Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Scope
This ExxonMobil Engineering Practice (EMEP) covers basic requirements for the design, fabrication,
erection and testing of welded, cylindrical above-ground vertical atmospheric [up to 17 kPa (2.5
psig)] storage tanks fabricated of carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel. This document applies
only to tanks whose entire bottom is uniformly supported. Tanks for refrigerated products below a
temperature of 5°C (41°F) are not included.
Version 0
MP 14-P-01 Aboveground Welded Steel Storage Tanks - Design and Construction July 1998
Table of Contents
Scope.................................................................................................................................................. 1
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. 2
1. References ................................................................................................................................. 7
2. General........................................................................................................................................ 9
3. Design........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.5. Nozzles...........................................................................................................................11
4. Materials ....................................................................................................................................11
5. Corrosion Protection.............................................................................................................11
1. Design........................................................................................................................................ 25
2. Materials ....................................................................................................................................25
4. Erection.....................................................................................................................................27
5. Coatings....................................................................................................................................27
1. Background.............................................................................................................................. 43
2. Applicability ............................................................................................................................. 43
3. MHTLT Procedure:................................................................................................................. 43
Table of Figures
Figure 1: ExxonMobil Hydrostatic Leak Test Connections............................................... 16
Figure C–11: Storage Tanks Double Steel Bottom with Liner and Leak Detection .... 40
Table of Tables
Table 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Table C– 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Table C– 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Table C– 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 36
Table C– 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 39
1. References
The following publications form a part of this Practice. Unle ss otherwise specified herein, use the
latest edition.
API SPEC 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Tenth Edition
API SPEC 12F Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Eleventh Edition
API STD 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage Ninth Edition; Addendum 1 - 1994;
Addendum 2 - 1995; Addendum 3 - 1996
API STD 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction Second Edition;
Errata February 1996; Errata May 1996; Follow Up to Errata May 1996;
Addendum 1-December 1996
API STD 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated and
Refrigerated Fourth Edition
ASTM A123 REV Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and
A Steel Products (AASHTO M111)
ASTM Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel
A153/A153M Hardware (AASHTO No. M232)
ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 psi Tensile
Strength
2. General
Tanks shall be designed, fabricated, inspected and tested in accordance with API STD 650 and as
modified herein.
The design, fabrication, erection and testing of welded, cylindrical above-ground vertical atmospheric
storage tanks fabricated of carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel shall be in accordance with
requirements of this EMEP, unless superceded by more stringent local regulations.
3. Design
3.3. Shells
• The tank nameplate shall show the maximum permissible product specific gravity
based on actual shell thickness less corrosion allowance.
• Calculations for intermediate wind girders for tanks where the shell corrosion
allowance exceeds 1.5 mm (1 /16 in) shall be based on the nominal shell thickness
minus the corrosion allowance.
3.4. Roof
• Freely vented cone roofs shall be frangible in accordance with API STD 650.
• External and internal floating roofs shall be in accordance with Appendix A.
• Aluminum dome roofs shall be in accordance with Figure C-10.
• Where an internal coating for a fixed carbon steel roof is required, one of the
following shall be used:
a) A steel roof with any support members being external, usually a dome or umbrella
roof. Roof plates shall be fillet welded on both sides or butt welded. Any support
members shall be continuously welded to the roof and have drain slots.
3.5. Nozzles
When subsurface foam injection is specified, connections shall be provided in accordance
with NFPA 11.
The tank vendor shall provide the following API STD 650, Appendix P information for
bottom shell course nozzles NPS 6 and larger on tanks with design temperatures greater
than 66°C (150°F) or of high strength steels (refer to Appendix B):
4. Materials
A carbon steel material other than those listed in API STD 650 may be used with prior ExxonMobil
approval.
For Steels having minimum specified yield strength of 262 MPa (38,000 psi) and greater, refer to
Appendix B.
For austenitic stainless steel tanks, the type of steel will be specified on the ExxonMobil Data Sheets
for this Master Practice. Substitution requires ExxonMobil approval.
4.1. Bolting
All carbon steel bolting for flanged connections shall conform to ASTM A307, Grade B
as a minimum. Bolts shall consist of regular unfinished machine bolts with one heavy
semifinished hex nut.
5. Corrosion Protection
A minimum corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm (1 /16 in) shall be provided on carbon steel shells, bottoms
and welded components contacted by the liquid (except floating roofs) except where internally
coated. Corrosion allowances specified on the ExxonMobil Data Sheet (ExxonMobil Data Sheets for
this Master Practice) shall govern if larger.
6.2. Welding
Flux cored welding and electrogas welding require The Company’s approva l.
Downhill welding is not permitted on vertical shell seams without The Company’s
approval.
Fillet welds for external attachments shall be continuous. Wind girders shall be seal
welded to the shell on their underside.
Internal and external welds to be coated or painted shall have neither sharp edges nor
excessive weld metal buildup.
c) Methods of quality control during tank erection, such as production weld test
plates, ultrasonic inspection and magnetic particle inspection.
d) Lists of other tanks with similar materials and procedures.
When impact testing of the base material is required, production weld test plates shall be
made and tested, and results approved by The Company prior to tank erection as follows:
1. The test plates made shall represent the bottom-course, mid-course and top-course
vertical and horizontal weld seams.
2. Each test plate shall be from one of the heats that produced the plates for the tank. It
shall be welded, in the field, using the same qualified welding procedure, joint detail,
number of weld layers, position and consumables required for the tank joint.
6.3. Tolerances
Dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with API STD 650, with the following
modifications:
1. The film for spot radiographs at junctions between vertical and horizontal joints shall
be positioned with the greater length on the vertical seam.
2. For automatically welded horizontal joints, one spot radiograph shall be taken in the
first 3 m (10 ft) of weld after each setup of the automatic welder.
3. For automatically welded vertical joints in API STD 650, Appendix A, the
requirements of API STD 650, Paragraph 6.1.2.2.b shall apply.
4. For manually welded joints, radiographic inspection requirements shall apply to each
welder.
7.3. Testing
Tank bottom welds shall be tested using vacuum test equipment with a vacuum of 35 kPa
to 48 kPa (5 psi to 7 psi). The bottom-to-shell weld(s) shall be tested using penetrating oil
after completion of the inner fillet weld for 12 hours. The external fillet weld shall be
either magnetic or dye penetrant tested.
Before any internal coating is applied, the complete tank shall be hydrotested, using fresh
water, as follows:
Table 1
5. Repeat the vacuum box test of new floor welds. Repair and retest with vacuum box.
6. Abrasive-blast and apply a lining (if required).
7. Conduct a holiday pinhole test of the lining.
8. Fill tank with water.
9. Notes:
a) Where a floating roof is to be installed and the bottom is to be lined, the lining
may be applied prior to roof installation with proper protection of the lining
during roof installation. Alternatively, the lining may be applied after roof
installation. The lining may be applied prior to roof perimeter seal installation to
increase ventilation.
b) All welding or cutting in the tank shall be completed prior to conducting the
hydrostatic test or MHTLT. Any welding or cutting performed after the above -
noted operations shall be done with The Company’s supervision. Alternatively,
the MHTLT may be performed as the last step before returning the tank to
service.
For austenitic stainless steel tanks, the chloride content shall be less than 50 ppm.
Tanks shall be tested for bottom leaks using The Company’s Hydrostatic Tank Leak Test
in accordance with Appendix D or a ExxonMobil approved alternative test.
Hydrotest settlement readings shall be taken for every 2.4 m (8 ft) fill increment and just
before draining is begun at the following number of equal spaces (N) around the tank:
8. Tank Appurtenances
Appurtenances shall be furnished as specified in the ExxonMobil Data Sheets for this Master
Practice.
Shell and bottom connections and appurtenances shall be in accordance with Figure C-1 unless
otherwise specified.
Roof connections and appurtenances shall be in accordance with Figure C-2 unless otherwise
specified.
• On the shell, no screwed connections larger than NPS 2 shall be permitted, except for
the non-freezing type of water draw-off valves. Nozzles shall be of the API regular
type.
• Water drawoff valve connections shall be in accordance with Figure C-3.
• Connections for The Company Hydrostatic Tank Leak Test shall be provided in
accordance with Figure 1, unless otherwise specified.
• Flange bolt holes shall straddle center lines.
8.2. Venting
• Vents for fixed roof tanks shall be sized in accordance with API STD 2000.
− Flame arresters shall not be supplied unless specified and approved by The
Company.
− Coarse mesh stainless screens shall be supplied on all vents not susceptible to
plugging.
− Tank vents shall not be located closer to stairs or platforms than shown in Figure
C-2.
• Fixed roof tanks subject to pressure surges (e.g. hot oil, slop-oil and relief tanks) shall
have added venting capacity. A minimum of one venting-type roof manway shall be
provided.
The distance between flange bolting and the insulation shall be sufficient to
allow insertion of a box wrench.
Shell insulation flashing at the top of the shell shall be provided as shown in
Figure 2.
1.1. Design
• Floating roofs shall be of the multiple compartment, single -deck pontoon or double
deck type (refer to Table A-1) and shall be provided with the specified type of seals.
• Pontoon bulkheads shall be completely welded for liquid tightness.
• Roofs shall be designed to avoid fatigue failure caused by wind effects.
− Single -deck roofs in which the single deck exceeds 52 m (170 ft) in diameter shall
be stiffened, and the design shall be submitted for The Company’s approval.
• Roof support legs shall be adjustable to carry the roof in an upper cleaning position
with 2 m (6.5 ft) minimum clearance and a lower operating position with 75 mm (3 in)
clearance from tank internals and the tops of nozzle openings.
• Rolling ladders shall have self-leveling non-skid treads.
• Overflow slots are prohibited.
• Where a floating roof with a foam-filled seal may descend to the manhole level, a
filler plate conforming to the tank inside diameter shall be attached to the manhole
cover.
1.2. Seals
• Stainless steel shoe primary seals shall be used unless otherwise specified.
• Non-metallic primary seals shall be foam filled.
a) Other types may be submitted for The Company’s approval.
b) These seals may be vapor mounted if secondary seals are provided, unless
regulations require liquid mounting (as in the United States, for example).
c) A metallic weather shield shall be provided if secondary seals are not furnished.
• Non-metallic seal material shall be satisfactory for use with petroleum products
having an aromatic content up to 75 percent, unless otherwise specified.
This pipe shall extend to the top of the stairway platform to permit gauging. If used for
sampling, the pipe shall be slotted or perforated. (Refer to Figure C-9.)
Any environmental regulations concerning sealing the guide -pipe shall be met.
14 106.1 83.2
(348) (273)
16 113.7
(373)
* NPS = nominal pipe size, inches.
1.4. Drains
Roof drains shall be limited to the following types:
1. For steel shoe primary seals, when fixed foam devices discharge below the
continuous fabric seal.
2. For other primary seals, when fixed foam devices discharge below a non-
combustible weathershield or non-combustible secondary seal, and the primary
seal is more than 150 mm (6 in) below the top of the roof rim plate.
3. Where there are no fixed foam devices or standpipes and any weathershields or
secondary seals are combustible.
Foam dams shall be continuously welded or otherwise tightly fastened to the roof. The
dam shall extend at least 50 mm (2 in) above the highest seal and shall be at least 300 mm
(12 in) high.
The foam dam shall be located one to two feet from the edge of the roof. The dam shall
be slotted to allow drainage of rain water.
The height of the drain slots shall not exceed 9.5 mm (3 /8 in), and the total of the drain slot
areas shall be 280 mm 2 /m2 (0.04 in 2 /ft2 ) of area between the foam dam and the tank shell.
The floating roof design shall be one of the following types, defined in Appendix H of API STD 650,
with supplemental requirements as noted:
1. Steel pontoon or double -deck roofs. Pontoon bulkheads shall be completely welded for liquid
tightness.
2. Metallic roof on floats. The deck skin shall be deformed at its seams by the clamping
members to effect a tight seal (refer to Figure A–2).
The floating roof perimeter seal may be either metallic or non-metallic type, and a double or
secondary seal shall be provided where required.
Floating roof support legs shall conform to Section 1.1, fourth item (Appendix A).
Combined circulation vents/inspection hatches in accordance with API STD 650, Appendix H shall
be provided on freely vented fixed roofs (excluding aluminum dome roofs) and shall have hinged
hoods with clamps.
Gas blanketed tanks shall have pressure tight, gasketed, clear plastic plates with hinged metal covers
on the roof manways, so that the internal floating roof and its seals may be viewed.
1. Design
The annular bottom plate to which the shell course is welded shall be a minimum of 9 mm (3 /8 in)
thick, including corrosion allowance.
The welds attaching the floor plate to the annular bottom plate shall be made with a minimum of two
passes.
All shell opening connections shall be attached by full-penetration welds, including attachments to
insert-type reinforcement.
Attachments shall be designed so that the primary bending stress plus the primary membrane stress is
not greater than 11 /2 times the shell allowable stress.
2. Materials
Material for annular bottom plates shall have physical and chemical properties similar to those of the
shell material.
High-strength steel materials, other than those listed in API STD 650, may be used with prior
ExxonMobil approval. Approval shall be based on the following information:
1. Complete chemical and mechanical specification limits, including steel process and heat
treatment.
2. Description of measures employed to ensure uniformity of mechanical properties and
microstructure.
3. Minimum expected Charpy V-notch impact energy of base material, weld material and heat-
affected zone at the minimum design temperature.
4. Welding procedures proposed, including heat treatment if any, and the resultant mechanical
properties of welded joints.
5. Methods of quality control during tank erection, such as production weld test plates, ultrasonic
inspection and magnetic particle inspection.
3.1. Welding
Welding procedure requalification will be required for:
1. Individual weld layer thickness shall not be greater than that used in the procedure
qualification tests.
2. Electrodes not of the same size and AWS classification as that in the procedure
qualification test.
3. Nominal preheat and interpass temperatures shall be the same as those in the
procedure qualification tests.
4. Automatic welding if flux composition is changed or if speed and heat input are
changed beyond the range specified.
Fillet welds connecting the lowest shell course and bottom plates to the annular bottom
plate shall be made with low-hydrogen electrodes equivalent to AWS classification
EXX16 or EXX18.
Steels with minimum specified yield strengths greater than 262 MPa (38,000 psi) and
mechanical properties enhanced by heat treatment shall have a minimum of two layers of
weld metal on all scars, pickups, structural attachments or other welds made on the plate
surface.
Hardness surveys across the procedure qualification welds and heat-affected zones shall
be as follows:
1. Made with an instrument having an indentor of 1.6 mm (1 /16 in) maximum diameter.
2. Hardness shall not exceed 225 HB (238 HV10) except that peak hardness of up to 250
HB (260 HV10) is acceptable in the heat affected zone (HAZ).
3. For steels with minimum yield strengths equal to or greater than 345 MPa (50,000
psi), peak HAZ hardness shall not exceed 310 HB (325 HV10).
A hardness test shall be made on each 30.5 m (100 ft) of the shell weld seams and on main
nozzle welds, and it shall not exceed 225 HB (238 HV10).
• Horizontal Joints
− One radiograph in the first 3 m (10 ft) of each seam plus one for each 15.2 m (50
ft) of seam length.
• Vertical Joints
− Complete radiographing for all welds in plates thicker than 19 mm (3 /4 in). For
plates 19 mm (3 /4 in) and less, radiographing of all intersections plus one
additional radiograph for each 7.6 m (25 ft) of vertical seam length in each course.
Structural attachment welds and welds attaching the lowest shell course to the annular
bottom plates shall be examined by the magnetic particle or dye penetrant method to
detect cracks and other linear discontinuities.
Longitudinal welds in shell and floor nozzles and manways shall be examined by
radiography in accordance with the requirements for vertical shell joints. There shall be at
least one spot radiograph for each weld.
4. Erection
Lugs, clips and similar items attached by welding for purposes of erection only shall be removed.
The plate in these weld areas and at other scars shall be ground smooth and examined by the magnetic
particle or dye penetrant method.
5. Coatings
The bottom course and annular bottom plate shall be epoxy coated on the inside when the minimum
specified tensile strength of the plate material is greater than 586 MPa (85,000 psi).
Appendix C: Figures
1. Provide only when shown on the ExxonMobil Data Sheets for this Master Practice.
2. For open-top floating roof tanks only.
3. Connections may be parallel. Recommended for large-diameter piping.
4. Slope shall be increased to compensate for predicted center-to-edge settlement, so that slope
after predicted settlement is 1 inch in 10 ft.
Notes:
1. Provide only when shown on ExxonMobil Data Sheets for this Master Practice.
2. Manufacturer's design.
3. Location to be accessible from platform.
4. For single deck floating roofs, provide extension to avoid product flowing onto roof.
1. For tanks with Type 1 bottom (peripheral sumps): provide one NPS 3 water drawoff to each
sump.
2. For tanks with Type 2 bottom:
− Provide one NPS 2 water drawoff for tanks up to 50 ft in diameter.
− Provide one NPS 3 water drawoff for tanks 50 ft to 90 ft in diameter.
− Provide one NPS 2 and one NPS 4 water drawoff connection for tanks over 90 ft in diameter;
see plan for arrangement.
3. Use gate valve; water drawoff pipe and valve to be same size.
4. Elbows may be welded ells, socket welded, or screwed malleable iron fittings
Table C–1
Notes:
1. For tanks with Type 1 bottom (peripheral sumps): provide one NPS 3 water drawoff to each
sump.
2. For tanks with Type 2 bottom:
− Provide one NPS 2 water drawoff for tanks up to 50 ft in diameter.
− Provide one NPS 3 water drawoff for tanks 50 ft to 90 ft in diameter.
− Provide one NPS 2 and one NPS 4 water drawoff connection for tanks over 90 ft in diameter;
see plan for arrangement.
3. Use gate valve; water drawoff pipe and valve to be same size.
4. Elbows may be welded ells, socket welded, or screwed malleable iron fittings.
Nozzle Diameter NPS Tee Size NPS Tee Outlet Hole B Diameter
4 6x4 2 in
6 8x6 3 in
8 10 x 8 4 in
10 10 6 in
12 12 8 in
14 14 8 in
16 16 10 in
18 18 10 in
20 20 12 in
24 24 16 in
30 30 18 in
Nozzle Diameter NPS Tee Size NPS Tee Outlet Hole B Diameter
36 36 22 in
1. Detail C may be used for inlet velocities ≤ 0.9 m/s (3 ft/s) where no possibility of vapor slugs
exists.
Table C–3
Slot Dimensions
1. Aluminum dome roofs in accordance with API STD 650, Appendix G are permitted with the
following provisions:
− Where snow loading applies, they shall be in accordance with the unbalanced snow load of
ASCE 7-88, unless local regulations are more severe.
− Pedestal-type roof supports resting on the wind girder shall be provided when there is no top
rim angle on the shell or where support loads would exceed the following:
Table C–4
mm (in) kg (lbs)
3
4.8 /16 5400 12,000
1
6.4 /4 13,600 30,000
5
8.0 /16 26,300 58,000
3
9.5 /8 45,400 100,000
* Top Shell Course in corroded condition
2. Where an internal floating roof is required, provide the following:
− Inspection hatches, 0.6 m (2 ft) square, at a maximum spacing of 17 m (56 ft) around the
dome perimeter. Only one hatch is required for tanks with diameters of 9 m (30 ft) and
smaller.
− Access to these hatches via the shell wind girder, if of sufficient size and with a handrail, or
via a walkway with an outer handrail on the dome roof.
− Skylights located between inspection hatches with additional two near the center.
Figure C–11: Storage Tanks Double Steel Bottom with Liner and Leak
Detection
NOTES:
• This design shall be considered for smaller diameter tanks [ ≤ 9 m (30 ft)].
• For larger diameter tankers, refer to MP 01-P-14.
• For design, fabrication and installation, see next page.
NOTES:
1. Melt zinc and weld steel wire core of anode to support ring as close as possible to upper bottom.
2. Cone up both floors to center so after predicted center to edge settlement occurs, slope is 1:120.
3. Liner:
− Petrogard 10 - 1 mm (0.04 in) thick, with factory seams for field joining.
− Other, specify.
4. Shell may not overhang support ring by more than 1.5 mm (1 /16 in) in either direction.
5. Sand Fill:
− Use dry, clean, commercial silica sand, pH neutral, non-corrosive, non-conductive and salt
free with the following sieve analysis:
Table C–5
The sand shall have electrical resistance greater than 50,000 Ohms/cm. Certified reports shall be
furnished for each truckload of sand. A minimum of five random samples from the as-received
sand shall be tested for chlorides and resistivity. One supplier of high quality sand in the U.S. is
Uniman Sand Inc. Use the "soil box" technique (as manufactured by the MCM Miller company
or other acceptable equivalent) to determine sand resistivity. An alternate test to the soil box is
ASTM G-57, Standard Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity using the Wenner
Four-Electrode Method. Maximum acceptable chloride concentration is 2.0 ppm.
− Picks or pry bars shall not be used to position the plate due to potential for liner damage.
1. Background
The Company developed a test to detect tank bottom leaks.. The test uses a small column of water (or
liquid contained by the tank) that is connected to the tank and is instrumented to detect and record a
drop in tank water level of as low as 0.025 mm (0.001 in) over a four to eight hour period. Since leak
sensitivity decreases with increasing tank diameter, the test is recommended, but not required, for
tanks over 46 m (150 ft) diameter.
The test may also be used on existing tanks to check for bottom leaks in conjunction with or in
between internal inspections.
Bottom leaks in new tank floors have occurred even after a full vacuum box inspection of floor welds.
In some cases, a leak has occurred from a weld arc strike or cutting operation remote from a weld.
Leaks have occurred in the field in shop fabricated and shop tested tank bottoms as a result of
transportation or lifting stresses or field work such as installation of a sump. The cost of cleaning one
tank exceeds the cost of a large number of tests.
2. Applicability
All tanks shall be tested except the following:
3. MHTLT Procedure:
1. Set up the testing date and ensure that test apparatus is available.
2. Blank all valves/lines that are below the intended liquid level.
1. Prior to the test day, fill the tank with 1.2 m (4 ft) of water. For tanks with floating roofs, the
roof must be landed on its legs and the liquid level must be below the upper test tap.
2. Hold the liquid level for the time recommended by the testing company.
3. After the test, obtain a copy of the test results. Retain copies in the tank files, as well as in the
project files.