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SECTION 1.2
Circles
SECTION 1.2Circles
OBJECTIVES
Definition of a Circle
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
point called the center. The fixed distance from any point on the circle to
the center is called the radius.
Suppose that a circle is centered at the point (h, k) and has radius r (Figure
1-11). The distance formula can be used to derive an equation of the circle.
Let (x, y) be an arbitrary point on the circle. Then by definition the distance
between (h, k) and (x, y) must be r.
x2 + y2 = 7 (0, 0)
a. Write the standard form of an equation of the circle with center (−4,
6) and radius 2.
Solution:
a.
b.
Point of Interest
Skill Practice 1
a. Write an equation of the circle with center (3, −1) and radius 4.
Answers
1. a. (x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
b.
Solution:
A sketch of this scenario is given in Figure 1-12. Notice that the midpoint
of the diameter is the center of the circle.
Figure 1-12
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The radius of the circle is the distance between either endpoint of the
diameter and the center. Using the endpoint (−1, 0) as (x1, y1) and the
center (1, 2) as (x2, y2), apply the distance formula.
An equation of the circle is: (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2.
Skill Practice 2
Answer
2. (x + 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 5
Write the equation of the circle in standard form. Then identify the center
and radius.
Solution:
The center is (−5, 3), and the radius is . See Figure 1-13.
Figure 1-13
Skill Practice 3
Write the equation of the circle in standard form. Then identify the center
and radius. x2 + y2 − 8x + 2y − 8 = 0
Answer
Page 134
If c > 0, then the graph will be a circle with radius .
If c = 0, then the graph will be a single point, (h, k). The solution set is
{(h, k)}.
If c < 0, then the solution set is the empty set { }.
Write the equation in the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2, and identify the
solution set.
Solution:
Since r2 = 0, the solution set is {(0, 7)}. The sum of two squares will equal
zero only if each individual term is zero. Therefore, x = 0 and y = 7.
Skill Practice 4
Write the equation in the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2, and identify the
solution set. x2 + y2 + 2x + 5 = 0
Answer
Also notice that the calculator display may not show the upper and lower
semicircles connecting. The viewing window between x = −16.1 and x =
16.1 is divided by the number of pixels displayed horizontally to get the
values of x used to graph the equation. These may not include x values at
the leftmost and rightmost points on the circle. That is, the calculator may
graph points close to (−8, 3) and (−2, 3) but not exactly at (−8, 3) and (−2,
3). Therefore, the upper and lower semicircles may not “hook up.”
R.1.
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R.2.
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R.3. Find the distance between (2, 3) and (−3, −2). Express your answer in
simplified radical form.
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Concept Connections
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2. The distance from the center of a circle to any point on the circle is
called the__________________ and is often denoted by r.
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8. Is the point (2, −7) on the circle defined by (x + 6)2 + (y + 1)2 = 100?
For Exercises 9–16, determine the center and radius of the circle.
9. (x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 81
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13. x2 + y2 = 20
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14. x2 + y2 = 28
15.
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16.
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27. The center is (−2, −1) and another point on the circle is (6, 5).
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28. The center is (3, 1) and another point on the circle is (6, 5).
29. The center is (4, 6) and the circle is tangent to the y-axis. (Informally, a
line is tangent to a circle if it touches the circle in exactly one point.)
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30. The center is (−2, −4) and the circle is tangent to the x-axis.
31. The center is in Quadrant IV, the radius is 5, and the circle is tangent to
both the x- and y-axes.
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32. The center is in Quadrant II, the radius is 3, and the circle is tangent to
both the x- and y-axes.
33. Write an equation that represents the set of points that are 5 units from
(8, −11).
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34. Write an equation that represents the set of points that are 9 units from
(−4, 16).
35. Write an equation of the circle that is tangent to both axes with radius
and center in Quadrant I.
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36. Write an equation of the circle that is tangent to both axes with radius
and center in Quadrant III.
37. Determine the solution set for the equation (x + 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = 0.
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38. Determine the solution set for the equation (x − 3)2 + (y + 12)2 = 0.
39. Determine the solution set for the equation (x − 17)2 + (y + 1)2 = −9.
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40. Determine the solution set for the equation (x + 15)2 + (y − 3)2 = −25.
For Exercises 41–54, write the equation in the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 =
c. Then if the equation represents a circle, identify the center and
radius. If the equation represents a degenerate case, give the solution
set. (See Examples 3–4)
41. x2 + y2 + 6x − 2y + 6 = 0
Answers
43.
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44.
45. x2 + y2 − 20y − 4 = 0
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46. x2 + y2 + 22x − 4 = 0
47. 10x2 + 10y2 − 80x + 200y + 920 = 0 (Hint: Divide by 10 to make the
x2 and y2 term coefficients equal to 1.)
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49. x2 + y2 − 4x − 18y + 89 = 0
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53.
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54.
Mixed Exercises
55. A cell tower is a site where antennas, transmitters, and receivers are
placed to create a cellular network. Suppose that a cell tower is located
at a point A(4, 6) on a map and its range is 1.5 mi. Write an equation
that represents the boundary of the area that can receive a signal from
the tower. Assume that all distances are in miles.
Answers
57. Suppose that three geological study areas are set up on a map at points
A(−4, 12), B(11, 3), and C(0, 1), where all units are in miles. Based on
the speed of compression waves, scientists estimate the distances from
the study areas to the epicenter of an earthquake to be 13 mi, 5 mi, and
10 mi, respectively. Graph three circles whose centers are located at
the study areas and whose radii are the given distances to the
earthquake. Then estimate the location of the earthquake.
Answers
58. Three fire observation towers are located at points A(−6, −14), B(14,
10), and C(−3, 13) on a map where all units are in kilometers. A fire is
located at distances of 17 km, 15 km, and 13 km, respectively, from
the observation towers. Graph three circles whose centers are located
at the observation towers and whose radii are the given distances to the
fire. Then estimate the location of the fire.
Write About It
Answers
61. Find all values of y such that the distance between (4, y) and (−2, 6) is
10 units.
Answers
62. Find all values of x such that the distance between (x, −1) and (4, 2) is
5 units.
63. Find all points on the line y = x that are 6 units from (2, 4).
Answers
64. Find all points on the line y = −x that are 4 units from (−4, 6).
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The general form of an equation of a circle is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2. If
we solve the equation for x we get equations of the form
. The equation
represents the graph of the corresponding right-side semicircle, and
the equation represents the graph of the left-
side semicircle. Likewise, if we solve for y, we have
. These equations represent the top and bottom
semicircles. For Exercises 65–68, graph the equations.
65. a.
b.
c.
d.
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66. a.
b.
c.
d.
67. a.
b.
c.
d.
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68. a.
b.
c.
d.
69. Find the shortest distance from the origin to a point on the circle
defined by x2 + y2 − 6x − 12y + 41 = 0.
Answers
70. Find the shortest distance from the origin to a point on the circle
defined by x2 + y2 + 4x − 12y + 31 = 0.
Technology Connections
Answers
72. x2 + y2 = 49
Answers
Websites, newspapers, sporting events, and the workplace all utilize graphs
and tables to present data. Therefore, it is important to learn how to create
and interpret meaningful graphs. Understanding how points are located
relative to a fixed origin is important for many graphing applications. For
example, computer game developers use a rectangular coordinate system to
define the locations of objects moving around the screen.
Figure 1-1
Every point in the plane can be uniquely identified by using an ordered pair
(x, y) to specify its coordinates with respect to the origin. In an ordered pair,
the first coordinate is called the x-coordinate, and the second is called the
y-coordinate. The origin is identified as (0, 0). In Figure 1-2, six points
have been graphed. The point (−3, 5), for example, is placed 3 units in the
negative x direction (to the left) and 5 units in the positive y direction
(upward).
Figure 1-2
2. Use the Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Recall that the distance between two points A and B on a number line can
be represented by |A − B| or |B − A|. Now we want to find the distance
between two points in a coordinate plane. For example, consider the points
(1, 5) and (4, 9). The distance d between the points is labeled in Figure 1-3.
The dashed horizontal and vertical line segments form a right triangle with
hypotenuse d.
Figure 1-3
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Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have
We can make this process generic by labeling the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2,
y2). See Figure 1-4.
The horizontal leg of the right triangle is |x2 − x1| or equivalently |x1 −
x2|.
The vertical leg of the right triangle is |y2 − y1| or equivalently |y1 −
y2|.
Figure 1-4
TIP
Since
Distance Formula
The distance between points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
Solution:
Skill Practice 1
Find the distance between the points (−1, 4) and (3, −6). Give the exact
distance and an approximation to 2 decimal places.
Answer
The Pythagorean theorem tells us that if a right triangle has legs of lengths
a and b and hypotenuse of length c, then a2 + b2 = c2. The following
related statement is also true: If a2 + b2 = c2, then a triangle with sides of
lengths a, b, and c is a right triangle. We use this important concept in
Example 2.
Avoiding Mistakes
Page 122 EXAMPLE 2Determining if Three Points Form the Vertices of a Right
Triangle
Determine if the points M(−2, −3), P(4, 1), and Q(−1, 7) form the vertices
of a right triangle.
Solution:
TIP
The second notation is the length of the line segment with endpoints P and
Q.
Skill Practice 2
Determine if the points X(−6, −4), Y(2, −2), and Z(0, 5) form the vertices of
a right triangle.
Answer
2. No
Now suppose that we want to find the midpoint of the line segment
between the distinct points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). The midpoint of a line
segment is the point equidistant (the same distance) from the endpoints
(Figure 1-5).
Figure 1-5
Midpoint Formula
The midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
Avoiding Mistakes
Find the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (4.2, −4) and (−2.8,
3).
Solution:
Page 123 Skill Practice 3
Find the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (−1.5, −9) and (−8.7,
4).
Answer
3. or (−5.1, −2.5)
For example, the following ordered pairs are solutions to the equation y = x
+ 2.
The set of all solutions to an equation is called the solution set of the
equation. The graph of all solutions to an equation is called the graph of
the equation. The graph of is shown in Figure 1-6.
Figure 1-6
One of the goals of this text is to identify families of equations and the
characteristics of their graphs. As we proceed through the text, we will
develop tools to graph equations efficiently. For now, we present the point-
plotting method to graph the solution set of an equation. In Example 4, we
start by selecting several values of x and using the equation to calculate the
corresponding values of y. Then we plot the points to form a general outline
of the curve.
Solution:
Skill Practice 4
4.
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Solution:
Skill Practice 5
5.
TIP
Figure 1-7
TIP
Solution:
a.
b.
The intercepts (1, 0), (−1, 0), and (0, −1) are consistent with the
graph of the equation y = |x| − 1 found in Example 4 (Figure 1-8).
Figure 1-8
Skill Practice 6
Answers
b. (0, −4)
TIP
In Figure 1-9, we first enter the equation into the graphing editor. Notice
that the calculator expects the equation represented with the y variable
isolated.
Figure 1-9
To set up a table, enter the starting value for x, in this case, −3. Then set the
increment by which to increase x, in this case 1. The x-increment is entered
as ΔTbl (read “delta table”). Using the “Auto” setting means that the table
of values for X and Y1 will be automatically generated.
The table shows eleven x-y pairs but more can be accessed by using the up
and down arrow keys on the keypad.
The graph in Figure 1-10 is shown between x and y values from −10 to 10.
The tick marks on the axes are 1 unit apart. The viewing window with these
parameters is denoted [−10, 10, 1] by [−10, 10, 1].
Figure 1-10
TIP
TIP
The calculator plots a large number of points and then connects the points.
So instead of graphing a single smooth curve, it graphs a series of short line
segments. This may give the graph a jagged look (Figure 1-10).
Solution:
Enter the equations using the Y= editor.
Use the WINDOW editor to change the viewing window parameters. The
variables Xmin, Xmax, and Xscl relate to [−20, 20, 2]. The variables Ymin,
Ymax, and Yscl relate to [−15, 15, 3].
Page 127
Select the GRAPH feature. Notice that the graphs of both equations appear.
This provides us with a tool for visually examining two different models at
the same time.
Skill Practice 7
Answer
7.
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Concept Connections
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2. The x- and y-axes divide the coordinate plane into four regions called
______________.
3. The distance between two distinct points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given
by the formula ______________.
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4. The midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
given by the formula ______________.
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9.
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10.
b. Find the midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are the given
points. (See Example 3)
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18.
Page 128
For Exercises 19–22, determine if the given points form the vertices of
a right triangle. (See Example 2)
Answers
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For Exercises 23–24, determine if the given points are solutions to the
equation.
23. x2 + y = 1
a. (−2, −3)
b. (4, −17)
c.
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24.
a. (1, −2)
b. (−2, −3)
c.
For Exercises 25–30, identify the set of values x for which y will be a
real number.
25.
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26.
27.
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28.
29.
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30.
31. y=x
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32. y = x2
33.
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34.
35. y = x3
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36.
37.
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38.
39. y2 − x − 2 = 0
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40. y2 − x + 1 = 0
41.
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42.
43.
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44.
For Exercises 45–50, estimate the x- and y-intercepts from the graph.
45.
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46.
47.
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48.
49.
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50.
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51. −2x + 4y = 12
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52. −3x − 5y = 60
53. x2 + y = 9
Answers
54. x2 = −y + 16
55.
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56.
57. x = y2 − 1
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58. x = y2 − 4
59.
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60.
61.
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62.
Mixed Exercises
63. A map of a wilderness area is drawn with the origin placed at the
parking area. Two fire observation platforms are located at points A
and B. If a fire is located at point C, determine the distance to the fire
from each observation platform.
Answers
64. A map of a state park is drawn so that the origin is placed at the visitor
center. The distance between grid lines is 1 mi. Suppose that two
hikers are located at points A and B.
Answers
66. Suppose that a player is located at point A(460, 420) and must move in
a direct line to point B(80, 210) and then in a direct line to point
C(120, 60) to pick up prizes before a 5-sec timer runs out. If the player
moves at 120 pixels per second, will the player have enough time to
pick up both prizes? Explain.
67. Verify that the points A(0, 0), B(x, 0), and make up the
vertices of an equilateral triangle.
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68. Verify that the points A(0, 0), B(x, 0), and C(0, x) make up the vertices
of an isosceles right triangle (an isosceles triangle has two sides of
equal length).
For Exercises 69–70, assume that the units shown in the grid are in
feet.
69.
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70.
Page 130
71.
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72.
For Exercises 73–74, an isosceles triangle is shown. Find the area of the
triangle. Assume that the units shown in the grid are in meters.
73.
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74.
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Write About It
79. Suppose that d represents the distance between two points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2). Explain how the distance formula is developed from the
Pythagorean theorem.
Answers
80. Explain how you might remember the midpoint formula to find the
midpoint of the line segment between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
81. Explain how to find the x- and y-intercepts from an equation in the
variables x and y.
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82. Given an equation in the variables x and y, what does the graph of the
equation represent?
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88. Which of the viewing windows would show both the x- and y-
intercepts of the graph of 780x − 42y = 5460?
For Exercises 89–92, graph the equation with a graphing utility on the
given viewing window. (See Example 7)
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93. a. y = x3
b.
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94. a.
b.