Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Other MSCs
(IS 41) F1,F2,..,F6
F7,F8,..,F12 F7,F8,..,F12
PSTN MSC
Base
Station
F1,F2,..,F6
Handoff
Cell
MSC: Mobile Switching Center (Theoretical)
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
1. the Tower,
2. the Equipment,
3. the Antennas (most important for coverage
and for the understanding of engineers)
4. the Utilities (What are these??)
There are four different types of towers;
Types of antennas:
Omni-directional
Directional
Phased arrays
Adaptive
Optimal
Aperture Antennas
[1]
Pyramidal Horn, Conical Horn,
rectangular waveguide Used on
Cell Phone Towers
Antennas of this type are very useful
for high gain applications; Aircraft
and spacecraft communication
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Third Edition, John Wiley
16
& Sons, Inc. 2005
Isotropic Antennas
Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions
(three dimensional) - only a theoretical reference
antenna
Real antennas always have directive effects (vertical
and/or horizontal)
Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around
an antenna
y z
ideal
isotropic
x
radiator
y y z
simple
x z x dipole
side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)
Gain Ratio of the maximum power in the direction of the main lobe
to the power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average power)
Directional Antennas
Often used for microwave connections (directed point
to point transmission) or base stations for mobile
phones (e.g., radio coverage of a valley or sectors for
frequency reuse)
y y z
directed
x z x antenna
x
sectorized
x antenna