Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,

Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017

Question Paper Solution for Mid Term: I/II/Extra/Imp. Examination-20__
Branch : Civil Engineering Semester/session: IV Submitted by: Pooja Jain
Subject Code: 4CE4-08 Subject: Concrete Technology

Answer 1: Any material that can acts as a binding agent for materials (aggregates) is called cement or
cementitious material. It have following properties:
 Have good Adhesive and cohesive property
 On adding water Hydration takes place which is directly affect strength of concrete.
 It has some Initial setting time. For OPC it is 30 minutes
 It has some Final setting time. For OPC = 10 hours/600 minutes
 Normal consistency of the cement lies between 26 -33 %.

Answer 2: Ingredients in concrete mix and their function are tabulated as follows:
1 Lime CaO 60-67% Controls strength and soundness
2 Silica SiO2 17-25% Excess of this cause low setting time
3 Alumina Al2O3 3-8% Imparts quick setting property
4 Iron Oxide Fe2O3 0.5-0.6% Colour
5 Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 1-3% Regular setting time
6 Magnesia MgO 0.1-4% Imparts hardness and colour
7 Sulphur SO3 1.3-3% Excess makes the cement unsound
8 Alkalies K2O, Na2O 0.4-1.3% Excess cause efflorescence

Answer 3: Water-cement ratio is the Ratio of mass of ‘free water’ (excluding that absorbed by aggregates
before mixing) to cement in a mix.

It range between 0.35 – 0.65. It is the most important indicator for strength purpose. If w/c ratio is low then
the concrete gain Higher strength. So Low w/c ratio is good. As per Abram’s Law : Water-cement ratio is
inversely proportional to compressive strength of concrete.

Answer 4: Difference between Segregation and Bleeding:

Segregation is separation of constituent materials of
concrete mix so that the mix is no longer in
homogenous condition. It is of two types:
1) Coarse Aggregate separating out / settling down
from mix
2) Coarse Aggregate separating out / settling down
from mix
For preventing it we can do some safety measures:
Concrete mix should be properly designed with
optimum quantity of water. Field quality control
must be maintained while handling, transporting,
placing & compacting and finishing concrete. If at
any stage segregation is observed, then remixing
should be done to make the concrete again
homogeneous. Admixtures, such as pozzolanic
materials or air entraining agent should be used to
avoid segregation. Concrete should not be allowed
to fall from greater heights. It should be placed
as near its final position as possible.
Bleeding is appearance of water along with cement
particles on the surface of freshly laid concrete. It is
also defined as Tendency of water to rise to surface
of freshly laid concrete. Due to water has low
specific gravity than other ingredients of concrete.
So under the gravity large particles settle down and
water rise up with some cement particles.
This is occurring due to over limit of compacting.
Bleeding may be reduced by:
1. Increasing cement fineness.
2. Increasing the rate of hydration.
3. Using air-entraining admixtures.
4. Reducing the water content.

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 Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017
Question Paper Solution for Mid Term: I/II/Extra/Imp. Examination-20__
Branch : Civil Engineering Semester/session: IV Submitted by: Pooja Jain
Subject Code: 4CE4-08 Subject: Concrete Technology

Answer 5: For mix proportioning we have to study or knowing about following design requirements and these
data are selected appropriately.
1) Grade of concrete
2) Type of cement
3) Type and size of aggregates
4) Nominal maximum size aggregate
5) Max/Min cement content (kg/m3)
6) Type of mixing and curing
7) Maximum water to cement ratio
8) Degree of workability
9) Air content
10) Type of admixture used
11) Max/Min. density of concrete
12) Max/Min. temperature of fresh concrete
The steps involved in the mix design as per IS 10262:2019 are as follows:
A-1: Stipulations for proportioning
A-2: Test data for materials
A-3: Target strength for mix proportioning
A-4: Approximate air content
A-5: Selection of water cement ratio
A-6: Selection of water content
A-7: Calculation of cement content
A-8: Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content
A-9: Mix calculations
A-10: Mix proportions for trial number 1
A-11: Adjustment on water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate ( if they are in dry condition)
A-12: Mix proportions after adjustment for dry aggregates
A-13, A-14 and A-15 do as per needed.

Answer 6: Permeability of concrete is defined as the property that controls the rate of flow of fluids into a
porous solid. It largely depends on the size of pores, connectivity of pores, and how tortuous the path is
for the permeating fluid. The pores relevant to permeability are those with a minimum diameter of 120 or
160 nm, and they have to be connected. Isolated pores, pores filled with water, and pores with a narrow
entrance are irrelevant to permeability. There are several factors which influence the durability of concrete
are as follows:
1) water to cement ratio: The higher the w/c ratio the greater the concrete permeability. In this case, not
only does sizable free water remain in concrete after completion of cement hydration but also particles of
cement and aggregate would not be as compact as in the case of low water to cement ratio. Consequently,
it creates pores which are not filled with hydration product. Hence, concrete would be permeable when
free water leaves the pores due to evaporation or any other reason. Typically, at a water cement ratio of
around 0.4, permeability is practically nil. Finally, superplasticizer with mixture allows the use of low
water to cement ratio, so concrete with low permeability can be produced with the use of superplasticizer.
2) Compaction of Concrete: When concrete is adequately compacted, air-voids and trapped bleed water in
concrete are eliminated. As a result, pores and more importantly interconnected pores are avoided and
eventually concrete permeability is declined. Therefore, it is crucial to select and use proper and suitable

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 Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017
Question Paper Solution for Mid Term: I/II/Extra/Imp. Examination-20__
Branch : Civil Engineering Semester/session: IV Submitted by: Pooja Jain
Subject Code: 4CE4-08 Subject: Concrete Technology

compaction equipment during concrete placement and supervise the work to achieve the desired
compaction.
3) Curing of Concrete: It is obvious that curing of concrete substantially influences the permeability of
concrete. Sufficient curing allows proper cement hydration. Subsequently, pores in concrete would be
filled with hydration product.
4) Other Factors: There are other factors that affect concrete permeability, but are not as influential as
those discussed above. For example, age of concrete, cement properties, aggregate, use of admixtures, and
loss of mixing water. Permeability declines as the concrete age increases because pores would be filled by
hydration product.
Answer 7: Property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can
be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is the ability of concrete to flow and work with concrete.
Property of concrete which determines the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full
compaction. Factors affecting Workability of concrete are as following:
 Influence of mix proportion
Amount of water, aggregates, admixtures, etc
 Influence of aggregate properties
Specific surface area (SSA), shape and size, etc
 Influence of admixtures
Plasticizers, super plasticizers, etc
 Effect of Environmental conditions
Temperature, freezing, thawing, etc
 Effect of time
Evaporation
In short, factors affecting are
 Cement content
 Water content
 Mix proportions
 Size of aggregates
 Shape of aggregates
 Grading of aggregates
 Surface texture of aggregates
 Use of admixtures in concrete
 Time and environmental

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