Cultural Development in Pakistan

Aneeza Tariq Huma Munawar

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Shaiza Farooq
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Muhammad Tayyab javed Shahzaib Mazhar
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 Cultural Development in Pakistan

Identification:
Pakistan came into being in the year 1947 as a result of the partition of British
India into India, West Pakistan, and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Pakistan is
officially known as “The Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. It has a relatively new
identity as an independent nation but its history and cultural heritage date back
thousands of years. Although some minority groups are living here such as
Christians, Hindus, Parsis, etc, the majority of the Pakistani population is Muslim.

Map of Pakistan
Location and Geography:
Pakistan, along with India and other neighboring countries, makes up part of
“South Asia”. It borders India from the east, Afghanistan, and Iran from the west,
China from the north, and the Arabian Sea from the South. The North generally
consists of mountains and valleys, the South touching on the coast and beaches.
The rest of the country is mostly agricultural plains or desert, with urban life in the
major cosmopolitans. Thus, Pakistan is geographically diverse and also hosts the
world’s 2nd tallest mountains, K2.

Thar Desert

K2 mountain

Kaghab Valley

Demography:
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with an estimated 135
million people. Around 40 million of its citizens are estimated to be living in urban
areas, whereas most of the population is divided among rural areas. The major
cosmopolitans include Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Multan, and Islamabad which is
also the federal capital. Pakistan also has tribal populations of diverse
backgrounds.

Lahore, Pakistan
Linguistic Affiliation:

Pakistan prides itself on its national language Urdu. However, it also consists of
local languages like Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, etc. English is the
official language and is taught in schools.
History and Ethnic Relations

The emergence of the Nation:

Pakistan emerged as an independent nation in the year of 1947. Pakistan came into
being as a result of the partition of British India into India, West Pakistan, and
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Pakistan is officially known as “The Islamic
Republic of Pakistan”. It has a relatively new identity as an independent nation but
its history and cultural heritage date back thousands of years. Although some
minority groups are living here such as Christians, Hindus, Parsis, etc, the majority
of the Pakistani population is Muslim.
Ethnic Relations:
There are five major ethnicities in Pakistan. Punjabi, Baloch, Sindhi, Pashtun, and
Kashmiri. These ethnicities enjoy mostly good relationships with each other.
 Food and economy
Food in daily life:
Food in Daily Life. Since at any
rate, 95 percent of the Pakistani
populace is Muslim, two food
customs are followed all around.
Muslims don't eat pork (beef,
chicken, sheep, and fish are the
basic food), and the other is that
during the month of Ramadan,
fasting is a day by day movement.

The most pervasive spices include chili

powder, Tumeric, garlic, paprika, black
and red pepper, cumin seed, bay leaf,
coriander, cardamom, cloves, ginger,
cinnamon, saffron, nutmeg, and poppy
seeds, among others.
 Utilizing yogurt to marinate
meats is another regular
formula. In view of the
utilization of flavors and
curry for the primary dish,
the typical side dish is plain
rice. Lentils are another
basic claim to fame.
The food in the south is
progressively colorful and
profoundly spiced, while that in
the north regularly includes
plain grilled meat as the
principle dish. Generally, any
meat, fowl, or fish is curried,
and fricasseeing is the run of the mill strategy for cooking. Ghee, which is
explained margarine, is another ordinarily utilized formula thing and is regularly
utilized for frying.

Wheat and flour products are considered

the backbone of the daily diet, and the
use of pickles, chutneys, preserves, and
sauces along with curried meats,
seafood, vegetables, and lentils and are
why Pakistani cuisine has such a unique
flavor. Green tea is the drink served at
all meals.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions:

Fasting is a significant piece of the Muslim recognition of Ramadan, but food
does play a role on many other occasions.
One such occasion is the Eid-ul-Azha (Feast of Sacrifice) in the most recent
month of the Islamic calendar, recognizing the event when the prophet
Abraham was going to sacrifice his child in light of a request from God.
 Muslims who can bear
the cost of it is required
to forfeit a sheep, goat,
camel, or cow
representing Abraham's
accommodation to God.
The meat of the yielded
creature is separated into
three equivalent parts,
with the first gave to poor
people, the second given
to family members and
additionally companions,
and the third cooked at
the home of the individual who made the penance. Eating the meat is a piece of
the celebration festivity action.
The significant strict celebration. Shab-E-Barat includes a unique kind of
pudding known as halwa and unleavened bread known as nan being
appropriated among poor people. The halwa and nan dishes are uniquely
enlivened with silver or gold leaves and are sent to family members and
neighbors.
Food also plays an important role in the celebration of the end of the Ramadan
fasting period. This beginning with an uncommon breakfast of sheer kharma (a
sweet dish), which is
vermicelli cooked in milk with
dried dates, raisins, almonds,
and different nuts. Also,
crowds hurry to local bazaars
to purchase fruit, meat, and
desserts just as new garments
and adornments. Desserts
are distributed as a part of the
celebration of the birth of a
newborn baby in a family, and
an animal sacrificial offering
is also made-a one goat for a
baby girl and two for a baby
boy, with the creature meat conveyed among poor people or companions and
family members. Food likewise is engaged with a service commending a
youngster turning out to be six or seven months old. Sisters and family
members place rice pudding in the newborn child's mouth utilizing a silver
spoon, and a drop of chicken stock is additionally placed in the mouth. After
this function, the grown-ups then hold a detailed supper finished up with an
exceptional sweet called kheer.

Basic Economy:
Pakistan is a poor nation and its financial standpoint is disheartening. It depends
intensely on outside advances and awards, and obligation commitments take
almost 50 percent of the administration's consumptions. The normal per capita
pay per individual in Pakistan is evaluated at $460 (U.S.). Countless Pakistanis,
assessed at 35 percent, live beneath the neediness line.

Land Tenure and Property:

An expected 54.69 million sections of land (22.14 million hectares) of land are
utilized for farming. The significant harvests are cotton, wheat, rice, and
sugarcane. A lot of land in Pakistan has archeological locales, for example,
Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Dijji, and Mehr Garh.

Commercial Activities:
An enormous level of the business exercises incorporates the offer of
workmanship things, for example, the floor coverings for which Pakistan is
notable.

Major Industries:
Significant businesses of Pakistan incorporate materials, concrete, compost,
steel, sugar, electric merchandise, and shipbuilding.

Trade:
Pakistan's significant fares incorporate cotton, material products, rice, calfskin
things, floor coverings, sports merchandise, organic product, and painstaking
work. Significant imports incorporate mechanical gear, vehicles, iron mineral,
oil, and palatable oil. Exchange accomplices incorporate the United States,
Hong Kong, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab
Emirates.
 Division of Labor:
Forty-eight percent of laborers are in the administration part, 27 percent are in
the industry, and 25 percent are in agriculture.

Political Life

The government of Pakistan includes an elected prime minister, a president, and a

Parliament that consists of the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly
(Lower House). There are 57 members of the Senate and 217 members of the
National Assembly. The prime minister is the head of government, and the
president, who is elected by the legislature, is the head of state. There are also
ministers in charge of government divisions such as education and tourism. These
are appointed by the prime minister. They in turn appoint the governors of the
different states within the country. Also appointed by the prime minister are the
chief justices of the Supreme Court.

Leadership and Political Officials

Each state within the country has a governor, and each city has its mayor.
Additionally, most tribal groups have a head chief.
Social Problems and Controls. 
The greatest social problem in Pakistan is drug use. There are both governmental
and non-government programs working toward the rehabilitation of drug users and
ending drug use.
Military Activity 
Branches of the military are the army, navy, air force, civil armed forces, and
national guard. The military of Pakistan consists of members from all ethnic
groups within the country. Their duties have included participation in the United
Nations (UN) peacekeeping and nation-building activities in different areas of the
world. Soldiers in the Pakistani Army are regular participants in the long-running
dispute, sometimes resulting in violence, with India regarding sovereignty over
Kashmir. Military activity in Pakistan has included four military coups. After those
in 1955, 1969, 1977, the government was returned to civilian control via popular
election. The most recent coup took place in October 1999, and toward the end of
2000, a general was still acting as the head of the government, although he has
promised a democratic election for a new prime minister shortly.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
There are several nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) within Pakistan,
including the Aurat and Behood women's
organizations, as well as international Lions
and Rotary clubs, to which a large number of
men belong. The World Bank and its various
agencies have been active in Pakistan since
1952.
The Aga Khan Rural Support Program has
worked to build up village organizations with
separate groups for men and women and then,
through their groups, to launch several
development activities. The Orange Pilot
Project, headquartered in Karachi, has been active in urban development, including
working to improve one of Karachi's worst slum areas, with the first focus being on
sanitation, followed by a range of community development activities.

Gender Roles and Statuses

Division of Labor by Gender. The majority of Pakistani women are homemakers,
and men are generally referred to as the breadwinners. The largest percentage of
working women in Pakistan are nurses or teachers. Women are represented in
government as ministers in Parliament and ambassadors. Benazir Bhutto was the
first female prime minister and served from 1988 to 1990.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. 
The women of Pakistan are regular voters as are the men, and women also are
regular attendees at colleges. Islam gives women rights to child custody, alimony,
and inheritance, and they also have the right to conduct business and enter any
profession. Women are engaged in agriculture production and the services sector.
Women judges have been appointed to four high courts as well as several lower
courts and a 10 percent quota was established for women to become police
officers.
There are growing numbers of violent crimes against or involving women and the
government has introduced the concept of women police stations, which have been
opened in Rawalpindi, Karachi, and Abbottabad in the Northwest Frontier.
Several computer training centers have been established for women and the
government has opened "women development centers" that specialize in training
community development workers in family planning, hygiene, sanitation, adult
literacy, community organization, and legal rights.

MARRIAGE, INHERITANCE AND KINSHIP GROUP

Marriage:
Muslim Marriage involves Nikkah. It is a legal document that is signed by the
bride and groom confront of witnesses so After that, the couple is legally married.
Muslim Marriage traditions include Mayun which is held on three or four days
before the Marriage. There is also a Mehndi with a henna ceremony where the
bride’s hand and feet painted which is taking place one day before the Marriage
day. When the Marriage ceremony is going to be held on the day it required a
maximum of two witnesses and all the guests after small prayer for the success of
the Marriage. After the ceremony, dried dates given to the guests. Wedding
customs are different among provinces but Muslim Marriage is like a uniting of
both families. There are also certain ceremonies of every tribe of a group that is the
main part of marriages.

Inheritance:
In Pakistan, women can also have
legacy rights. Inheritance welfare
goes with the children and women
after the death of the father and
husband. It’s a legacy of birthright
heritage

Kin Groups:
Kinship is based on father to daughter or brother to sister connections and some
other people who are related by blood or Marriage. Muslim Marriage is like the
uniting of both families of the bride and groom. After the Marriage, the kin group
is increased.

SOCIALIZATION
Infant Care:
When a newborn baby is born in Muslim families so it seems like a great blessing
and parents can do everything about their child infant care. They put their whole
efforts into their work that his/her child can live a good and satisfy life. It can also
be infant care centers for all those families who help those children that there is no
one in the world.
Child Rearing And Education:
It happens Pakistani families
when a child is born
grandfather has proper right to
be named of his grandson.
Another tradition is that the
first cloth of baby is made with
an old T-shirt and if the baby
had siblings and he/she was
second child co-parents would
wear first baby clothes to that
coming child. After childbirth,
It is about forty days to choose
a baby name. Baby's hair is
shaving off in the hope that it
will be growing healthy in the future. Some people can keep their first baby's hair.
According to 1998 Prime Minister had declared a draft for new education policy
from 1998 to 2010 in which Prime Minister increased the elementary and
secondary schools of twelve million children. It includes about six million female
children in primary school by 2003. In the draft, there are also suggestions to
establish the community of informal schools and in a draft. There was also
included training about thirty-six thousand teachers in every year from 1998 to
2003 and It maintains pupil teachers(females). In military reduction, spending was
also declared so funds channeled for all children’s countrywide primary education.
Higher Education:
Higher education is like a wide role to prepare for a successful career. It’s been
like one-thousands colleges and universities to discovered all over the country.
Parents took their children to Another country for higher education. Now there are
several universities and degrees in it and. But in the nineteen century, there are
some common degrees
 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Classes And Castes:
The Caste system has been abolished in
Pakistan. There are low-income, High-
income, and Middle-income person’s. Locale
can make the main part of differences in
aspects of life. A low-income person has
bigger problems than others living in a tribe.

Symbol Of Stratification:
There has been continued a wide variety of social development that coming in
Pakistan and It will be recognized. In 1992-1993, the government developed a
social Action Program(SAP) to make social development and social services
available. Most of the program's spending was on education, health, welfare, rural
water supply, and sanitation so it means that most people don’t understand the
purpose and scope of SAP and mostly real changes must be made in the program
whether it is to be successful.

Religion
Religious beliefs:
Pakistan was framed as an Islamic
country, and Islam keeps on being the
religion of roughly 95 percent of the
population. There are likewise little
groups of Buddhists, Christians,
Paresis, and Hindus. The religion of
Muslims was founded by Prophet
Muhammad PBUH in the seventh
century. Muslims follow Islam so
according to Islamic belief he
received messages from Allah and wrote it down in the Quran and all the Muslims
follow the sayings of Quran and haddis Mubarak. And Muslims also believe to
offer prayer 5 times every day.

Rituals and holy places:

There are some rituals for Muslims
that they celebrate according to their
beliefs and one of them is the month
of Ramadan, during which they are
required to fast till the sunset.
Ramadan is a precious month for
Muslims in which they thank Allah
for his blessings; After Ramadan
Muslims celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr. In the
early morning, they go to mosques to
offer Eid prayer. Another important
celebration of Muslims are Eid Milad-un-nabi, the birth of Prophet Muhammad
(SAW), every Muslims offer prayers, and many houses are decorated in his
remembrance. Another important Muslim religious festival is Shab-e-Barat which
is held on the month of Shaban. Muslims believe that on this day Allah decides our
lives and death that that is going to die this year. Muslims worship on this day.
Muharram is also a special month for Muslims and many more.

Death and the afterlife:

Muslims celebrated Shab-e-Barat and worship Allah, offer prayers go to mosques,
and also distributed food among poor people. Muslims recite the Quran and
prayers and also go to graves of their loved once and put flowers blow candles and
pray for their maghfirat. Many other festivals of
Muslims include:
23rd march Pakistan
day, labor day on 1st
may when the
Muslims of all over
Pakistan have a
holiday,
independence day
on 14 August this day was celebrated by
Muslims every year, Basant was also celebrated and the sky filled with beautiful
kites and many more.

The arts and humanities

Support for the arts:
(PNCA) Pakistan's national council of the arts has established many galleries like
the National and sadequinn gallery and National dance and music center. They
hold exhibitions, theaters, seminars, and workshops. The national film
development corporation was formed to make a film to know how people about the
cultural values in the early 1970s.

Literature:

Pakistan is known as the land of the poet. Pakistani literature originates from the
day when Pakistan came into being in 1947. Famous poets include Muhammad
Iqbal, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Mir Taqi Mir, and many more.
Graphic arts:
There are wide varieties of graphic arts in Pakistan including hand-painted clay,
block-printing, glazed pottery, work in wood, hand-designed carpets and there are
many graphic arts in our culture.

Performance arts:
There are many performing arts in Pakistani culture. Classical and folk music,
performers wear designer dresses according to music. Costumes that performers
wear they identify the tribe or ethnic group. There are many musical instruments of
Pakistani which include: sitar, tanpura, rabab, sur Mandal and veena. And also
several instruments used like dhol, tabla, double-sided drum, sticks, and many
more.