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T Supplement
T Supplement...........................................................................................................................................................1
Definitions to broad, fed def key.............................................................................................................................2
Nongovernmental definitions fail ...........................................................................................................................3
Universal ≠ Social service.......................................................................................................................................4
Means Testing = 400 % FPL...................................................................................................................................5
Means Testing – Case list........................................................................................................................................7
Case list – Means tested programs without pov guidelines ....................................................................................8
Health care not social service .................................................................................................................................9
** T – Fed Pov Line...............................................................................................................................................10
1NC – FPL.............................................................................................................................................................11
2NC – Fed Pov Line..............................................................................................................................................12
AT: C/I Poverty lack of basic needs......................................................................................................................13
XT: Fed pov line interp..........................................................................................................................................14
XT: FPL determines 60 bill $ of social services....................................................................................................15
A2: States CP checks.............................................................................................................................................16
**T – Exclude health, education, employment......................................................................................................17
1NC .......................................................................................................................................................................18
2NC - XT...............................................................................................................................................................19
Social service ≠ health and education ...................................................................................................................20
Social service ≠ health and education ...................................................................................................................21
Social service ≠ health and education....................................................................................................................22
Social service ≠ health and education....................................................................................................................23
**T – Means testing ..............................................................................................................................................24
T – Means testing (1/2)..........................................................................................................................................25
T – Means testing (2/2)..........................................................................................................................................26
Means tested case list.............................................................................................................................................27

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Definitions to broad, fed def key

And, the topic is already huge and social services are broad—excluding schools and hospitals is key to
preventing sheer explosion

Clotfelter, public policy @ Duke ‘92

(Charles T. Clotfelter is Z. Smith Reynolds Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Economics and Law at Duke University, Who
benefits from the nonprofit sector? P 135, 1992)

The principal feature of this reorientation was a shift in focus away from the narrow goal of reducing poverty and economic
dependency toward the broader goal of enhancing human development (Kamerman and Kahn 1976, 3). Under the new
approach, social services of the son provided by nonprofit human service agencies came to be viewed as something
appropriate not simply for the poor, but for a broad cross section of the population as well . How have nonprofit human
service agencies coped with the pressures that have resulted from this broadening of the human service client base? To
what extent have they remained true to their historic missions? To what extent have they shifted their attention from the
poor to broader segments of the population? To the extent such a shift has occurred, what accounts for it? Who, in fact, is
served by nonprofit social service agencies and who foots the bill?

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Nongovernmental definitions fail

Nongovernmental definitions fail

Salamon, PHD director social welfare policy @ Hopkins ‘3

(Lester Salamon, PHD Founding Director / Principal Research Scientist U.S. and international nonprofit sector Social welfare policy
Economic development policy “The State of Nonprofit America” Jan 2003 p.153)

Especially in recent years. many scholars and policymakers would contend that this definition favors government
provision over other forms of provision, such as the family, the church, and business. Consequently, the boundaries of
social services have become quite contentious in terms of both the appropriate sector to provide them as well as what
appropriately should be included in them. At its core, however, social services encompass an expanding array' of pro-grams
designed to enhance the life of families and individuals, including pro¬grams to address domestic violence, rape, AIDS,
poverty, homelessness, drug and alcohol addiction, and community living for the disabled. 7jpes of Organizations
Nonprofit organizations are on the front lines of the social services field. However, these organizations vary greatly in
scale, character, and degree of formality. Indeed, it is possible to distinguish three broad categories of nonprofit social
service agencies.

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Universal ≠ Social service
Universal services aren’t social services

Millar 2k8
[Dugald Millar, Assistant Director, Partnerships & Commissioning Housing & Community Services London Borough of Hounslow,
“CONSULTATION ON NHS CHANGES IN LONDON,” http://www.healthcareforlondon.nhs.uk/assets/Publications/Consulting-the-
Capital/Councils-and-overview-and-scrutiny/LondonBoroughofHounslow.doc]

Another issue is that the NHS is a universal service free (more or less) at the point of delivery. Social services are
targeted, means tested and subject to eligibility thresholds. The movement in social services in recent years has been
towards more intensive services for a smaller number of people. The models of care in the Darzi report imply that many
more people will need to receive a broader range of personal care and advice as well as health care. It is not clear how
these contradictions are to be addressed.

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Means Testing = 400 % FPL

Union leader, A New Hampshire newspaper, ‘9

(“Aid to non-needy: It's 'for the children'” April 21st 2009 http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Aid+to+non-needy
%3A+It%27s+%27for+the+children%27&articleId=048c3382-4007-40ae-94f2-20ccfc722453)

Since 1974, New Hampshire has been required by federal law to means-test its cash grants for blind children, given under
the federal Aid to Needy Blind program. That is, the state has to cut the grants if parental income is above a certain level.
Since 1974, the state has failed to comply with that law. This year, at the request of the state Department of Health and
Human Services, a bill (HB 64) was introduced to finally apply the federal income guidelines. Department staff testified
that it would save the state money. But the House amended the bill so that it would not apply to minors currently enrolled in
the program. Guess what? That is a violation of federal regulations. Editorial logo Click for Editorials & Op-Eds Now,
instead of saving state taxpayers thousands of dollars by cutting aid to families who don't need it, the bill will cost state
taxpayers more than $2 million a year by substituting state general fund revenues for federal grants the bill makes us
ineligible to receive. This is nothing out of the ordinary for the current state Legislature. Two weeks after passing HB 64,
the House passed HB 529, which allowed "children" up to age 26 to continue receiving state-subsidized health care even if
they make up to 400 percent of the federal poverty level, or $3,610 a month. That bill will cost taxpayers an estimated
$310,000 a year. House Bill 529 is now law.

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Eligibility requirements are used for all social services

Santala Behroozi 2k8

[Sinikka Santala, Administrator of Division of Long Term Care @ Wisconsin Department of Health Services, AND Cyrus
Behroozi, Administrator of Division of Safety and Permanence @ Department of Children and Families, “SOCIAL SERVICES
BLOCK GRANT - 2008 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS”
http://dhs.wisconsin.gov/dsl_info/NumberedMemos/DLTC/CY2008/NMemo200811.pdf]

C. ELIGIBILITY FOR SERVICES 1. For all social services the minimum state categories of eligible persons are: a.
recipients of Medical Assistance; b. recipients of Supplemental Security Income; c. persons whose income is at or
below 75 percent of the state's median income. (See Attachment A.) d. Families are income eligible for child care if
their gross income is equal to or less than 165 percent of the poverty line, and will continue to be eligible up to 200
percent of poverty after initial eligibility at 165 percent of poverty. They must also meet the W-2 asset standard and
cooperate with child support determination. For families with child care needs, see A. 3. Counties may choose to
provide services to others whose incomes exceed the state minimum income test. 2. At their option, counties may
incorporate any of the following criteria into social service eligibility policies: a. Income eligibility may be set higher
than levels in the table in Attachment A. b. Liquid assets may be considered (for recipients of Medical Assistance and
recipients of SSI) in determining eligibility using the following methodology: i. Only assets in excess of $5,000 for an
individual or $6,000 for a family of two or more may be considered in determining eligibility (see Attachment B). ii.
One-twelfth of the applicant's excess assets are added to gross monthly income; this amount is tested against the eligibility
levels in the Income Eligibility Table (or a higher standard set by the county) to determine eligibility. iii. If assets are
considered in determining eligibility, they are also to be used in assessing fees. 3. Targeting Policy (County Option):
Counties have the option of establishing a target group for each program. By targeting, we mean counties can
identify persons with certain characteristics who will be the only persons eligible for a program (e.g., only unmarried
parents can receive Counseling/Therapeutic Resources).

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Means Testing – Case list

Means testing explodes the topic

Stockman 83
[David A. Stockman is the Executive Director of the House Republican Conference, where he supervises extensive legislative
research and analysis activities, “HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND SUBCOMMITTEE ON
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS HOUSE
OF REPKESENTATIVES,” Oct 18, http://www.archive.org/stream/povertyrateincre00unit/povertyrateincre00unit_djvu.txt]

The HHS poverty guidelines are used in setting eligibility criteria for a number of federal programs. Some programs
actually use a percentage multiple of the guidelines, such as 125 percent, 150 percent, or 185 percent. This is not the result
of a single coherent plan; instead, it stems from decisions made at different times by different congressional committees or
federal agencies. Some examples of federal programs that use the guidelines in determining eligibility are: * HHS:
Community Services Block Grant, Head Start, Low-Income Home Energy Assistance, Children's Health Insurance Program
* Department of Agriculture: Food Stamps; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC); the National School Lunch and School Breakfast programs * Department of Energy: Weatherization
Assistance * Department of Labor: Job Corps, Senior Community Service Employment Program, National
Farmworker Jobs Program * Legal Services Corporation: Legal services for the poor Certain relatively recent
provisions of Medicaid use the poverty guidelines; however, the rest of that program (accounting for roughly three-quarters
of Medicaid eligibility determinations) does not use the guidelines.

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Case list – Means tested programs without pov guidelines
Stockman 83
[David A. Stockman is the Executive Director of the House Republican Conference, where he supervises extensive legislative
research and analysis activities, “HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND SUBCOMMITTEE ON
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS HOUSE
OF REPKESENTATIVES,” Oct 18, http://www.archive.org/stream/povertyrateincre00unit/povertyrateincre00unit_djvu.txt]

Major means-tested programs that do NOT use the poverty guidelines in determining eligibility include Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families (and its predecessor, Aid to Families with Dependent Children), Supplemental Security
Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit program, the Department of Housing and Urban Development's means-tested
housing assistance programs, and the Social Services Block Grant. Some state and local governments have chosen to use
the federal poverty guidelines in some of their own programs and activities. Examples include state health insurance
programs, financial guidelines for child support enforcement, and determination of legal indigence for court purposes.
Some private companies such as utilities, telephone companies, and pharmaceutical companies have also adopted the
guidelines in setting eligibility for their services to low-income persons.

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Health care not social service
Healthcare isn’t means tested—distinct from social services

Rothwell-Murray 99
[Colleen Rothwell-Murray Commissioning Domiciliary Care: A Practical Guide to Purchasing Services p 13]

Various local authorities across the country will have their own policies about how such domiciliary or home care is
provided. Some are opposed to the idea of purchasing care from external suppliers and provide all the domiciliary or home
care for their own population with SSD staff, and their priority will be to fulfil their statutory obligations to clients who
have been assessed as 'in need', under section 47 of the 1990 Act. Where possible, such SSDs may supply citizens with care
on a fee- payment basis. Social services are means tested, and this is a distinguishing factor from the health services
provided by the NI-1S. Where the client qualifies under an assessment, but his or her income and capital exceed the
threshold limits, the fee chargeable for such services depends entirely on the policy of the local authority, and it is not
uncommon that clients are charged a nominal fee, which does not reflect the true cost of the service. SSDs generally
publish these policies, and leaflets for the public are supplied to local offices.

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** T – Fed Pov Line

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1NC – FPL

A. Interpretation- Poverty is defined by the federal poverty line

Kaiser, 5
(a project of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and is designed to provide free, up-to-date, and easy-to-use health data on all 50
states (“Total Number of People Living in Poverty based on Household Income (In Thousands), 2005”,
http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?cat=1&ind=17)

Persons in poverty are defined as those who make less than 100% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). The federal
poverty level for a family of three in the 48 contiguous states and D.C. was $17,170 in 2007. For more information, please
see a detailed description of the federal poverty level provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/faq.shtml.

For establishes the target of social services

Cambridge Dictionary ‘00

(Cambridge University Press p.334)

For – prep. Intended to be given to; having to purpose of because of, as a result of (doing something); instead of, to help;
considering (something or someone with reference to things or people as the usually are); in support or relation to (someone
or something); in support of or agreement with

And, the topic is already huge and social services are broad— federal definition only predictable one

Clotfelter, public policy @ Duke ‘92

(Charles T. Clotfelter is Z. Smith Reynolds Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Economics and Law at Duke University, Who
benefits from the nonprofit sector? P 135, 1992)

The principal feature of this reorientation was a shift in focus away from the narrow goal of reducing poverty and economic
dependency toward the broader goal of enhancing human development (Kamerman and Kahn 1976, 3). Under the new
approach, social services of the son provided by nonprofit human service agencies came to be viewed as something
appropriate not simply for the poor, but for a broad cross section of the population as well . How have nonprofit human
service agencies coped with the pressures that have resulted from this broadening of the human service client base? To
what extent have they remained true to their historic missions? To what extent have they shifted their attention from the
poor to broader segments of the population? To the extent such a shift has occurred, what accounts for it? Who, in fact, is
served by nonprofit social service agencies and who foots the bill?

B. Violation - The aff targets those living above the federal poverty line

C. Standards –
1. Limits – Allowing for cases above the line means that every government policy would be topical
because it would affect the poor in some way, massively exploding the topic
2. Ground – The universal CP and disads to the federal poverty line are core neg ground.
3. Predictability – A definition supplied by the same actor as the resolution is the most predictable

D. Voter for fairness and education

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2NC – Fed Pov Line

Limits – We have to draw the line somewhere. Means testing allows for affirmatives targeting those with
incomes of 400 percent above the federal poverty line.

Union leader, A New Hampshire newspaper, ‘9

(“Aid to non-needy: It's 'for the children'” April 21st 2009 http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Aid+to+non-needy
%3A+It%27s+%27for+the+children%27&articleId=048c3382-4007-40ae-94f2-20ccfc722453)

Since 1974, New Hampshire has been required by federal law to means-test its cash grants for blind children, given under
the federal Aid to Needy Blind program. That is, the state has to cut the grants if parental income is above a certain level.
Since 1974, the state has failed to comply with that law. This year, at the request of the state Department of Health and
Human Services, a bill (HB 64) was introduced to finally apply the federal income guidelines. Department staff testified
that it would save the state money. But the House amended the bill so that it would not apply to minors currently enrolled in
the program. Guess what? That is a violation of federal regulations. Editorial logo Click for Editorials & Op-Eds Now,
instead of saving state taxpayers thousands of dollars by cutting aid to families who don't need it, the bill will cost state
taxpayers more than $2 million a year by substituting state general fund revenues for federal grants the bill makes us
ineligible to receive. This is nothing out of the ordinary for the current state Legislature. Two weeks after passing HB 64,
the House passed HB 529, which allowed "children" up to age 26 to continue receiving state-subsidized health care even if
they make up to 400 percent of the federal poverty level, or $3,610 a month. That bill will cost taxpayers an estimated
$310,000 a year. House Bill 529 is now law.

Destroys the topic means we debate about those not living in poverty and explodes the topic allowing for
dozens of new solvency mechanisms

And “for” exclusively designates the targets of “social services” that’s Cambridge. Offering services
above the poverty line would make every government policy because the poor would be affected.

Ground – “For persons living in poverty” is grounded in the resolution proves that the universal CP and
DA’s to the fed pov line are core neg ground

Predictability – The resolution specifies the USFG means the threshold defined by the USFG is the most
predictable.

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AT: C/I Poverty lack of basic needs

1. Nongovernmental definitions are too broad and arbitrary

Salamon, PHD director social welfare policy @ Hopkins ‘3

(Lester Salamon, PHD Founding Director / Principal Research Scientist U.S. and international nonprofit sector Social welfare policy
Economic development policy “The State of Nonprofit America” Jan 2003 p.153)

Especially in recent years. many scholars and policymakers would contend that this definition favors government
provision over other forms of provision, such as the family, the church, and business. Consequently, the boundaries of
social services have become quite contentious in terms of both the appropriate sector to provide them as well as what
appropriately should be included in them. At its core, however, social services encompass an expanding array' of pro-grams
designed to enhance the life of families and individuals, including pro¬grams to address domestic violence, rape, AIDS,
poverty, homelessness, drug and alcohol addiction, and community living for the disabled. 7jpes of Organizations
Nonprofit organizations are on the front lines of the social services field. However, these organizations vary greatly in
scale, character, and degree of formality. Indeed, it is possible to distinguish three broad categories of nonprofit social
service agencies.

2. Were best for limits – the standard government definition is key to predictability, its grounded in the
resolution

3. Most predictable - Every federal agency that offers social services has programs that are just the fed
pov line

Health and Human Services 2009

(“What programs use the poverty guidelines?” http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/faq.shtml)

What programs use the poverty guidelines? The HHS poverty guidelines, or percentage multiples of them (such as 125
percent, 150 percent, or 185 percent), are used as an eligibility criterion by a number of federal programs, including those
listed below. For examples of major means-tested programs that do not use the poverty guidelines, see the end of this
response. * Department of Health and Human Services: o Community Services Block Grant o Head Start
o Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) o Community Food and Nutrition Program
o PARTS of Medicaid (31 percent of eligibles in Fiscal Year 2004) o Hill-Burton Uncompensated Services
Program o AIDS Drug Assistance Program o Children’s Health Insurance Program o Medicare –
Prescription Drug Coverage (subsidized portion only) o Community Health Centers o Migrant Health
Centers o Family Planning Services o Health Professions Student Loans — Loans for Disadvantaged
Students o Health Careers Opportunity Program o Scholarships for Health Professions Students from
Disadvantaged Backgrounds o Job Opportunities for Low-Income Individuals o Assets for Independence
Demonstration Program * Department of Agriculture: o Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly
Food Stamp Program) o Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
o National School Lunch Program (for free and reduced-price meals only) o School Breakfast Program (for free
and reduced-price meals only) o Child and Adult Care Food Program (for free and reduced-price meals only)
o Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program * Department of Energy: o Weatherization Assistance for
Low-Income Persons * Department of Labor: o Job Corps o National Farmworker Jobs Program
o Senior Community Service Employment Program o Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities *
Department of the Treasury: o Low-Income Taxpayer Clinics * Corporation for National and Community
Service: o Foster Grandparent Program o Senior Companion Program * Legal Services Corporation:
o Legal Services for the Poor

4. When you look at the definition of a person living in poverty you look at it alone. Means testing defines
social service, not poverty. Only our interpretation is universal

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XT: Fed pov line interp
Poverty is defined by the fed pov line

Blank 7
(Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan and Brookings Institution (Rebecca, National Poverty Center Working Paper
Series #07-30, November 2007, “How to Improve Poverty Measurement in the United States”,
http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-30.pdf)

An income-based measure of poverty requires agreement on at least four major definitional items. In this paper, I
primarily address issues related to the first two of these. First, one needs to define a poverty threshold, the level of
income or other resources below which a family is considered poor. Thresholds that are fixed over time in real terms
(that is, they are entirely nonresponsive to economic growth or changes in living standards) are typically referred to as
absolute. The official U.S. measure falls into this category. Thresholds that vary 1-to-1 with income growth (such as a
threshold set at 50 percent of median income) are typically referred to as relative.

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XT: FPL determines 60 bill $ of social services

The poverty measure is used for 60 billion dollars worth of federal social services

Besharov and Germanis 2004

(professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy ** assistant director of the University of Maryland Welfare Reform
Academy. (Douglas J. and Peter “Reconsidering the Federal Poverty Measure” June 14, 2004
http://www.welfareacademy.org/pubs/poverty/povmeasure.description.pdf)

The poverty measure (actually the HHS poverty guidelines), 5 or some multiple of them, are also used to determine
eligibility for at least $60 billion in social welfare aid. (This does not include the significant proportion of the $258
billion in Medicaid spending for persons whose eligibility is determined using the poverty guidelines because that amount
is not separately identified.) 6 Table 1 lists the thirteen federal means-tested programs with expenditures of at least $1
billion that use these guidelines (or some multiple of them) to establish income eligibility . Many state and local
governments also use the guidelines for their own programs, including state health insurance, child care, and child
support programs.

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A2: States CP checks

1. If states could solve every aff, affirmative teams would go exclusively for 50 state fiat. Not a reason
not to read T

2. The year hasn’t started, unclear if aff’s have a federal key warrant until research is done on every
possible aff

3. Nothing stopping them from doing a new social service to those living in poverty that states
couldn’t solve.

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**T – Exclude health, education, employment

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1NC

1. Interpretation - The federal government defines social services as excluding education, medical care
and full employment

US Code ‘3
(The House Ways and Means Committee Green Book provides program descriptions and historical data, “SECTION 10 - TITLE XX
SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM,” http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/greenbook2003/Section10.pdf)

The purpose of the Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program is to provide assistance to States to enable them to
furnish services directed at one or more of five broad goals: $ Achieving or maintaining economic self-support to
prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency; $ Achieving or maintaining self-sufficiency, including reduction or prevention
of dependency; $ Preventing or remedying neglect, abuse, or exploitation of children and adults unable to protect their
own interests, or preserving, rehabilitating or reuniting families; $ Preventing or reducing inappropriate institutional care
by providing for community-based care, home-based care, or other forms of less intensive care; and $ Securing referral or
admission for institutional care when other forms of care are not appropriate, or providing services to individuals in
institutions. States are given wide discretion to determine the services to be provided and the groups that may be
eligible for services, usually low income families and individuals. In addition to supporting social services, the law allows
States to use their allotment for staff training, administration, planning, evaluation, and purchasing technical assistance in
developing, implementing, or administering the State social service program. States decide what amount of the Federal
allotment to spend on services, training, and administration. Some restrictions are placed on the use of title XX funds.
Funds cannot be used for the following: most medical care except family planning; rehabilitation and certain
detoxification services; purchase of land, construction, or major capital improvements; most room and board except
emergency short-term services; educational services generally provided by public schools; most social services provided
in, and by employees of, hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons; cash payments for subsistence; child day care services that
do not meet State and local standards; and wages to individuals as a social service except wages of welfare recipients
employed in child day care.

2. Standards -

Limits – Federal definitions are key, other definitions are too broad and intersectional. Means fed
definition is the most predictable

Clotfelter, public policy @ Duke ‘92

(Charles T. Clotfelter is Z. Smith Reynolds Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Economics and Law at Duke University, Who
benefits from the nonprofit sector? P 135, 1992)

The principal feature of this reorientation was a shift in focus away from the narrow goal of reducing poverty and economic
dependency toward the broader goal of enhancing human development (Kamerman and Kahn 1976, 3). Under the new
approach, social services of the son provided by nonprofit human service agencies came to be viewed as something
appropriate not simply for the poor, but for a broad cross section of the population as well . How have nonprofit human
service agencies coped with the pressures that have resulted from this broadening of the human service client base? To
what extent have they remained true to their historic missions? To what extent have they shifted their attention from the
poor to broader segments of the population? To the extent such a shift has occurred, what accounts for it? Who, in fact, is
served by nonprofit social service agencies and who foots the bill?

Ground – The topic is big enough, allowing cases not permitted by the federal government would allow
for dozens of arbitrary affs that our generics wouldn’t apply to

3. Voter for fairness and education

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2NC - XT
1. Nongovernmental definitions are too broad and arbitrary

Salamon, PHD director social welfare policy @ Hopkins ‘3

(Lester Salamon, PHD Founding Director / Principal Research Scientist U.S. and international nonprofit sector Social welfare policy
Economic development policy “The State of Nonprofit America” Jan 2003 p.153)

Especially in recent years. many scholars and policymakers would contend that this definition favors government
provision over other forms of provision, such as the family, the church, and business. Consequently, the boundaries of
social services have become quite contentious in terms of both the appropriate sector to provide them as well as what
appropriately should be included in them. At its core, however, social services encompass an expanding array' of pro-grams
designed to enhance the life of families and individuals, including pro¬grams to address domestic violence, rape, AIDS,
poverty, homelessness, drug and alcohol addiction, and community living for the disabled. 7jpes of Organizations
Nonprofit organizations are on the front lines of the social services field. However, these organizations vary greatly in
scale, character, and degree of formality. Indeed, it is possible to distinguish three broad categories of nonprofit social
service agencies.

2. Best for debate

A. Limits - Social services can be interpreted to meaning programs that assist the entire
population, that’s Clotfelter. Means you default to the federal definition because its most
predictable

B. The topic is big enough allowing for any program that could interact or “assist” anyone would
mean the aff could run any arbitrary aff to those not living in poverty destroying neg ground.

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Social service ≠ health and education

Social services exclude health and education

Salamon, PHD director social welfare policy @ Hopkins ‘3

(Lester Salamon, PHD Founding Director / Principal Research Scientist U.S. and international nonprofit sector Social welfare policy
Economic development policy “The State of Nonprofit America” Jan 2003 p.152)

The field of nonprofit social services is diverse and has many subsectors. Indeed, the makeup of this field remains a matter
of dispute. The term social services came into widespread use in the post—World War 11 period, especially in the United
Kingdom, where the term personal social services referred to the governmentally supported provision of a "wide range of
services designed to promote the health and well-being of the community:7 In the United States, the term social services
has generally referred to those services "rendered to individuals and families under societal auspices, excluding the major
independent fields of service (that is, excluding health, education, housing, and income maintenance").8 Thus, in practical
terms, social services refer to the social care provided to deprived, neglected, or handicapped children and youth, the needy
elderly, the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, and disadvantaged adults. These services include daycare,
counseling, job training, child protection, foster care, residential treatment, homemakers, rehabilitation, and sheltered
workshops.'

Medical positions aren’t social services

French, Journalist, ‘3
(Laura French, Star Tribune Sales and Marketing, “Social Services: Careers with Meaning,” July 6
http://www.startribune.com/jobs/career/11392751.html?elr=KArks+c4iU0EyDDy_nE:EQDkD:aUiacyKUU)

While a background in practical nursing or counseling might be helpful for some of the positions, social services are
distinct from healthcare or medical positions. In general, social services are designed to help people function better in
their jobs, friendships, and homes. In the past few decades, the need for social services has grown. Our society no longer
hides mentally or physically challenged people away in institutions. Improved medical care means that people are more
likely to survive with birth defects or after serious accidents or illness. The population as a whole is aging. Alcohol and
chemical abuse continue to afflict both the abusers and their families. For all those reasons, social services is one of
Minnesota's fastest growing job categories, with increases of 47% predicted through 2008.

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Social service ≠ health and education

Social services exclude medical care, education and full employment

US Code ‘3
(The House Ways and Means Committee Green Book provides program descriptions and historical data, “SECTION 10 - TITLE XX
SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM,” http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/greenbook2003/Section10.pdf)

The purpose of the Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program is to provide assistance to States to enable them to
furnish services directed at one or more of five broad goals: $ Achieving or maintaining economic self-support to
prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency; $ Achieving or maintaining self-sufficiency, including reduction or prevention
of dependency; $ Preventing or remedying neglect, abuse, or exploitation of children and adults unable to protect their
own interests, or preserving, rehabilitating or reuniting families; $ Preventing or reducing inappropriate institutional care
by providing for community-based care, home-based care, or other forms of less intensive care; and $ Securing referral or
admission for institutional care when other forms of care are not appropriate, or providing services to individuals in
institutions. States are given wide discretion to determine the services to be provided and the groups that may be
eligible for services, usually low income families and individuals. In addition to supporting social services, the law allows
States to use their allotment for staff training, administration, planning, evaluation, and purchasing technical assistance in
developing, implementing, or administering the State social service program. States decide what amount of the Federal
allotment to spend on services, training, and administration. Some restrictions are placed on the use of title XX funds.
Funds cannot be used for the following: most medical care except family planning; rehabilitation and certain
detoxification services; purchase of land, construction, or major capital improvements; most room and board except
emergency short-term services; educational services generally provided by public schools; most social services provided
in, and by employees of, hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons; cash payments for subsistence; child day care services that
do not meet State and local standards; and wages to individuals as a social service except wages of welfare recipients
employed in child day care.

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Social service ≠ health and education

Our interpretation is most precise—assumes US definition

Hahn, PHD candidate ‘7

(Philosophy P.h.d candidate dissertation @ Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
“GOVERNMENT-NONPROFIT RELATIONSHIP AFTER WELFARE REFORM— AN ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT
SUPPORT IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS,” http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Hahn%20YihTsu.pdf?
acc_num=case1184284350)

Although there is some dispute, the term “human service” is a commonly used equivalent of “social services” in the
United States. Kahn (1979) defined “social services” in the United States as “those services rendered to individuals and
families under societal auspices, excluding the major independent fields of service (that is, excluding health, education,
housing, and income maintenance)” (p. 20). Kramer (1987) described social services as the social care given to deprived,
neglected, or handicapped children and youth, the needy elderly, and mentally ill. In practical terms, those services would
include day care, foster care, institutional facilities, information and referral services, counseling, sheltered workshops,
homemaking services, vocational training and rehabilitation. Smith (2002) believed that social services are the activities
encompassing an expanding array of programs developed to improve the lives of families and individuals. These services
include programs designed to address domestic violence, rape, AIDS, poverty, homelessness, drug and alcohol abuse, and
the needs of disabled persons.

And it cites Alfred Kahn—he’s a preeminent expert on social services

NYT ‘9
(William, NYT Writer, “Alfred J. Kahn, Specialist in Child Welfare Issues, Dies at 90,” Feb 21
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/22/nyregion/22kahn.html]

Alfred J. Kahn, a social-policy scholar and an educator who turned a critical eye on failures of local and state governments
in child development and family support, and who later argued for a European-style social-welfare system available to all
citizens, died on Feb. 13 in Hackensack, N.J. He was 90 and lived in Cliffside Park, N.J. The death was confirmed by his
daughter, Nancy Valerie Kahn. Mr. Kahn, who taught at the Columbia University School of Social Work for 57 years, was
a one-man watchdog organization who monitored the social services offered by the city and state of New York, most
visibly as a longtime consultant to the Citizens’ Committee for Children, for which he wrote dozens of reports on matters
like truancy, children’s courts and child-guidance programs.

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Social service ≠ health and education
Social Services exclude employment, medical care and education

Santala Behroozi 2k8

[Sinikka Santala, Administrator of Division of Long Term Care @ Wisconsin Department of Health Services, AND Cyrus Behroozi,
Administrator of Division of Safety and Permanence @ Department of Children and Families, “SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK
GRANT - 2008 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS”
http://dhs.wisconsin.gov/dsl_info/NumberedMemos/DLTC/CY2008/NMemo200811.pdf]

SSBG = Social Service Block Grants

SSBG funds may not be used for: a. purchase or improvement of land, or purchase, construction, or permanent
improvement of any building or facility--unless the state obtains a waiver of the limitation from the Secretary of Health
and Human Services; b. subsistence during rehabilitation (except room and board provided for a short term as an integral
but subordinate part of a social service or temporary emergency shelter provided as a protective service); c. wages of
any individual as a social service; d. medical care (other than family planning services, rehabilitation services, or
initial detoxification of any alcoholic or drug dependent individual) unless it is an integral but subordinate part of a social
service--unless the state obtains a waiver from the Secretary of Health and Human Services; e. social services (except
services to an alcoholic or drug dependent individual) or rehabilitation services provided in, and by employees of, any
hospital, skilled nursing facility, intermediate care facility, or prison, or to any individual living in such institution; f.
any educational service which the state makes generally available; g. child day care services unless such services meet
applicable standards of state and local law; h. cash payments as a service (except for those situations requiring cash
noted above); or i. provision of services by any individuals or entities who have committed acts of fraud or abuse under
the Medicare Program or state health care programs.

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**T – Means testing

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T – Means testing (1/2)
A. Interpretation - Social services are means tested

Parker et al 9
[Marti G. Parker is Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work at Stockholm and Mats Thorslund is a professor of social work
and gerontology at the School of Social Work, Stockholm University, Åke Bergmark, “Priorities in care and services for elderly
people: a path without guidelines?” July 7 J. Med. Ethics 2000; 26; 312-318]

While Sweden’s welfare policy is characterised by the concept of universality, there has always been an acceptance of
needs assessment for many social services. The Social Services Act implies means testing for eligibility with the
statement “grants assistance if needs cannot be provided for in any other way”. This statement gives the municipalities
much leeway for interpretation. And Swedish municipalities are making use of this leeway: the thresholds in both needs
assessments and means testing are being raised. An individual must have greater need and less means to qualify. There are
extreme diVerences between the municipalities when it comes to coverage rates, eligibility criteria and fees for services, as
well as quality of service. 13

Means testing key to debate about poverty

WHO 8
[World Health Organization Western Pacific Region “Health resources,” Health in Asia and the Pacific
http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/7C707E26-2A31-4A6B-94A7-A3D484331061/0/16_Chapter11Healthresources.pdf]

For the poor, membership can be made available in the same SHI-type scheme as for the non-poor, with premiums paid
from a fund established by some combination of central and local government and donor support. Full or partial payment of
fees retrospectively is another option, as is done by Health Equity Funds in Cambodia (100% donor-funded at present). The
decision whether to cover user fees or purchase health insurance cards for the poor is made at the fund management level in
Viet Nam’s Health Care Fund for the Poor. Effective means testing is necessary to target poor households and avoid
subsidizing the non-poor. Where means testing does not work well, tax-funded quality primary care services should be
accessible by the poor with inpatient care costs financed through a safety-net system to reimburse hospitals.

B. Violation – the aff isn’t mean tested

C. Standards
1. Limits – All social service programs in the United States are means tested, allowing for non
means tested affs would justify new programs that non neg lit would be available on
2. Ground – Best for both sides, aff gets any program that uses any percentage of the federal
poverty line but they don’t get new affs that our generics don’t apply to

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T – Means testing (2/2)

Extra T – Allowing for non means tested programs justify giving social services to those that aren’t poor
creating a “middle class welfare” system that shifts debate away from the resolution. Individual voter for
fairness and education

Davis 8
[Mark Davis Political Correspondent for SMH, “Rudd rules out cuts to family benefits,” March 17, 2008,
http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/pm-rules-out-cuts-to-family-benefits/2008/03/16/1205602195060.html]

A Griffith University economist, Ross Guest, has called for Labor to use the budget to rationalise a range of payments,
including the baby bonus and the two Family Tax Benefit payments, into a single family-support payment. Economists
have argued that the failure to means-test payments such as the baby bonus, which rises to $5000 from July on the birth
of a child, and Family Tax Benefit Part B has turned them into middle-class welfare. But after last week's furore over
whether the budget would alter carers' payments, Mr Rudd yesterday was careful to rule out any cuts to the range of other
welfare benefits. Labor went to the last election promising to keep the baby bonus in its current non-means-tested form. It
also promised to introduce a means test on Family Tax Benefit Part B which would reduce the benefit for stay-at-home
parents whose spouses earned more than $250,000 a year. The Finance Minister, Lindsay Tanner, said the move to means
test Part B would exclude a significant number who would otherwise be eligible.

D. Voter for fairness and education

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Means tested case list
Means tested programs allows for social services run by every federal agency

Health and Human Services 2009

(“What programs use the poverty guidelines?” http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/faq.shtml)

What programs use the poverty guidelines? The HHS poverty guidelines, or percentage multiples of them (such as 125
percent, 150 percent, or 185 percent), are used as an eligibility criterion by a number of federal programs, including those
listed below. For examples of major means-tested programs that do not use the poverty guidelines, see the end of this
response. * Department of Health and Human Services: o Community Services Block Grant o Head Start
o Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) o Community Food and Nutrition Program
o PARTS of Medicaid (31 percent of eligibles in Fiscal Year 2004) o Hill-Burton Uncompensated Services
Program o AIDS Drug Assistance Program o Children’s Health Insurance Program o Medicare –
Prescription Drug Coverage (subsidized portion only) o Community Health Centers o Migrant Health
Centers o Family Planning Services o Health Professions Student Loans — Loans for Disadvantaged
Students o Health Careers Opportunity Program o Scholarships for Health Professions Students from
Disadvantaged Backgrounds o Job Opportunities for Low-Income Individuals o Assets for Independence
Demonstration Program * Department of Agriculture: o Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly
Food Stamp Program) o Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
o National School Lunch Program (for free and reduced-price meals only) o School Breakfast Program (for free
and reduced-price meals only) o Child and Adult Care Food Program (for free and reduced-price meals only)
o Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program * Department of Energy: o Weatherization Assistance for
Low-Income Persons * Department of Labor: o Job Corps o National Farmworker Jobs Program
o Senior Community Service Employment Program o Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities *
Department of the Treasury: o Low-Income Taxpayer Clinics * Corporation for National and Community
Service: o Foster Grandparent Program o Senior Companion Program * Legal Services Corporation:
o Legal Services for the Poor

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