1.

Calculate the gross and net calorific value of a natural gas at 25 oC which has the following composition:
89.4% CH4, 5% C2H6, 1.9% C3H8, 0.4% i-C4H10, 0.6% n-C4H10, 0.7% CO2 and 2% N2 in:
a) MJ/kmol
b) kcal/gmol
c) MJ/kg
d) MJ/ dry SCM
e) MJ/SCM

2. Pure ethane is burned completely in 20% excess air. Air is supplied at 25 oC, 740 torrs and is substantially
dry. Calculate:
a) Orsat analysis of the products of combustion
b) kg dry air supplied/kg fuel gas
c) cubic meters of air/kg ethane
d) cubic meters of the products of combustion measured at 400 oC, 100 kPa per kg ethane
e) partial pressure of water in the products of combustion

3. Pure methane is burned with 40% excess air and 25% of its carbon content is converted to CO the rest to
CO2. 90% of the hydrogen burns to water, the rest remains as unburned H 2. Air supplied is at 23oC, 758 mmHg
with 80% RH. Calculate:
a) orsat analysis of the combustion products
b) m3 of air supplied per kg methane
c) m3 of combustion products at 350oC and normal barometric pressure per kg methane.
d) air-fuel ration (AFR)

4. A blast furnace gas analyzing 27% CO, 12% CO2, 2% H2, 5% CH4, and 54% N2 at 25oC and 98 kPa and saturated
with water vapor is used as a fuel in a Fire-tube Boiler. Air is supplied 15% in excess at 30 oC, 762 torrs and also
saturated with water. 90% of the total carbon in the fuel is converted to CO 2, the rest to CO. Molar ratio of H2
to CO is 1:4 in the stack gas which leaves at 200oC and 750 torrs. Calculate:
a) orsat analysis of the stack gas
b) air-fuel ratio by volume
c) moles stack gas/mole fuel
d) Gross Calorific Value of the fuel in KJ/SCM
e) adiabatic flame temperature
f) % of the calorific value lost due to
i) unburnt combustibles
ii) uncondensed water vapor
iii) sensible heat
g) thermal efficiency

5. Biogas from an agricultural farm analyzes 65% methane, 34% CO 2 and 1% N2. If this gas is burned in 20%
excess air at 35oC and 1 atm, calculate:
a) equivalence ratio
b) adiabatic flame temperature
6. Coal gas at 15oC, 760 torrs and saturated with water vapor is burned in a furnace to generate heat to a
Water-Tube Boiler. Air with 60% RH is supplied at the rate of 5.7 m 3/m3 coal gas and enters at the same
temperature and pressure as the coal gas. The coal gas analyzes 1.4% CO2, 2% C2H2, 0.7% O2, 5.8% CO, 53.2%
H2, 29.6% CH4, and 6.6% N2. The molar ratio of CO2 to CO in the stack gas is 10:1. All the H2 in the fuel is burned
to water. The stack gas leaves at 400oC and 100 kPa. Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) m3 stack gas/m3 of coal gas
d) dew point of the stack gas

7. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used as a fuel for NGV’s (Natural Gas Vehicles) because natural gas in its
gaseous state at ambient conditions, it must be compressed to about 20 MPa at 30 oC to achieve practical
energy density for storage on-board a vehicle. NGVs are safer than petrol-powered vehicles; natural gas is
lighter than air and therefore, dissipates quickly. When mixed with air, the natural gas pressure is reduced to
about 0.9 atm at 40oC and ignition is possible only when gas to air ratio is about 10% by volume. Ambient air is
at 30oC, 1 atm and 85% RH. Composition of CNG is as follows:

GAS Specification, %
______________________________________
Methane 93.05
Ethane 3.47
Nitrogen 1.67
Carbon dioxide 0.81
Propane 0.66
n-butane 0.12
i-butane 0.08
n-hexane 0.06
i-pentane 0.04
n-pentane 0.03
Oxygen 0.01

7. A pure saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2) is burned with excess air. Orsat analysis of the products of
combustion shows 9.08% CO2, 1.63% CO, 5.28% O2 and no free H2. Calculate:
a) the formula of hydrocarbon
b) % excess air
c) kg dry air/kg of hydrocarbon

8. Orsat analysis of the burner gas from the combustion of a gaseous mixture of acetylene and methane shows
9.82% CO2, 1.37% CO, 0.69% H2, 5.43% O2 and 82.69% N2. Determine:
a) % excess air
b) mole % composition of gaseous fuel
c) m3 wet air supplied at 26oC, 765 torrs and 70% RH per kg of fuel

9. The burning of pure butane with excess air gives a stack gas which analyzes 11.55% CO 2 on a dry basis.
Assuming complete combustion, calculate:
a) % excess air
b) complete orsat analysis of the stack gas
10. A gaseous fuel at 22oC, 763 torrs and saturated with water vapor is burned with excess air. Air with 60% RH
is supplied at the same temperature and pressure as the fuel. The composition of the fuel shows 9.2% CO 2,
0.4% C2H4, 20.9% CO, 15.6% H2, 1.9% CH4, and 52% N2. The stack gas leaves at 400oC and 735 mmHg and
contains 13.16% CO2 and 1.84% CO on a dry basis. Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) complete analysis of stack gas
c) dew point of the stack gas

PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the orsat analysis of the products of combustion upon burning pure hexane with 38% excess air if
a) combustion is complete
b) 85% of the C burns to CO2, the rest to CO; molal ratio of H2 to CO is 1:2

2. The synthesis of methane enriched gas from water gas is a promising solution to the problem of
hydrocarbon shortages in the future. In one such process, the following gas composition is obtained: 34%
methane, 3% CO2, 11% CO, 39% H2, and 13% N2. Determine the gross calorific value and net calorific value of
the gas in:
a) MJ/kgmol
b) kcal/kgmol
c) MJ/dSCM
d) MJ/SCM

3. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) has the molar composition: 96.59% CH 4, 1.29% H2, 0.22% CO, and 1.9% CO2.
Calculate the GCV and NCV in:
a) MJ/kgmol
b) kcal/kgmol
c) kcal/kg
d) kcal/SCM

4. A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% propane is burned with dry air. All the H 2 burns to H2O and the CO2 to
CO ratio is 10:1. 15% excess air is supplied. Calculate:
a) moles stack gas/100 moles fuel
b) orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) complete analysis of stack gas
d) m3 dry air at 28oC, 765 mmHg/kgmole fuel

5. Blue Water Gas (BWG) is obtained by passing steam over red hot carbon enriched coal (coke). The gas is
called “Blue” water gas because of its blue flame, a characteristic of the combustion of CO. A typical
composition shows 4.7% CO2, 41% CO, 49% H2, 0.8% CH4, and 4.5% N2. If the blue water gas at 25oC, 745 torrs
and 90% RH is burned in wet air, 30% in excess, supplied at the same conditions as BWG with 85% RH,
calculate:
a) complete analysis of the stack gas if the molal ratio of CO to CO2 is 1:8; H2 to CO is 1:4
b) m3 air/m3 BWG
c) m3 stack gas (100 kPa; 300oC)/100 moles dry BWG
d) GCV of BWG (MJ/kgmol)
e) % calorific value ost due to
i) CO
ii) H2
iii) H2O
 iv) sensible heat
v) thermal efficiency

6. Carbureted water gas is produced in the same way as blue water gas but in the presence of cracked oil
vapors in a carburetor. A typical gas analysis shows 4.7% CO 2, 7.8% C2H4, 0.3% O2, 36.5% H2, 35.5% CO, 8.6%
CH4, and 6.6% N2. If the gas is saturated with H2O at 20oC, 742 torrs and burned in 10.434 m3 air at 30oC, 101
kPa and 60% RH per m3 fuel, calculate:
a) % excess O2
b) orsat analysis of the stack gas (400oC, 760 torrs) if 85% of C burns to CO2; all H2 burns to H2O
c) GCV in MJ/kgmol
d) % calorific value lost due to:
i) CO
ii) uncondensed water vapor
iii) sensible heat

7. Bottled Gas (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is found to contain 1.4% ethane, 23.8% propane, 20.7% i-butae and
54.1% n-butane. It is available at P 15/kg. Associated gas analyzing 83.6% methane, 9.6% ethane, 1.2%
propane, 0.9% n-butane and 4.7% i-butane is available at P 2.50/SCM. A fuel is to be selected between the two
for curing a refractory lined furnace. Which is cheaper?

8. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burnt with excess air. Orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.9% CO 2,
1.18% CO, 0.24% H2, 5.25% O2, and 85.43% N2. Air is substantially dry. The stack gas leaves at 750 mmHg,
calculate:
a) % excess air
b) kg air/kg fuel
c) formula or hydrocarbon
d) dew point of the stack gas

9. Bottled gases are the liquified petroleum gases propane and butane. If a sample of this gas is burned in
excess air, a burner gas of the following analysis is obtained: 8.62% CO 2, 1.38% CO, 6.45% O2, and 83.55% N2.
Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) composition of the bottled gas

10. The burning of pure ethane with dry air gives a stack gas which analyzes 9.92% CO 2. The stack gases leave
at 745 mmHg. Assuming complete combustion, determine:
a) % excess air
b) complete orsat analysis of stack gas
c) dew point of stack gas

11. Producer gas analyzing 25.3% CO, 13.2% H2, 0.4% CH4, 5.4% CO2, 0.5% O2, and 55.2% N2 is burned in excess
air at 25oC, 745 torrs and 60% RH. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 16.13% CO 2, 1.79% CO and
0.72% H2. Calculate:
a) % excess O2
b) complete orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) GCV
d) % calorific value lost due to CO and H2
e) adiabatic flame temperature
12. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burned in excess air. Air is supplied at the rate of 284.14 m 3/kgmol of the
hydrocarbon. Air enters at 30oC, 1 atm and saturated with water vapor. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas
shows 8.68% CO2 and 1.3% CO. Calculate:
a) % excess air
b) formula of hydrocarbon
c) complete orsat analysis of the stack gas

13. A mixture of saturated hydrocarbon and N2 is burned in excess air supplied at 25oC, 740 torrs with 90% RH.
An orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.6% CO2, 2.28% CO, 1.14% H2, 6.03% O2, and 82.95% N2 with a dew
point of 53.46oC. The stack gases leave at 300oC, 765 mmHg with a volume ratio of 2.049 m3 wet stack gas/m3
wet air. Calculate:
a) formula of hydrocarbon
b) volume % analysis of the fuel
c) % excess air