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1 UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA 2019/2020 TEST 1 SEMESTER 2 SUBJECT: SOCIOLOGY

COURSE: GEC 330 [Basic Social Science Research Methods] DATE: March 12, 2020 TOTAL
POSSIBLE SCORE: 50 POINTS ID NO: Surname and Initials Instructions: Answer as
follows: 1. Section A: Answer question one and any five (5) questions of your choice 2.
Section B: Answer question 1 and any two of your choice. 2 SECTION A [20 points]
Question 1 (10 points) 1.

What is research? In your explanation focus on the following: a. Definition of research

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing
knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies
and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to
the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

b. Why we do/conduct research We do research to discover new inter relations, new

knowledge, new facts and also to verify old ones. That is we try to find explanations to
unexplained phenomena, to clarify the doubtful and correct the misconceived facts
about objects/population under study. For example, we research a disease in order to
learn how it is transmitted and spread, so that we can find treatments to cure and
prevent the spread of disease.

Conducting research is vital in expanding human knowledge of the world. It allows us to

advance as a civilization, and discover truths about the world, so we can better
understand how to interact with people and the Earth. It also allows us to improve our
healthcare. Conducting research leads to medical discoveries that save lives. c.

Different sources of knowledge ? Intuitive knowledge takes forms such as belief, faith,
intuition, etc. ? Authoritative knowledge is based on information received from people,
books, etc. ? Loal is at y asonifrom (which geny aepted) to “p B” (the ndge ? Empirical
knowledge is based on actual experience (yinor observatior perienEmpiknowleis at
research aims at establishing. Question 2 (10 points) (Answer all Questions) Briefly
explain the following (each question is 2 points): a.

Evaluation Research: refers to research purpose instead of a specific method as the

systematic assessment of the worth or merit of time, money, effort and resources spent
in order to achieve a goal. b. Variable: anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.
There are two types of variables: dependent variable is the variable a researcher is
interested in; independent variable is a variable believed to affect the dependent
variable. 3 c. Descriptive research: research method that describes the characteristics of
the population or phenomenon that is being studied. d.

Basic research: also called pure research or fundamental research, utilizes the scientific
research aim to advance scientific theories for improved understanding. e. Action
research: a wide variety of evaluative, investigative, and analytical research methods
designed to diagnose problems or weaknesses. SECTION B (30 points) Answer Question
1 and any two (2) questions below Question 1 (10 points) What is Social Research?
Explain the different steps (at least 5 of them) in social research process Social research
is defined as a systematic method of exploring, analyzing and conceptualizing human
life in order to extend, correct or verify knowledge of human behavior and social life.
Basic steps of Social Research Process 1. Select a topic: the researcher must choose a
topic that is researchable.

The topic/title of research must address the questions: what; who; where; how and
when. For example, “ the influence of education on mobility between employment and
unemployment of undergraduates with bachs degree in Gaborone in the years 2002 to
2020. ” 2. Define the problem: the statement of the problem establishes the direction of
the research. It gives an explanation about the issue that is being addressed.

It should be written or stated in such a way that it addresses the gap between the ideal
and the reality and the consequences that occur. The identified research problem needs
to be defined according to related literature and research. It is very critical that one
gives evidence to what one is writing in form of other research or existing literature.

Include statement of purpose highlighting the main purpose of your study. 3. Literature
review: review of the literature demonstrates the researchers understanding of previous
research and related material up to and including their limitations. In the analysis of the
literature the researcher must summarize the key points and relevant details in their
reading relating to the subject they have selected.

In addition, the researcher must use the literature review to explain the value of work on
their topic by showing what is already known, what is not yet known, and how it is
relevant 4 4. Formulate a hypothesis: these are statements that introduce a research
question and propose an expected result. One must make sure that the hypothesis
clearly defines the topic and the focus of the experiment. 5. Choose a research method
6. Collecting the data 7.

Analyze the results 8. Conclusions and recommendations: here the researcher

summarizes the findings indicating whether the aims or objectives were answered
/achieved. Indicate whether or not the study hypotheses are confirmed. Conclusions
should be drawn logically from results and discussions and backed by relevant issues in
the study.

If applicable, provide recommendations for policy making purposes or further study.

Question 3 (10 points) a. Explain what is qualitative research design (2 points) A
systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them
meaning. A qualitative research design aims to gain insight; explore the depth, richness,
and complexity inherent in the phenomenon. b.

Explain what is quantitative research? (2 points) This is a formal, objective, systematic

process for obtaining information about the world. A method used to describe, test
relationships, and examine cause and effect relationships. A quantitative research design
aims to test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect relations. c.

What are the main differences between them, state also the type of data the two
designs address (6 points) QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE subjective objective basis of
knowing: meaning & discover Basis of knowing: cause & effect, relationships Develops
theory Tests theory Basic element of analysis: words Statistical analysis Method of
information gathering: Communication & observation Method of information gathering:
Instruments e.g.

questionnaires Holistic Reductionistic 5 Question 4 (10 points) State and explain the
different elements of a social research proposal. Statement of the problem: this section
establishes the direction of the research. The Problem Statement gives an explanation
about the issue that is being addressed. It is very critical that one gives evidence to what
one is writing in form of other research or existing literature.

Rationale/justification : tudronale tquesti‘whthe oject undertaken or why the report is

important and relevant. Hypotheses: These are statements which paint the relationship
between two or more variables of interest to the research. Methodology: explains how
the methodology you are going to choose relates to the study aim and objectives.

You need to explain why the methods chosen are appropriate for the study. Explain the
research design, methods of data collection, sampling strategy, sample size and choice
of data analysis techniques. . Analysis: here the researcher must demonstrate their
knowledge and skills in using various techniques of data analysis.

The method/techniques of analysis is done should be stated clearly and in what way
they will be applied when analyzing data.

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