Accepted Manuscript

A drag force anemometer using finite length cylinder with direction measure-
ment capability

Ferhat Daldaban, Ferhat Karagöz, Mustafa Serdar Genç

PII: S0263-2241(17)30095-7
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.02.006
Reference: MEASUR 4591

To appear in: Measurement

Received Date: 4 January 2016

Revised Date: 10 January 2017
Accepted Date: 6 February 2017

Please cite this article as: F. Daldaban, F. Karagöz, M.S. Genç, A drag force anemometer using finite length cylinder
with direction measurement capability, Measurement (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.
2017.02.006

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A drag force anemometer using finite length cylinder with direction

measurement capability

Ferhat Daldaban1*, Ferhat Karagöz1, Mustafa Serdar GENÇ2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

2
Wind Engineering and Aerodynamic Research (WEAR) Laboratory, Department of Energy

Systems Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

Tel: +90 352 2076666 / 32250

Fax: +90 352 437 57 84

*Corresponding Author E-mail: daldaban@erciyes.edu.tr

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Abstract

This study proposes a new design idea to measure wind speed and direction using drag force. For

this aim, load cells which are get aligned with the geographical directions were used. A prototype

was built and tested in a wind tunnel located at WEAR Laboratory in Erciyes University. The tests

were performed for the direction of 225° between 5 m/s and 25.2 m/s and the outputs were

compared with reference velocities. The results were shown that the mean measurement errors of

the new design were less than 3% and the mean direction errors were less than 3° respectively,

which provided WMO accuracy requirements.

Key words: Anemometer, drag force, Reynolds number, wind speed, wind direction

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NOMENCLATURE

Re Reynolds number

FD drag force

FDx horizontal component of drag force on East-West line

FDy vertical component of drag force on North-South line

polar angle

AR aspect ratio

CD drag coefficient

ρ air density

v velocity

A cross sectional area of circular cylinder

H height of the cyclinder

D diameter of the cyclinder

WEAR Wind Engineering and Aerodynamic Research

EURAMET European Association of National Metrology Institutes

WMO World Meteorology Organization

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1. Introduction

Utilization of renewable energy resources in the short and long term electricity generation plans of

the countries is getting higher importance. In particular, the installation of power plants based on

wind energy is increasing day by day, and the wind is leading the countries' energy policies

around the world. According to a report issued by the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), a

worldwide wind power plant of about 63 GW installed in 2015 and the cumulative energy

production based on wind energy has reached 432 GW. Based on estimates covering the period

2016-2020, it is expected to reach 792 GW by the end of 2020 with the installed power of the

worldwide. Referring to the projection covering these years, an average of approximately 72 GW

wind turbines will be needed every year [1]. Hence, it is of great importance that new wind farms

are planned to be built and that the planned wind speed measurements are made correctly and

reliably. The performance parameters of the present wind instruments, a new wind instrument

which has accurate real-time three-dimensional data for wind speed, wind direction, and

turbulence is required [2].

There are various types of wind speed and direction measurement techniques. Each of techniques

has its pros and cons, and researchers have conducted several studies to analyze them. Measuring

wind speed and direction is done at different ways: cup anemometer with a vane, Pitot tube,

propeller, hot-wire anemometer, with ultrasonic, remote wind measuring techniques with sound

(SODAR), light (LIDAR), electromagnetic waves (RADAR), or with laser-based devices such as

Laser Doppler anemometer.

Cup and propeller anemometers and wind mills which are capable of measuring direction if they

are equipped with suitable tails [3]. On the other hand, they are fit for outdoor conditions. For
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having this advantageous the cup anemometers are not only used in meteorological measurement

but they also widely preferred in determining wind turbine performance evaluation. With the

advantage of having the lowest uncertainty of measurement of atmospheric winds this type of

anemometers can withstand outdoor condition as well [3]. The main problem for measuring wind

speed using Pitot tube has been reported as misalignment of the tube axis and velocity vector. In

order to solve this problem adding extra taps on the tube have been proposed. In this way, velocity

measurements have been reported insensitive to angle of attack [4]. Pitot tube anemometers are

very sensitive to environmental conditions. Like pitot tube anemometers, hot wire anemometers

have been reported to be sensitive at the environmental conditions. Incapability of direction

measurements are drawbacks for both anemometer types. Moreover, other measurement systems

above mentioned (such as SODAR, LIDAR and RADAR) are complex and expensive.

Specifications of anemometers which are going to be used in determination of wind energy are

determined by International Electro technical Committee. On the other hand, specifications of

anemometers which are going to be used in to collect meteorological data were determined by

World Meteorology Organization (WMO).

The aim of this study is to develop a simple, cheaper and improvable wind measurement system

using drag force of a circular cylinder within the accuracy limits of WMO requirement. Because

the proposed anemometer will measure wind speed and direction simultaneously, a cylindrical

object was selected to get advantageous of symmetry. In this study, our focus is the region of

Reynolds number where the drag coefficient remained constant.

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The flow over a circular cylinder is a function of Reynolds number (Re). Variation of drag

coefficient has been studied well by many researchers [5]. Mallick and Kumar [6] conducted a

research about cylindrical bodies with various cylinder diameter and air velocity. They concluded

that increasing both velocity and diameter caused to increase in drag force (FD). Their study

confirmed that drag coefficient was not a constant value but it was a function of speed, diameter,

density and fluid viscosity. One of the main pillars of this study is to take advantage of drag force

concept. Since the focus of this study is to get constant drag coefficient region, literature has been

reviewed. It was revealed from the review study that there was no consensus to figure out the

limits of constant drag region. Anderson [7] stated that the constant drag coefficient was in the

range of 103<Re< 3x105 for an infinitely long cylinder. However, Zdrakovich [8] conveyed that

upper limit of subcritical flow started around 2x105. The variation of drag coefficient (CD) for a

circular cylinder for different diameters over the Reynolds number range of 10 -1 to 106 was

collected by Schlichting. The diameters used to graph of CD variation were in the range of 0.05

mm to 300 mm and constant drag region was presented from 104 to 105 [9]. Cook [10] defined a

relatively broader limits for constant drag coefficient region with respect to Schlichting, that was

around 5x103<Re<2x105. In Figure 1, the constant drag regions above mentioned were

demonstrated. Firstly, the proposed anemometer design criteria were set to experimental data

obtained during studies had performed in WEAR. It was seen from Figure 1 that the experimental

data of this current study closes to the results of Uematsu &Yamada and Schlichting.

Zuo [11] measured the drag coefficient of a cylinder for the Reynolds numbers up to 2.61x105.

Air density required for the determination of the drag force was calculated based on temperature,

relative humidity and barometric pressure. Kinematic viscosity was assumed as 1.5x10-5 m2/s. He

has indicated that drag coefficient has dropped much earlier, namely at a point where 1.12x105. He

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has noticed that the early drop, caused by turbulence. The methodology for determining air density

used by Zuo has been introduced in [12].

In order to measure wind speed using drag force, one of the main element that need to be

determined is aspect ratio (AR). AR influence on finite length circular cylinder was reviewed by

Fox and West [13]. They presented a research report about cantilevered cylinders immersed in a

low-turbulence flow at Re=4.4 x 104 for various aspect ratios in the range of 4 to 30. According to

their report, the distribution of drag along the cantilever was unique for the aspect ratios less than

13. Again reference to their report the maximum drag was observed at the free end of the cylinder

as expected. Considering these conclusions and taking into consideration of dimensions of WEAR

wind tunnel, the proposed anemometer aspect ratio has been selected as 4.87.

After setting aspect ratio, drag coefficient of the circular cylinder used for sensing wind speed was

analyzed. In order to make accurate assumption for determining drag coefficient Uematsu and

Yamada [14] suggestion was presented. Their measurements were based on the Reynolds number

range of 3.8x104 to 1.4x105. The diameters of finite cylinders were recorded as 6 cm and 11.3 cm.

They obtained an empirical equation (Equation 1) showing the relevance of the mean drag

coefficient in the subcritical regime as a function of diameter and height. They concluded that the

drag coefficient was less sensitive to H/D ratio for H/D < 5, where H was the height and D was the

diameter of the cylinder. This conclusion is in line with report provided in [13]. Uematsu and

Yamada equation [14] is given below.

(1)

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Using Equation 1, drag coefficient of the proposed anemometer was calculated as 0.808. But, the

drag coefficients were obtained from the mean pressure distribution and the influence of the skin

friction and profile drag was not considered in this study, and all the results of the drag coefficient

are only pressure drag coefficients in the Uematsu and Yamada’s experiments [15-16]. Thus, the

drag coefficients obtained by Uematsu and Yamada are smaller than other experiments. In

addition, for the blockage effect on the pressure distribution any correction was no applied to the

results in this study.

2. Materials and Method

An object immersed in a flow is subjected to a drag force, FD which is given by equation (2).

ρ (2)

In Equation (2); CD, ρ, v, A represent drag coefficient, density, velocity and cross sectional area

of circular cylinder, respectively. Another topic which is needed to be taken into account is

determination of air density in terms of drag force calculation. The methods for estimating air

density are given in European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET)

guideline. According to the first method, which is used by Zuo, air density is estimated as a

function of pressure, temperature and humidity [12]. In the second method, air density is estimated

using altitude of where air density needs to be estimated. The second was used in this study for its

simplicity. Air density was obtained as 1.062 kg / m3 using the second approach.

This study was focused on constant drag region; therefore the proposed anemometer tests were

carried out at Reynolds number between 20 x 103 and 10 x 104 based on velocity between 5 m/s

and 25.2 m/s and diameter of cylinder. Based on the dimensions of WEAR wind tunnel, the

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proposed anemometer aspect ratio has selected as 4.87 (diameter is 6 cm, and span or height is

29.2 cm).

The experiments were done in a wind tunnel with a square working section of 50 cm × 50 cm at

the Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Erciyes. Minimum speed and

maximum speed was 5 m/s and 40 m/s, respectively, and free-stream turbulence intensity at

minimum speed was about 0.7%; about 0.3% at highest speed [17-18]. The wind tunnel is shown

in Figure 2.

Figure 3 demonstrates the variation of the drag coefficient on the cylinder used in this study versus

Reynolds number. The drag coefficient started to tend to be stable after Re=2.2x104 with the value

about 0.935. Before Re=2.2x104, the mean velocity is small and turbulence intensity of the tunnel

is bigger (approximately 2%-3%), thus the transition from laminar to turbulence triggered and by-

pass transition [17-22] occurs over the cylinder and the drag coefficient is obtained smaller than

the stable drag coefficient value (0.935). In addition, the experimental study reveals that drag

coefficient is higher than calculated by using Uematsu’s approximation result whose value was

recorded as 0.808. The difference between Uematsu’s approximation and our experimental result

is mainly caused by pressure drag. Consequently, 0.935 was used as CD in this study.

Based on the theory mentioned, a prototype was assembled as shown in Figure 4. The reference

direction was set as 225º with respect to North axis to simulate the geographical directions.

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Flow over the cylindrical object which is connected to a platform experienced a drag force on its

surface. Output signals induced by the drag force, proportional to the wind speed and direction,

were generated by the sensors located at corners of the horizontal platform. The wind speed and

its direction are represented as big arrow in the Figure 5 whereas the reaction forces due to the

drag force were depicted as small arrows showing upward and downward direction.

The drag force is calculated as a function of measured reaction forces, and estimated as in

Equation (3).

(3)

In Equation (3), are vector components of the drag force on x, y and z axis,

respectively. is calculated as the difference force between the outputs of East and West sensor

whereas is calculated as the difference force between the outputs of North and South sensor.

Direction measurement on North-South (N-S) and East-West (E-W) plane is an extra

characteristic of the proposed anemometer and it is realized by analyzing the forces exerted on the

sensors which are located in line with the geographical orientation. Determination of wind

direction using vector analysis is depicted in Figure 6 and calculation of the vector is given

Equation (4).

(4)

is the angle between N line and E line shows wind direction.

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S type-load cells with a capacity of 1 kg were placed to measure wind loads. Outputs of the load

cells were amplified using instrumental amplifiers and their outputs were used to feed analog

inputs of a microcontroller. In order to analyze data Microchip 18F4458 was selected since it was

13 analog input channels. Each channel has 12 bit analog to digital converter (ADC). This 12 bit

ADC gives 0.24 g force sensing capacity for 1 kg load cell. Since the outputs of the load cells are

confined full scale output of maximum 10 mV when their excitation voltage is 10 V, a suitable

transformation was applied by using instrumental amplifier INA2128. Transformation gain

required for leveling up the load cells’ output to the microcontroller external resistors were added

to the electronic card. Gain resistor was selected as approximately 410Ω. The embedded program

uploaded to the microcontroller basically reads outputs of four load cells for about 3 seconds to

get offset values of the measurement system. Then, if the microcontroller detects any unbalances

among the outputs of the load cells, it warns user to make adjustment using the bolts shown in

Figure 4. This adjustment was very delicate due to the structure of the system. As seen from

Figure 4, top of all load sensors were connected each other. During screwing or unscrewing, this

bolt system became unstable immediately if the adjustment has not been performed carefully. Our

experiments were shown that unbalance at rest among the sensors was about 15%. In order to

eliminate this unbalance the microcontroller took these raw data and manipulated them to have

converged balance condition. The electronic card design of the proposed anemometer is given

Figure 7. After balancing process, the uploaded program continued to read sensors outputs and

calculated speed and angle of the wind flow. For time base the duration required for reading of the

sensors by the microcontroller was used. A screen shot of the proposed design during

measurement is given Figure 8.

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3. Results and Discussion

The results were compared to the World Meteorology Recommendations (WMO) in terms of

performance comparison. The wind speed measurements below 10 m/s of the anemometer were

better than the accuracy requirements of WMO which is 0.5 m/s. Direction measurements were

recorded as less than ±3º error whereas WMO requires ±5º for the range of 0-360 º.

Figure 9 shows that the percentage velocity error of the proposed anemometer with respect to

reference is less than 3% at all measurement points. The difference between the reference velocity

and the measured velocity is mainly caused by unbalance condition at rest. The other error factor

is intrinsic load cell characteristics which are around 0.5% defined by the manufacturer used in

this study. Resolution of the 12 bit ADC produces approximately 0.3% error over the range 0 -

25.2 m/s.

Consequently, the experimental studies have indicated that, the new anemometer fulfills the

accuracy requirements of the WMO which is determined as 10% for the velocities from 5 m/s up

to 25.2 m/s.

On the other hand, according to WMO the wind speed measurement device should be capable of

measuring wind speed in the range of 0-75 m/s. However, the proposed anemometer speed

measurement range is limited to 5 to 25.2 m/s due to constant drag coefficient region and load cell

capacity used.

4. Comparison of the proposed anemometer with basic anemometers

A table of comparisons of anemometers was given in Table 1. As is shown from the table, the

proposed anemometer, which is patent-pending, has high degree of resolution and accuracy. In
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addition, the proposed anemometer is competitive in terms of cost, and its cost is less than 200 $

even it is in prototype phase, and it is expected that it will be less than 100 $ in the mass

production. Moreover, the mass production cost of the proposed anemometer can be reduced to

less than 85 $ using 3 load cells instead of 4 cells by using same principles. For wider range of

wind velocity of measurement, a cylinder with a smaller diameter can be utilized. For instance,

cylinder with a diameter 3 cm makes velocity measurement possible from 8 m/s up to 76 m/s with

load cells using suitable capacities. Furthermore, since the proposed anemometer is a simple, the

accurate real-time data of wind speed, wind direction, and turbulence can be added to the system;

and sensors of temperature, humidity and pressure can be used in the system.

4. Conclusion

In this study, a new design idea to measure wind speed and direction using drag force was

presented. A measurement range for wind speed was set as the first step of realization of the

proposed new anemometer. Then, a set of proper sensors, namely load cells, were utilized. An

electronic circuit with a power supply, a set of amplifiers, and a microcontroller was designed.

The proposed technique is making enable to measure wind speed and direction using drag force. It

was deduced that the proposed anemometer could be used for measuring speed and direction

simultaneously. The maximum error for the directional measurements was measured as less than

3º, and also the maximum error for the wind speed measurement was recorded as less than 3% all

over the range. The results showed that the measurement of wind speed and direction capabilities

of proposed anemometer satisfied the requirements of WMO. Furthermore, the proposed

anemometer, which is patent-pending, has high degree of resolution and accuracy, and it is

competitive in terms of cost.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Scientific Research Projects Unit of

Erciyes University under the contract no: FDK-2013-4744. In addition, the authors would also like

to thank personally staffs of WEAR Laboratory for helping to wind tunnel experiments.

References

1. GWEC, “Market Forecast”, Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels, 2015.

2. J. Blackledge, B. Kearney, D. Kearney, K. O’Connell and B. Norton, 2013, Wind

measurement technologies, Mateirals and process for energy: communication current

research and technological developments, Ed. A. Mendez-Vilas, ISBN: 978-84-939843-7-

3, Formatex Research Center.

3. Japan Meteorology Agency, www.jma.go.jp /jma/jma-eng/jma-center/ ric/ material/

1_Lecture_Notes/ CP4-Wind.pdf

4. Measurement Systems Application and Design, Ernest O. Doebelin, 4 th edition, p529

5. Hoerner S.F., Fluid dynamic-drag theoretical, experimental and statistical information, 64-

19666, Bakersfield CA, 1965

6. Mallick, M., Kumar, A., 2014, Study on Drag Coefficient for the Flow Past a Cylinder,

International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. Volume 5, Number 4 (2014). pp. 301-

306.

7. Anderson, J. D. Jr., 1991. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill,

Inc., NY.

8. Zdrakovich, M.M., 1997. Flow around Circular Cylinders, Vol 1: Fundamentals, Oxford

University Press, New York, NY.

9. Schlichting, H., Boundary-Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.

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10. Cook, N J. (1985) The designers guide to wind loading of buildings structures- part 1,

Kent: Butterworths.

11. Zuo. D., 2014, Full-scale measurement of wind pressure on the surface of oscillating

circular cylinders, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 133 (2014)65–79.

12. Guidelines on the Calibration of Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments,

EURAMETEURAMET cg-18 version 3.0,2011.

13. Fox, T.A, West, G.S,1991, Experiments on Smooth Cantilevered Circular Cylinders in

Low-turbulence Uniform Flow PART 1: Mean loading with Aspect Ratios in the range 4

to 30, Research Report No.CE130, Department of Civil Engineering The University of

Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

14. Uematsu. Y, Yamada. M.,1995, Effects of aspect ratio and surface roughness on the time-

averaged aerodynamic forces on cantilevered circular cylinders at high Reynolds numbers,

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 54/55 (1995))

15. Genç M.S., Kaynak Ü., Lock G.D. Flow over an aerofoil without and with leading edge

slat at a transitional Reynolds number Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. G, 223 (G3) (2009), pp. 217–

231.

16. Genç M.S., 2009, Control of Low Reynolds Number Flow over Aerofoils and

Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance (in Turkish), PhD Thesis, Graduate School of

Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TURKEY.

17. Genç M.S., Karasu İ., Açıkel H.H., An experimental study on aerodynamics of

NACA2415 aerofoil at low Re numbers, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol 39,

pp. 252-264, 2012.

18. Karasu İ., Experimental and numerical investigations of transition to turbulence and

laminar separation bubble over aerofoil at low Reynolds number flows (In Turkish), MSc.

Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri,

Turkey, 2011.
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19. Genç M.S., Karasu İ., Açıkel H.H., Akpolat M.T., Low Reynolds Number Flows and

Transition, Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics and Transition, Editor: M. Serdar

GENÇ, InTech-Open Access Publishing, 2012.

20. Karasu İ., Genç M.S., Açıkel H.H., Numerical Study on Low Reynolds Number Flows

over an aerofoil, Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering, 2:131, 2013.

21. Genç M.S., Kaynak Ü., Yapıcı H., Performance of Transition Model for Predicting Low

Re Aerofoil Flows without/with Single and Simultaneous Blowing and Suction, European

Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids, vol 30 (2), pp. 218-235, 2011.

22. Genç M.S., Numerical Simulation of Flow over an Thin Aerofoil at High Reynolds

Number using a Transition Model, Proc IMechE, Part C- Journal of Mechanical

Engineering Science, Vol 224 (10), pp. 2155 - 2164, 2010.

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Figure Captions:

Figure1. Comparison of constant drag regions mentioned

Figure 2. The wind tunnel at WEAR Laboratory [17-18]

Figure 3. CD versus Reynolds number for the cylinder considered in this study.

Figure 4. New designed anemometer

Figure 5. Drag force exerting on a cylinder and reaction forces on the sensors

Figure 6. Determination of wind direction using vector analysis

Figure 7. The electronic card design of the proposed anemometer

Figure 8. A screen shot of the proposed design during measurement.

Figure 9. The outputs of the proposed anemometer for reference wind speeds at 225º.

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Table Captions:

Table 1. Comparison of basic anemometers in the market with some technical characteristics of
the proposed anemometer

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List of Figures

Constant Drag Coefficient vs Reynolds Number

Authors of studies on constant

Schlighting

Current study
drag coefficient

Uematsu&Yamada

Zdrakovich

Cook

Anderson

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000

Constant Drag Coeffcient High Limit Re Constant Drag Coeffcient Low Limit Re

Figure1. Comparison of constant drag regions mentioned

Figure 2. The wind tunnel at WEAR Laboratory [17-18]

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Figure 3. CD versus Reynolds number for the cylinder considered in this study.

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Figure 4. New designed anemometer

Figure 5. Drag force exerting on a cylinder and reaction forces on the sensors

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Figure 6. Determination of wind direction using vector analysis

Figure 7. The electronic card design of the proposed anemometer

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Figure 8. A screen shot of the proposed design during measurement.

Error (%) with respect to reference

4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
.00%
-1.00%
-2.00%
-3.00%
-4.00%
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Reference velocity (m/s)

Figure 9. The outputs of the proposed anemometer for reference wind speeds at 225º.

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Highlights

 A new wind speed and direction measurement technique by using drag force
 New anemometer satisfies the requirements of WMO
 Competitive cost

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Tables

Table 1. Comparison of basic anemometers in the market with some technical characteristics of
the proposed anemometer

Range Resolution Accuracy Price

1. Anemometer AM4836C Air Flow Wind Speed Meter Cup Direction Probe °C °F Beaufort

0.4 - 45. 0 m/s 0.1 m/s ± (2% + 0.1m/s)

0 - 12 0.1 ± 0.5 100 $

0 - 360° 22.5° ± 22.5°

2. Fieldpiece AAT3 InDuct Hot-Wire Anemometer Accessory Head

0.1 m/s

(0.20-20.00 m/s) No direction %2 240 $

measurement

3. New TES-1340 Digital Anemometer Air Wind Flow Meter Tester, Hot-Wire Anemometer

214 $

0.1-30 m/s 0.01 m/s ±3% of reading ±1%FS

No direction
measurement

4.RM Young 85000 Ultrasonic Anemometer

0-70 m/s 0.1 m/s ± 3% 810 $

0 - 360° 1° ± 2°

5. The Proposed Anemometer

1-25.2 m/s 0.1 m/s ± 3% 200 $

0 - 360° 1° ± 5° (prototip cost)

<100 $ (mass
production)

<85 $ (mass
production,with 3
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loadcell)

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