The Birth and Death of Stars
v at, saka, o, pati, ni, maging, ngunit, subalit, datapwat,
If the cloud contracts, gas pressure, temperature, centrifugal force, and angular
momentum - a measure for the speed of rotation - rise. This is how ions (atoms which
have lost or gained one or more electrons) and magnetic fields can develop. Little by
little, a cloud weighing up to 1000 times the mass of our sun disintegrates into
smaller amounts of gas condensing in large portions and attaining high densities
inside the cloud's active centers. The contraction accelerates and creates a
protostar enclosed by gas and dust - a preliminary stage to a sun. Because of the
surrounding envelope raining down onto the protostar, the young star shines in the
range of infra-red wavelength. These rays can be determined by very sensitive
instruments, mostly by satellite observatories in orbit around earth, but they are not
visible to the human eye.
Gliese 623b
Gliese 632b
When the heat that is created by the gravitational pressure inside of the star rises
and the dull envelope of gas and dust has disappeared, the protostar finally shines in
the visible spectrum. If pressure and temperature in the core are high enough
(several million Kelvin), nuclear fusion starts: hydrogen becomes helium. One
condition for this process is that the protostar must have a mass of at least one
tenth that of the sun. Otherwise, instead of a young star, there will only exist the
infra-red radiation caused by its contraction. These small stars which send out infra-
red light are known as "brown dwarfs". A Brown Dwarf
A Brown Dwarf
gravitation vs. inner pressure
Gravitation vs. Inner Pressure Brown Dwarfs, because of their small mass, were
prevented from becoming suns. They are, a cross between a sun and a planet. The
pressure created by radiation and temperature represents a counter-force to
gravitation in the young sun. It keeps the size of the star constant for up to several
billion years. Size and lifespan of a star depend on the star's mass: the heavier, the
bigger, the more quickly burning, the more short-lived. Vast stars starve fast.
After nuclear fusion has set in for the first time, it will not stop for a long time - for a
period of millions and perhaps even billions of years. When fusing nuclei, mass is
transformed to energy according to Einstein's popular equation, E=mc2. The bigger a
sun is, the more mass it has, and the more energy can be produced in a given period
of time. By this time, helium accumulates in the center of the sun. If the
temperatures there are high enough, helium is fused to heavier elements, too.
Starting with hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, up to iron can be fused in the core
of a star. Most of the known elements have originated from within the stars. And
most of the atoms our environment consists of are remnants of stellar explosions -
we are actually "children of the stars".
If we take a closer look at the processes that take place in a sun's inner core, we are
able to determine that several envelopes develop around the sun's core. These
envelopes consist of different types of atoms. The exisiting helium core inside will
not impede the fusion of hydrogen to helium, the p-p-process. The p-p-process
The p-p-process
The alpha process
The 3-alpha process Similar to an onion chopped in half and viewed as a cross-
section, an envelope of hydrogen wherein fusion takes place continues to develop
around the core. When this hydrogen-burning envelope migrates outward, the helium
core shrinks, and temperature and size of the star will change. It blows up and cools
down, and eventually becomes a red giant. The helium core becomes larger and
larger, making it heavier. Sometimes an explosion will happen: a helium flash, whose
ultimate result is a re-contraction of the star.
Both of these states, blowing-up and contracting, can occur several times until the
star swells to a red supergiant and an essential part of the helium is transferred to
carbon by what is known as the 3alpha-process. This is the final state for stars that
containing less than 1/2 times the mass of our sun.
Pangatnig
Pangatnig – ang tawag sa mga katagang nag-uugnay sa
magkasunod na salita, parirala, o sugnay.
Dalawang pangkat ng Pangatnig:
1. nag-uugnay ng dalawang magkatimbang na salita, parirala, o
sugnay na kapwa makatatayong mag-isa.
pero, atb.
At, saka, pati – ginagamit kung nais lamang nating idagdag
o isingit ang ikalawang salita o parirala o sugnay sa
nauuna.
Hal. Masustansyang pagkain ang prutas at gulay.
O, ni, at maging - tinatawag na mga pangatnig na
pamukod sa dahilang pinagbubukod nito ang mga
kaisipang ating pinag-uugnay
Hal. Ni saktan ni pagalitan ay hindi ko ginawa sa’yo.
Ngunit, subalit, datapwat, bagamat, at pero – ay tinatawag
na mga pangatnig na panalungat. Sinasalungat ng
ikalawang kaisipan ang ipinahahayag ng nauuna.
Hal. Bata pa si Red subalit siya’y responsible na.
2. nag-uugnay ng di-magkatimbang na salita, parirala, o sugnay.
v Kung, kapag, pag, dahil sa, sapagkat, palibhasa, kaya,
kung gayon, at sana
Kung, kapag, at pag – pangatnig na panubali.
Hal. Uuwi ako kapag kasama ka.
Dahil sa, sapagkat, palibhasa – nagpapakilala ng sanhi o
dahilan; Tinatawag na mga pangatnig na pananhi
Hal. Palibhasa’y matalino, hindi nag-aaral sa Ben.
Kaya, kung gayon at sana – mga pangatnig na panlinaw;
0 ginagamit upang bigyang –diin o linaw ang kaisipang hatid ng
sugnay na di-makapag-iisa.
Hal. Kung nag-aral ako, hindi sana ako bumagsak
Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players
(singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite
halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score
points by striking a shuttlecock (also known as a birdy) with their
racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half
of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it
passes over the net. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the
floor.
The shuttlecock (or shuttle) is a feathered projectile whose unique
aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently from the balls used in
most racquet sports; in particular, the feathers create much higher drag,
causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly than a ball.
Shuttlecocks have a much higher top speed, when compared to other
racquet sports. Because shuttlecock flight is affected by wind,
competitive badminton is played indoors. Badminton is also played
outdoors as a casual recreational activity, often as a garden or beach
game.
Since 1992, badminton has been an Olympic sport with five events:
men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed
doubles, in which each pair consists of a man and a woman. At high
levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require
aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed and precision. It is also a
technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and the development
of sophisticated racquet movements.
Badminton Smash
Badminton Smash is the most potent of all badminton shots. There is
almost no defense against a well executed smash. It can be played both
on the forehand and backhand sides.
The smash is a shot hit with power and speed downward to your
opponent's court. The angle and the steepness of the shuttle's trajectory
will make it hard for your opponent to retrieve.
Contact the shuttle further in front of your body than the clear or the
drop shot. The optimum hitting zone is located somewhere above the
central area of your racket.
 You
can
also

jump and smash the shuttle at the same time to generate more
power and create a steeper angle for the shot. This will give your
opponent even lesser time to react. As this is a more advance shot,
master the normal badminton smash first before taking on any jumping
As the collapse proceeds, the temperature and pressure within the globule increases, as the atoms
smash. are in closer proximity. Also, the globule rotates faster and faster. This spinning action causes an
increase in centrifugal forces (a radial force on spinning objects) that causes the globule to have a
central core and a surrounding flattened disk of dust (called a protoplanetary disk or accretion disk).
The feeling of being able to smash powerfully and kill off a point is really The central core becomes the star; the protoplanetary disk may eventually coalesce into orbiting
great. But try not to get carried away. As the badminton smash requires planets, asteroids, etc.
a lot of energy, use it only when the opportunity arises. For example, a
weak clear from your opponent to your midcourt area. Do not tire
yourself out unnecessarily. Protostar:
The contracting cloud heats up due to friction and forms a glowing protostar; this stage lasts for
roughly 50 million years. If there is enough material in the protostar, the gravitational collapse and
THE BIRTH OF STARS
the heating continue.

If there is not enough material in the protostar, one possible outcome is a brown dwarf (a large, not-
Accretion Disk: very-luminous celestial body having a mass between 1028 kg and 84 x 1028 kg).

A Newborn Star:
When a temperature of about 27,000,000°F is reached, nuclear fusion begins. This is the nuclear
reaction in which hydrogen atoms are converted to helium atoms plus energy. This energy
(radiation) production prevents further contraction of the star.

Young stars emit jets of intense radiation that heat the surrounding matter to the point at which it
Stars are formed in glows brightly. These narrowly-focused jets can be trillions of miles long and can travel at 500,000
nebulae, interstellar miles per hour. These jets may be focused by the star's magnetic field.
clouds of dust and gas
(mostly hydrogen). The protostar is now a stable main sequence star which will remain in this state for about 10 billion
These stellar nurseries years. After that, the hydrogen fuel is depleted and the star begins to die.
The Eagle nebula, a stellar nursery
are abundant in the arms
illuminated by ultraviolet light which is
of spiral galaxies. Life span:
emitted from the newborn stars.
The most massive stars have the shortest lives. Stars that are 25 to 50 times that of the Sun live for
In these stellar nurseries, only a few million years. Stars like our Sun live for about 10 billion years. Stars less massive than
dense parts of these clouds undergo gravitational collapse and compress to form a rotating gas the Sun have even longer life spans.
globule.

The globule is cooled by emitting radio waves and infrared radiation. It is compressed by
gravitational forces and also by shock waves of pressure from supernova or the hot gas released
from nearby bright stars. These forces cause the roughly-spherical globule to collapse and rotate.
The process of collapse takes from between 10,000 to 1,000,000 years.

A Central Core and a Protoplanetary Disk: