Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. Problem 5.15, p. 184 of Bergen and Vittal. Note! The generator voltage is 13.8 kV, NOT 138
kV.
The generator impedance is 0.10 p.u. on the correct MVA and voltage bases.
The line impedance is given in actual ohms, so must be converted to per unit. The MVA base is
the *generator* MVA base, 30 MVA. The voltage base would be 132 kV except that the system
voltage base has already been chosen as 13.8 kV at the generator. When the generator voltage
magnitude is 1.0 p.u. the actual voltage is 13.8 kV, and the voltage magnitude at the line will be
138 kV which must be 1.0 p.u. Thus the base voltage for the line is 138 kV.
(Comment: It is unusual but by no means impossible to find oddities in ratings like using a 132
kV transformer on a 138 kV line. However, this would not be good practice as the transformer
would be constantly over voltage and its insulation lifetime would be drastically shortened. But I
digress.)
Then
V B2 (138kV )2
Z BL = = = 635Ω
SB 30 MVA
20 + j100
ZL = = 0.03 + j 0.16 p.u.
635
Now correct the other p.u. impedances for the new base values. Transformer T1 must be
corrected for both MVA and voltage:
2
⎛ VB ⎞ ⎛ S Bn ⎞ 2
It does not matter if the high or low base voltages are used for this correction as long as the same
side is used for both old and new base values.
⎛ SB ⎞
X T 2 = X T 2o ⎜ n ⎟ = 0.12⎛⎜ 30 ⎞⎟ = 0.24 p.u.
⎜ SB ⎟ ⎝ 15 ⎠
⎝ o ⎠
1
⎛ SB ⎞
X M = X Mi ⎜ n ⎟ = 0.08⎛⎜ 30 ⎞⎟ = 0.12 p.u.
⎜ SB ⎟ ⎝ 20 ⎠
⎝ o ⎠
Diagram:
I
j0.10 j0.14 0.03 + j0.16 j0.24 j0.12
+ + +
- - -
V 13.2kV
Vtm = = = 0.96∠0 p.u.
VB 13.8kV
and current is
Pm 15MW
3φ
S ⋅ pf
= 30MVA ⋅ 0.85 = 0.615 p.u.
Sm P / pf
I = = m = B
2
S G = Vtg I * = 0.853∠19.9° ⋅ 0.615∠ − 31.8° = 0.524∠ − 11.9° p.u.
S G = 0.513 − j 0.108 p.u.
Yes, the generator is consuming reactive power, which is not the ideal way to operate the
system. One would generally expect the generator to supply reactive power to the system.
b. It’s a per unit conversion-a-palooza. We know the base values for voltages and power. For
currents,
S B1φ 30MVA / 3 30MVA
I BM = 1φ = = = 1,255 A
V BM 13.8kV / 3 3 ⋅ 13.8kV
I BG = I BM = 1,255 A
30 MVA
I BL = = 125.5 A
3 ⋅ 138kV
And
I M = I ⋅ I BM = 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ 1,255 = 772∠31.8° A
I L = I ⋅ I BL = 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ 125.5 = 77.2∠31.8° A
Sanity check, the line and motor currents should differ by the transformer T2 turns ratio, and do.
I G = I M = 772∠31.8° A
Vtg = Vtgpu ⋅ VB = 0.853∠19.9° ⋅ 13.8kV = 11.8∠19.9°kV
VSend = 0.874∠14.5° ⋅138kV = 120.6∠14.5°kV
S G = S Gpu ⋅ S B = 0.524∠ − 11.9° ⋅ 30MVA = 15.72∠ − 11.9°MVA
S G = 15.4MW − j3.24MVAR
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.33∠0 ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
12.1: ⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢ 10 ⎥ = ⎢ 5.78∠87° ⎥
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢Ic ⎥ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5.78∠ − 87°⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
I a+
I a−
0
I b0 Ic I c0
I a
Ib
Ia I b+ I b− I c− I c+
3
⎡ Ea0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.195∠135° ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢
12.2 ⎢ Ea ⎥ = A ⎢ j1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 1.31∠15° ⎥⎥
⎢ Ea− ⎥ ⎢⎣2∠135°⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.49∠ − 105°⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
Comment: Only the phase “a” components of the symmetrical components (the leading
components) need be calculated unless all nine are specifically required by the problem
statement.
a j1
n g n’
0.911∠ − 30°
I a+ = = 0.456∠ − 120°
j2
Vng+ = 0
Negative Sequence
4
I a−
a j1
(-) 0.244∠30° j1
n g n’
0.244∠30°
I a− = = 0.122∠ − 60°
j2
Vng− = 0
Zero Sequence
The per phase equivalent for zero sequence is open between n and g because the zero sequence
components of current do not sum to zero!
I a0
a j1
(0) 0.33∠90°
j1
n g n’
I a0 = 0
Vng0 = − Ea0 = 0.33∠ − 90°
Then
⎡I a ⎤ ⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0.528∠ − 108.4°⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ +⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ I b ⎥ = A ⎢ I a ⎥ = ⎢1 α
2
α ⎥ ⎢0.456∠ − 120°⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0.528∠108.4° ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣1 α α 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.122∠ − 60° ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.334∠0° ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
and
Vng = Vng0 + Vng+ + Vng− = 0.33∠ − 90°
Comment: No units are given because the problem statement did not give units!
Iab = 10∠0° A
5
Ibc = 15∠ − 90° A
Ica = 20∠90° A
+ −
a. Find the “a” phase sequence components of the Δ-load currents, denoted IΔ , IΔ
0
and IΔ .
⎡ I Δ0 ⎤ ⎡ I ab ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 10∠0° ⎤ ⎡ 3.73∠27° ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I Δ ⎥ = A ⎢ I bc ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢15∠ − 90°⎥ = ⎢13.46∠ − 3.6°⎥ A
⎢ I Δ− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 20∠90° ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6.82∠ − 173° ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
b. Find the values of the line currents, Ia , Ib and Ic that feed the Δ load.
Ia
Iab
Ica
Ib
b
c
Ic
Ibc
Hence
I a = I ab − I ca = 22.4∠ − 63° A
I b = I bc − I ab = 18.0∠ − 124° A
I c = I ca − I bc = 35.0∠90° A
6
+
c. Find the values of the “a” phase sequence components of the line currents Ia ,
Ia− and Ia0 .
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = ⎢ 23∠ − 34° ⎥ A
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢11.8∠ − 143°⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ I Δ− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
obtain
I Δ+ =
1
3
[ ]
I ab + αI bc + α 2 I ca
1
[
I Δ− = I ab + α 2 I bc + αI ca
3
]
Now put the delta current relations in the line current conversion
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I ab − I ca ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢ I bc − I ab ⎥
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I ca − I bc ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
obtain
I a0 = [I ab − I ca + I bc − I ab + I ca − I bc ] = 0 QED
1
3
[
I a+ = I ab − I ca + α (I bc − I ab ) + α 2 (I ca − I bc )
1
3
]
group terms of current
1
3
[ ( ) (
I a+ = (1 − α )I ab + α − α 2 I bc + α 2 − 1 I ca ) ]
apply the identity 1 = α 3 and factor out 1 − α
7
I a+ =
1
3
[ ( )
(1 − α )I ab + α − α 2 I bc + α 2 − α 3 I ca ( ) ]
[
I a+ = (1 − α )I ab + α (1 − α )I bc + α 2 (1 − α )I ca
1
3
]
[
I a+ = (1 − α ) I ab + αI bc + α 2 I ca
1
3
]
+
Recognize I Δ from above
I a+ = (1 − α )I Δ+
Do some 30-60-90 trig
1 − α = 1 − 1∠120° = 3∠ − 30° (It helps to sketch the phasor diagram.)
α
1
30° -α
-α 1-α
I a+ = 3I Δ+ ∠ − 30° QED
Similarly
I a− =
1
3
[(1−α 2 )I ab + (α 2 − α )I bc + (α − 1)I ca ]
I a−
1
[(
= 1−α 2
3
)I ab ( ) (
+ α 2 − α 3 ⋅ α I bc + α − α 3 I ca ) ]
I a−
1
[(
= 1−α 2
3
)I ab + α 2 (1 − α 2 )I bc + α (1 − α 2 )I ca ]
I a−
1
(
= 1−α 2
3
)[I ab + α 2 I bc + αI ca ]
I a+ = (1 − α )I Δ− = 3I Δ− ∠ − 30° QED