+1 CBSE - MATHS CDF MATERIAL (01-36) .PMD

CBSE + 1 MATHEMATICS CDF MATERIAL
1. SETS
1. Set: A well defined collection of objects is called a set
2. Few examples of sets
N : The set of all natural numbers
Z : The set of all integers
Q : The set of all rational numbers
R : The set of all real numbers
Z+ : The set of all positive integers
Q+ : The set of all positive rational numbers
R+ : The set of all positive real numbers

T : The set of all irrational numbers
3. Roster or Tabular form: The form in which all the elements of the set are listed with commas in
between them and enclosed in { } is called roster form
4. Set builder form: The elements of the set are represented by a single common property possessed by
all the elements of the set and not by any element outside the set.
5. If x is an element in set A it is denoted by x  A
6. If x is not an element in set A it is denoted by x  A
7. The number of distinct elements in a set S is denoted by n  S 

8. Empty set: A set which does not contain any element is called empty set or void set or null set, it is
denoted by  or { } .
9. Finite and infinite set: A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called
finite set otherwise it is called infinite set
10 Equal and Unequal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same
elements. It is denoted by A  B . Otherwise, the sets are unequal and is represented by A  B .
11. Subset: A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B. It is
denoted by A  B .
12. Proper subset: Let A and B be two sets. If A  B and A  B , then A is called proper subset of B
and B is called superset of A.
13. Singleton set: If a set A has only one element then it is called a singleton set. Ex. A  a is a singleton
set.
14. N  Z  Q  R, T  R , N  T
15. Open interval : Let a, b  R and a  b , then the set of real numbers  y : a  y  b is called an
open interval and is denoted by  a, b 
NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 1]

16. Closed interval: Let a, b  R and a  b , then the set of real numbers  y : a  y  b is called a
closed interval and is denoted by  a, b 
17. Power set: The collection of all subsets of a set A is called power set of A. It is denoted by P  A
18. If A is a set with n  A  m , then n  P  A    2 m

19. Universal set: A set which contains all the elements under consideration is calleduniversal set. It is
denoted by U.
20. Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B is the set C which contains of all those elements which
are either in A or in B (including those which are in both).
It is denoted by A  B   x : x  A or x  B
21. Properties of operation of union:
i) Commutative law: A  B  B  A
ii) Associative law:  A  B   C  A   B  C  .
iii) Law of identity: A    A (  -identity element)

iv) Idempotent law: A  A  A
v) Law of U: U  A  U
22. Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all elements common to both
A and B.It is denoted by A  B .
A  B   x : x  A and x  B
23. Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are such that A  B   , then A and B are called disjoint sets.
24. Properties of operation of intersection
i) Commutative law: A  B  B  A
ii) Associative law :  A  B   C  A   B  C 

iii) Law of  and U:   A   , U  A  A
iv) Idempotent law : A  A  A
v) Distributive law : A   B  C    A  B    A  C 
25. Difference of sets: The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set of element which belong
to A but not B. It is denoted as A  B .
A  B   x : x  A and x  B
26. Complement of a set : Let U be the universal set and A be a subset of U, then the complement of set
A is the set of element of U that are not the elements of A.
A' U  A

27. Properties of complement set
i) Complement laws : (i) A A'  U ii) A  A '  
ii) De morgan’s laws : i)  A  B  '  A ' B ' ii)  A  B  '  A '  B '
iii) Law of double complement :  A ' '  A

iv) Laws of empty set and universal set :  '  U , U '  
28. n  A  B   n  A  n  B   n  A  B 
29. n  A  B  C   n  A  n  B   n  C   n  A  B   n  B  C   n  A  C   n  A  B  C 
30. n  A  B   n  A  n  A  B 
31. Notations:
i) Not A = A '
ii) A or B = A  B
iii) A and B = A  B
iv) A but not B = A  B or A  B '
v) Neither A nor B = A ' B '
2.RELATONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Ordered pair: A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order.
2. Cartesian product: Cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is denoted by P  Q and is
defined as P  Q   p, q  : p  P , q  Q , if either P or Q is the null set then P  Q   .
3. If  a, b    x, y  then a  x and b y
4. i) If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in A × B,
i.e., if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq
ii) If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A × B.
5. i) A  B  C    A B   A C 
ii) A  B  C    A B   A C 
6. Ordered triplet: A  A  A   a, b, c  : a, b, c  A ,  a, b, c  is called ordered triplet.
7. Relation: A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian
product A × B.
8. Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called
the domain of the relation R.
9. Range: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the range of the relation R.
n  A n B 
10. Number of relations from A to B is 2
11. A relation R from A to A is called a relation on A.
12. Function: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one
and only one image in set B. The set A is called domain and set B is called codomain of f
13. If f is a function from A to B, and  a, b   f , then we can denote it as f  a   b .

Here ‘b’ is called image of a under f and ‘ a ’ is called pre-image of ‘ b ’ under f.
The Range of the function is the set of images.
14. Real valued function: A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its range is called a real
valued function. Further, if its domain is also either or a subset of R, it is called a real function.
15. Identity function: A function f : R  R defined by f  x   x is called identity function.
Domain = R, Range = R
16. Constant function: A function f : R  R defined by f  x   c (c is constant) is called constant

function. Domain = R, Range = {c}
17. Polynomial function: A function f : R  R by f  x   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ......  an x n , where
n  z   0 and a0, a1 ,,....an  R is called polynomial function.
18. Rational function: If f , g are polynomial functions of x defined in a domain, where g  x   0 .Then
f f  f  x
the function defined by    x   is called rational function.
g g g  x
19. The Modulus function: The function f : R  R is defined by f  x   x is called modulus function,
 x, x  0
where f  x    Domain = R , Range = R   0
 x, x  0
 1, if x  0

Signum function: The function f : R  R by   
f x  0, if x  0
20. is called signum function.
1, if x  0

Domain = R , Range = 1, 0,1

21. Greatest integer function: The function f : R  R defined by f  x   [ x] , where [ x ] =greatest
integer less than or equal to x is called greatest integer function. Domain = R , Range = Z
22. Addition of two real functions: f : X  R, g : X  R then
f  g  : X  R is defined by f  g  x   f  x   g  x  for all x  X .

23. Subtraction of a real functions: f : X  R, g : X  R then f  g: X  R
defined by  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  for all xX.

24. Multiplication by scalar: Let f : X  R be a real valued function and  be a scalar, then
 f : X  R is defined by  f  x    . f  x  for all x  X .
25. Multiplication of two real functions: The product (or multiplication) of two real functions f : X  R
and g : X  R is a function fg : X  R defined by (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x  X
26. Quotient of two real functions: Let f and g be two real functions defined from X  R,
f  f  f  x
where X  R. The quotient of f by g denoted by is a function defined by ,  g   x   g x ,
g    
provided g  x   0, x  X
3.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Angle: Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point.The original ray is
called initial side and final position of the ray after rotation is called terminal side of the
angle.
th
 1 
2. Degree measure: If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side is   of a revolution,
 360 
the angle is said to have a measure of one degree 10 ,10  60', 1'  60 ''

3. Radian measure : The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length one unit in a unit
circle is said to have a measure of one radian 1c 
4. A circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle  radian at the centre then
l
 or l  r
r
5. Relation between degree and radian:
2 radians  360 0
 radians  1800
180 0
1 radian   57 0161 ( approx )


1 degree =  0.01746 radians (approx)
180
6. Relation between degree measure and radian measure of some common angles
Degree 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600
    3
Radians  2
6 4 3 2 2
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
7. In a right angled triangle, the trigonometric ratios of acute angles as the ratio of sides defined as follows
opp.side Hyp
sin x  cos ec x 
Hyp opp.side
adj.side Hyp
cos x  s ec x 
Hyp adj.side
opp.side adj.side
tan x  cot x 
adj.side opp.side

8. Relation between the trigonometric ratios:
1
a) cos ecx   cos ecx.sin x  1
sin x
1
b) s ecx   s ecx.cos x  1
cos x
1
c) cot x   cot x.tan x  1
tan x
9. Trigonometric identities
i) sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x
ii) sec 2 x  tan 2 x  1  sec 2 x  1  tan 2 x  tan 2 x  sec2 x  1
iii) cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x  1  cos ec 2 x  1  cot 2 x  cot 2 x  cos ec 2 x  1
iv) cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x  1   cos ecx  cot x  cos ecx  cot x   1
v) s ec 2 x  tan 2 x  1   s ecx  tan x  s ecx  tan x   1

10. Trigonometric functions when the angle is negative
sin   x    sin x cos ec( x )   cos ecx
cos   x   cos x s ec( x )  s ecx
tan   x    tan x cot( x)   cot x
11. 
0 0
  
a. For 90  x , 270  x Trigonometric functions Changes
sin  cos, tan  cot, sec  cos ec
b. For 180 0
 x  ,  3600  x  no changes

12. Trigonometric values table
13. Domain and range of trigonometric functions
Compound angles
14. The sum or the difference of two or more angles is calleed compound angles.
1. sin  x  y  = sin x cos y  cos x sin y
2. sin  x  y  = sin x cos y  cos x sin y

3. cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
4. cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
 tan x  tan y
5. If none of the angles x, y and (x + y) is an odd multiple of , then tan  x  y  
2 1  tan x tan y
 tan x  tan y
6. If none of the angles x, y and (x - y) is an odd multiple of , then tan  x  y  
2 1  tan x tan y
cot x cot y  1
7. If none of the angles x, y and (x + y) is a multiple of  , then cot  x  y  
cot y  cot x
cot x cot y  1
8. If none of the angles x, y and (x - y) is a multiple of  , then cot  x  y  
cot y  cot x
  1  tan x
9. tan   x  
4  1  tan x
  1  tan x
10. tan   x  
4  1  tan x
11. sin  x  y  .sin  x  y   sin 2 x  sin 2 y  cos 2 y  cos 2 x
12. cos  x  y  .cos  x  y   cos 2 x  sin 2 y  cos 2 y  sin 2 x
0 0 3 1
15. i) sin15  cos 75 
2 2
0 0 3 1
iii) cos15  sin 75 
2 2
iii) Tan150  cot 750  2  3
iv) Cot150  Tan 750  2  3
16. Multiple angles
2 Tan x 
i) sin 2 x  2sin x cos x ; sin 2 x  2 , if x  n  , where n  Z
1  Tan x 2
cos2x  2cos2 x 1
cos2x  1  2sin2 x
ii) cos 2 x  co s 2 x  sin 2 x ; 1 tan2 x 
cos2x  2
if x  n  , where n  Z
1 tan x 2

2 tan x 
iii) Tan 2 x  2 , if 2 x  n  , where n  Z
1  tan x 2
iv) sin 3x  3sin x  4 sin 3 x
v) cos3 x  4 cos 3 x  3cos x
3tan x  tan 3 x 
vi) Tan 3x  , if 3 x  n  , where n  Z
1  3tan 2 x 2
17. 1  cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x
x x
1  cos x  2 cos 2 1  cos x  2 sin 2
2 2
TRANSFORMATIONS
 x y  x y
18. i) sin x  sin y  2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
 x y  xy
ii) sin x  sin y  2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
 x y  x y
iii) cos x  cos y  2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
 x y  x y
iv) cos x  cos y  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
19. i) 2sin x cos y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y 
ii) 2cos x sin y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y 
iii) 2cos x cos y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 
iv) 2sin x sin y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y  or 2sin x sin y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
20. Trigonometric Equation:
Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called trigonometric equations.
21. Principal solutions:
The solutions of trigonometric equations for which 0  x  2 are called principal solutions.

22. General solution:
The expression involving integer ‘n’ which gives all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called
general solution.
i) The general solution of sin x  0 is x  n , n  Z 
  
ii) The general solution of cos x  0 is x   2n  1 , n  Z 
 2 
iii) The general solution of tan x  0 is x  n , n  Z 
23.  n
i) If s in x  s in y then general solution is x  n    1 y , n  Z 
ii) If cos x  cos y then general solution is x  2 n   y, n  Z 
iii) If tan x  tan y then general solution is x  n   y , n  Z  , where if x and y are not odd

mulitples of
2
4. PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

1. Principle of mathematical induction: Let p  n  be the given statement
i) prove that p 1 is true
ii) Assume that p  k  is true

iii) Using (i) and (ii) prove that statement is true for n  k  1 , then the statement is true n  N ,
is called principle of mathematical induction.
n  n  1
2. 1  2  3      n   n  , n  N
2
n  n  1 2 n  1
3. 12  2 2  32  ....  n 2   n 2  , n  N
6
2
3 3 3 3 n 2  n  1
3
4. 1  2  3  ....  n   n  , n  N
4
5. 1  3  5  ....   2n  1  n 2 , n  N
6. 2  4  6  ....   2n   n  n  1 , n  N

5. COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. i  1 , i 2  1, i3  i , i 4  1
 i 4 k  1, i 4 k 1  i, i 4 k  2  1, i 4 k 3  i where k  Z
2. A number of the form a + ib is called a complex number, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are real num bers.
In z = a+ib where ‘a’ is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and ‘b’ is called the imaginary
part of z denoted by Im(z).
i) If a = Re(z) = 0 then z is purely imaginary.
ii) If b = Im(z) = 0 then z is purely real
iii) Equality of complex numbers: Two complex numbers z1  a  ib and z2  c  id are equal
if a  c and b  d .
3. Addition of complex numbers: If z1  a  ib, z 2  c  id then, z1  z2   a  c   i  b  d 

4. Addition of complex numbers satisfies Closure law, communtative law, associative law, existence of
identity, existence of additive inverse.
5. 0+i0 is called the additive identity.
6. To every complex number z = a + ib, we have the complex number – a + i (– b) (denoted as - z), called
the additive inverse or negative of z.
7. Difference of complex numbers: Difference of z1 , z2 is z1  z2  z1    z2 
8. Multiplication of complex numbers: z1  a  ib, z 2  c  id then z1 z2   ac  bd   i  ad  bc 

9. There exists a complex number 1+i0 (denoted as 1), called the multiplictive identity such that z.
1= z, for every complex number z.
10. For a non zero complex number z = a + ib, the multiplicative inverse is
1  a   b 
z 1  = 2 2 
 i 2 2 
z  a b   a b 
11. Distributive law: z1  z 2  z 3   z1 z 2  z1 z 3 ,  z1  z 2  z 3  z1 z 3  z 2 z 3 .

12. a . b   ab for a  0 and b  0 .
13. For any two complex numbers z1 , z 2 following identites hold
2 2
(i)  z1  z 2   z12  z 22  2 z1 z 2 (ii)  z1  z 2   z12  z 22  2 z1 z 2
3 3
(iii)  z1  z 2   z13  3 z12 z 2  3 z1 z 22  z 23 (iv)  z1  z 2   z13  3 z12 z 2  3 z1 z 22  z 23
(v) z12  z 22   z1  z 2  z1  z 2 
14. Modulus of a complex number: Let z = a+ib, be a complex number then modulus of z denoted
by z , is defined as z  a 2  b 2 which is non negative real number..

z1 z1
15. Properties of modulus : (i) z1 z 2  z1  z 2 (ii) z  z
2 2
16. Conjugate of a complex number: Conjugate of a complex number z = a + i b denoted by z , is

defined as z  a  ib
17. Properties of conjugate:
(i) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 (ii) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 (iii) z1 z 2  z1 z 2
 z1  z1
(iv)   
 z2  z2
Where z 2  0 (v) z z  z
2

(vi) z  z
18. Complex plane (or) Argand plane: The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its points
is called complex plane or Argand plane
19. In argand plane x-axis is called real axis, y-axis is called imaginary axis
20. The polar form of the complex number z = x + iy is z = r  cos  i sin   , where r  z  x2  y2 and
x y
cos   , sin   , where  is known as the argument of z or amplitude of z. The value of  ,
r r
such that      , is called the principal argument of z.
21. A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots.
22. The soultion of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , where a, b, c  R , a  0 , are given by
b  b2  4ac
x .
2a
6. LINEAR INEQUALITIES
1. Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbol <, >,  or  is called
inequality
2. If the inequalities contain the symbols < or > then the inequalities are called Strict inequalities
3. If the inequalities contain the symbols  or  then the inequalities are called Slack inequalities
4. ax  b  0, ax  b  0, ax  b  0, ax  b  0 are examples of linear inequalities in onevariable x .
5. ax  by  c, ax  by  c, ax  by  c, ax  by  c are examples of linear inequalities in two
variables x and y
6. ax 2  bx  c  0, ax 2  bx  c  0 are examples of quadratic inequalities in one variable x .
7. The set of values of the variable which makes given inequalities a true statement is called its solution
set.
8. If we multiply both sides of an inequality by a negative number then, the sign of inequality is reversed.

9. Equal numbers may be added to (or subtracted from) both sides of an inequality then the sign of
the inequality remians same.
10. To represent x  a ( or x  a ) on a number line, put a circle on the number ‘a’ and dark line to the left
(or right) of the number ‘a’.
11. To represent x  a (or x  a ) on a number line, put a dark circle on the number ‘a’ and dark the line
to left (or right) of the number ‘a’.
12. If an inequality is having  or  symbol, then the points on the line are also included in the solutions
of the inequality and the graph of the inequality lies left (below) or right (above) ofthe graph of the
equality represented by dark line that satisfies an arbitrary point in that part.
13. If an inequality is having  or  symbol, then the points on the line are not included in the solutions
of the inequality and the graph of the inequality lies to the left (below) or right (above) of the graph of
the corresponding equality represented by dotted line that satisfies and arbitrary point in that part.
14. The solution region of a system of inequalities is the region which satisfies all the given inequalities in
the system simultaneously.
7.PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING: If an event can occur in m different
ways,following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of ways of
occurrence of the events in the given order is m × n.
2. FACTORIAL NOTATION:
The product of first n natural numbers is called factorial n,denoted by n!
n !  1 2  3  ........  n  1  n ; n !  n   n  1 ! if n  2 ; n !  n   n  1   n  2  ! if n  3
3. The value of 0! is __________ (Answer: 1)
4. The value of 1! is ___________(Answer: 1)
5. PERMUTATION: A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of
objects taken some or all at a time.
6. The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at time o  r  n and the objects
do not repeat is n Pr  n  n  1 n  2  .....(n  r  1)
n n!
Pr  ,0  r  n
 n  r !
7. The value of n Pn is _________(Answer: n!)
8. The value of n P0 is _________(Answer: 1)

9. PERMUTATIONS WHEN REPETITIONS ALLOWED: The number of
permutations of n different objects taken r at time, where repetition is allowed, is nr .

10. The number of permutations of n objects, where p objects are of same kind and rest are all different
n!
=
p!
11. The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of second kind,
n!
… .., pk are of kth kind and rest if any are different kind is =
p1 ! p2 !.... pk !
12. COMBINATIONS: The selection of objects is called as combination. The number of ways of
selecting ‘r’ objects from given ‘n’ different objects is
n n!
Cr  , 0rn
r ! n  r !
13. The value of n C0 is _____( Answer: 1)
14. The value of n Cn is _____( Answer: 1)
15. n
Pr   n Cr  r ! , 0  r  n
n
16. C n  r  n Cr
n
17. Ca  n Cb  a  b  or  a  b  n
n n 1
18. Cr  n Cr 1  Cr
8.BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Binomial expansion for any positive integer n is:

n
a  b  n C0 a n  n C1a n 1b  n C2 a n 2b 2  .....  n Cn 1ab n 1  n Cnb n
n
n
 a  b     n Ck a n k b k  here the coefficients n Cr occuring in the binomial theorem are known as
k 0
binomial coefficients.
n
2. The expansion  a  b  contains (n+1) terms
Some important expansions
n n n
3. x  y  n C0 x n  n C1 x n 1 y  n C2 x n  2 y 2  .........   1 Cn y n
n
4. 1  x   n C0  n C1 x  n C2 x 2  n C3 x 3  ........  n Cn x n
n n n
5. 1  x   n C0  n C1 x  n C2 x 2  n C3 x 3  ........   1 Cn x n

n
6. C0  n C1  n C2  n C3  ........  n Cn  2 n
n n n
7. C0  n C1  n C2  n C3  ........   1 Cn  0
n th
8. General term: In  a  b  expansion,  r  1 term is called general term and Tr 1  n Cr a n r b r
n
9. Middle term: In  a  b  expansion
th
n 
(i) If n is even then number of terms n+1 will be odd, middle term is   1 term.
2 
(ii) If n is odd then number of terms n+1 is even. Hence there will be two middle terms, namely
th th
 n 1  n 1 
  term and   1 term
 2   2 
9. SEQUENCES AND SERIES

1. Sequences : An arrangement of numbers in definite order according to some rule.
2. Notation : Various numbers occurring in a sequence are called terms denoted by a1, a2, a3 , …an.
where an is called nth term or general term.
3. A sequence having finite number of terms is Finite sequence otherwise it is an Infinite sequence
4. Fibonacci sequence : A sequence defined by the recurrence relation a1 = a2 = 1,
an = an-2 + an-1, n>2
5. Series : Let a1, a2, a3, …. an be a given sequence then, the expansion a1 + a2 + a3 + ….. + an is called
n
the series associated with given sequence. We denote a1+ a2 + ……… +an by Sn ak
k1
6. Arithmetic progression (A.P) : A sequence a1, a2,…..an ,..... is called A.P, if an+1 = an + d , n  N
a1 is called first term d is called common difference, d  a2  a1 or d  a3  a2 ,.....
7. Other notation for A.P : A.P with first term a, common difference d is a, a+d, a+2d, …… nth term
(or) General term = Tn (or) an=a+(n-1)d
8. Properties of A.P:
(i) If a constant is added to each term of an A.P., the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

(ii) If a constant is subtracted from each term of an A.P., the resultingsequence is also an A.P.
(iii) If each term of an A.P. is multiplied by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
(iv) If each term of an A.P. is divided by a non-zero constant then the resulting sequence is also an A.P
9. Sum of n terms of a A.P. a, a+d, ……….a+(n-1) d is Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] (or)
Sn = (a+l) where l = a +(n-1)d
10. ARITHMETIC MEAN: Given two numbers a and b. We can insert a number A between them so
that a, A, b is an A.P. Such a number A is called the arithmetic mean (A.M.) of the numbers a and b
a b
i) Arithmetic mean of a, b is A =
2
ii) If A1 , A2 , A3 ,... An be n arithmetic means between a and b then a, A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An , b is an A.P with
ba
common difference d = and A.M’s are A1 = a+d, A2 = a+2d……., An = a+nd.
n 1
a c
iii) If a, b, c are in A.P. then b-a = c-b, (or) 2b = a+c or b=
2
11. Geometric progression (G.P.) :
a k 1
i) A sequence a1, a2.. an is called G.P, if each term is non zero and a  r (constant) for k  1 ,
k
a2 a3 a4 a
   .....  k 1  r ; a is called first term, r is called common ratio.
a1 a2 a3 ak 1
b c
ii) If a, b, c are in G.P. then  or b2 = ac or b  ac
a b
12. Other form of G.P :
G.P. with first term a, common ratio r is a, ar, ar2, ….. arn-1, General term = nth term = Tn = an = arn-1
13. Sum of n terms of G.P. a, ar, ar2, ………arn-1, is
a 1  r n 
i) S n  if r < 1
1 r
a  r n  1
ii) S n  if r > 1
r 1
iii) S n  na, if r = 1
14. i) If a and b are any positive numbers then ab is the Geometric Mean (G.M.) of a and b.
ii) Let G1 , G2 ,...., Gn be n geometric means inserted between positive numbers a and b such that
1
 b  n1
a, G1 , G2 ,...., Gn , b is a G.P with common ratio r   
a
G1  ar , G2  ar 2 , G3  ar 3 , ....... Gn  ar n
ab
15. Relationship between A.M and G.M: Let a, b be any two positive numbers, then  ab
2
i.e., A.M.  G.M
16. Sum to n terms of special series
n
n  n  1
i) 1  2  ...  n   k 
k 1 2
2 2 2 2
n
n  n  1 2n  1
ii) 1  2  ...  n   k 
k 1 6
2
3 3 3
n
3 n 2  n  1
iii) 1  2  ...  n   k 
k 1 4
10. STRAIGHT LINES

2 2
1. The distance between the points P  x1 , y1  , Q  x2 , y2  is PQ =  x 2 - x1  +  y 2 - y 1 
2. The coordinates of the point ‘P’ which divides A  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  in the ratio m : n internally is
 mx + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
P = 2 , ; m + n  0
 m+n m+n 
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
3. The coordinates of the mid point P of the joining A  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  is P =  , 
 2 2 
4. The area of triangle formed by the vertices A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  is

1
x1  y 2 - y 3  + x 2  y 3 - y1  + x 3  y 1 - y 2  sq. units
2

5. If the area of triangle with the points A,B and C is equal to zero , then the points A,B,C are collinear.
6. Inclination: The angle  made by the line l with positive direction of x-axis and measured anti clock-
wise is called the inclination of the line. Obviously 00    1800
7. Slope: If  is the inclination of a non vertical line ‘ l ’ then tan  is called the slope or gradient of the
line ‘ l ’ and it is denoted by ‘m’ .
8. (i) Inclination of x-axis is 00 , y-axis is 900
(ii) Inclination of horizontal line is 00 , vertical line is 900
(iii) Slope of x-axis is 0, slope of y-axis is not defined
(iv) Slope of horizontal line is 0, slope of vertical line is not defined
9. The slope (m) of a non-vertical straight line passing through the points P  x1 , y1  and Q  x2 , y2  is
y2  y1
m
x2  x1
10. i) The acute angle between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 respectively, is given by
m2  m1
tan  
1  m1m2 where m1m2  1 .
ii) Two non - vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal
iii) Two non - vertical lines with slopes m1 , m2 are perpendicular to each other if and only if m1m2  1
11. The equation of the horizontal line which is at a distance of k units
(i) above the X-axis is y = k
(ii) below the X- axis is y = –k.
12. The equation of a vertical line which is at a distance of k units to
(i) the right side of the Y - axis is x = k
(ii) the left side of the Y–axis is x = -k

13. Point slope form : The equation of the line passing through the point  x0 , y0  and having slope ‘m’ is
y  y0  m  x  x0 
y 2 - y1
14. Two point form : The equation of the line joining P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  is y - y1 = x - x  x - x1 
2 1
15. Slope intercept form:

(i) The equation of the line with slope m and y-intercept ‘c’ is y = mx + c
(ii) The equation of the line passing through origin with slope ‘m’ is y = mx
16. The equation of the line with slope m and x intercept d is y = m  x  d 
x y
17. Intercept form : The equation of the straight line having x-intercept ‘a’ and y-intercept ‘b’ is + =1
a b
18. Normal form : The equation of the line which is at a distance of p units from the origin and
  0    3600  is the angle made by the normal with the positive direction of x-axis is
xcosω + ysinω = p
19. General equation of straight line is Ax + By + C = 0 . The slope of non vertical line Ax  By  C  0 is
A
m=
B
c c
20. The x and y intercepts made by the line ax  by  c  0 are  and  respectively..
a b
21. Let a1 x  b1 y  c1  0, a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 be any two non-vertical lines
a1 b1
i) If the lines are intersecting then a  b .
2 2
a1 b1
ii) If the lines are parallel then condition is a = b .
2 2
iii) If the lines are perpendicular then condition is a1a2 +b1b2 = 0
a1 b1 c1
iv) If the lines coincide then a  b  c
2 2 2
a x1  b y1  c
22. The length of the perpendicular (d) from  x1 , y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 is d 
a 2  b2

c
23. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the line ax  by  c  0 is
a2 + b 2
c1 - c 2
24. The distance (d) between two parallel lines y  mx  c1 and y  mx  c2 is given by d = 2
1+m
C1 - C2
25. The distance (d) between two parallel lines Ax  By  C1  0 and Ax  By  C2  0 is d =
A2 + B2
11. CONIC SECTIONS

1. Cone : In cone, V is called vertex, VC is called axis,  is semi vertical angle of cone, VA is a
generator of the cone.
C A
B
2. Conic sections : If we take the intersection of a plane with a cone, the section so obtained is called a
conic section  is angle made by plane with vertical axis of conic.
i) Circle : Is a conic section when   900
ii)Ellipse : Is a conic section when     900
iii)Parabola : Is a conic section when   
iv)Hyperbola : is a conic section with 0    

3. Degenerated conic sections :
When the plane cut at the vertex of the cone then section is
i) A point when     900 ; ii) A straight line when   
iii) A pair of intersecting lines if 0    
4. Circle : The set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane. The fixed point
is called centre, fixed distance is called radius.
5. Equation of circle with centre (h, k) and radius r is (x- h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2.
6. Parabola: A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line and a fixed
point (not on the line) in the plane
7. The fixed line is called the Directrix of the parabola and the fixed point F is called the Focus
8. The line perpendicular to directrix and passing through focus is called Axis
9. The point of intersection of parabola with the axis is called Vertex of the parabola.
10. Latus rectum : Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the parabola,
through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
The point of intersections of latusrectum with parabola are called Ends of latusrectum
11. Standard form of parabola : y2 = 4ax, a > 0
i) Vertex A (0, 0) ii) Focus : F(a, 0) iii) Axis : x-axis iv) Directrix is x = -a
v) Length of latus rectum = 4a

12. For y2 =  4ax, a > 0
i) Vertex A (0, 0) ii) Focus : F(-a, 0) iii) Axis : x-axis

iv) Directrix is x = a v) Length of latus rectum = 4a
13. For x2 = 4ay, a > 0
i) Vertex A (0, 0) ii) Focus : F(0, a) iii) Axis : y-axis

iv) Directrix is y =  a v) Length of latus rectum = 4a

14. For x2 =  4ay, a > 0
i) Vertex A (0, 0) ii) Focus : F(0, -a) iii) Axis : y-axis

iv) Directrix is y = a v) Length of latus rectum = 4a
15. Ellipse : An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points
in the plane is a constant. The two fixed points are called the foci (plural of ‘focus’) of the ellipse
i) The midpoint of the line segment joining the foci is called center of ellipse
ii) The line segment joining foci is called major axis
iii) The line segment perpendicular to major axis at centre is called minor axis
iv) The end points of the major axis are called the vertices of the ellipse

16.
17. Eccentricity: The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio of the distances from the centre of the ellipse to
c
one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse (eccentricity is denoted by e) i.e., e 
a
18. Hyperbola : A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from two
fixed points in the plane is a constant.
i) The midpoint of the line segment joining the foci is called center of hyperbola
ii) The line segment joining foci is called transverse axis
iii) The line segment perpendicular to transverse axis at centre is called conjugate axis
iv) The end points of the transverse axis are called the vertices of the hyperbola
19) Standard equation of hyperbola :
20) Equilateral Hyperbola: A hyperbola in which a = b is called an equilateral hyperbola

12. INTRODUCTION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. In three dimensions, the coordinate axes of a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system are three
mutually perpendicular lines. The axes are called the x, y and z-axes
2. The three planes determined by the pair of axes are the coordinate planes, called XY, YZ and
ZX- planes
3. The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as octants
4. The coordinates of the origin ‘O’ are (0,0,0)
5. Any point on x-axis is of the form (x,0,0)
6. Any point on y – axis is of the form (0, y, 0)
7. Any point on z-axis is of the form (0, 0, z)
8. Any point in the XY-plane is of the form (x, y, 0)
9. Any point in the YZ- plane is of the form (0, y, z)
10. Any point in the XZ –plane is of the form (x, 0, z)
11.
12. Distance between two points P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  is given by

2 2 2
PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
13. Coordinates of a point R which divides P  x1 , y1 , z1  , Q  x2 , y 2 , z2  in the ratio
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1 

(i) m : n internally are  , , 
 mn mn mn 
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 mz 2  nz1 

(ii) m : n externally are  , , 
 mn mn mn 
14. The coordinates of the mid -point of the line segment joining two points
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2 
P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y 2 , z2  are  , , 
 2 2 2 

15. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose vertices are  x1 , y1 , z1   x2 , y 2 , z 2  and  x3 , y3 , z3  ,
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 z1  z 2  z3 
are  , , 
 3 3 3 
13. LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
1. Concept of Limit: As x  a, f (x)  l, then l is called limit of the function f (x) which is symbolically
written as lim f  x  l
x a
2. Left hand limit: xlim f  x  is the expected value of f at x  a given the values of f near x to the
a
left of a. This value is called the left hand limit of f at a.
3. Right hand limit: xlim f  x  is the expected value of f at x  a given the values of f near x to the right
a
of a. This value is called the right hand limit of f  x  at x  a
4. If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call that common value as the limit of f  x  at x  a and
denoted by lim f  x
x a
5. Algebra of limits:
If f  x  and g  x  be two functions such that both lim f  x  and lim g  x  exists then
x a x a
i) lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x   lim g  x 

x a  xa xa
ii) lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x   lim g  x 

x a  x a xa
iii) lim  f  x  .g  x    lim f  x  .lim g  x 

x a  x a xa
f  x  lim f  x
x a
lim 
iv) x  a g  x  lim g  x  , where lim g  x  0
x a
x a
v) lim  . f  x     .lim f  x  ,   R
x a  xa
vi) If f  x  is a polynomial function then lim f  x  f a

x a
xn  an
6. lim  n an1
x a xa

7. Sandwich theorem :
Let f,g and h be real functions such that f  x   g  x   h  x  for all x in the common domain of
definition. For some real number a, if lim f  x   l  lim h  x  , then lim g  x   l .

x a xa x a
sin x
8. lim 1
x 0 x
1  cos x
9. lim 0
x 0 x
tan x
10. lim 1
x 0 x
Derivatives
1. Derivative at a point: Suppose f is a real valued function and ‘a’ is a point in its domain of definition.
1 f a  h  f  a 
The derivative of f at ‘a’ is defined by f  a   lim whenever limit exist.
h0 h
2. First principal of Derivative: Suppose f is a real valued function, the function defined by
f  x  h  f  x
f 1  x   lim whereever the limit exists is called derivative of f at x.
h 0 h
d d
3. For a function y  f  x  , f 1  x  can also be denoted as
dx
 f  x   (or)
dx
 y  (or) y1
 df 
Derivative at a is denoted by f  a  (or )  f  x   x a (or )  dx 
1 1
4.
  xa
5. Algebra of derivative of functions: Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are
defined in a common domain then
d d d
i)  f  x   g  x    f  x  g  x
dx dx dx
d d d
ii)  f  x   g  x    f  x  g  x
dx dx dx
d d d
iii)  f  x  g  x    f  x  g  x   g  x  f  x
dx dx dx
d d
d f  x
  g  x  f  x   f  x  g  x
dx dx
iv)   , g  x  0
dx  g  x    g  x
2

1
6. i)  uv   u 1v  uv1
1
u u 1v  uv1
ii)   
v v2
d n
7.
dx
 x   nxn1
d
8.  x  1
dx
d
9.  k   0 , where k is constant
dx
d
10.
dx
 x   2 1x
d  1  1
11.  
dx  x  x 2
d x
12.
dx
 e   ex
d x
13.
dx
 a   ax loge a
d 1
14.  loge x 
dx x
d
15.  sin x   cos x
dx
d
16.  cos x   sin x
dx
d
17.  tan x  sec2 x
dx
d
18.  cos ecx    cos ecx cot x
dx
d
19.  sec x   sec x tan x
dx
d
20.  cot x    cos ec 2 x
dx

14. MATHEMATICAL REASONING

1. Statement: A sentence is called a mathematically acceptable statement if it is either true or false but
not both.
2. Truthness: The truthness of a statement is either True (T) (or) False (F).
3. Negation of a statement: The denial of a statement is called the negation of the statement.
The negation of a statement P is denoted by  P , and read as ‘not P’.
4. Compound statement: A statement which is made up of two or more statements is called compound
statement. In this case, each statement is called component statement.
5. Connectives: The words ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ are called connectives.
6. The word AND:
NOTE:
1) The compound statement with ‘AND’ is true if all its component statements is true.
2) The compound statement with ‘AND’ is false if any of its component statements is false.
3) Do not think a statement with ‘AND’ is always a compound statement.
4) If ‘AND’ refers to two statements then only it is a compound statement.
7. The word OR:
A compound statement with an ‘OR’ is true when one of the component statement is true
or both are true.
A compound statement with an ‘OR’ is false when both the component statements are false
8. Quantifiers: Quantifiers are phrases like “There Exists” and ‘For all’.
9. Implications: ‘IF THEN’, ‘ONLY IF’ and ‘IF AND ONLY IF’ are called Implications.
10. IF THEN: “If p then q” is denoted by p  q ,
The statment p  q is F only when p is T and q is F
11. Converse:- If p  q is given then its converse is q  p
12. Contrapositive:- If p  q is given then its contrapositive is  q  p
13. IF AND ONLY IF: If and only if “ is represented by the symbol 
The statement p  q is T if both p & q are T or p & q are F
14. Validating statements:
Rule-I: The statement p and q  p  q  is true if the following steps are followed
STEP-I: Show that the statement P is true
STEP-II: Show that the statement q is true
Rule-II: The statement p or q  p  q  is true if any one of the following any one case is
followed
Case-I: Assume that p is false, show that q must be true
Case-II: Assume that q is false, show that P must be true

Rule-III: The statement if p then q  p  q  is true if the following any one case is followed
Case-I: Assume that p is true prove that q must be true (Direct method)
Case-II: Assume that q is false, prove that p must be false (contrapositive method)
Rule-IV: The statement ‘p if and only if q” is true
i) If p is true then q is true and ii) If q is true then p is true.
15. Method of contradiction: In this method to check whether a statement p is true, we assume that p is
not true. Then we arrive at some result which contradiction assumption. Hence we conclude that p is
true.
16. By counter example: In mathematics, counter examples are used to disprove the statement.
15. STATISTICS
n
x i
1. Mean of x1 , x2 , x3 ,.....xn is given by x  i 1
2. Mean of x1 , x2 , x3 ,.....xn with respective frequencies f1 , f 2 , f3 ..... f n is given by

n
fx i i
n
x i 1 , where N   f i .
i 1
N
3. After arranging the observation x1 ,x2 ,x3 ,....xn in ascending or descending order
 n  1
th
i) If n is odd then Median is   observation

 2 
n n 
th th
ii) If n is even.then Median is the mean of   and   1 observations.
2 2 
4. Dispersion:-Statistically dispersion means how the observations are deviating from it’s central value.
5. The following are the measure of dispersion
i) Range ii) Quartile deviation iii) Mean deviation iv)Standard deviation
6. Range: Maximum value  Minimum value.
7. Mean deviation about mean:
n
 x x
n
i
x

i
i 1
i) For ungrouped data; M .D x  , where x  i1
n n

n
 f .x
n
f i xi  x
x i1
i i

n
ii) For grouped data; M .D x  i 1
N
Where N  f
i1
i
and N
8. Mean deviation about median:-

n
 xi M
For ungrouped data: M.D M  i1
where M is median
n
n
f i xi M n
For grouped data: M.DM  i1
N
Here N  f
i1
i
9. Shortcut method for calculating mean deviation about mean in continuous frequency distribution
n
fd i i
xi  a
i1
x a  h ; where ‘a’ is the assumed mean, h is the common factor, di 
N h
1 n
Mean deviation about mean M .D x    fi xi  x
N i1
N
C
M  l  2 h
10. For a continuous frequency distribution i) Median
f
l - lower limit of median class, N- sum of frequencies,

C-cumulative frequency of the class just preceding median class,
f - frequency of median class, h - width of median class.
n
1
ii) Mean deviation about median M .D M  
N
f
i1
i xi  M where xi is midpoint of each class.
11. Variance and standard deviation:

Standard deviation is positive square root of variance.
1 n
  xi  x  : standard deviation  
1 n
2
 xi  x 
2
For ungrouped data variance   
2
n i1 n i1

12. Variance and standard deviation for grouped data
1 n
 fi  xi  x ;
2
variance =  
2
N i1
 f  x  x
1 2
Standard deviation =   i i
N i 1
13. Variance and standard deviation: For a continuous frequency distribution
 n  n 
2
1 N  
variance =   N 2   fi xi   fi xi  
2 2
 i1 i1 
 n  n  
2
1 N 
Standard deviation =   N   f i xi    f i xi  
2
 i1 i 1 
14. Shortcut method to find variance and standard deviation
h2  n  n  
2
N 
variance =   N 2   fi yi   f i yi  
2 2
 i1 i1 
  n  
2
h  n

Standard deviation =   N  N  f i yi    f i yi  
2
i 1 i 1
 
xi  A
Where yi  , A is assumed mean.
h

15. Coefficient of variation C.V = 100 where x  0 .
x
16. The distribution having less C.V is more stable (or consistent) and the distribution having larger C.V is
unstable (or inconsistent).
17. Variance of constant distribution is zero.
i) Var  ax   a 2Var  x  S .D  ax   a S .D  x 
ii) Var  ax  b   a 2Var  x  S .D  ax  b   a S .D  x 

16. PROBABILITY
1. An experiment is called random experiment if it satisfies the following two conditions
i) it has more than one possible outcome
ii) it is not possible to predict any outcome in advance
outcomes: A possible result of a random experiment is called its out come.
2. Sample space: The set of all possible out comes of a random experiment is called the sample space, it
is denoted by ‘S’.
3. Sample point: Each element of the sample space is called a “sample point”.
4. Event: Any subset E of a sample space ‘S’ is called an event.
5. Type of events:
i) Impossible event (or) Null event: The empty set  is called an “impossible event”
ii) Sure event (or) Certain event: The whole sample space is called sure event.
iii) Simple event (or) elementary event: If an event E has only one sample point of a sample space.
iv) Compound event: If an event has more than one sample points in it then it is called a “compound
event”
6. Algebra of events :
Complementary event: For every event A, S-A called the complementary event to A denoted by
A ' or A .
i) Event A or B = A  B ;
ii) Event A and B = A  B ;
c
iii) Event A but not B = A  B or A  B
7. Mutually exclusive events
i) Two events A and B are called mutually exclusive events if A  B  
ii) The events E1 , E2 ,...En are said to be mutually exclusive if Ei  E j   for i  j
8. Exhaustive events : The events E1 , E2 ...En are said to be exhaustive if E1  E2  ...  En  S
9. Axiomatic, approach to probability : Let S be the sample space of a random experiment. The probability
P is a real valued function whose domian is the power set of S and range is the interval  0,1 satisfying
the following axioms.
i) For any event E , P  E   0
ii) P  S   1
iii) If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P  E  F   P  E   P  F 

10. i) For any event E of sample space S, 0  P  E   1
ii) P    0; P  S   1
   
iii) P  E   P E  1 or P E  1  P  E 
11. Equally likely out comes: The chance of occurrence of each simple event must be same.
nE Number of elements in E

12. The probability of an event E is P  E   
n S  Number of elements in S
13. Addition theorem: If A, B and C are any events of a random experiment and P is a probability function
then
 i  P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
ii P ABC  P A  P B  PC P AB P BC PCA  P ABC
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CBSE + 1 MATHEMATICS CDF MATERIAL

Q+ : The set of all positive rational numbers

R+ : The set of all positive real numbers

7. The number of distinct elements in a set S is denoted by n  S 

open interval and is denoted by  a, b 

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 1]

closed interval and is denoted by  a, b 

18. If A is a set with n  A  m , then n  P  A    2 m

iii) Law of identity: A    A (  -identity element)

ii) Associative law :  A  B   C  A   B  C 

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 2]

iii) Law of double complement :  A ' '  A

defined as P  Q   p, q  : p  P , q  Q , if either P or Q is the null set then P  Q   .

13. If f is a function from A to B, and  a, b   f , then we can denote it as f  a   b .

16. Constant function: A function f : R  R defined by f  x   c (c is constant) is called constant

17. Polynomial function: A function f : R  R by f  x   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ......  an x n , where

n  z   0 and a0, a1 ,,....an  R is called polynomial function.

Domain = R , Range = 1, 0,1

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 4]

f  g  : X  R is defined by f  g  x   f  x   g  x  for all x  X .

defined by  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  for all xX.

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 5]

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 6]

iv) cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x  1   cos ecx  cot x  cos ecx  cot x   1

v) s ec 2 x  tan 2 x  1   s ecx  tan x  s ecx  tan x   1

cos   x   cos x s ec( x )  s ecx

tan   x    tan x cot( x)   cot x

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 7]

13. Domain and range of trigonometric functions

2. sin  x  y  = sin x cos y  cos x sin y

4. cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y

11. sin  x  y  .sin  x  y   sin 2 x  sin 2 y  cos 2 y  cos 2 x

12. cos  x  y  .cos  x  y   cos 2 x  sin 2 y  cos 2 y  sin 2 x

iv) Cot150  Tan 750  2  3

16. Multiple angles

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 9]

17. 1  cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x

19. i) 2sin x cos y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y 

ii) 2cos x sin y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y 

iii) 2cos x cos y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 

iv) 2sin x sin y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y  or 2sin x sin y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 10]

iii) The general solution of tan x  0 is x  n , n  Z 

4. PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

i) prove that p 1 is true

ii) Assume that p  k  is true

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 11]

3. Addition of complex numbers: If z1  a  ib, z 2  c  id then, z1  z2   a  c   i  b  d 

8. Multiplication of complex numbers: z1  a  ib, z 2  c  id then z1 z2   ac  bd   i  ad  bc 

11. Distributive law: z1  z 2  z 3   z1 z 2  z1 z 3 ,  z1  z 2  z 3  z1 z 3  z 2 z 3 .

by z , is defined as z  a 2  b 2 which is non negative real number..

16. Conjugate of a complex number: Conjugate of a complex number z = a + i b denoted by z , is

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 13]

7.PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

8. The value of n P0 is _________(Answer: 1)

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 14]

13. The value of n C0 is _____( Answer: 1)

14. The value of n Cn is _____( Answer: 1)

1. Binomial expansion for any positive integer n is:

NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 15]

9. SEQUENCES AND SERIES

where an is called nth term or general term.

4. Fibonacci sequence : A sequence defined by the recurrence relation a1 = a2 = 1,