1 Flux produced by the voltage coil

2 Flux produced by the current coil

Torque is produced by any of the flux
and the eddy current due to the other flux
T 1 2 sin

is the angle between 1and 2 or I1 and I2

T VI cos
AC/DC SEGREGATION
 Developments In RELAYING TECHNOLOGY
ELECTROMECHANICAL
Mechanical force causing operation of a relay
Mech force is generated through the electrical actuating
quantity.( Eg: current in a winding or two)
Use magnets/coils/induction disc etc to realise relay
characteristics
STATIC RELAYS (From early 1960s)
No moving parts to create the relay characteristics.
Use analogue electronic devices to create relay chars.
characteristics
Earlier versions use transistors and diodes
Later ones use integrated circuits
 Developments In RELAYING TECHNOLOGY
DIGITAL RELAYS (Early 1980s)
A/D conversion for input analogue quantities
Microprocessors and micro controllers replaced analogue
circuits to develop relay logics
Communication facility to a remote computer
NUMERICAL RELAYS
Natural replacement of digital relays
Specialised digital signal processors
Powerful micro processors
Single hardware item provides a range of functions.(One
box solution)
Recording /logging/measurements features added.
CHRONOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
 CHRONOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT

Latest in the family : NUMERICAL RELAYS

 WHAT IS A NUMERICAL RELAY?
NUMERICAL RELAY

Analogue PROCESSOR
DATA PROCESSING
PRIMARY Signals
DIGITAL SIGNAL ALGORITHM
EQUIPMENT PROCESSOR DECESION MAKING
PRGRAMABLE LOGICS
CT/PT CONDITION MONITORING
EVENT LOGGING
EXTERNAL DISTURBANCE RECORDING
DIGITAL MEASUREMENTS
BINARY
INPUTS I/P
BREAKER O/P RELAYS DISPLAY
TRIP COMMAND
KEY PAD Communication
port
OPERATOR
INTERFACE OWS/SCADA/ DCS
REMOTE STATION
 NUMERICAL RELAYS: FEATURES
Processor based protective system
Converts the analogue input quantities to
digital quantities
Protective algorithms realised in the processor
Trip output to breaker issued through o/p
relays
Communicates to SCADA through
communication ports
 Numerical Relays : Advantages

Powerful processors used for realising the algorithms,

result in high accuracy
No mechanical moving parts: free from aging problems
Integration of many protections in one hardware unit :
space saving
Flexibility in operating characteristics
Integration with computerised control system
Self diagnosis
Easy for upgradation, keypad for user interface
Many setting groups with manual/automatic change over
facility.
 NUMERICAL RELAYS: EXTRA FEATURES

CT/VT supervision
Disturbance Recording
Event logging
Measuring.
User defined/ programmable Logics.
CB monitoring.