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I. LIQUIDS
A. Solution
B. Emulsion
C. Suspension
A. SOLUTION
A homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in another liquid.
Molecules of the solute or dissolved substances are dispersed among those of the solvent.
Oral Solution (accdg. to USP 23 and NF 18)
Liquid preparations intended for oral administration, that contain one or more substances with or
without flavouring, sweetening, or coloring agents dissolved in water or cosolvent water mixture
Aqueous Solution
Sweet or other viscid solution
Non-aqueous solution
1. AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Water is used as a vehicle or solvent
a. Water
Purified water, USP
Water for injection, USP
Bacteriostatic Water for injection, USP
Sterile water for inhalation, USP
Sterile water for irrigation, USP
b. Aromatic Water
Known as medicated water
Clear saturated aq. Solutions of volatile oils or aromatic substances
Used as flavored or perfume vehicle
c. Aqueous acids
Official inorganic acid
Of great importance in the pharmaceutical manufacturing
Concentrated aq. Solutions
Expressed in % by weight
d. Diluted acids
Aqueous acids with strength of 10% w/v except acetic acid with 6% strength w/v
They are used for internal administration
For manufacture of other preparations
e. Solution
Contains one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water.
They are used for specific therapeutic effect of the solute either internally or externally.
f. Douches
Aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of a body
Used as cleansing agent or antiseptic agent
g. Enemas
Known as evacuation enemas
They are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel retention enemas to influence the general
system by absorption or to affect locally the seat of disease.
h. Gargles
Aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lung through
the gargle which is held on the throat.
i. Mouthwash
Aqueous solution which are most often used for their deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
j. Juices
Prepared from fresh ripe fruits
Aqueous in character
Used in making syrups which are employed as vehicles
k. Nasal solutions
Designed to be administered to the nasal passages in the drops or spray form
Ex. Salinase
o NaCl
l. Otic Solutions
Permits the administration of drops to the ear
3. NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
a. Collodion
Liquid preparation containing pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol
They are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicator
When the ether and ethanol have evaporated, they leave a film of pyroxillin on the surface
b. Elixirs
Clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids intended for oral use
5-40% alcohol content
They are used as flavors and vehicles
Aromatic elixirs
Combination of elixir with low alcoholic concentration and high alcoholic concentration
Low alcohol concentration = 8-10% alcohol
High alcohol concentration = 75-78% alcohol
c. Glycerin or Glycerites
Solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin
d. Inhalation and Inhalants
Inhalations are solutions of drugs administered by the nasal or respiratory route for local or systemic
effect
Nebulizers are used for the administration of inhalations
Inhalants are special class of inhalations which consists of drugs or combinations of drugs that by virtue
of high power pressure can be carried by air current to the nasal passage where they extend their
effects.
The container used for its administration is an inhaler
e. Liniments
Solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions.
They are intended for external application
They are applied by being rubbed in the affected areas
f. Oleovitamins
Fish liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil
Solutions of volatile substances that usually contain vitamin concentrate such as Vitamin A and
g. Spirits
Known as essences are hydro-alcohol solutions of volatile substances
Contains 50-90% alcohol
Used medicinally by inhalation (Aromatic Ammonia Spirit)
Used as flavouring agent (Orange Spirit)
h. Toothache drops
Used for temporary relief of toothache by application of cotton saturated with the product into the
tooth decay
B. EMULSIONS
A two-phased system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids one which is uniformly dispersed
through the other and consist of globules
Third substance the emulsifying agent, is incorporated to prevent separation of the two-phases
2 phases
Continue phase – liquid droplet, internal phase
Discontinuous phase – external phase, dispersion medium
If water is the internal phase , the emulsion is classified as w/o
If water is the external phase, the emulsion is classified as o/w
Purposes of emulsion
Improved drug solubility
Increased drug solubility
Prolonged drug action
Improved taste
Improved appearance
C. SUSPENSIONS
A two-phase system consisting of finely divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid or gas
Suspending agent is added to ensure the homogeneity of the solid in the vehicle
Purposes of Suspensions
Sustaining effect
Stability
Taste
Basic solubility
a. Gels
Semi solid system of either suspension made up of small inorganic particles or large organic
molecules interpenetrated by a liquid
b. Lotions
Usually liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application to the body
c. Magma or Milk
Aqueous of insoluble inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended particles are
layers
d. Mixtures
Aqueous liquid preparations which contain suspended insoluble, solid substances intended for
internal use
II. EXTRACTS
A. Tinctures
Tinctures prepared from potent drugs are usually 10% strength
100 ml of tincture has the activity of 10 gram of the drug
Glycerin may be added to increase solubility and reduce precipitation
Must be stored in light resistant containers
B. Fluidextracts
Contains alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative or both
Each mL contains the therapeutic constituents of 1 gram of the standard drug that it represents
Also 100% tincture
10 times as concentrated as tincture
C. Extracts
Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by the removal of the respective
drug with suitable menstruum, evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and adjustment of the
residual masses or powders to the prescribed standard.
V. OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
Sterile preparations to be used on the eyes
A. Solutions
Intended for the eye
Clear, sterile solution to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a dropper
B. Suspensions
Dispersion of finely divided relatively insoluble drug substances in an aqueous vehicle containing
suitable suspending and dispersing agent
C. Ointments
Intended for they eyes
They contain medicinal agents added on the ointment base of white petrolatum or mineral oil either a
solution or as a micronized powder
Limited to bedtime installation
D. Lens Care Products
Sterile preparations to protect the lenses
Wetting solutions
- To furnish hydrophilic coating over the hydraulic surface of hard contact lens surfaces
Cleansing solutions
- Used to remove surface contaminants, lipids proteins and the like
Disinfection solutions
- Isotonic
- In an acceptable pH range nonreactive with lens material and sterile solution which exhibit
Soaking solutions
- Used to store and hydrate hard lenses hard lenses
Artificial tears
- Solution intended to rewet hard lenses in Situ referred to as rewetting solutions or artificial
tears.
VII. POWDERS
Is a mixture of finely divided drugs or chemical in a dry form
May be used internally or externally
A. Oral Powders
Finely divided powder intended to be dissolved in water or mixed with soft food prior to administration
Effervescent granule in solution in water releases CO2 which masks for the taste of salty or bitter
medication
B. Dentrifices
May be prepared in the form of bulk powder
Contains soap or detergent, mild abrasive, and anticariogenic agent
C. Douche Powder
Dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleaning agent for a body cavity
Most commonly intended for vaginal use
May also be formulated for nasal, otic, and ophthalmic use
D. Dusting Powder
Locally applied for non-toxic preparations
Have no systemic effects
Applied as lubricants, protective, adsorbents, antiseptic, antipruritic, astringent and antiperspirant
E. Insufflations
Finely divided powders introduced into the body cavities with the use of insufflators (powder blower)
F. Triturations
Dilution of potent powdered drugs prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable diluent in 1:10
dilutions
VIII. ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
A. Tablets
Solid dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by
compression or molding methods
Advantages
- Convenience of administration
- Accuracy and reproducibility of a dosing
- Increased of drug stability
- Easy of mass production
- Tabuletta
- Is solid pharmaceutical dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable
diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods
- Dissolution is the rate- limiting step in the delivery of drug from a tablet to the systemic
circulation
- Compressed tablet
- Molded tablets
- Compressed tablets
- Sugar coated tablet (SCT)
- Film coated tablet (FCT)
- Enteric coated tablet (ECT)
- Multiple compressed tablet (MCT)
- Controlled-release tablet (CRT)
- Effervescent tablet
- Compressed suppositories of inserts
- Buccal and sublingual tablets
- Molded Tablets to Tablet Triturates
- Dispensing tablets (DT)
- Hypodermic tablets (HT)
Film coated tablets (FCT)
The tablet is coated with a membrane of polymeric substances that improve physicochemical stability of the
drug and delays the rate of drug absorption
Enteric coated tablets (ECT)
The tablet is coated with an acid-resistant substance that will dissolve only in less acidic portions of the
intestines
Chewable tablets
The tablets are placed in the mouth, chewed and swallowed
Sugar coated tablets
The tablet that contain active ingredient(s) of unpleasant taste may be covered with sugar to make it more
palatable
This type of tablet should be administered in whole form
Effervescent tablets
In addition to the drug substance, this contain sodium bicarbonate and an organic acid such as tartaric or citric
In the presence of water, this additives react liberating carbon dioxide which acts as a disintegrator and
produces effervescence
Buccal tablets
Tablets intended for buccal administration by inserting into the buccal pouch may dissolve or slowly; therefore,
they are formulated and compressed with sufficient pressure to give a hard tablet
Sublingual Tablets
As those containing nitroglycerin, isoproterenol hydrochloride, are placed under the tongue
Sublingual tablets dissolve rapidly and the drug substances are absorbed readily by this form of administration
Dispensing tablets
this tablet provide a convenient quantity of potent drug that can be incorporated readily powders and liquids,
thus circumventing the necessity to weigh small quantities
Hypodermic tablets (HT)
soft, readily soluble tablets originally were used for the preparation of solutions to be injected
B. Capsules
Solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft soluble container or
of a suitable form of gelatine
The hard-shell gelatine capsules contain solid drugs
The soft-shell gelatine capsules contain oils
C. Pills
Small, round, solid dosage form containing medicinal agents
Intended for oral administration
D. Troches
Lozenges, pastilles
Discoid shaped soli containing the medicinal agent in a suitably flavoured base
Placed in the mouth where they slowly dissolve, liberating the active ingredient
Pastilles
They are solid medicated preparations designed to slowly dissolve in the mouth
They are softer than lozenges and their base are either glycerol and gelatine, or acacia and sugar
E. Cachets
Related to capsule
They provide an edible container
Vary in size, ¾ to 1/8 inches in diameter
Consist of two concave pieces of water made of flour and water
F. Pellets
Small sterile cylinders of about 3.2 mm in diameter by 8 mm in length
Formed by compression from medicated masses
Implanted under the skin
IX. AEROSOLS
Used both orally and topically
They contain therapeutically active ingredients dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in a propellant or in a
mixture of a solvent or a propellant
Oral aerosols – tx of asthma, migraine headache
Topical aerosol – dermatological diseases
Radioisotopes used in medicine for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes
A. Biologics for Active Immunity
Toxoid
- A modified antigen from an infectious organism used as a vaccine
B. Biologics for Passive Immunity
Human Immune Sera
- Immune globulin – a solution containing antibodies of pooled plasma of not less than 1,000
normal individuals
- Hyperimmune Sera – a special preparation obtained from human donor selected for high
antibody titer against specific disease
Animal Immune Serum
- Antitoxin – a solution of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific
toxins (toxoids) used to achieve passive immunity or to effect a treatment
- Antiviral Serum – a solution of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with
specific viral vaccines
- Antivenin – a preparation of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with
specific venom used to neutralize the venoms produced by specific organisms