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CE 310 – PRC II- LECTURE 5

FOOTINGS

MILITARY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

RISALPUR

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General
The foundation or sub-structure is that part of a
structure which is usually placed below ground level
and which transmits the load to the underlying soil. All
soils compress when loaded and cause the supported
structure to settle. Two essential requirements in the
design of a foundation are:
• Differential settlement of the various parts of a structure
should be eliminated as far as possible.
• Total settlement of the structure should be limited to
tolerable limits.

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Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy

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To limit the settlement, it is necessary to: -
• Transmit the load to a soil of sufficient
strength.
• Spread the load over a sufficiently large area
to minimize the bearing
pressure.
If suitable soil is not found, it is necessary to use deep
foundation such as piles. If satisfactory soil is found
underneath, it is merely necessary to spread the load of the
footing and such a footing is called “Spread footing”.

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Types of Footings Different types of footing are: -
 Wall footing
 Isolated column footing
 Combined footing
 Strap footing
 Pile foundation
 Raft foundation
 Grid foundation

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Types of footing 7
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Grid foundation
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Types of Column Footings.
Single Slab. In the simplest form, they consist of a single
slab. Single column footings are usually square in plan.
Rectangular footings are used if space restrictions dictate this
choice or the supported columns are of strongly elongated
cross section.
Stepped Footing. In stepped footing, a pedestal or cap is
interposed between column and footing slab. Pedestal
provides for a favourable transfer of load and is required to
provide necessary development length of dowels. All parts
must be cast monolithically

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Slopped Footings. They require less concrete than stepped or
single slab but require additional labour.

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Notations
a = Width of wall
c = Width of column
B = Width of footing
L = Length of column footing
D = Dead load
L = Live load
qa = Allowable bearing pressure / capacity
qe = Effective bearing pressure / capacity
qun = Design soil pressure ( Factored )

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Area of footing provided is larger of all possible options
discussed above. Loads are un factored and values are taken
at the base of footing.
For eccentrically loaded footing
q max min = P/A ± My/I

if eccentricity falls outside the kern, one value of q is negative

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Provisions of ACI Code 318-14
(Chap. 13 )

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Provisions of ACI Code 318-14

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Shear in Column Footings
The thickness of footings is mostly governed by SHEAR.
Since column footings are subjected to two way action i.e.
bend in both major direction, their performance in shear is
much like that of flat plate in the vicinity of column.
 It is NOT economical and practical to use shear
reinforcement in footing and shear is carried only by the
concrete.
Two different types of shear strengths are distinguished in
footings: Two way shear or punching shear and one way shear
or beam shear.

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One-way and Two-way Shear

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 One way shear
 Shear failure can also occur, as in beam or one way slab, at
a section located at a distance ‘d’ from the face of the
column.
 Shear strength provided by concrete for members subjected
to flexure and shear is given by
Vc = 2 λ√fc’ b.d
where ‘b’ is the width of slab
subjected to shear.
λ = 1.0 for normal density concrete.

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 Two way shear
 The average shear stress in
this manner can be taken
vertical plane through the
column, on a perimeter, at
face of the column.
concrete that fails in
as that acting on a
footing, around the
a dist ‘d/2’ from the
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 A column supported by footing slab tends to punch through
it because of the shear stresses that act in the footing slab
around the perimeter of the column. At the same time, the
concentrated compressive stresses from the column spread
out into the footing so that the concrete adjacent to the
column is in vertical or slightly inclined compression, in
addition to shear. In consequence, if failure occurs, the
fracture takes the form of the truncated pyramid (as shown in
fig) with sides sloping outwards at an angle approaching 45º.

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Load, Bearing Pressure and Footing Size
 Allowable soil pressure is determined from the principles
of Soil Mechanics. FOS 2.5 to 3.0
 Net soil pressure = qe = qn = qa- wt of footing - wt of soil
on top of footing
 For concentrically loaded footing
Area of footing required = (D+L)/qn
 Most codes permit 33% increase in allowable soil
pressure when effect of wind or earthquake is included
Area of footing required =( D+L+E)/1.33 qn

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THANK YOU

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