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Q1 What are the main elements associated with a computer

system are as follows:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)


2. Main Memory
3. Secondary Storage Devices
4. Input and Output (I/O) Devices
5. Busses
Q2: Draw the General Architecture of Digital Computer
Q3 What are the main units of the CPU ?
1- Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
2- Control Unit (CU):
Controls the action of the other computer components.
3- Registers
Temporary storage inside CPU.
Q4: What is the system bus of Digital Computer

1- Data Bus:
Is a bidirectional bus indicates the size of the data transferred between the CPU
and the memory or I/O devices.
2- Address Bus:
Is a unidirectional bus used to identify particular location in main memory.
3- Control Bus:
Consists of a set of control signals indicates the type of action on the system bus.
Q5: Compare between 8085 and 8086 CPUs

Product 8085 8086

Year introduced 1976 1978

Clock rate (MHz) 3-8 5 - 10

No. transistors 6,500 2,9000

Physical memory 64K 1M

Internal data bus 8 16

External data bus 8 16

Address bus 16 20

Data type (bits) 8 8, 16


Q6 : Compare between 8086 and 80386 CPUs

Product 8086 80386

Year introduced 1978 1985

Clock rate (MHz) 5 - 10 16 - 33

No. transistors 2,9000 275,000

Physical memory 1M 4G

Internal data bus 16 32

External data bus 16 32

Address bus 20 32

Data type (bits) 8, 16 8,16, 32


Q7: Answer the following
1- How many nibbles are 16 bits? Answer: 4 nibbles
2- How many bytes are 32 bits? Answer: 4 bytes
3- What is the exact value in decimal of 1M? Answer: 1048576
4- Find the total amount of memory in the unit requested 16-bit address in (k).
Answer: 64kb
5- Find the total amount of memory in the unit requested 24-bit address in (Meg).
Answer: 16MB
6- A kilobyte has -------- byte. Answer: 1024 bytes
7- The 8086 is a ------bit microprocessor, whereas the 80386 is a ----- bit
microprocessor. Answer : 16-bit, 32-bit
8- The 8085 has ------bit data bus, whereas the 8086 has------ bit data bus.
Answer: 8-bit, 16-bit
Q8 What are the main features of the 8085 microprocessor?
1- It is a single chip device with 40 pins.
2- It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.
3- Frequency range is(0.5-3) MHz
4- It provides 74 instructions with 5 different addressing modes.
5- It is an 8 bit data bus processor (D0 –D7).
6- It provides 16 address lines.
Q9What is the function of (S0 and S1) signals in 8085 CPU?
The status signals (S0, S1) along with IO/M¯ signal indicate the type of machine
cycle in progress.
Q10: What is the function of the following?

1- ALU. Answer: Performs arithmetic operations


2- Registers. Answer: used for temporary storage
3- The Program Counter (PC). Answer: holds the address of the next instruction
4- The 8085 Stack pointer. Answer: Holds data that will be retrieved soon.
5- IN Instruction. Answer: Inputs data from input device into the accumulator.
Q11: Draw 8085 memory Interfacing.
Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit

8085
CS
A15-A8

ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
Latch Memory
AD7-AD0 A7- A0 Chip

WR RD IO/M D7- D0
RD WR
Q12 Answer the following.

a) Define Machine cycle


Is the time required to complete one operation (Read or Write) of access to memory or
I/O devices.
b) What are the five basic machine cycles
1. Opcode fetch cycle needs (4T) four T-states to be completed.
2. Memory read cycle needs (3T) three T-states to be completed.
3. Memory write cycle needs (3T) three T-states to be completed.
4. I/O read cycle needs (3T) three T-states to be completed.
5. I/O write cycle needs (3T) three T-states to be completed.
Q13: Define the following:
1- Address Bus: Is a unidirectional bus used to identify particular location in main
memory.
2- SID signal: (Serial input data) is an input pin used to accept serial one bit data
from an input device

3- Accumulator 8-bit register used to store 8-bit data and in performing 8-bit
(arithmetic and logical operations), and in storing the results operations.

4-8085 Flag Register It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various
operations done.

5- Interrupt Vector is a pointer to where the ISR is stored in memory.


Q14: Explain and Draw the Opcode fetch cycle.
Operation steps: (4 T-States.)
1. During T1:
a) IO/M = 0, S0 &S1 = 1.
b) Transmitting 16-bit address.
c) A8-A15 contains higher byte of address.
d) ALE = 1 , (The Lower byte of address A0-A7 is selected from AD0-AD7).
2. During T2 state set the following:
a) RD = 0 (Active).
b) The program counter (PC) incremented by 1 pointing the next instruction to be fetched.
c) The microprocessor checks (READY) input signal, if this pin is 0 then the CPU adds wait state
immediately between T2 and T3.

3. During T3: The CPU reads the opcode and stores it into the instruction register.

4. During T4: The CPU performs internal operations like decoding opcode and providing necessary
actions.
Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle
Q15: Explain and Draw the memory write machine cycle.

Operation steps: (3 T-States.)


1. During T1 –States:
a) IO/M = 0. S0 = 1 & S1 = 0.
b) Transmitting 16-bit address.
c) A8-A15 contains higher byte of address.
d) ALE = 1, (Therefore Lower byte of address A0-A7 is selected from AD0-
AD7).
2. During T2 –States:
a) ALE = 0.
b) WR = 0 (Active).
c) Address is removed from AD0-AD7 and data D0-D7 appears on AD0-AD7.
3. During T3 –States: Data remains on AD0-AD7 as long as WR = 0.
Memory Write Machine Cycle
Q16: Explain and Draw the I/O Read Machine Cycle

It is used to fetch one byte from IO port.


Operation steps: (3 T-States.)
1. During T1 –States:
a) IO/M = 1. S0 = 0 & S1 = 1.
b) Transmitting 16-bit address.
c) A8-A15 contains higher byte of address.
d) ALE = 1, (Therefore Lower byte of address A0-A7 is selected from AD0-AD7).
2. During T2 –States:
a) ALE = 0.
b) RD = 0 (Active).
c) Address is removed from AD0-AD7 and data D0-D7 appears on AD0-AD7.
3. During T3 –States: Data remains on AD0-AD7 as long as RD = 0.
I/O Read Machine Cycle
Q17: What is the function of the following?

1- LDA Instruction. Answer: Loads Accumulator with data read from input
device.
2- STA Instruction. Answer: Stores (Outputs) contents of Accumulator to
output device.
3- OUT Instruction. Answer: Outputs the contents of accumulator to an output
device.
4- IO/M: This is an output pin or signal used to indicate whether 8085 is
accessing an I/O device (IO/M¯=1) or Memory unit (IO/M¯=0 ).
5- READY signal : It is used to delay the microprocessor read or write cycle
until a slow responding peripheral is ready to accept or send data.
Q18 What are the Interrupt Control Signals:

1- TRAP: It is input active logic one signal.

2- RST 5.5, RST 6.5 , RST 7.5 : they are an input signals active logic one

3- INTR: : It is input active logic one signal.

4- INTA : interrupt acknowledge signal it is an output signal active low.


Q19 Interrupts can be classified into a number of types, What are they?

1-Maskable Interrupts (Can be delayed or Rejected by the CPU)

2- Non-Maskable Interrupts (Can not be delayed or Rejected by the CPU)

3- Vectored (The address of the service routine subroutine is already known to


the microprocessor)

4- Non-vectored (The address of the service routine needs to be supplied


externally by the device)
Q20: Answer the following
1- A kilobyte has -------- byte. Answer: 1024 bytes

2- The 8086 is a ------bit microprocessor, whereas the 80386 is a ----- bit


microprocessor. Answer : 16-bit, 32-bit

3- The 8085 has ------bit data bus, whereas the 8086 has------ bit data bus.
Answer: 8-bit, 16-bit

4- Interrupt Vector Table It is an area of memory at which is located in memory


page (0000H - 00FFH).(true or false) Answer (true)

5- The 8085 memory has ----------- locations. Answer 65536

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