Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Atlanta, GA USA
17-18 November, 2008
Abstract - The paper gives an overview of HVAC and wind farms, both onshore and offshore, is of the
HVDC connection of wind farm to the grid, with an order of only 10 to 30 kg CO2 equivalent per
emphasis on Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-based MWh of energy. This is a major environmental
HVDC for large wind farms requiring long distance advantage over fossil fuels, like coal, gas and oil,
cable connection. Flexible control capabilities of a
which emit around 400 to 550 kg CO2 equivalent
VSC-based HVDC system enables smooth integration
of wind farm into the power grid network while
per MWh of energy. In the European Union
meeting the Grid Code Requirements (GCR). (EU), energy accounts for 80% of all GHG
Operation of a wind farm with VSC-based HVDC emissions. In order to reduce GHG emission and
connection is described. ensure energy security, EU is committed to
Keywords : VSC, HVAC, HVDC, Wind Farm, Grid develop renewable energy sources to the level of
Code requirements, Black Start,, Reactive Power 20% by the year 2020[1]. A major portion of this
Support, Voltage and Frequency regulation is expected to be from wind farms, both onshore
and offshore. As shown in Fig 1, in 2030 a
reference scenario from the European Wind
Energy Association (EWEA) assumes that wind
I. INTRODUCTION energy will generate 180GW of power, out of
which 120GW will come from offshore wind [2].
Wind power generation has received a major While this paper specifically refers to offshore
impetus due to ever increasing demand for wind farms, most of the concepts are applicable
energy and depleting fossil fuel reserves. Energy for onshore wind farms as well.
is the critical resource for development, without
which the world will come to standstill. Fossil EWEA's Wind Pow er Reference Scenario
fuels like coal, oil and gas have been the chief
energy source till now. However, fossil fuels are 350
Offshore
limited in supply and the reserves are 300
Onshore
At present a vast majority of the generating Voltage Source Converters (VSC) use high
power plants are thermal, hydro or nuclear power voltage Insulated gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
stations with large synchronous generators. capable of carrying high currents and switching
These plants have a very controllable generation at high frequency of a few kHz for pulse width
capability of both the active and reactive powers modulation A comparison of LCC-HVDC
within their capability limits. Moreover, the (referred as HVDC Classic) and VSC-based
power system network has evolved around these HVDC is given in Table 1 [8].
Table 1. Comparison of LCC-based HVDC and VSC-based HVDC Light [8]
HVDC to
M ainland
The Troll A HVDC-Light link, consisting of
2x41MW, ±60kV, converters and 67km long
submarine cables, is the only HVDC system with
65 M VA
HEM SE offshore platform terminal. It supplies power to
BÄCKS the offshore platform from mainland grid. This
system proves the technical viability of offshore
platform mounted converter terminals and VSC-
± 80 kV based HVDC supply to passive networks.
50 M W
65 M VA
D. Others
NÄS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES