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Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

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ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia
Energy Procedia 00
117(2017)
(2017)000–000
87–94
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-

4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus

PSO-PID
1st InternationalTheMaximum
Conference Power
15th International
on Power PointonComputing
Symposium
Engineering, Tracking andController
District Heating using 2-
and Cooling
CONtrol, PECCON-2017,
4Modified
March 2017,Superlift
VIT University, Chennai
Luo Converter Campus
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
PSO-PID Maximum
temperature function forPower Point Tracking
a long-term
Chamundeeswari district
Va, Controller
heat demandusing
forecast
a,b,c
Modified
a
Superlift Luo
Dr.Seyezhai
a Rb bConverter c c
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
a
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, St.Joseph’s College ofaEngineering, Chennai-119, India.
a
Chamundeeswari V ,
IN+ Center for Innovation,
b Technology
Associate Professor, and Policy Research
Department - Instituto
of EEE, SSN CollegeSuperior Técnico, Av.
of Engineering, Rovisco Pais 1,India.
Chennai-603110, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous b Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c Dr.Seyezhai R
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
a
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, St.Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai-119, India.
Abstract b
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai-603110, India.
Abstract
With the focus on green energy in today’s world, Photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged as an excellent renewable source of
power for wide range of applications. The main objective of PV system lies in the extraction of maximum power to meet the load
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
demands.
Abstract This is achieved by making the PV cell operate at an optimum point. This point is mentioned as maximum power point
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
(MPP).This paper portrays the PSO-PID (particle swarm optimization-proportional-integral-derivative) control employed for
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
maximum
With poweronpoint
the focus green tracking
energy(MPPT)
in today’salgorithm
world, for PV systems.
Photovoltaic (PV)In system
addition,has it also implements
emerged a novel high
as an excellent gain, low
renewable ripple
source of
prolonging the investment return period.
DC-DCforconverter
power wide rangenamed Modified Negative
of applications. The mainOutput Superlift
objective of PV Luosystemconverter (MNOSLC)
lies in the extraction whose duty ratio
of maximum poweris to
adjusted
meet thebyload
the
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
PSO-PID This
demands. controller to extract
is achieved the maximum
by making the PV power. The at
cell operate PSO-PID performance
an optimum point. Thisis compared with the as
point is mentioned conventional
maximum powerPerturbpoint
and
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Observe (P&O)
(MPP).This MPPT
paper (Maximum
portrays Power Point
the PSO-PID Track)
(particle swarmcontroller for varying irradiation levels. The simulations
optimization-proportional-integral-derivative) control are carried out
employed for
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
using
maximumMATLABpower and
pointthetracking
results reveal
(MPPT) that the efficiency
algorithm for PVofsystems.
trappingInmaximum
addition, power
it also isimplements
high in PSO-PID
a novel compared
high gain,tolow
P&O for
ripple
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
the conditions
DC-DC of varying
converter named insolation.It is also verified
Modified Negative Output and validated
Superlift Luowith the theoretical
converter (MNOSLC) calculations. A prototype
whose duty of MNOSLC
ratio is adjusted by theis
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
developed and showntowith
PSO-PID controller a geometric
extract the maximumprogression
power.rise
Thein PSO-PID
its voltage.performance is compared with the conventional Perturb and
The results
Keywords:
showed
NOSLC,
that when
MNOSLC,
only weather
Photovoltaic
change isP&O,
system,
considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Observe (P&O) MPPT (Maximum Power PointMPPT, PSO-PID,
Track) controller forand Duty ratio.
varying irradiation levels. The simulations are carried out
©(the
2017 error
TheinAuthors.
annual Published
demand was lower than
by Elsevier Ltd.20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
using MATLAB
Peer-review underand the results reveal
responsibility that
of theup the efficiency
scientific committee of of
trapping
the 1stmaximum
Internationalpower is high inonPSO-PID compared to P&O for
scenarios, the error value increased to 59.5% (depending on the weather and Conference Power combination
renovation scenarios Engineering, considered).
the conditions
Computing andofCONtrol.
varying insolation.It is also verified and validated with the theoretical calculations. A prototype of MNOSLC is
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
1. Introduction
developed and shown with a geometric progression rise in its voltage.
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Keywords: NOSLC, MNOSLC, Photovoltaic system, MPPT, P&O, PSO-PID, and Duty ratio.
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
The increase
coupled scenarios).in The
the values
demand for electricity
suggested could be usedand tochanges
modify the occurring
functioninparameters
environmentfor thehas led toconsidered,
scenarios a need for and
development of new source of energy
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.that proves to be less hazardous. In this search, solar energy using PV modules
1.
[1]Introduction
has provided a sustainable solution. To meet the load demands, PV system has to provide maximum power, so
the extraction
© 2017 of maximum
The Authors. Publishedpower from the
by Elsevier Ltd.PV cell plays a significant role. Various MPPT [2] techniques exist such
The increase
Peer-review underin the demand
responsibility forScientific
of the electricity and changes
Committee occurring
of The 15th in environment
International Symposium onhas led Heating
District to a need
and for
development
Cooling. of new source of energy that proves to be less hazardous. In this search, solar energy using PV modules
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
[1] has provided a sustainable solution. To meet the load demands, PV system has to provide maximum power, so
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
the extraction
Keywords: Heatof maximum
demand; power
Forecast; Climatefrom the PV cell plays a significant role. Various MPPT [2] techniques exist such
change

1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.110
88 Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94
2 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

as constant voltage, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, P&O, incremental conductance and temperature
parametric method for tracking the maximum power. However these control techniques vary in various aspects such
as tracking level, implementation, precise control, cost and speed of convergence. Constant voltage is the simplest
method which uses only single voltage to track the maximum power, but the results are better only in the case of low
irradiation level. This holds the same even for open circuit voltage and short circuit current [3] MPPT method.P&O
tracks the MPP by varying the panel voltage and comparing its output with its previous values. However the tracking
efficiency is low in P&O [4] under low values of irradiation due to slow detection of MPP under varying insolation
conditions. This again is overcome in the technique of incremental conductance (INC)[5]. INC is effective in
trapping the maximum power and shows less oscillatory response around the MPP compared to P&O and gives a
precise result in trapping efficiency. Though the efficiency is good in INC, it uses only fixed step to reach the point
of optimality and the convergence also becomes slow in some conditions of trapping. To overcome the drawbacks of
the above mentioned controllers, an approach named PSO-PID [6] is implemented with a novel DC-DC MNOSLC.
Various conventional controllers have been discussed in the literature, out of which P&O and INC technique
plays a major role in their level of trapping power. Though INC and P&O has its own significance, the former seems
to be the better compared to latter since it exhibits a less oscillatory response around MPP. Though INC being a
better algorithm, still it proves to be complex when compared to P&O. So, P&O is preferred in this paper and
compared with PSO-PID.PSO-PID gives a better response in its trapping efficiency level for varying irradiation and
load conditions compared to P&O.
The conventional and proposed MPPT techniques [7] are explained as follows. First the Perturb and Observe is
explained in which the power is calculated by sensing the voltage and current of the panel. Then by considering a
small perturbation in the voltage, the power is again calculated. If the new power is greater than the old power, then
the perturbation proceeds in a correct way otherwise, it should be reversed. This is how it moves towards MPP
(maximum power point). P&O seems to be very simple, but the drawback is, it oscillates around the maximum
power point and will not settle to a steady state value. It is also found that the trapping efficiency of P&O is low
compared to the proposed PSO-PID .
Since the PV voltage and current is dependent on various factors like irradiation and temperature, optimization of
power flow cannot be assured only by using high conversion efficiency DC-DC converter circuits. However,
solution for this optimality can be achieved by employing various MPPT algorithms. One such algorithm which
overcome the drawback of the other MPPT techniques discussed in the former and also which brings a consistent
solution is PSO-PID.PSO-PID is a mimic of the group knowledge communication to get the consistent solution [8].
Search of solution space by making the particles move towards the optimality by iterative process is achieved here
with minimal error. The particles are actually at different positions and with its best velocity adopted would reach
the consistent place thereby bringing the optimum solution in the concept of trapping maximum power from the PV
panel. With this, the duty cycle variation of the converter is brought effectively by this method with the control
signal from PSO-PID.Here the oscillation around the MPP is avoided and the steady state value reach is obtained
effectively[9].Mainly the efficiency is high compared to the conventional P&O with minimal error.
Here the PV based design of MNOSLC is discussed with PSO-PID implementation. MNOSLC is a type of DC-
DC converter that employs superlift technique in which the output voltage increases in geometric progression. It is
the enhanced topological version of Negative Output Superlift Luo Converter(NOSLC).NOSLC is a lift type ,high
gain DC-DC converter that produces a boosted negative output with less ripple, when compared to the conventional
boost converter. MNOSLC produces a high boosted output than NOSLC, and this is achieved by adding only one
additional inductor and diode to the existing NOSLC circuit. The PV cell is modeled [10] then integrated with
MNOSLC and simulated using MATLAB and the results are verified with the theoretical calculations.
The section 2 deals with the overview of the proposed work. The modes of operation of MNOSLC have been
dealt in section 3. Section 4 depicts the MPPT technique PSO-PID and section 5 portrays the conventional P&O.
[11] Finally section 6 is concluded with the hardware results followed by conclusion.
 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 3
Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94 89

2. Overview of the Proposed Converter with PV module

This section deals with the overview of the proposed system. The PV panel is interfaced with the proposed Luo
converter as shown in the figure.1The voltage and current of the PV panel is sensed for different insolation
conditions and the required duty ratio ‘D’ is generated using MPPT technique. Thus the maximum power is trapped
and the non-linearity is overcome using MNOSLC.

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed system

The P&O and PSO-PID MPPT techniques are compared and its results are compared. In P&O, [12] the actual
sensing of voltage and current takes place from the panel and it generates duty ratio as its output which is again fed
to the converter as a switching pulse. The PSO-PID [13] also follows the same concept as the conventional, but the
output of PSO gives the power signal as the control signal and not the duty ratio which then again fed to the PI
controller and compared with a comparator to generate the desired duty ratio. With the sense of power signal as a
control, proposed method highly influences the efficiency compared to the conventional method.

3. MNOSLC and its modes of operation

The enhanced topology of NOSLC with the addition of very few passive components results in a novel modified
luo converter named MNOSLC which is depicted in this paper. For an input of 20V, it produces a boosted output
voltage of -121V.The topological structure includes only an additional inductor and diode in NOSLC to form a
MNOSLC which provides high output for the same value of input of 20V. Thus this work explains the concept of
PV based MNOSLC in detail.
Figure 2 shows the elementary circuit of MNOSLC [14].It consists of DC supply voltage Vin, capacitors C1 and
C2, inductor L1 and L2 switch S, freewheeling diodes D1 and D3 and the load resistance R.The working principle
[15] is explained with the switch 'S’ on and off in two modes of operation. In mode 1, the switch S is turned ON
during the period 0 to ΔT. When the switch is closed, the source voltage causes the current to flow through the
inductor L1 and capacitor C1. Since capacitor C1and has zero impedance to current, the capacitor C1 charges faster
than inductor thus forward biasing the diode D1. Thus charge gets stored in inductor L1, L2 and Capacitor C1. Also
during this period the load current is maintained constant by the discharging capacitor C2. Thus the energy stored in
the capacitor C2 during the previous cycle is transferred to the load.

Fig.2. Circuit diagram of MNOSLC

90 Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94
4 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

In Mode 2, the switch S is turned off during the period ΔT to T. In this mode ,when the switch is open, the energy
that is stored in the inductor L1,L2 and the capacitor C1 discharges across the nodal points of the capacitor C2 thus
boosting the output voltage. [16-17]
The output voltage is given by,
2Vin
V0  (1)
1 k
Here V0 is the output voltage and it is given in terms of input voltage Vin and duty ratio k.Using the design
equations, the component parameters are computed as shown in table I.

Table 1. DESIGN VALUES OF MNOSLC

Sl.no Parameter Values

1. Vin (Input Voltage) 20V

2. fs (switching frequency) 50kHz

3. k (Duty Ratio) 0.67

4. R (Resistive load) 100Ω

5. Expected V0 (Output voltage) -121.1V

6. L1,L2 (Inductors) 0.01mH

7. C1,C2 (Capacitors) 30μF

3.1. Simulation results of MNOSLC

MNOSLC is simulated using the design values and the results are depicted in figure 8.

Fig .3. (a) Input voltage of MNOSLC 20V (b) Output voltage of MNOSLC - 121V
Figure 3 depicts the simulation results of MNOSLC.For an input voltage of 20V as shown in (a), the output
voltage obtained is -121V which is shown in (b). It shows a typical geometric progression rise of the output voltage.
4. Implementation of MPPT techniques for PV based system
4.1 Proposed MPPT control algorithm – PSO-PID
This section deals with the proposed MPPT technique named PSO-PID. This algorithm is a simple and heuristic
approach algorithm. It deals with agents moving with a definite velocity towards the consistent solution of MPP [18-
19]. This movement depends on two factors one being its own best local position and the other is the position
attained among all other agents. The position and velocity update is given by the following equations,
 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5
Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94 91

k 1 k
Vi = wVi  C1r1 Pbest,i  C 2 r2 g best,i (2)
k 1
k k 1
Si  S i  Vi (3)
Where w is the learning factor, C1 and C2 are positive constraints, r1 and r2 are normalized random
numbers and their ranges lie between 0 and 1.The variable is used to store the best position that ith term has found
so far, and its position (3), is updated if condition (4) is satisfied.
k
Pbest,i  S i (4)

 =f(P
f Si
k
best,i ) (5)
Here f is the objective function that is maximized in each iteration cycle. The variable is used to store the best
position obtained among the agents.

Fig.4. PSO-PID with MNOSLC for PV system

(a) Output voltage of MNOSLC PSO-PID (b) Output current of MNOSLC-PSO-PID

Figure.5. (a) - (b) Waveforms of MNOSLC with PSO-PID
Figure 4 portrays PSO-PID with MNOSLC. The input to the PSO-PID is the panel power mentioned as theta in
the diagram. With this theta, the PSO-PID predicts the correct generated power signal and compares with the
reference to generate the error signal which is further modified by the PID controller. This acts as a perfect control
magnitude that is again compared with a comparator signal to generate the desired duty ratio, thus trapping the
maximum power.The PSO-PID with MNOSLC is simulated for 650W/m2 at 25 degrees temperature and the results
are shown in Figure 5.The output voltage produced is -84V with output current of -0.85A..For an insolation of
650W/m2 at 25 degrees temperature, the output power obtained is 76watts.
4.2 PSO- PID for irradiation levels of 850 and 1000W/m2
92 Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94
6 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

PSO–PID is employed for MNOSLC and simulated for varying intensities of 1000 and 850W/m 2 in this section.
First it is simulated for 1000w/m2 and the respective waveforms are obtained as shown in the fig.6.It shows that the
extracted power is 182 watts from panel power of 210watts whose voltage (Vpv) and current (Ipv) are 25V and
8.5amps. Almost 86.6% of the power is transferred from the panel with this irradiation level and MPPT employed.

400
200
200
Ppv(w) 100 Ppv(w)
0
0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 7.2506
8.5301
8.5301 Ipv 7.2506 Ipv(A)
7.2506
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
40 40
20 Vpv(V)
Vpv 20
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0
1001 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
851
1000 Irr w/m2 IRR(w/m2)
850
999 849
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
1 1
0.5 pulse(v) 0.5 pulse(v)
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
200 -4
200 -4
x 10 x 10
100 output power(w) 100 outputpower(w)
0 0
0 0.01 0.02 Time(s) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time(s)

Fig.6.PSO-PID waveforms for 1000W/m2 Fig.7.PSO-PID waveforms for 850W/m2

Fig.7 shows the waveforms of PSO-PID employed for an irradiation of 850w/m2.The power transferred is
130watts from 165 watts panel power whose voltage (Vpv) and current (Ipv) are 22volts and 7.5amps respectively.
Nearing 78.8% of the power is transferred for this irradiation level.

5. Perturb & Observe algorithm

Figure 8 shows the P&O MPPT implemented for MNOSLC. For an irradiation of 650W/m2 and temperature of
25 degrees, the voltage and current is sensed and given as an input to the P&O block. This further generates the
desired duty ratio for the converter to trap the maximum power from the panel. It is also checked for an irradiation
level of 1000w/m2.For varying irradiation and load conditions, the P&O is simulated to check the enhancement level
in trapping of power.

Fig.8. P&O MPPT for NOSLC

5.1. Perturb & Observe algorithm employed for varying irradiation
The varying irradiation of 850W/m2 and 1000w/m2 is employed for MNOSLC. Figure 9 shows the waveforms of
P&O employed with insolation of 1000w/m2.It shows the corresponding characteristic curves of panel output power
 Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94 93
Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7

(Ppv) as 68watts and the output power from the converter load as 50watts.The respective voltage and current from
the panel is Vpv and Ipv, whose values are 9volts and 8.5 amps respectively.
For an insolation of 850w/m2, MNOSLC is simulated and the respective waveforms are shown in Figure 10.The
panel output power is found to be 48 watts and the current and voltage is represented as Ipv and Vpv whose values
are 7.5 amps and 7 volts. The output power tracked from the input is 36 watts and the switching pulse is also
represented in the figure.
100 50 Ppv(watts)
Ppv(watts)
50
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0
8.5301 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
8.5301 Ipv(amps) 7.2506
8.5301 7.2506 Ipv(amps)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
10 7.2506
5 100 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Vpv(volts)
0 5
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0 Vpv(volts)
1001
8510 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
1000 Irradiation(w/m2)
850
999 849 Irradiation(w/m2)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
1 10 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

0.5 0.5 pulse (v)

pulse
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-4 40 -4
x 10
100 output x 10 20
output power(watts)
50 power(watts) 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
0 Time(s)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time(s)
2
Fig.9. Waveforms of P&O at 1000w/m Fig.10.waveforms of P&O at 850w/m2

6. Hardware Results of MNOSLC

A Prototype of MNOSLC is developed and implemented as shown in figure 11 . It is verified for an input voltage
of 6V and the output obtained is found to be six times the input voltage as -36V.Thus a high gain is clearly shown
with the circuit.

Fig.11.Hardware model of MNOSLC

Conclusion
This paper has implemented the concept of the proposed PSO-PID MPPT technique with a novel high gain DC-
DC modified Negative output converter for varying insolation.It has also shown that the trapping efficiency of power
is very high for PSO-PID compared to the conventional P&O MPPT.The non-linearity can also be overcome with
the use of any feedback control techniques for the novel MNOSLC. Thus an enhanced MPPT with a novel high gain
converter has proved itself better in achieving the steady state value and high efficiency.
 94 Chamundeeswari V et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 87–94
8 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

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