 Application of different Relays, their use in

Protection and Control Circuits:

1. Introduction to Relay:
Relays are the primary protection as well as switching devices in most of the control processes
or equipments. All the relays respond to one or more electrical quantities like voltage or current
such that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A relay is a switching device  as it works
to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state to another.

Fig: Different Types of Relays

Classification or the types of relays depend on the function for which they are used. Some of the
categories include protective, reclosing, regulating, auxiliary and monitoring relays.

Protective relays continuously monitor these parameters: voltage, current, and power; and if
these parameters violate from set limits they generate alarm or isolate that particular circuit.
These types of relays are used to protect equipments like motors, generators, and
transformers, and so on.
Reclosing relays are used to connect various components and devices within the system
network, such as synchronizing process, and to restore the various devices soon after
any electrical fault vanishes, and then to connect transformers and feeders to line network.
Regulating relays are the switches that contacts such that voltage boosts up as in the case of
tap changing transformers.
Auxiliary contacts are used in circuit breakers and other protective equipments for contact
multiplication. Monitoring relays monitors the system conditions such as direction of power and
accordingly generates the alarm. These are also called directional relays.

This topic’s main aim is to give a brief idea about various relays that are employed for a wide
variety of control applications. Some of these relays are described below.
  Different Types of Relays
Depending on the operating principle and structural features relays are of different types such
as electromagnetic relays, thermal relays, power varied relays, multi-dimensional relays, and so
on, with varied ratings, sizes and applications.

1. Electromagnetic Relays
These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and magnetic components, and have
operating coil and mechanical contacts. Therefore, when the coil gets activated by a  supply
system, these mechanical contacts gets opened or closed. The type of supply can be AC or DC.

DC vs AC Relays
Both AC and DC relays work on the same principle as electromagnetic induction, but the
construction is somewhat differentiated and also depends on the application for which these
relays are selected. DC relays are employed with a freewheeling diode to de-energize the coil,
and the AC relays uses laminated cores to prevent eddy current losses.

DC vs AC Relays

The very interesting aspect of an AC is that for every half cycle, the direction of the current
supply changes; therefore, for every cycle the coil loses its magnetism since the zero current in
every half cycle makes the relay continuously make and break the circuit. So, to prevent this –
additionally one shaded coil or another electronic circuit is placed in the AC relay to provide
magnetism in the zero current position.

a) Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays

Attraction Type Relays

These relays can work with both AC and DC supply and attract a metal bar or a piece of metal
when power is supplied to the coil. This can be a plunger being drawn towards the solenoid or
an armature being attracted towards the poles of an electromagnet as shown in the figure.
These relays don’t have any time delays so these are used for instantaneous operation.

b). Induction Type Relays

These are used as protective relays in AC systems alone and are usable with DC systems. The
actuating force for contacts movement is developed by a moving conductor that may be a disc
or a cup, through the interaction of electromagnetic fluxes due to fault currents.

Induction Type Relays

These are of several types like shaded pole, watt-hour and induction cup structures and are
mostly used as directional relays in power-system protection and also for high-speed switching
operation applications.

Magnetic Latching Relays

These relays use permanent magnet or parts with a high remittance to remain the armature at
the same point as the coil is electrified when the coil power source is taken away.

2. Solid State Relays

Solid State uses solid state components to perform the switching operation without moving any
parts. Since the control energy required is much lower compared with the output power to be
controlled by this relay that results the power gain higher when compared to the electromagnetic
relays. These are of different types: reed relay coupled SSR, transformer coupled SSR, photo-
coupled SSR, and so on.

Solid State Relays

The above figure shows a photo coupled SSR where the control signal is applied by LED and it
is detected by a photo-sensitive semiconductor device. The output form this photo detector is
used to trigger the gate of TRIAC or SCR that switches the load.
3. Hybrid Relay
These relays are composed of electromagnetic relays and electronic components. Usually, the
input part contains the electronic circuitry that performs rectification and the other control
functions, and the output part include electromagnetic relay.

4. Thermal Relay
These relays are based on the effects of heat, which means – the rise in the ambient
temperature from the limit, directs the contacts to switch from one position to other. These are
mainly used in motor protection and consist of bimetallic elements like temperature sensors as
well as control elements. Thermal overload relays are the best examples of these relays.

5. Reed Relay

Reed Relay

Reed Relays consist of a pair of magnetic strips (also called as reed) that is sealed within a
glass tube. This reed acts as both an armature and a contact blade.  The magnetic field applied
to the coil is wrapped around this tube that makes these reeds move so that switching operation
is performed.

Based on dimensions, relays are differentiated as micro miniature, subminiature and miniature
relays. Also, based on the construction, these relays are classified as hermetic, sealed and
open type relays. Furthermore, depending on the load operating range, relays are of micro, low,
intermediate and high power types.

Relays are also available with different pin configurations like 3 pin, 4 pin and 5 pin relays. The
ways in which these relays are operated is shown in the below figure. Switching contacts can be
SPST, SPDT, DPST and DPDT types. Some of the relays are normally open (NO) type and the
other are normally closed (NC) types.
Relay pin configurations

These are some of the different types of relays that are employed in most of the electronic as
well as electrical circuits. The information about the different types of relays serves readers’
purpose and we hope that they will find this basic information very useful.

 Relays for different Protection purpose:

A relay is a switching device as it works to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state
to another. Classification or the types of relays depend on the function for which they are used. Some of
the categories include protective, reclosing, regulating, auxiliary and monitoring relays.

An electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker ... The
theory and application of these protective devices is an important part of the education of a power
engineer who specializes in power system .... Generally, there are several different types of numerical
protection relays.

Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays

2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic.
6. Programmed switches.
7. Voltage restraint over current relay.

Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement.
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.
9. Reverse power relays.
10. Loss of excitation.
 11. Negative phase sequence relays etc.

Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.

Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Primary relay.
2. Backup relay.

2. Different Types of Relays used in Protection System’s Circuit:

Overcurrent relays

In switchgear application, an over current relay usually is used on each phase of each
circuit breaker and often one additional over current relay is used for ground-fault
protection. Conventional practice is to use one instantaneous short-circuit element and
one inverse-time over current element (ANSI 50/51) for each phase.

In the standard electromechanical relay, both elements for one phase are combined in
one relay case. The instantaneous element is a clapper or solenoid type and the
inverse-time element is an induction-disk type.

In some solid-state relays, three instantaneous and three inverse-time elements can be
combined in a single relay case smaller than that of one induction-disk relay.

Overcurrent relays respond only to current magnitude, not to direction of current flow or
to voltage. Most relays are designed to operate from the output of a standard ratio-type
CT, with 5A secondary current at rated primary current. A solid-state relay needs no
additional power supply, obtaining the power for its electronic circuitry from the output of
the CT supplying the relay.

On the instantaneous element, only the pickup point can be set, which is the value of
current at which the instantaneous element will act, with no intentional time delay, to
close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. The actual time required will decrease slightly
as the magnitude of the current increases, from about 0.02 sec maximum to about
0.006 sec minimum, as seen from the instantaneous curve in Fig. 3 (see page 47)
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]. This time will vary with relays of different ratings or
manufacturers and also will vary between electromechanical and solid-state relays.
Note that this curve is based on multiples of the pickup setting for the instantaneous
element, which is usually considerably higher than the pickup setting of the inverse-time
element.

Time delays can be selected over a wide range for almost any conceivable requirement.
Time-delay selection starts with the choice of relay. There are three time classifications:
standard, medium, and long time delay. Within each classification, there are three
classes of inverse-time curve slopes: inverse (least steep), very inverse (steeper), and
extremely inverse (steepest). The time classification and curve slopes are characteristic
of the relay selected, although for some solid-state relays these may be adjustable to
some degree. For each set of curves determined by the relay selection, the actual
response is adjustable by means of the time dial.

On the inverse-time element, there are two settings. First the pickup point is set. This is
the value of current at which the timing process begins as the disk begins to rotate on
an electromechanical relay or the electronic circuit begins to time out on a solid-state
relay.

Next the time-dial setting is selected. This adjusts the time-delay curve between
minimum and maximum curves for the particular relay. Typical inverse, very inverse,
and extremely inverse curves are shown in Fig. 3 (not included here). A given relay will
have only one set of curves, either inverse, very inverse, or extremely inverse,
adjustable through the full time-dial range. Note that the current is given in multiples of
pickup setting.

Each element, instantaneous or time delay, has a flag that indicates when that element
has operated. This flag must be reset manually after relay operation.

Setting the pickup point

The standard overcurrent relay is designed to operate from a ratio-type CT with a

standard 5A secondary output. The output of the standard CT is 5A at the rated
nameplate primary current, and the output is proportional to the primary current over a
wide range. For example, a 100/5 ratio CT would have a 5A output when the primary
current (the current being sensed and measured) is 100A. This primary-to-secondary
ratio of 20-to-1 is constant so that for a primary current of 10A, the secondary current
would 0.5A; for 20A primary, 1.0A secondary; for 50A primary, 2.5A secondary; etc. For
1000A primary, the secondary current is 50A, and similarly for all values of current up to
the maximum that the CT will handle before it saturates and becomes nonlinear.

The first step in setting the relay is selecting the CT so that the pickup can be set for the
desired primary current value. The primary current rating should be such that a primary
current of 110 to 125% of the expected maximum load will produce the rated 5A
secondary current. The maximum available primary fault current should not produce
more than 100A secondary current to avoid saturation and excess heating. It may not
be possible to fulfill these requirements exactly, but they are useful guidelines. As a
result, some compromise may be necessary.

On the 50/51 overcurrent relay, the time-overcurrent-element (device 51) setting is

made by means of a plug or screw inserted into the proper hole in a receptacle with a
number of holes marked in CT secondary amperes, by an adjustable calibrated lever or
by some similar method. This selects one secondary current tap (the total number of
taps depends on the relay) on the pickup coil. The primary current range of the settings
is determined by the ratio of the CT selected.

For example, assume that the CT has a ratio of 50/5A. Typical taps will be 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
10, 12, and 16A. The pickup settings would range from a primary current of 40A (the 4A
tap) to 160A (the 16A tap). If a 60A pickup is desired, the 6A tap is selected. If a pickup
of more than 160A or less than 40A is required, it would be necessary to select a CT
with a different ratio or, in some cases, a different relay with higher or lower tap settings.

Various types of relays are available with pickup coils rated as low as 1.5A and as high
as 40A. Common coil ranges are 0.5 to 2A, for low-current pickup such as ground-fault
sensing; 1.5 to 6A medium range; or 4 to 16A, the range usually chosen for overcurrent
protection. CTs are available having a wide range of primary ratings, with standard 5A
secondaries or with other secondary ratings, tapped secondaries, or multiple
secondaries.

A usable combination of CT ratio and pickup coil can be found for almost any desired
primary pickup current and relay setting.

The instantaneous trip (device 50) setting is also adjustable. The setting is in pickup
amperes, completely independent of the pickup setting of the inverse-time element or,
on some solid-state relays, in multiples of the inverse-time pickup point. For example,
one electromechanical relay is adjustable from 2 to 48A pickup; a solid-state relay is
adjustable from 2 to 12 times the setting of the inverse-time pickup tap. On most
electromechanical relays, the adjusting means is a tap plug similar to that for the
inverse-time element. With the tap plug, it is possible to select a gross current range. An
uncalibrated screw adjustment provides final pickup setting. This requires using a test
set to inject calibration current into the coil if the setting is to be precise. On solid-state
relays, the adjustment may be a calibrated switch that can be set with a screwdriver.

Setting the time dial

For any given tap or pickup setting, the relay has a whole family of time-current curves.
The desired curve is selected by rotating a dial or moving a lever. The time dial or lever
is calibrated in arbitrary numbers, between minimum and maximum values, as shown
on curves published by the relay manufacturer. A typical set of time-dial curves for an
inverse-time relay is shown in Fig. 4 (not included here). At a time-dial setting of zero,
the relay contacts are closed. As the time dial setting is increased, the contact opening
becomes greater, increasing relay operating time. Settings may be made between
calibration points, if desired, and the applicable curve can be interpolated between the
printed curves.

The pickup points and time-dial settings are selected so that the relay can perform its
desired protective function. For an overcurrent relay, the goal is that when a fault occurs
on the system, the relay nearest the fault should operate. The time settings on upstream
relays should delay their operation until the proper overcurrent device has cleared the
fault. A selectivity study, plotting the time-current characteristics of every device in that
part of the system being examined, is required. With the wide selection of relays
available and the flexibility of settings for each relay, selective coordination is possible
for most systems.

Selecting and setting other than overcurrent relays are done in similar fashion. Details
will vary, depending on the type of relay, its function in the system, and the relay
manufacturer.

Relay operation

An electromechanical relay will pick up and start to close its contacts when the current
reaches the pickup value. At the inverse-time pickup current, the operating forces are
very low and timing accuracy is poor. The relay timing is accurate at about 1.5 times
pickup or more, and this is where the time-current curves start (Fig. 4) [not included
here]. This fact must be considered when selecting and setting the relay.

When the relay contacts close, they can bounce, opening slightly and creating an arc
that will burn and erode the contact surfaces. To prevent this, overcurrent relays have
an integral auxiliary relay with a seal-in contact in parallel with the timing relay contacts
that closes immediately when the relay contacts touch. This prevents arcing if the relay
contacts bounce. This auxiliary relay also activates the mechanical flag that indicates
that the relay has operated.

When the circuit breaker being controlled by the relay opens, the relay coil is
deenergized by an auxiliary contact on the breaker. This protects the relay contacts,
which are rated to make currents up to 30A but should not break the inductive current of
the breaker tripping circuit, to prevent arcing wear. The disk is then returned to its initial
position by the spring. The relay is reset. Reset time is the time required to return the
contacts fully to their original position. Contacts part about 0.1 sec (six cycles) after the
coil is deenergized. The total reset time varies with the relay type and the time-dial
setting. For a maximum time-dial setting (contacts fully open), typical reset times might
be 6 sec for an inverse-time relay and up to 60 sec for a very inverse or extremely
inverse relay. At lower time-dial settings, contact opening distance is less, therefore
reset time is lower.

A solid-state relay is not dependent on mechanical forces or moving contacts for its
operation but performs its functions electronically. Therefore, the timing can be very
accurate even for currents as low as the pickup value. There is no mechanical contact
bounce or arcing, and reset times can be extremely short.

CT and PT selection

In selecting instrument transformers for relaying and metering, a number of factors must
be considered; transformer ratio, burden, accuracy class, and ability to withstand
available fault currents.

CT ratio. CT guidelines mentioned earlier are to have rated secondary output at 110 to
125% of expected load and no more than 100A secondary current at maximum primary
fault current. Where more than one CT ratio may be required, CTs with tapped
secondary windings or multi-winding secondaries are available.

CT burden. CT burden is the maximum secondary load permitted, expressed in

voltamperes (VA) or ohms impedance, to ensure accuracy. ANSI standards list burdens
of 2.5 to 45VA at 90% power factor (PF) for metering CTs, and 25 to 200VA at 50% PF
for relaying CTs.

CT accuracy class. ANSI accuracy class standards are [+ or -] 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2%. Ratio
errors occur because of I squared R heating losses. Phase-angle errors occur because
of magnetizing core losses.

CTs are marked with a dot or other polarity identification on primary and secondary
windings so that at the instant current is entering the marked primary terminal it is
leaving the marked secondary terminal. Polarity is not required for overcurrent sensing
but is important for differential relaying and many other relaying functions.

PT ratio. PT ratio selection is relatively simple. The PT should have a ratio so that, at
the rated primary voltage, the secondary output is 120V. At voltages more than 10%
above the rated primary voltage, the PT will be subject to core saturation, producing
voltage errors and excess heating.

PT burden. PTs are available for burdens from 12.5VA at 10% PF to as high as 400VA
at 85% PF.

PT accuracy. Accuracy classes are ANSI standard [+ or -] 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2%. PT primary
circuits, and where feasible PT secondary circuits as well, should be fused.

CTs and PTs should have adequate capacity for the burden to be served and sufficient
accuracy for the functions they are to perform. However, more burden or accuracy than
necessary will merely increase the cost of the metering transformers. Solid-state relays
usually impose lower burdens than electromechanical relays.
  How does Protective Relay work:

The purpose of the protection relay is to detect a problem, ideally during its initial stage,
and to either eliminate or significantly reduce damage to personnel and/or equipment.

The following stages illustrate how an electrical problem develops:

Stage 1: When conductors with good insulation are exposed to fault initiators such as
moisture, dust, chemicals, persistent overloading, vibration or just normal deterioration,
the insulation will start to slowly deteriorate. Such small changes will not be immediately
obvious until the damage is severe enough to cause an electrical fault. Protective relays
can detect that a problem is developing by identifying slight deviations in current, voltage,
resistance, or temperature. Due to the small magnitude in change, only a sophisticated
device such as a sensitive protection relay or a monitor can detect these conditions and
indicate that a problem may be developing, before any further damage has occurred.

Stage 2: As the problem becomes more severe, further changes take place such as
insulation breakdown, overheating, or overvoltage. Since the change from normal to
abnormal is great, traditional devices can be used to interrupt power. A protection relay
can also be used to provide additional protection by detecting the fault contributors
(overheating, overvoltage, etc.) not possible with fuses and circuit breakers.

Stage 3: At this point, the problem has occurred and caused damage. Different types of
protective relays and monitors can reduce or eliminate damage because they detect
problems in advance of traditional devices.

As an example, if a facility is continually resetting circuit breakers, replacing fuses, or

repairing equipment and cannot locate the problem, they may be experiencing
overcurrents. If this is the case, the user can install a protection relay that has an
overcurrent feature. The relay measures the current (input) and allows the user to
program limits (settings) into the relay. The settings typically are more sensitive than the
fuses or circuit breakers. Once these limits are exceeded, the protection relay will operate
an internal switch (relay contacts). The user has the option to use the switch to turn on a
light (alarm indication) or remove power (shunt-trip) before greater problems occur. The
user can use the alarm indication to help identify the faulty equipment prior to the
traditional device clearing the fault.

Relay operation:

An electromechanical relay will pick up and start to close its contacts when the current
reaches the pickup value. At the inverse-time pickup current, the operating forces are
very low and timing accuracy is poor. The relay timing is accurate at about 1.5 times
pickup or more, and this is where the time-current curves start (Fig. 4) [not included
here]. This fact must be considered when selecting and setting the relay.
When the relay contacts close, they can bounce, opening slightly and creating an arc
that will burn and erode the contact surfaces. To prevent this, overcurrent relays have
an integral auxiliary relay with a seal-in contact in parallel with the timing relay contacts
that closes immediately when the relay contacts touch. This prevents arcing if the relay
contacts bounce. This auxiliary relay also activates the mechanical flag that indicates
that the relay has operated.

When the circuit breaker being controlled by the relay opens, the relay coil is
deenergized by an auxiliary contact on the breaker. This protects the relay contacts,
which are rated to make currents up to 30A but should not break the inductive current of
the breaker tripping circuit, to prevent arcing wear. The disk is then returned to its initial
position by the spring. The relay is reset. Reset time is the time required to return the
contacts fully to their original position. Contacts part about 0.1 sec (six cycles) after the
coil is deenergized. The total reset time varies with the relay type and the time-dial
setting. For a maximum time-dial setting (contacts fully open), typical reset times might
be 6 sec for an inverse-time relay and up to 60 sec for a very inverse or extremely
inverse relay. At lower time-dial settings, contact opening distance is less, therefore
reset time is lower.

A solid-state relay is not dependent on mechanical forces or moving contacts for its
operation but performs its functions electronically. Therefore, the timing can be very
accurate even for currents as low as the pickup value. There is no mechanical contact
bounce or arcing, and reset times can be extremely short.

 Relay for Protection, Control and Automation system for Station

equipment.
 Safety Circuits, Force Guided versus General Purpose Relays
 Mixing Different Ratio CTS in High Impedance Bus Protection Schemes
 Differential Protection Relay for Generators and Motors
 Predicting Current Differential Relay Tripping and Targeting When Testing at Final Settings
 Capacitor Bank Protection and Control
 Protection and Control System Using Open Network Architecture for Power Systems
 Ground Differential Protection: Revisited
 Commissioning Numerical Relays
 Improved Power Transformer Protection Using Numerical Relays
 Improving Power System Reliability Using Multifunction Protective Relays
 Ground Fault Protection: A Technology Overview
 Coordinated Protection, Control & Automation Schemes for Microgrids.

Diagram/Circuit
 -:-

 Electrical Power System Protection and Equipment

Protection with Relays:

Types of Electrical Protection Relays or Protective Relays

Definition of Protective Relay

A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit and
closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker trip
coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty portion of
the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy circuit.

Now let’s have a discussion on some terms related to protective relay.

Pickup Level of Actuating Signal:

The value of actuating quantity (voltage or current) which is on threshold above which
the relay initiates to be operated.

If the value of actuating quantity is increased, the electromagnetic effect of the relay coil
is increased, and above a certain level of actuating quantity, the moving mechanism of
the relay just starts to move.

Reset Level:
The value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and comes in
original position.

Operating Time of Relay:

Just after exceeding pickup level of actuating quantity the moving mechanism (for
example rotating disc) of relay starts moving and it ultimately closes the relay contacts
at the end of its journey. The time which elapses between the instant when actuating
quantity exceeds the pickup value to the instant when the relay contacts close.

Reset Time of Relay:

The time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity becomes less
than the reset value to the instant when the relay contacts return to its normal position.

Reach of Relay:
A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay is less than the pre-
specified impedance. The actuating impedance in the relay is the function of distance in
a distance protection relay. This impedance or corresponding distance is called the
reach of relay.

Power system protection relays can be categorized into different types of relays.

Types of Relays
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their characteristic, logic, on actuating
parameter and operation mechanism.

Based on operation mechanism protection relay can be categorized as electromagnetic

relay, static relay and mechanical relay. Actually, a relay is nothing but a combination of
one or more open or closed contacts. These all or some specific contacts the relay
change their state when actuating parameters are applied to the relay. That means
open contacts become closed and closed contacts become open. In an electromagnetic
relay, these closing and opening of relay contacts are done by the electromagnetic
action of a solenoid.

In the mechanical relay, these closing and opening of relay contacts are done by
mechanical displacement of different gear level system.

In static relay it is mainly done by semiconductor switches like thyristor. In digital relay
on and off state can be referred as 1 and 0 state.

Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

8. Definite time relays

9. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
10. Instantaneous relays.
11. IDMT with inst.
12. Stepped characteristic.
13. Programmed switches.
14. Voltage restraint over current relay.

Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-

 12. Differential.
13. Unbalance.
14. Neutral displacement.
15. Directional.
16. Restricted earth fault.
17. Over fluxing.
18. Distance schemes.
19. Bus bar protection.
20. Reverse power relays.
21. Loss of excitation.
22. Negative phase sequence relays etc.

Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-

5. Current relays.
6. Voltage relays.
7. Frequency relays.
8. Power relays etc.

Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as-

3. Primary relay.
4. Backup relay.

Primary relay or primary protection relay is the first line of power system protection
whereas backup relay is operated only when primary relay fails to be operated during
fault. Hence backup relay is slower in action than primary relay. Any relay may fail to be
operated due to any of the following reasons,

1. The protective relay itself is defective.

2. DC Trip voltage supply to the relay is unavailable.
3. Trip lead from relay panel to circuit breaker is disconnected.
4. Trip coil in the circuit breaker is disconnected or defective.
5. Current or voltage signals from CT or PT respectively is unavailable.

As because backup relay operates only when primary relay fails, backup protection
relay should not have anything common with primary protection relay.
Some examples of Mechanical Relay are-

1. Thermal
o OT trip (Oil Temperature Trip)
o WT trip (Winding Temperature Trip)
o Bearing temp trip etc.
2. Float type
o Buchholz
o OSR
o PRV
o Water level Controls etc.
3. Pressure switches.
4. Mechanical interlocks.
5. Pole discrepancy relay.

 ZONES OF PROTECTION

To limit the extent of the power system that is disconnected when a fault occurs,
protection is arranged in zones. The principle is shown in Figure 2.5. Ideally, the
zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of the power system is left
unprotected. This is shown in Figure 2.6(a), the circuit breaker being included in both
zone.

For practical physical and economic reasons, this ideal is not always achieved,
accommodation for current transformers being in some cases available only on one
side of the circuit breakers, as shown in Figure 2.6(b). In this example, the section
between the current transformers and the circuit breaker A is not completely
protected against faults. A fault at F would cause the busbar protection to operate
and open the circuit breaker but the fault may continue to be fed through the feeder.
If the feeder protection is of the type that responds only to faults within its own zone
(see section 2.5.2), it would not operate, since the fault is outside its zone. This
problem is dealt with by intertripping or some form of zone extension, to ensure that
the remote end of the feeder is also tripped.
The point of connection of the protection with the power system usually defines the
zone and corresponds to the location of the current transformers. Unit type
protection results in the boundary being a clearly defined closed loop. Figure 2.7
shows a typical arrangement of overlapping zones.

Alternatively, the zone may be unrestricted; the start will be defined but the extent
(or ‘reach’) will depend on measurement of the system quantities and will therefore
be subject to variation, owing to changes in system conditions and measurement
errors.
 Earth Fault Portection.
 Parallel Feeder Portection.
 Protection, Control & Automation
List Different Protective Relays are used for Different Power System Equipment
Protection

Now let’s have a look on which different protective relays are used in different power
system equipment protection schemes.

Relays for Transmission & Distribution Lines Protection

SL Lines to be protected Relays to be used

400 KV Main-I: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme

1
Transmission Line Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme

Main-I : Non switched distance scheme (Fed from Bus PTs)

220 KV
2 Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed from line CVTs)
Transmission Line
With a changeover facility from bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa.

Main Protection : Switched distance scheme (fed from bus PT).

132 KV
3 Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and
Transmission Line
1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay.

4 33 KV lines Non-directional IDMT 3 O/L and 1 E/L relays.

5 11 KV lines Non-directional IDMT 2 O/L and 1 E/L relays.

Relays for Transformer Protection

Voltage Ratio and
SL Capacity of Relays on HV Side Relays on LV Side Common Relays
Transformer

Differential Relay or
Overall differential
Relay
3 nos Non-Directional
Overflux Relay
O/L Relay
Buchholz Relay
11/132 KV 1 no Non-Directional
1 –– OLTC Buchholz
Generator Transformer E/L Relay
Relay
and/or standby E/F +
PRV Relay
REF Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

2 13.8/220 KV 3 nos Non-Directional –– Differential Relay or

15.75/220 KV O/L Relay Overall differential
18/400 KV 1 no Non-Directional Relay
21/400 KV E/L Relay Overflux Relay
Generator Transformer and/or standby E/F + Buchholz Relay
 OLTC Buchholz
Relay
PRV Relay
REF Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Differential Relay
3 nos Non-Directional Overflux Relay
O/L Relay Buchholz Relay
220 /6.6KV 1 no Non-Directional 3 nos Non-Directional OLTC Buchholz
3
Station Transformer E/L Relay O/L Relay Relay
and/or standby E/F + PRV Relay
REF Relay OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
3 nos Non-Directional 3 nos Non-Directional OLTC Buchholz
4 Gen-volt/6.6KV UAT
O/L Relay O/L Relay Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz
132/33/11KV upto 8 3 nos O/L Relay 2 nos O/L Relays Relay
5
MVA 1 no E/L Relay 1 no E/L Relay PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Differential Relay
Buchholz Relay
132/33/11KV above 8 3 nos O/L Relay OLTC Buchholz
3 nos O/L Relay
6 MVA & 1 no Directional E/L Relay
1 no E/L Relay
below 31.5 MVA Relay PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

7 132/33KV, 31.5 MVA & 3 nos O/L Relay 3 nos O/L Relay Differential Relay
above 1 no Directional E/L 1 no E/L Relay Overflux Relay
Relay Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz
Relay
PRV Relay
 OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
220/33 KV, 31.5MVA & Buchholz Relay
3 nos O/L Relay 3 nos O/L Relay
OLTC Buchholz
8 1 no Directional E/L 1 no Directional E/L
50MVA 220/132KV, Relay
Relay Relay
100 MVA PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay

Differential Relay
3 nos Directional O/L
Overflux Relay
Relay
3 nos Directional O/L Buchholz Relay
(with dir.highset)
Relay OLTC Buchholz
1 no Directional E/L
(with dir.highset) Relay
9 400/220KV 315MVA relay.
1 no Directional E/L PRV Relay
Restricted E/F relay
relay. OT Trip Relay
3 nos Directional O/L
Restricted E/F relay WT Trip Relay
Relay for
Over Load (Alarm)
action
Relay

Points to be remembered in respect of protection of transformers

1. No Buchholz relay for transformers below 500 KVA capacity.

2. Transformers up to 1500 KVA shall have only Horn gap protection.
3. Transformers above 1500 KVA and upto 8000 KVA of 33/11KV ratio shall have one
group control breaker on HV side and individual LV breakers if there is more than one
transformer.
4. Transformers above 8000 KVA shall have individual HV and LV circuit breakers.
5. The relays indicate above shall be provided on HV and LV.
6. LAs to be provided on HV and LV for transformers of all capacities and voltage class.
7. OLTC out of step protection is to be provided where master follower scheme is in
operation.
8. Fans failure and pumps failure alarms to be connected.
9. Alarms for O.T., W.T., Buchholz (Main tank AND OLTC) should be connected.

 Definite Time Lag Relay

 During relay coordination in electrical power system protection scheme, there is
some time intentionally required, to operate some specific relays after some
specific time delays. Definite time lag relays are those which operate after a
specific time.
The time lag between instant when the actuating current crosses the pickup level
and the instant when relay contacts finally closed, is constant. This delay does
not depend up on magnitude of actuating quantity. For all actuating quantity,
above pick up values, the relay operating time is constant.

 Inverse Time Relay | Definite…

Inverse Time Relay | Definite Time Lag Relay

September 1, 2018 by Electrical4U

In this type of relays, the time of operation depends upon the magnitude of actuating
quantity. If the magnitude of actuating quantity is very high, the relay operation is very
fast. In other words, the relay operating time that is time delay in the relay is inversely
proportional to the magnitude of actuating quantity.
The general characteristics of an inverse time relay is shown are in figure below.

Here, in the graph it is clear that, when, actuating quantity is OA, the operating time of
the relay is OA’, when actuating quantity is OB, the relay operating time is OB’ and
when actuating quantity is OC, the relay operating quantity is OC’.
In the graph above, it is also observed that, when actuating quantity is less than OA, the
relay operating time becomes infinity, which means for actuating quantity less than OA,
the relay does not at all actuate. This minimum value of actuating quantity for which a
relay initiates its operation is known as pick up value of actuating quantity. Here it is
denoted as OA.
It is also seen from the graph that, when actuating quantity approaches to infinity along
x axis the operating time does not approach to zero. The curve approaches to an
approximately constant operating time. This is approximately minimum time required to
operate the relay.

The inverse time relay, where the actuating quantity is current, is known as inverse
current relay.
In this type of relay, the inverse time is achieved by attaching some mechanical
accessories in the relay.
Inverse time delay is achieved in induction disc relay by providing a permanent magnet
in such a way, that, when disc rotates, it cuts the flux of permanent magnet. Due to this,
current is induced in the disc which slows down the movement of the disc. A solenoid
relay can be made inverse time relay, by providing a piston and an oil dash-pot. A
piston, attached to the moving iron plunger, is immersed in oil in a dash-pot. When the
solenoid relay is actuated, the piston moves upwards along with iron plunger.

Viscosity of oil slows the upward movement of plunger. The speed of this upward
movement against gravity also depends upon how strongly the solenoid attracts the iron
plunger. This attraction force of the solenoid depends upon the magnitude of actuating
current. Hence, time of operation of relay is inversely proportional to actuating current.

o Instantaneous Relay:

Instantaneous

In a simple way electrical relay is shown in the figure above. Here the fixed coil is fed
from the circuit to be protected. When there is a current in fixed coil above the pick up
value, the iron plunger is so attracted, it moves upward and makes NO contact closed.
The function of this relay is very fast. The normally open (NO) contacts of the relay are
closed as soon as current in the fixed coil crosses the pick up value. This is a simplest
example of instantaneous relay. Because ideally there is no time delay between the
instant when actuating current crosses the pick up level and the instant of closing the
No contacts.

Definition of Instantaneous Relay

An instantaneous relay is one in which there is no time delay provided intentionally.
More specifically ideally there is no time required to operate the relay. Although there is
some time delay which can not be avoided.

As the current coil is an inductor, there would be a certain delay to reach the current in
the coil to its maximum value. There is also some time required for mechanical
movement plunger in the relay. These time delays are inherent in the instantaneous
relay but no other time delay is intentionally added. These relays can be operated in
less than 0.1 sec.

Examples of Instantaneous Relays

There are various types of relay which can be considered as instantaneous relay. Such
as, attracted armature relay where an iron plunger is attracted by an electromagnet to
actuate the relay. When attractive force of the electromagnet crosses its pick up level,
the iron plunger starts move towards the magnet and crosses the relay contacts. The
magnetic strength of the electromagnet depends upon the current flows the coil
conductors.

Another popular example of instantaneous relay, is solenoid type relay. When current
in the solenoid crosses pick up value, the solenoid attracts an iron plunger which moves
to close the relay contacts.
Balance beam relay is also an well known example of instantaneous relay. Here
balance of one horizontally placed beam is disturbed due to pick up current in the relay
coil. Due to unequal torques at two ends of the beam, it starts rotating against the hinge
and ultimately closes the contacts of the relay.

 Over Current Relay Working…

Over Current Relay Working Principle Types

In an over current relay or o/c relay the actuating quantity is only current. There is
only one current operated element in the relay, no voltage coil etc. are required to
construct this protective relay.

Working Principle of Over Current Relay

In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current
flows through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move
the moving element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than
deflecting force. But when the current through the coil increases, the magnetic effect
increases, and after a certain level of current, the deflecting force generated by the
magnetic effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force. As a result, the moving
element starts moving to change the contact position in the relay. Although there are
different types of overcurrent relays but basic working principle of overcurrent
relay is more or less same for all.

Types of Over Current Relay

Depending upon time of operation, there are various types of Over Current relays,
such as,

1. Instantaneous over current relay.

2. Definite time over current relay.
3. Inverse time over current relay.

Inverse time over current relay or simply inverse OC relay is again subdivided as
inverse definite minimum time (IDMT), very inverse time, extremely inverse time
over current relay or OC relay.

Instantaneous Over Current Relay

Construction and working principle of instantaneous over current relay is quite

simple.
Here generally a magnetic core is wound by a current coil. A piece of iron is so fitted by
hinge support and restraining spring in the relay, that when there is not sufficient current
in the coil, the NO contacts remain open. When the current in the coil crosses a preset
value, the attractive force becomes enough to pull the iron piece towards the magnetic
core, and consequently, the no contacts get closed.

We refer the pre-set value of current in the relay coil as pickup setting current. This
relay is referred as instantaneous over current relay, as ideally, the relay operates as
soon as the current in the coil gets higher than pick upsetting current. There is no
intentional time delay applied. But there is always an inherent time delay which we
cannot avoid practically. In practice, the operating time of an instantaneous relay is of
the order of a few milliseconds.

Definite Time Over Current Relay

This relay is created by applying intentional time delay after crossing pick up the value
of the current. A definite time overcurrent relay can be adjusted to issue a trip output
at an exact amount of time after it picks up. Thus, it has a time setting adjustment and
pickup adjustment.

Inverse Time Over Current Relay

Inverse time is a natural character of any induction type rotating device. Here, the speed
of rotation of rotating part of the device is faster if the input current is more. In other
words, time of operation inversely varies with input current. This natural characteristic of
electromechanical induction disc relay is very suitable for overcurrent protection. If the
fault is severe, it will clear the fault faster. Although time inverse characteristic is
inherent to electromechanical induction disc relay, the same characteristic can be
achieved in microprocessor-based relay also by proper programming.

Inverse Definite Minimum Time Over Current Relay or IDMT O/C Relay

Ideal inverse time characteristics cannot be achieved, in an overcurrent relay. As the

current in the system increases, the secondary current of the current transformer is
increased proportionally. The secondary current enters the relay current coil. But when
the CT becomes saturated, there would not be a further proportional increase of CT
secondary current with increased system current. From this phenomenon, it is clear that
from trick value to certain range of faulty level, an inverse time relay shows specific
inverse characteristic. But after this level of fault, the CT becomes saturated and relay
current does not increase further with increasing faulty level of the system. As the relay
current does not increase further, there would not be any further reduction in time of
operation in the relay. We define this time as the minimum time of operation. Hence, the
characteristic is inverse in the initial part, which tends to a definite minimum operating
time as the current becomes very high. That is why the relay is referred as inverse
definite minimum time over current relay or simply IDMT relay.

Transformer Protection Temperature Relay:

Pt100 Temperature-Relay,  protection of transformers,  4 Sensors Pt100, 4 Limits, Monitoring of
core, fan control, Panel mount.
Temperature relay to protect transformers against excess temperature and to control a fan.
The temperatures in the windings are monitored with three Pt 100 sensors. The core
temperature can be monitored with a fourth sensor.
The 4 alarms/output relays are used to control the fan, to signal an advance warning and to
switch-off the transformer.

The considerations for a transformer protection vary with the application and importance
of the power transformer.

It is normal for a modern relay to provide all of the required protection functions in a
single package, in contrast to electromechanical types that would require several relays
complete with interconnections and higher overall CT burdens.

Table 1 – Transformer fault types/protection methods

No. Fault Type Protection used

1. Primary winding Phase-Phase fault Differential; Overcurrent
2. Primary winding Phase-Earth fault Differential; Overcurrent
Secondary winding Phase-Phase
3. Differential
fault
4. Secondary winding Phase-Earth fault Differential; Restricted Earth Fault (REF)
5. Interturn Fault Differential; Buchholz
6. Core Fault Differential; Buchholz
7. Oil tank Fault Differential; Buchholz; Tank Earth
8. Overfluxing Overfluxing
9. Overheating Thermal
  Transformer Protection.
1. Transformer overcurrent protection

a.Fuses

b.Overcurrent relays
2. Restricted earth fault protection (REF)

3. Differential protection.

Overcurrent relays

With the advent of ring main units incorporating SF6 circuit breakers and isolators,
protection of distribution transformers can now be provided by overcurrent trips.

For example, tripping controlled by time limit fuses connected across the
secondary windings of in-built current transformers) or by relays connected to current
transformers located on the transformer primary side.

Overcurrent relays are also used on larger transformers provided with standard circuit
breaker control.

Improvement in protection is obtained in two ways: The excessive delays of the

HRC fuse for lower fault currents are avoided and an earth-fault tripping element is
provided in addition to the overcurrent feature. The time delay characteristic should be
chosen to discriminate with circuit protection on the secondary side.

A high-set instantaneous relay element is often provided, the current setting being

chosen to avoid operation for a secondary short circuit.

This enables high-speed clearance of primary terminal short circuits.

Figure 1 – Overcurrent relay arrangement with CT’s, including 50/51N.

Restricted earth fault protection (REF)

Conventional earth fault protection using overcurrent elements fails to provide adequate

protection for transformer windings. This applies particularly to a star-connected winding
with an impedance-earthed neutral.

The degree of protection is very much improved by the application of restricted earth

fault protection (or REF protection). This is a unit protection scheme for one winding of
the transformer. It can be a high impedance type as shown in Figure 4 or a biased
low-impedance type.

For the high-impedance type, the residual current of three line current transformers is
balanced against the output of a current transformer in the neutral conductor. In the
biased low-impedance version, the three phase currents and the neutral current
become the bias inputs to a differential element.

The system is operative for faults within the region between current transformers, that
is, for faults on the star winding in question. The system remains stable for all faults
outside this
zone.
Figure 3 – Restricted earth fault protection for a star winding

The gain in protection performance comes not only from using an instantaneous relay
with a low setting, but also because the whole fault current is measured, not merely
the transformed component in the HV primary winding (if the star winding is
a secondary winding).

Hence, although the prospective current level decreases as fault positions progressively

nearer the neutral end of the winding are considered, the square law which controls the
primary line current is not applicable, and with a low effective setting, a large
percentage of the winding can be covered.

Restricted earth fault protection is often applied even when the neutral is solidly
earthed. Since fault current then remains at a high value even to the last turn of the
winding (Figure 4), virtually complete cover for earth faults is obtained.

This is an improvement compared with the performance of systems that do not measure
the neutral conductor current.

Figure 4 – Earth fault current in resistance-earthed star winding

Earth fault protection applied to a delta-connected or unearthed star winding is

inherently restricted, since no zero sequence components can be transmitted through
the transformer to the other windings.
Both windings of a transformer can be protected separately with restricted earth fault
protection, thereby providing high-speed protection against earth faults for the whole
transformer with relatively simple equipment.

A high impedance relay is used, giving fast operation and phase fault stability.

Differential protection
The restricted earth fault schemes described above depend entirely on the Kirchhoff
principle that the sum of the currents flowing into a conducting network is zero.

A differential system can be arranged to cover the complete transformer. This is

possible because of the high efficiency of transformer operation, and the close
equivalence of ampere-turns developed on the primary and secondary windings.

Figure 5 shows the principle. Current transformers on the primary and secondary sides
are connected to form a circulating current system.

Figure 5 – Principle of transformer differential protection

3.1 Basic considerations for transformer differential protection

In applying the principles of differential protection to transformers, a variety of

considerations have to be taken into account.

These include:

1. Correction for possible phase shift across the transformer windings (phase

correction)
2. The effects of the variety of earthing and winding arrangements (filtering of zero
sequence currents)
3. Correction for possible unbalance of signals from current transformers on either
side of the windings (ratio correction)
4. The effect of magnetizing inrush during initial energization
5. The possible occurrence of overfluxing
In traditional transformer differential schemes, the requirements for phase and ratio
correction were met by the application of external interposing current transformers
(ICTs), as a secondary replica of the main winding connections, or by a delta
connection of the main CTs to provide phase correction only.

Digital numerical relays implement ratio and phase correction in the relay software
instead, thus enabling most combinations of transformer winding arrangements to
be catered for, irrespective of the winding connections of the primary CTs.

This avoids the additional space and cost requirements of hardware interposing

CTs.

Go back to contents ↑

3.2 Line current transformer primary ratings

Line current transformers have primary ratings selected to be approximately equal to

the rated currents of the transformer windings to which they are applied. Primary ratings
will usually be limited to those of available standard ratio CTs.

Go back to contents ↑

3.3 Phase Correction

Correct operation of transformer differential protection requires that the transformer

primary and secondary currents, as measured by the relay, are in phase. If the
transformer is connected delta/star, as shown in Figure 6, balanced three-phase
through current suffers a phase change of 30°.

If left uncorrected, this phase difference would lead to the relay seeing through current
as an unbalanced fault current, and result in relay operation. Phase correction must be
implemented.
Figure 6 – Differential protection for two-winding delta/star transformer

Electromechanical and static relays use appropriate CT/ICT connections to ensure that

the primary and secondary currents applied to the relay are in phase.

For digital and numerical relays, it is common to use starconnected line CTs on all
windings of the transformer and compensate for the winding phase shift in software.

Depending on relay design, the only data required in such circumstances may be the
transformer vector group designation. Phase compensation is then performed
automatically.

Caution is required if such a relay is used to replace an existing electromechanical or

static relay, as the primary and secondary line CTs may not have the
same winding configuration.

Phase compensation and associated relay data entry requires more detailed

consideration in such circumstances.

Rarely, the available phase compensation facilities cannot accommodate the

transformer winding connection, and in such cases interposing CTs must be used.
PROTECTION SCHEME
  Microprocessor based Relay Portection & Control of Electrical
System.

o. Type Functionality

UTXvZRP UTXvZRP series 3 UTXvZRP series 2

37, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,

21Z/21ZN, 21GC, 21FL, 25, 50/51/67, 59, 21Z/21ZN, 21GC, 21FL, 25, 50/51/67, 59,
27, 49, 32, 46, 47, 50N/51N, 67N, 27, 49, 32, 46, 47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2),
50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74, 68, 50BF, 79, 74, 68, 21SOTF/50SOTF,
Universal
21SOTF/50SOTF, 94,87LP, 85-21/85- 94,87LP, 85-21/85-87LP/77/68, 64.
distance,
1 differential, 87LP/77/68, 64. HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
overcurrent and HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET, LGC, VTFF, 62.
LGC, VTFF, 62.
earth fault
protection relay IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

UTXvZ UTXvZ series 3 UTXvZ series 2

37, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,

21Z/21ZN, 21GC, 21FL, 25, 50/51/67, 59,
21Z/21ZN, 21GC, 21FL, 25, 50/51/67, 59,
27, 49, 32, 46, 47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2),
27, 49, 32, 46, 47, 50N/51N, 67N,
50BF, 79, 74, 21SOTF/50SOTF, 94, 68, 62,
50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74, 21SOTF/50SOTF,
Universal 85-21/77/68, 64.
94, 68, 62, 85-21/77/68, 64.
2 distance, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
overcurrent and HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET, LGC, VTFF.
LGC, VTFF.
earth fault
protection relay
IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

3 UTXvRP UTXvRP series 3 UTXvRP series 2

 37, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,
21GC, 25, 50/51/67, 59, 27, 49, 32, 46,
21GC, 25, 50/51/67, 59, 27, 49, 32, 46,
47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74,
47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74,
94, 21SOTF/50SOTF, 62, 87LP,
94, 21SOTF/50SOTF, 62, 87LP,
Universal 85-87LP/77/68, 64.
85-87LP/77/68, 64.
differential, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
overcurrent and HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET, LGC, VTFF.
LGC, VTFF.
earth fault
protection relay IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

UTXvD UTXvD series 3 UTXvD series 2

37, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,

21GC, 25, 50/51/67, 59, 27, 49,32, 46,
21GC, 25, 50/51/67, 59, 27, 49,32, 46,
47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74,
47, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2), 50BF, 79, 74,
94, 62, 64, 21SOTF/50SOTF.
94, 62, 64, 21SOTF/50SOTF.
Universal HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
4 overcurrent and HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
LGC, VTFF.
LGC, VTFF.
earth fault
protection relay IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

UTXvS UTXvS series 3 UTXvS series 2

37, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,

21GC, 49, 32, 46, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2), 21GC, 49, 32, 46, 50N/51N, 67N, 50H(2),
50BF, 79, 74, 94, 62, 64, 50BF, 79, 74, 94, 62, 64, 21SOTF/50SOTF.
21SOTF/50SOTF. HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, LGC,
5 Universal earth HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, LGC, VTFF.
fault protection VTFF.
relay
IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

6 UTXvTR UTXvTR series 3 UTXvTR series 2

Universal 23/26, 87T, 50/51/67, 50H(2), 50H(5), 50BF, 74,

 87T, 50/51/67, 50H(2), 50H(5), 50BF, 74,
62.
62.
HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
differential HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
LGC.
power LGC.
transformer
protection relay IEC 61850, XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.

UTXvL UTXvL series 3 UTXvL series 2

37, 25, 37BC, 23/26, 81U, 81O,

50/51/67, 59, 27, 49, 32, 90Q, 41N, 90C,
50/51/67, 59, 27, 49, 32, 90Q, 41N, 90C,
46, 47, 50N/51N, 59N, 67N, 21YN,
46, 47, 50N/51N, 59N, 67N, 21YN,
21YNR, 64G,50H(2), 50BF, 81U/81O, 79-
Universal 21YNR, 64G,50H(2), 50BF, 81U/81O, 79-
81O, 79, 74, 50SOTF, 94, 68, 62, 64.
protection relay 81O, 79, 74, 50SOTF, 94, 68, 62, 64.
7 for a line with HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
LGC, VTFF.
the neutral point LGC, VTFF.
in any
configuration. IEC 61850, XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

UTXvMSZ+(LRW) UTXvMSZ+(LRW) series 3

50BF, 74, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, LGC,

Universal busbar
MET.
8 protection relay
and circuit
IEC 61850,
-breaker failure XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
protection
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.

UTXvMSZ UTXvMSZ series 3

74, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, LGC.

9 Universal busbar
IEC 61850,
protection relay XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.

10 UTXvLRW UTXvLRW series 3

Universal circuit 50BF, 74, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, LGC,
 MET.
-breaker failure IEC 61850,
protection
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.

UTXvMR UTXvMR series 3

87, 74, HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, LGC,

Universal
MET.
11 differential
protection relay
IEC 61850,
of line with XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
branches
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.

UTXvP UTXvP series 3 UTXvP series 2

23/26, 81U, 81O,

59, 27, 46, 47, 59N, 81U/81O, 74, 62, 64.
59, 27, 46, 47, 59N, 81U/81O, 74, 62, 64.
HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, MET, LGC,
HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, MET, LGC,
VTFF.
12 Universal VT bay VTFF.
protection relay IEC 61850,
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS, DiffChannel
TRbus.
TRbus.

UTXvA UTXvA series 2

50/51/67, 59, 27, 32, 90Q, 41N, 90C, 46,

47, 50N/51N, 59N, 67N, 21YN, 21YNR,
Universal 64G, 50H(2), 50BF, 81U/81O, 79-81O, 79,
13 autonomous 74, 50SOTF, 94, 68, 62, 64.
protection relay HMI, DFR, SER, PMU, CLK, TCM, MET,
for HV or MV LGC, VTFF.
bay
XMD CCbus, Alice’79 AAbus, IEC 60870-
5-103, PPM2 CANBUS.