AG Lesson 4 Eng

Ākāśa Gaṅgā: A Sanskrit Course Based on Vedic Literature and Culture
Dhruva’s Level: Lesson Four
Śrī Kṛṣṇa Goes to the Forest

The fourth lesson contains six scenes, pictures accompanied by the lesson text.
Read the text below each picture and practice the devanāgarī writing. Consult the
grammar section and the bits of vocabulary given below each scene. When you feel
confident about the grammar, work through the exercises.
Scene One: The Forest of Vṛndāvana
© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

श्री कृ ष्णः वनं गच्छति।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ gacchati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa goes to the forest.
ु
श्री कृ ष्णः सन्दरः अति ।
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ sundaraḥ asti.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa is beautiful.
्
वनम अतऩ ु
सन्दरम ्
अति ।
vanam api sundaram asti.
The forest is also beautiful.
श्री कृ ष्णः धावति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ dhāvati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa runs.
श्री फऱरामः धावति च ।

śrī balarāmaḥ dhāvati ca.
Śrī Balarāma runs as well.
ु
सफऱः हसति ।
subalaḥ hasati.
Subala laughs.
ु ऩश्यति ।
श्री कृ ष्णः सफऱं
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ subalaṁ paśyati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa looks at Subala.

Vocabulary
Nouns and adjectives

Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Śrī Balarāma (m.)—the two sons of Mahārāja Nanda, the Supreme Lord
and His plenary portion
Subala (m.)—a dear friend of Śrī Kṛṣṇa
vana (n.)—forest (Vṛndāvana, for example)
sundara—(adjective) beautiful
Verbs
asti—he / she / it is
dhāvati—he / she / it runs
gacchati—he / she / it goes
hasati—he / she / it smiles, laughs
paśyati—he / she / it looks, observes, sees
Other
śrī—honorific title meaning “respected, honorable, venerable,” for example, Śrī
Kṛṣṇa or Śrī Viṣṇu
api—also, even
ca—and, also, as well
Vocabulary. Look at the picture again and try to locate the following items.
Remember that (m.) means the masculine, and (n.) the neuter gender.
vṛkṣa (m.)—tree
vatsa (m.)—calf
gopa (m.)—cowherd
bāla / bālaka (m.)—boy
daṇḍa (m.)—stick
tṛṇa (n.)—grass
puṣpa (n.)—flower
śṛṅga (n.)—horn, bugle

Grammar Section
The Kṛṣṇa and Gokula Declensions
The above sentences contain only simple nouns, many of them are personal names.
Within an English text, we will write them like this:
Kṛṣṇa
Balarāma
bālaka
vṛkṣa
All these nouns end in short a. Since the word Kṛṣṇa also ends in short a, we call
them the Kṛṣṇa nouns, or nouns of the Kṛṣṇa declension. Sanskrit nouns can be of
the masculine, feminine or neuter gender. Some declensions contain only nouns of
one gender, and others contain nouns of mixed genders. The Kṛṣṇa nouns are all
masculine. They will have the sign (m.) in the vocabulary. The masculine gender
covers, for example, personal names of males, terms for male occupations, names
of many plant and animal species, inanimate objects as well as many abstract
nouns. A great majority of masculine nouns in Sanskrit belongs to the Kṛṣṇa
declension.
Be careful, however, about nouns which also end in short –a, but are of neuter
gender. They will have the sign (n.) in the vocabulary. We will call them the
Gokula nouns. Gokula, the village where Kṛṣṇa grew up, is itself an example of
such a noun, as well as the word vana (forest) that you see in the lesson text. In an
English text, or in a Sanskrit dictionary, they will look exactly like the Kṛṣṇa
nouns:
Gokula
vana
Vṛndāvana
puṣpa
But their declension will be slightly different than the declension of the Kṛṣṇa
nouns. For now, we will focus on singular (describing only one person) and only
the nominative and the accusative case.
The Nominative and the Accusative Case
In English, nouns always have the same form, except in plural where we add to
them the plural ending –s.
singular: boy plural: boys; singular: forest plural: forests
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In most of the world’s languages, we need special signs to express how different
nouns in the sentence are related to the verb as well as to each other. In many
languages, especially those developed from Sanskrit, nouns have different case
endings. Cases are modifications of nouns to express a particular meaning. In
many languages today, the case endings are reduced or even completely lost (Latin
has five cases, German four, Russian six). When we need to use a particular case in
English, we use prepositions: in the forest, from the forest, to the forest. But in
Sanskrit, all these different meanings are articulated through the many different
case endings. Sanskrit nouns therefore have different forms, they are declined and
grouped into different declensions. The Kṛṣṇa declension is by far the most
common.
Study the endings of the Sanskrit nouns below:
Kṛṣṇa declension: Gokula declension:
a boy : bālakaḥ a forest: vanam

boys: bālakāḥ forests: vanāni
from the boy: bālakāt in the forest: vane
among the boys: bālakeṣu of the forest: vanasya
The most common case is the nominative case. It means that a certain person or
thing is the subject of the sentence (he, she or it does something, or simply exists,
or is compared to something). Examples in English:
Śrī Kṛṣṇa goes to the forest. Śrī Kṛṣṇa is beautiful.
In these sentences, Kṛṣṇa is the subject, He is doing something or is simply being

descibed with the verb “to be.” In such “active” sentences (as opposed to
“passive” sentences which we will learn later) the subject is always in the
nominative case. The nouns of the Kṛṣṇa declension have a special nominative
case ending, the –ḥ:
kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmaḥ subalaḥ
Sentences with nouns in the nominative case:
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ sundaraḥ asti.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa is beautiful.
śrī balarāmaḥ hasati.
Śrī Balarāma smiles.
subalaḥ dhāvati.
Subala runs.

Another important case is the accusative case. Nouns in the accusative case are the
objects of the sentence. This means that they are the recipients of the action, or are
benefitted by the action, or connected with the action and with the subject who is
the executer of the action. For example, the object is someone or something that
the subject sees, touches, remembers, knows, asks, and so on. If the nouns of the
Kṛṣṇa declension are in the accusative case, their ending is –m:
kṛṣṇam balarāmam subalam
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmaṁ paśyati. Śrī Kṛṣṇa observes Balarāma.

śrī balarāmaḥ subalaṁ paśyati. Śrī Balarāma observes Subala.
subalaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati. Subala observes Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
Since the English language does not have case endings, the nominative and the
accusative case are externally the same. Which noun is the object and which the
subject is indicated by the order of words in the sentence. In simple English
sentences, the subject generally stands at the beginning of the sentence, followed
by the verb and the object.
Kṛṣṇa observes Subala. Subala observes Kṛṣṇa.

subject verb object subject verb object
In English, we can recognize the subject only from the position of the nouns. In
Sanskrit, however, the case relations are always indicated by the case endings.
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ subalaṁ paśyati.

subject object verb
(nom.) (acc.)
Kṛṣṇa observes Subala.
subalaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

subject object verb
(nom.) (acc.)
Subala observes Kṛṣṇa.
Remember!
Did you notice that the verb in Sanskrit usually stands at the end of the sentence?
How do you translate such a sentence into your mother tongue? Some languages
always put verbs at the end, while others put the object of the sentence at the end
and the verb between the subject and the object.

kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmaṁ paśyati.

Kṛṣṇa observes Balarāma.
kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ gacchati.

Kṛṣṇa goes to the forest.
In spoken Sanskrit and simple Sanskrit prose, the rule is to put verbs at the end of
the sentence. Sanskrit verses, however, are governed by metrical rules, and since
the case relations will be apparent from case endings and do not depend on the
order of words, there is no rule about the exact position of words in the verses.
The Gokula Declension
Neuter gender nouns of the Gokula declension end in –m both in the nominative
and in the accusative case. Look at the word vana in the lesson text.
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ gacchati.

Śrī Kṛṣṇa goes to the forest.
vanaṁ sundaram asti.

The forest is beautiful.
In the first sentence, vana is the object of Kṛṣṇa’s going, and in the second, the
vana itself is the subject. But even when the word vana is in the nominative case
(The forest is beautiful), it ends in –m. Remember this important fact. Sometimes
it may be confusing to find a noun ending in –m. At that time you will have to
remember that it can either be a masculine noun (Kṛṣṇa noun) in the accusative
case, or a neuter noun (Gokula noun) in either the nominative or in the accusative
case.
Below is a list of simple nouns of the Gokula declension:
patra (n.)—leaf (of a plant), or a sheet of paper, or a letter sent by post

puṣpa (n.)—flower
phala (n.)—fruit
toya (n.)—water
Question for you: Do you know the verse from the Bhagavad-gītā which uses all
these words? A small hint: look towards the end of the ninth chapter. Look at the
verse carefully and study the word-for-word equivalents. Are these Gokula nouns
used in the nominative or in the accusative case?

Simple Adjectives
In Sanskrit, adjectives will follow the declension of the noun they are connected
with. Look at the endings of the adjective and the noun.
sundaraḥ kṛṣṇaḥ vidagdhaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ

beautiful Kṛṣṇa clever Kṛṣṇa
priyaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ prasannaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ

dear Kṛṣṇa satisfied Kṛṣṇa
subalaḥ sundaraṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

Subala observes the beautiful Kṛṣṇa.
subalaḥ prasannaṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

Subala observes the satisfied Kṛṣṇa.
sundaraṁ vanam haritaṁ vanam

beautiful forest green forest
balarāmaḥ sundaraṁ vanaṁ gacchati.

Balarāma goes to the beautiful forest.
Revision: Case Endings
Declension  Kṛṣṇa Gokula

Case  nouns nouns
Nominative -ḥ -m
Accusative -m -m

Exercise Section
Exercise 1. Practice the devanāgarī script by writing the following sentences.

Remember to write below the line.
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vidagdhaḥ asti.
subalaḥ priyaṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.
śrī balarāmaḥ haritaṁ vanaṁ gacchati.
subalaḥ api gacchati.
Exercise 2. Choose the right case ending of the nouns in the following sentences.
Write the English translation of the sentences onto the lines below. Example:
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ prasanna_m_ subala_m_ paśyati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa observes the satisfied Subala.

subala___ vana___ gacchati.
śrī balarāma__ dhāvati.
vana__ harita__ asti.
puṣpa__ sundara__ asti.
patra__ harita__ asti.
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subala__ vṛndāvana__ gacchati.
vidagdha__ subala__ hasati.
śrī kṛṣṇa__ sundara__ puṣpa__ paśyati.
Exercise 3. Insert proper case endings: Nominative Accusative
siṁha (m.) lion siṁhaḥ siṁham
mṛga (m.) deer
mayūra (m.) peacock
śuka (m.) parrot
gṛha (n.) home, house gṛham gṛham
udyāna (n.) garden, park
kamala (n.) lotus
jala (n.) water
11

Scene Two: The Cowherd Boys
श्री फऱरामः शयनं करोति ।

śrī balarāmaḥ śayanaṁ karoti.
Śrī Balarāma is resting.
ु
सफऱः गायति ।
subalaḥ gāyati.
Subala is singing.
गोऩः शङ्खं धमति ।

gopaḥ śaṅkhaṁ dhamati.
A cowherd boy blows the conch.
श्री कृ ष्णः ऩादसेवनं करोति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ pāda-sevanaṁ karoti.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa massages the feet.
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Vocabulary
Nouns
śaṅkha (m.)—a closed conchshell used for trumpeting
śayana (n.)—resting
pāda-sevana (n.)—foot-massage, literally, “service to the feet”
Verbs
karoti—he / she / it does
dhamati—he / she / it blows (a wind instrument like bugles, conches)
gāyati—he / she / it sings
Grammar Section
The verb karoti
The verb karoti is one of the most common and important verbs (“to do, to create,
to accomplish”). It is often connected to action nouns (nouns describing a certain
activity), forming a complex verb.
Examples:
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ śayanaṁ karoti.

Śrī Kṛṣṇa rests.
(Literally: He does the resting, or does the lying down.)
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ pāda-sevanaṁ karoti.

Śrī Kṛṣṇa massages the feet.
(Literally: He does the massage, or “service to the feet.”)
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ bhojanaṁ karoti.

Śrī Kṛṣṇa eats.
(Literally: He does the eating.)
śrī balarāmaḥ snānaṁ karoti.

Śrī Balarāma bathes.
(Literally: He takes bath.)
gopaḥ pūjāṁ karoti.

A cowherd boy performs worship.
(Literally: He does the pūjā.)
13

Exercise Section
Exercise 4. Translate the following English sentences into Sanskrit (write the
transliterated version of the devanāgarī).
Example:
A cowherd boy bathes.

gopaḥ snānaṁ karoti.
Śrī Balarāma eats.
Subala rests.
A boy massages the feet.
Exercise 5. Write the names of the following cowherd boys in the devanāgarī
script:
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ
śrī balarāmaḥ
subalaḥ
bhadrasenaḥ
puṇḍarīkaḥ
viśālaḥ
Question for you: How would the names of these cowherd boys be written in an
English text? Would the ending –ḥ be necessary? Should the ending be –m?
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Scene Three: Śrī Kṛṣṇa Rests
श्री कृ ष्णः शयनं करोति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ śayanaṁ karoti.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa rests.
श्री फऱरामः श्री कृ ष्णं ऩश्यति ।

śrī balarāmaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.
Śrī Balarāma observes Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
श्री फऱरामः श्री कृ ष्णं स्पृशति ।

śrī balarāmaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ spṛśati.
Śrī Balarāma touches Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
15

वत्सः श्री फऱरामं ऩश्यति ।

vatsaḥ śrī balarāmaṁ paśyati.
A calf looks at Śrī Balarāma.
कृ ष्णः वत्सं स्पृशति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vatsaṁ spṛśati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa touches the calf.
Question for you: Can you guess the gender of the word vatsa? Look at both the
sentences where the word vatsa is used. Can you say where the nominative case is
used, and where the accusative?
Vocabulary
Noun
vatsa (m.)—calf
Verb
spṛśati—he / she / it touches
Exercise Section
Exercise 6. Go through the first three scenes and write out all the Sanskrit nouns
along with their English meanings into your notebook. Try to remember their
gender. Write the Sanskrit words in the devanāgarī script as well.
Exercise 7. Go through the first three scenes and write out all the Sanskrit verbs
along with their English meanings. Write the verb forms in the devanāgarī as well.
16

Scene Four: Swinging
श्री कृ ष्णः क्रीडति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ krīḍati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa is playing.
गोऩाः क्रीडति ।
gopāḥ krīḍanti.
The cowherd boys are playing.
गोऩाः श्री कृ ष्णं ऩश्यति ।

gopāḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyanti.
The cowherd boys observe Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
17

Grammar Section
Plural of nouns and verbs
You must have noticed a new element in the sentences above: plural. We need it to
express that many persons are doing the same thing, or that many things are
affected by the same action. In English we indicate the plural of nouns by adding
the ending –s. In Sanskrit, the plural case ending will be different in different
declensions. So far, we are familiar with the Kṛṣṇa and Gokula declensions. Let us
see how we express the plural of the Kṛṣṇa nouns (and Kṛṣna adjectives):
aḥ  āḥ
gopaḥ cowherd boy  gopāḥ cowherd boys

priyaḥ vatsaḥ dear calf  priyāḥ vatsāḥ dear calves
The Gokula nouns (and adjectives connected with them) will have a special ending
in plural.
am  āni
puṣpam flower  puṣpāni flowers

haritaṁ vanam green forest  haritāni vanāni green forests
Let us now take a look at the verbs we have learned so far. In plural, their endings
change from –ati to –anti. Now you have to be careful about two things, the plural
ending of both the noun and the verb!
ati  anti
gopaḥ krīḍati.  gopāḥ krīḍanti.

A cowherd boy plays. Cowherd boys play.
gopaḥ kṛṣṇaṁ spṛśati.  gopāḥ kṛṣṇaṁ spṛśanti.

A cowherd boy touches Kṛṣṇa. The cowherd boys touch Kṛṣṇa.
18

Revision of verbs
Return to the beginning of the lesson and try to memorize the forms and meanings
of the verbs. Now look at the verbs written below and write their English
meanings on the empty line. Write the ending of their plural form on the dotted
line.
gopaḥ dhāvati. ______________________________ gopāḥ dhāv...............

bālakaḥ hasati. ______________________________ bālakāḥ has..............
siṁhaḥ paśyati. _____________________________ siṁhāḥ paśy...............
mṛgaḥ spṛśati. ______________________________ mṛgāḥ spṛś.................
mayūraḥ gāyati. ___________________________ mayūrāḥ gāy................
vatsaḥ krīḍati. ______________________________vatsāḥ krīḍ..................
Plural of karoti and asti

These two important verbs have a slightly different form in plural, and it has to be
remembered right away.
gopaḥ śayanaṁ karoti.  gopāḥ śayanaṁ kurvanti.

A cowherd boy is resting. The cowherd boys are resting.
bālakaḥ sundaraḥ asti.  bālakāḥ sundarāḥ santi.

The boy is beautiful. The boys are beautiful.
Exercise 8. Change the following sentences into plural. Can you also guess their
meaning?
gopaḥ bhojanaṁ karoti. _______________________________________

mṛgaḥ kṛṣṇaṁ spṛśati. _________________________________________
bālakaḥ pūjāṁ karoti. _________________________________________
gopaḥ sundaraḥ asti. ___________________________________________
vatsaḥ vanaṁ gacchati. _________________________________________
vanam haritam asti. ____________________________________________
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Scene Five: Picnic in the Forest
श्री कृ ष्णः खादति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ khādati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa eats.
गोऩाः अतऩ खादति ।

gopāḥ api khādanti.
The cowherd boys also eat.
ु
सफऱः वदति ।
subalaḥ vadati.
Subala speaks.
ु शृणोति ।
श्री कृ ष्णः सफऱं
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ subalaṁ śṛṇoti.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa listens to Subala.
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Vocabulary
Verbs
khādati—he / she / it eats
vadati—he / she / it speaks
śṛṇoti—he / she / it listens, hears
The plural of śṛṇoti
Remember that the verb śṛṇoti has a very similar plural form as the verb karoti:
karoti (he / she / it does)  kurvanti (they do)

śṛṇoti (he / she / it hears, listens)  śṛṇvanti (they hear, listen)
Exercise Section
Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa plays. _________________________________________________________
The cowherd boys speak. _________________________________________________
Subala listens to Śrī Kṛṣṇa. ________________________________________________
The cowherd boys listen to Subala. _________________________________________
Exercise 10. Write the above sentences in the devanāgarī script.
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Scene Six: Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma
्
श्री कृ ष्णः फऱरामम आतऱङ्गति ।
śrī kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmam āliṅgati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa embraces Balarāma.
श्री कृ ष्णः वनं प्रशंसति ।

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ praśaṁsati.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa praises the forest.
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मृगः श्री कृ ष्णं स्पृशति ।

mṛgaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ spṛśati.
The deer touches Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
मयूरः श्री फऱरामं ऩश्यति ।

mayūraḥ śrī balarāmaṁ paśyati.
The peacock looks at Śrī Balarāma.
हंसः श्री कृ ष्णं ऩश्यति ।

haṁsaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.
The swan looks at Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
ु
कमऱं सन्दरम ्
अति ।
kamalaṁ sundaram asti.
The lotus flower is beautiful.
ु
कमऱातन सन्दरातण सति ।
kamalāni sundarāṇi santi.
Lotus flowers are beautiful.
Vocabulary
Nouns Verbs
haṁsa (m.)—swan āliṅgati—he / she / it embraces
mayūra (m.)—peacock praśaṁsati—he / she / it praises
mṛga (m.)—deer spṛśati—he / she / it touches
kamala (n.)—lotus santi—they are
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Exercise Section
Exercise 11. Transliterate the following sentences and translate them into English.
ु
श्री फऱरामः सफऱम ् आतऱङ्गति । ______________________________
_______________________________________________________
श्री कृ ष्णः गोकुऱं गच्छति । ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
मृगः गोऩं स्पृशति । _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
ु
सफऱः कमऱं ऩश्यति । _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
फाऱकः धावति । ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
ु
मयूरः सन्दरः अति । ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
24

गोऩाः क्रीडति । ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
वनातन हतरिातन सति । _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
हंसः श्री कृ ष्णं ऩश्यति । _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
गोऩाः शयनं कुवतव ि । ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
मृगाः धावति । ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
फाऱकाः हतरिं वनं गच्छति । ___________________________________
_______________________________________________________
25

श्री फऱरामः शङ्खं धमति । _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
वत्साः िृण ं खादति । ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
गोऩाः स्नानं कुवतव ि । ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
ु
पऱातन सन्दरातण सति । _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
फाऱकाः तवदग्धाः सति । _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
End of Lesson Four.
26

AG Lesson 4 Eng

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AG Lesson 4 Eng

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Ākāśa Gaṅgā: A Sanskrit Course Based on Vedic Literature and Culture

Dhruva’s Level: Lesson Four

Śrī Kṛṣṇa Goes to the Forest

Scene One: The Forest of Vṛndāvana

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

श्री कृ ष्णः वनं गच्छति।

श्री कृ ष्णः धावति ।

श्री फऱरामः धावति च ।

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

Nouns and adjectives

bāla / bālaka (m.)—boy

śṛṅga (n.)—horn, bugle

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

The Nominative and the Accusative Case

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

Kṛṣṇa declension: Gokula declension:

a boy : bālakaḥ a forest: vanam

Śrī Kṛṣṇa goes to the forest. Śrī Kṛṣṇa is beautiful.

In these sentences, Kṛṣṇa is the subject, He is doing something or is simply being

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

kṛṣṇam balarāmam subalam

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmaṁ paśyati. Śrī Kṛṣṇa observes Balarāma.

Kṛṣṇa observes Subala. Subala observes Kṛṣṇa.

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ subalaṁ paśyati.

subalaḥ śrī kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

kṛṣṇaḥ balarāmaṁ paśyati.

kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ gacchati.

The Gokula Declension

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vanaṁ gacchati.

vanaṁ sundaram asti.

Below is a list of simple nouns of the Gokula declension:

patra (n.)—leaf (of a plant), or a sheet of paper, or a letter sent by post

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

sundaraḥ kṛṣṇaḥ vidagdhaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ

priyaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ prasannaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ

subalaḥ sundaraṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

subalaḥ prasannaṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

sundaraṁ vanam haritaṁ vanam

balarāmaḥ sundaraṁ vanaṁ gacchati.

Revision: Case Endings

Declension  Kṛṣṇa Gokula

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

Exercise 1. Practice the devanāgarī script by writing the following sentences.

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ vidagdhaḥ asti.

subalaḥ priyaṁ kṛṣṇaṁ paśyati.

śrī balarāmaḥ haritaṁ vanaṁ gacchati.

subalaḥ api gacchati.

śrī kṛṣṇaḥ prasanna_m_ subala_m_ paśyati.

Śrī Kṛṣṇa observes the satisfied Subala.

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

subala___ vana___ gacchati.

śrī balarāma__ dhāvati.

vana__ harita__ asti.

puṣpa__ sundara__ asti.

patra__ harita__ asti.

© Śrīmad Bhāgavata Vidyāpīṭham, Govardhana. Tentative copy.

subala__ vṛndāvana__ gacchati.

vidagdha__ subala__ hasati.

śrī kṛṣṇa__ sundara__ puṣpa__ paśyati.

Exercise 3. Insert proper case endings: Nominative Accusative

siṁha (m.) lion siṁhaḥ siṁham

mṛga (m.) deer

subala_ vana_ gacchati.

vana harita asti.

puṣpa sundara asti.

patra harita asti.

subala vṛndāvana gacchati.

vidagdha subala hasati.

śrī kṛṣṇa sundara puṣpa__ paśyati.