Pressure Transient Analysis

Orientation/Diagnostics

Thomas A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu
Slide — 1
Pressure Transient Analysis: Philosophy/Objectives
Q. Issues with pressure transient analysis (PTA)?
A. Design → implementation → interpretation → analysis → review.
z Objectives of Pressure Transient Testing:
„Evaluate reservoir pressure (initial or average pressure).
„Evaluate reservoir fluid (fluid samples collected for lab study).
„Estimate reservoir properties: k, S, xf, λ, ω, etc.
„Estimate reservoir volumetrics: fluid-in-place, drainage area.
z Input Data:
„BOTTOMHOLE pressure data (accurate to < 1 part in 10,000).
„SURFACE flowrate data (often poorly measured/recorded).
„Fluid properties: FVF, viscosity, compressibility, ...
„Reservoir properties: h, φ, rw, cf, ...
z Results of PTA Interpretation:
„Productive capacity of the WELL (damage/stimulation).
„Productive capacity of the RESERVOIR (transmissibility).
„Current average reservoir pressure.
„Reservoir limits (for production to pseudosteady-state).
„Well interference effects.
„Well/Reservoir specific parameters: Cs, xf, λ, ω, Lfault, rcomp, kv/kh, ...

z Discussion: Pressure Transient Analysis — Philosophy/Objectives

„ Design/implementation issues? (prepare well for testing, model test)
„ Interpretation/analysis issues? (model uniqueness)
Slide — 2
Pressure Transient Analysis: Summary of Diagnostics
Q. Key elements of PTA diagnostics?
A. Utilize "regime-specific" data functions, use multiple data functions.

z Discussion: Pressure Transient Analysis — Summary of Diagnostics

„ Δp function (pressure drop)? (traditional diagnostic)
„ Δpd function (Bourdet derivative)? (primary diagnostic — IARF)
„ Δpβd function (β-derivative)? (new diagnostic — VF, NF, Hz, Faults, etc.)
Slide — 3
Diagnostic Plot: Infinite Acting Radial Flow
Type Curve for an Unfractured Well in an Infinite-Acting Homogeneous Reservoir
with Wellbore Storage and Skin Effects.
3
10
Legend: Radial Flow Type Curves
pD Solution
pDd Solution
100
pDβ d Solution 10 80
2
10 10 60
50 10
10 40
30 10
20 10
10 15
Wellbore Storage 10 10
8 10
Domination Region 104 106
1 10 3
10 1 10210
3 10 -2
3×10 1×10-2
pD, pDd and pDbd

100 2s -3
10 CDe =1×10
0
10
Radial Flow Region
2s -3
CDe =1×10 CDe =1×10
2s -3

-1 -3
10 3×10-2 3×10-2
-1 1 1×10
10
3 2 101 3
104 10
10 106 8
10 10
1015
20 10
10 10
30
-2 Wellbore Storage 40 50
10 10 10 60
Distortion Region 80 10
10
100
10

-3
10
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

tD/CD

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Infinite Acting Radial Flow

„ Δp function? ("hockey stick" behavior — WBS → IARF)
„ Δpd function? (IARF — pDd = 1/2)
„ Δpβd function? (WBS Domination — pDβd = 1)
Slide — 4
Diagnostic Plot: Sealing Faults
Dimensionless Pressure Derivative Type Curves for Sealing Faults
(Inifinite-Acting Homogeneous Reservoir)
4
10
Legend: "Bourdet" Well Test Pressure Derivative
Single Fault Case
2 Perpendicular Faults (2 at 90 Degrees) 3 Perpendicular
2 Parallel Faults (2 at 180 Degrees) Faults
3
10 3 Perpendicular Faults (3 at 90 Degrees)
β-Pressure Derivative Function, pDβd = (tD/pD) d/dtD(pD )

"Bourdet" Well Test Pressure Derivative, pDd = tD dpD/dtD

2 Parallel
Faults
2
10
pDd = tD dpD/dtD

1
10 2 Perpendicular
Faults

Undistorted
Single
Radial Flow Behavior
0 Fault
10

3 Perpendicular 2 Parallel 2 Perpendicular

Faults Faults Faults
-1
10

pDβ d = (tD/pD) dpD/dtD Single

Fault

-2 Legend: β -Pressure Derivative Function

10
Single Fault Case
2 Perpendicular Faults (2 at 90 Degrees)
2 Parallel Faults (2 at 180 Degrees)
3 Perpendicular Faults (3 at 90 Degrees)
-3
10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2
tD/LD (LD = Lfault/rw)

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Sealing Faults

„ Δp function? (not included in this plot)
„ Δpd function? (IARF — pDd = 1/2; single/2-perpendicular faults = constant)
„ Δpβd function? (2-parallel/3-perpendicular faults = constant)
Slide — 5
Diagnostic Plot: Fractured Well (no WBS)
Type Curve for a Well with a Finite Conductivity Vertical
Fractured in an Infinite-Acting Homogeneous Reservoir
(CfD = (wkf)/(kxf) = 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 10000)
1
10

CfD=0.25
0.5 1
0
10 4
CfD=1×10 5 Radial Flow Region
pD, pDd and pDβd

3
1×10 500
2
1
0.5
-1 1 CfD=0.25
10 2

-2
10
Legend:
pD Solution
pDd Solution
4
CfD=1×10 pDβd Solution
-3
10
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
tDxf

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Fractured Well (no WBS)

„ Δp function? (BLF: pD = 1/4 slope, FLF: pD = 1/2 slope)
„ Δpd function? (BLF: pDd = 1/4 slope, FLF: pDd = 1/2 slope, IARF: pDd = 1/2)
„ Δpβd function? (BLF: pDβd = 1/4, FLF: pDβd = 1/2)
Slide — 6
Diagnostic Plot: Fractured Well (w/WBS)
Type Curve for a Well with Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture in an Infinite-Acting
Homogeneous Reservoir with Wellbore Storage Effects CfD = (wkf)/(kxf)= 10
1
10
2 0
Legend: CfD = (wkf)/(kxf)= 10 1×10 1
1×10
1×10
pD Solution -1 1×10
-2
1×10
pDβd Solution -3
2 1×10
0 1×10
10
-3
1×10 1×10
-5 -4
Wellbore Storage 1×10
-6
Domination Region CDf=1×10
-2
1×10
-1 -4 0
10 1×10 1×10
1 1×10
pD and pDβd

2
-5 1×10
1×10
-6
CDf=1×10
-2
10
Radial Flow Region

-3 Wellbore Storage
10
Distortion Region

-4
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
tDxf/CDf

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Fractured Well (w/WBS) (THIS CASE)

„ Δp function? (WBS: pD = 1 slope, BLF: pD = 1/4 slope)
„ Δpd function? (not included on this plot)
„ Δpβd function? (WBS: pDβd = 1, BLF: pDβd = 1/4)
Slide — 7
Diagnostic Plot: Horizontal Well (no WBS)
Type Curve for a Infinite Conductivity Horizontal Well in an Infinite-Acting
Homogeneous Reservoir (LD= 0.1, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100).
2
10

LD= 0.1
0.125
1
10
0.25

0.5 1
LD= 0.1
pD, pDd and pDβd

0.125
0
Infinite Conductivity
10 0.25
Vertical Fracture
0.5
5 100
10 5
10 25
50
-1
10 1
25
0.5
50
0.25
100
-2 25
Legend: 0.125
10 L=0.1
pD Solution
50 Infinite Conductivity pDd Solution
Vertical Fracture
pDβ d Solution
-3
10
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

tDL

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Horizontal Well (no WBS) (THIS CASE)

„ Δp function? (FLF: pD = 1/2 slope)
„ Δpd function? (FLF: pDd = 1/2 slope, IARF: pDd = 1/2)
„ Δpβd function? (FLF: pDβd = 1/2)
Slide — 8
Diagnostic Plot: Horizontal Well (w/WBS)
Type Curve for an Infinite Conductivity Horizontal Well in an Infinite-Acting
Homogeneous Reservoir with Wellbore Storage Effects (LD = 100).
2
10
Legend: LD = 100
pD Solution Radial Flow Region
1
pDβ d Solution
10 2
1×10 1 -1
1×10
Wellbore Storage 1 1×10
-2
Domination Region 1×10 1×10
-3
1×10
-4

-6
0 CDL=1×10
pD and pDβd

10 -5
1×10

-6
-5
CDL=1×10
1×10
-4
-3 1×10
-1 1×10
10 1
-1
-2
1×10
1 1×10
1×10
2
1×10

-2
10
Wellbore Storage
Distortion Region

-3
10
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
tDL/CDL

z Discussion: Diagnostic Plot — Horizontal Well (w/WBS) (THIS CASE)

„ Δp function? (WBS: pD = 1 slope, FLF: pD = 1/2 slope)
„ Δpd function? (not included on this plot)
„ Δpβd function? (WBS: pDβd = 1, FLF: pDβd = 1/2)
Slide — 9