebis kognituri Sefaseba da sazogadoebaSi misi dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis ganWvreta.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qcevis kognituri modeli am Teoriis farglebSi samodelo qcevis
xatia, romelic SemdgomSi Sesabamisi an Seusabamo qcevis prototipad gamoiyeneba.
qcevis da maT Soris genderuli qcevis prototipis Camoyalibeba swavlis procesSi
mimdinare Sesabamisi qceviTi magaliTebis, informaciis verbaluri gadacemis,
imitaciisa da modelirebis Sedegia.
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identifikaciaze kulturuli faqtorebis da qalis susti bunebis Sesaxeb ideo-
logiebis didi zegavlenis gamo.
biologiuri da kulturuli faqtorebis genderul identifikaciaze gavlenis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania m. midis kvlevebi. axli gvineis 3
ganxsvavebuli tomis Seswavlis Sedegad, man daadgina, rom qalisa da mamakacis
stereotipuli Tvisebebi yovelTvis ar aris biologiuri sqesiT ganpirobebuli.
seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda, agreTve qalisa da qalurobis fenomenis
froidiseuli gageba. feministuri moZraobis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom froidis
damokidebuleba qalebisadmi viqtorianuli epoqis Sexedulebebis asaxvaa. klara
tompsonis azriT, froidis Sexedulebebis SezRuduloba yvelaze kargad Cans `penisis
Suris~ mis koncefciaSi. klara tompsoni aRiarebs, rom gogonebs SurT biWebis, magram
misi azriT, es Suri qalebis biologiuri arasrulfasovnebiT ki ar aris gamowveuli
(rogorc es froids aqvs gagebuli), aramed im privilegiebiT, romlebiTac gansxvavebiT
gogonebisa da qalebisagan, sargebloben sazogadoebaSi biWebi da mamakacebi.
froidis Teorias akritikeben empiriuli monacemebis simwiris gamoc. kerZod, sxva
mkvlevarTa mravalricxovani empiriuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom zneobrivi
grZnobebi bavSvebs ar uyalibdebaT sxeulebrivi dazianebebis miRebis SiSis gamo
(iqneba es kastraciis SiSi Tu sxva tipis fizikuri dasja). moraluri grZnobebi bavSvs
uviTardeba maSin, roca igi siyvaruliT aris garSemortymuli da cdilobs
SeinarCunos es siyvaruli. es monacemebi exeba rogorc biWebs, aseve gogonebs.
fsiqoanalizis feministuri mimarTulebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom
froidis Teoria zedmetad individualisturia da mowyvetilia socialur garemos.
nensi Codorou da jesika benJamini aRniSnavdnen, rom SeuZlebelia SeviswavloT
adamiani izolirebulad da mxolod misi ltolvebi da egofunqciebi gaviTvaliswinoT.
maTi azriT, mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli Tvisebebis
Camoyalibebis modelis agebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobebic.
froidis Teoria gakritikebuli iyo imis gamoc, rom misi debulebebi exeba bavSvis
ganviTarebas, misi damamtkicebeli empiriuli sabuTebi ki zrdasruli adamianebis
kvlevis Sedegadaa mopovebuli.
zogierTi fsiqologis azriT, froidis Teorias aranairi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, rad-
gan igi Zalian bundovani da araerTmniSvnelovania. kerZod, kritika exeba am Teoriis
safuZvelze bavSvis ganviTarebis prognozirebis SesaZleblobebs. am avtorebis azriT,
xSir SemTxvevebSi mas mivyevarT erTi da igive movlenis urTierTsawinaaRmdego
interpretaciebamde. magaliTad, frustraciam analur stadiaze SeiZleba gamoiwvios
xasiaTis iseTi Tvisebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa, akuratuloba, sisufTave da
damjeroba an piriqiT — amboxisa da areulobisaken midrekileba.
amgvarad, daskvnisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom z. froidis Teoriis farglebSi
genderuli identifikaciis gagebis kritika efuZneba Semdeg argumentebs: empiriuli
masalis simwire; pirovnebis biologiuri fsqtorebiT determinirebuloba; qalis
moralurobisa da Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis modelis sisuste; pirovnebis socialur
garemosgan mowyvetili gageba; kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da maT Soris ojaxisa da
urTierTobebis kulturuli praqtikebis gauTvaliswinebloba.
miuxedavad mravalricxovani da seriozuli kritikisa, froidis Teoriam udidesi
gavlena moaxdina genderis gagebaze da misi, rogorc mecnieruli koncefciis
ganviTarebaze. rogorc zemoT davrwmundiT, froidis bevri kritikosis Sexeduleba
swored misi Teoriidan iRebs saTaves: maTi umetesoba iziarebs sqesis identifikaciis
froidiseuli gagebis ZiriTad principebs. Tumca ki, froidis kritikosebi avseben da
20
srolis wesi.
saqarTvelos zogierT nawilSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli colis SerTva
motacebis gziT. es wesi metad popularuli iyo afxazeTSi da samegreloSi.
specialistebis azriT, qalis motacebis mizezebi qorwinebastan dakavSirebuli
materialuri danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebaSi unda veZeboT. xSirad motaceba xdeboda
axalgazrdebis SeTanxmebiTac, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca qaliSvils saqmro hyavda
da iwunebda. zogierTi specialistis azriT, qalis motaceba gamowveuli iyo
feodalur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli `pirveli Ramis~ wesiT, romlis mixedviTac
patarZalTan pirveli Ramis gatarebis ufleba batons hqonda.
Tu gamtaceblebs mdevari gamoedevneboda, maSin vaJis ojaxs mdevrisaTvis saxlis
karebTan saklavi unda daexvedrebina Semosarigeblad. Tu qali winaaRmdegi iyo, maSin
mas sruli ufleba hqonda ukan gayoloda mdevars. amgvarad, motacebis SemTxvevaSi
qalis azrs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
garigebiT daniSvna mTels saqarTveloSi farTed gavrcelebuli wesi iyo. igi
dRemde SemorCa mosaxleobis garkveul fenebSi. garigebaSi mTavari momqmedi gmiri iyo
`maWankali~ an misi Semcvleli axlo naTesavi. `maWankali~ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi sxvadasxva motivebiT moqmedebda. zogan is ubralod axlo naTesavi an
keTilmosurne iyo da amitom misTvis gasamrjelos an saCuqris SeTavazeba did
Seuracyofad iTvleboda. zogan igi saCuqars iRebda, zogan ki igi gasamrjelosaTvis
irjeboda. amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi gasamrjelos odenoba mziTvis odenobis
proporciulad izrdeboda.
niSnoba warmoadgens saqorwino mxareebis SeTanxmebis dadasturebis gamomxatvel
rituals. niSnobis ritualiTvis mniSvnelovania beWdis an raime sxva samkaulis gada-
cema. niSnobis Semdeg ojaxebi ukve danaTesavebulad iTvlebodnen. daniSvnis Semdeg
qali faqtiurad gaTxovilad iTvleboda da misi Txova sxva pirisagan miuRebeli iyo.
sainteresoa `kveTilSi Casmis~ rituali. es rituali maSin sruldeboda, roca qali
daiwunebda Tavis daniSnul saqmros. am SemTxvevaSi saqmro qals `kveTilSi svamda~, rac
imas niSnavda, rom vaJi ramdenime wliT ukrZalavda qals gaTxovebas an usaxelebda im
soflebs, sadac mas gaTxoveba ar SeeZlo.
saqarTveloSi niSnobidan qorwinebamde, Cveulebriv, erTi weli gadioda. Tumca es
periodi SeiZleba ufro gagrZelebuliyo. es damokidebuli iyo ojaxebis materialur
mdgomareobaze da daniSnuli wyvilis asakze. niSnobidan qorwilamde peroidSi,
Cveulebriv, qal-vaJs erTmaneTis naxvis ufleba ar hqondaT. daniSnuli qali
moridebulad unda moqceuliyo, saxlidan iSviaTad unda gasuliyo. miuRebeli iyo,
agreTve, misi stumroba sxva soflebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, saqmros sofelSi. zogierT
kuTxeSi am periods `sapatarZlos tyveobis~ periodsac uwodeben. saintersoa, rom
tradiciis mixedviT, erT-erTi daniSnulis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, meore mas ise
iglovebda, rogorc namdvili meuRle, Tumca ki erTmaneTi SeiZleba nanaxic ki ar
hyavdaT.
qorwili saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTels samxreT kavkasiaSi or etapad mimdina-
reobda: qorwili qalis mamis saxlSi da qorwili vaJis mamis saxlSi. amasTan, saqarTve-
loSic qalis mamis saxlSi gamarTuli qorwili ufro mcirericxovani iyo. rogorc vi-
ciT, es rituali dRemde arsebobs samxreT kavkasiaSi. qorwilis erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani rituali iyo jvriswera, romelic, Cveulebriv, sapatarZlos sofelSi arsebul
eklesiaSi mimdinareobda. qalis cxovreba axal ojaxSi moicavda rig ritualebs,
romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo rogorc rZlis ojaxSi miRebasTan, aseve qalis mier axal
ojaxsa da Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxs Soris naTesavuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebasTan.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi arsebobda col-qmris gayris specialuri wesic. Tu
97
mamakaci daiwunebda cols anu gayras gadawyvetda, maSin mas colisaTvis `namaSvrali~
unda gadaexada. `namaSvrali~ imdeni saqonlis micemas gulisxmobda colisTvis, ramdeni
welic qali cxovrobda da muSaobda qmris ojaxSi, pirveli da bolo wlebis gamoklebiT.
saqarTveloSi qalis statusis gasaanalizeblad metad sainteresoa sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis formebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelos mTian nawilSi
(xevsureTSi da fSavSi). mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs fSavuri wawlobisa da xevsuruli
sworfrobis insitutebi.
wawloba fSavelTa Soris gavrcelebuli seqsualuri xasiaTis Cveulebaa. wawlobas
nadob-naZmobasac uwodebdnen xolme. wawloba iwyeba fSaveli qal-vaJis sqesobrivi
simwifis periodidan (ToTxmeti wlidan). rac ufro meti wawali hyavda ymawvil qalsa Tu
vaJs, miT ufro pativcemuli iyo igi. Tu qaliSvils an vaJiSvils ar yavda wawlebi, maSin is
fSavSi `uxeirod~ iTvleboda. miRebuli iyo, rom axalgazrda ise unda moqceuliyo, rom
miezida wawlebi. wawloba niSnavs naTesav da ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis wes-Cveulebas fSavSi. es Cveuleba daculia xatis sjuliTa da wesebiT.
qal-vaJis sqesobrivi urTierTobebi garkveuli uflebebiTa da SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba.
kerZod, wawloba daSvebulia rogorc naTesavTa, aseve - ucxo pirTa Soris. miuxedavad
amisa, fSavSi naTesavTa Soris wawlobas eridebian. saqmes isaa, rom wawlobis wes-Cveulebis
mixedviT, sqesobrivi urTierTobebi qal-vaJs Soris SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT da wels
zeviT alersiT. wawlis orsuloba did sircxvilad iTvleboda. wawlebis mxridan wesis
darRveva maTi Temidan gandevniT isjeboda. es wesi gansakuTrebiT mkacrad moqmedebda
naTesav wawalTa Soris, romlebic sisxlis aRrevis gamo ara Tu Temidan gandevniT, aramed
sikvdiliTac SeeZloT daesajaT. amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, naTesavTa Soris dasaSvebia
wawloba, magram qorwineba miuRebelia. erTi Temis wawlebs xatisgan akrZaluri hqondaT
SeuRleba, SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva Temis wawlebis SeuRleba.
wawloba, cxadia, urTierTmowonebaze da ltolvaze iyo dafuZnebuli. qaliSvili da
vaJiSvili urTierTmowonebis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs nadob-naZmobas ucxadebdnen da
amis Semdeg mimarTavdnen wawlobis wesis Sesrulebas anu erTad wolas.
fSavSi miRebulia, rom daniSnul adgilas qaliSvilTan vaJi mivides. es adgili
Tavdapirvelad saxlidan moSorebiT mdebareobs (tyeSi nabdis qveS, sabZelSi, boselSi
da a.S.). garkveuli siaxlovis damyarebis Semdeg vaJi midis qaliSvilis saxlSi ise, rom
misma mSoblebma ar gaigon. Tu mSoblebi mainc SeamCneven TavianTi qaliSvilis wawalis
stumrobas, wesisamebr ise moiqcevian, rom viTom araferi gaugiaT.
wawloba, Cveulebriv, Rame mimdinareobs da mamlis yivilamde grZeldeba.
fSavSi gavrcelebulia mravalwawlianoba. SesaZlebelia xuTi an aTi wawlis yola.
eTnografiuli masalebidan cnobilia oci wawlis yolis SemTxvevebic. es, cxadia,
warmoSobs naZmobTa (wawali vaJi) Soris qiSpobis SemTxvevebs. mtrobisa da
konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba da daregulireba qalis saqmea. man ise unda moawyos
Sexvedra, rom misi sxva wawali amas ar Seeswros (magaliTad, qali mxolod erT wawals
uSvebs saxlSi anu mxolod maSin uRebs karebs vaJs, winaswar setanxmebuli specialuri
niSnis, stvenis an kakunis Semdeg, Tu igi sxva wawalTan dakavebuli ar aris).
fSaveli qalis gaTxovebas sruliad ar uSlida xels wawloba. piriqiT, wawloba xels
uwyobda gaTxovwebas. saqme isaa, rom fSavelTa SexedulebiT, rac ufro meti wawali
hyavs qaliSvils, miT ufro Rirseul da pativcemul qalad iTvleba igi. miRebuli iyo,
rom rodesac nadobi (wawali qali) Txovdeboda, mas mayrebad Tan mihyvebodnen naZmobni
(wawlebi). amasTan nadobis (wawali qalis) qorwilis dros naZmobebis (wawali
mamakacebis) mayarSi wayola da maTi simravle qalisaTvis saamayod iTvleboda.
garda trfoba-alersisa, wawlobis instituti moicavda wyvilis mier erTma-
neTisTvis saCuqrebis gakeTebis wes-Cveulebasac: ase magaliTad, qali uqsovda vaJs
98
mSoblebis urTierTobebze, aramed Zmebsa da debs Soris urTierTobebze. malinovski
aRniSnavda, rom aseT pirobebSi oidipos kompleqss sruliad sxvagavari saxe unda mis-
cemoda. marTlac, trobrianis kunZulebis miTebis Seswavlisas malinovskim aRmoaCina,
rom maT safuZvels warmoadgens debsa da Zmebs Soris urTierTobebis mkacri tabu.
Tumca malinovski akritikebda froids oidipos kompleqsTan dakavSirebiT, magram
igi sruliad iziarebda misi Teoriis ZiriTad principebs. malinovski iziarebda
froidis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxebac, rom gandevnili survilebi proeqciebSi (miTebSi,
folklorSi da a. S.) vlindeba, im gansxvavebiT, rom es proeqciebi universaluri ki ar
aris, aramed gansxvavdeba kulturaTa mixedviT.
froidis ideebma normaluri feminuri da maskulinuri pirovnebis Sesaxeb metad
farTe gavrceleba pova rogorc mis studentebSi, aseve fsiqologebsa da socialuri
mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebSi. misi midgoma genderuli identifikaciisa da
genderuli tipirebis Sesaxeb mravali interpretaciis dasayrdeni gaxda.
z. froidis Teoriis mimdevaris helen daCis azriT, gogonas ganviTarebis
mamoZravebel Zalas `penisis Suris~ universaluri kategoria ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
yvela adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Suri imisa, rac sxvas aqvs.
erik eriqsonma ganavrco froidis ganviTarebis Teoria. eriqsonis damsaxurebaa
bavSvis ganviTarebaSi da identifikaciaSi biologiur impulsebTan erTad socialuri
faqtorebis zegavlenis mniSvnelobis xazgasma. amasTan, eriqsonis mixedviT, qalis
genderuli identifikaciis safuZvels penisis uqonloba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed —
saSvilosnos qona. eriqsonma xazi gausva Sinagani sivrcis cnebas. igi akvirdeboda 10-12
wlis bavSvebis TamaSs da daadgina, rom Sinagani sivrce gavlenas axdens sqesis
identifikaciaze. bavSvebs eZleodaT adamianebisa da cxovelebis miniaturuli figu-
rebi. maT sTxovdnen, rom aegoT kinos (filmis) scena. gogos tipuri scena Sedgeboda
interieris scenisagan adamianebiT da avejiT. biWis tipuri scena iyo saxls gareT,
morTuli kedlebiT, fasadebiT da boZebiT. gogonebis scenebi mSvidi da statikuri
iyo, xolo biWebisa — aqtiurobisken orientirebuli. eriqsonma paraleli gaavlo
genderul konstruqtiul TamaSebs Soris gansxvavebebsa da sqesTabiologiur gansxva-
vebebs Soris (qalis Sinagani faqizi organoebi da kacis garegani, aqtiuri organoebi).
swored es gansxvavebuli organoebi gansazRvraven, eriqsonis mixedviT, bavSvebis
gansxvavebul Sinagan sivrces, romlic maTi sqesobrivi identifikaciis safuZvelia.
alfred adleri Tvlida, rom adamiani upirvelasad socialuri da ara seqsualuri
arsebaa. da amdenad, misi qceva motivirebulia ara biologiuri instiqtebiT, aramed -
socialuri interesebiT. misi azriT, maskulinuri dominantoba ar aris bunebrivi
movlena. igi gamowveulia kacebisa da biWebis ufro meti socialuri RirebulebiT
ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi.
karen horni Tvlida, rom froidis monacemebi qalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb asaxavs
patara biWis azrebs qalis anatomiis Sesaxeb. Tumca patara biWi SeiZleba uyurebdes
patara gogos da fiqrobdes, rom man dakarga penisi, magram aranairi safuZveli ara
gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom gogoc ase fiqrobs. horni ar eTanxmeboda froids, rom `penisis
Suri~ da kastraciis kompleqsi qalis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmia. igi
aRniSnavda, rom icnobda zustad imdenive kacs, romlebsac qalis saSvilosnosi
SurdaT, ramdensac qals, romlebsac kacis penisis SurdaT. igi Tvlida, rom zogierTi
kacis akviatebuli swrafva miRwevisaken gamoxatavs qalebis unikaluri
SesaZleblobebis (reproduqciuli unaris) zekompensacias. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
hornis azriT, saSvilosnos Surs mivyevarT feminur kompleqsamde.
hornis azriT, ar arsebobs qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris biologiurad deter-
minitebuli fsiqologiuri sxvaobebi. isini ganpirobebulia genderul
19
bierSi). es xorcieldeba mamasTan identifikaciis gziT. biWebi cdiloben moawonon
mamas Tavi da gaiziaron misi Rirebulebebi. mamasTan identifikacia biWebs saSualebas
aZlevs `flobdes~ dedas, Tumca ara realurad, aramed — gaSualebulad (Canac-
vlebulad). mamasTan identifikaciis gziT daiZleva oidipos kompleqsi da viTardeba
superego — moraluri normebis sistema.
gogonebis ganviTareba sxvagvarad mimdinareobs. falosur stadiaze gogonebis mier
gakeTebuli aRmoCena, rom maT akliaT penisi, froidis mixedviT, gogonaTa
ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti momentia. gogonas uviTardeba e.w. `penisis Suri~. es
ukanaskneli gogonebis TviTSefasebas did dartymas ayenebs da maT arasrulfasovnebis
kompleqss uyalibebs. Tumca deda aris gogonebis siyvarulis Tavdapirveli obieqti,
magram isini swored dedas adanaSauleben penisis arqonaSi da uars amboben dedis
siyvarulze. TavianT siyvaruls isini mamebisken mimarTaven, romelTac aqvT is organo,
romelic maT da maT `defeqtur~ dedebs arasodes eqnebaT. gogonebis `penisis flobis~
survili mamisken siyvarulis warmarTviT ar aris srulad dakmayofilebuli. igi
gardaiqmneba mamisgan bavSvis yolis survilad da mogvianebiT, bavSvis yolis survilad
sakuTari meuRlisgan. froidis mixedviT, qali sruliad realizirdeba vaJiSvilis
gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, radgan igi aseTnairad, bolos da bolos, aRwevs didi xnis
sasurveli `penisis flobas~. amgvarad, patara gogo, romelic `patara kaci~ iyo
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis preoidipalur stadiaze, falosuri stadiis gavlis
Sedegad xdeba pasiuri, mgrZnobiare da ganayofierebis momlodine qali.
froidis azriT, gansxvavebiT biWebisgan, gogonebi Cveulebriv, warumateblobas
ganicdian srulad gadawyviton oidipos kompleqsi (am situacias, gogonebis Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba eleqtras kompleqsi ewodos). gogonebs aqvT krizisi maT mier penisis
ar flobis gamo da maTi incesturi moTxovnileba mamis mimarT aris penisis mopovebis
mcdeloba. biWebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic kastraciis SfoTviT arian motivi-
rebulni gadaWran iodipos kompleqsi, gogonebi TavianT Tavs ukve kastrirebulad
ganixilaven da amdenad, nakleb SfoTvas ganicdian. amitom qalebs Cveulebriv aqvT
naklebad ganviTarebuli moralurobis grZnobaTa sistema anu superego.
z. froidis mixedviT, gogonebSi iodipos kompleqsis nawilobrivi an arasruli
daZleva xdeba. es ki iwvevs tipur qalur Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas, iseTebs, rogoricaa,
pasiuroba da dedobis survili. froidi aRniSnavda, rom ganayofierebis survili aseve
miuTiTebs mazoxizmze da siamovnebaze tkivilisa da tanjvisagan, radganac seqsua-
luri urTierTobebi da Svilebis gaCena SeiZleba tkivilTan iyos dakavSirebuli.
amgvarad, froidis mixedviT, `penisis Suri~ da misi `flobis~ survili normaluri
qalurobis Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. biWisaTvis normaluri mamakacurobis
Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zala ki kastraciis SiSia. rac Seexeba sqesis identifi-
kaciis meqanizms, igi, froidis mixedviT, oidipos kompleqsis daZlevasa da igive sqesis
mSobelTan identifikaciaSi mdgomareobs.
z. froidis Teoriam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina ara mxolod genderis, aramed,
saerTod adamianis Sesaxeb mecnieruli azris ganviTarebaze. Tumca, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom misi Teoria mkacri kritikis sagani gaxda. yvelaze seriozuli kritika
anTropologebis mxridan modioda, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom es Teoria dasavluri
kulturis CarCoebiT aris SezRuduli. kerZod, malinovski miuTiTebda, rom oidipos
kompleqsi ar aris universaluri fenomeni, rogorc amas froidi varaudobda.
malinovski aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis sabazo struqtura (mama, deda da Svili), romelzec
agebulia oidipos kompleqsi, ar aris damaxasiaTebeli bevri kulturisTvis. magali-
Tad, trobrianis kunZulebze (papua — axali gvinea) ojaxis ufrosi ara mama, aramed —
biZaa dedis mxridan. amasTan mkacri tabu incestze dadebulia ara bavSvebisa da
18
Wrel windebs, ukeravda saTambaqoes, xolo vaJi Cuqnida qals kalaTas windebisTvis,
TiTis tarebs da xelsaqmis sxva instrumentebs.
xSirad wawloba wyvils Soris maTi gaTxoveba/colis SerTvis Semdegac grZeldeboda.
zogi qmari qals gaTxovebis Semdeg wawlobis uflebas ar aZlevda. amitom qali xSirad eyre-
boda anu gaurboda qmars. fSavuri ojaxis keTildReoba qalze iyo damyarebuli. mamakaci,
Cveulebriv, ar muSaobda da ojaxur meurneobas mTlianad qali uZRveboda. qali mkida da
Tibavda yanas, mwyemsavda Zroxebs, amzadebda rZis nawarms. garda amisa, qali uvlida ojaxs,
qsovda da keravda tansacmels. amgvarad, qalze iyo damokidebuli ojaxis ekonomikuri
siZliere. aqedan gamomdinare, qalis ojaxidan wasvla ar iyo sasurveli. ufro metic, es
SesaZlebelia ojaxis sruli ganadgurebiTac dasrulebuliyo. amitom mamakaci iZulebuli
iyo Segueboda qalis wawlobas. garda amisa, colis gaqceva fSavSi did sircxvilad
iTvleboda. aseT kacze gaTxovba qalebs aRar undodaT. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
qmari, Cveulebriv, egueboda qalis wawlobas. ra Tqma unda, igi TviTonac wawlobda.
xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli iyo qal-vaJTa sqesobrivi urTierTobebis msgavsi wesi,
romelic sworfrobis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. xevsureTis sworfroba urTierToba-
Ta ZiriTadi principiT fSavuri wawlobis msgavsia. sworfrobis ritualSic akrZa-
lulia qal-vaJis urTierTobaSi dawesebuli zRvris gadalaxva. Tumca ki arsebobs rigi
gansxvavebebisa maT Soris: fSavSi qalTan vaJi midis, xevsureTSi ki, piriqiT, qali midis
vaJTan. garda amisa, xevsureTSi Zmobili Tavis sworfer qals stumars uwvens
pativiscemis niSnad.
rogorc sworfrobis, aseve wawlobis wes-Cveulebis genezisi da funqciebi dRemde
ar aris sabolood garkveuli.
me-19 s.-is meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi kapitalizmis SemoWrasTan erTad qals ukve
kanoniT ekuTvnoda momkvidreobidan wili. es iyo mcire miwis nakveTi. amave dros,
kavkasiis mTian sasazRvro da gzispira regionebSi gaCnda wesi — gaTxovebisas
qalisaTvis ojaxidan mcire kapitalis gataneba (saqarTveloSi — `saTavno~, somxeTSi —
`arnegini~). am ukanasknels an pirutyvis an fulis saxe hqonda, romlisganac miRebul
mogebasc (rZis, yvelis, matylis da sxv. gayidviT an mevaxSoebiT) qalis pirad
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. amdenad, qali am qonebas sakuTari neba-survilis mixedviT
gankargavda. `saTavnosa~ da `arneginis~ wesi qals SedarebiT finansur Tavisuflebas
aZlevda ojaxSi. amdenad, qali ukve aRar iyo iseTi SezRuduli ojaxSi, rogorc es
feodaluri wyobis dros iyo.
me-19s.-Si daiwyo, agreTve, metad mZlavri qalTa saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaT-
leblo moZraoba, romelsac saTaveSi maRali wris qalebi edgnen. misi mizani iyo dabali
fenebisaTvis qvelmoqmedeba, wera-kiTxvisa da xelsaqmis swavleba.
sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworoba oficialuri
ideologiiT propagandirebuli da kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli iyo. mmarTvelobis
umaRles organoSi — umaRles sabWoSi qali deputatebisaTvis 38-40%-iani kvota
arsebobda; sabWoTa kavSirSi 1948 wlidan arsebobda oficialuri da erTaderTi qalTa
organizaciac — qalTa sabWo, romelsac centralizirebuli mmarTveloba da qseluri
struqrura hqonda. qalisaTvis mamakacTan Tanasworad xelmisawvdomi iyo ganaTlebis
sistemis yvela safexuri, nebismieri profesia da moRvaweobis sfero. miuxedavad amisa,
qalis intagracia sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mainc formalur xasiaTs atarebda,
radganac realuri polirikuri gadawyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze qalebi ar
iniSnebodnen. qalis mier arCeul profesia da moRvaweobis sfero mainc tradiciul
CarCoebSi rCeboda. arsebobda tradiciuli mentalitetiT gansazRvruli qalis
prestiJuli profesiebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, aRmzrdeli, pedagogi, eqimi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kavkasiis qveynebSi demokratiis mSeneblobis
99
procesi daiwyo. 1991 wlidan kavkasiaSi Seiqmna qalTa pirveli arasamTavrobo orga- kvira #2
nizaciebi, romlebic postsabWoTa periodSi mkveTri politikur-ekonomikuri cvli- leqcia— 2 sT
lebebis fonze aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad qalTa organizaciebi ZiriTadad qalTa tra-
diciuli funqciis gaZlierebiT iyvnen dakavebulni da maTi moRvaweoba saqvelmoqme- Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli rolebis
do, mSvidobis myofeli an daucvel fenaTa daxmarebis programebiT Semoifargleboda. aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri,
1995 wels kavkasiis yvela qveyana SeuerTda konvencias `qalis mimarT kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi, androginiis koncefcia,
diskriminaciiis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~. (CEDAW). Seiqmna mudmivmomqmedi genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis da genderuli
specialuri saxelmwifo komisiebi, romelTa funqciaa saxelmwifo genderuli
sqemis Teoria).
politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba. qalTa moZraobis sagrZnobi gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia
aseve bolo wlebSi dasavleTTan kontaqtebis zrdam, ucxouri fondebis daxmarebam da
leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba TiToeuli Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi, genderis
samoqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebam. dRes kavkasiis qveynebSi arsebobs mZlavrad
gageba am TeoriaTa farglebSi, agreTve, maTi kritikuli Sefaseba da mniSvneloba
ganviTarebuli qalTa organizaciebi (daax. 150-170 momqmedi organizacia), romlebic
genderuli kvelvebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
qalTa sakiTxis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicaven.
bolo 3-4 weliwadia, rac kavkasiis wamyvan umaRles saswavleblebSi daiwyo genderis
genderis gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi. genderul kvlevebze, kerZod
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis swavleba, magram jerjerobiT es sfero mainc naklebadaa
ki, genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli sxvaobebis gagebaze udidesi gavlena
ganviTarebuli. kavkasiis did qalaqebSi arsebobs genderisa da qalTa uflebebis
moaxdina z. froidis (Freud) fsiqoanalizurma Teoriam. froidi iyo pirveli fsiqo-
samecniero-kvleviTi centrebic.
logi, romelmac pirovnebis Teoriis centrSi moaqcia biologiuri sqesi da xazi gausva
miuxedavad qalTa arasamTavrobo seqtoris, saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso fon-
mis mniSvnelovan rols ganviTarebis procesSi.
debis didi Zalisxmevisa kavkasiaSi qalTa moRvaweoba feministuri moZraobis saxiT ar
marTalia, froidi genderis mkvlevarTa ricxvs ar miekuTvneba da TviT genderis
Camoyalibda. regionSi kvlav Zlieria tradiciuli kulturis gavlena da kavkasiis
mecnieruli terminic ar arsebobda am droisaTvis, magram man pirvelma axsna pirov-
qveynebi jer kidev Sorsaa genderuli Tanasworobisagan. marTalia kavkasieli qalebi
nebis sqesobrivi identifikaciisa da sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Camoyalibebis procesi.
gascdnen qalis tradiciul rols da aqtiurad CaerTnen sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,
amdenad, froidma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra genderis fenomenis mecnierTa
magram Sromisa da dasaqmebis bazarze, iseve, rogorc qveynis mmarTvelobis struq-
yuradRebis centrSi moqceva. misma Sexedulebebma safuZveli Cauyara genderis
turebSi maTTvis naklebad misawvdomia gadawyvetilebis mimRebi Tanamdebobebi. Tumca
mecnieruli kvlevis obieqtad Camoyalibebas. swored amitom, mniSvnelovnia
kavkasiis erT-erT qveyanaSi — saqarTveloSi, 2002-2004 wlebSi parlamentis Tavmjdo-
sqesobrivi identifikaciis meqanizmis froidiseuli gagebis ganxilva.
mare da Semdeg ki prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli qali iyo (nino burjanaZe,
z. froidis midgoma sqesobrivi identifikaciisadmi efuZneba bavSvis fsiqoseqsu-
romelic dRemde parlamentis Tavmjdomarea), magram qalTa CarTva gadawyvetilebis
aluri ganviTarebis mis mier gamoyofil stadiebs. kerZod, froidis Teoriis mixedviT
miRebis procesSi sistemur xasiaTs ar atarebs (ase, mag. kavkasiis qveynebis
sqesobrivi identifikaciisa da sqesobrivi sxvaobebis formirebis meqanizmi bavSvis
parlamentSi qali deputatebi saSualod 12%-s Seadgenen). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TviT
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSia Cadebuli. sqesobrivi identurobis ganviTa-
kavkasieli qalebis umetesoba gamokiTxvisas prioritets mainc tradiciul rolebs
reba mimdinareobs stadiebis seriebis mixedviT. yoveli etapi xasiaTdeba libiduri
aniWebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens axalgazrda Taoba, romelisTvisac prioritetulia
(seqsualuri) energiis koncentraciiT sxeulis garkveul nawilSi. fsiqoseqsualuri
sakuTari profesionalizmi da ganviTareba. genderuli uTanasworoba da qalTa
ganviTarebis I etapze — oralur stadiaze bavSvi aRwevs primitiul seqsualur
uflebebis diskriminacia gansakuTrebiT Zlieria kavkasiis musulmanur nawilSi,
dakmayofilebas wovis saSualebiT. II etapze — analur stadiaze siamovneba miiRweva
agreTve, provinciebSi da konfliqtis zonebSi, sadac qalebis umravlesoba jer kidev
defekaciiT da bavSvi koncentrirebulia ganavlis Sekavebasa da gamoyofaze. froidis
tradiciuli genderuli rolebiTaa Semofargluli da xSirad xdebian Zaladobis —
mixedviT, biWebisa da gogonebis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba erTnairad
colad SerTvis mizniT motacebis, vaWrobis, ojaxuri Zaladobisa da a.S. msxverplni.
mimdinareobs am ori sawyisi stadiis ganmavlobaSi.
falosur stadiaze, romelic daaxloebiT samidan eqvs wlamde mimdinareobs, bavSvis
leqciis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
libiduri energia fokusirdeba genitaliebze. swored am etapze xdeba sqesi da genderi
ojaxis `ufrosi qali~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi deda an dedamTili; gadamwyveti bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis. igi acnobierebs, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs
ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi mama an mamamTili; gansxvavebuli sasqeso organoebi aqvT.
am stadiamde siyvarulisa da erotikuli mimzidvelobis pirveli obieqti rogorc
`ganridebis~ wesi — kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac umcrosebi gogonebisaTvis, aseve biWebisaTvis, dedaa. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebi miaRweven
eridebodnen ufrosebs, qalebi ufrosebs da mamakacebs, rac magaliTad, gulisxmobda falosur stadias, maTi urTierTobebi dedasTan rTuldeba. biWebSi dedis mimarT
rogorc fizikur moridebas, agreTve, orsuli qalis moridebas (damalvas) rogorc siyvaruli incestad iqceva da viTardeba oidipos kompleqsi. patara biWebis survili
mSobel mamasTan, aseve qmris ojaxis mamakacebTan da sxv. `flobdnen~ dedas da masTan urTierTobaSi `Caanacvlon~ mama, iwvevs kastraciis SiSs.
`umZraxobis~ wesi - kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac qalebs ar hqondaT swored am SiSiT gamowveuli stresi da SfoTva biWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
ojaxis ufros mamakacebTan dalaparakebis ufleba. mamoZravebeli Zlieri Zalaa. biWebi Tavs arTmeven kastraciis SiSs dedis mimarT
seqsualuri ltolvisa da mamasTan mtruli damokidebulebis gandevniT (aracno-
100 17
momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba diskusia seminaris Temaze (1 sT). kerZod,
dasmuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:
1. ra gansxvavebaa sqessa da genders Soris? moiyvaneT sqessa da genders Soris
gansxvavebis magaliTebi.
2. rogor gansazRvraven sxvadasxva avtorebi genders?
3. ras niSnavs genderuli stereotipebi da maskulinoba/feminuroba sxvadasxva
kulturebSi?
4. riTi SeiZleba davasabuToT, rom genderi warmoadgens socialur-kulturul
konstruqts?
5. ra saxiT vlindeba genderuli cnobiereba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?
6. ra xarisxiT arian invariantuli sxvadasxva kulturaSi genderuli Taviseburebebi,
rolebi, stereotipuli qcevebi da Sexedulebebi?
7. rogor gansxvavdebian isini kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis Sedegad?
8. ratom aris genderis Seswavla mniSvnelovani socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis?
saxelmwifosaTvis?
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-55;
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second
Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 199-204;
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,
Philadelphia,1992, p.: 17-23;
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, p.:, 135-137.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 21-28, 238-266;
2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.
Oxford University press, 2001, gv.: 316-322;
3. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,
Inc., 1990, gv.:1-34;
4. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti,
genderi da mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003,
nawili II;
5. m. wereTeli, genderi, rogorc fsiqikuri konstruqti — d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis
institutis SromaTa krebuli, 2004, Tb., gv.:185-188;
6. avaliani e. Zveli samyaros `feministuri~ kulturebi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da
socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 95-103.
16
SariaTi — musulmanuri samarTali, religiuri da iuridiuli normebis krebuli,
romelic dafuZnebulia yuranze.
endogamia — qorwineba erTi garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris, ase, magaliTad, tomis,
kastis an religiuri saTvistomos SigniT. leqciaSi ganxilul azrebaijanis
SemTxvevaSi sisxliT naTesavTa Soris. endogamiis tendencia aqvT Tanamedrove
xalxebis did nawilsac, rac maT mier erTi nacionalobis an erTi religiis SigniT
ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis saxiT vlindeba.
egzogamia _ sazogadoebriv-gvarovnuli wyobis wesi, romelic krZalavs erTi
garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris qorwinebas. magaliTad, tomis, kastis an naTesavTa
(sisxliT an mironiT) SigniT.
sorirati — gardacvlili colis umcrosi dis colad SerTvis wesi azerbaijanSi;
levirati — umcrosi Zmis qorwinebis wesi azerbaijanSi ufrosi Zmis qvrivze;
baSligi _ gadasaxadi patarZlisaTvis azerbaijanSi, romelsac iRebda misi mama
qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.
mexri _ gadasaxadi, romelic meuRles unda gadaexada colisTvis Tavisi iniciativiT
gayris SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanSi.
wiwagini - Tanxis gadaxda vaJis mSoblebis mxridan patarZlis dedisTvis somxeTSi.
tanteri — ufrosi mamakaci somxur did ojaxSi;
tantikini — ufrosi qali somxur did ojaxSi;
gerdestani — ramdenime Taobisgan Sedgenili didi ojaxi somxeTSi;
wawloba - naTesav da ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba
fSavSi. igi SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT da wels zeviT alersiT.
sworfroba - sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba xevsureTSi.
studentebs daevalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon
saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi da maT
safuZvelze gaakeTon qalis statusis SedarebiTi analizi kavkasiur kulturebSi.
amasTanave, studentebs miecemaT Semdegi davalebebi: 1) maT unda gamoikiTxon erTi an
ori gaTxovili qali da gaarkvion (Sesabamisi instruqciis mixedviT) misi qonebriv-
uflebrivi statusi ojaxSi. 2) maT unda ifiqron imaze, Tu rogor vlindeba
`umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi da moiyvanon
konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebidan.
seminari #8 (Tema # 8 ) — 2 sT
seminarze gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, dasmuli iqneba
Sendegi kiTxvebi:
1. rogoria qalis yofa azerbaijanul kulturaSi?
2. rogoria qalis yofa somxur kulturaSi?
3. rogoria qalis yofa qarTul kulturaSi?
4. ra gansxvavebaa qarTul, azernbaijanul da somxur kulturebs Soris qalis
qonebriv-uflebrivi statusis mixedviT?
5. ra daskvnebi SeiZleba gavakeToT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daniSvnis
wes-Cveulebebidan gamomdinare?
6. ramdenad Tanabari iyo qaliSvilebisa da vaJiSvilebis uflebebi qorwinebis dros
101
 tradiciulad samxreT kavkasiaSi?
7. rogor vlindeba `umZraxobisa~ da `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi?
moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebidan.
8. rogoria qalis qonebriv-uflebrivi statusi dRevandel saqarTveloSi?
9. rogori iyo qalis uflebrivi statusi saqarTvelos mTaSi wawlobisa da
sworfrobis institutebis arsebobis fonze?
seminarze ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli davaleba da misi Sedegebi. moxdeba
studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J. Merguerian, Civic
Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102;
2. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scarlet Press,1992, gv.: 180-236;
3. n. cincaZe, socializaciis tradiciuli normebis asaxva axal garemoSi, kr.- Si:
usafrTxoebis strategiis eTnikuri aspeqtebi (pankisis krizisi), Tb., 2002, gv.: 238-265;
4. T. ivelaSvili, saqorwilo wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999, gv.: 263-286, 99-130;
5. n. cincaZe. qalis yofiTi da sazogadoebrivi roli sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebSi. -
kr.-Si: konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, Tb., mSvidobis,
demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 1998, gv.: 218-237;
6. surmaniZe l. qali qarTul mentalitetSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis
programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-28;
7. ser. makalaTia, fSavuri wawloba da xevsuruli sworfroba (eTnografiuli masalebi),
tfilisi, s.m.u.s. poligraftrestis ganyofilebis me-3 stamba, 1935, gv.: 3-5; 23-26.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Culture of Peace: Democracy and Dialogue of Cultures, Yerevan (Materials of International conference),
Association of Women with University Education, 1999
2. Women and Society . Gender Equality in the perspective of DemocraticDevelopment, (The materials of
thr third international conference), Armenia, Association of Women with University Education, 1999;
3. abaSiZe T. Jvania i. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamokvleva saqar-
TveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;
4. meliqiSvili l. qonebrivi urTierTobis zogierTi formis Sesaxeb mTiuleTSi —
saTavno, kr.- Si kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli, naw. III , 1971 w, gv.: 160-173;
5. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, genderuli
ganviTarebis asociacia, gam., `nekeri~, 2000;
6. CitaSvili m. kandelaki a. qalTa RirebulebaTa orientaciebi dRevandel saqar-
TveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris
gamomc., 1998, gv.: 112-124;
7. zurikaSvili f. devnili qali da eTnokonfliqtebi saqarTveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali
politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 145-155;
8. javaxiSvili m. qalebi qristianul religiaSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis
programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-14;
9. m.wereTeli qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, Tb., 2000;
10. n. baliauri, sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1991.
saleqcio kurisis bolos studentebi daurigdebaT kursis Sefasebis furceli.
102
mcdelobas, moexdinaT Sromis Tanabari ganawileba, didi gavlena ar mouxdenia
bavSvebze. karlsoni da barnesi (Carlsson & barnes, 1986) ikvlevdnen qalebisa da
mamakacebis Sexedulebebs tipur seqsualur-rolur qcevaze da sakuTari sqesobrivi
mikuTvnebulobis aRqmas. maT ver aRmoaCines kulturuli an sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
Sved bavSvebsa da kibucebSi gazrdil bavSvebs Soris.
saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:
sqesi - gansazRvravs qalsa da mamakacs Soris anatomiur da fiziologiur sxvaobebs da
am sxvaobaTa kavSirs reproduqciis unarTan. sqesi biologiurad aris determini-
rebuli.
genderi - gamoiyeneba qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebuli TaviseburebebisTvis,
romelic aqcents akeTebs socialur da kulturul faqtorebze da ara biologiurze.
sqesobriv-roluri ideologia — gansazRvravs sqesebs Soris adekvatur ganwyobebs da
varirebs tradiciuli antifeministuri midgomidan, romelic mamakacis sqesis domi-
nirebas gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove anu egelitarul midgomamde, romlis mixedviTac
qalisa da mamakacis mniSvneloba Tanabaria da uaryofilia erTi sqesis dominireba
meoreze.
genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da qceva, romelic
iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad damaxasiaTeblad (mag. `kacebi metad agre-
siulebi arian, qalebi ki metad emociurebi~). stereotipebi xels uwyobs sqesobrivi
rolebis SeTvisebas da warmoadgens socializaciis modelebs bavSvebisTvis.
maskulinoba-feminuriba (m/f) — warmoadgens im xarisxs, romliTac qalebisa da
mamakacebis TviTaRqma Seicavs Tvisebebs, romlebic maT kulturaSi ganixileba
rogorc qalebiTvis an kacebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
genderuli cnobiereba — warmoadgens socialuri cnobierebis nawils, romelic
qalebisa da mamakacebs Soris Tanacxovrebisa da urTierTobebis wesis matarebelia.
pirveli leqciis Semdeg studntebi airCeven esses Temebs (saleqcio kursis Temebis
mixedviT), romlebic maT unda moamzadon ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literaturis
gamoyenebiT da warmoadginon seminarze. studentebs daevalebaT individualuri
muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samec-
niero literaturaSi (riderSi) warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.
genderis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT, maT
miecemaT, agreTve davaleba Sesarulon praqtikuli samuSao. kerZod, 1). TiToeulma
studentma seminarisaTvis unda moamzados (Caiweros da warmoadginos) sul mcire 10
genderuli qcevis norma. 2). SemTxveviTad gaxsenebuli 10-15 ojaxis magaliTze
aRricxos qalebisa da mamakacebis profesiebi, dasaqmebis sferoebi, Tanamdeboba,
socialuri statusi.
seminari #1 (Tema # 1 ) — 2 sT
seminarze moxdeba studentebis mier Sesrulebuli kvlevis Sedegebis jgufuri
Sejameba da analizi. gaimarTeba diskusia genderis konstruirebaSi socialuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb (1 sT); seminarze moxdeba studentis mier
15
xSirad ixmareba, roca mxedvelobaSi aqvT genebi, am mocemul SemTxvevaSi sqesobrivi
qromosomebi, magram cneba `biologiuri~ unda moicavdes agreTve, im pirobebis
zegavlenas, romelSic organizmi aris (mdebareobs) muclis periodSi mucladyofinisa
da postnataluri ganviTarebisas. xSirad am periodSi moqmedeba (an cxovreba) ganisaz-
Rvreba kulturiT. magaliTad, Zilis periodis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba varirebdes
kulturiT determinirebuli dedis dRis reJimis mixedviT, xolo siarulisa da jdomis
Cvevebis SeZena damokidebulia am kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bavSvebis movlis
praqtikaze.
gamokvlevebi (Eaton & Enns, 1986; Rosenberg & Sutton-Smith, 1972; Tanner, 1961, 1970)
aCvenebs, rom axaldabadebuli biWebi gogonebTan SedarebiT ufro didebi da aqtiurebi
arian, ufro maRali nivTierebaTa cvlis done aqvT, tkivilis SegrZnebis ufro maRali
zRurbli aqvT da ufro kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli muskulatura. mozardobis
asakamde (3-10 ww.) sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi morfologiaSi da hormonalur statusSi
didi ar aris, magram dakvirvebadi gansxvavebebi Seesabameba sqesobriv dimorfizms,
romelic mogvianebiT vlindeba. zrdasruli mamakacebi ufro maRlebi arian, ufro
masiuri ConCxi aqvT, sisxlis JangbadiT kvebis ufro maRali done aqvT, meti Tma aqvT
sxeulze, amasTanave, sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli pirveladi da
meoradi sqesobrivi niSnebi aqvT. gansxvavebis I jgufi dakavSirebulia mamakacis met
ZalasTan da gamZleobasTan. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es gansxvavebebi, cxadia, ZalaSia
umravles SemTxvevebSi, radgan zogierTi konkretuli qali ufro Ronieria, vidre
zogierTi konkretuli kaci.
miuxedavad imisa, rom biologia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens qcevaze, qcevis da
misi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens socialur-kulturuli
faqtorebi. am mosazrebebs adasturebs rigi mkvlevrebis naSromebi (Best &Williams, 1993;
Monroe &Munroe, 1975/1994; Rogjff, Gauvain &Ellis, 1984). kultura Rrma zegavlenas axdens
qcevaze, gansazRvravs ra gvaris gagrZelebas, imas, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis
socializacia, rogor acmeven bavSvebs, romeli qveva iTvleba sworad da gonivrulad,
ras aswavlian bavSvebs, ra funqciebs iReben Tavis Tavze zrdasruli qalebi da
mamakacebi. bavSvis SesaZleblobebi da qcevis Camoyalibeba ganisazRvreba kulturiT,
maSinac ki, roca es qceva ganixileba, rogorc biologiuri faqtorebiT determi-
nirebuli. sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis kulturul universaliebs xSirad xsnian xolme
socializaciis praqtikebis msgavsebiT, maSin roca kulturul gansxvavebulobebs
miakuTvneben xolme socializaciis procesis gansxvavebulobebs.
sqesTan mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevis kulturuli TaviseburebebiT
gansazRvrulobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia margaret midis (Mead, 1935) mier
Catarebuli klasikuri gamokvleva axali gvineis sam tomze. midis gamokvlevebSi
gamovlinda, rom dasavluri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, am sazogadoebebSi qalebsac da
kacebsac aqvT rogorc maskulinoba, aseve feminurobac da maTi qceva ar Seesabameba
miRebul seqsualur-rolur orientacias.
sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Rrma bunebis kargi magaliTia 1920-ian wlebSi daarsebuli
israeleli kibucebis istoria. es iyo mizanmimarTuli mcdeloba Seqmniliyo
egalitaruli sazogadoeba (Rosner, 1967; Snarey & Son, 1986; Spiro, 1956). Tavdapirvelad iq
ar iyo Sromis ganawileba sqesobrivi niSniT. qalebic da kacebic muSaobdnen
mindvrebSi, marTavdnen traqtorebs, muSaobdnen samzareuloSi da samrecxaoSi. dro
gadioda. amaRlda Sobadoba da gamoirkva, rom qalebma veRar SeZles Tavis Tavze aeRoT
fizikuri samuSaos bevri saxe, romlebsac akeTebdnen kacebi. male, qalebma Tavis Tavze
aiRes swored is funqciebi, romelTaganac undodaT Tavdapirvelad gaTavisufleba —
saWmlis momzadeba, recxva, bavSvebis swavla da maTi movla. aSkaraa, rom kibucebis
14
Mzia Tsereteli
GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES
(GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY)
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Course duration and timetable: 96 hours (8 weeks)
Of which
Classroom work: 32 hours
Student’s independent research work: 64 hours
Classroom work includes:
Lectures with practical illustrations (role play, case study, etc.,):16 hours
Seminar-discussions: 16 hours
Student’s Independent Research Work consists of:
Core and reference literature reading and study by students, preparation and presentation of a
library -research article (18-20 pages).
Course description: Gender as a social-cultural construct; gender-role ideology, gender
stereotypes and masculinity-femininity from cross-cultural point of view; Gender identification and
gender type theories (psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive development theories, androgyny
theory, stages of gender-role transcendence and scheme theory). Sex socialization and its
institutions; Culture role in gender socialization; Gender roles and cross-cultural data in this
direction; Society and family; Relationships between men and women; Gender differences from
cross-cultural point of view; Patterns of gender stratification; Gender aspects of labor market from
multicultural point of view. Gender asymmetry: Discrimination or norm; Gender equality; Culture
and Gender equality models; Women in south Caucasian culture; Gender analysis of Georgian
culture.
Course goal: Students will have to gain fundamental knowledge on gender as a social-cultural
construct, its establishing and acting mechanisms, and also gender differences in various cultures.
Students will have to become familiar with modern theoretical and empiric researches in this field.
Students have to develop research skills and learn how to retrieve scientific information and data.
Candidate has to be able to provide an independent research and systemization of gender
theories and empirical data.
Students’ grading system:
Examination
-Test (written)-2 hours
-Written examination (the student has to choose 3 questions from given 10)-2 hours
-Essay evaluation
-Participation in seminar-discussions
103
Grades:
Grades are made of sum of seminars, essays, tests, written tests and percentage weight of each
component below: seminar-20%, essey-25%, test-25%, written test-30%
Grading principles:
90% -100% - 5
74% - 89.9% - 4
65% - 73.9% - 3
0 - 64.9% - failure
Course structure:
Week #1, Lecture- 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours
Topic #1- Gender, as a Social and Cultural Construct; Gender Role Ideology;
Gender Stereotypes, Masculinity-Femininity, Cross-Cultural Researches.
The Introduction will deal with a brief history of establishment of gender as a scientific
research object and origin of gender studies. The place of gender researches among social
sciences will be determined. To define gender as a social-cultural construct, it is important to make
distinction between “sex” and “gender”.
The difference between genders is differently highlighted in various societies, various
countries, hence, proving that sex is an important determinant of a human’s behavior. Note,
anatomically and physiologically there is more similarity than difference between women and men.
In the majority of cases women and men are equally capable of carrying out similar behavior, have
equal potential to conduct this or that social role or work. Despite this, any society and culture have
more or less strictly determined and approved mandatory behavioral norms, jobs, professions for
women and men, etc.
Traditionally understanding of sex depends on identification of physiological and
morphological differences. The term of gender was introduced in the science to denote socially
learnt behaviors, features and attitudes. The concept of gender is used to express socio-cultural
aspect of sex belonging.
Two main groups of gender research could be singled out: 1. study of gender conscious
(gender social roles, masculinity – femininity, gender stereotypes, values, etc.); and 2. study of
gender reflection in social, political, economical and cultural institutes of the society. Such kind of
studies created the term – gender approach, which in various sciences means study of impact
consequences of gender as a psychic construct. For example, political aspects of gender, gender
approach in pedagogy, family gender aspects, etc.
Exercise: To better understand the term of gender, students are asked to name the examples of
the functions, social roles, features and activities of women and men. The students together with
the lecturer shall have to define which of them is determined by sex and which - by gender.
The following terms of gender research will be defined: sexual-role ideology, gender
stereotypes, masculinity/femininity.
Sex-role (gender-role) ideology is classified as a continuum from traditional to modern.
Traditional ideologies indicate that a man is more “important”, than a woman; that a man should
have power over a woman and control her. Modern ideologies represent egalitarian approach,
sometimes called feministic approach, since these ideologies attach equal importance to men and
women in the society and reject domination of one sex by another.
104
aqvs qalis zrunvas bavSvze, kultura gamoyofs am Tvisebas da feminuri pirovnebis
ZiriTad komponentad miiCnevs. midma, ikvlia ra sxvadasxva tomebi, aRmoaCina sxvadasxva
kulturis zegavleniT ganpirobebuli mkveTri gansxvaveba qalisa da mamakacis roleb-
sa da stereotipebSi. ase, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom saSiSroebis atana ufro masku-
linuri maxasiaTebeli iyo. patara bavSvebic ki Tavs ikavebdnen gamoemJRavnebinaT
iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa SiSi, radgan isini darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom sawinaaRmdegod
moqcevisas maT miawerdnen qalur Tvisebebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic qcevaSi gamovlenil genderul sxvaobebs swavloben, xSirad
imowmeben sxvadasxva kulturaTa msgavsebas, rogorc genebisa da hormonebis rolis
dasabuTebas da amiT varaudoben srul genetikur da biologiur determinizms.
biologiuri determinizmi amodis iqidan, rom sqesTa Soris Seucvleli gansxvavebebis
formirebas iwveven yovelTvis raime biologiuri faqtorebi an gadaxrebi, rac biolo-
gias warmoadgens rogorc aucilebels da sakmaris pirobas sqesTa gansxvavebisTvis.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom didi xnis diskusiam bunebisa Tu aRzrdis prioritetu-
lobaze, romelic asakobriv fsiqologiaSi mimdinareobs, aCvena, rom biologia ar gan-
sazRvravs qcevas da aseTi warmodgena sakmaod naivuria. gamokvlevebma (Hoyenga &
Hoyenga, 1983; Stewart, 1988) daadastura, rom sqesobrivi qromosomebi an sqesobrivi
hormonebi ar warmoadgens arc aucilebel da arc sakmaris pirobas qcevis gansazR-
vrisaTvis. isini ubralod amcireben an zrdian garkveuli qcevis ganxorcielebis
albaTobas. gotiebis (Gottlieb, 1983) gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom genebi toveben
SesaZleblobas sawinaaRmdego tipis qcevisTvis. adamianebi garkveuli xarisxiT
memkvidreobiT iReben genebs, magram amasTanave, cxovroben ra mWidro kavSirSi
mSoblebTan da naTesavebTan, adaminebs SeuZliaT `memkvidreobiT~ miiRon garemocvac.
akvirdebodnen ra biologiisa da garemos urTierTqmedebas, sociobiologebma,
evoluciuri fsiqologiis da ekonomikuri anTropologiis specialistebma ivaraudes,
rom gansazRvruli qceviTi meqanizmebi yalibdeba rogorc reaqcia gadarCevis
faqtorebis zewolaze. roluri sxvaobebi, romlebic sqesTan aris dakavSirebuli
asaxavs im faqts, rom gansxvavebul garemoebebs mivyevarT gansxvavebul qceviT
reaqciebamde, romelTagan TiToeulic winaswar gansazRvrulia biologiurad.
gilmori (Gilmore, 1990) varaudobs, rom mamakacis qceva `maCos~ stilSi warmoadgens
adaptacias maRali donis riskTan, romelic saWmlis mopovebasTan da sicocxlisTvis
aucilebeli pirobebis mopovebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. gilmors Tavisi hipoTezis
dasadastureblad magaliTad moyavs is mkveTri gansxvaveba sqesTan dakavSirebul
rolur ganwyobebs Soris, romelic arsebobs wynari okeanis or kunZuls — truksa da
taitis Soris. orive kunZulze Tavs Tevzis WeriT irCenen da am saqmianobiT mamakacebi
arian dakavebulni. magram kunZul trukis mamakaci — es aris TavzexelaRebuli, mudam
saomrad ganwyobili, seqsSi uxeSi da ganurCeveli. am kunZulze iTvleba, rom qalebi
momTmenni da pasiurni unda iyvnen. isini ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen mamakacebs, maT ki,
Tavis mxriv, unda daicvan qalebi. taitis kunZulis kacebi ki ar iRwvian materialuri
miRwevisa da konkurenciisaTvis, isini pasiurebi da damyolebi arian, maSin roca maTi
qalebi, rogorc wesi, aqtiurebi arian. gilmori am gansxvavebebs saWmlis mopovebis
gansxvavebuli pirobebiT xsnis. taitis mkvidrni Tevzs iWeren did lagunebSi, sadac
maT aranairi safrTxe ar emuqrebaT da sadac bevri Tevzia. trukis macxovreblebi ki
Tevzs Ria zRvaSi iWeren, sadac daRupvis riski didia. gilmoris azriT, `maCos~ stili
SeiZleba warmoadgendes riskTan adaftaciis im formas, romelic exmareba mamakacebs
winaaRmdegoba gauwios saSiSroebebs.
biologia ar gansazRvravs beds, magram biologiur faqtorebs, ueWvelad, mniSvne-
lovani wvlili Seaqvs genderuli sxvaobebis formirebaSi. termini `biologiuri~
13
gabedulebi, xolo gogonebs — mzrunvelebi da kontaqturebi. amgvarad, gasagebi xdeba,
rom adamianebi sxvadasxva kulturaTa farTo diapazonis farglebSi midian iqamde, rom
maxasiaTeblebis erTi nakrebi asocirdeba mamakacis sqesTan, xolo meore nakrebi —
asocirdeba qalTa sqesTan.
qalisaTvis an kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli — aseTia maskulinoba/feminurobis
cnebaTa wyvilTa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba. pirovneba SeiZleba iyos qaluri an mamakacuri
sruliad sxvadasxva aspeqtebSi, romelic moicavs rogorc Cacmis manaeras, aseve
moqcevis stils an xmis tons. maskulinoba/feminurobis gansazRvreba Semoifargleba
`me”-koncefciebiT da im xarisxiT, romliTac aseTi koncefciebi moicaven qalis an
mamakacis sqesTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebs (Tvisebebs). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ama
Tu im pirovnebis maskulinoba/feminurobis xarisxi gaizomeba am pirovnebis TviTa-
RqmaSi, `me”-s xatSi Semavali maskulinuri Tu feminuri Tvisebebis raodenobiT. imisaT-
vis, rom konkretuli pirovnebis maskulinoba-feminuroba ganisazRvros, cxadia, auci-
lebelia, rom Tavdapirvelad dadgindes mocemul kulturaSi maskulinoba-femi-
nurobis zogadi modeli anu is maxasiaTeblebi, romelebic am kulturaSi miRebulia
rogorc qaluri an rogorc - mamakacuri. sxvadasxva avtorebis mier maskulinoba-
feminurobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodebi, rogoricaa, mag. TviT-
Sefasebis kiTxvari, socialurad sasurveli maxasiaTeblebis an sqesTan asocirebuli
maxasiaTeblebis kiTxvari da sxv. maskulinoba-feminurobis gazomvisas metad mniSvne-
lovania emikuri da kulturul-specifikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba. uiliamsama
da bestma gamoiyenes kulturul-specifikuri parametrebi maskulinoba-feminurobis
kvlevaSi 14 qveynis universitetis studentebTan. yoveli studenti winaswar mocemuli
300 zedsarTavis safuZvelze aRwerda Tavis Tavs da Tavis ideals. es aRwerebi
dardeboda adgilobriv (qveynis Sesabamisad) genderul stereotipebs, romlebic adre
iyo gamokvleuli. aRmoCnda, rom yvela qveyanaSi mamakacebi iZlevian maskulinobis
ufro maRal maCvenebels, vidre qalebi, rac sulac ar aris gasakviri. magram aRsaniS-
navia is, rom idealuri `me”-s aRwerisas orive sqesi cdilobda Tavis TavisTvis miewera
gacilebiT ufro maRali xarisxis maskulinoba, vidre es realur `me”-Si hqonda. es,
rogorc Cans, mamakacebis dominirebiT da Sesabamisad maskulinuri Tvisebebis meti
RirebulebiT unda aixsnas.
aRmoCnda, rom sxvadasxva kulturul jgufebSi feminuroba/maskulinobis specifi-
kuri gagebis gaTvaliswinebiT qalebi da kacebi erTnairad (erTi da igive xarisxiT)
qalurebi arian yvela kulturaSi, xolo mamakacebi — erTnairad mamakacurebi. magram,
amave dros, ra Tqma unda, me-koncefciaSi feminuroba-maskulinobis TvalsazrisiT
arsebobs garkveuli kulturuli variaciebi.
genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs midis (M.
Mead) kvlevebs kulturis mier qalisa da mamakacis pirovnebebis Camoyalibebis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, kulturis gavlena pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze ar
niSnavs konstitucionalurad determinirebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis uaryo-
fas, magram sqesebs Soris standartul pirovnul gansxvavebebs mainc kulturuli
modelebi ayalibeben, romelsac iZulebulia daemorCilos yvela Taobis orive sqesi.
ase magaliTad, rodesac omSi wasvla didad fasobs sazogadoebaSi, maSin mamrobiTi
sqesis yvela bavSvi cdilobs CaaxSos SiSis nebismieri gamovlineba Tavis TavSi da
SeiZinos is Tvisebebi (gambedaoba, vaJkacoba, Tavganwirva), rac damaxasiaTebelia
mamakacuri saqmianobisTvis, rac identificirdeba mamakacur pirovnebasTan. xolo is
Tvisebebi, romlebic moCneulia Zlier komponentebad zogierTi pirovnebisaTvis,
SemdgomSi viTardeba rogorc norma yvelasaTvis (rogorc maskulinuri pirovnebis
ZiriTadi elementebi). asevea qalebSic. magaliTad, Tu kulturaSi didi mniSvneloba
12
Gender stereotypes – are psychological characteristics and behavior, which at a certain historical
period in this or other society (culture) is considered as more characteristic for one sex. For
example: “Men are too aggressive” or “Men are cleverer”, “Women are too emotional”, “Women
cannot drive well” or “Men could be real friends, but women could not”, etc. Stereotypes facilitate to
learning gender roles and represent socialization models for children.
Masculinity-femininity – is an extent of certain features in self-perception of women and men,
which in their culture are considered as more characteristic either for men or women.
Cross-cultural researches show that the main factors of gender-role ideology change from
traditional to egalitarian are: education level, urbanization level, economical level of a country,
family, individualization of a society and religion.
The results of study of gender-role ideology in 14 countries carried out by Williams and Best
showed that the most modern ideology is in European countries – the Netherlands, Germany,
Finland, England and Italy. The USA was found in the middle of the list, as to the most traditional
ideologies, they were found in Asian and Africal countries – Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Japan amd
Malasya.
Social roles theory by Eagly, formation of gender stereotype models by Williams & Bestand
and heir data of cross-cultural survey, also obsrvations by Gilmore and M. Mead will be also
discussed.
For every seminar each student will have: 1. to prepare (write down and present) at least 10
gender behavior norms; 2. to record professions, employment fields, positions, social status of men
and women on the examples of randomly recollected families.
Reference:
1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-122
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 199-204
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 17-23
4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.:, 135-
137
Week #2
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #2 Gender Identification and Gender Typing Theories (Psychodynamics, Social
Learning, Cognitive Development Theories, Androgyny Theory, Gender-Role
Transcendance Stages and Gender Scheme Theory
Freud was the firs psychologist who explained the sexual identification process of a person. The
mechanism of sexual identification and sexual difference formation are ingrained in psycho-sexual
development process of a child. “Envy for penis” and desire “to own” it are driving force for the
development of a normal femininity. Such driving force for a boy to develop normal masculinity is
“freight of castration”. As regards the sex identification mechanism, it is revealed through
overcoming Oedipus complex and identifying oneself with the parent of the similar sex.
Freud does not belong to gender researchers and even its scientific term of gender didn’t
exist then, but Freud’s theory had an immense influence on the development of scientific idea of
105
gender. Freud’s critics (Malinowski, Mead, Deutsch, Erikson, Horney, Thompson, Adler, Chodorov,
Bendjamin, etc.) fill in and further develop his model by introducing additional cultural factors in the
sex identification mechanism. Hence, Froyd’s theory should be considered as one of the stimulus
for the development of gender psychology and scientific prerequisite of today’s understanding of
gender.
Social-cognitive theory. Formation of gender-role orientation is defined by Bandura,
Mishell as a result of experience acquisition. The socialization agents form children’s gender-role
orientation behavior by strengthening adequate and inadequate behavior and punishment.
Unlike animals a child learns by watching others, modelling and imitating others behavior.
People tend to develop cognitive model of certain behavior, which in the form of verbal and
cognitive representations are kept in the memory and which acquire a checkpoint function in the
future behavior. Behavioral cognitive model represents a model behavior image later used as
either adequate or inadequate behavior prototype. Ability to foresee the consequences of the
future behavior enables the child to avoid undesirable behavior and hence, learn which behavior is
acceptable for his/her gender and which – unacceptable.
According to L. Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory, gender identification and
mastering of gender-role orientations are the result of creation, formation (structuring) of the child’s
social and physical world. In their development children go through certain stages of mastering sex
information and the experience acquired by them is structured in compliance with their level of
understanding.
Slaby & Frey single out four levels of understanding of problems connected with sex in
American children. At the initial stage children do not make any distinction between sexes, at the
following stage they begin to use certain categories in regard with sex based on superficial
physical characteristics. On the last two stages which starts approxilmately at the age of 4- 4,5,
little by little children begin to understand that gender is stable and unchangeable pecularity.
According to cross-cultural study by R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe, achievement of 3rd
and 4th stages significantly varies from culture to culture. Perception of gender concepts is slower
in traditional cultures, where children have less contact with men and basically mothers take care
of their children.
Bussey discovered that model of gender typing for boys comprises two processes:
mastering masculine behavior and unaccaptability of feminine behavior. The model for the girls
comprises only one process: mastering behavior connected with women sex without unaccepting
behavior of the opposite sex. As a result the behavior of a boyish girl is quite acceptable, while the
behavior of a “mother’s son” is unacceptable for boys.
Personality traditional theories recognize universality of gender typing into
masculinity/femininity. Due to this any child not revealing gender typing behavior was considered
as a deviation from the norm. Though an alternative opinion on gender identification and typing –
Androgyne concept (S.Bem) also exists. It (in Greek andro means man and gyne - woman)
recognizes balance of masculinity and femininity in a human.
S. Bem developed a special questionnaire measuring the four following parameters in men
and women: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, nondifferentiality. As a result of large scale survey
conducted among the students revealed that 1/3 of the students are androgenic.
According to gender-role transcendence stage theory Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky,
Forisha, Sedney gender typing behavior and thinking from the development point of view belong
to middle stage and not the final point. Children have no idea about gender at the beginning (I
stage), then they start to learn actively adequate steretype role and reject inadequate (II stage).
But gender development could continue until III stage when the knowledge acquired on the II stage
is reorganized specifically and individualy. The individual is no more marked in terms of the laws
106
pakistanSi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am gamokvlevis mixedviT, gamovlinda TiToeul
qveyanaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis Sexedulebebis Sesabamisobis maRali xarisxi.
amgvarad, gamokvlevam aCvena, rom genderul-rolur ideologiaze kultura ufro did
zegavlenas axdens, vidre — sqesi. amas garda, gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda aSkarad
gamoxatuli kavSiri qalebisa da mamakacebis sqesobriv-rolur ideologiasa da
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones Soris, kerZod, sqesobriv-roluri
ideologia, Cveulebriv, ufro Tanamedrovea ufro metad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. igi
ufro metad Tanamedrovea, agreTve, ufro qristianizirebul qveynebSi da
urbanizaciis maRali donis mqone qveynebSi.
amgvarad, ekonomikaSi da ganaTlebaSi progress Tan axlavs mamakacebis, rogorc
dominantebis ganxilvis tendenciis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,
rac ufro ganviTarebulia ekonomika da maRalia ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi, miT ufro
mcirdeba tendencia kacebi ganixilebodnen rogorc ufro Zlierebi da aqtiurebi,
vidre - qalebi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kvlevebi adasturebs am tendenciis
mxolod Semcirebas da ara mis srul gaqrobas.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa. igi izrdeba sazogadoebaSi da TandaTanobiT iTvisebs
masSi arsebul stereotipebs — ama Tu im sazogadoebisTvis mocemul istoriul
periodSi mdgrad Sexedulebebs qalsa da kacs Soris gansxvavebebze, maT socialur
rolebze, funqciebze, qcevis normebze. iglis (Eagly) mixedviT, genderuli strereo-
tipebi arsebiTad socialuri normebia, xolo bernis (Bern) mixedviT, stereotipebi — es
aris ZiriTadi wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas sazogadoebaSi da amave
dros, isini fsiqikuri energiis ekonomikis funqcias asruleben. es imas niSnavs, rom
stereotipebi warmoadgenen qalebisaTvis da mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvise-
baTa da qcevis modelTa krebuls, romelic gvexmareba informaciis gadamuSavebasa da
adekvatur urTierTobebSi.
amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da
qceva, romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi (an kulturaSi) mocemul istoriul periodSi
iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad damaxasiaTeblad. ase magaliTad: `kacebi
metad agresiulebi arian~ an `kacebi ufro Wkvianebi arian~, `qalebi zedmetad
emociurebi arian~, `qalebs ar SeuZliaT manqanis marTva kargad~ an `kacebma namdvili
megobroba ician, qalebs ki ar SeuZliaT namdvili megobroba~ da a.S. stereotipebi xels
uwyoben sqesobrivi rolebis SeTvisebas da warmoadgenen socializaciis modelebs
bavSvebisTvis.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom arsebobs genderuli stereoripebis maRali xarisxiT
kroskulturuli msgavseba. aqedan gamomdinare, keTdeba daskvna, rom fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic qalisa Tu mamakacis sqesTan asocirdebian, pankulturul
modelSi lagdebian. xolo specifikuri kulturuli faqtorebi apirobeben umniSvnelo
gadaxrebs am zogadi modelidan.
genderuli stereotipebis formirebis uiliamsis da bestis (Williams & Best) modeli
efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom biologiur gansxvavebebs (mag.: qali aCens Svilebs, kacebs
ki meti fizikuri Zala aqvT) mivyavarT Sromis iseT ganawilebamde, romlis drosac
qalebs aqvT pasuxismgebloba bavSvebis aRzrdaze da movlaze, kacebs ki — pasuxis-
mgebloba ojaxis uzrunvelyofaze da dacvaze. uiliamsi da besti Tvlian, rom
genderuli stereotipebi yalibdeboda, raTa uzrunveleyoT aseTnairad Camoyali-
bebuli Sromis ganawilebis ganmtkiceba. stereotipi gulisxmobs, rom Sesabamisi sqesis
warmomadgenels aqvs an SeuZlia rom ganaviTaros misTvis mikuTvnebuli rolis
Sesabamisi Tviseba. erTxel Camoyalibebuli stereoripebi socializaciis modelebis
funqcias arsuleben. isini aiZuleben biWebs iyvnen ufro damoukideblebi da
11
gansxvavebebSi da pirvel rigSi qalebis unarSi gaaCinon Svilebi da mouaron maT. Tumca
ki unda aRiniSnos isic, rom bolo dros sul ufro met sazogadoebaSi qalebisa da
mamakacebis es movaleobebi erTad sruldeba. kacebi sul ufro metad ebmebian ojaxur
saqmianobaSi, xolo qalebi - saxls gareT saqmeebSi.
mkvlevrebis umravlesoba sqesobriv-roluri (genderul-roluri) ideologiis
klasifikacias akeTeben tradiciulidan Tanamedrovemde kontiniumis saxiT.
tradiciuli ideologiebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci ufro `mniSvnelovania~, vidre —
qali, rom mamakacs unda qondes Zalaufleba qalze da marTavdes mas. Tanamedrove
ideologiebi warmoadgenen egalitarul midgomas, romelsac zogjer feminstur
midgomasac uwodeben, radganac isini qalisa da mamakacis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi
erTnairad afaseben da uaryofen erTi sqesis meoreze dominirebas.
sqesobrivi rolebi farTod iyo Seswavlili indoeTSi, sadac erTdroulad Tana-
aarseboben tradiciuli da Tanamedrove genderul-roluri ideologiebi. rodesac in-
doel da amerikel studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ra Tvisebebi unda hqondes maTi
kulturis qals, indoeli studenti qalebi iZleodnen ufro tradiciul pasuxebs, vid-
re - amerikelebi. sainteresoa, rom qalebi orive jgufSi ufro Tanamedrove da
liberalurebi aRmoCndnen, vidre - mamakacebi. aratradiciuli sqesobriv-roluri ide-
ologiis matarebeli studenti qalebi nuklearuli ojaxebidan aRmoCndnen, maT hyav-
daT ganaTlebuli dedebi da apirebdnen dauflebodnen profesias da gaekeTebinaT
kariera.
ganaTlebis done da profesiul-administraciuli samsaxuri warmoadgens sakmaris
safuZvels sqesovriv-roluri ganwyobebis prognozirebisaTvis, rogorc iaponel,
aseve amerikel qalebTan. amerikeli qalebi, romlebsac aqvT samsaxuri (ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, rogori) ufro egalitaruli urTierTobis momxreni arian, vidre isini,
visac samsaxuri saerTod ara aqvs. rac Seexeba iaponel qalebs, aq egelitaruli
ideologia damaxasiaTebelia mxolod im qalebisTvis, romlebsac ufro prestiJuli
samsaxuri aqvs.
mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoikvlia mozardebis genderuli ganwyobebi da rolebis
ganawileba ojaxSi. gamokvlevaSi monawileobdnen 46 sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgeneli
mozardebi, romlebic holandiis skolebSi swavlobdnen. warmoSobis qveynebi or
jgufad iyo dayofili hofstedes kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT. pirvel
jgufSi Sediodnen ufro mdidari da ufro individualisturi qveynebi, xolo meore
jgufi moicavda ufro Rarib da ufro koleqtivistur qveynebs. gamokvlevis Sedegad
meore jgufis Sesatyvisi qveynebis warmomadgenel moswavleebs ufro tradiciuli
Sexedulebebi aRmoaCndaT, vidre - pirveli jgufisas. rac Seexeba sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebebs, aRmoCnda, rom gogonaTa pasuxebi naklebi tradiciulobiT gamoirCeoda
biWebTan SedarebiT.
bevr kvlevaSi amerikelebi warmoadgendnen referentul jgufs da amitom isini
Cveulebriv ufro liberalurebi Candnen, rac iwvevda azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
amerikelebi am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze liberalurebi arian. magram uialiamsis da
bestis (Williams & Best) mier Caatarebulma 14 qveyanis sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom es ase ar aris. yvelaze Tanamedrove sqesobriv-roluri
ideologia aRmoCenili iyo evropul qveynebSi - holandiaSi, germaniSi, fineTSi,
inglisSi da italiaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi siis SuaSi aRmoCnda, xolo
yvelaze tradiciuli ideologiebi gamovlinda aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi - nigeriaSi,
pakistanSi, indoeTSi, iaponiaSi da malaiziaSi. yvela qveyanaSi zogadad qalebis
Sexedulebebi ufro Tanamedrove iyo, vidre — kacebisa. Tumca gamovlinda zogierTi
gamonaklisic, sadac sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi miiRes, magaliTad, malaiziasa da
10
adopted by the society of masculinity and femininity and s/he can show own originalityand different
features. Trnscendental person is neither feminine nor masculine, masculinity or femininity
together or seperately is the part of a transcendental person’s world.
In gender scheme theory gender will be defined as a cognitive category. Gender scheme
is a association network of general knowledge used by an individual in the process of
understanding and thinking. Study of gender scheme begins in early childhood. The scheme helps
the person to become gender typed. Gender typing is the result of a human’s readiness to process
information by means of gender scheme. I-concept is associated with gender scheme. Author of
gender scheme S.Bem says that “when children learn gender scheme of the society, they also
study which attribute is connected with their sex and, hence, with them.”
Gender identification and typing occur by means of two main social-psychological
mechanisms – normative and informational pressure.
Researches by Cross & Markus; Burn; Grady; Fiske & Taylo proving the importance of
gender as a social category in the process of information processing will be discussed.
The students will be given definition of the main terms: gender identification, gender typing,
modelling, prototype, androgyne, cogntive model, cognitive theory, verbal and cognitive
reprezentations, gender scheme. Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for
individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar
the group discussions around the basic issues will be held. Students will become familiar with the
survey data conducted on Georgian students by I. Gedevanishvili using the principle of S. Bem’s
questionnaiore. Students will be able to look into themselves in this direction.
Reference:
1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.: 28-
96.
2. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by N. Berekashvili, Bakuri Sulakauri Publishing
House, 2003, pp.: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79.
3. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 27-60
Week #3
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #3 – Gender Socialization and Its Institutes. Culture Role in Gender Socialization.
Learning of gender stereotypes occurs during the socialization from childhood age. Gender
is influenced by cultural norms defining what women should do and what men, and social
information inspiring people the extent of difference between women and men. Gender role
socialization is a process when people learn what is socially acceptable for women and what - for
men. Differentiated socialization is a process when a human masters the behavior models, values,
etc. adequate for his/her gender. Rudiment of differential socializations are already revealed prior
to the child’s birth (by selecting name, cloths’ color, toys, etc). Two known basic mechanisms of
differential socialization are: differential reinforcement and differential modeling.
Cross-cultural researches by Barry, Bacon & Child, Lytton & Romney, Perry, etc. will be
discussed.
Main sources of socialization are family (parents, their views, assignment different tasks to
children, peculiarities of child-care and nurture), peers (rituals of initiation), media (especially TV),
education system (text-books, attitudes of teachers and parents, expectations), toys.
107
 Cross-cultural researches conducted by various authors (Edvards & Whiting; Mintur &
Lambert; E. Whitting & Edvards; Bredley; Weisner & Gallimore; Katz & Konner; Segall; Whiting;
Lytton & Romney; R.L. Munroe & Munroe; Rohner & Rohner; Mackey; Mackey & Day; Edwards;
Edwards &Whting; Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura; Serpell; Lummis & Stevenso; Archer)
will be seperately discussed.
Students will be given definition of the terms: gender socialization, differential
enhancement, differential imitation (modeling), gender constancy, meta-analysis, sexism, face-
ism. While discussing each source of socialization, it is envisaged for the students to recollect such
cases, when they observed among themselves or their acquaintances modeling (imitating) of
gender behavior samples dictated by these institutes, or such cases when inadequate gender
behavior resulted in negative appraisal from parents, adults or peers.
Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on the
topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. They will be also asked to analyse so called
local magazines for women and men for the seminar: to define their topics, gender stereotypes,
look into the phenomenon of sexism and feisism.
Reference:
1. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 144-188
2. Handbook of Marriage and the Family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.
Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.: 327-370
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994,pp.: 123-144
4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 204-207
Week #4
Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #4 –Gender Roles and Stereotypes. Cross-cultural Data
The studies show that children tend to establish stereotypes connected with feminine and
masculine origin within first two years, from the age of 3-4 they start to use these stereotypes to
define the category of toys, activities and professions.
Williams and Best studied 5 and 8 year-old children in 25 countries. In all the countries the
percentage of stereotypes went up with the age. Particularly, the stereotyping level among 5 year-
old children was 60%, while among 8 year-old children – 70%.
From stereotyping point of view high data of girls and boys were collected in New Zealand
and England, especially in Pakistan. The data were low in Brazil, Taiwan, Germany and France.
Though due to education pace there are certain differences among the countries, but in general
mastering of stereotypes begins before the age of 5, its pace goes up at primary classes and finally
finishes in adolescence.
Both girls and boys master stereotypes at the same pace. Though there are cross-cultural
differences in the sequence of mastering feminine or masculine stereotypes. Obviously whether
feminine stereotype or masculine will be mastered first depends on the extent of vividness of
feminine or masculine stereotyping in the given culture, on more or les differentiation of their
image.
These factors will be briefly discussed. To illustrate these data on gender role distribution
in various cultures will be given (Friedan; Feree; D’Andrade; Shelton & Jhon; Bliar &
Lichter;Gibbons et al..;Davis & Robinson; Shelton & Jhon).
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genderi gulisxmobs fsiqologiur atributebs, maxasiaTeblebs da qcevebs, romel-
Ta SeZena xdeba socialur konteqstSi, rac dakavSirebulia sqesobrivi kategoriebis
socialur gagebasTan. yovel sazogadoebaSi genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba
adamianTa qcevis formebSi. magaliTad, ra samuSaos asruleben, rogor icmeven da a. S.
amdenad, genderi gvevlineba socialuri urTierTobebis sazomad ama Tu im kulturaSi.
genderi aris socialurad da kulturulad mocemuli, igi aRniSnavs socialuri da
kulturuli normebis erTianobas, romelTa Sesrulebasac sazogadoeba miawers adami-
anebs maTi biologiuri sqesidan gamomdinare. genderis cneba socialur mecnierebaSi
gamoiyeneba adamianis sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis socialur-kulturuli aspeqtis
gamosaxatavad.
moyvanili gansazRvrebebis Sedegad moxdeba Sejameba da genderis erTiani koncef-
ciis Camoyalibeba. gamoiyofa genderuli kvlevebis ori mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba:
genderuli cnobierebis kvleva da genderuli midgoma.
genderi — es aris garkveul kulturul (socialur, ekonomikur, politikur da
kulturul) klimatSi qalisa da mamakacis socialuri rolebisa da funqciis Sefasebis
fsiqikaSi asaxvisa da sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
institutebSi am Sefasebis Sesatyvisi asaxvis erToblioba.
amgvarad, erTis mxriv genderi, rogorc socialur SefasebiTi movlena (fenomeni)
adamianis cnobierebis da aracnobieris nayofia da adamianTa da saerTod sazogadoebis
fsiqikaSi arsebobs fsiqikuri warmonaqmnis, fsiqikuri struqturis saxiT, xolo meo-
res mxriv, ki genderi, rogorc socialur-SefasebiTi fenomenis sazogadoebis sxvada-
sxva institutebSi asaxvis Sedegi, arsebobs gare samyaroSi obieqturi saxiT, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi sistemebis moqmedebis erT-erTi meqanizmi da maTi socialuri pro-
duqti.
genderis zemoT moyvanil gansazRvrebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba gamoiyos gender-
Tan dakavSirebuli kvlevebis ori ZiriTadi klasi: 1) es aris genderuli cnobierebis
(genderuli socialuri rolebi, maskulinoba-feminuroba, genderuli stereotipebi,
Rirebulebebi da sxv.) kvleva. da 2) sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur
da kulturul institutebSi genderis movlenis asaxvis Seswavla. swored am tipis
kvlevebma warmoSva termini — genderuli midgoma, romelic sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi
(an maTi Seswavlis sferoebSi) genderis, rogorc fsiqikuri konstruqtis zegavlenis
Sedegebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs. ase magaliTad, genderis politikuri aspeqtebi,
genderuli midgoma pedagogikaSi, ojaxis genderuli aspeqtebi da a.S.
savarjiSo: genderis cnebis ukeT gagebisa da gaSinagnebis mizniT (e.w. genderuli
mgrZnobelobis ganviTarebisaTvis) studentebs vTxovT CamoTvalon qalisa da
mamakacis funqciebis, socialuri rolebis, Tvisebebisa da saqmianobis magaliTebi.
studentebma leqtoris daxmarebiT unda gansazRvron romeli maTgania sqesiT
ganszRvruli da romeli genderiT.
savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg ganisazRvreba genderuli kvlevebis Semdegi
terminebi _ sqesobriv-roluri ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi, maskulino-
ba/feminuroba kroskulturuli kvlevebis magaliTze.
praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi qalebs ekisrebaT meti movaleoba moRvaweobis
im saxeebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia saxlTan. xolo mamakacebs — saxls gareT.
pankulturuli msgavsebis es Tvisebebi Tavis sawyiss iRebs sqesebs Soris biologiur
9
sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebs: zogierTi maTgani Zlier aqcents akeTebs am gansxvavebebze,
zogierTi ki - naklebad aqcevs yuradrebas. sqesTa Soris gansxvavebulobis xazgasma
miuTiTebs imaze, rom sqesi adamianis qcevis mniSvnelovani determinantia. amasTan
mniSvnelovania, rom anatomiurad da fiziologiurad qalsa da mamakacs Soris
gacilebiT ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre gansxvaveba. kroskulturulma genderulma
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom sqesi, rogorc socialuri faqtori metad mcire zemoq-
medebas axdens fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis farTe sferoze sxvadasxva kulturul
sferoSi. maSasadame, ZiriTadad qalebsa da mamakacebs sruliad Tavisuflad SeuZliaT
SeaTavson erTmaneTi garkveul socialur rolze. marTlac, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom umravles SemTxvevebSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Tanabrad SeswevT unari ganxor-
cielon erTnairi qceva, maT aqvT Tanabari potenciali Sesrulon esa Tu is socialuri
roli Tu samuSao. cxadia, arsebobs, erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelSic sqesebi
erTmaneTs ver Seenacvlebian. es aris qalis reproduqciuli (Svilebis gaCenis) unari.
mecnieruli kvlevis aseTi monacemebis miuxedavad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi da
kulturaSi arsebobs met-naklebi simkacriT gansazRvruli da miRebuli qalisa da
mamakacisTvis aucilebeli qcevis normebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, agreTve, qalisa da
mamakacisaTvis miuRebeli qcevis normebi, manerebi, Taviseburebebi da sxv. ufro
metic, sazogadoeba adgens saqmianobis qalur an mamakacur sferoebs, qalur da
mamakacur profesiebs da a.S.
tradiciulad sqesis gageba dakavSirebulia fiziologiuri da morfologiuri
gansxvavebebis gamovlenasTan. sqesi ganisazRvreba biologiuri faqtorebiT. garda
amisa, arsebobs gansxvavebebi adamianTa saqmianobebSi, qcevebSi, socialur rolebSi,
mentalur da emocionalur maxasiaTeblebSi, romlebic biologiurad da fiziologiu-
rad ar aris determinirebuli. isini ganpirobebulni arian socialuri da kulturuli
faqtorebiT. termini genderi qalisa da mamakacis swored socialurad naswavli
qcevebis, Tvisebebis da damokidebulebebis aRsaniSnavadaa mecnierebaSi Semotanili.
genderi gulisxmobs socialur maxasiaTeblebs, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi
gansazRvraven cnebebs `qali~ da `mamakaci~.
genderis cneba pirvelad anTropologma geil rubinma (1975w.) Semoitana mecnie-
rebaSi da gansazRvra, rogorc `SeTanxmebaTa kompleqsi, romelic rogorc sazogado-
ebrivi moRvaweobis sagani, aregulirebs biologiur sqess~. Tanamedrove kvlevebSi
yvela avtori eyrdnoba genderis, rogorc socialuri sqesis gagebas. sqesi dakavSi-
rebulia qalsa da mamakacs Soris fizikur, sxeulebriv gansxvavebebTan, cneba `gen-
deri~ ki miuTiTebs maT fsiqologiur, socialur da kulturul Taviseburebebze.
Tuki sqesi biologiurad aris determinirebuli, maSin genderi aris socialurad da
kulturulad mocemuli. genderi — es aris sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebis socialuri
organizacia: qcevis kulturologiuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic Seesabameba sqess
mocemul droSi da mocemul sazogadoebaSi; genderi warmoadgens socio-sqesobrivi
rolebis mimarTebaTa sistemis socialur konstruqcias. genderi mniSvnelovanwilad
apirobebs qalebisa da mamakacebis fsiqikur Tvisebebs, unarebs, moRvaweobis sferoebs,
profesiebs da saqmianobebs, samarTlebriv da eTikur normebs~.
dabadebidanve bavSvi ganekuTvneba biologiur kategorias _ sqess, Sesabamisad
mdedrobiTs an mamrobiTs. SemdgomSi ganviTarebis procesSi orive sqesi msgavsia
fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, iseve, rogorc fsiqologiuri TaviseburebebiT
(TviTSefaseba, inteleqtis done, leqsikis maragi, siarulis dawyeba, kbilebis amosvla
da sxv.). magram sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebi iReben sxvadasxvanair gamocdilebas da
aRzrdas, rac gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis stils da miznebs, maT funqciebs da
rolebs.
8 109
Peculiarities and behavioral norms characteristic for women or men are subject to cultural
variations. Nevertheless there are cultural universalities too. At a certain extent each society links
certain features and activities to a certain gender. At the same time, almost in none society has a
woman higher than a man status. Social role of men is connected with their nature as “an earner”
and in many cultures makes distinction between men and women’s functions. Today empiric
material dedicated to the study of traditional masculine roles is very scarce. This is a relatively new
and less developed field of gender research.
Mastering mechanism of masculine gender roles is the same as of the feminine role: Pleck
and Thompson called opinion system of “masculinity” masculinity ideology. In fact these are social
norms comprising permissions and prohibitions on what a man should feel and do. The structure of
men’s role norms consists of three important factors: status/success norm, sustainability and anti-
femininity norm.
Each norm will be separately discussed. Concrete examples from everyday life will be given
helping students to better familiarize the mechanisms of gender norms of men and women.
Traditional masculine roles and norms will be especially highlighted. Gender stereotype functions,
also stress and conflicts caused by traditional feminine and masculine roles in modern conditions
will be analyzed.
Students will be given definition of basic terms: gender roles, illusive correlation, gender
differences, priming effect, status/success norm, physical strength norm, intelligence strength
norm, emotional stability norm, anti-femininity norm, femifobia.
Students will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on
the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar the group discussions
around the basic issues will be held.The essay prepared by students will be presented; case study
method will be also applied: students will become familiar with the case described in the materials
of 22nd International Session of the Human Rights Canada Foundation: Story of Fatal River
dedicated to the evaluation of gender stereotypes and gender roles in various cultures.
Reference
1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. Petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1995, pp.:9-82
2. Unger R., Crawford M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University
Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 102-144
Week #5 – Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours
Topic #5 – Family and society. Relations between Men and Women. Cross-cultural
Differences.
Family is a social institute, system made up as a result of marriage and based on blood
consanguinity. Family and marriage are guarantors of society wellbeing and quiet; It arranges
sexual life and socialization of the adolescent generation. Society provides conditions for normal
functioning and protection of the family. Civil law determines the age for marriage, eligibility of
marriage between sexes and number of spouses.
Basic characteristics of the family are: functions, structure and dynamic. Function is
viability connected with satisfaction of needs of the family members. Functions of the family are: 1.
nurturing 2. economic-life 3. emotional 4.primary social control 5.sexual-erotic.
Structure comprises number of family members, their unity and relations. The analysis of
the family structure provides us with the information on how family functions are realized – who is
the leader and who - subordinate; how duties are distributed in the family.
 Dynamic is expressed in the fact that the family structure and its functions could vary at
various stages of family life cycle whether it is newly married, pregnancy, child birth, teenager
child, leaving of the family by a child, after spouses stay alone (empty nest) or accepting old age
stage.
There are many family typologies. The typology criteria are: number of married couples,
existence-nonexistence, number of children in the family, characteristic management style. There
are big nuclear and reduced families, also complex families. According to the management style,
authoritarian, authoritative, liberal and indifferent families are distinguished. According to family
borders, there are open, close and chaotic families. Note, monogamy, polygamy and polyandry
families. Among many models of spouse relations three main types are singled out: traditional,
modern and egalitarian. Classifications are also made in regard with heterosexuality and
homosexuality of the couples.
Examples of German, Canadian, American and Sweden families will be discussed.
In German the stable stereotype of a woman – housewife was destroyed in 50-70-ies,
according to which the main function of a woman was – kitchen, children and church. Today’s
Germany is highly industrial and urban country where women are as involved in work as men.
Government policy, also economic development and mechanization of housework greatly
contributed to it. In modern Germany traditional, modern and egalitarian families co-exist. Single
parents, childless families, families with changed gender roles are also in abundance there.
Korean family is one of the most conservative and stable families. Under the influence of
Confucian ideology the family was framed within strict borders. Woman had no rights and
experienced all sorts of oppression and humiliation. Husband and his parents were completely
dominating her. Society also punished husbands loyal to their wives. In today’s Korea the picture of
violence has significantly changed. Women are involved in office work but until she gets married or
if she has grown up children. It could be said that starting from the 60-80-ies a traditional family
began to collapse and move towards equal gender plane.
American men traditionally used to have dominant role in the family. As a result of Great
Depression a huge army of unemployed men appeared and undermined the stereotype of a strong
man. Men in the families started to get more involved in family affairs. “Good daddy” is an
important component of the stereotype of the modern American man. Feministic movement of the
70-ies significantly contributed to the destruction of a man stereotype. In the 30-ies only one out of
five had positive attitude toward women working either in business or enterprise, in the 70-ies 57%
of the interviewed students was for limiting housewife’s role of a woman, and at the end of XX
century only 25% favors this opinion.
Swedish family and its development process from traditional to egalitarian at the end of XX
century seems very interesting: economic development of the country and implementation of
government policy supporting family contributed to lightening housework of women and increasing
in their employment outside the house. Working parents and children is a typical family form in
modern Sweden. Families (Sambo) with spouses not under official wedlock are also widely spread
in modern Sweden. Both official and Sambo-type families enjoy equal rights and have equal value
for both the country and society.
Students will be given definition of the basic terms: monogamy, polygamy, polyandry,
extended family, nuclear family, Confucian. Students will be asked to prepare within a period
assigned for individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader.
Students will be assigned 1. to compare family systems of different cultures based on the material
given in the reader; 2. to discuss their families from the point of labor distribution between sexes.
At the seminar the group discussions will be held around the basic issue;.3. compare any 5-10
families. Define their types.
110
kvira #1
leqcia - 2 sT
Tema #1 — genderi - socialur-kulturuli konstruqti.
genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.
maskulinoba-feminuroba. kroskulturuli kvlevebi.
saleqcio kursis SesavalSi mocemuli iqneba genderis, rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis
obieqtad Camoyalibebisa da genderuli kvlevebis warmoSobis mokle istoria.
gansazRvruli iqneba genderuli kvlevebis adgili socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi demokratiuli da humanisturi Rirebulebebis da
faseulobebis damkvidrebis procesebma msoflio socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia, ramac uamravi axali, problemuri sakiTxi dasva mecnierebis winaSe.
gansakuTrebiT gafarTovda socialur da humanitarul mecnierebaTa sfero. mravalma
movlenam axali socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnebis zegavleniT cvlileba ganicada
da axli socialuri Tu sazogadoebrivi datvirTva SeiZina. am cvlilebebma bunebrivad
gamoiwvia socialuri mecnierebebis winaSe axali problemuri sakiTxebis dasma da
zogierT SemTxvevaSi mecnierebis axali dargebis Camoyalibebac.
genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, swored am gziT
Camoyalibda. genderma, rogorc socialurma movlenam Tavisi aqtualoba feministuri
moZraobis zegavleniT SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad igi kacobriobis yuradRebis centrSi
moeqca, rogorc qalTa diskriminaciis socialuri instituti. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dReisaTvis genderuli kvlevebi Sors gascda mxolod qalTa problemebis Seswavlas,
politikosebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutebisaTvis genderi dRemde
inarCunebs politikur datvirTvas. igi qveynebis (sazogadoebebis) demokratiulobisa
da ganviTarebis donis ganmsazRvrel erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. genderuli
kvlevebi da genderuli midgoma gaTvaliswinebulia mravali progresuli qveynis (aSS-
s, kanadis, skandinaviis qveynebis da sxv.) socialuri politikis agebisas, rac
iTvaliswinebs genderuli realizaciisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas. amdenad,
genderuli kvlevebis erT-erTi mizania genderis ara mxolod mecnieruli Seswavla,
aramed safuZvlis momzadeba genderuli Tanasworobis modelebis Sesaqmnelad. magram,
amave dros, genderi, rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare da momqmedi movlena,
cxadia mecnierebis kvlevis sagnad iqca da dReisaTvis ise gafarTovda, rom socialuri
mecnierebis damoukidebel disciplinad _ genderul kvlevebad (Gender Study), Camo-
yalibda. igi moicavs adamianis socialuri moRvaweobis yvela aspeqts, iseve, rogorc im
faseulobebsa da monapovrebs, romlebic mTeli am moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSia dagro-
vili. amitom genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc disciplina mWidrod gadaikveTa socialu-
ri da humaniratuli mecnierebis yvela dargTan. Sesabamisad gamoikveTa da genderuli
kvlevebis calkeul mimarTulebebad Camoyalibda ojaxis, socialuri rolebis, Sromis
bazris, ekonomikis, politikis, ganaTlebis da sxva sistemebis genderuli aspeqtebi.
genderuli kvlevebis centrSi moeqca, agreTve, kulturis sociologiis, fsiqologiis,
filosofiis da enis genderuli aspeqtebi. amdenad, genderulma kvlevebma sruliad
samarTlianad interdisciplinaruli dargis kvalifikacia SeiZina.
genderis, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis gansazRvrebisTvis mniS-
vnelovania treminebs `sqesi~ da `genderi~ Soris gansxvavebis gageba.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebi, sxvadasxva siZlieriT usvamen xazs
7
Sefasebis sistema: Reference:
Sefaseba xdeba jamuri maCveneblis (seminarebi, esse, testi, jgufuri proeqti) safuZ- 1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.
velze, TiToeuli komponentis Semdegi procentuli woniT: seminarebze gamarTul Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474.
diskusiebSi aqtiuroba - 20%, esse - 30%, testi — 25%, jgufuri proeqti — 25%. 2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in Social Context, NY . Oxford University Press,
Sefasebis principi Semdegia: 1989, pp.: 81-111
85% -100% - 5 (friadi);
75%-84,9% - 4 (kargi);
65%-74,9% - 3 (damak.); Week #6 – Lecture- 2hours, Seminar – 2 hours
0 — 64,9% - 2(aradamak.). Topic #6 – Gender Stratification Patterns. Labor Market Gender Aspects in Various
Cultures.

In the 20th century women obtained the right to vote in the elections. In addition in many countries
they also acquired the right to be elected to the elective positions, at least potentially. Their rights
were enhanced on the legislative level. Nevertheless, the studies reveal acute inequality at work, in
remuneration, status and authority.
Gender norms influence gender relations and gender roles. The research results show that social
roles accomplished by women and men differ in several parameters. Such culture aspects as
women’s status in the society, labor distribution by sex, variety of performance, remuneration,
status, authority, religion views, values, economic factors and the extent of women participation in
politics significantly affect gender consciousness.
Friedan and Feree’s opinion in regard with a woman’s role as a “family hearth patron”, also the
results of studies of D’Andrade ( 1966) ethnographic materials of 244 society, Bliar & Lichte,
(1991), Shelton & Jhon (1993) , etc will be discussed.
Most of gender researchers assume that traditional gender role hinders person’s development and
results in social inequality. In the democratic part of the modern world women’s problems and
gender issues acquired special importance in the develipment context. Not only the women in hard
conditions of the developing countries, women deprived of civil and political rights came under the
limelight, but also gender inequality problems in the developed countries, which are still in
abundance. In the second half of the 20th century the condition of gender equality significantly
improved in most of the developing countries: the level of women education increased. The
number of girls’ enrollment in primary schools in South Africa, African countires in the south of the
Sahara, middle east countries and North African countries doubled. As a result of capital
investments in the healthcare of women and girls in 1990, for the first time in the history of South
Asia, women’s life span is longer than men’s. The number of women employees has also
increased. In Latin America and South Asia women employment indicator has increased by 15
points since 1970. Gender differences in remuneration have also reduced. Despite such
achievements, in the majority of the developing countries gender inequality in rights, resource
availability and possibilities of expressing own interests still remain. Not in a single region of the
developing countries do women have equal with men social, legal and economic rights.
Furthermore, all cultures (both in developing and developed countries) share the similarity in the
fact that a woman has lower than a man status. According to the UN data
1. basic housework is done by women;
2. half of the world’s food (agricultural) products is produced by women;
3. one third of human resources is made of women, but they are employed in low-salary jobs;
4. women get less than three fourth of men remuneration paid for the same kind of work;
5. women are less presented in power organs.
Hence, most of the societies of the modern world represent gender stratified systems. The
main stratification patterns are: employment, economic, political and legal. In the majority of cases
6 111
stratification directions are the same: men are dominant, women – subordinate. Asymmetry in
remuneration between men and women is well-known (an American woman gets 68% of a man’s
salary, African – 61%, Latino-American – 53%). This fact has several explanations: 1. women earn
less than men because they choose less paid work – mainly traditionally feminine work, such as
cleaning ladies, nurses, etc; 2. women are less valuable employees due to their inexperience and
low qualification; 3. they have fewer expectations and accept lower pay.
Low status of women is also well-known. Prestigious professions in the society are basically
occupied by men (according to US data among scientific researchers 80% are men, among
doctors – 84%, lawyers – 78%). A lot of data also prove less power of women in comparison with
men. They seldom have key positions and their presence in politics is also insignificant.
Furthermore, the higher the power hierarchy level, the lower the presence of women.
The concept of Glass Ceiling will be discussed, as well as widely spread explanations of low
status of women.
The picture of women participation in politics in various countries as given in
WomenAidinternational data will be presented.
To better understand the issue, role playing method will be applied. Partilularly, each group
memebr will write down the duties of women and men in the family and society in todays’ Georgia
on seperate small cards. Then a girl and a boy will be chosen from the group who will come out
into the room center. Each student will read each duty in turn and will pass a card to the students
in the center in compliance with the gender and a burden prepared in advance specially for this
purpose (presumably - a book). Eventually the group will see how many duties does a woman
have in our society, how many – a man, what is their ratio. Students will have to think about the
reasons for such inequality and the ways to improve it. Such a role- play will prepare grounds for
the better understanding of the following topic.
Students will be assigned to prepare materials for the lecture topic presented in the course
reader in the assigned for individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held
at the seminar.
Reference:
1. Crawford M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill,
2004, pp.: 359-395;
2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp.: 194-224;
3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century,
"Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June
2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/
4. V. Sapiro. Woman and Politics, Collection of articles Woman in Political and Social Life,
Bakur Sulakauri Publishing House, 1998, pp. 40-75
Week #7 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours.
Topic #7 – Gender Asymmetry: Discrimination or Norm. Concept of Gender Equality.
Culture and Gender Equality Models.
The fact that a woman has lower than a man status is common for all cultures: seldom do
women have power, their work is less paid, they seldom have prestigious professions, they seldom
happen to have key positions, jobs in government systems, etc.
Some of the scientists explain the low status of women in the society from a person-
centered position – women themselves do not have features and skills relevant for high status;
112
kursis xangrZlivoba da ganrigi: 96 sT (8 kvira);
maT Soris:
saauditorio muSaoba: 32 sT;
studentTa damoukidebeli samecniero muSaoba: 64sT;
saauditorio muSaoba moicavs:
leqciebs praqtikuli ilustraciebiT (roluri TamaSebebi, SemTxvevis ganxilva
da a.S.) — 16 sT;
seminar-diskusiebs - 16 sT;
studentTa damoukidebeli samecniero muSaoba moicavs:
studentTa mier ZiriTadi da damxmare literaturis wakiTxva-damuSavebas, TiTo-
euli studentis mier esses — 18-20 gv.-is moculobis sabiblioTeko-kvleviTi
statiis momzadebas da seminarze prezentacias; studentebis mcire jgufebis mier
jgufuri proeqtis momzadebas SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da prezentaciaSi. TiToeu-
li jgufis mier Seswavlili SemTxvevebi warmodgenili, ganxiluli da Sefasebuli
iqneba jgufSi.
kursis aRwera: genderi, rogorc socialur-kulturuli konstruqti. genderul-
roluri ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi da maskulinoba-feminuroba kroskul-
turuli TvalsazrisiT. genderuli identifikaciisada genderuli rolebis aTvisebis
Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,
androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri transcendenciis da sqemis Teoria). sqesis
socializacia da misi institutebi. kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.
genderuli rolebi da kros-kulturuli monacemebi am mimarTulebiT. sazogadoeba da
ojaxi. qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi. genderuli gansxvavebebi qcevaSi
kroskulturuli TvalsazrisiT. genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. Sromis bazris
genderuli aspeqtebi kulturaTa TvalsazrisiT. genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia
Tu norma. genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura da genderuli Tanasworobis
modelebi. qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi. qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi.
kursis mizani: studentma unda SeiZinos safuuZvliani codna genderis, rogorc
socialur-kulturuli konstruqtis, misi Camoyalibebisa da moqmedebis meqanizmebis
Sesaxeb da agreTve, kulturaTaSorisi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb. studentma unda
icodes Tanamedrove Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. studentma
unda ganiviTaros genderul kvlevebSi samecniero informacis mopovebisa da damu-
Savebis unarebi. man unda SeZlos genderuli Teoriebisa da empiriuli monacemebis
safuZvelze codnis sistematizireba da damoukidebeli genderuli kvlevis warmoeba.
studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:
gamocda
• testi (werilobiT) — 2 sT;
• jgufuri proeqti SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da prezentaciaSi. Seswavlili SemTxvevebi
warmodgenili da ganxiluli iqneba jgufSi. TiToeuli jgufi Seafasebs danarCen
jgufebs Semdegi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: dizaini, SemoqmedebiToba, prob-
lemis gaazrebis siRrme, prezentaciis unar-Cvevebi;
• esses Sefaseba;
• seminarebze gamarTul diskusiebSi aqtiuroba.
5
 ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #5 - ojaxi da sazogadoeba. qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris urTierTobebi. kroskulturuli gansxvavebebi
ojaxis cneba. ojaxi da sazogadoeba
ojaxis tipebi
ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura da dinamika
colqmruli urTierToba da misi stilebi
qorwinebis Tanamedrove paternebi
ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba
ojaxis kroskulturuli sxvaobebi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi.
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi
genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi
Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi
genderis socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoria
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.
genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura da genderuli
Tanasworobis modelebi
genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria
genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis amocanebi da RonisZiebebi
Gender Mainstreaming—i. misi modelebi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.
qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi
samxreT kavkasieli qalis statusis zogadi daxasiaTeba
qali azerbaijanul kulturaSi)
qali somxur kulturaSi
qali qarTul kulturaSi
sqesobrivi urTierTobebis foromebi saqarTvelos mTaSi
genderuli cvlilebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES (GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY)
4 113
some scientists – from a situation-oriented position – certain persons and organizations apply
discriminatory policy against women. But the most efficient is the explanation lying in andro-
centering of our consciousness, which has long and important prerequisites for its development.
Andro-centered or masculine-centered has been considered as a norm for a long time. Asymmetric
attitude towards gender, moreover, the existence of women discrimination was revealed by the first
52
wave of feminism and turned into an acute social and political issue.
A man “became a king” when Judaic religion opposed a goddess cult spread in the Middle
East and offered an idea of Father-God as a world creator. Gradually stereotypes of a perfect man
and imperfect woman were established (in compliance with almighty god).
Orthodox Christians also significantly contributed to the enhancement of a man cult who by
means of Bible versions declared a woman as a secondary creature created from a man. She was
also proclaimed as a tempting, devilish force.
Hence, evaluation stereotypes of a woman comprised the following features: a woman is a
secondary, imperfect creature; she is a seducer and threat to a man’s power.
In addition to biblical story, antique philosophy and political traditions originated in the
Ancient Greece also influenced the concept of gender inequality. In this regard Plato’s and
64 Aristotle’s views are very important.
According to Plato a human has two natures in which men belong to “a superior race”. At
the beginning creation of a woman was not considered, only - men. Women were supposed to be
born by sinned men, after the latter’s rebirth. In his doctrine on ideal city Plato also defined social
role of a woman. In his opinion, in the society free of private property, a woman should have same
as a man role, or a role of a Guard. For this purpose women should be trained but still they won’t
be able to accomplish this function as perfectly as men could.
Unlike Plato, who more or less admits the possibility of equality between men and women,
Aristotle considers the world as a single structure in which components are hierarchically
78 organized. Only the best and advantageous have the principle of rational existence, the rest act as
facilitators. Correspondingly, a woman exists in favor of a man.
In addition, for a hundred years androcentrism has been fed by one of the most powerful
theory from the point of view of influence on public consciousness - Z. Freud’s psycho-analytic
theory. According to this theory psycho-types of a man and a woman are formed through psycho-
sexual development stages and are strongly asymmetric. A woman’s portrait in this theory is
discriminated and imperfect.
Despite such a long-term conditionality of private and public consciousness, attitudes of
modern society dramatically change in favor of gender equality idea (the number of supporters of
woman’s status increase and its strengthening goes up). In the modern world fights for women’s
88
rights have significantly increased and strengthened. Women conferences under UN were held.
They evaluated women’s status and set goals of objectives to improve women’s legal conditions
and strengthen their status.
Action Platform was developed at the Women’s World Conference In Beijing in 1995. This
helped to establish recognition of women’s rights as human rights.
Every endeavor (women’s conferences, activities, special programs, etc.) aims at
establishing equality between men and women. Under equality we mean: equal social status,
independence, equal participation and responsibilities in all fields of social and private life. The
term of equality means the principle of comprehensive participation of both woman and man in
social life. Sex equality does not mean mutual similarity and identity. But equality does not mean
103
establishing man’s lifestyle as a norm.
The idea of sex equality forces us to evaluate the difference between man and woman
roles. Equality principle comprises the right of being different. This means that those distinguishing
features which are characteristic for different social classes, political and religious views, ethnical sarCevi
groups and sexual orientation of women and men should be taken into consideration by all means.
Equality principles make us think about how we could achieve success in introducing changes in kursis zogadi daxasiaTeba: mizani, amocanebi,
the public structure where authority relations between sexes are not balanced. Equality conception studentTa swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi 5
requires perception of equality between a man and woman. Establishing equality is a constant,
continues process requiring reevaluation and re-realization of values. Tema #1 — genderi - socialur-kulturuli konstruqti.
To realize equality conception the following goals are very important to achieve: genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.
maskulinoba-feminuroba. kroskulturuli kvlevebi. 7
1. recognition and respect of women’s rights;
genderuli kvlevebis warmoSoba da misi adgili
2. improvement of democratic representation;
socialur mecnierebaTa Soris sqesi da genderi
3. economic independence; genderis ZiriTadi kategoriebi da kroskulturuli kvlevebi
4. high education level; ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
5. joint endeavor of both genders; seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
After the III UN Conference dedicated to women’s problems, a new conception of complex ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
approach to gender equality emerged in various international documents. This new conception is
known as Gender Mainstreaming. Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa da genderuli
National projects of the Netherlands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium on Gender rolebis aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri,
Mainstreaming Policy will be discussed. Students will be given definitions of basic terms: socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,
androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri
androcentrism, gender equality, Gender Mainstreaming.
transcendenciis stadiebis da genderuli sqemis Teoria) 17
Students will be assigned to prepare materials for the lecture topic presented in the course
genderis gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi
reader in the assigned for individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held genderis gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi
at the seminar. In addition, students’ version of Georgian mode ofl gender equality will be worked genderis gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi
out. For this students will have to predetermine and present at the seminar: main fields in which androginiis koncefcia
gender ineqaulity is especially obvious, main factors which in their opinion determine such a transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi:
condition of events (personal, cultural, political), main steps to be taken to achieve equality, main genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria
fields, in which structural changes should be introduced, recent results and future forecasts. genderuli sqemis Teoria
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
Reference: seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
1. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by Nana Berekashvili, Bakur Sulakauri
Publishing House, 2003, pp.: 15-62
Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia da misi institutebi.
2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi 33
Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp..: 221-237 socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia da misi meqanizmebi
3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp..: 282-303 gansxvavebuli samuSaos davaleba
4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/ bavSvebis movla da maTze zrunva
Tanatolebi
ganaTleba
masmedia
saTamaSoebi
Week #8 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours
ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi
Topic #8 – Women in South Caucasus Culture. Gender Analysis of Georgian Culture
seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma
ZiriTadi da damatebiTi literatura
States of Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) and Southern part of Russia (North
Caucasus) tend to enjoy collectivist type of culture and, hence, gender-role ideology is also Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi.
traditional. kroskulturuli monacemebi 40
In feudalistic Caucasus a woman was confined to only family activities and her functions were kroskulturuli monacemebi genderuli rolebisa da stereotipebis Sesaxeb
bringing up children, taking care of the family and housekeeping. The elderly woman institute in the umcrosebze zrunva
family is a Caucasian norm. The elderly woman was responsible for safeguarding the whole family agresia
food products and money means, cooking, equal distribution of food and labor among daughter-in- ufrosebTan siaxlove da moRvaweobis xasiaTi
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba
laws and sons’ families in terms of the number of members, age and gender . Furthermore, in
mamakacurobis ideologia

114 3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria terms of traditional mentality, woman also was given the function of peace-maker historically
revealed in traditional means of settling opposition between the families.
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili Woman’s status was regulated by means of traditional legal norms (customs, decisions of the
elderly councils, in the Muslim part – by Shariat) and official legal norms – legal books (starting
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
from XI century). Woman’s family and property rights were determined in detail by legal norms,
according to which a woman did not have any right for the legacy, she was given dowry consisting
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi only women clothing and fancy-work box. In the plain regions women from relatively well-off
families were given plot in heredity. Women, generally, did not take part in either community and
political life or decision making. Nevertheless, in the period of renaissance in XII century the king of
the country was a woman (Tamar). In addition, very often personal decisions of queens and noble
ladies in the Caucasus unanimously determined the country’s fate and political life. Hence,
historically Caucasian women bore the function of retention of religion, decency and statehood.
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 Historical and historical-literary examples of heroical deeds conducted by high society women to
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 protect religion, language and nation are one of the important historical institutions for bringing up
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 new generations in the Caucasus.
Starting from the second half of the 19-th century with the advance of capitalism in the Caucasus
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
women legally acquired the right on a share from the heredity. In addition in mountainous bordery
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge and road side regions of the Caucasus a rule came up – to provide a woman upon wedding with a
small part of the capital (in Georgia “Satavno”, in Armenia “Arnegini”). The latter was granted in the
form of a domestic animal or cash, profit from which (sale of milk, cheese, wool, etc. or pawn
brokering) could have been disposed by the woman on her accord .
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa In the 19-th century a powerful charity and enlightenment movement headed by women from the
centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, high society was launched. It aimed at charity activities in favor of the lower layers of the society,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis and teaching them literacy and fancy work.
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT During the Soviet period equality between women and men was advocated by the official
ideology and enhanced by the legislation. The highest management body had 38-40% of quotas
for women deputation in the Supreme Soviet. Starting from 1948 the only official women
organization – women council - having centralized administrative and network structure, also
existed. Any education stage, profession or career was equally accessible for men and women.
And yet women’s integration into the community life was still conventional, since women were not
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, appointed on the positions where actual political decisions were made. The profession selected by
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education a women and the career remained within traditional framework. The professions of a doctor,
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. caretaker, teacher were the ones considered prestigious by traditional mentality.
After the dismantling of the Soviet Union the process of democratic construction began in the
Caucasian countries. From 1991 the first women NGO-s started to appear. Initially women NGO-s
were busy enhancing traditional women functions and their activities were confined to charity,
peace-making or protection of vulnerable layers of the population programs.
In 1995 all the Caucasian countries joined the convention “Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women” (CEDAW). Permanently operating special women state
committees were also set up. Today women organizations in the Caucasian countries are
powerfully developed (approx. 150-170 acting organizations) encompassing almost all the fields of
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 1 – 8 women activities. In the higher educational institutions various gender aspects are being taught.
Scientific research centers on gender and women rights are also operating.
Despite the endeavor of the women non-governmental sector, government and international
foundations, the activities of the women organizations in the Caucasus have not acquired the
shape of feministic movement.
Modern Caucasian women went ahead of women’s traditional role and are actively involved in
the community life, but on the labor and employment market, as well as in the public administration
115
structures decision-making positions are less accessible for them. Though in one of the Caucasian
countries – Georgia - in 2002-2004 the Speaker of the Parliament, then the interim president was
a woman (Nino Burjanadze is still Parliament Chairperson), but women’s involvement in the
process of the decision-making does not have a regular character (the average proportion of
women deputation in the Caucasian countries is 12%). Note, most of the Caucasian women
respondents give the priority to the traditional roles, except the young generation for whom socialur mecnierebaTa seria
professionalism and development is the most vital. Gender inequality and women’s rights
discrimination are especially strong in the Moslem part of the Caucasus, also in the provinces and
conflict zones, where most women are yet limited to traditional gender roles and are often become
victims of violence – abduction for getting married, bargaining, family violence , etc.
Family life of women and their property and right status in Azerbajanian, Armenian and
Georgian culture will be discussed. Marriage and wedding customs will be analyzed. Student will
be given definitiion of terms: custom, Shariat, endogamy, tantikin, levirat, sororat, tavani, arnegin.
Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned for individual work material on the topic
of the lecture presented in the course reader and on the basis of these materials do comparative
analysis in Caucsian cultures. Students will be assigned to interview one married woman and
determine (in terms of the appropriate gudelines) her property right status in the family.

Reference:
genderi - kulturuli da
1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J. socialuri konstruqti
Merguerian, Civic Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102
2. N. Tsintsadze, Describing Traditional Norms of Socialization in a New Environment,
collection of articles: Etrhnic Aspects of Security Starategy (Pankisi Cfisis), Tbilisi, 2002,
pp.:238-265 saleqcio kursi
3. T. Ivelashvili, Wedding Customs in Georgia, Tbilisi, 1999, pp.:263-286, 99-130
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
4. N. Tsintsadze. Women’s Everyday and Social Role in Different Ethnic groups. Collection of
Articles: Conflict Situations in Polyethnic Society, Tbilisi, Caucasus Institute of Peace,
Democracy and Development, 1998, pp.: 218-237
5. L. Surmanidze. Woman in Georgian Mentality, Collection of articles, UN Development
Program “Women in Developing Process”, Tbilisi, 1998, pp.: 3-28

mzia wereTeli

Tbilisi
2006
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