ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY:
TEHREEM SHAKIL (TS-001)
SANA IBRAHIM (TS-007)
MEHWISH SHAKEEL (TS-013)
SYEDA ADILA ASHRAF (TS-017)
HAFIZA SHAYAN AHMED (TS-046)

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Saira Faisal

CLASS: TEXTILE SCIENCE (FS)

 PRODUCT: BABY T-SHIRT

COMPOSITION:
Polyester 46.5%

Rayon 46.5%

Spandex 07%

POLYESTER
Polyester is a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long chain
synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic
carboxylic acid. The raw material from which most polyester is made is petroleum, from which
the constituent acids and alcohols are derived.
It is very strong fiber. Depending on the chemical structure, polyester can be a thermoplastic or
thermoset. There are also polyester resins cured by hardeners; however, the most common
polyesters are thermoplastics.
Physical Properties:
 Specific gravity: 1.8gm/cc
 Resiliency: High
 Abrasion resistance: High
 Tenacity: 35-56cn/Tex normally but about 100 CN/Tex for high tenacity yarns
 Elongation at break: 15-40%; 5-10% for high tenacity yarns
 Elasticity: It has good elastic recovery.
 Quick Dry- It is hydrophobic in nature. The moisture absorbency is 0.4%. It wick moisture away
from your skin and dry quickly.

Chemical Properties:

 Reaction to Acid: PET fibers have good resistance to mineral and organic acid.
Concentrated Acid; like Sulphuric acid at high temperature result in degradation.
 Reaction to Alkali: At room temperature PET fibers have good resistance to alkalis and
normal resistance to strong alkalis. It has poor resistance to weak alkalis and can
dissolves in strong alkalis.
 Reaction to Organic Solvents: Polyester fiber is unaltered by organic solvents, that
means we can dry-cleaned polyester fiber.
 Dyes Affinity: PET fibers could not easily dye because of lack of hydrophilic sites and
inherent stiffness of polyester molecules. PET can be dyed with suitable disperse, azoic
and industrial dyes at high temperature.

RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured
fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituent have replaced not more than
15% of the hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups. Rayon is a cellulosic fiber so it has similar
properties to cotton and flax. The fiber is jagged and round in shape.
Physical Properties:
 Tenacity: 2.4 -3.2 gm/den
 Density: 1.64 - 1.54 gm/cc
 Strength: The tensile strength of rayon is greater than wool, but half of silk and its
strength is reduced 40 to 70 percent when wet.
 Moisture Regain: The moisture regain of rayon is 11 percent.
 Absorbency: Rayon is most absorbent fiber among cellulosic fiber and due to this reason
rayon absorbs perspiration and then evaporates it from skin.
 Shrinkage: The rayon fibers shrinks appreciably from washing 
 Elasticity: Rayon has relatively little elasticity. Because of that reason it is blended with
spandex so the fabric can have elasticity.
 Resiliency: The resiliency of rayon is very poor which means that it wrinkles easily.
 Abrasion Resistance: Viscose rayon has good strength and abrasion resistance.
 Heat Conductivity: Being cellulose fibers, Rayon are good conductors of heat.
Chemical Properties:

 Affinity for dyes: The Rayon has affinities for the same dyes as cotton, but they usually
dye to a deeper shade. Some Rayon is solution-dyed and has excellent fastness.
 Reaction to Acids: The Rayon reacts to acids in the same manner as cotton-they are
disintegrated by hot dilute acids and cold concentrated acids.
 Reaction to Alkalis: Concentrated solutions of alkalis disintegrate rayon.
 Effect of Bleach: It is not permanently discolored by bleach.
 Cleanliness and Wash ability: Viscose rayon must be dry-cleaned for best results.
 Effect of Light: Viscose rayon has usually good resistance to sunlight.
 Effect of Heat: Since rayon is a pure cellulose fiber, it burns like cotton meaning that it
ignites rapidly, sometimes even faster than cotton. Burnt rayon leaves an odor like burnt
paper.

SPANDEX
Spandex is a synthetic fiber which is made of 85% polymer polyurethane and other sensitizers.
Spandex is a material which is basically used in manufacturing of clothes. It is a manmade fiber
which is also called Lycra Spandex or Elastane.

Physical Properties:
 Strength: The strength of fiber is very adequate. Spandex doesn't reach the breaking
point until it stretched to its maximum length. Spandex is far superior in flex life, in the
comparison of rubber.
 Density: The density of spandex filaments ranges from 1.15 to 1.13g/cc.
 Moisture Regain: The moisture regain of fibers from which the surface finish has been
removed lies between 0.8 and 1.2%.
 Elastic Recovery: The elastic recovery of spandex fibers is very good. It stretched 4 to 7
times of its relaxed state spandex is almost twice as elastic as the stretch nylons and
exceeds their holding power by about 6 times. It reaches its original state readily upon
release of tension. The most elastic spandex fiber has maximum elongation of 700 %.
 Resiliency: Spandex fibers are highly flexible and resilient. This property of rapid shape
recovery imparts a flat and neat appearance of fabrics.  
 Absorbency:  Spandex fibers have very low absorbency-lower than even the polyester
fibers.
 Heat Conductivity: Spandex is not a good conductor of heat. 

Chemical Properties:

 Effect of Bleach: Spandex fibers are inherently white; bleaching is therefore done only
when the other fibers used in the yarn or fabric requires it.

 Effect of Sunlight: Spandex fibers will lose strength from prolonged exposure to sunlight.

 Effect of Heat:  They are very heat sensitive and must be handled accordingly with care.

 Flammability: It burns slowly. Spandex fibers melt, fuse, and burn without shrinking
away from the flame; they leave a soft, fluffy, black ash and give off an acrid odor.

 Reaction to Alkalis: Reactions of spandex fibers to alkalis vary, but all are affected. Lycra
has moderate resistance to most alkalis.                   

 Reaction to Acids: Reactions of spandex to acids also vary. Lycra has good resistance to
most acids, though some discoloration may occur.

 Affinity for dyes:  These fibers have good affinity for many classes of dyes, including
disperse, acid, chrome, and other dyes.
  Resistance to Perspiration: Indications are that all spandex fibers have good resistance
to degradation by perspiration. 

 Resistance to Oils: An important attribute of all spandex fibers is their high resistance to
body oil, cosmetics, and lotions.

Q: Why this blend is used for baby clothes?

Ans: The blend of poly rayon spandex contributes durability, resiliency, and flexibility and shape
retention. The wet strength of the resultant fabric is also superior; viscose provides absorbency,
soft texture, and variety of color, whereas spandex provides stretch ability and resiliency. It also
has good elastic recovery. And polyester is very strong, easily dyed and is quick dry fabric. This
blend is good for baby clothes as it provides comfort, softness and almost covers all the areas of
good properties.

Q: Suggest other fibers for baby clothes.

Ans: There are varieties of fibers and their blends that we can use for baby clothes. Here are
some of them:

 Cotton/Polyester Blends- It dries quickly, resists wrinkling and is usually less expensive. It
does not shrink and is very easy to take care of.

 Cotton/Spandex Blends- For the comfort, a cotton/spandex blend is very stretchable, this
material moves with your baby that is why it is found in tights and baby legwarmers.

 Bamboo-It is a very soft, hypoallergenic and antimicrobial. It is a very popular choice for
baby clothes.

 Fleece-It is often found in baby outerwear. It dries quickly, it is moisture-wicking and is a

vegan alternative to wool. Also, it's virtually stain-proof.

REFERENCES:

 Understanding textiles by Billie J.Collier and Phyllis G.Tortas

 Fiber to Fabric by Bernard P. Corbman
 Elastomeric Fibers by R.Meredith
 Fabric Science by Allen C. Cohen, Ingrid Johnson and Joseph J. Pizzuto
 Physical Properties of Textile Fibers by W.E. Morton and J.W.S. Hearle
 Wet Processing of Wool, Silk and Synthetic Fibers by Ahmad Niaz