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RECEPTORS:
Aortic arch transmits via vagus nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla (responds to changes in
BP).
Carotid sinus (dilated region at carotid bifurcation) transmits via glossopharyngeal nerve to
solitary nucleus of medulla (responds to changes in BP).
BARO RECEPTORS:
Hypotension
Arterial pressure
Stretch
Afferent baroreceptor firing
Efferent sympathetic firing, efferent parasympathetic stimulation
Vasoconstriction
HR
contractility
BP
Carotid massage —
Pressure on carotid sinus
Stretch
Afferent baroreceptor firing
AV node refractory period
HR
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CHEMO RECEPTORS:
Peripheral
Carotid and aortic bodies are stimulated by
PC02
pH of blood
PO2 (< 60 mm Hg)
Central
Become less responsive with chronically PCo2 (eg, COPD)
dependence on peripheral chemoreceptors to detect O2 to drive respiration.
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NORMAL CARDIAC PRESSURES
AUTO REGULATION
How blood flow to an organ remains constant over a wide range of perfusion pressures.
The pulmonary vasculature is unique in that alveolar hypoxia causes vasoconstriction so that
only well-ventilated areas are perfused.
In other organs, hypoxia causes vasodilation.
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CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE
Starling forces determine fluid movement through capillary membranes:
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