Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Authors :
Ninad Anjali Waman
Barnali Roy
National Institute of Technology Silchar
Abstract:
We propose generic wireless sensor network systems for two types of environmental
monitoring needs:
1.Time Critical Applications for Early warning.
2.Non-Time critical for Long-Term data Collection for Trend Analysis.
The construction and deployment of the wireless sensor network along with the
challenges of the terrain for design of various components of the network application.
Both the hardware and software technology considerations are taken care of. The
communication protocols are selected as per the requirements of the application.
The Sensor data may consist of environmental parameters like temperature,
precipitation,Water Flow, Pressure and the dynamic variations of these physical
quantities.
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Networks, Environmental Monitoring, Time Critical
1. Introduction:
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN's) are formed by a set of nodes that gather information
and forward it to the sink. Sensor nodes in general are extremely small,low cost, low
energy that possess sensing, signal processing and wireless communication
capabilities. Sensor networks are emerging as a new tool for habitat monitoring in nature
preserves, monitoring and gathering events in hazardous environment , surveillance of
buildings and surveillance of enemy activities in a battlefield environments. Wireless
Sensor Networks have emerged as one of the dominant technology of this decade that
has a potential use in defence and scientific applications.
Many Environmental applications of sensing are not possible using satellite imagery. At
the same time long term trend data might be required. Therefore it requires continuous
monitoring .Due to Harsh terrain it is not feasible for humans to directly collect data
from the sensors .This is an ideal scenario for the deployment of wireless sensor
network to monitor the environment and provide data over a long period of time.
A real life scenario in this case is the monitoring of glaciers in the Indian Himalayas.
There has been rapid decrease in the volume of glaciers and receding of glaciers. At the
same time, there is a constant danger of Glacial Lake Overflow events(GLOF) for
people living near the source of the rivers.
There is thus a necessity of constantly monitoring for long-term trend analysis and an
early warning system for GLOF.
2. Hardware Technology:
C. Relay Nodes:
1. Relay data from source to sink or to Base station
Due to communication energy constraints and long network lifetime required a system-
on-a-chip solution is best suited for long term data calculation. The ZigBee SOC
hardware platform is more suited for this application. Various chipsets are available from
the ZigBee alliance partners. Among these CC2420 has the lowest Transmission and
reception supply current. It has sensitivity of -95 dbM and a transmission and reception
current of 19 mA and 17.4 mA respectively. System on a chip solution includes the
CC243x series of chipsets having a sensitivity of -94 dbM and receiver and transceiver
current of 27 and 25 mA respectively
Another Option is FreeScale Semiconductor’s Integrated System-in-Package SiP
MC312x series of chipsets.
For real-time monitoring and reporting of events time-critical response is more
important.This implies latency time has to be minimized.
The NA5TR1 NanoTrontm real-time location CSS chip is an ideal solution for real-time
application requirements .It uses the ZigBee Protocol Stack(802.15.4) has a sensitivity
of -94 dbM and current 27 mA and 25 mA in the receiver and transmitter respectively.
Berkeley motes family-MICA motes based on the ATMEGA family of MCU’s from
ATMEL are a widely used sensor node series.
Number of Nodes: This will depend on the terrain and the Application requirements.
For high volume data a large number of nodes with data aggregation capability is
required. This also helps in multi-hop transmission and in case of failure of nodes.
While the ZigBee Standard Communication protocol stack is most suitable for
most Wireless Sensor Network applications. However , the special constraints of
environmental monitoring in harsh terrain requires the consideration and use of some
other protocols .The S-MAC or Sensor-MAC (sleeping nodes) protocol serves best the
needs of long-term data monitoring for trend-analysis.
Features of S-MAC:
It is contention-based protocol i.e. the various nodes compete for the opportunity to
transmit in the medium. It is a modified version of 802.11n.Each node will periodically
go to sleep-listen cycles. Control packets such as SYNC,RTS,CTS are sent only during
listen cycles. The Duty Cycle for a WSN using this protocol is 10% .
4. Clustering Protocols:
5. Routing Protocols:
These have to be selected and stacked upon the chosen MAC protocol.
For DATA data Aggregation PEGASIS will prove to be near optimal. This will ensure a
longer network life time.
However, the cluster heads need to be selected properly as it is vital to reach the
information to the SINK. TEEN can prove to be useful where only above or below
threshold data are to be recorded i.e. anomalies.
Directed Diffusion Protocol is a better option as it dynamically generates routes in the
sensor network. Its Interest-Gradient-Reinforcement based methodology also makes it
more robust and fault tolerant.
For Time Critical application APTEEN is the best solution as it can distinguish dead
nodes and event monitoring needs only event-triggered data. It is a LEACH(Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)based protocol
This also allows for three types of queries to be performed viz.
1. Historical Queries
2. One-time Queries
3. Persistent Queries
DD(Directed Diffusion)
A query or interest is broadcasted by a node or a sink. Query reaches the relevant sensor
sources. This sets-up an Exploratory Gradients. Once the data is available with a
source,it is sent back via a Reinforced path. Failing links or nodes are being bypassed. It
is robust and fault tolerant as the faults are bypassed. But this protocol has some
drawbacks like it will face “Hot Spot” problem near the sink. The periodic broadcast of
interest reduces the network lifetime. There is a trade-off between energy efficiency vs
robustness and scalability. Complex data aggregation may lead to an expensive node.
MCF(Minimum Cost Forwarding):
Data is sent to a sink from a node through the optimal path where the cost is minimum.
The data sending node first broadcast an ADV(advertisement) message to all the
sinks,and get answers from all the sinks and create cost-fields. The Back-off timer is
calculated proportional to the cost per sink. Needed informations are then sent through
slop. If no ACK(acknowledgement) get until timer expire,it resend an ADV. This
protocol seems suitable for our application,but it has some drawbacks. The time
complexity will be very high due to back-off. If there have many number of sinks,cost
table will be very high. So the cost-field set-up time will also be very high. No load
balancing is there. So it is not applicable to our system.
RW(Random Walk):
Here the nodes are assumed to be located at Cubic Grid Junctions. There have three kind
of RW topology.
RW-RSG(Random Walk-Regular Static Graph):Its a local communication. The co-
ordinate differences (dx.dy) are found using Distributed Bellman Ford. For every
node,the probability of moving on X and Y are computed by the diagonal to the
destination. On each node move to a adjuscent one on X or Y using that probability
adjust near end. All paths together draws a straight “Banana”.
RW-ISG(Random Walk-irregular Static Graph):It is irregular due to some dead nodes. It
is similar as RW-RSG. If one node is missing it will go the other with a probability P=1.
If both are missing,go to the neighbor whose B-F distance to the destination is strictly
smaller than the current node. This will create a detour,but can be optimized by not
getting to the node.
RW-DG(Random Walk-Dynamic Graph):Nodes may sleep or wake,so graph will be
dynamically adjusted. It is same as RW-ISG,but when a node changes state,the one hop
neighbor change B-F levels and possibly trigger further level,so the distance will
change. It is concerned with the delay in propagation updates and it is sensitive to
inaccuracies in levels.
The major drawback of this topology is that it may not be practical as nodes are assumed
to be located at Cubic Grid junctions
RR(Rumor Routing):
For many applications,no need for a shortest path;any arbitary path will work. Here the
nodes are densely distributed with bidirectional links. The nodes are considered to be
stationary and the communication is localized. When a node get some event or
query,movement on the net is done by several agents,trying to walk straight randomly.
Every node maintains a list of neighbors and events to know how to get to the reporting
node. An agent coming from an event updates all the nodes it visits and an agent coming
from a query,searches for the way to the reporting node. There is a high probability that
the lines will intersect. It would be applicable to our system only when the ratio between
the events and queries is inside a threshold where it is not attractive to a flood neither.
Optimal parameters depend heavily on topology,but can be adaptively tuned. It does not
gaurentee delivery. So we can not depend on this protocol.
6. Security Issues:
The nature of environmental application itself solves the problem of security.
The data obtained from these applications is generally freely available and is of concern
to everyone one way or another. The use of security protocols would only lead to energy
consumption thereby reducing network life time. Therefore, if using a technology
standard DASH7, the encryption modules should not be linked in the protocol stack if
unnecessary.
7. Fault-Tolerance:
Faults in Wireless Sensor networks can be due to a variety of reasons. These
include :
1. Node failure
2. Communication errors
The sensor network needs to be able to perform its tasks correctly throughout the
network-lifetime. In case of node failure this can be achieved by recognition of dead
nodes and changing transmission paths accordingly. APTEEN routing protocol is
suitable for this purpose.
For Communication failure, there has to retransmission capabilities built in to the
communication protocol through intelligent design of the MAC and Routing Protocols.
For Event-monitoring there need to be a synergy between the MAC and the routing
protocol. This means that there is a need to build a custom protocol stack for these
applications. For this a number of cross-layer issues need to be considered such as
MAC-LLC-Network Layers.
Among existing protocols, directed diffusion serves the purpose of dynamically
selecting the best path for data transfer. However, for time critical applications the time
to set up the gradients and reinforcement may be too much.
TinyOS:
This is an operating system specially used in Wireless sensor network. The application
being built is tightly integrated with the operating system during compilation. This
makes the whole software application specific. At the same time it minimizes the
software footprint by integrating only those components necessary for the application
while discarding the rest. It provides basic features like hardware interrupt handling,
libraries, compiler ,assembler. It executes only one program at atime
Use of a programming platform:
1. NesC : As a variation of the C programming language. It is a procedural
programming language where application is developed using interfaces and
components to represent real objects and data to be handled.
It uses the ncc compiler.
2. TinyGALS(Tiny Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous):This is a data-
flow style programming platform.
Software Development:
The code written on a suitable programming platform is the compiled ,then assembled
and linked. The Binary image is then downloaded into the device as firmware using the
tools provided by the manufacturer of the mote. This is generally a serial or parallel port
ISP programmer. A USB serial or parallel converter along with drivers may be
required. The Routing protocols can be tested on network simulators like NS3 and
OMNET++.
6. System Architecture:
Hardware and software Components:
Mote:
Application
TinyOS
DC-DC Radio
Converter MCU
Chipset
Memor
y
Battery
ADC
Sensors
APPLICATION
ROUTING PROTCOL
PHYSICAL LAYER
8. References:
1. Lakshmi Venkatraman,”Design Trade-offs in Wireless Sensor Network
System Development”
2. Zhongmin Pei , Zhidong Deng, Bo Yang, Xiaoliang Cheng “Application-
Oriented Wireless Sensor Network Communication protocols and Hardware
Platforms: a Survey”
3. Vamsi Paruchuri, Arjan Durresi, Leonard Barolli ,Energy Aware Routing
Protocol for HeterogeneousWireless Sensor Networks
4. A.Kruger, ”Wireless Sensor Networks ”,Lecture Series, University of Iowa
5. DASH 7, Rick , Wikipedia
6. Rajesh Yadav , Shirshu Varma , N. Malaviya ,“A survey of MAC Protocols
for wireless Sensor Networks”
9. Glossary: