Subject: Engineering Business Environment

Subject Code: ENGT 5219

Assignment B: Disruptive low carbon innovation

Professor name: Dr Rick Greenough

Student name: Razin Ilyas Babaria
Enrolment No: P2404690
E-mail: P2404690@my365.dmu.ac.uk
 Executive summary

This study has been conducted to shed significant amount of light upon the impacts of carbon
along with other poisonous gas liberation in the atmosphere. In this study major petroleum service
provider such as BHP Billiton has been taken under consideration. The change necessary to
amended with respect to different theories such as disruptive innovation policies, incremental
innovation, and breakthrough innovation along with game changing innovation has been taken
under consideration. The pollution discharge norms undertaken by the government of UK has been
taken under consideration in this study. The important changes as per the requirements of the
government have been indicated in the study.
 Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Description of the threats to business ............................................................................................. 4
Explaining Innovation Theory and Summarizing types of innovation ........................................... 7
Description of disruptive innovations in order to address a threat to business ............................. 11
 Early adopters ................................................................................................................... 11
 Innovation leading to reduction of greenhouse gases ....................................................... 11
 Deployment to wider market and associated benefits from growth ................................. 16
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 17
References ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 21
Appendix 1: Carbon Emission in BHP Billiton ............................................................................ 21
Appendix 2: Carbon emission....................................................................................................... 22
Appendix – 3: CO2 sources .......................................................................................................... 22
Appendix – 4: Contribution of petroleum industry....................................................................... 23
Introduction
Air pollution causing compounds such as carbon dioxide, methane and other toxic compounds is
characterised with offering negative impacts in the environment. In petroleum industry, liberation
of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and other gases takes place, affecting the
condition of the environment. In such cases, proper innovation strategy is the pathway to success,
preventing damage to the environment. Disruptive innovation process plays an important role in
offering important changes to be adopted by the petroleum service provider such as BHP Billiton
in petroleum operational processes. Through innovation and application of sustainable practises,
it is possible to achieve efficiency in operations ensuring minimum amount of damages to the
environment.
The primary aspects of the study effectively deal with analysis of innovation policies to be
applicable by the petroleum service provider for environment management.

Description of the threats to business

Petroleum and gas industry has to face several problems due to policies and regulation of
government. The scope of lowering the carbon emission in the country forces the petroleum and
gas industry to apply technologies that deal with reducing the carbon emission in the
manufacturing process. With respect to the study of Tyfield, Ely, and Geall (2015), it can be stated
that apart from the government policies and rules, a change in climate has been creating issues for
the petroleum industry. BHP Billiton is a company that provides petroleum and gas to the people
in the UK and many other countries including Australia and China. Being a petroleum company,
BHP has to face several threats and challenges due to climate change and application of the
government policies and regulatory.

Climate change
Climate change has a close relationship with the petroleum companies as it has been observed that
about 70% of greenhouse gas emissions occur due to fossil fuel production. In context to BHP
Billiton, climate change in the country has been affecting the manufacturing process of the
company. The reason behind this is that in the year 2016, the company has been marked under the
highest carbon polluter globally. Approx. 0.52% of carbon found to be released by the Billiton
(theguardian.com, 2018). Hence, this news led to lowering of the brand image in the UK affecting
their CSR activities. The reports showed that BHP Billiton alleged with the claim that they do not
dodge their legal and moral responsibilities in terms of paying climate change loss. This impacted
the growth of the business in the year 2017.
Climate change in the year 2017 in the UK observed to be mostly due to which the company had
to face the problem. BHP Billiton has to cancel their agreements with Escondida industrial assets
in Chile. They have been forced by the public to shut down their operation in the year 2017 due to
which the company faced a huge loss of 45% in sales (bhp.com, 2018). Along with this, it has been
perceived that on 24 March 2017, a 44-day strike has been conducted by the employees of the
BHP Billiton in terms of lack of safety for the workers due to climate change (bhp.com, 2018).
However, this frequent burden on the company raised a grand challenge of losing customers and
hampering CSR activities. (Refer to Appendix 1)
The change in climate such as extreme humidity can cause damage to the product or even explode
the barrels of the oil in excessive heat (bhp.com, 2018). Hence, this can pose a great challenge to
the company's productivity.
Practical examples on changes in carbon emission
Quarters Carbon liberation
Q1 (2014) 130.6
Q2 92.5
Q3 87.1
Q4 120.4
Q1 (2015) 125.3
Q2 89.8
Q3 81.6
Q4 116.0
Q1 (2016) 116.3
Q2 85.4
Q3 75.9
Q4 107.0
Q1 (2017) 114.6
Q2 78.4
Q3 74.1
 Q4 107.6
Table 1: Change in the amount of greenhouse gases
(Source: carbonbrief.org, 2018)
In period of extravagant way of life combined with requests from the buyers, car specialist co-
ops specialist co-ops. Petroleum service providers makes utilization of various concoction mixes
or crude materials. This outcomes in huge measure of freedom of ozone depleting substances
into the climate as CO2, methane, CFCs, Sulfur-Di-Oxide, etc into the environment.

Q1 (2014) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 (2015) Q2 Q3 Q4
Q1 (2016) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 (2017) Q2 Q3 Q4
130.6

125.3
120.4

116.3

114.6
116

107.6
107
92.5

89.8
87.1

85.4
81.6

78.4
75.9

74.1
1

The rate of carbon discharge in UK has expanded fundamentally from about 123.20 in the year
2010 to about 124.40 in the year 2017, uncovering risk on nature. In the ongoing years to offer
insurance to the earth, the two temperatures just as carbon discharge has been brought down by
3% by limiting certain car generation line ups (lse.ac.uk, 2018) (Refer to Appendix – 4).

Policy and regulatory framework

As per the view Raven et al. (2016), it is the responsibility of the government to provide oil and
gas industry, certain rules and apply policies in terms of reducing carbon emission to maintain a
better environment. Along with this, the government of UK has made several terms and conditions
for the petroleum companies in terms of reduction of carbon and safety of the citizens living in the
country. As per the Petroleum Act, 1998, extraction and production of petroleum industry must
not harm the citizens of the country. However, emission of excessive carbon is also related to the
health of people (Wilson et al. 2018). Moreover, the company must uphold the health and
environmental standards of the country. This policy of the government posed a threat to the crude
oil processing operation of the company which involves high carbon release.

Figure 1: Provision of greenhouse gas emission estimates in the year 2017

(Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2018)
Along with this, it has been observed that in the year 2016, the government of UK announced that
the petroleum industry is allowed to release approx 2.6% of carbon in a year
(assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2018). Companies raising the certified percentage can be taken
under legal action including the closing of the license or lowering the operation. Hence, this has
been a huge drawback for BHP Billiton as the company have been found to be releasing more than
that in the year 2017. Hence, Company had been ordered to lower the production or apply different
strategies to minimize the emission of carbon while extraction and production. This has resulted
in a lowering of the rate of production of oil by the company affecting negatively its global sales.
In the year 2017, it has been noticed that BHP Billiton has been considered to be the carbon polluter
in the UK due to which they have been warned by the government to lower their production
process. Due to this reason, the profit of the company lowered to € 3.7 billion from 5.2 billion
(bhp.com, 2018). Hence, these factors have posed a great risk in continuation of their operations
on a large scale using the existing manufacturing technologies.

Explaining Innovation Theory and Summarizing types of innovation

Innovation theory
Innovation theory refers to the generation of new ideas over time to gain momentum and
incorporate in a specific population especially the market space with respect to a business. Using
the primary approach of this policy, it is possible for the petroleum service provider to improve its
handling process. Important changes with respect to processing of raw petroleum compounds,
refining and other purification process can be modified as per disruptive innovation policies for
achievement of sustainability. Pisano (2015) stated that while adopting the latest technological
measure for processing, initially it is necessary to be restricted across small towns and small scale
industries.
In compliance with this policy, it can be possible for BHP Billiton to amend to the terms and
conditions of the government regarding pollution discharge norms (Based on the ideas of
Christensen et al. 2015).
Application of disruptive innovation model for handling threats
This theory was propounded by Clayton Christensen, which describes a process or technique takes
place in smaller industries and ultimately shift towards wider industrial areas. In case of the
petroleum service provider, it is possible to extend its services initially to small industries and
small scale power generation process. After certification and obtaining expected results, the
technology can be shifted in future to wider industries as per disruptive innovation in order to
prevent loss. Based on the ideas of Wu and Chiu, (2015), the initial probability of obtaining success
is limited. However in the future, the success ratio can be improved by making modifications.

Figure 2: Disruptive innovation

(Source: Christensen, Raynor and McDonald, 2015).
Incremental innovation
Application of incremental innovation approach
As per the concept of incremental innovation approach, existing products or process are important
to be made competitive by emphasizing upon cost minimisation and improving existing features.
In context to the petroleum service provider BHP Billiton, Upgradation of existing services such
as oil boring, refining and processing are possible through incorporation of latest technologies for
power generation.
6000 5621

5000

3753 3910
4000

3000 2670

2000 1711
1083
1000

0
Total Home Export

2016 2017

Figure 3: Changes in carbon emission

(Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2018)
During launch of environmental discharge limits by the government of UK, the petroleum service
provider improved its general mode of petroleum processing and refining. According to Souto
(2015, p. 23), existing process and refining process can be improved by steady shift by
replacement. As for example, material selection, product refining process and power generation
process can be revised as per discharge standards in compliance with the government norms. In
addition to it, material handling and process management techniques can also be revised as per the
norms of UK government for lowering the rate of carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons into the
atmosphere. As per incremental innovation theory, it is possible to modify existing process or
services by focussing upon their level of impacts in the environment (Based on the ideas of Adams
et al. 2016).
Breakthrough innovation
Application of breakthrough innovation
As per breakthrough innovation policies, important changes are possible to be made by definition
of new rules or by creating new rules. In other words, it is the process of application of out- of the
box thoughts and ideas to achieve the expected objectives. It is inclusive of the following
fundamentals:
● Pushing the limits of science and boundaries based upon uncertainty to obtain latest
milestones. Using this concept, it is possible for the petroleum industry to implement
different materials and processes not adopted by competitors till date. As for example
application of mixture of ethanol along with hydrocarbons may restrict the % of CO2 along
with liberation of unburnt hydrocarbon in the atmosphere (Based on the ideas of Kaplan
and Vakili, 2015).

● In comparison to others, as per the ideas of Caputo, Marzi and Pellegrini (2016)
breakthrough innovation requires through working knowledge of patented technology
which may not be in service within the company presently. The aftermath of application is
possible to be uncertain. (Refer to Appendix 2)

Game changing innovation

Game changing innovation is characterised with application of new technologies, process or
business models applicable for making essential changes in the process. In the petroleum service
provider, petroleum processing and refining process of certain petrochemical grades has been
predominant in the industry for a long time (Based on the ideas of Plastino and Purdy, 2018).
On account of air pollution discharge limitations and norms, the petroleum service provider is
bound to suspend its current production and working process in compliance with the present
standards. According to Adams et al. (2016), the strategy applicable to improve present process
and shift to innovative process is a part of game changing strategy. In order to prolong its
dominance in the industry, any obsolete technology of material handling, oil refining and power
generation is necessary to be replaced with effective technologies.

Description of disruptive innovations in order to address a threat to business

Early adopters
The main early adopters of technologies are applicable across small scale SMEs in UK dealing
mainly with petroleum related services. Small and middle sized business undertakings can use this
approach to control the emission rate of CO2 within appropriate boundaries. SMEs, owing to the
lack of modern technologies are liable to eliminate considerable amount of carbon emissions in
the atmosphere. Hence, it is important for SMEs to be initial adopters.
UK government has been spending approx £7.9 billion to minimize the carbon emission from the
country (theccc.org.uk, 2018).

Innovation leading to reduction of greenhouse gases

Change in rate of carbon emission standards

Years Carbon liberation

2010 492.7
2011 449.7
2012 469.9
2013 459
2014 419.1
2015 402.5
2016 378.9
2017 366.9

Table 2: Change in carbon emissions

(Source: carbonbrief.org, 2018)
In the ongoing years to offer assurance to nature, the two temperatures just as carbon emanation
has been brought down by 3% by limiting certain petroleum refining process (lse.ac.uk, 2018)
(Refer to appendix – 3).
 Carbon liberation
600

492.7
500 469.9 459
449.7
419.1 402.5
400 378.9 366.9

300

200

100

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (p)

In supplementary to this, different petroleum companies have also been focusing on reducing the
carbon emission during oiling production and extraction to reduce the percentage of carbon
emission in the country (Wilson, 2018, pp.125-135). BHP Billiton has established several
technologies to both control the carbon release and measure the amount of Carbon release.

Disruptive innovation for reduction of CO2 emission

Power generation and battery storage
The company can establish power generation and battery storage disruptive technologies at the
workplace that can help in reducing the carbon emission while production process in the
organization. Nuclear power is considered to the way through which electricity is produced with
zero carbon emission and it is also cost-effective for the companies.

Figure 4(a): Battery circuit

(Source: weforum.org, 2018)
Similarly, power generation technologies produce zero greenhouse gas emissions. It emits only
helium and exhausts the carbon at the time of production process. With respect to the study of
Christensen, Raynor, and McDonald (2015), fusion energy is safe and have the possibility of
producing zero carbon.

Figure 4(b): carbon reduction engineering

(Source: weforum.org, 2018)
The petroleum industry manufactures oil that emits approx 30% carbon. However with the help of
power generation technologies, BHP Billiton can reduce this problem as instead of releasing
carbon in the air, power generating technologies captured the carbon in a vessel that can be later
changed in useful gas or liquid (weforum.org, 2018).
Above this, the company can join hand with Canadian project named SaskPower’s Boundary Dam
Project to reduce the carbon emission. It is the project where the coal-fired power plant is made
that retrofits the carbon within it. This helps in capturing 1 million tons of Carbon per year.
Through this instead of releasing the carbon in the air surface, it releases in the fired power plant.
This is a kind of storage technology that can be established by the company. This might result in
reduction of carbon up to 21% in the year 2025.

Post-combustion carbon capture

This is a carbon capturing technology that seeks to capture huge carbon at the time of production
process. Here, the carbon is separated and captured from the flue gases with the help of additional
filter to the power plant. These filters get trapped and travel in the form of smokestack and it makes
the carbon gas solvent which further releases in the form of vapor. On the other hand, Wainstein
and Bumpus (2016) commented in their study that an alternative process is present to capture
carbon during production process. At the time of making the fuel or petroleum, experts of BHP
Billiton can separate the carbon before burying the flu by running power plants at high temperature.
With the help of this, monoxide and hydrogen are formed and carbon gets converted into carbon
dioxide and gets removed by leaving behind pure hydrogen for energy production processes that
can be further used in pouring plants and trees. Hence this process is called oxy-fuel combustion.

AutoNaut
It is a kind of technology that helps to store the carbon in a vessel that can be utilized in future.
Autonaut is a 3.5-meter long wave propelled unmanned surface vessel that offers an autonomous
oceanic data gathering with the zero-carbon propulsion. It gathers the carbon gas in the vessel
automatically and converts it into hydrogen that can be further used by the company for different
purpose in production process.

Transformation of carbon into aluminum

A disruptive technology has emerged in the country that helps to transform the carbon emissions
to aluminum. It has been perceived that this technology cuts the greenhouse gas emissions from
the aluminum production (theguardian.com, 2018). Aluminum can be utilized in different
industries such as automobile industry or construction industry. The transformation of carbon to
aluminum can helps in reducing approx. 6.5 billion carbons.

BHP Billion can establish this disruptive technology to reduce the carbon emission at the time of
production process. This can also add in the increasing the productivity of the company.
Annual Carbon Emission calculator
This is the device through which the carbon can be measured during the process of both extraction
and production in the company. BHP Billiton can be recommended to use the annual carbon
emission calculator for measuring the carbon emission during their operation in the market. As
per the view of Coccia (2017, pp.12-16), there are different measurement options for measuring
carbon during production process. The steps through which the carbon emission can be measured
include the following:

Understanding the need of measuring the carbon

The basic need of measuring the carbon should be understood by the company properly. This helps
in proper measurement of carbon emission and further, it provides an idea to either destroy it or
reuse it at the time of needs.

Practical examples on application of innovative technologies

Innovative technologies Possible range of lowering greenhouse gases emissions

Carbon footprint technology on Lowering carbon emissions by about 3 to 4%

petroleum refining

IIoT technologies applicable during Lowering greenhouse gases by 4 to 5 %

petroleum refining

Artificial gas detection technologies Possible to monitor and filter concentration of gases by not
equipped with sensors less than 12 % during petrochemical refining process.

Biodegradable plastic products and Effecting in lowering the amount of carbon emission and
Application of plastic polymers greenhouse gases by range of about 9 to 10% in
petrochemical industries. Lowering in costs of operation by
10 to 12%.

Application of renewable sources Effective in lowering the external emission of gasses by not
more than 14 to 15%.
 Table 4: Application of innovative technologies
Defining emission
Carbon emits through different ways at the time of production process. During operation at wider
market perspectives, appropriate monitoring of work related surroundings related to carbon
emission is likely to help in controlling it. BHP Billiton can define their emission of carbon by
analyzing factors like usage of transportation also releases carbon, usage of technologies for oil
rigs also releases carbon. Hence, in that case, carbon releasing from offshore and onshore oil rigs
are mandatory to measure.

Calculate the emission

By attaching the calculator at the time of production process of oil rigs can helps in measuring the
carbon emission in the company.

REDD+
This is another disruptive technology that can help in measuring the amount of carbon released
during the manufacturing process in BHP Billiton. From the study of Kaplan and Vakili (2015), it
can be understood that REDD+ gathers the overall information about the release of carbon in the
previous year. Accordingly, it measures the carbon emission presently while extracting offshore
oil rigs. After this, the technology leads to minus the present carbon emission from the previous
measured carbon emission. Through this, company can view carbon emission amount and compare
with previous amount of carbon emission. With the help of this BHP Billiton can measure and thus
control the carbon emission during their manufacturing process.

Deployment to wider market and associated benefits from growth

The automobile industry can use the REDD+ technology to enhance their sustainable growth.
Using this technology in vehicles, the automobile industry can reduce carbon emission. In this
way, the automobile sector can also reuse the wastage as composite materials based on which
carbon emission can also be removed.
In case of Shipping industry, they can also access AutoNaut technology in order to reduce the level
of carbon. After using the technology, the above discussed industry can restore their release carbon
in a vessel which can also be used for future. In this way, air pollution can be reduced from shipping
activities (Tyfield et al. 2015). Moreover, it can be mentioned as the responsibility of the shipping
industry to clean up oceans through advanced technologies. AutoNaut can also work as a
monitoring system while detecting level of carbon emission in oceans. It has a different garbage
collection system which has already been used by BHP Billiton and can be used by shipping
industry in future days.
BHP Billiton has taken approach to cope with the problem of carbon emission during production
which is game changing technology which also helps to reduce carbon emission level (Souto,
2015, pp.125-165). It has helped them to verify their carbon footprint to maintain clean system. In
case of power generation industry, this can be used to eliminate various traditional power
plants stack for reduction of carbon footprints. Game changing technology can help them to build
zero emission power plants which can also be sustainable for environment. With the assistance of
this technology, sequestration of carbon can also be monitored by the management of other
manufacturing industries. Finally, it can help them to measure emission level before accessing the
zero or ultra low emission technology.

Conclusion
From the above study, it can be concluded that climate change creates a huge problem for the
petroleum industry. It leads to effects the business operation by creating a risk of accidents within
workplace. It has been found that BHP Billiton has the work of offshore and onshore extraction in
many geographical areas due to which the risk of accident due to climate change remains on them.
Apart from this, it has been observed that due to climate change, company has also been losing
their image and reputation. The CSR activities found to be impacting of BHP Billiton in the
country. On the other side, government policies and regulations has also been becoming an issue
for the company. BHP Billiton worked hard to meet the government CO2 emission norms and
develop many systems in order to reduce CO2 emission.
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Appendices

Appendix 1: Carbon Emission in BHP Billiton

(Sources: bhp.com, 2018)

Appendix 2: Carbon emission

(Sources: https://www.bhp.com/-
/media/bhp/documents/investors/reports/2015/bhpbillitonclimatechangeporfolioanalysis2015.pdf
?)

Appendix 3: CO2 sources

(Source: carbonbrief.org, 2018)

Appendix 4: Contribution of petroleum industry

(Source: carbonbrief.org, 2018)