SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 3

must, can't and needn't with the perfect infinitive

+ must+ perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions.

+ can't/couldn't + infinitive is used for negative deductions.
+ needn't+ perfect infinitive is used for a past action which was unnecessary but was
performed.

Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive
of the verbs in brackets.
1 Did you hear me come in last night? - No, I . . . (be) asleep.
2 I wonder who broke the wineglass; it . . . (be) the cat for she was out all day.
3 You . . . (help) him. (You helped him but he didn't need help.)
4 I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now. - You . . . (leave) it on the bus.
5 He . . . (escape) by this window because it is barred.
6 I . . . (give) Ј10. Ј5 would have been enough.
7 I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. - You . . . (see) a rattlesnake. There aren't any
rattlesnakes in this country.
8 He is back already. - He . . . (start) very early.
9 He returned home with a tiger cub. - His wife (be) … very pleased about that.
10 I bought two bottles of milk. - You . . . (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house.
11 I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. - I'm sorry. I . . . (be) in the garden.
12 I left my bicycle here and now it's gone. - Someone . . . (borrow) it.
13 When she woke up her watch had vanished. - Someone . . . (steal) it while she slept.
14 I've opened another bottle. - You . . . (do) that. We've only just started this one.
15 The machine said, 'You weigh 65 kilos,' and I said, Thank you.' - You . . . (say) anything.
16 I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! - He . . . (understand) you.
17 Perhaps he swam across. - No, he . . . (do) that; he can't swim.
18 Do you remember reading about it in the newspapers? - No, I . . . (be) abroad at the time.
19 He . . . (walk) from here to London in two hours. It isn't possible.
20 He was very sick last night. - The meat we had for supper . . . (be) good.
 COULD and WAS ABLE

In some of the following sentences either could or was able could be used. In others only
was/were able is possible. Fill the spaces and put to where necessary before the infinitives.
1 He was very strong; he . . . ski all day and dance all night.
2 The car plunged into the river. The driver . . . get out but the passengers were drowned.
3 I was a long way from the stage. I . . . see all right but I . . . hear very well. (2nd verb
negative)
4 We . . . borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet.
5 . . . you walk or did they have to carry you?
6 I had no key so I . . . lock the door. (negative)
7 I knew the town so I . . . advise him where to go.
8 When the garage had repaired our car we . . . continue our journey.
9 At five years old he . . . read quite well.
10 When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I . . . wake my sister and she let me in.
11 The swimmer was very tired but he . . . reach the shore before he collapsed.
24 The police were suspicious at first but I . . . convince them that we were innocent.

USING PARTICIPLES TO JOIN SENTENCES

Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present participle e.g. knowing,
a past participle e.g. known, or a perfect participle e.g. having known.

Combine these in the same way.

1 He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground.
Getting off his horse, he began searching for something on the ground.
2 I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.
Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire to go there.
3 The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions.
Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused to continue.

These participle constructions are more common in written English.

1 I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
......................................................................................................................................................
2 We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.
......................................................................................................................................................
3 She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off.
......................................................................................................................................................

4 He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.

......................................................................................................................................................
5 She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere.
......................................................................................................................................................
6 The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building.
......................................................................................................................................................
7 He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk.
......................................................................................................................................................
8 He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.
......................................................................................................................................................
9 He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.
......................................................................................................................................................
10 He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food.
......................................................................................................................................................
11 She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before
row fight
......................................................................................................................................................
12 They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.
......................................................................................................................................................
13 She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.
......................................................................................................................................................
14 I turned on the light. I was astonished surprised amazed at what I saw.
......................................................................................................................................................
15 We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park.
......................................................................................................................................................
16 He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.
......................................................................................................................................................
17 He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing the door.
......................................................................................................................................................
18 She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn't move it alone. by herself on her own
be aware / conscious
......................................................................................................................................................
19 He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.
......................................................................................................................................................
20 He addressed the congregation. He said he was sorry to see how few of them had been able
to come.
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 ADDITIONS TO REMARKS, USING AUXILIARY VERBS
TOO / SO
EITHER / NEITHER - NOR

Part I Add to the following remarks using (and) so+ the noun/pronoun in brackets + the
auxiliary. If there is an auxiliary in the first remark repeat this; if not use do/does/did.
+ He lives in London. (I) I do, too.
He lives in London and so do I.
+ He had to wait. (you) you did too
He had to wait and so did you.

1 I have read it. (John) John has, too / So has John.

2 He is a writer, (she) she is, too. So is she.
3 Tom can speak Welsh, his wife can, too So can his wife.
4 She ought to get up. (you ought, too.
5 I should be wearing a seat belt. you should, too.
6 John will be there. Tom will, too. So willTom.
7 The first bus was full. The second was, too.
8 I bought a ticket, my brother did, too
9 You must come. (your son)
10 This bus goes to Piccadilly. (that)
11 I'm getting out at the next stop. (my friend)
12
He used to work in a restaurant, didn’t he?

He no longer works in a restaurant, does he?

He doesn’t work .... any more / any longer.
Part 2 Add to the following remarks using (and) neither/nor + the auxiliary + the
noun/pronoun in brackets.
+ He isn't back. (she isn’t either
He isn't back and neither / nor is she.
13 I haven't seen it. (Tom hasn’t, either.
14 You shouldn't be watching TV. (Tom shoudn’t, either
15 You mustn't be late. I mustn’t, either.
16 He can't come. his sister can’t, either.
17 I don't believe it. (Ann doesn’t, either
18 Alice couldn't understand. (Andrew couldn’t, either
19 I'm not going, (you aren’t either.
20 This telephone doesn't work. (that doesn’t either.
21 Tom's car won't start. mine won’t either
22 I hadn't any change. (the taxi driver didn’t, either.
23 He didn't know the way. (anyone else
24 My father wouldn't mind. (my mother)