Contents

1. Objective …………………………………… 2

2. Aim …………………………………… 2

3. Introduction …………………………………… 2

4. Description …………………………………… 2

5. Utilities Required …………………………………… 3

6. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 3

7. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 3

8. Nomenclature .........................................................4

9. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 4

10. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 4

11. References ……………………………………. 5

OPEN PAN EVAPORATOR 1

 OPEN PAN EVAPORATOR

1. OBJECTIVE:
Evaluation of Heat transfer coefficient and vaporization efficiency in an open pan
evaporator .

2. AIM:

To Study the vaporization in Open pan Evaporator.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Evaporation is a unit operation where in the solution is concentrated by removal of
solvent, namely water. It differs from drying in that the end product is a solid rather
than a liquid. It differs from distillation in that the end product is concentrated
solution rather than a vapor. When a liquid surface is open to atmosphere,
concentration gradient is set in between the liquid surface and atmospheric air. At
the liquid surface, the partial pressure of vapor will be equal to vapor pressure of
liquid at the surface temperature; the partial pressure of the vapor away from the
liquid surface is determined by water vapor present in the atmosphere. The
performance of any evaporator is governed by two factors, Capacity and Economy 
1.Capacity is defined as the amount of water evaporated /hr.
2. Economy is the amount of water evaporated /kg of steam. 
Steam consumption is defined as:    Capacity / Economy.
Vaporization efficiency is defined as:
Heat supplied per evaporating a fixed amount of water /Theoretical amount of heat
required.

4. DESCRIPTION:
Evaporation is a process for concentrating a solution by vaporizing part or all of the
solvent. In most of the cases the solvent is water. The Pan Evaporator set-up is
designed to study the fundamentals of evaporation process. The set-up consists of a
jacketed pan evaporator made of stainless steel and an electrically heated steam
generator of suitable capacity. To evaporate the solution in pan, steam is allowed to
enter in the jacket using a control valve. Condensate is collected from steam trap for
energy measurement. Tilting is done by a worm gear arrangement to empty the pan.

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5. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Water Supply.
2. Drain.
3. Weight Balance
4. CHEMICALS: QUANTITY:
Na2CO3 500 gms

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the vessel is measured.
2. Steam boiler is started and pressure is developed.
3. 5-10 liters of solution is measured and poured into the pan.
4. Steam is allowed by opening the valve and steam pressure is adjusted and stop clock is
started.
5. The evaporation is continued till 80% of the liquid is evaporated and solution gets
concentrated.
6. The boiling temperature of solution is noted down.
7. Steam supply is started and boiler is switched off.
8. The concentrated milk is collected and weighed. 

7. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

 Diameter of pan = …… cm
 Height from center = …..cm
 Initial weight of solution = W1, Kg
 Final weight of solution = W2, kg
 Pressure gauge reading =  kg/cm2
 Surface temperature, TS = o
C 
 Initial temperature of solution = Tm1 oC
 Final temperature of solution = Tm2 oC
 Time of evaporation = t, min
 Mass of steam condensate collected, m = kg

CALCULATION:
Amount of water evaporated V = W1-W2, kg
Rate of evaporation V1 = V/t , Kg/min
Rate of heat transfer ,hr = V1× L , J/min,

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 where L = Latent heat of vaporization at atm pressure
Steam rate, Sr = m/t , Kg/min.
Vaporization efficiency = (V1/ m) ×100
Diameter of pan = d = cm
Height from center = h = cm
Heat transfer area = p × (1.2d)2/4 m2
Average milk boiling temperature = (Tm1+Tm2)/2 =Tm
Q = U×A×D×T 
U = Q/(A* (Ts-Tm)) W/ m2 oC

8. NOMENCLATURE:
W1= Initial weight of the solution, kg
W2= Final Weight of the solution, kg
TS= Surface Temperature, oC
Tm1= Initial temp. of the solution, oC
Tm2 = Final temp. of the solution, oC
m = mass of steam condensate collected, kg
V = Amount of water evaporated, kg
hr = Rate of heat transfer, j/min.
Sr= Steam rate, kg/min.
p= perimeter of Pan, meters

9. PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Measure the exact volume of water and weigh the chemicals properly.
2. Always use clean water and good quality chemicals and standard solution for titration.
3. Use electronic balance for weighing of chemicals.
4. Keep close all the drain valves and vent valve should open while filling the water in
boiler.
5. Handle the chemicals carefully.
6. Don’t Start Heater without filling water in Boiler.

10. TROUBLESHOOTING:
 If there is any leakage tight that part or remove that and fix that again after wrapping
Teflon tape.

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11. REFERENCES
1. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”,: 8th ed., McGraw Hill, NY, 1976.
st
2. Kern, D.Q., “Process Heat Transfer”, 1 ed., McGraw Hill, NY, 1965

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