Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruc
Abstract
Application of the hybrid stress element to torsion of composite shafts is restricted, if the volume fraction of re-
inforcement is very large. The homogenization method is the most suitable for such problems because it gives not only
the equivalent material properties but also detailed information of local ®elds with less computational cost. In this
paper, the extension of the homogenization method to the pure torsion of composite shafts with reinforcing ®bers
aligned along its axis and the application of high performance multivariable elements are studied. The incompatible
element based on a modi®ed potential principle and the enhanced-strain element based on the Hu±Washizu principle
are appropriate for the analysis of the representative unit cell, whereas the hybrid stress element is appropriate for the
macro-homogenized problem. Numerical examples are provided and discussed. Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Composite shaft; Enhanced-strain element; Homogenization; Hybrid element; Incompatible element; Representative unit
cell; Torsion
0045-7949/01/$ - see front matter Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 4 5 - 7 9 4 9 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 0 9 1 - 8
1646 B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660
We now consider the O
e equilibrium equation (17). The boundary integral terms in the above equation
Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (10), followed by the latter vanish due to the Y-periodicity of v3k 3k
3 and dv3 . Thus, we
into Eq. (13), and ®nally the result into Eq. (17) yields have
Z Z
o h i os odv3k ov3k odv3k
1
3
Cji
dik v3k c
0
u
0
3j
0
24 Cji 3 dY 3
Cjk dY 0
27b
oxj 3;yi x3k 3
oyj Y oyj oyi Y oyj
where dik is the Kronecker Delta. Integrating Eq. (24) Based on Eq. (27b), displacement elements can be es-
over the unit cell domain Y and taking into account the tablished in a standard manner.
1
periodicity of s3j yields It is easy to prove that Eqs. (27a) and (27b) is the ®rst
order variation of the following potential functional
o h H
0
0 i
C c
u 0
25 Z Z
oxj jk x3k 3 1 ov3k ov3k ov3k
PP
v3k
3 3
Cji
3
dY 3
Cjk dY
28
Y 2 oyj oyi Y oyj
This is an equilibrium equation for a homogeneous
medium (cf. Eq. (4)) with constant material properties If we de®ne the strain
CjkH , which are usually termed as the homogenized or
eective material properties and are given by ov3k
Z c~k3i 3
1 oyi
CjkH Cji
dik v3k
3;yi dY
26
Y Y and the stress
where Y is the area of the unit cell. s~k3j Cji c~k3i
so that
3. Variational principles and ®nite elements
c~k3i Cij 1 s~k3j
To solve the torsion of composite shafts by the ho-
mogenization method, together with numerical meth- which are Y-periodic functions in the unit cell, we have a
ods, e.g. the FE method adopted here, we will ®rst solve 2-®eld Hellinger±Reissner functional
B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660 1649
Z X Z
1 k 1 k ov3k oCjk 3k o ov3k oCjk
PHR
v3k ~k3j
3 ;s s~3i Cij s~3j s~k3i 3 v3 dY dPP
v3k
3 dv3k
3q Cji 3 dY
Y 2 oyi oyj e Ye oyj oyi oyj
29a (
a
XZ ov3k
3k
dv3q Cji 3 Cjk nj
or equivalently a;b Sab oyi
Z
1 k 1 k ov3k ov3k
b )
PHR
v3k ~k3j s~3i Cij s~3j s~k3i 3 Cjk 3 dY ov3k
3 ;s
3
2 oyi oyj
Cji Cjk nj ds
Y oyi
29b
X Z odv3k ov3k
3k
Cji 3 dY
By making use of the Lagrange multiplier method and e Ye oyj oyi
relaxing the compatibility condition in the potential
principle (28), or by employing Legendre transformation The stationary condition of the functional (31) gives the
on the Hellinger±Reissner principle (29b), one arrives at equilibrium equation (23) and the equilibrium of trac-
the 3-®eld Hu±Washizu functional tion between the elements if the following condition is
Z met a priori
1 k ov3k
PHW
v3k X Z odv3k
k k k k k 3
3 ; ~
c ; ~
s
3j 3j ~
c C ~
c
ij 3j ~
s ~
c ov3k
Y 2 3i 3i 3i
oyi 3k
Cji 3 dY 0
3k
Ye oyj oyi
ov3 e
Cjk dY
30
oyj A convenient way to meet this condition is to satisfy the
following strong form (i.e. the sucient but not the
Based on the functionals (29) and (30), multivariable
necessary condition) in each element
®nite elements can be established. Z
Although hybrid elements based on the Hellinger± odv3k
3k ov3k
Cji 3 dY 0
Reissner principle or the Hu±Washizu principle can in Ye oyj oyi
general improve the accuracy of the approximate dis-
placement and stress solutions, they will not be used Since a constant stress state is recovered in each element
here as it is dicult to meet the Y-periodicity condition as its size is reduced to zero and since dv3k 3k is arbitrary,
of the stress on the boundary of the unit cell. The general the above constraint reduces to the general patch test
isoparametric elements are also not satisfactory because condition (PTC) [19,20]
of the gradients of v3k Z I
3 that appear in Eq. (26) in the ov3k
evaluation of the homogenized material properties. For
3k
dY 0 or equivalently v3k
3k nj ds 0
Ye oyj oYe
these reasons, in this paper we will instead introduce
displacement-incompatible elements based on the po-
32
tential (28) and enhanced-strain elements based on Eq. The incompatible functions meeting the PTC can now
(30). be easily formulated.
If we refer to the 4-noded isoparametric element
shown in Fig. 2, the compatible displacement v3k 3q is re-
4. Displacement-incompatible elements lated to the nodal values e qk via the bilinear interpola-
tion functions
Subdivide the unit cell domain Y into ®nite element
v3k e k
3q N q
33
subdomains Ye , such that [Ye Y , Ya \ Yb ; and
oYa \ oYb Sab (a, b are arbitrary elements). where
In each element, v3k
3 is divided into a compatible part
v3k and an incompatible part v3k N N1 N2 N3 N4
3q 3k , so that the functional
(28) can be rewritten as and
PP
v3k
3 v3k
3q v3k
3k Ni 14
1 ni n
1 gi g
X Z 1 ov3k ov3k
Z
ov3k
3q
3
Cji 3 dY Cjk dY
n; g represent the isoparametric coordinates,
ni ; gi are
e Ye 2 oyj oyi Ye oyj the isoparametric coordinates of point i with the global
31 coordinates
xi ; yi , i 1, 2, 3, 4.
The incompatible term v3k 3k is related to the element
Taking the variation of the above functional, integrating inner parameters e kk via the shape functions Nk
by parts and making use of the periodicity condition on
e k
the outer boundary of the unit cell, yields v3k
3k Nk k
34
1650 B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660
Substituting Eq. (38) into Eq. (31) and making use of the
stationary condition, yields
e e e qk e f k
K
39
in which
Z T
Kqq Kqk B
T T C B Bk dY
Kqk Kkk Ye Bk
The stationary condition of the functional (41) gives the cell. The periodicity condition of the boundary dis-
equilibrium equation (23), the stress±strain relations and placement can conveniently be enforced by a penalty
the equilibrium of traction between the elements if the function technique [24]. Eq. (45) is the Euler±Lagrange
following condition is met a priori equation of the following functional
XZ
d~sk3i c~kk3i dY 0 1 T T
P
qk qk Kqk qk f k
46
e Ye 2
Following the procedure employed in Section 4, the The periodicity condition yields the following constraint
above constraint can be simpli®ed to the PTC [20,23]
Z Rqk 0
c~kk3i dY 0
42
Ye
If a couple of nodes, i and j, on the boundary have the
It is evident that Eq. (42) is an alternative formulation of same displacement because of the periodicity condition,
the PTC (32), if the enhanced strain c~kk3i corresponds to i.e.
the incompatible displacement v3k 3k . qki qkj
The ®nite element based on the stationary condition
of functional (41) requires an independent approxima-
the above condition is equivalent to
tion of three ®elds: v3k ~kk3j and s~k3j . In the enhanced-
3 , c
strain element, however, the independent stress ®eld is R
i; i 1 R
i; j 1 R
i; l 6 i; j 0
eliminated by selecting it to be orthogonal to the en-
hanced strain ®eld, i.e. In order to satisfy the above periodicity constraint by a
Z penalty function technique the functional (46) is modi-
s~k3i c~kk3i dY 0
43 ®ed as
Ye
e k 1 qkT Kqk
P
q
T a T
qk f k qk RT Rqk
47
Thus, the two independent ®elds for the enhanced-strain 2 2
formulation are the displacement v3k 3 and the enhanced
assumed strains c~kk3j . The formulation here is the same as where a is a large positive number and taken to be 104 in
in Section 4 above, provided c~kk3j are interpolated from our computations. Thus, instead of Eq. (45), we will
the element inner parameters as follows solve the following equations
( )
c~kk31
Bk kk
44
K aRT Rqk f k
48
c~kk32
Fig. 3. Geometry of a composite shaft of square pro®le: (a) square pro®le, (b) RUC, (c) square shaft with 16 ®bres.
Fig. 4. Discretised meshes used in the computation: (a) mesh of the RUC shown in Fig. 3(b), (b) mesh of a quarter of the cross-section
shown in Fig. 3(a), (c) mesh of a quarter of the cross-section shown in Fig. 3(c).
and treated conveniently by the procedure discussed in section with its units being consistent with those of the
Section 6. The ®ber and the matrix are considered to be shear moduli. The computed result for the torsional ri-
isotropic with the shear moduli, Gf 10 and Gm 1, gidity 4 1:9927 106 is very close to the accurate value
respectively. The computed homogenized shear moduli 7:9856 106 obtained from the formula [16]
are
Fig. 5. Numerical results on the line 3 6 y1 6 7, y2 0, from the homogenisation method: (a) distribution of warping displacement, (b)
distribution of sxz , (c) distribution of syz .
obtained from the upper and lower elements adjacent to sxz but not of syz is continuous across the interface. The
the line in question. From the results it is seen that the distribution of warping displacement, and of normal
gradient of the warping displacement changes rapidly and tangential shear stresses along the interface, which
across the interface
y1 5 and that the distribution of are given by
B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660 1655
Fig. 6. Numerical results along the interface from the homogenisation method: (a) distribution of warping displacement, (b) distri-
bution of the normal shear stress sn , (c) distribution of the tangential shear stress st .
sn sxz cos u syz sin u data linked by broken lines represent the results ob-
51 tained from the matrix side, the continuous solid line
st sxz sin u syz cos u
represents the polynomial ®t of the results obtained
where u is the angle from the axis y1 as shown in Fig. from the ®ber side of the interface. These results show
3(b), are plotted in Fig. 6 (a)±(c). In Fig. 6(b) and (c), that the warping displacement and normal shear stress
1656 B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660
sn vary continuously across the interface, whereas the The distribution of warping displacement and shear
tangential shear stress st has a signi®cant discontinuity. stresses along the line corresponding to Fig. 5 and the
Although it will not be possible to compare the re- interface corresponding to Fig. 6 are plotted in Figs. 7
sults with those obtained by the present homogenization and 8. (51) has been used to obtain the normal and
method, we will still solve directly the torsion of the tangential shear stresses in Fig. 8(b) and (c). A com-
composite shaft shown in Fig. 3(c) by the hybrid stress parison of Figs. 5 and 6 with Figs. 7 and 8, respectively,
element introduced in Ref. [5] to illustrate some typical shows the obvious dierences of the results obtained by
features of local ®elds adjacent to the interface. Again, the homogenization method and the direct hybrid stress
only a quarter of the cross-section is needed to be element. The dierences are to be expected in view of the
dicretized because of symmetry. The warping displace- limited number of ®bers that can be economically han-
ments are ®xed on the axes of symmetry. The FE mesh dled by the hybrid stress element. The homogenization
with 3584 quadrilateral elements and 3649 nodes is method is suitable for problems involving a large num-
shown in Fig. 4(c). One unit of torque is applied on the ber of periodically distributed reinforcements so that the
quarter section with its units being consistent with those RUC occupies only a ``point'' in the physical domain
of the shear modulus. The computed result for torsional [12]. The computed stress ®elds by the hybrid stress
rigidity is 4 1:9456356 106 , which according to the element are smoother than those obtained by the ho-
formula (50) corresponds to an isotropic shaft with mogenization method and smoothing techniques are
shear modulus 1.34754. The result is reasonably close to unnecessary for the former since dierentiations are
that obtained by the homogenization method (49). The avoided in the computations. Notwithstanding these
latter predicts larger values of moduli because the em- dierences, the results by the two methods reveal the
ployment of the periodic boundary condition makes the common features of the local ®elds: a signi®cant dis-
system stier. The result given by the homogenization continuity exists in the tangential shear stress, while
method is also within the lower bound 1.215 and the other ®elds are continuous adjacent to the interface.
upper bound 2.767 as per the Voigt±Reuss theory [4]. Having gained con®dence in the accuracy of the in-
Zhao and Weng [25] have derived the nine eective compatible element NQ6 developed from the homoge-
elastic constants of an orthotropic composite reinforced nization theory in predicting the eective shear moduli,
with monotonically aligned, uniformly dispersed elliptic we study below the eect of the cross-sectional shape of
cylinders using the Eshelby±Mori±Tanaka method. The the reinforcing ®bers. The RUC used is illustrated in
problem studied above is the special case that the rein- Fig. 9(a), i.e. an elliptic cylindrical ®ber is embedded in
forcements are ®bers with circular cross-section. The the matrix of rectangular shape; the pattern of discreti-
two shear moduli relevant to torsion given by Zhao and zation is similar to Fig. 4(b). The material properties of
Weng [25] are the ®ber as well as the matrix and their volume fractions
are selected as above. The variation of the computed C11
and C22 with the aspect ratio of the ®ber is plotted in
C11 cf C22 cf Fig. 9(b). Again, the results from Eq. (52), i.e., the
1 cm a Gm
; 1 cm Gm
52
Gm 1a
G Gm
Gm 1a
G Gm Eshelby±Mori±Tanaka method, are unreasonably high-
f f
er. However, the predicted trend is the same ± with an
increase in b=a, C11 decreases, and C22 increases.
where cf and cm are volume fractions of ®ber and matrix,
respectively, and a is the cross-sectional aspect ratio of
the reinforced ®ber. In our case, cf p=4, cm 1 p=4
and a b=a 1, and hence the eective shear moduli 8. Conclusions and discussion
C11 4:595947 C22 given by Eq. (52) are unreason-
ably higher than the results by the direct FE analysis, as The homogenization method is most suitable for
well as the results (49) by the homogenization method problems involving a large number of periodically dis-
mentioned above. They are also above the upper bound tributed reinforcements so that the RUC can be re-
of the Voigt±Reuss theory. The Eshelby±Mori±Tanaka garded as a ``point'' in the physical domain. It gives not
method cannot give good results, especially for high only the equivalent material properties but also detailed
volume fraction of reinforcements, because Eshelby's information of local ®elds with much lower computa-
tensor is based on the inclusion in an in®nite matrix, tional cost. Such detailed information of the ®elds on
which takes into account of the interaction between re- the scale of microconstituents is almost impossible to
inforcements in a very weak sense. On the other hand, it obtain by using the hybrid stress element, because of the
is evident that the homogenization method has the ad- enormous degrees of freedom needed to model the en-
vantage of taking the interaction between phases into tire macrodomain with a grid size comparable to that of
account naturally and of not having to make assump- the microscale features. When the number of the rein-
tions such as isotropy of material. forcement is not very large, numerical results by the
B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660 1657
Fig. 7. Numerical results on the line 3 6 y1 6 7, y2 0, from the hybrid stress element method: (a) distribution of warping displace-
ment, (b) distribution of sxz , (c) distribution of syz .
Fig. 8. Numerical results along the interface from the hybrid stress element method: (a) distribution of warping displacement,
(b) distribution of the normal shear stress sn , (c) distribution of the tangential shear stress st .
element based on the 3-®eld Hu±Washizu principle are For torsion of ®ber reinforced composite shafts, a
the most appropriate for the analysis of RUC, whereas signi®cant discontinuity exists in the tangential shear
the hybrid stress element is appropriate for the macro- stress, while other ®elds are continuous along the in-
homogenized problem. terface between the ®ber and the matrix.
B.L. Karihaloo et al. / Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1645±1660 1659
Fig. 9. Eect of the cross-sectional shape of the ®ber on the eective shear moduli: (a) a RUC of rectangular shape with an embedded
elliptic cylindrical ®ber, (b) variation of C11 and C22 with the aspect ratio of the ®ber.
[11] Kalamkarov AL. Composite and reinforced elements of [18] Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN. Theory of elasticity, 3rd ed.
construction. New York: Wiley; 1992. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1970.
[12] Fish J, Nayak M, Holmes MH. Microscale reduction error [19] Wu CC, Huang MG, Pian THH. Consistency condition
indicators and estimators for a periodic heterogeneous and convergence criteria of incompatible elements, general
medium. Comput Mech 1994;14:323±38. formulation of incompatible functions and its application.
[13] Lukkassen D, Persson LE, Wall P. Some engineering and Comput Struct 1987;27:639±44.
mathematical aspects on the homogenization method. [20] Wu CC, Pian THH. Incompatible numerical analysis and
Compos Eng 1995;5:519±31. hybrid element method. Beijing: Science Press; 1997.
[14] Sun HY, Di SL, Zhang N, Wu CC. Micromechanics of [21] Simo JC, Hughes TRJ. On the variational founda-
composite materials using multivariable ®nite element tions of assumed strain methods. J Appl Mech 1986;
method and homogenization theory. Int J Solids Struct 53:51±4.
2001;38:3007±20. [22] Simo JC, Rifai MS. A class of mixed assumed strain
[15] Mascarenhas ML, Trabucho L. Homogenised behavior of methods and the method of incompatible modes. Int
a beam with multicellular cross section. Applicable Anal J Numer Meth Eng 1990;29:1595±638.
1990;38:97±119. [23] Wu CC, Bu¯er H. Multivariable ®nite elements: consis-
[16] Mascarenhas ML, Polisevski D. The warping, the torsion tency and optimization. Sci China (A) 1991;34:284±
and the Neumann problems in a quasi-periodically perfo- 99.
rated domain. Math Model Numer Anal 1994;28:37±57. [24] Bathe KJ. Finite element procedures in engineering ana-
[17] Lin CC, Segel LA. Mathematics applied to deterministic lysis. Englewood Clis, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1982.
problems in the natural sciences. New York: Macmillan; [25] Zhao YH, Weng GJ. Eective elastic moduli of ribbon-
1974. reinforced composites. J Appl Mech 1990;57:158±67.