A.B.

Mayne
TFIE ESSENTIALS OF
SCHOOL ALGEBRA

1
 WORKS BY A. B. MAYNE, M.A.

THE ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL GEOMETRY

Coupue-rt \Arith or without Answers
The Essentials of
Penrs I- II
P.tn'rs I-III
Pnnrs III-IV
With or without Answers
With or without Answers
With or without Answers School Algebra
THE ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
CoNrpLrrs With or without Answers
Second Edition ( Metric )
Penr I With or without Answcrc
Prnr II
Panr III
!Vith
With
or without
or without
Answers
Answers
Witlr Answers
Panrs I- II With or without Answers
Penrs II-III With or without Alswers

THE ESSENTIALS OF SCFIOOL ARITHMETIC

Panr I With or without Answers
PenT II With or without Answers
Second edition(metric) @e. n' Mayne 1979
First edition 1938
Reprinted 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1952, r954, 1956' 1959' 1961'
19e3, r964, 1965, 1966, 1972 (twice), 197 4, 1976,1978 (twice)' l98l
rsBN 962 03 0090 4
Alt rights resented' No part of this publication tnay be reproduced or
transmitted in any fortn or by any means, without permission'
Published by
MACMTLLAN PUBLISHERS (H.K.) LTD
l9/F, Warwick House, Taikoo Trading Estate,
28, Tong Chong Street, Quarry Bay' Hong Kong.
Companies and representatives throughout the world
Printed in Hong Kong
PREFACE
This book contains all the material needed in a school course up
to, but not including, Permutations, Combinations and the Binomial
Theore.m. It has been written to meet the requirements both of
the ordinary pupil and of the pupil who will specialise later. With
this end in view the number of examples is very large and they are
so classified that the teacher will have no diftculty in selecting
examples to suit any pupil. In Parts I and II parallel sets of
examples of equal difficulty are provided, followed immediately
by a harder set where necessary. Thus, Exs. 8a and 8b are parallel
sets of equal difficulty, and Ex. 8c contains harder examples. It is
suggested that the normal pupil should do the a exercises together
with selected examples from thec exercises, and that the b exercises
should be kept in reserve for extra practice. The weaker pupils may
do both the a and the b exercises, and leave out the c exercises I
for really able pupils the number of c examples chosen may be
considerably increased at discretion- In Part III the a and b
exercises have been combined; thus, Ex. 96 contains straight-
forward easy examples, and Ex. 96c is harder.
The needs of beginners have constantly been kept in mind. In
Part I great care has been taken to choose simple examples illus-
trating the various principles ; all examples requiring skill in
manipulation or involving heavy working have been postponed.
In the early chapters the work is based on the pupil's knowledge of
Arithmetic and great care has been taken to include only work with
which the average pupil may reasonably be expected to be familiar.
In particular, the work on symbolical expression, which usually
proves so difficult to beginners, has been simplified by excluding
all exarnples which involve the sitnplifcation of. algebraic fractions.
Harder questions of this type have been collected together in
Ch. XX. This is an important chapter, which may be taken in the
 PREFACE vll
PREFACE
middle of the course, as soon as the corresponding arithmetical specialist. At the Fifth Form stage it is more important to introduce
processes have been mastered. all able pupils to new ideas than to anticipate Sixth Form specialist
Factors have been treated in great detail and special attention work; it has therefore been thought best to select questions in
is called to the treatment of trinomials. All the standard methods which the stress is laid on simple applications of new ideas rather
than on skill in manipulation. It is hoped that the last chapter will
have been given and the work has been so arranged that the teacher
prove a suitable introduction to the ideas of the Calculus, although
is free to choose which method to adopt, but it is strongly urged
the notation of the Calculus has not been introduced.
that the pupil should be taught to rely upon the method of splitting
Acknowledgements are due to Mr' T. Grantley Powell, M.A.,
up the middle term, Almost all School examining bodies have
cornmented on a widespread failure to factorise quadratics which
of the Cowley School, St. Helens, to Mr. Jacob Morgan, M'A.,
Headmaster of the Boys' County School, Brecon, and to my
occur in the solution of problems ; such quadratics often contain
colleagues, Mr. C. Kingsley Dove, M.A., and Mr. T. Marsden,
large numbers and it seems to be a fact that those who have only
been taught to obtain factors of trinomials by inspection often fail
M.A., B.Sc., for most valuable assistance and suggestions at all
stages of the work. Thanks are also due to the Senate of the
when the numbers involved are large. Although it is reasonable to
encourage factorisation by inspection in simple cases, it seems
University of London, the Cambridge Local Examinations
Syndicate, the Delegates of the Oxford Local Examinations, the
essential that a method should be adopted which can be relied wpon
to give the result. The method of splitting up the middle term is Joint Matriculation Board, the Oxford and Cambridge Schools
Examination Board, and the Central Welsh Board for permission
a sure and certain method, especially if the preliminary work (see
to use questions from the printed papers set in their examinations.
pp. 184-186) is done thoroughly. It is also noticeable that pupils
who are accustomed to factorise trinomials by splitting up the I also have to thank Messrs. Macmillan for permission to reproduce
the tables of Logarithms, Antilogarithms and Square Roots which
middle term very rarely have any difficulty in factorising by
appear at the end of the book.
grouping tenns; in general, such pupils acquire real confidence
in factorisation. There is the furthob advantage that the method
can be applied to the general expression of the second degree in
r and y (see p. 3rz).
AII the sections covering Equations, Problems, Graphs, Function-
ality and Variation are very thoroughly treated, and a choice of
method is given in the Logarithm chapter. In the chapter on
Series, general series have been introduced first and the traditional
special cases-the progressions-follow. In dealing with H.C.F.
by the long method (see pp, 3zS to 328) stress has been laid on the
use of the remainders which occur at each stage ; it is very rarely
necessary to complete the traditional process. There are nine sets
of Test Papers. Throughout the book stress has been laid on the
importance of checking results.
In deciding what work should be induded beyond the stage of
General Certificate (Ordinary Level), consideration has been
given to the needs of the able pupil who will afterwards specialise in
other subjects as will as to the needs of the future mathematical
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
In recent years the replacement of Imperial units by metric units has
been widespread in science and industry. The obvious reason behind
the move to metrication is that the Imperial system, which features a
variety of multiples and a collection of unrelated names, is cumbersome
to use, especially with modern calculating aids. The metric system, by
contrast, is based on a single multiplier of ro, and is therefore easy to
comprehend and simplifies calculations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This metric edition has been prepared in accordance with mathematics
and science education. Metric units are now used throughout the book;
PART I
Imperial units have been eliminated completely. A list of the common CB^PIER PAOI

metric units, their symbols and abbreviations are given on p. 496. I. Tne Use or Lrrrrns. GrNBnar.tsro Anrtnumrc - r
II. Pnopucrs AND PowERs. Eesv SunsrrrrrrtoN - rz
III. Lrrr AND UNLIKE TERMs. AscENDTNG AND DpscnNo-
rNG POWERS - t7

.i IV. Srvrpr.E EeuATIoNs "5

V. Eesv PnosleNrs LEADTNc ro STMFLE EguerroNs - 32
TrsrPapBnsl - 38

VI. NheNrNc AND IJsE oF BRAcKETS. Rrvrover, or

Bnecrrrs. Rwr or SrcNs. Eguatrolls aNo
IonNtrrrBs - 44

, VII. EeuerroNs AND PnosI-eNrs INvoLvINc Bnecxsrs - 57

VIII. THr'CoNsrRucrroN AND IJsE oF GRApI{s 64

Trsr PapeRs II - 77

,r IX. Dtnscrro NurlraBRs 8+

X. Aoorrrox AND SuBTRAcrroN oF Ar.cBsnerc Expnss-

sroNs. Srupr.r EquerroNs rNvoLvINc DrnrcrBp
- -
NuNrspns 95

xI. Tnr INoBx Lews. Srrrprn Mur.rrprrcerloN AND

Drvrsrox. Snrpr,B Roors. H.C.F. eNo L.C.M. ror
xiI. FnecrroNs wrrg vERy Sruplr DrNol,rrNerons.
Eguerrows AND PRoBLEMS INvoLvINc Fnecrrows rr2
TBsr Pepnns III - - rz6
lx
 X CONTENTS CONTENTS Il
CBAPTBR tA(}3
(C) T\vo EeueuoNs wrrH Two
PART IT Yt"*-o*t:
BorH Queonetrc - - z8z
ER

II. sr*rprp srvrulrANEous EqueuoNs. PRoBLEMs Tbsr Pnpnns VI - - 285

LEADINc ro SrprurrANEous EguerroNs - r35 XXIII. Henpnn MurrIpLIeATroN AND DlvrsloN. FuNc-
yo\qvrorn,a\-I y*^r-"o""_ t"r_o*rj
XIV. GnepHS oF FuNc.rroNs. GnepHrcAL SoruuoN
EguerroNs. LTNEAR GnepHs. GneornNr oF A
oF
I__.r__ 3.r^* ilHtro:.
Srnarcur Lrve. (JNTFoRM SprEn Gnepss - r48
XXIV. Henopn FecroRs. THr Fncron Tnronrrur. Survr
oR DrrrrnnNcE wo Cunps. FecroRs By
J xv. Pnopucrs AND QuouBNTS. LoNc Mulrrpl-rcATroN cRouprNc Tnnrus (HanoEn Cesns). Cyclrc
-
AND DtvtstoN - t7o ExpnnssloNs. Henorn TntNotvtIAI-s. Sylvt-
METRIcAL AND AlrnnuATrNc FuNcuoNs -
/ xvl. Eesv Fecrons. corvruoN Moxotvrrer, Fecron. 304
V Fecrons By Trnrus. TRTNoMIAI-s. XXV. HenoBn FnecrroNs. H.C.F. By LoNc MBTHoD.
"*oar"r*"
DrrrrnnNcE oF Two Sguenns. Seuenns oF Henonn FnecrroNAl, EgueuoNs - 320.
BrNotvtIALS - - r78 X>(VI. Henopn Pnosr,Brus - 33 r
Tnsr Pepnns IV - - rgg TnSf PnpEnSVII - - - - - 338
XVII. Queonerrc EguerroNs (r) By Fecrons (z) By
VI CouprETrNG THE Seuenr. Ensy pnonlrvrs PART III
LEADTNG To Queonerrc EguerroNs zo6 t_"or":. Sunos.
3+S
XVIII. Gnepns oF FuNcuoNS (CoxrrNuro). GnepHrcAL
SolurroN oF EguerroNs (CoNuNr.rro). Drnrva-
TroN oF Levrs FRoM IixprnrMEN'r.AL Dern 222 362

XIX. F necrroNs (CoNrrNuno). I I.C.F. and L.C.M. XXIX. Reuo. Hot"tocENEous ExpnrssroNs. PRopoR-
J (CoNrrNurrr) 232
TIoN. Tnn Rum oF Cnoss MutuplrcATroN 385
XXX. Dtnrcr VanterloN. Irvrrensr VenrATroN. Jorrvr
XX. Ilonlr(rr,AE. T'rrrirn coxsrnrrcrroN AND Usr. VenteuoN 3gz
CnRN<;r or; Surr;[cr oF A llonnlLrlA - 2+2 TnsrPepnnsVIII - - - - +rr
TnsrPnprinsv - - - 256 XXXI. Srnrrs. ARTTHMETTcAL PnocnrssroN. Hen-
xxl. Flnnorn Eguerro*r/ Lrrnnel EguerroNs. MoNrcAL PnocnrssroN. GroprrrRrcAl Pno-
QueonATrc EguerroNs By Fonrurut-A - 263 cREssIoN. CoupouND Iwrnnrsr. INrlNlrr
Srnrrs AND Survr ro INrrxrry. RrcuRRrNG
XXII. FunrHEn SrprulrANEous EquerroNs - 277 Drctprats - - +rg
(A) Two EguerroNs wrrH Two IJNxNowNS, X>O(II. Txronv oF QunonATrc EgueuoNs AND FuNc-
ONn LrNren AND ONe Qdeonerrc - 277 TIoNs. FunrHER GnApss. MlscrllANEous
(B) TunEr EguerroNs wrrH Tnnnn UNTNowNS - z8o
EguetloNs- - - - - - - +4g
 t

xIl CONTENTS
CHAPTEi
XXXIII. GneorrNr or e Ctrnw. Maxrl.r.r eNo Mrxrue. "AOE

Gnepnrcer. Sor.truow or EguarroNs (CoN-

ttwuno) 46s
Tnsr PepeRs IX 48o PART I
Locenrtxlr TnsLEs 488
ANrrr-oclnrrgM TABLES 490
CHAPTER I
Sgunn-e Roor Tesrns 492 THE USE OF LETTERS. GENERALISED
Covrvron UNIrs 496 ARITHMETIC
IlcpEx 497
1. Algebra in its simplest applications may be regarded as an
extension of Arithmetic. In Arithmetic we deal with certain
definitions and processes involving numbers, each of which has a
definite value. In Algebra, besides the ordinary arithmetical
numbers we use symbols which usually have not a single definite
value. In some instances the symbols may stand for any numerical
values we choose to give them ; in others the value or values of
any symbol may be restricted by the conditions of the problem
under consideration The symbols generally used are the letters
of our alphabet, a, b, c,-..A, 8,... x, !, 2...; the Greek letters
d, F, I ...are also occasionally used,
2. In Algebra, in the initial stages, we use all the definitions and
processes used in Arithmetic. In the iater stages these definitions
and processes are extended in such a way as to make them of more
general use, so that they may be applied to numbers and quantities
which have no place in ordinary Arithmetic. Letters should be
used to represent nnmbers. They should not be used to represent
quantities. Do not say that the length of a pencil is /, but say that
its length is / cm.
3. l{otation. The sigrrs *, -, X , -i, : have the sarne mean-
ings as in Arithmetic.
(i) 8 + z: ro means that by adding the numbers 8 and z we
obtain ro as the sum. In Algebra a*b:c means that the snm of
the two numbers denoted by the symbols a and b is equal to a
number denoted by the symbol c. Thus if c stands for zo, a and b
nray stand for any pair of numbers whose sum is zo, such as t8
and z, 15 and 5, rr and 9, 8| and rr|, and so on
 ?

z ESSENTIAI S OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee USE OF SYMBOLS

r.l
John has p apples and Henry has q apples ; they together have
p apples+g apples. By inserting brackets we can abbreviate this
hence t x t4: r|x t, and each of these expressions is written 14t.
Tbe number is always placeil fust. Also rc x y:y x x, and each
to read (p + q) apples. The contents of a bracket are regarded
expression may be written xy ot yx. It is more usual to write xy'
as
a single number,
(iv) rz:4:3 means that by dividing tzby 4 we obtain 3 as the
The above statement is an example of an algebraical result quotient. The pupil will now have no difficulty in interpreting the
which has a general value, and is true for any values we choose to
statement a--b:c. In Algebra " a divided by D " is usually
give top and q.
Thusif p:4, q:5, then P+q-4+5:9; written 1b and not a:h. It is sometimes written a/0. The sign /
lf p-2, g:3, then p+C-713:to. is called the " solitlus tt.
From this we see that single definite values can be obtarned from
the general algebraic value. When we say " let p:4 ", we do not 4. The following s',rnbols are frequently used :
mean thatl, nrust always have the value 4, but that 4 is the value to > means " is greater than " ;
be given to p in the particular example we are considering. We < means " is less than " ;
taking the smaller number from the
may also work with symbols without giving them any particular - means " the result of:2,
value ; it is with such operations that Algebra is chiefly concerned. larger " ; thus 7-5 $-13: 5'
(ii) g-z-7 means that the di.fference between g andz is 7. In = means " is identically equal to " ;
Algebra a - b: c means that the difference between the two : means " is approximately equal to "
numbers denoted by the symbols a and b is equal to a number # means " is not equal to " ;
denoted by the symbol c. As above, we may consider the case ) means " is not greater than " ;
when c:2o; then a and. b may stand for any pair of numbers d means " is not less than " ;
whose difference is zo, such as z8 and 8, 35 and r5, 53+ and 33{, .'. means " therefore ". Do not confuse it with : ; use the
and so on, symbol: asaverb.
(iii) 6 x 5:30 means that by multrplying the numbers 6 and 5 Any collection of sl.rnbols denoting numbers and operations to
we obtain 3o as the protluct. In Algebra a x b - c means that the be performed on them is called an algebraic expression.
product of the two numbers denoted by the symbols zz and b is
5. The pupil cannot make any real progress in Algebra until he
equal to a number denoted by the symbol c. We may consider the
has learnt to handle letters as confidently as he handles numbers.
case when c'=6o; then a and D may stand for any pair of numbers
The following examples are designed to give the necessary practice.
whose product is 6o, such as 6 and ro, 5o and rf, and so on.
In working them the pupil should notice particularly
It is usual in Algebra to abbreviate by leaving out multiplication (i) the way in which letters may be used just as if they were the
signs. Thus we abbreviate 4x q to 4q, and, icxy to xy. But ordinary numbers of Arithmetic ;
notice Eost carefully that 2 r 3 must not be written 23 (for this (ii) the points in which algebraical usage differs from that of
means twenty-three) ; we must leave it as 2 x 3 ur else write 6. Arithmetic ;
The number whose units digit is 6 and whose tens digit is a is (iii) the way in r-hich a symbol, or collection of symbols, may
roa+b. In Arithmetic 65 means 6 x ro*5 and 6!"- means 6+$1 have different numerical equivalents according to the
but in Algebra 6N always means " six times N " or " /V times six " numerical values the symbols are taken to represent' The
We know that 7x8:8x7, that rrx13:13xrr, and that, process of finding the numerical value of an expression,
when any two numbers are multiplied together, it does not matter when the letters it contains stand for given numbers, is
which is multiplied bywhich. InAlgebra letters stand for numbers I called substitution.
 T

4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. r.l USE OF SYMBOLS

The following worked examples should be discussed orally : 25. Z phts four equals thirty, therefore Z equals twenty-six.
Example 1. Find a number which exceeds p by rS. 26. X minus twenty equals sixteen, therefore X equals thirty-six.
If the answer is not immediately obvious, the pupil should first Write, without multiplication or division signs, the following :
think of a few cases in which p rs replaced by an ordinary number. 27. qx 3, 3 x e, 25 x c, cx 25, 25X 5, rx !, ! xx.
The process of solution in these cases will give the clue required, 28. q=3, 31q, z|=c, c+z,, x+y, y+x.
e.!., if p:2, 3, 7, g, etc., it is easily seen that the required answer
is z+r5, 3+t5,7*15,9+15, etc. In each case the required Correct, if necessary, the following statements :
answer is the strm of the chosen number and r5, so that the answer
29. 3o x 4:3o4. 30. xy x z: tcyz.
to the question is seen to be p+ 15. 81. 3o4 x7:ztz8. 32. rr3 x7:tr37.
Example 2. IIow many months are there in y years? State in words the meaning of the followin g, artd afterwalds state
their values rf x: 4, y:3, z:2
First consider the cases y:2,4,7, rr, etc. In each case it will
:,

be seen that the required answer is obtained by multiplying the 88. 5r. 84. x+7. 85. t. 36. x-r.
given number by tz. The process is quite general, so that the
required answer is rzy. 87. !x. 88.
8
x
39. 3{. 40. 19.
x
4
Example 3. What is tlrc meaning of 5x - 4? What is its oalue, 4L. ?!" 42. 2X.2. 43. zz+x. 44. zx- 32.
if x stands for z? J

Snmeans " multiplyr by 5 " or " multiply 5 byr". 45. xyz. 46. 1. 47. z-y. 48. x+yz.
To obtain the value of 5x - 4, multiply 5 by r and then subtract 4 v
from the result. EXERCISE 1. b
If r stands for z, 5x - 4:5 x2 - 4- ro - +:6. (Many of the following cxamples may be taken orally)
EXERCISE 1. a State in words the following :

IJsE or Syunom 1. rr >9. 2. S<6. 8. 6x 4:24. a. ,i: r'n.

(Many of tlte following examples may be tahen orally)
State in u'ords the following :
5. z'6<z? 6. ud r'9. '1. y < tt. 8. s : r4.
3

1. 5x3- 15. g>7.2. 3.

"!5 -..2.
< rf.
4. r'r-3 9. s+s. .''l:+' LL. m:n. L2. c*.d.
5.r>5. 8.y<r3. 7.s--7. 8. zlr'8. 18. L4. e+f . 15. p:q. L6. cd:f.
9. 15'99:1$. L0. x-y. LL. c+d. 12. rr-:5=4.
5 -8:3.
r-:t. Write in symbols the following:
L3. llm L4. c^h. 15. ab:c. L8. 17. z is not less than 4. 18. X is equal to 7.
Write in symbols the followrng: 19. z is less than 7. 20. e is not greater than/.
1?. g is greater than 5. 18. p is equal to 8. tl. q is approximately equal to r.
19. Y is not less than 7. 20. r is greater than 3. 22. s is not equal to zeto. 23. c is not greater than d.
21. t is not equal to 3. 22. p and q are identicallyequal. 24. One-third of Z equals four, therefore Z equals twelve.
23. a is not greater than b, 25. Twice X equals eighteen, therefore X equals nine.
2,4. Three times y equals twelve, therefore y equals four. 26. Y minus twelve equals eight, therefore Y equals twenty.
 I.] GENERALISED ARITHMETIC 7
6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer.
.
11. There are two unequal weights in the scale-pans ofa
Write, without multiplication or division signs, the following
weighing machine, the heavier being on the left.
27. txS, 5 x /, z3:d, dlz3, zt x 3, pxs, r xp.
28. r-5, Jlr, zgx d, dx 2J, p=s, s1-p. vt
Correct, if necessary, the following statements :
Weight in left pan zP kg
29. ttz x 3: rr23. 80. zo7 x 5: ro35.
3L. abx c:abc. 82. zo x 3:2o3, Weight in right pan tQke
State in words the meaning of the following, and afterutatds In each case 6nd what weight must be placed in the right-hand
State their values, if 2:6, e: St r:4. scale-pan to rnake them balance.
88. +p. 84. p+5. 55. ??. 36. 2. 12. A man walksp km and then g km. How many km has he walked
32 altogether I
87.p-+. 38.3p+r. 3e.:p.
s5
40.+. 18. Find a number which is (i) greater than 6 by 7, (ii) greater
than p by q.
4L. 3q+zr. 42. +.
p
43. pr. 44. 3qr. 14. Find a number which (i) added to r3 gives zo, (ii) added
45. zpqr. 47. q+zpr. ?!:f. to r gives s.
46. 3p-zq. 48.
p 15. Find a number which (i) taken from 3o leaves 19, (ii) taken
from x leaves y.
18. If s is any number, write down (a) three times the number,
EXERCISE 2.8 (D) the number increased by 7, G) the number diminished b1' 8,
(d) the number less than s by rz, (e) half of the number, (/) rwo-
GnNrnalrsBo Anrrnrrarrtc thirds of the number.
(Many of the following examples may be takm orally) 17. How many cauliflowers cost (i) z dollars, if each costs 40 cents,
l. How many months are equal to (a) 3 years, (D) 7 years, (r) a years, (ii) C dollars, if each costs 30 cents, (iii) 5 dollars, if each costs D cents,
(d) r years ?
(iv) .r dollars, if each costs : cents?
2. How many m are equal to (a) 3 km, (6) 7 km, (c) a km, (d) r km ? 18.How far shall I travel (i) in 3 days, if I travel z4 km a day,
(ii) in 5 days, if I travel A km a day, (iii) in N days, if I travel 3o km
8. How many km are equal to (a) zooo m, (D) 8ooo m, (c) a m, a day, (iv) in a days, if I travel 6 km a day?
(d) h m?
19. A man is z4 years old. How old was he (i) y years ago,
4. How many kg are equal to (a) 4ooo g, (6) 5ooo g, (r) x g, @) f g? (ii) last year, (iii) tr years ago? Answer the same questions, if the
.. 5. How many minutes are equal to (a) 4 hours, (D) j hotrrs, man is z years old.
(c) 6 hours, (d) Tz.hours? 20. A farmer takes z pigs to market and returns with zs of them.
How many has he sold?
- 6. How many hours are equal to (a) 48o minutes, (b)
minutes, (c) c minutes, (d) rl minutes?
7zo
2L. lf. x is any whole number, write down (i) the number next
. . 7. How many years are equal to (a) z4 months, (6) 84 months, below r, (ii) the number next above tr.
(c) x months, (d) 59 months ? 22. lf e is greater than a by 7, what is a?
. . 8. How-many years are equal to (a) 7 centuries, (D) z3 centuries, 28. lf 4 is less than & by rr, what is D?
(e) g centuries, (d) r centuries ?
24. What number must be subtracted from r * r r in order to
_. 9. l"t, of a post, of length 3 m, is painted black; the rest is green. obtain r? If r + r r : 19, what is the value of *?
Find the length of the hlack portion, if the length of the green is (a-) z m, 25, What number must be added to x -4in order to obtain r?
(D) 75 cm, (c) a m, where a<3. lf. x - 4:7, what is the value of r?
10. Repeat Ex. 9 for a post of length r m, where l>a>2.

I
8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnee. I.l GENERAI-ISED ARITHMETIC e
If r stands for an unknown number, state its value when : 47. A bookshelf is z m long; how many books, each D cm thick, will
x+3:14. r-3:13. it hold
26. 2?. 4+x:rr. 28. ?

48. Write down expressions for the numbers whose digits in ordet
29. 4- x:8. 80. r4:a13. 8L. y=a-7. from left to right are (i) 4, 6, (ii) p, q, (iii) z, 3,7, (iv) P, e, r.
32. r x 5:3o. 83. xx7:7. 84. 8x x:4o.
35. *- 3:s-3. 86. *+7:6+8. 8?. x:4:6.
EXERCITIE 2. b
s8. 8:1. Bs. f:6. (Many of examples may be taken orally)
5 7
the follouing
40.A book costs 3 dollars. What are the receipts, in dollars, if l.How many km are equal to (a) 3ooo m, (6) Tooo m, (c) 6 m,
(i) 8o, (ii) 3ooo, (iii) p, (i") lC copies arc sold? (d) A m?
41 If N is any number, write down the results of the following 2, Ho-w many grammes are equal to (a) 4 kg, (6) 6 kg, (c) n kg,
operations : (i) halve the sum of N and 8, (ii) multiply N by 5 and (d) 3i kg ?
then add 3, (iii) divide N by f and subtract the result from rz, g. How many kg are equal to (a) 5ooo g, (6) 8ooo g, (c) n g, (d) n g?
(iv) halve N and then subtract 6.
4.How many years are equal to (a) 36 months, (6) 96 months,
42.A train ticket costs z dollars; what is the cost, in dollars, of (c) c months, (d) 7& months ?
(i) 6 tickets, (ii) c tickets? 5. How many hours are equal to (a) 36o minutes, (b) 54o
43.I can walk 4 km an hour. How far can I walk in 1i) z hours, minutes, (c) g minutes, (d) A minutes?
(ii) x hours ?
8. How many cm3 are equal to (a) 4 dm3, (D) 7 dm3, (r) l dm3,
44.What is the cost of the following: (i) : kg of cheese at A dollars (d)3p dm8?
per kg, (ii) z kg of rennet at z dollars pcr kg, (iii) c metres of calico at ?. How many cents are equal to (a) 6 dollars, (D) zr dollars, (c) s
3 dollars per metre, (iv),r bottles of milk at zr., dollars per bottle, (v) tr/ dollars, (d) ar dollars ?
dozen pencils at D dollars per pencil?
8. How many dollars are equal to (a) 4oo cents, (6) 75o cents, (c) r
45. Find the sizes of the unmarked angles in the following cents, (d) 7z centsl
figures : [The arrowheads denote parallel lines.] 9. A man walks s km and then I km. How many km has he walked
I altogether I

/l\
/t 10. Find a number which is (i) greater than 3 by 9, (ii) greater

(D h""/-/1\
than a by 6.
ll.Part of a post, ot length 5 m, is painted blue; the rest is red'
Find the length of the red portion, if the length of the blue is (a) 3 m,
(6) roo cm, (c) 6 m, where 6<5.
12.P,epeat Ex. rr for a post <rf length y m, where y>b>3.
18. A rectangular piece of cloth has its length and breadth given
by the table :

'AAA A
46.A family uses 3ooo cm3 of milk a day. How many cms will be
used in (i) .r days, (ii) y weeksl How long will K cms last?
Length -
Breadth

Find in each case (i) its perimeter, (ii) its aree

 t

ro ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orar I.] GENERALISED ARITHMETIC IT

14. How many books cost (i) $48, if
each costs 93, (ii) $G, if each
42, It Q is any number' write down the results of the following
costs $72, (iii) $72, if each costs $K (i") $P, if each costs $p?
operation;: (i) t-hree times the sum of Q and4, (ii) divide 9by-Z
15. Find the cost, in dollars, of (i) 9 stamps at $4 each, (ii) c stamps tfr".r aaa 7, 1ii1 multiply Q by 4 and then subtract 6, (iv) double
at $z each, (iii) 3 stamps at $d each, (iv) / stamps at $z each. "ia
a
16. Find a number which (i) taken from 27 leaves 8, (ii) taken l"';nt;it";atch cost $5 each. what are the
from e leaves/. rec the sale of (i) 5oo, (ii) zooo, (iii) r, (iv) 3y
such tickets
a numberwhich (i) added to
?
1?. Find rr gives 3o, (ii) added to
c gives d.
18, How long will it take to travel (i) zoo km at the rate of z5 km
a day, (ii) 25o km at the rate of a krn a day, (iii) l km at the rate of
35 krn a day, (iv) s km at the rate of t km a day?
19. A girl is r7 years old. How old was .she (i) 3 years ago, in the followrng
(ii) zA years ago? Answer the same question, if the girtis r years 46. Find the sizes of the unmarked angles
old. figures : [The arrowheads denote parallel lines']
20. Any even number may be represented by zx, where r
rcprcsents an integer. Write down (i) the evcn number next
belorv z,t, (ii) the even number next above z.t.
21. A farmer takes / pigs to market and sells rz of them, How
many has he left?
22. lf ry is less than d by t4, what is d?
23. What number must be added to r
If x - i r :23, what is the value of .r?
- r r in order to obtain r?
24. What number must be subtracted from r+ 17 in order to
obtain .x?lf x + t7:2g, wh^t is thc value of .r?
(t,) 1,"" tZ \-
L4 4
25. lf 14 is greater than c by 3, what is c?

If
26.
.rc

x+7-15.
stands for an unknown numbcr, state its value when :
2?. 3+ x: to. 28. .r x rr: rt.
c,.v*.
47. Write down expressions for the numbers whose digits in
29. 43:16 - ,7. 30. z8 - r: 18 31. rx3=1$. order from left to right are (i) 9, 3' (i1) x, y, (iii) 7, 5, 8,
32. 18:rc+3. 88. x - 84. r-5=rr-5, (iv) x, y, z.
5:17
48.A man motors at z5 km per hour. How far does he go in
35..rc+9=ro+rr. 36. ro:{. 37.4xx-32, (i) 5 hours, (ii) o hours?
4
88. t= rz. 39.8e:32.
.be 40. 4 family uses 8 lumps of sugar per day. How many lumps will
used in (i) A days, (ii) s weeksl How long will z lumps lasi?
41. A train ticket costs $3; what is the cost of (i) a tickets, (ii) i
tickets ?

CHAPTER II
PRODUCTS AND POWERS
6. When two or more numbers are multiplied together the result
is called the proaluct. In Algebra the product of two numbers
xand,y may bewrittenin any of the forms xx!,!xN,x.!,9 .x,
xy or yrc. The form *y is the most usual. Similarly the product
of x, y and a may be written icyz or tczy or yxz ot yzx or ztcy or zyfr,
but it is usual to write the factors in alphabetical order, i.e. xyz.
The beginner should note carefully that this differs considerably
from the usage in Arithmetic. In Arittunetic the product of
4and 5 iswritten 4 x 5 or 4. 5, but not 45, whichmeans4x ro+5.
The pupil should also note carefully the difference between z .3 . x
and, z3x. The former means 2 x 3 x r, the latter means twenty-
three times r.
When symbols are multiplied by a number, the number is
usually placed before the symbols, with no sign of multiplication
between. Thus 7pq means 7 times the product of p and q, or
j x p x q. Also z53xyz means 253 times the product of x, y atd
ot 253xtcxyxz.
7. Each of the quantities multiplied together to form a product
is called a factor of the product. Thus 3, S, P, q are the factors of
the product r5pg.
8. When one of the factors of a product is a numerical quantity
it is called the coefEcient or the numerical coefficient of the re-
maining factors. Thus, in the product 7pq,7 Is the coefficient of pq.
Similarly in the product z4abc, 24 is the coefficient of abc. It is
sometimes convenient to consider any factor, or factors, of a
product as the coefficient of the remaining factors. Thus, in the
product 7pq,7p is the coefficient of g or 7q is the coefficient of p.
A coefficient which involves letters is called a Iiteral coemcient.
When the coefficient is unity it is usually omitted. Thus we do
not write tr, but simply r.
9, The product obtained by multiplying together several factors
all equal to the same number is called a Dower of that number.
F
lcnep. ILI PRODUCTS AND PO\MERS 13
Thus 3 x3 is called the seconalpower (orsqua[e) of 3; S x5 xS is
called the thirtl Dower (or cube) of 5; r.x Nxtcx&x* is called the
Dower of r, and so on.
flfth
The following notation is used 3x3:32; SXSXS:58 I
&xtcxNxNxN:x6; and the small figure which indicates thc
number of equal factors is called the intlex of the power.
Thus in 42,74, x6, the intlices z, 3,5 respectively. 32 ic
usually read " 3 squared "; 53 is^re read " 5 cubed " ; *6 is read
" r to the fifth " ; and so on.
The first Dower of a number is the number itself. We do not
usually write rl, bui simply .r. Thus *, !x, )cr, txr, all have the
game meaning. It should be noted that every power of 1 is 1.
The pupil must distinguish beween co€fEcient and index.
10. Fractional coefficients which are greater than uniry are
usually kept in the form of improper fractions. Thus #xy is
written more frequently than rfry.
If one factor of I Broaluct is equat to 0, the proaluct must equel 0,
whatever values the other factors have. It follows that every power
of 0 is 0. A factor 0 is usually calletl a zero factor.
z, 11. Any collection of numbers and symbols connected by the
signs +, -, X,:'is called analgebraic expression.
Parts of an expression separated by the signs + or - are called
terms, The signs x and : do not separate terns
Thus 3a + 4c t P - 7h + ql + s-2t is an expression of five terms.
It should be noted th^t 4c xp is a single term. So are qz and s*zt.
When no sign precedes a term the sign * is understood.
12. An expression which consists of one term, e.g. 86, is called
a simple (or monomial) expression. An expression *'hich consists
of two or more terms is called a compound expression. An ex-
pression of two terms, as 3c - 4d, is called a binomial expression ;
one of three terms, as 3x+4y - zz, a trinomial; one of more than
three terms a multinomial, or polynomial.
A term which consists of the product of a number of letters or
numbers, so that only multiplication and neither addition nor sub-
traction nor division occurs, is called an integral term. An ex-
pression containing a number of integral terms separated only by
the signs * and - is called an integral algebraic e4tression.
I
 I

t4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOI- ALGEBRA (cHAP' rr.l EASY SUBSTITUTION T5

An expression in which the letters occur under a root sign ExanrDle 5. Wite inits simplestfotm xx 3x x2 x zxy.
(e.g., n/x,9xy; ;. called an irrational expression' If the letters do The expression equals )c x 3 x x x x x 2 x y.
not occur uncler a root sign, the expression is called rational' We As in Arithmetic, we may take the factors in any order we please
shall be chiefly concerned with expressions which are both rational when multiplying, We therefore w-rite the expression
and integral, 3xzxxxrxrx y:6x3y.
13. In the case of expressions which contain more than one term'
EXER,CISE 3.
each term can be dealt with singly by the rules already given, and
A

by combining the terms the numerical value of the whole expression (Many of the folluing examples mny be tahen orally)
is obtained, as in Example 4 below' When brackets are used they 1. Explain the differcnce between (i) 54 and 5 . 4, (ii) 63pq and
have the same mcaning as in Arithmetic, indicating that the terms 6 fi+
enclosed within them are to be considered as one quantity' 2. Which is the greater, 345 or 3 . 4 . S?
Example 1. If a:2, b:3, c-7, find the oalue oJ (i) zabc, 8. Write down the product of a, b and c in six ways, without
using the sign of multiplication.
(1r) z4ab, (iii) z . aab'
4. If a day's work consists of 7 lessons, what is a boy's total
(i) zabc :2 x ax b x c'-'2 \ 2 x 3 /' 7 :84 ; mark for the day, if in each lesson he obtains (i) 9 marks, (ii)
(ii) z4ab :24xaxb :24x2x3 :t44i
omarks, (iii) s marks?
(iii) z . 4ab: z x 4t a x b- z x 4x 2 x 3: 48' 5. Explain the difference between (i) 4c and cr, 1ii) 3c2 and zf .
ExamBle 2. What is the diflerence in meaning betwem 5x and x5? 6. Express algebraically the result of multiplying together
By 5r we mean the product of 5 and r' By '16 rve mean the fifth (i) 6 factors each equal to n, (ii) g factors each equal to a,
po'wer of n ; that is, the product of the quantities x' x' x' x' N' ?. Write in their sirnplest form: (i) xx3xz, (ii) cxcx7,
Thus, if x:2' stt:5 x r:5 x 2: ro;
(iii) fax3a, (iv) (26)3, (v) nxnx3n, (vi) (3s)2, (vii) xr(2")2.
*5:ff X X >1 X x X X X: 2 x 2 x Z x Z x Z: 32. 8. What is the difference between 342 and (3&)2 when (i) h=2,
(ii) A: o?
ExamDle 3. What is the difletence in meaning betzueen 6xz If a:3, S=4, c:I, e:o, x:5, y:6, z= ro, find the values of :
and (6x)2?
By 6x2 we mean the product of 6 and 12, or the product of 6' 9. 4a. I0. ab !1. abc. !2. 4zq. !8. zas. M. yZ.
r and r.
By (6x)2 we mean the product of 6x and 6r' or the product of
15. *bc. 18. 86y. L?. #ab. L8. f,$qxyz.
6, x',6, x, which is the same as the product of 6, 6, x' x' and is 19. 3a2. 20. zca. 2L. t4cl2. 22. Sd.
equal to 36:c2.
28. 4t2. 24. t*. 25. roaa. 26, (zc)z.
SimilarlY x!2:xxY\Y; (*Y)2:*xxxYxY:' 27. 3a". 28. 4q". 29. y2 - 5xq. 80. z2 - rt.
^^,-,3 - ")xyxzxzxz; If l:p:1, n:1,
z, find the values of :
(zyz)s : 2 x Y x z x 2 x Y x z x 2 x Y x z, 3L. I-m-n. 82. lmn. 88. /- r -2.
which is the same as 8Y323. 84. 312 + zn2. 85. 6lmn2. 36. lm+a.
The pupil should be very careful to notice this difference'
Exa,mple 4. If a:2, b:3' c:o, find the ztalue of 3a2bc+za*'
EXERCISE 3. b
+ zabz -- 3 x a x a x b x c *zxaxbxb (Many of the follozahry examples may be tahm onlly)
3a2bc
=3x 2x 2 x g x o+ 2x 2x 3 x 3-o+36:36' 1. Whrch is the greater,724 or 7 .2.4?
16 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee' u']
2. Write down the product of F, q, r in six ways without using
the sign of multiPlication.
8. Explain the difierence between (i) 7z'aod 7 ' z, (1i) 85rs and
8 .5rs.
1. E*pr.", algebraically the -result of .multiqlying together CHAPTER III
(i) s-iu"to'r. each ilual to l, (il) x factors each equal to o'
5. Explain the difierence between (i) Sd and d6, (ii) 4et and 3er' LIKE AND UNLIKE TERMS. ASCENDING AND
DESCENDING POWERS
14. When the terrns of an algebraical expression either do not
differ or differ only in their coefficients they are called like; other-
wise they are called unlile.
(ii) ft=r, (iii) A:o? Thus 5a, 9a i 3a2,8a2 ; 4a.b2,7ab2 are pairs of like terms ; and
If. a = z, l: o, m = 4, n-- 5, 2: ro, find the values of t
S:3, c: t, Sa, 9b i 4a2, 3ac are pairs of unlike terms.
9. am. LO. tmn. LL. atn. L2. 5a' B' -eflnp' An exBression consisting only of like terms cen be realuceal to a
single term.
L4. +tp. L5. #mn. L8. Zab. t'' T' 18' 423'
Example 1. Simphfu the expression 6x - 3x + 4x.
L9.6ar. 20- lP". 2L- 4m2. 22' 3aa' 23' zzcrTl{' The beginner will find it helpful to consider first similar expres-
24. tzc27. 25. t4lb. 26. n2+b2- 27. n3-rtpl' sions such as the following :
28. ton'. 29. (4c)3. 30- 5m8. 6 baskets -3 baskets *4 baskets,
If. r:3, 5:1, t:!, find the values of the following : 6eggs -3eggs +4eggs,
8L. r-zs-r. 32. zr2 + 4st. 33. rt - zs.
6 dollars - 3 dollars +4 dollars.
84. 8r2st. 85. z-s-t. 36. 3rsr. The process of reasoning is the same in each case.
EXERCII|E 3. c Thus 6 baskets-3 baskets*4 baskets:3 baskets+4 baskets
If a- 3, g:4, s: r, q:o, x= 5, !-6, z: to, find the values of: -7 baskets. Similarly the other expressions equal 7 eggs and
7 dollats respectively. Likewise 6x-3x+4x:3n+4r:7n.
L. (zx - 1,)2. 2. z2 - xy- 3. 3cz + 4bq. 4. zs - 5bx' The argument may be more generally stated as follows : u'hat-
5. b"+cb. 6. (3b-za)3. 7. (b-3c)- 8' c3+g3' ever number ,, stands for, if we take 6 times the number and then
9.3coa". L0.3abc+qxz+5q2yz. J'1-. zax+bz2.
subtract 3 times the number, we get 3 times the number, just as
L2. ;b". L3. x2 + yz + 22. 1^4. ab + b. 15. 3zc | 4q2b2. 6 tens less 3 tens equals 3 tens. If we then add 4 times the number,
16. syo - 322. L7. tzabcqxYz. 18. <vao3. 19. 2A" ff: we get 7 times the number.
Similarly try = rSy + tty = 26y,
,o.y; ,t. t!.;* ,r."; 24'1,P'
8y + 7y +
3x2y2 + 4x2y2 - : - -
lf t-2, 4:1, n:*, find the values of
'zs';r#
:
5x2y2 7 x2y2 Sxzyz z.r2 )'2 ,

l_"1++l_1,+l_sl
25. 12 + m2 + n2. 26. l2 + zmz + 3n2. 27. rzlm2n. 33333
28. 6lm2n2. 29. s-12+mn. 30. mL+gnz. When simplifying always work from the left, unless brackets or
r-. x &trd : signs show that operations must be performed in a
sl. a. Bz. nn
88. 3,- tm.
a
34.3-?. ttitrerent orcler.
t7
 F

IIT.] ADDITION OF LIKE AND UNLIKE TERMS 19

r8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lcHer.
9. Tabcd+ trabcd-gabcd. L0. q:cyz+3yzx+2zyx.
EXERCII|E 4. a 11. There \vere 2or people in a train. At successive stations 2r,
(Many 6f the following examples may be takm orally) 3n, 5r, z.r people got out. FIow many were left?
Simplify the following expressions : 12. A basket contains 4s apples. How many apples are con-
y+y+y+y+y. tained in 6 baskets?
L. x+x+x+x. 2. 8. 4-tc'lzx.
5. 3m+3m. 8. gmxz. 18.What is the total bill for d kg of tea at gz per kg and zd kg
4.6p+p. of coffee at $3 per kg?
7.3mx5. 8. 4r, 3. 9. Three times 42.
12. One-quattet of tzX. 14. A man does no work on Sunday; he works for I hours on
10. Five times 2r. 11. Half of l. Saturday and for zt hours on each of the other days of the week.
18. One-third of, zY. L4. 3x + 4x. L5. 5w+ 5w.' FIow many hours does he work each week?
16. 5zt + 7v. 1?. 5r+ t. L8. t+7t. 15, There are 18 forms in a school. In each of the ro junior
L9. 3d- zd. 20. ad-d. 21.6r-6r. - forms there are 3x boys ; in each of the remainder there are zr boys.
22. zw - w. 23. x+x+4x. 24. zz+42-52, I{ow many bcys are there in the school?
25.8r-2/-6r. 28. 4w-o-zro. 27. gx+7x-5r- 16. A man walks 4e km East, then zz km West, then again 7z km
28. - zb - zb
4b + 7b 29. 3d + 6d - 4d + zd. 80. 2p - lrq. East. How far is he then from his starting pointl
8L. h- +h. 82. zh +ft x 5. 33. 3z x 4- Stt. 17.A man bought five books costing zz dollars each, four costing
84. roxrT-8xt7. 85. zx4d+d. 36.4rx 5-S/x4. 3z dollars each and eight costing z dollars each. How much did he
spend ?

EXERCISE 4. b 18.A man bought r44 pencils at 3r dollars per dozen, and one dozen
Le pencils at r dollars each. How much did he spend ?
blue
(Many of the follotoing examples may be tahm orally)
lg.A line is
l9.A lrne ls orvroeo rnro q
divided into pieces measurlng
5 preces measuring respectrvety
respecti'ively 2a cm,
Simplify the following expressions : 3a cm, 7a cm, 5a cm, 44 cm. What is the length of the whole line ?
L. 3t+4t..,i 2. p p+p.
+ 8. u+w+u+w. '
BQ.A boy receives during a week 3r five-dollar coins, 5r one-dollar
4. 5lxz. 5. 7s+s. 8. 4n+4n.., coins and z,r fifty-cent coins. He then spends $zor. How much
?. Half of 6c. 8. 3A x 4. 9. Sa x3. I t, money has he left ? Give the answer in dollars.
10. One-6fth of toZ.'11. Four times 3u. 12. Seven times 3s.
15. Aililition of unlike terms. When two or more like terms
13. One-sixth of 5X. L4. 7c+c. L5. zx+gx' are to be added together we have seen that they may be collected
L6. d+t3d.' , r
'L7. 18. d+ 3d+5d.
4l+sl. and the result expressed as a single term. If, however, the rerms
19. :.t - zx. ./ 20. 8s - 8s. 2L. 8d- d.
are unlike, this cannot be done. Consider the sum of the quantities :
22. 5d - ad. .,,' 23- 7c - 3c. 24. 7m' 3m - 4m. 4 plums, 5 pears, 3 plums, z bananas and 7 pears. We can say that
25. 3w - rr't 4w. 28, 3b + 6b - 8r. 27. sh - o - h. we have 7 plums, 12 pears and z bananas, but we cannot carry the
28.3x-lx. 29. id+Zd. 80. ft*tx4. process of simplification any further. Similarly in Algebra, the
81.3r+gt-4t-4t. 32.5u 4o+30-o;, 83. 3ax4-4lax3. I
sum of the quantities i 4a, Sb, 3a, zc and 7b rrray be written
34. 4c2t5c2 -2t2., 85. 7xs3+3x53. 86. 4sx5-6s. +a + 3a+ 5b + 7b + 2c, or 7a+ rzb + zc.
EXERCISE 4. c There is no shorter way of writing this expression, if a, b, c
fepresent any numbers whatever.
Simplify the following expressions :
L.47"6+47x4. 2. 6x2 + 3x2 + zxz. Similarly 6c+z+c+7b-zc-3b+5 may be written
8. 4lm- lm. 4. zcd + 3dc. lb - Zb -t 6c t c - zc + 2 + 5 : 4b + Sc + 7.
5. 3zoz + 4w2 - 72a2. 8. 3r'y + 4),x2. This process of simplification is called " collecting like terms "
7. azbz + 4a2b2 + ga2b2 - 3a2b2. 8. 4csd'r 6c3d - 8c?d + rcFd.
 I
2o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cree. rrr.l ADDITION OF LIKE AND UNLIKE TERMS ?I
EXER,CISE 5. A 8. 5x2+3x2+o-2x2, 4.3y2-2.
Simplify, if
possible, the following expressions. If it is not 5. 7u1 - 7u2. 8. zw2 -t 3wz - swz. 2.7X-3x.
possible, say so:
8. zu+!. 9. r-!' ro.4+*.
L. a+b+a. 2. a+b+zb+3a. 3, r+3+3r. 3 + 22
4. x+y+!+x+y. 5. zc+3-c. 6. a+3b+3d-lr. lL. qt" - qt. L2. zxsst-3x3ts.
7. zc+d+3d- c. 8. l+m+1. 9. lrn+lnt+ml. 13. 4x +4+zxzA-3x34. L4. rzza-23.
L0 lnt+2. LL. cd - c- L2. xy+x+y. L5. xzy+zxyz+yxz. 16. 3st + 2s + 3t + 2,ts,
13. r+a-b-r. L4. a+4+b-ts+a. 15. 5+3e. L7. ab + bc - ba* ca - cb - ac. L8. 4bc - 3ac + cb - ab.
16. 4r+3x+2. d+4+d+2d+:. 18. s+t-s+zt.
L?. L9. 4pqrs + r2rsqp - ,3qrps, 20. xyxy + xxyy + yxtcy.
19.84-5ft-3. 20.4s-t+zs. 2L. z+g-2. 21. There were 8a + 66 people in a train, At successive stations
22. 7m- 3m- 2. 23. zb+4+3ht 4b. 24. +r+2y-2x+y.
za, a, 4b people got out. How many were left?
22.What is the total bilt for a kg of tca at gz per kg and 6 kg of
25, 3u - 3--. 26. 4s+7t,-zs 4t. 27. 4xx S-Syx4. eo{Tce at $3 per kg?
28.zx2s+3x2t-s-4xt. 29. a+b+c-a-b+c. 23, A man does no workon Sunday
30. l++nt+4t41n-3. 3I. zxy+zxz. ; he works for c*dhours
on Saturday and for zc hours on each of the other days of the week,
32. 4xy * 3tz - z1'x. 33. 5ab + 4ba. 84. xy+7 +y. How many hours does he work each week?
85. 3ab + 3b - zba. 36. 4ab + 3ba - ac - zab.
24.A man walks 3a km East, then-3! km West, then again z6 km
EXERCISE 5. b l,,ast. How far is he then from his starting point?
Simplifl', if possible, the follorving cxpressions. If it is not 25.A man bought four books each costing z/ dollars, seven each
possible, sxy so : costing 3rz dollars and nine each costing 4z dollars. How much did
l. zc+d+c+zd. 0 hc spend I
3a+41 2a. 3. u+t:+zu.
4. r+4s+zl+5. 5. lt nt-tzrn+zl+m. 6. 3x+4-*. 26.,{ man bought r44 pencils at gzl per dozen, and two dozen red
pcncils at gz each. How much did he spend ?
7. rslrs!sr. 8. 3u+2u+4a-2u. 9. p+2q+p.
27.A boy receives during a week 3r $5-coins,6y $z-coins, and 8z
L0. lnt+m- l. 11. pq-4. L2. lm-m. lir-coins. He then pays out r gz-coins, zy $5-coins and 6z gr-coins.
L3. m+tn+ Sn+'4m. 14. 7+5h. L5.7h+3h+4. Ilow much money has he left?
16. n+S+za-2+3u. 17. 3+2x-y-3. L8. zz+S-22. Z8.What is the length of a fence formed by 8 hurdles each zr m
L9. 7u+ 7a. 20. gh-6h-s. 2L. 5nr-2n+3n. l,rng and ro hurdles each 3s m long?
22. zm+fl-2m+41r. oo 29.Subtract 5, months from zl years. Give answer in months.
3l + 9nt - zl - 5m. 24. zu+ 30 - 2u.
25.7tx6 6sx7. 26. 4nt-f 3n - m - zn. 2?. 4x - 4y. 30.The sides XY, YZ, ZX of a triangle are respectively zx cm,y cm,
28. r+s+t-r+s+t. oo 3cd t-
3ce. 30. 5cd + 4da -. 3dc, \ I cnr. What is the perimeter?
3I. zu+31.)+4+.5c- r. 32. r+s+t-r-s-t. 31.'I'he two adjacen-t sides of a rectangle are (a t4) cm and (b_z) cm.
\!'hlt is the pcrimeter?
38. 3ml + 6lm ls 5lm. 34. 5cd+ 5c - 3dc.
3?.,A box, weighing X kg when empty, contains 5x kg of sugar;
35. rza2 - 5a2. 36. 6c+ cd+db--dbc. I kg of sugar are sold, what is the weight of the box and thJ
r
.1.r remaiiing
',rrgar? What is thc answer if X:6, x:24?
EXER,CISE 5. C
33.llow many.years are left after -subtracting (i) 8 months from 3
Simplify, if possible, the expressions in Nos. r-zo. If it is not rr':us, (ii) 7 months from x years, (iii) t months from z years? "
possible, say so: g4l. Ily selling a table for (zz -
7) clollars I gain z dollars; how rnuch
L. xy + yz + ztc + zxyz. 2. r4x2 - 7x2, rlirl it cost rne?
r
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [urar.
nl.l ASCENDING AND DESCENDING POWERS 23
gg. A taxi-driver is paid 3c dollars a week and receives in tips
d dollars a day. Out of this he has to pay for oil etc. c*zd dollars 19. It is usual to write algebraic expressions either in tlescentling
a week. If he works each day except Sunday, how much has he powers of one of the letters, i.e. beginning with the highest power,
left each week? then the next highest, and so on, or in ascond,ing powers' i.e. be-
86.How much change is there out of a $ro note, if s cakes, costing ginning with the constant term (if any), then the term of the first
8o cents each, are bought? degree, then the term of the second degree, and so on. Thus
gxa + 5xs + 7x2 - zx + 5 is arranged in descending powers of x. And
DIMENSION AND DEGREE. ASCENDING AND
5 - zx + 7xz + 5r3 + 3r4 is the same expression arranged rn ascending
DESCENDING POWERS
powers of x,
16. The number of times that any particular letter occurs by way
of multiplication in any term is called the dimsnsiqa (or ilegree) of Exa,mDle 2. Simplify 3x2+ 4r+7 - x2 - zx+ j o.nd anange it in
the term in that particular letter; and the degree of the term in ascending pruer of x.
any specified letters is the sum of its degrees in each of these letters. The expression: 3r2 + +x + 7 - x2 - zx + 3
Thus the product rya is said to be of three dimensions or of the -7 + 3+ +t- 2tc+ 3x2 - x2, placing the like terms
thiril tlegree it x, y and z, but it is also considered to be of ono together, beginning with the terms of lowest
tlimersion or of the frst ilegree in r.or y or z considered separ- degree
ately. Similaiy, x2ya is said to be of six rlimgl5iqls or of the sixth :to+zx+2x2.
ilegree in x and y. It is also of two dimeruions or of the second
tlegrce in x, and of four dimeruiorll or of the fourth tlegree in y. Exa,mple 8. Simplify +y2+Sy+8-ry'-y*t and arrangeitin
Notice that a numerical coefficient is not counted ; 4x2y2 and descmding pozaers of y.
x2y2 are each of the same degree. The expressiot-_ 4y2 - zyz + Sy - y + 8 + r, placing the like terms
17. The degree of a,n expression is the degree of the term of together, beginning with the terms of highest
highest dimension contained in it ; thus xr + 3x3 + 4x2 + 7 is an degree
expression of the fourth degree, for xa is of the fourth degree, 3xg :2y2+4y+9.
is of the third dcgree, 4-rc2 is of the second degree and 7 is of degree o.
A term which docs not contain r is called the corutant (or EXERCISE 6. a
absolute) term or the term intlepentlent of x. \
Similarly azxz - 4ary3 is an expression of the sixth degree. But S*nplify, where possible, the following expressions, and arrange
we sometimes speak of the degree of an expression with regard to
in descending powers :
some one of the letters it involves. Thus the expression L. +" + xs + 2x2. 2. 2t2 + 3t - t2. 3. 5o' - za2 + a.
axs+bxz+uc+d 4. 4+6m2+3m+ms. 5. 7c+c4+3c2. 0. 512+31+3-312.
is said to be of the third degree in rc. So 3xsy * zx2y2 is of'the third ?. 5r+7-zr+y'. 8. 5+6t+3t3- 5t2.
degree in x or of the second degree in y.
Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and arrange
18. Diffcrent powers of the saEe letter are unlike terms ; thus in ascending powers :

the result of adding together z.rs and 5n cannot be expressed by a 9. zxz+5#+3x. L0.6m21-4m+5-m3.
single term, but must be left in the form zxz+ 5x, Similarly the Ll- -zn+3+n3, L2.3t3+7t2+3-2t2+t.
sum of 3a2, zab and 4h2 is 3a2 + zub + 4b2. 'f his expression is in its
L8. zt+3t2+S+7t. L4.3r+8-r+v2.
simplest form and cannot be rvritten in any shorter lvay.
L5. 5d2+Z+gd-++d. 16.4c3-c2+5c+3-3c.

\-
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcnAp. ur.I
"4 nqBc$E 0.b
:Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and affange
in descending powen :
l.7b'-3b2+zb. 2. 3t+f +2t2. CHAPTER IV
8. 4s2 + 7s - s2. 4.5d+zda+&. SIMPLE EQUATIONS
5.4n2+6n+5-2n2. 8. z+3k2+h+4hs.
?. 7sz + 5s3 - 4 + zs2. 8. 7m+ 5- 3m+m3. 20. We have seen that in Algebra letters are used to represent
Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and arrangc numbers. It is sometimes possible to obtain two different ex-
in ascending powers : pressions to represent the same quantity. This enables us to use
9. -qr+S+3tc2. 10. z*+9za+3*. Algebra to solve problems,
11.5t2+3t+8-13. L2. zc+5c2+3+4c. p6nmDle l. Think of a number, double it and add g to it:. tlu
13. 5z +7 - zn+ns. 14. sd+6x2+z-3x2+# testlt is 17. Find the numbet.
15. 6As - zb2+ 4b+7 -8b. l8r+h2+z+7h-r+.2h. We might say
(Twice the number thought of) + 3:17.
EXERCISE 8. c The pupil will probably have no difficulty in guessing the answer.
Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and arrange but in more difficult questions we shall see that such statcments
in descending powers :
have to be written several times. It is rather tedious to write " the
l. 3t2+zts - 3* t2. 2. zxz+x+ 13+x2 +zx- S+3tcz -tc- g. number thought oF" every time it is necessary to use it, and it is
8. 5a2 + t2a + 3 + 3a2 - 4a + s + za2 + 3a - 4. more convenient to represent the number by a letter. Thus if we
4.,t^+ztg+"+3t-f. denote the number by z, we have, in this example,
Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and arrange 2xn+3-17, or zft+3-17.
in ascending powers : The form in which this statement is now written is called an
5. y" + 3yz + 6y2 + 7y - 4y+ 8 +y3+y2 + r. equation and z is called the unlrngga. The process of discovering
8. 7 + za * 3as - z + a3 + a4- S +aE - a4 - as + za. the unknown number is called solvitrg the equation ; and the value
?. Writo down (i) in ascending powers, (ii) in descending powers: of the unknown number is called the toot or solution of the equation.
(a) +r + rr - zs2+s, (6) 8,2+ f+z+ 5t, The pa$s of an equation separated by the sign of equality are
(c) ra+r+r3.r3, (d) x3+3+rr)cz-4n, called siafes of the equation ; in the above equation zn + 3 is called
k) SC-3c+7+2P, (f) zy'*3*8y3-zy, the left-hanil side of the equation. Similarly r7 is called the riChh
k) Zh3+4+2h6, (r) S- 7x+3xa-2x2. henil side of the equation.
8. Write down (i) the coefficient of *2, (ii) the constant term, 2L. Let us now consider the equation 2n+3:r7. The two
(iii) the coefficient of the highest power of r in
(") ++ zx + 3x2 + 7xs + 4tc4, (b) zxa + zx3 + rzxz - 7x, rides of the equation represent numbers which are equal ; if we
subtract 3 from each side the expressions so obtained represent
(c) xa+7x2+ tt, (d) 7xs + ax,
numbers which are equal. We then have
(e) 3as + 3x3 + zxza - Sxaz, (f) zxT + 6x2b + 5bs + 3xF,
(g) x3+4t2+3xa+rr- 5x, (h) zx6+7xs+5x. 2n: t4.
It we now divide each side by z, the expressions so obtarned
represent numbers lvhich are equal. We then hsys rr:7, whicb
mcans that the unknown number is 7.
25
 !
26 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oree. ry.1 SIMPLE EQUATIONS
It is easily verified that the answer is correct; thus, i1 n:7,tl:e EXERCISE 7.h (Orcl)
left-hand side is equal to 2x7+3:14+3:17, which is the same for
In the following equations the letters stand unknown
as the right-hand side.
numbers ; find the numbers and check the result:
In the equation 2n+ 3: r7, the value 7, which when substituted
for n makes both sides equal, is said to satisfy the equation. The L. 3t:9. 2. rr+w--t6. 3. gh:36. 4. u+g:11,
object of this chapter is to show how to solve equations in which
5.7+s:r3. 8. rrrz:55. 7, h-3=$. t' tn:'
the quantity whose value is sought (".g. t) occurs only in the first
degree (i.e., simply )c, rtot x2,lr etc.), when reduced to its simplest ro. f:r. u. 1:8. lp. s - r5 :9.
form. Such equations are called simple equations. 7

Many of the easier types of equation may be solved by inspection 18. r+3:3. 14. r5n:7. 15. 8z=o. 10. l=o.
I
or mental calculation. Thus,
:9, n must stand for 6, t?. L8.7u:to5. 19. 9t- 5t:4. 2O. 5t+st:7-7.
if n+3
if s - 4:7, s must stand for r r, 2L. zt* ttl--26. 22- !aP:r!'
if 3r: 15, r must stand for 5, 24. rrx - - 6x: - rr.
if 42 - a, z must stand for o,
23. 7u- Ju*u:7 - 5 +3. Jx 17

if ! = z, rr must stand for 8, 22. General methoals for solving simple equations. In most
4 of the above examples the unknown number has been easily guessed,
t but in harder examples it is necessary to work more methodically'
if -ot ! must stand for o.
3 The solution of a simple equation depends upon the following
The pupil has already had instances of such examples without axioms:
any knowledge of the formai definition of an equation. [See
Exercises z a a;nd z b, Nos. 2619'l r. If to ecgrals we add equals, the sums are equal. Thus, if
t=y, r+28y+2, or x+a-y+a.
EXERCISE 7.t (OraI) z, If from equals we take equals, the remainders are equal'
Thus, if x:!, x - 2:y - 2, ot tc- a:9 - 4'
In the following equatiorrs the letters stand for unknown
numbers ; find the numbers and check the result : 3. If equals are multiplied by equals, the products are equal.
1. n+5:3. 2.4+P:13. 3. zr-8. 4.5x:3o. Thus, if tc:!,tcx5:yx 5' orr74:Yxa.

5. 7l:zr. 6. t4+t:25. 7. m- ro:4. 8. y- 8=o. 4. If equals are divided by equals, the quotients are equal.
Thus, if x--!, x*5:!--5,6 sla:yla (provided that a+o).
9.1:..
-' S 10. x-5 -3. r1.1:8.
z L2.r=!.
6 2 5. The order of an equation may be reversed. Thus, if 5:y,
13.3x:o. L4. t+7:7. L5.5ut:3. L6. tth:77. we can at once say that y:5 without using any of the axioms r-4
above. Similarly, if o:3r- r5, we may write at once Jtr- 15 =e'
tt. 1-". 18. 9+r:25. L9. zt+3t:ro. 20. 7x-5r:3. or if tz-r:6, we may write at once 6:tz-r.
6-
2L.5t+7a:25+tr. 22. gy-3!-zy:18-2. l
I
In the early stages of the work the number a in the axioms r-4
I
above always means a number whose value is known' Later it will
23. ct-zx+3x:g-3+4. 24. ! +d:6. be necessary to discuss the result of multiplying or dividing both
3
r I
zg ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcHAp. w.l SIMPLE EQUATIONS 29

sides of an equation by an expression containing the unknown. It Note 1. In future we shall usually write L.H.S' for the left-
will then be shown that axioms 3 and 4 above have only a restricted hand side, and R.H.S. for the right-hand side'
application. Note 2. The pupil is reminded that it is necessary to distin-
We now give examples of the use of each of the above axioms. guish between the symbols : and .'. It is wrong to put : instead
of .'. at the beginning of each fresh fine in the working of an
Example 2.
Solte x - 5: 16.
equatlon.
Since the numbers x- 5 and 16 are equal, if we add S to edch,
Exa,rrple 6. Soloe t + 14= 3x - to.
the sums are equal ; .'. rc-5 +5:16+5, J
,'. x:2t. Add ro to each side,
Chech. If x:zt, the left-hand side equals zr- S- r6, which is .l
..3+14+ro=3r-ro+rot
the same as the right-hand side.
;. x-+ 24:3x'
Exa,mple 3. - 35.
Solue y + r3
Since the numbers y + r3 and 35 are equal, if we subtract r3 from Subtract { frorn each side,
3
each, the remainders are equal ; xx
.
"'
Y+13-13:35-13' i*.+ - 3:3'- 3.
i' Y=zz' r represents a nurnber,'3so do.s {' Hence we are sub'
[Since
Check. lf y:2., the left-hand side equals 22+ t3:35, which tracting the same numbq from each side, even though we do not at
is the same as the right-hand side present know what the number is.]
l*
Eixample 4. Solae ! = tg. f ;. 2+:3x-.,'
5
Multiply each side by 3,
Since the numbers !5 ,g are equal, if we ntultiply eachby 5, .'. 72:9x-x,
^na t-x
72:8tc'
the products are equal ; .'. 5
5: 19 x 5, Divide each side by 8,
... t: 95. Jz:8:8x-8'
"' ).9:x,
Check. If r:95, the left-hand side equals 9j: tn, which is the ;. x:9 (reversing the order of the equation).
J
sarne as the right-hand side.
Check. When t:9, L.H.S.:9 +t4=3*t4-17 '
Example 5. Solae rrl:88. R.H.S.:: x 9 - ro: 27 - ro: t7 i
Since the numbers rr/ and 88 are equal, if we dittide eachby rr, .'. when s:9, L.H.S.:R,H.S., i.e. x:9 satisfies the equation.
the quotients are equal; .'. rr/-rr:88:rr,
Notc. When checking your results substitute for the unknown
.'. l--8. in each side separately, as in Example 6. It is essential to substi-
Chech. If /-8, the left-hand side equals rr x 8:88, which is tut€ in the equation as it is given, not in anv simplifreil fotn of
the same as the right-hand side. it, for in simplifying a mistake may have been made.
 T

30 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnrr. rv.1 SIMPLE EQUATIONS 3r

(i) rzx-tr-Sx+24, (ii) :r + 7:28 - 4n,
EXER,CISE 8. E
(iii) rz*+ rr:6o* 5r, (iv) 6z-3:z+22.
(Nos. r-4 may be discussed orclly)
4. What must be done to get rid of the term not containing thc
1. What must be done to get rid of the term containing the unknown on the right-hand side of each of the following equations ?
unknown on the right-hand side of each of the following equations? (i) fr- rr:5x-37t (ii) zx + t7 = Se - to,
(i) Crc: uc+ 6, (ii) 3a: 16 - 5r, (iii) r+- 4t--r+gt, (iv) r rr + 42 -- tgx + to.
(i1r) t: 3o - zt, (iv) 7x + 13:33 + 2:i. Solve the fcllowing equations. Explain every step of your work,
2. What must be done to get rid of the term containing the as in Example 6 above, and check your answers.
unknown on the left-hand side of each of the following equations? 5. ly-7=8- zy. 8. 4r- 5:22- r- ?. x+3--39' 3x'
(i) 15 + zx: Sx, (ii) za- Sx.:3x, 8.7v:sv- 0. 3x - 18=24. 10. r3 - 3Y:2Y - 7.
(iii) r7 - zt=3t, (iv) ro + zy:4y - 8.
]-L. ! + z=2. L2. +++ 4c:6+7c. 13. 1- s:s'
3. What must be done to get rid of the term not containing the 4
unknown on the left-hand side of each of the following equations?
(i) 8r+ 17:Sz+3x, (it) ttx + 4:49 - 4a, l1l. rr - 4x=trx - rg. -54
15. zy +!-__ 33. 16. 3:t's -:'
(iii) 8r - tS:g+2t, (ir) Zp - 8: zo + 3p.
4. What must be done to get rid of the term not containing the EXERCISE 8. C

unknown on the right-hand side of each of the following equations ? Solve the following equations and check your solutions :
(i) 5x + t2- 7x+ 6, (ii) Sy- rS=+y-zS,
l. 8a=za+ t8. 2. z4- 5x:x. 3. 5r+ +:12+3r.
(iii) rzt + t8:r7t- rz, (iv) 13 - 3t:z+8t.
Solve the following equations. Explain every step of your work,
4. 8c-7--zt -6c. 5. rr- R:zg-7R. 6. ZX- 5:4X+n.
as in Example 6 above, and check your answers. 7. Zlz + 3Y: rtlt. 8. ga-s--2a+7+3a.
5. 7-zx-5-x. 6. zt+5:rr- t. ?. zt+7:27-32. 9. fi+4y-2y-7=5y- r. 10. 5.:c+ 3:2+5x+3r-8.
8.+-z8:tz. 9. +f -W:zW-5. 10.8.t:x. 11. a + 4- 32:42 + 4. I L2. Z-z+42-4:8-zZ.
13. o= SL-7-8-zL.' 14. 33 : zx + 7)r + 2x.
11. f-7:v1. 12. l+r-rz. 13. 38 + c:2+ !:?.
Sc.
15. 't- 2'3:r'4. rc. t, +l: ").
L7.
35
14. .t + {:8. L5.Y:r'6-y- 16.8x-g:33-ec. S=r. ,!'2 =t * r1. 20. 5x + 3=
3 J 18. 19. 5r...
7- 4
EXER,CISE 8. b
zr. &:?. zz. 3" :!. %' T:,
(Nos. r-4 may be disctssed orclly) 53 73
25. t-4:r..
1. What must be done to get rid of the term containing the
unknown on the right-hand side of each of the following equations?
24. 7: 5X.
7
,u.
T- z:4.
(i) 5x:3r+8, (ii) 6r:64 - ro.:c, 27. t+T :x+ ro. 28. zr:!.
'3 29. 8 -1=o.
(iii) 8x + z3:38 + 3x, (iv) zt: rr9 - 5r. + 3

2. What must be done to get rid of the term containing the 80. 5t- z:2. il. 34 5 _ !:.. sz. {:r+1.
un-known on the left-hand side of each of the following equations?
(i) rz5 - 7x: t8x, (ii) z5 * 4e = gx, ss. ? +V 84. 4+n:o.
(iii) tz - 3y:4y - s, (iv) zz - 4t:7t. 32 3
<a
3. What must
be done to get rid of the term not containing the s5.1{-3 86. r+1:a+5.
unknown on the left-hand side of each of the following equations?
 T
t

[cHer. r.] EASY PROBLEMS 33

CHAPTER V
EASY PROBLEMS LEADING TO SIMPLE EQUATIONS
28. Many problems may be easily solved by the use of Algebra.
In the general method we first represent the unknown quantity by
a symbol, e.g. r or t, and then use the data so as to obtain two equal
expressions containing the unknown. We thus obtain an equation
which, if simple, can be solved by the methods already given in the
previous chapter. [t may happen that the equation so obtained is
not a simple equation. The solution of such equations will
be
considered later.
24. The method of solving problems will best be leamt by
considering the following worked exarnples. The chief difficulty
is in translating the words of the question into the language of
symbols ; the beginner should observe the following instructions :
r. Beail the question carefully. Make sure thatyou understand
what you are given and what you are asked to find out.
z. Choose a letter to stand for some urrknown number which
the problem involves. Do not use letters to represent quantities.
The letter chosen is usually connected with what you are asked to
find out, e.g., if you are asked to find a number satisfying certain
conditions, it is natural to choose a letter to represent the number
sought ; if you are asked to find the cost of an article, it is natural
to choose a letter to reprcsent thc number of dollars or cents in the
cost.
3. In any problem which involves quantities, state your unib
clearly. Carelessness with units is one of the most frequent causes
of failure to solve problems.
4. Always state clearly in words what is represented by the un-
known letter, e.g. " Let the cost be $.r ", or " Let $x be the cost of
a dozen eggs ", or " Let the length of the room be / metres,', or
" Let the required number be n".
5. If you can find two different expressions for the same thing,
you can form an equation by equating these two expressions. If.
you have difficulty in forming thelecessary equation, read through
s-
I
the question again and make sure that each statement in the question
has been translated into symbols.
6. Check the answer by using the actual ilata of the problem.
It is not suftcient to check by substituting in the equation, because
you may have made a mista-ke in obtaining the equation. If your
check shows that your answer is wrong, try to find your mistake.
In particular, make sure that you have not made an error in units,
and check carefully all signs.
Exa,mDle 1. Find two nttmbers whose sum is 65, and v,those
differmce is 15.
Let r be the smaller number. Since the difference between the
numbers is 15, the larger number must be x+ r5. But their sum
is 65. Hence, x+tc+r5=65,
: ' 2tc+ 15 :65,
... zx_ 50,
x:25 i
so that the smaller number is 25. It follows that the larger
number is 4o.
The required num\:rs.are therefore 4o and 25.
The solution shoul& always be tested to see whether it satisfies
the conditions of the problem or not. In this instance we have
40 + 25:65, anJ 40 - 25: r5, so that the conditions are satisfied.
Example 2. The weight of a box and its contents is z5 hg ; the box
weighs 7 hg morethar the contents. Find the weight of the box.
Let W kg be the weight of the box. Since the box weighs 7 kg
more than the contents, the contents weigh (Z-7) kg.
But the total weight is z5 kg, ... W kg+(W-7) kg:25 kg.
This is a relation between quantities; from it we obtain the relation
between numbers;
W+W-7-25;
... zW 7:25.
... zW:32.
W:t6;
... the weight of the box is 16 kg.
Chech. If the weight of the box is r6 kg, the weight of the contents
must be 16 kg-7 kg, i.e. 9 kg. Thus the total weight is z5 kg and
the solution is correct.
 T
34 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crree. EASY PROBLEMS
v.I 35
Exanple 3. A newsagent sells a certain number of magazines at
Note. It will sometimes be found easier not to put the unknown
$r each and three times as many flexlspapers at 3og. each. How maay
of each has he sold, if his receipts amounl t6 gt5z? equal to the number directly required, but to some other number
involved in the question.
The student shouftl at once notice thet two different unib fdr
money have been useal in stating the question. He must therefore Example 5. A woman spent $69 in buyin.g apples, and fnds that to
express cents in dollars or vice-versa.. ln this instance it will be of them cost as much oaer $rz as t4 cost under $24; hout many apples
more convenient to replace 3ol by its cquivalent, $o'3. did she buy?
Let x be the number of magazincs sold. Then the number of If we take r to be the number of apples bought it will be found
newspapers sold is 3r. that a rather inconvenient equation is obtained. It is better to obtain
The newsagent receives from thc sirlc of rnagazines $r and from the the required number indirectlY.
sale of newspapers $3r (o.3):$o.9r. Ilcncc Let the price of one apPle be $r.
Then ro apples cost $ror, and r4 apples cost $r4t;
$r t$o'9,r $r 52,
.'. r lo'9r 152, toJc- t2:2+- r4a,
.'. r'9r t52, .'. 2qc:36,
x llo, and .'. "r- r'.
3rc-24oi
.'. 8o magazines and z4o ncws[)apcrs are sold. Thus the price of an apple is $rl, and the number of apples
:6S+ r|:46.
Chech. For 8o magazines at $I thc ncwsrgcnt receives $8o; for z4o The pupil will have no diffic$lty in checking the result.
newspapers at 3oC he receives $72. Ilis total rcceipts are $r52. Thus
the necessary conditions arc satisficd.

In some problems the solver has to supplement the data by EXERCISE 9. a

meking we of his own knowlealge. Thus, in the foUowing question It is suggested that the part of the question which is in brackets
& knowlealge of the elements of Geometry is requireil. should be discussed orally before any written work is done.
Example 4. Tlrc largest ttrrgle of a triungle is zo" larger than
1. One number exceeds another by lr, and their sum is 37;
the find them.
smallest. The tlird anglc is to" lurgo than the smallest. Pind the [Suppose that the smaller number is n ' What is the larger?
angles. What is the sum of the two numbers in terms of tr?l
Let the smallest angle be -t". 'I'hen the largest is (x+ zo)o, and o A number is multiplied by 7 and then 4 is added ; the result
the other angle is (r r ro)". Ilut the three angles of,a triangle are is 6o. Find the number.
together equal to r8o', 3. I think of a number, divide by 6 and subtract the
.'. x" + (.r + zo)" + (r + ro)" '_- r8oo, result is g. What is the number?
.'. r+.r+20-l:r t ro-r80, 4. I think of a number and add to it one-quarter of itself ; the
.'. 3.r + 3o - r8o, result is 3o. What is the number?
.'. 3x- r50, 5. The result of adding 48 to a certain number is the same as
.'. r-50; multiplying that number by 5. What is the number?
.'. the smallest angle is 5o", the largest is 7oo and the other is 6o0. 6. Find two consecutive integers which add up to 85.
The pupil u'ill have no difficulty in verifying mentally that the [If z4 is the Iarger of t*'o consecutive integers, what is th-e
solution is correct. smaller? If n is ther larger of two consecutive integers, what is
(r) the smaller, (z) the sum?]
 36 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crrer.
7. Find two consecutive even rr8.
[If 34 is the larger of two conse is the
smaller? If n is the larger of two what
is the smaller?]
8. Three consecutive integers add up to rt7 i find the middle
one.
[If rr is the middle of three conscctrtive integers, what are the
other two? If n is the middle of thrct, consecut-ive integers, what
are the other two ?]
9. The sum of three consecurivc evcn integers is 54 ; find them.
10. The sum of four consecutivc irrtt.gcrs is 4z ; find them.
EXERCISE
O. b
_ It is suggested that the part of each tluestion which is in brackets
should be discussed orally beforc any wrirrcn work is done.
1. One number is smaller than anotlrcr by r7, and their sum
is 49 ; find them.
___[Suppose that the smaller numbcr is n. What is the larger?
What is the sum of the two numbcrs in tcrms of z ?]
2. A number is multiplied by 9 and rhen 5 is taken away ; the
result is 49 ; find the number.
3. A number is divided by 7 and thcn 5 is taken away ; the
result is z. Find the number.
4. The result of subtracting 2+ fro'::. a certain number is the
same as dividing that number bi f . Wt"t is the number?
5, I think of a number and srrbtruct from it one-fifth of itself ;
the result is tz. What is thc nurnber?
6. Find two consecutir-e inrcgcrs which add up to 77.
_ [If r5 is the smallcr of two consccutive integers, what is the
larger? If n is the srnallcr of two consecutive"irrt.g"r.,-*Li-i,
(r) the larger, (z) thc strm?l
?. Find two consccutive even integcrs which add up to 106.
[If z8 is the smaller of two consecutivc evcn integers, what is the
larger? If z is the smaller of t,wo consecutive evei iniegers, what
is the larger?]
8. Find two consecutive odd integers which add up to r44.
[I,f 33 is_^the. larger of two consecuiive odd integers, what'is the
smaller?. If_n is the larger of flr'o consecutive oddlntege.., *fr"li,
the smaller?]
9. The sum of three consecutive integers is 66 ; find them.
10. The sum of four consecutive odd integers is 96 ; find them.
v.l EASY PROBLEMS 37
EXERCISE 9. c
Itis suggested that the part of each question which is in brackets
should bJdiscussed orallt before any written work is done.
1. What number exceeds 25 by the same atnount as it falls
short of 49?
2. If I divide a certain number by 3 and add z, the result is the
sarne as subtracting four from the number ; find the number.
3. One number is twice another, and five times the smaller
added to three times the greater amounts to r43; find the
numbers.
4. Divide $79 between I, B, and C, so that I may have $r5 more
than B, and B $8 more than C.
[Suppose C has $.r. How much has B ? How much has I ?
How much have all three together ?]
[.A sum of $r35 is divided between A, B, and C, so that B has
$ro more than A, and C has three times as much as l;find the share
of each. t
g.A man spent $6 on journeys b$ bus and by tram. He took 5
times as many trams as with buses. Each bus fare was 5oC and each
tram fare, 3ol. How many bus journeys did he take?
).1 has $r5 more than B. Together they have $23. How much
does each have?
g.The perimeter of a rectangular table is 6 m, and the length is
r m more than the width; find the width.
[Fill in the blank: Let the width of the table be
9., return and 3r single tickets cost $rro. A return
-.] ticket is $3,
a single $2. Find *.
10.$ro is divided between two boys A, B so that twice l's share
is gz more than B's share. How is the money divided ?
11. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are zxo and (x + z6)';
find the angles of the triangle.
12. Two angles of'an isosceles triangle 'are r" and (x + r 5)"' - Find
the angles of the triangle. [Notice that there are two cases']
13. In a triangle ABC, tA is three times as large as t-C and
16o more tlnan LB. Find the angles of the triangle.
14. Three straight lines meet at a point O. The three angles
formed are (6x'l i)', (+, * zo)', (5x - q)" ' Find the angles'
away; at the same
same route, The
at 6r km an hour'
 U

v.l TEST PAPERS I 39

38 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orne.
B
16. A train starts at 8 a.m. and travels at the rate of 6o km per hour.
At rz noon a helicoptor sets out from the same place to overtake it, 1. A boy is now a years old, and his father is 54 years old. - How
travelling at the rate of r5o km an hour. lVhere will it overtake old will the father be when the boy is 3a years old? How old was
the train ? the father when the boy was born?
17. Two cyclists starting at the same time from two towns r47 km 2. Simplify (i) 5.t x 3ty, (ir) 5a - a, (iii) 7a - 3- 2a + 6.
apart meet in 7 hours. Find their rates of riding, given that one rate
is three-quarters of the other. 3. Solve the equations (i) rZ - $:4+zb, (ii) r+ T:
55
tt1'
18. At a concert 45o people ril€re present; z paid $zo and therest$ro.
The total receipts were $5ooo; find z. 4, Find the value of r in the figure, B
AB and CD being parallel.
19. Divide $94 between A, B, and, C, so that B may have $37 more
than l, and C's share may be gr3 more than twice I's share. 5. The bus fare for a journey is 5o6;
what is the cost in dollars of 2 journeys ?
20. In an isosceles triangle the base angles are each four times How much change would there be out of a
the vertical angle. Find the angles of the triangle. ten-dollar note?
c D

6. In Rugby football a goal counts 5 points and a try 3 points.

In a match one side scored a certain number of gogls. but the other
side scored three times as many tries, and w(h by 12 Polnts.
TEST PAPERS What were the scores?

c
!. If x: 4, find the values of (i)
5I , (ii) I 12,- (iii) zxz 7x, (iv) z. l. lf a:6, b:o,6=4., find the values of
2. Simplify, if possible : (r) ,.., az + b2 ,..., >'
,., 2a + b (rr) 3cz - asb
c , -:c , \ttt)
(r) 3a x z, (ii) 5a x o, (iii) 3b +- 7,
(iv) 3b + o, (v) 3c-r, (vi) o x 4d, 2. Write in a shorter form, if possible :
(vii) o;+d, (viii) 5x + o, (ix) o+7t.
6)""!, (ii) cxcxcyd,
8. Solve the equations (1) lx- 3x-42 +r, (ii) 3rc- 5:tr+3. v
(iii) sx t+txs, (iv) u+o-3uv, (v) z+f,
4. In the figure, which is not drawn
to scale, the border is everywhere the (vi) zx:f, (vii) 6ry-3x-Sy+7y+4)t-2xy.
same width. The perimeter of the
outside rectangle is 36 cm. Find the 8. Two angles of a triangle ate 23 -x and 67 + r degrees. What
width of the border. sort of a triangle is it?

5. There are 8a * 3b + r5c people at 4. Solve (i) rs-T:o*-t, (ii) tz-T:rt;-T'

meeting. 6a +- zb are men, 2a + b + Sc
a
are rvomen, and the rest are children. I{ow many children are 5. If the acute angles of a right-angled triangle are 5ro and
there ? (42 + x)", find x.
6. (i) A camp has provisions for r men for y days. If z more
men arrive how long will the provisions last? 0, A man left $r75o to be divided among his two daughters,and
(ii) How many dollars must I pay fory pens at x dollars a score? four sons. Each daughter was to receive three times as much as
a son. How much did each son and daughter receive ?
 F

+o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. v.l I

TEST PAPERS 4r
D 5. The expens€s of a journey are made up of bus, train and taxi
1. (i) If I can type r it
words a minute, how many hours will fares. The train fare is 5 times the bus fare, and the taxi fare is
take me to type 7y words? twice the bus fare. The total expense is $16. What is the train
(ii) A train travels a km in 6 hours, how many minutes does it take fare ?

to travel one km ? 6. For what value of P is f - -

2. Simplify, and write in ascending powers of r: " "orr"t,o, fl
5xs - zf + zx - tzxs + 5x^ + 7 + r+f - s. G
What is (i) the coefficient of ef, (ii) the term in r?
1. (i) How many eggs at 3 for 7ot. c n I buy with $Nl (ii) If .r apples
3. When the day is a hours long, the night is two-thirds as long. cost $lll, how much will a apples cost?
Find a.
2. (i) Simplify, and arrange in descending powers of a, I
4. The angles of a triangle are zxo,5ro, and r9o. Find them.
5. The length of fence required for a square field is 8a metres.
4a- 5a3+zar- 3a+2+7a3. f
(ii) Subtract 5r cm from 6r m and give the answer in cm.
What is its area in square metres ?
6. The adjacent angles of a parallelogrrun are (za+26)" and 8. If 2:5 and q:3, find
the values of
(Za - 6)". Prove that it must be a rectangle.
(i) q, (ii') z^q,
b+
E (iii) q2, (iv) 3Pz - zf,
pz +

l. Simplify (i) - 3a+2+ 4a- 2a2, (ii) a-36- r.

Sa2 4. Find the angles of the
figrre.
2. Solve the equations (i) 3x-y:o, (i:L) 3tc:2-!.
5.A boy gets as much pocket rnoney in four weeks as his younger
3, (i) How many minutes are there between * minutes past brother gets in ten weeks. If the elder gets $3 a week more than the
younger, what does each get each week?
5 p.m. and 8 p.m. the same day? (ii) A clock loses n seconds a day,
How many minutes will it lose in a week? 6. A boy starts a week with $ro. He spends in the second day
4. The angles of a quadrilateral taken in order are xo, 3xo, 5tco, three times as much as he spends in the first day, and finds that he
7x". Find r. Show also that two sides of the quadrilateral must has then $4 left. How much did he spend in the first day ?
be parallel.
H
5. What is the cost of 3a kg of sugar at 6 dollars per kg, and 5a kg
of tea at zD dollars per kg? l. A man's salary is $r the first year, and increases by $y each year.
6. I buy a house, and spend one-twentieth of the cost on repairs. What will it be the eighth year ?
I pay dtogether $73 5oo. How much do I pay for the house? 2. Simplify
F (i) - zaz + zb + 5a2,
3azb

l. (i) Square 3y znd douole the result. (ii) Add 7x - 4y + 22 to

(i1) +a-d+zaz- 3a+4a8.
ll50
3a+ 5y - 2,2. 8. ln the figure, which is not
2. Prove that As + 3Bz - A2Bz + 3, if A- 3, and. B : z. accurately drawn, find .r.
8. T*o adjacent sides of a square have lengths (1"-S) cm and 4. If a:3, b:2, c=o, ftnd
(5.r-rr) cm. Find.r. the values of
4. How many packets of tea costing zot e ch can be bought for (i) 3azb-6abc+zbt,
(i) $r; (ii) $.r? (D d-b8.
r q

42 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. v.l TEST PAPERS I 43

5. Solve the equations 6. Two angles of an isosceles triangle are (r* ro)o and (r- 5)''
(i) 5x:7x, (ii) 8 + toa - 3a: 18 - 8a. Find the angles of the triangle. [Notice that there are two cases.]
6. A bag contains some g5 coins and three times as many $z coins. K
The value of the money in the bag is $r43. How many $5 coins are
there in the bag? l. If r:3, ,:;, t:!, find the values of the following :

I (D (ii)
e+st-1, (iii) 1'
*,
L. lf a:2, b:3, c:r, l:o, m:4, n= 5, ?:ro, find the values
of (i) (an - 5bc)2, (ii) 4&n", (1i1) a^ + pb + 7zb2&12. 2. Solve (i)6-3e+a+8-o, "'7(ii)g:o-
2. I cycled za km and walked 46 km before lunch' After lunch 8. A parallelogram has adjacent sides 9a cm. and 54 cm' long.
I cycled three times as far and walked half as far as I did before lunch. Find thi area of a square whose perimeter is the siune as that pf
What distance did I travel in the whole day? the parallelogram.
4. In the first half of a football match Ireland scored a goals and
3. Solve the equations (i) lx -5x :4r+*, (ii) 3*- s =**3. Scotland scored 6 goals. In the second half Ireland did not score,
4'2-2 but Scotland scored c goals and won the match by 2 goals. Write
4. Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and down arr equation connecting a, b and c.
arrange in descending powers
5. Simplify, if possible, the expressions (i) 3 x 4uv - S x zou,
:
(i) 6c3+7c- zc- 4, (ii) Cr2 +8+2x- 3- 3x2 z+x2+ 5x. (ii) alm + 5l + 7m + 3ml, (iii) 7yz - sxz - xy.
f,.A purse contains $55 made up of g5 coins and gr coins. The 6. Four straight lines meet at a point O. The four angles
number of $r coins is six times the number of $5 coins. Find the formed are 9oo, zx", (x+6o)', (6r- ro5)o. Find the angles.
number of coins.
6. Three sides of a rectangle taken in order are (3r - 6) cm ,
L
(lr - rS) cm , (zx + r) cm. Find the numericalvalue of (i) itslength, t.Ataxi-driver is paid rzA dollars a week and receives in tips
(ii) its breadth, (iii) its area. / dollars a day. Out of this he has to pay for oil etc. (34+4/) dollars
T
per week. If he works each day except Sunday, how much does he
make each week ?
1.'fhe sidcs PQ, QR, RP of a triangh are respectively 3x cm,
u cm-, !-cm. What is (i) the perimetcr, (ii) the excess of PQ+RP 2.(i) Subtract r2o.t minutes from 3x hours. Give the answer in
over pR? days. (ii) What is the length of a fence formed by 16 hurdles, each
a m long and zo hurdles, each zD m long?
2. Simplify, where possible, the following expressions, and
arrange in ascending powers: 8. Solve the equations (i) z+y:c+6, (ii) 3s+I:o.
(i) 3n3+ 8+4n-7n2, (ii) c2+ 3c+ rr+zcz+ 5c-6+3c2- c-3. 4. The base angles of an isosceles triangle ate 3x" and (zr+ r5)o.
8. Solve (i) r8=4r+ rrt+ r8, (ii) 7+2a:8!+3. Prove that the triangle is right-angled.
3 5. In candidates and the successful
4. A motorist travelled for 3 hours at his normal speed, then for candidat votes as the bottom candidate
3o minutes at 5 km per hour above his normal speed. Find his normal and 7tz d candidate. The total number
speed, if the total distance travelled was 9o km. of voies tes did the successful candidate
g. A man left $39o ooo. He directed that $5o ooo was to be given obtain ?

to local charities and that the remainder was to be divided between his 6. Three sides of a rectangle taken in order are (8r-56) cm' (r-5)
son and daughter, so that the daughter got $4o ooo more than half the cm, (3.x-rr) cm. Find the numerical value of its area'
son's share. How much did the son receive?
 il

[cner. vr.] USE OF BRACKETS 45

27. Use of brzckeh. The use of brackets is illustrated by the
following example.
CHAPTER VI Exa,mple 1. + hg of
sweets are pached in a tin afiich weighs h hg
zohen empty. What is the weight of (a) ro tins, (b) x tins of sweets?
BRACKETS One tin when full of sweets weighs (A+4) kg,
Note. In the work of this chapter it is assumed that each ... ro full tins weigh ro(A+4) kg.
operation is arithmetically possible. All other cases will be con-
Similarly r full tins weigh r(ft+4) kg.
sidered later in Chapter IX. EXERCISE 10. a
25. Meaning of Brackets. It rvas pointed out in Art. 3 that the (Some of these mny be tahan orally) h
contents of a bracket may be regarded as equivalent to a single State in words the meaning of the following ; and afterutar&
number. find their values, if a:j, g : 5, c: 3.
Thus, (8 * 6) means thc number obtained by adding 6 to 8, and 1.3(D+z). 2. (c + g)a. 3. 8(a-+).
(r * y) meanr the number obtained by adding y to x. 4. z(b + ). 5. (zc - 4)b. 6. b(a - c).
Similarly (8 - 5) means the number obtained by subtracting a+ b.
5 from 8, and (x - y) means the number obtained by subtracting 7. (a - b)c. 8. $a - 4c)5. 9.
c
y from.r.
The product of 7 and (8 + 6) is written Z (8 + 6). LO.
'";t". LL. T39.
b
Lz. (a-b)(zb-c).
The product of 7 and (r + y) is written 7 @ + y).
Find the values of the following, if a-- r, b:2, 6:4, d:o.
The product of (p- q) and (r+y) is written (p-q)(x+y) or
(x+y)(p-q). 13. a+c(b+d). L4. (a+c)(b+d).,L5. ("+c)b+d.
16, a+ b(c+d). L7. a+bc+d L8. (c+d)=b.
Similarly (a-b):S means " subtract 6 from a and divide the
19. c+(d+b). 2O. (c-b)=(a- d). 2L. c-(b:a)-d.
result by 5 ". It is usually written
o ! o, 22. c+b=z(a-d). 23. c-b-z(a+d).
E@- b). 24. a2+(r-b)2.
5
The pupil will have no difficulty in attaching meanings to the IJse brackets when answering the following questions ; do not
attempt to remove the brackets.
expressions
fi, A+d)2, (x-y)3 etc. 25. I havc rz coins; I of them are $5 coins and the rest are $z coins.
What is thcir value in dollarsl
26. Brackeb show tho oraler in which oDerations must be 26, A groccr's store contains z jars of jam. Of these rzo contain
Derformed. Thus 7 + 3 (8 - 5) means " subtract 5 from 8, multiply z kg each and thc rest contain r kg each. What is the total weight
the result by 3, add this result to 7 ", i.e. of thc jam in the store?
x 3 : 7 +s:
27. P is a point bctween A ancl B on the line lB. lB is ro cm,
7+3(8 - S):7+3 6. and BP is r cm long. lP is divided into five equal parts. What is
But (7 + 3)8 - 5 means " add 3 to 7, multiply the result by 8 and the length of each part ?
from the answer subtract 5 ", i.e. 28. A taxitdriver receives gr as salary and g.y as tips per day on six
(Z+t)8 - 5 - ro x 8 - 5-8o- 5:75. davs of the week. If he pays out gz pcr week for petrol, how much
Also (7 +:) (8 - 5) means " add 3 to 7, subtract 5 from 8, multiply has he left for himsclf ?

the two results together ", i.e. 29, A man travels by car for 7 hours. For r hours his average
(z+r)(8-5)-rox3:30. speed is 4o krn per hour and for the remainder of the time it is r8 knr
per hour. How far does he go ?

44
 fr

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee' vr.l REMOVAL OF BRACKETS

46 47

80.A jar full of jam weighs P kq, and when emptl'weighs p kg' 28.A man travels by train for r5 hours. For the first I hours
What is ihe weighi of the jam in i jars ? What is thc weight <-rf a the train goes at an average specd of 55 km per hour. It then runs
jar half-full of jam? into fog and the avcrage speed for the remainder of the journey is
reduced to r5 km per hour. What is the length of the journey?
81. What is the result 29. A workman rcceives $r pcr week wages. IJe pavs a monthly
(a) of multiplying a - b + zc bY 7? rent of $r and spends one-third of the remainder on food. How much
(D) of subtracting P+ 3? from z1i +,S? has he left per month ?

80. A store contains z boxes of chocolate. Two dozen of them \

(c) of dividing x + 2Y bY a' b? contain r kg each, roo contain I kg each and the rest contain I kg each. V,
(d) of subtracting za from r and dividing the result by 7? What is the weight of the chocolate in the store ?
(e) of squaring r+s? 81. What is the result
(a) of multiplying za - b by 3cl
(6) of taking three-fifths of the sum of X and 3 y?
EXERCISE 10. b
(c) of subtracting 3c from 4d and dividing the result by 5?
(Some of these maY bc tahcn orallY)
(d) of cubing the result of taking c from zd?
State in words the meaning of the following, and aJtetzoatds find (e) of dubtracting (.r - 3y) from (5a - zc)l
their values, if r: 8' Y:3, z: 2-

1. (:r - 5)2. 2.t0-z). 3' 3@+7).

4. (5y - rzlx. 5. z(y - z). 6. S(z+x).
?. (x - z)2. 8. (zx - ?z\y. n.t+11. 28. Removal of brackets. In evaluating an arithmetical ex-
L+37. 11. 3'-
6". 12' (r + z)(sv - z).
pression containing a bracket, the first step is to obtain the contents
19. of the bracket as a single number. In Algebra it is not usually
y2y
Find the values of the following, if p-2, q-3' /:5, t:o' possible to do this. Thus we can simplify the contents of the
bracket
L3. q+P(r+t). L4. (q-rp)r t t. 15. (q + P) (r + t). in 7o+3G+7) butnot in 7o+3(.r+y),
16.:p+qt-t. L7. p+r(q-?). L8. (r - (l)-p. in 36o - (rr7 + r23) but not in 36o - (.t +y).
19. r-(q-p). 20. (zr P)-Q - d. 21. 2r - ( P=r) -
q. It is therefore necessary to obtain rules for removing brackets
23. r+q:(p- t). 24. (p)'q+r-t)2- from algebraical expressions.
22. r-f-(zq+t).
IJse brackets when answering the following questions ; do not 29. The expressioru (x+y) + z, (x+y)-2, (x- y)+2, (x -v)-2.
attempt to remove the brackets. The expression (25 + rz) + 8 means that we are to add rz to z5 and
25. A store contains z packets of exercise books; three dozen then add 8 to the result. It is clear that this is also the meaning of
of them have 68 pages each and the rest 136 pages each. How 2,5+tz+8.
many pages are there altogcther? Thus (25+rz) +8-25 -trz*8.
26. I have 3o coins; x of thcm are $5 coins,'t, are $r coins, and the Similarly (x + y) + z- x+ y + z.
rest are $z coins. What is thcir value in dollars ?
It is easily seen that (" + y) - z : tc + y - z,
27. A cask of butter when ernpty wcighs r kg and when full weighs
d kg. What is the wcight of the butter? How many casks must be
(r-y)+z-x-y+2,
bought to Obtain a kg of butter? (r-y)- z:x-y-a.

\ h
 ur
a

48 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [ca.u. vt.1 REMOVAL OF BRACKETS 4s

80. Ihe exl,ressioru x + (y + z) antl x + (y - z'1. The expression Thus - G2 - 8): zS - tz'I'8.
"5
z5 + Qz + 8) means that rz and 8 are to be added and their sum Similarly x-(Y-z):x-Y+2. .'.....(+)
added to 25. It is clear that we get the same result by adding rz By considering the results numbered (r), (z), (3) and (4) we have
and 8 to z5 separately. the following rule :
A man travels z5 km in the morning and (rz l8) km in the afternoon; In removing Drackets, if the sign before the bracket is +, the +
he travels the same distance if he goes z5 km in the morning, rz km anal - sigDs insiile the brackets are una,ltereal ; if the sign Uefore
in the afternoon and 8 km in the evening. tbe bracket is - , the + anal - signs iruirle the brackets are
Thus 25 + (r2 + 8):25 + 12 + 8. changeal to - anrl + respectively.
Similarly
Note 1. If no sign is placed before the bracket, as in the
Again z5 + ftz - 8) means that to 25 we are to add rz diminished expressions in Art. 29, a + sign is understood.
by 8, It is clear that, if we first add tz to 25, we have added too
much by 8, and must therefore take 8 from the result.
It will easily be seen that the results obtained in Art. z9 obey the
A boy has $25 in his pocket and sells an article for $(rz-8). He can rule stated at the end of Art. 3 r.
receive $( r z - 8) or he can receive g r z and give $8 change. In either case Note 2. The rules may be applied when the bracket contains
he has the same amount of money when the transaction is completed. more than two terms.
Thus Thus t+(x-Y-z\:t+x-9-2t
Similarly t-(x-Y- z):t- tc+Y+2,
t-(x-t+z):t-tc+Y-2.
31. The expressiotut x - (y + z) snal x - (V - z). The expression Note 3. In the results of Arts. 3r, put y: z:2a.
3o and Sa,
z5 - $z + 8) means that from 25 we are to subtract the sum of Then x+(5a*za)-1+ 5a+2a,
rz and 8, It is clear that to take the sum of rz and 8 from z5 is i.e. x+7a is the same as x+54 +2a. ......,...........(r)
the same as to subtract them separately from 25. If we first
subtract rz from 25, we have subtracted too little by 8, and rnust
Also tc+(5a-za):s15a-2a,
therefore take 8 from the result. i.e. ,+34 is the same as rc+54 -2a. ....,,,.,...,.....(z)
A man has $25 in his purse ; hc has thc same amount of money left Again x- (5a* za):v- 5a- 2a,
whether hc spends $(rz+8) in one shop or grz in one shop and g8 in i.e. x - 7a is the same as r - 5a - 2a. ..................(:)
another. Lastly, x-(5a-za):r-Sa+2a,
Thus z5-(rz+8)-25-rz-8. i.e. *-3a is the same x- Sa+2a. ...............(+)
Similarly x-(y+z):x-y-2. ......(s) ^s
These results should be carefully noted. The first two have
Again, z5 - Gz- 8) rneans that from z5 we are to subtract rz already been used in simplifying expressions containing unlike
diminished by 8. It is clear that, if we first subtract r2, we terms. The pupil should now master the third and fourth. He
have taken away too much by 8, and must therefore add 8 to the should convince himself of their truth by consiclering several
result. concrete examples, similar to those discussed in Arts.3o and 3r.
If a boy has $25 in his pockct and buvs an article worth $(rz-8),
he can pay $(rz 8) or he can pay $rz and receive $8 change. In either Example 2. Simplify 4a -
3b + zc + Sa-t b - 4c.
case he has the samc amount of money left. The expression equals 4a Sa - 3b + b + 2c - 4c
+
=qa- zb - ec, using (r) and (+).

\
 r1

vr.l REMOVAL OF BRACKETS sr

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [qrap.
Example 3. Simplifu 7rc - 3y - zz + 3x - y - Sz.
28. 3x-(Sy-6x). 27. +s+ (26- r'). 28. 6u-(tz- 3u).
29. (zc- 3d)+Qd- zc). 30. (r3a- zoz)+(4oz - roa).
The expression equals 7x+ 3x - 3y - y - 2z - Sz 81. 5a-(ga-6c). 32. 3a-zb-(a+3b).
: ro,x - 4! - 72, using (r) and (g). 33. (R+sS)-(rR+,S). 84. 3x-2y+42-(zx+3v+z).
Example 4. Sinplify Sp - 4C + 7t - 3q - g/. 85. 7x - 3y - +z- (Sx - Sy + 3z). 36. 7x - 3y - 42 + (5x - 5y + 3z).
The expression equals Sp - 4C - 3q + 7r - gr
: Sp - 7q - zr, using (f) and (+). EXER,CISE 11. C
Simplify:
EXERCISE 11. a
l. zk- (sA - zs). 2. 5a+b-(za+3b).
(Many of these may be tahen otally) 3. (3c + zd) - (c + lO. 4. 3y+@x-6y).
Simplify: 5.+p-(zp-q). 6. 2s+(2t-3s).
1. 16-(8+z). c)
16 (8 z). 3. 16 + (8 - z). ?. (h-h)-(zh-gk). 8. 3t+(t7 -7t).
4. r6+(8+z). b. a-(b+c). 6. a-(b-c). 9. s, - Gz - lt). 10. (zm+ gn) - (m+ Sn\.
a+(zb-c). a+(zb+3c).
8. 9. (s+Z)-(s+:). ll. a+(zb-3a). L2. @c+3d)-(c+5d).
10. G-z)*(s-:). (s+z)- (s - :). L2. (g-z)+(s -t).
11. L8. 7a+(a- Sb). 14. 7c-(b-zc).
18. (l+m)-(r+s). (l+m) (r s). 15.(/-m)+(r-s).
14. 15. (a+ zb+3c)+(a- 2b+ 3c). 16. (a+ zb + 3c)- (a- zb+7c)
16. (l-m)-(r-s). 17. (r+s)- (r- z). 18. e-(fr -s). L?, (a - zb + 3c) + (a - zb - 3c). 18. (a + zb + 3c) - (a - zb - 3c).
19. 5a+3b-(za+b). 20. (c + zd) - (c - zd).2L. x + (x + li. 19. (a-D)+(D- c)+(c- a). 20. (zx- y)+(zv - z) - (x- zz)-
oo
3p-(p+c). 23. 3s + (t - zs). 24. (h - k) + zh. 27. (za - +) - (za - b) + (zb - a). 22. (4a - 2) - \a' s) - (za + r).
25. s&+(rr-:6). 28. (zm + 3?t) - (n - Sn). 28. (5az - 3b2) + (7bz - zcz) - (g"" - o').
orJ a-(zb-3a). 28. +*+(:y-r). 24. (3xz - zyz) - (3y' - +t') - 1sz + x2 - 7!2).
29. 4c-(c+zd). 30. +p + sq- Qc - il. 25. From (3*-zy+4,z) take (x-4y+32),
31. za+3b-(a+ab). 32- 6a - (8a - 4b). 26. From (3x - zy + +z) take (x + 4y - 3z).
33. 5a - b + zc - (za + 6 + 3c). 34. 5:r - zy - z + (zx - 3y - 7z). 2'7. Take (x -from the sum of (5x - zy - 3z) and (3y + 5z
Zz) - zx).
85. 5x- 2y-z-(8x'-3y 7z). 36. (c+ i-@c-Z). 28. Take - from (7p - 3q + 4r) - (zp + 4q - r).
q)
(Sp
29. What must be addcd to (c - zb) to make (ga + zb + 4c)?
EXER,CISE U. b 30. What must be added to (r - y) to make (zr - zy - 3z)?
(Many of these may be tahen orally) ycm zcm
32. The exllressions x(y+z) anil
Simplify :
z(y - z). Consider the area of the
L.
"s-
(8-z). 2. z5+(8+7). 8. z5- (8+Z). figure, which represents a rectanBle,
4. z5+$-t). 5. a+(b-c). 8. a-(b+zc). of length (y+z) cm and breadth .t cm, "
7, a+ (b + 3t). 8. a-(3b-zc). 9. (s-6)+(+-r). divided into two smaller rectangles'
l0 (e+6)-(+-'). 11. (s- 6)- (+-'). L2. (s+6)- (a+ r). as shown in Fig. r. The areas of
13. (c - d) +(h - h). L4. (, - d) - (h - h). 15. (c + d) - (h+ h). Frc. r.
the two smaller rectangles Lre x))
16. (c + d) - (h - h). L7. 3r - (3t - 8). L8. 7x + Sy - (4x + 3y), cm2 and xz cmz. The area of the whole rectangle is (Y+z)r or
19. (rfr + - (th - +h).
4h) 20. (zt + 5) - (/ + z). r(1+z) cmz,
2L (r- (r - r'). 22. h- (31- znt). 23. (W +z) - (W+).
+ y) J. xy + xz: (y +:)x or x(Y + z).
24. (4x+7y)-(*+y). 25. (8u+ga)-(7a+u).
a F

52 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuee. er.l REMOVAL OF BRACKETS 53

Now consider the area of the second figure, which represents I EXERCITIE 12. a
rectangle of lengthl cm and breadth (Many of
zcm (y-z) cm these mny be tahm orclly)
r cm, divided into two smaller
Remove the brackets in the following expressions
rectangles, as shown in Fig. z.
The areas of the two smaller L. s@+b). 2.7Q+). 8. zb-b).
rectangles zre rz cm2 and x(y-z)
4. aQ+b). 5. zlp- i. 6. (x - y)2.
.F ---. ---- y Cm --.-- - cmz. The area of the whole rectan- 7. shx + zy). 8. 8(3t - as). 9. t@-zb-c).
Frc. z.
gle is xy cm2.
L0. +(za+3b-zc). 11. 5(3a -4b+5c). L2. pkp-q-2r).
18. c(za+3b). L4. d(a-zb+3c). L5. t(+x-st).
Thus tcy:ez+e(y-z),
i.e. rcy - tcz:xhl, - a) [or, of course, (y - z\xl.
18. h(51+ 3m'1. 17. *(r - 6). t8. 3(r -y+6r.
19. zxz(x - 3). 20. 3x(5y-7x).
We have therefore the following rule:
Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms :
When an exDression in a bracket is multiplierl by a nunber, each
term in the bracket mwt be multiplied by that nnmber when the 2L. z(a+z)+3@+i. 22. z(za+3)+3(3a+4).
bracket is removed. 28. s3a+4b)+8(+a+zb). 24. s@+Q)+z(Q+P).
25. s(5 + t) + t(S + s). 28. x(y + z) + zcc(y + z).
Note. The rules may be applied when the bracket contains 27. y(s+2y)+2k+Sil. 28. x(x+5)+5r(n+2).
more than two terms. 29.6(x+r)-4(r-r). 30.4(c-d)-sk-zd).
Thus a(p - q+ r): ap - aq+ ar, etc.
EI(EBCUIE 12. b
(Many of these may be tahen orally'1
Example 5. Simpbfu s( p + q) + 4( p - d.
The expression: (gp + gd + Gp Remove the brackets in the following expressions :
- 4d*
: gp + 9q+ 4p - 4q, removing brackets, L.4Q+fl. 2.sk-d). 8.2(5+&).
:ryp+ 5q. 4. c(4- d). 5. (a+ c)d. 6. : (+ - rl).
7. S(ts-St). 8.4Qu+3a). 9. Z@+zy+32).
Exa,mple 0. Sinphfu 8( p+zq)- p- L0. 6(zx-3y- 4z). LL. x(4-tc+y- 5z). L2. +lzx-6y- Sz).
S( rq).
18. s(4s + 5t). L4. u(Za - 6b)- L5. m(4s - 3u).
The expression: (8p + t6q) - - tSq)" (Sp
L6. a(zx-3y+42). L7. gc2(c-zd). 18. I(x-8).
:8p+ t6q- SPt r'e, removing brackets,
:3p 19. 3(c+ ro). 20. qa(zc+zb-3a).
+ 3rq.
Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms :

Example 7. Multiply +r(3r - zt) by 5. 2L. 3@+7)+z(x+ ). 22. +(zx+g)+Z(Sr+g).

We have 4r(3r - 2t): rzrz - 8/t, 28. 4$a+4b)+s(qa+zb). 24. 3QP+sQ)++BQ+zP).
i. 4r(3r - zt) x 5-Qzf - 8rr) x 5 25. zl(Z+m)+3m(z+l). 26. zc(c + zd) + gc(c + zd).
2?. t(zt+ 5)+3t(3t+ r). 28. 3a(5a + z) + +a(7a + g).
-6o12 - 4ort. 80. 8u - z(u- 3t).
29. z?y+t)-sb++).
* The pupil should note this step very carefully. The beginner should
always worl< as above, i.e. multiply first and afterwartls remove the EXERCISE 12. c
bracket, He should not try to do both operations ia a single step until
Chapter IX has been mastered. Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms :
 7

54 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. u.l EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES 55

1. r4Q+u)+5(t-z). 2. g*-+(x-y'). Dxample 10.
Simplify a+3b - (b - Sa) - {a+zb- (za- b)1.
8. t@-b)-z(a+b). 4. s@-zy)-(x-y). The expression: a + 3b - b + ga - {a + zb - za + bl
5. z@-b)+z(a+b). 6. :(r- 3D+SQc+y). :a+3b'b+ga-a-zb*za-b
i - S@ - z).
3a(4a + 8. 5a(4a - 36) + 3b(5a - zb). - Sa- b, collecting like terms'
9. A(t - A+ 42) + A2(z- A). 10. s(8 - 3m) - 27.
11. 6(5-zx)-4G+x). 12. s0-3a)-tQ-+a). EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES
13. za(a - sb) - b(y - b). L4. za(a - 3r) + bQa - b). 84. The equalities which we have written down in this chapter
15. +(8 - IA - i@- M). t6. 3(x - rz) +E(r8 - *). when removing brackets are true for all values of the letters which
l'1. zQ+z)-z(z-zt)-z(z-zt). 18. a(r +a)-a(r-a). occur. Thus the statement 6(x+ z):$v * rz is tnre for all values
33. It is sometimes convenient to use more than one set of of x. Such statements are called identities. They must be care'
brackets.
fully distinguished from equations, or statements which are true
only for certain values of the letters. Thus the statement
Example 8. A booh cosfs $.r and the liscount is $y. A customer 6(x+z):r8
orders 5 copies to be sent to him by post (postage gl. Express the change is true only when *: r, and is called an equation.
hc will receioe out of $5o.
The correct link between the two sides of an identity is =,
Each book with the discount taken off costs g(r-y),
which may be read " is itlentically equal to tt.
.'. the parcel of 5 books with postagc will cost $(S(.r-y)++), Thus 4x - y(a - b)=+t - aY + bY.
.'. the change he receives is $(So (.S(," jy) F4)). If two expressions are identically equal, either can be trans-
To avoid confusion, when dilTcrcnt sets of brackets are needed, formed into the other by application of the laws of algebra.
it is better to use brackets of dilTcrcnt shlpes. It is recommended that a small selection only of the examples in
Thus it is better to write thc abovc cxpression
Exercises 13 a, b, c should be done at this stage' The remainder
{so-[s(" r) r +]] maY be PostPoned'
It is sometimes convenient to write r -y instead of (r-y). D(ERCr'E 19. a
The line above y-y is called a vinculum, which means a " bond ", Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms :
and serves to bind together evcrything undcrneath. L. sQx- 3)+4[r+8(x+ r)]. 2. 8a- [a+i(a - 6)i.
8. r5x- zlx-5Q-x)). 4. c + 3 1- z(c +4) + 3(zc+ 3).
Similarly the line in a fraction, ,.g. !3'=, serves as a bracket. 5. c+3-z(c+4)+3@c+3). 6. c+3 +z(c- +)-r(c-S)'
I
When simplifying au expression that has several sets of brackets, 7. zx- {gr-(r +zx)|. 8. zx - [3r + (r - zr)].
it is best to remove the innermost brackets first. 9. zx+l3x-r+zxf. L0. zx+[lr- t-zxf'
lL. 7a+ r{+ - (a - r)}. L2. 7a- 3l+- z(r - a)l'
18. l(zr- 3)+4[3r - 8(x - r)]. 14. 8c- l+d+IG-8d)).
L5.4y+rlr-s(y-r)]. 16. 5 +d- z(z + 3d) + zQ - d)'
9. Simplify {+8o - [5ft2x - y) + s]].
Exanrple L7. 7u + 6rs - z(u r zo) + 3@ - 4o).
The expressiol: {a8o - [(6o.r - 5y) + 9] ] 18. 7u + 6o * z(u * zo) + 5@ - 3u).
: {+8" - [6or - sy + s]I Some of the following statements are equations and somc

: identities. Find which are which.

{a8o - 6o.rc * Sy - g) 19. 3(r+2)-3@-z):2. 20. l(r+2)+3Gc-z):rz'
:48o - 6ox + 5y - g : 47 | - 6orc + Sy. 2L. x(y * z\ + 3x : xy + lcz + 5. 22. c(c - z\ + z(c - z) - o.
 TI

56 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer.vr.J

98. xz - 3@ - z) : xz + 3@ + z) - 6x.
24. y (y + z)+ 5 O+ 37 = ys + 7y + 15.

E;XERCISE 18. b
Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms:
l. 7r- [S+](c-+)1. 2. x+5+3(tr+ z)+5ex+rl. CHAPTER VII
8. +(rz- 8)+3[zz+6(z+z)]. 4. r+5+3(r- z)-z(x- ). EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS INVOLVING
5. rzt-2[t-36-t)1. 6. r+5 -3@+z)+5(3*+r). BRACKETS
7. za - [5" + k - qo)]. 8. 5a + l7a + 4a).
9. 3o- {8a-(z+7a)}. L0. 5a+4{7-@-z)'1. 35. Example 1. Solae the equation 7 bx - z) - 3 (5n - 3):7.
(ztx - t4) - (r5* - 9) :7.
LL. 4a- zLS - 3(t - za)1. L2. 8a+[5a -r
- a1al. We have
18. 6.r-[5y+*(r-or)J. L4. s4t-)+3[zt-s(r-r)]. Removing brackets, 2,rx- t4- tSx+9=7,
15 8+ 2x- 3B++t)+40 - zx). 16. 4c+7[d- S(c- Sd)]. :.
6x - 5:7 (this step should be carefully noted),
L7. za+3b+z(za+b)+ s@- sb).
j. 6x: lz (adding 5 to each side),
18. za+3b- z(za+b)+ S@- lb). x:2 (dividing each side bY 6).
Some of the following statements are equations and Chech. When x:2,
L.H.S.:7(6 - z) - 3(ro - 3)=28- zr :7:R.H'S'
some
identities. Find which are which.
19. 4(x+3)+3@-+):x. 20. 4@ + 3) - 3 (r + 4) = a. .'. the solution ,c:2 is coirect.
2L. a2 + 4@ - 3) : a2 - +(a +3) + 8a.
22. 3r(s - t) + 7r = 3rs - 3/t + zt. EXERCIfIE 14. A

23. x(zx + 3) + 4Qx + 3) : zxz + trrc + 12. Solve the following equations :

24. c2 (c - l) + Zc(c- 3) + 9(c - 3) :o. 1. S (r - s):3

(r - r). 2. 7@+41-4(.r+ ro).
8. 6(t+x- i- qjx- z):r. 4' S(S-ze):3(8-3r).
EXER,CISE 13. C
5. 4Qx-):7 (r- r). 8. 5 - r : 4 (r - 3) - z (x - r).
Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms : ro - + zl):
(3 r. 8. sr-S(rt-8):+.
L.3o- {5a-(3+a)}. 2. 3t - [7c - (zc + 5b)]. 9. r- {zx- (fr-S)- r}:o. 10. 5(x- r)=3('t+3).
8. zt+ [5s-3(s+zr)]. 4. zt- [5s-3(s+zr)]. 1r. 4x - 17 - z(x - t)f= 3(x + t) - z(x - 4).
5. sc+5lad-3c+dl. 8. s, - Ska - sc +-al. 12. r[:(+- x)+r):71a1a-r)- r]. 18. zo-(5t42)=3.
7.4h+l- {sA-+(A+/)}. 8. s{o- b-a}-z@+b). 14. 5{3 (3.x - t6) - z) : zb@ + r) - (r+ S)}.
9. c2 + 7c + {Scz - (3c - 4cz) ,t. 15. z8-{5r-(3x+z)+24}:o.
10. /+ zm - (l - zn) - {zm + I - z" ll. 16. z(x + t)- [f - (r+ r)] = ror + 4 - 3(+r - 2).
LL. a + 3b + (b - 3a) - fza - b - (a - zb)]. 1?. 36 - 3lz(x - r) - 8l :4@ - ro) - 4.
L2. 3+z- {z+(z- z- r)}. LB. cfc(c+d)-d(c-d)],
18. z(x - t)- [s - (r+ z)]: x + r - 3 (x - 3).
L4. :alx(x -y)+y1zx-.+y)). L5. zx- {3r- x(S- x)}. EXERCIIIE 14. b
L8. x(z+y)-l+r- x(z-y)). L7. 7a+a{4b -8- ay. Solve the following equations:
18. 8*2 -x[4y-3@+z)]. 1. l("-7)+5(t-+):15. 2. g(x+z):z(x+fi).
& r8-5(c+r)=3(r-r). 4. 6(+r-7)=ro(u*-r).
s7
I
r F

58 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cur-n \nI. PROBLEMS I\IVOLVING BRACKETS

5. 8(7
7t
- 3x): 415,
- 3ft + S): rZ.
6.
8.
3z:5@+4)-3@-z).
r8-(5+3y)--4. s(r-3) Un:rn 84. z(r-rr-T:;'
9. 2x - IS -(r+ :)] : x + 2 - l@ - z).
10.
L2.
25-{7x-(Sr-rr)+8}:o.
6lzx - (x + 8)l :c-t - S (r - s).
11. 9t - 7Q- 2)=60.
L3. z6 - (r +sy):9.
i=o-tG-t BB. zr-'(o- ):+
14. 7z - zlz(x - +) - zl : 4@ - z). 15. S(s - x):+r.
16. src - [3 - z(x - i]:7 Q +3) - 5(r + z). PROBLEMS
L7. s[+(r - r) + r +r]:7lz(6 - r) - (r + zx)1. 86. No new principles are introduced, but the equations ob-
18. s[t (tr - 8) - r]: [3 (x+ r) - (s - ")]. tained contain brackets. The pupil should revise Art. 24.

EXER,CISE 14. C
ftemDle 2. A fathet is now three times as old as his son, Fioe
four times as old as his son. Find their present ages.
years ago he was
Solve the following equations :
Let r years be the present age of the son.
L. s0 -.r): 3 (ro - r). 2. t): S (5r + ro).
16(zx +
Then 3x years is the present age of the father.
8. 9: z{ro - z(g - zx)\. 4- tG - 3x)= 5Q - zx). Five years ago the age of the son was (r - 5) years, and the age of
5. z(+-t)+30-t)-r:l6t. 8. zt-7{2x-3(l-r)}:o. the father was (3r - 5) years.
,. Oo* r(r + r):5. 8. (c - r) - - Hence we have + (r - S) years : (3* - 5) years,
:,:r Gc s).

s. jts- zx):2-:.,. ':.rx-::=?:-:,''

3r + r5,
10. 8[3(x - r) + tf - 8x :7 @-,r) - (x - r). r= 15.
LL. t2+3(3r-5):t(z+t). L2. ztQ-zt):4t(5- t)-?,. Thus the present age of the son is r5 years, and of the father is
13. J+z(s+4):11. L4. 3a+2- 45 years.
5 "G+z)=2. The pupil will have no difficulty in checking the result.
L5. z@-1-?l:t'
33 16.

t-:r-n(,-I). Exa,mple 8. 4 bag contains fiz and $5 coins' There are t8 coins
L?. 18. and their aalue is fi6o. How many $z coins are there?
3' '\ z'/ Let x be the number of $z coins; then the number of $5 coins is
L9. tz(x+z):7@+5). 20.
(18-r). We have
2I. +(6+3r):6(4+3rc). 22.
23.6(y-r)+7:3U+i+2. $zr+$5(r8-x)-$6o'
24. 3x + +lt + z(+ - r)l : z (Sx + 8). .'. z.r+5(r8-r):6o,
zx'l9o 5x:6o,
25.!z=r-(z-r). 28, z(zx + 3) +!-:2.

Zl. !(rct+4)=4x-r.
5

28. 3Q-z):5ft+i;'-3o?-
': i::i;ig'j-,-.:'-6o
to each side)

29. x2+SQx-7):s101*1. 80. yUt 7):3-yG-i. The number of $z coins is therefore ro.
3L. !.+ 4fu+ s): 17. Chech. If there are ro $z coins, there are 8 $5 coins, i'e' the value
32. on*!- 5(k-z):14.
of the coins in the bag is $zo+$4o-$6o'

i
I

It
 Ff

6o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. ur.l PROBLEMS INVOLVING BRACKETS 6T

Example 4. A man droae a distance of 6r km in 7 hours; for part EXERCISIE 15. b
of the timc he drove at 8 hm an hour and lor the rest he drooe at ro hm
an hour. For how long did he drioe at 8 hm an hour? 1. If 7 be added to a number, and the sum multiplied by 3, the
result is 54. Find the number'
Let .r hours be the required time at 8 km an hour. Then he drove
at ro km an hour for (7-r) hours, 2. Find three consecutive numbers, such that five times the
middle one added to three times the greatest amounts to 43.
... the distance he drove is 8"r km+ro(7-x) km,
3. I thought of a number, trebled it, then subtracted 5. The
... km+ro(7-r) km:6r km,
8.r
result multiplied by 6 came to 186. Find the number'
.'. 8r* ro(7 x):6r,
4, Divide 7z into two parts, so that seven times the greater
.:. 8x+7o rol -6r, equals eleven times the less.
.'. 7o zx.-6t, 5. Divide 9z into two parts, so that one-seventh of'one part
9:zr, (adding zx 6r to each side) exceeds the other part bY 4.
... 4t:x, i.e. x:41,
6. I is 16 years older than B; 16 years ago he was twice as old
... he drove at 8 km an hour for 4| hours. as B then was. How olo is B now?
Chech. In 4| hours at 8 km an hour he drove 36 km. ?. In 15 years a woman's age will be three times her age
In z| hours at ro km an hour he drove z5 km. 15 years ago. What is her present age?
... the total distance he drove is 6r km and the solution is correct. 8. In 6 years'time a boy's age will be twice his age 4 years ago.
How old is he now?
9. A man is z8 years older than his son ; in 5 years' time he
EXERCIfiE 15. a will be five times as old as his son. Find his present age.
1. Il 4 be taken from a_ number, and the result multiplied by 7, 10. A man is 3z years older than his son. In six years' time his
the product is 49. Find the number. son's age plus onc-ihird of his age will be 4o years. How old is
2. I thought of a number, trebled it, then added 4. The result he now?
multiplied by 5 came to 2oo. Find the number.
3. Find three consecutive numbers such that four times thc
greatest added to five times the least amounts to
9g.
EXERCISE 15. c
- 4. Divide 40 into two parts so that twice the greater equals
three times the less.
l. The cost of z4 books is $7o'4o. Some cost $3'5o each; the rest
cost $e'7o each. How many of the latter are there ?
_ 5. Divide 96 sheep into two flocks, so that one_fifth of one
flock may be equal in number to three times the other flock-
2. A man spent $7oz in buying turkeys at $3o each and chickens
at $9 each. He bought 5o birds; how many of each did he buy?
6. A father is now three times as old as his son ; in 15 years' 3. In a shop there are rz8 bags of flour, of total weight 336 kg.
timehewillbetwiceasoldashisson.Howoldishenow Some hold z kg and the rest 7 kg. How many z kg bags are there ?
. 7..
Three years ago a man was 8 times as old as his son. Their 4. A man bought 20 tickets for $98. Some cost $4 each; the rest
united ages at present total 5r years. How old is the aorr rro*i cost $5.5o each. How many were $4 tickets?
__ 8. It 17 years a man's age will be twice his age 13 years ago. 5. A man cycled 75 km in 7 hours, partly at the rate of rz km an
What is his present age? hour, and partly at the rate of ro km an hour. For how long did he
9. A man 4 Years' time he ride at the former rate ?
ti
will be four sent age' 6. A man spent $29'zo in buying 36 stamps. Some were $r'3o
10. A man stamps; the rest were 50€ stamps. How many of each kind were
son's age plus &n:T"tiffir^" bought ?
 F
6z ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crur. vu.l PROBLEMS INVOLVING BRACKETS 63

7r km. After he had walked a certain

an hour he was given a lift by a lorrv
His time for the whole jouiney was
k?
man,cycled a distance-of 57 krn in 5| hours; for part of the
^,_ 1..A
trme hecycled at 9 km an hour, for the rest at ii km rn hour.' For how
long drd he cycle at rz km an hourl
9. I has $72 and B has grz; how much must I give B so that B
may have three times as much as I ?

the angles.
25, A man is 35 years older than his son' In fiveyears'
years'
-t-rme
How
hir;;;; ug" pt,rJ"tti."e-tenths of his age will be 30

1Q. The ts A, B, C of a pentagon are equal and so are the

tsD andE. 'fhe LA is zo" greater than ihe rE. Find the
angles.
g98. Some cost $7 each, and the rest cost
^ 13. Twenty books cost
$4 each. How many are there of the lattcr lirice ?
1{. A man covers r3o- km. in 5 hours. For part of the way he
travels at 4o k-m an hour, for the reit at zo km an hour. For how'long
does he travel at the former rate?
The lsA, C, E, F of a hexagon are equal, and so are the
-lEB and
l-s D. The aB is rzo grcater than ihe tA. Find the
angles. LE. Find the angles.
16. The price of,oranges having risen zo6 each, it costs g4 more
to_.buy 3z oranges than it cost to buy
36 oranges before the increase.
What was the original price of an oringe?
17.. A has $45 and .B has gr8; how much must I give B so that B
may have six times as much as ,4 ?
18. I covers r8z km in 6 hours. For part of the way he travels at
35 km an hour, for the rest at z5 km an hour. For how long does he
travel at the latter rate?
19. man is 23 yelT older than his son. In four years, tirhe
, . son's
hts + age plus rwo-fifths
of his age will be 19 years. How old is
he now?
20. h' and the rest cost
$4 eac
21. r an entertainment.
A red and a green tickei
I
 ft

GRAPHS 65
[cnrn. vIrI.]
The gaph is drawn as follows:
(r) Two lines called Sxgs are taken, along which measuFemenb
may be made. The intersection of the axes is called the origin'
and is usually denoted by the letter O. It is usual to take lines at
CHAPTER VIII right angles as axes.
THE CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF GRAPHS (z) The axes are labelled, to show what quantities are measured
along them.
(The examples in the text are fm class discttsion\ (3) The axes are graduated, in one case to show the variouE
8?. The following .table gives the average maximum temperature, months, and in the other to show the temPerature'
to the nearest degree (in degrees Centigrade), at a certain town during (4) Along the first axis the months are rePresented at equal
the first six months of 1978:
intervals.
(5) Along the second axis the temperature is represented by a
certain scale; in this case r small division is taken to represent ro'
(6) On the first axis, at each point which represents one of the
months, a line is drawn parallel to the second axis, the length of
this line representing the temperature'
(7) The graph is given a title.
It is usually easier to grasp the meaning of such a set of figures,
Notc 1. It is usual to draw graphs on " squared paper " ruled in
if they are shown in the form of a picture, or graph. The figure
centimetres and millimetres. Such " squared paper " is not essential
(Fig. :) shows them as a column graph.
and, at a later stage, the pupil should be encouraged to draw rough
AvEnecE Maxrlrutr TnlrprRlruRe JnN. ro JuNe rgTg sketches on ordinary paPer.
Note 2. It is not essential to show the zero mark on the axes.
In the above table all the temperatures lie between rro and r8", and
there was no need to graduate the scale to show all the numbers from
o' to 3o". The alterations in temperature would have been as clearly
\M shown, if along the second axis we had shown only the range from
roo to 2oo. Had we 'done this, we could have taken a larger scale,
o say r small division, to represent o'5".
When the range of values to be shown is small, it is very im-
portant to choose a large scale. Consider a graph which shows
a that a man's temPerature during a certain day moves between the
limits 36'7'C and 39'8"C; if we were to show all values between ooC
and roz"C, the scale would be so small that it would be difficult to
derive any accurate information from the graph.
88. Sometimes the tops of consecutive uprights are joined by
ilay ,lune straight lines as an aid to the eYe'
When two sets of measurements are drawn on the same diagr"-
Frc. 3. it is very desirabb to draw these connecting lines'
64
66 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcuAp. vru.j GRAPHS 67

Exa,mple 1. The number of persons hilled in road accidents in 39. There is no need to draw the uprights. It is sufficient to
Great Britain duing eac,. weeh of the last quatter of the years rg34 mark with a cross the points where their ends would be, as in the
and 1935 is giam in the following table : following example.
Example 2. The lollowing table giztes a bol's temperature (in degrees
Number Centigrade) at interxals of z hours from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Draw the
of week IO II t2 r3
grLph.
r934 - I'asl'3'l'531'ool'zsl'+:l'a"l,aol'a"l'5sl'ozl'o"i'47 rlr'l
Time lz".-.19a.m.lrr
a.m.lr p.m.l3p.m.l5 R.-. 7R.rn.
r935 rzl r+' t.ll,sol, :+, r t-,al r 6a t +s,t z7' zl r"8 j'++
' "sl l l Temperature - I 39'2, 38 37'3 | 38'5 3e'z I---,-
; le'8 | 40
Drazu the graph and use it to fnd
(1) duing zphich weehs the deaths in t934 zaere less than in tg35, Desctibe in generaL terms the changes in the boy's tempelature'
(ii) in which conseattiae ueeks the incrtuse or decre.tse in the nurnber TElrpnnarunn Cnanr
of deaths the same.
z.uas
(iii) in zultich weeks the nuntber of duths in tg34 differed (a) mosE,
(b) least fron tlrc nuntber oJ dtutlts in rg35.
Dnerss FRoM RoAD AccrorNls rN Gnnnr BnrrerN
1935 is represented by a thick line
rg34 is representeo by a dotted line.........
t90
-
r80 \
t70

t60
s O
EI 50
€ \
bo
\r 40

30 38
6
s.
QI 20
ilc
ro0

t23.5o7a
37
llunber of ueeh 9 a.n. ll a.n. I p.n.
Fig. +. Time of Day
The help given by the joining lines will be readily appreciated. Fig. s.
Note that only the range roo to r9o has been shown along the
second axis. (Nos. r and z in Exs. 18a and 18D may now be done')
 E
r
68 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxen wrrJ GRAPHS 69

Benocnepn

LOCUS GRAPHS
40, The last graph differs in one important respect from the
first two. If the boy's temperature had been taken at intermediate
times, we should have intermediate points on the graph. If we
took the boy's temperature at very small intervals of time, the points
on the graph would be very close together. If it were possible to
keep a continuous record we should get a curve which passed .75C
E
through all the points plotted in the above figure. e
E
Whencver the intermediate points have a meaning, it is usual to
draw a smooth curve through the marked points in the figure. This t\ 749
curve is not as a rule quite accurate, but it represents fairly closely o
5
the locus of the marked points which correspond to the intermediate a
readings. Thus, in the above graph, if we draw a curve through a'749
the marked points, we can find approximately the boy's temperature <
.s
at any time between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., e.g. at g a.m. the tempera_
ture is nearly 38.6'C. Such a graph is called a locus graph, and the
process of getting intermediate values from a graph is called
interpolation.
It is most instructive to compare the readings obtained from a
barometer at various timcs during the day with the continuous
reading obtained from a barograph. The pupil should draw the
best curve he can from thc barometer readings given below, and
compare his own readings for intermediate values (say r a.m., 745
M idnight 4 a.n. 6 a.n. B a.n. l0 a.n, l,loon
5 a.m., 9 a.m., rr a.m.) with those given by the barograph. It is fine of 7ag
clear that greater accuracy can be obtained by taking readings at
Frc. 6.
more frequent intervals.
Note. The pupil should consider what the graph would look
like on the same sheet of paper, if readings were shown from o to
BaaoruErrn REeotNcs
752 instead of from 745 to 752.
(Nos. 3 and 4 in Exs. r8a and r8D may now be done')

z a.m. 14 a.m. I 6 a.m. | 8 a.m. CHOICE OF AXES AND SCALES

41. Choice of axes. It will be clear from the examples studied
above that most graphs represent in picture form the alterations
which changes in one quantity produce in the values of, a second
The barograph readings are shown by the curve on p. 69. quantity related to the first.

L
 70 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee. urrJ GRAPHS 7t
One of these quantities is represented by distances measured It has already been pointed out that it is not necessary to show
from left to right along an axis drawn across the page; the other the zero graduation. Thus, if we wish to represent along an axis
is represented by distances measured in a direction perpendicular numbers ranging from rr7 to r98, we should show the range from
to the first axis. rro to zoo only.
In each of the examples studied above the quantity marked (Exercises q a arad q b rr,ay now be done.)
across the page has been the quantity wh.ich would be entered first
EXERCISE 18. a (Oral)
in the given table of values. In general there is no choice-one of
the quantities must be obtained first and the second depends upon Graphs are to be drawn to show the connection between the
following pairs of quantities. State (i) which is the indepencient
it. Both quantities are called variables. The second quantity, variable lwhich musi be measured across the page), (ii) whether the
which depends upon the first, is callcd the dependent variable; intermediate points have any meaning.
the first is called the inclependent variable. It is a convention in l. Date and population of Hong Kong.
drawing graphs that the independent variable is always measured 2.Number of pupils scoring ro, 20, 30' ... marks in a test'
across the page from left to right. 3. Time of day and height of tide.
If we wish to represent a table of valucs by a graph, the first 4. Day of the month and lighting-up time on that day'
thing to be done is to decide which variable is the independent S.Amount oftax on a salary of rooo,2ooo,3ooo... dollars'
variable. 0.Amount of premium for $roo ooo Life Assurancc for males aged
The pupil should always consider vvhether it is more convenient 30, 35, 40, ... years.
to place the paper so that the long edge or the short edge runs from 7. The distance d m in which a train running at o km per hour
left to right. can be stopped.
8. Day of the month and number of hours'sunshine on that day'
(Exercises 16a and t6b may now be done.)
EXERCISE 16. b (Oral)
42. Choice of scales. Next. it is most important to choose a
See instruction at the head of Exercise 16a.
suitable scale. In choosing a scalc it .is necessary to take into
1. Date and number of candidates for the Hong Kong Certificate
account the range of values of the data, the size of the paper avail- of Education Examination.
ablc, and the information to be derived from the graph. If the B. Time of day and number of hours' work done.
scale chosen is too large, it is impossible to show all the values of 3, Number of US dollars equivalent to ro, 20, 3o, ... IJK dollars.
the variables ; if the scalc is too small, only a part of the paper is {. Price of a motor car of r5oo, 2ooo, 25oo,... cm3.
used, it is difficult to plot the points accurately, and the restrlts [. Compound Interest on $rooo at 5o/o for r,2,3, ... ye^rs.
obtained from the graph are not sufficiently reliable. g. Day of the month and time of sunrise.
It is also important to choose a scale which makes plotting and 7. Date and value of total exports.
reading easy. The most convenient scales for this purpose are those 8. The time of a complete oscillation for pendulums of lengths
in which r cm represents r, ro, roo ... or o.r, o.or, ... units. r, 2, ?, ... m.
If such a scale is inconvenient, r cm may be taken to represent E:KERCISE 1?.8 (Oral)
z, 20, 2oo ... or o.2, o.o2, ... unrts, or 5, 50, 5oo, ... or o.5, o.o5, ... With a sheet of paper r8 cm broad, choose scales for readings
unrts. ranging from :
It is advisable to avoid scales in which r cm represents 3, 30, ... l. o to rr. 2. 15 to 78. 8. 4z to 167.
7,70..., rr, rro,... units, unless all the readings given or required 4. 336 to 948. 5. 18'35 to 18'97. 6. o'678 to o'74.
are multiples of those numbers. 7. 43So to ro 55o. 8. 284 to 4oo.

L
 72 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [onr. vrrr.l GRAPHS
EXERCISE 17 b. (Oral)
With a sheet of paper 18 cm broad, choose scales for readings
ranging from :
l. o to 58. 2. 4r7 to 47o. 8. 8o to 3zo
4. t68 to 474. 5. q'oz to r8'23. 6. o'313 to 0'434. Draw the graph. E:timate the population of India in the years
7. zrTo to 53oo. 8. r8or to tgzt. 1897, rgzo, tgz5.
4. The cost of fuel (C) per week of 54 hours, for an engine of power
EXER,CIIIE 18. A (P) in kilowatts, is given in a certain price list as follows:
1. The following table shows the average rainfall at Cherra-
punji : P l,ol"o lr"lt"l,oo
Month
| ,'" I lf..r,.
I
Mar.
,
Apr. May I June c i -r i $, l$"'.5" $3.ri"1$3r5"
Rainfall in cm
El 7,,i1*1,,-, l*. -
Draw the graph. What is the probable cost for engines of r5,3o,
7o, 85 kilowatts?
Month t"l, I Aug. I scpt. oct. , Nov. I 5. The following table shows the average rainfall at Winnipeg :
Ir__r_r_ Dcc.

Rainfall in cm
l,*tlzoer]ae.e lrr.'l r.' I '."
Draw the graph. By looking at the graph, 6nd
(i) which are generally the wettest months of the year,
(ii) which months have an average rainfall of less than 8 cm, Month
(iii) which months have nearly the same average rainfall.
Have the intermediate points any meaning? Rainfall in cm

- 2, The following table gives the valuc of the diamonds produced

in a certain country in millions of dollars. Draw the graph. Draw the graph. By looking at the graph, find
(i) which is generally the wettest month of the year,
Year r9z8 r929 rg32 r933
(ii) which is likely to be the best month for a holiday.
6.The following table gives the annual premium $P payable during
Value ro'6 r'6 20 years by a man aged A years next birthday for a wbole life assurance
of $rooo (without profits):
By looking at the graph, find
(i) in how many years the value of the diamonds produced A- 39 48lso
exceeded $ro ooo ooo,
(ii) which was the most prosperous year for the diamond P- 25 26'7 3o 3s's
I 4'
industry,
(iii) the two years in which unemployment in the diarnond
industry was most severe.
8. The following table gives the population of India (in
millions).
I

L
7
74 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuee.
ur.l GRAPHS 7S

Draw the graph. From the graPh find

7. The following table shows the average temperature at Milan: (i) the three hottest months,
Month (ii) the months in which the average temperafirre is between
o'C and ro"C.
oC What do you notice about the temPeratures of the three coldest
Temp. in
months? Fiave the intermediate points any meaning?
2. The following table shows the average rainfall at Durban:
Month lury I eug. I s"pt. I oct. 1 Nov. Dec.

Temp. in oC t;;,*i;i *l;- Month

Rainfall in cm
I Jan. I Feb. I Mar. Apr. ;-Mv I June
--l;,"r,;,;-;,.
Draw the graph. nro- ,f," g.upn nna
(i) the months in which the average tcmpcrature exceeds zooC, Month i J,'ty Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
(ii) the three coldest months, i i I
(iii) the months in which the average temperatures are most
nearly equal.
Rainfall in cm l;r 4s;i '. t;l ,,,
8..In ari experiment with a certain pulley the efiort P kg, required Draw the graph. By looking at the graph find
to raise a load W kg, was found to be as f<rllows. The efficienry e is (i) which month has the highest and which the lowest aveftrge
also given. rainfall,
(ii) which months have an average rainfall of less than 5 cm'
8. The following table gives the population of U.S.A. in millions.

Draw graphs on the same sheet, showing P and, e as Z alters.

Find P and e when W:25,53, 88.
Find I/ (i) when P: ro, (ii) when e:zz.
rcy7 | nt8
EKER,SISE 18. b
___1.,.The -following table shows the average temperaturc at Draw the graph. Estimate the population of U.S'A' in the
Viadivostok in a certain year : years 1845, r875, tgz5.
4. The price $P, of certain engines of power FI (in kilowatts) is given
NIar. Apr. as follows. Draw the graPh.
I l^". ,
Month Fcb. May , June
Temp. in "C
-;l-,."1 ,
..o1;l * ,*
Month
I l"rr I aug. i s"pt. I o".
--_--- I
xou. o...
I
Temp. in oC
l* t"*l',- l;l "" l-'""
Estimate the price of engines of 5, 9! rz| kilowatts'
of an engine is $225, whatls its probable power?
If the price

\.
 76 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuar. vru.l TEST PAPERS II 77
5.The following table gives approximately the amount gp of gr D_raw the graph. Estimate the annuity which can be purchased
at compound interest for z years ii z| per cent. - $rooo by men aged 63,
for ,r,ears next birthday. -
52, 77

TEST PAPERS N

the graph. Estimate. (i) the amount of groo in rg years, A

,..P.."y
in how many years gr.will amount to gz, reckonirrg rtr p..'"..rt.
(ii) L. lf. a:2, b:4, c:6, find the values of
Compound Interest in each case. (i) a+ b(e+ c), (ii) (a+ b)a+ c, (lti) a +ba+ c.
..- 6. The following table gives the annual premium gp payable durine 2. Solve the equations
hte- by a man aged A years next birthday for a whole- liie assurancE
of $rooo (without profits). Draw the graph. (i) r(Sr+ z) - zQx- r):4(8 -r), (ii) *(x- 3)= r.
3. Two base angles of an isosceles triangle are 2)co and (r + 36)'.
A 20 2,5 3o 35 45 5o
Find all the angles of the triangle,
P
4. A has 3 times as much money as B. If I gives B5 dollars,
he will then have twice as much as I
B. What had each originally?
In the table from which the figures were taken there was a mis_ I
print, which is reproduced above. Find from your graph which 5. The length of wire required to
entry is wrorrg and estimate the correct entfo. D'stimate ihi make the grid in the diagram is I

annual premium for men aged.24,42, 53 years next birthday. - z6 cm. Find the length and breadth rr
of the grid. +
7. The following table shows the average *i"f. *j:",y"r- e'---(**r)cm----+
"ll
,
6. (i) Add 3a- 4b+6c to
2a + 3b - 3c, and take the result from 6a - 6c. (ii) Simplify
Ap..
lMaylJune 5x - 3[zy + S{+z - 6x} - 5z) + x.
.nlr9.3ir7.8 B
Month L. If x:+, !:o, z=3, find the values of
(i) x (zy + z), (1i) Qx - zz)2 , (Iii) 3xz - zzz .
Rainfall in cm 2. Solve the equations:
(i) l(:" - 7)= 4,
Draw the graph. By looking at the graph, find
(i) which is (ii) r*(r - x) : 4@ - 3x) + r.
(ii) which is 8. Find r in the diagram,
8. The followi ich can be and hence prove that POP
purchased for gr o is a straight line.
(3r+ 33)-,
4. Simplify
(i) x-i@-y), (ii) r5r - 4@- zv)- s@+x).
73'8 18a.8 5. A cup and saucer cost $9. 7 cups cost $5 less than ro saucers'
Find the price of each.
 78 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA urr.l TEST PAPERS II 79
[cner.
6. In a cricket match one side scored r runs and (n+7r) runs: 5. In the frgve, AB, CD zre Parallel. Find r, and show that
th_e other side scored (lx - Z) and. (zx - 5o) runs, and lost by z runs. tBAC:9".
What were the scores?
c
1. Simplify, and arrange in descending powers of a :
(o2 - +a - z)3a2 - (zo - t + a2)3a.
What is (i) the coefficient of aa, (ii) the term in a.
2. If x: S, y:2, find the values of AC
(i) sr - z(x - y)2, (ii) +(x + y)2 - 3@ - y)2. S. (i) A boy was zr years old D years ago. How old will he be
in (a - D) years?
3. What value of I makes 3-2t
.1 (ii) Find the cost of za apples at $(3a-z) each, and 4 pears at
eoualt.l-zt? $(za-3) each.
'7 E
4. In the figure AC: BC ; find 1. If r: rS,! =4, s=3, t= r, find the values of :
(rzr-ro)o tACB. (i) (x - y)--(z - t'), (ii) .r - y:(z - l), (iii) (r - v)=a - l.
B C 5. If a greengrocer buys 15 dozen 2. Simplify (i) z(x - y + z) + 3@ + zv - 32) - 4@v + z - 3x),
cauliffowers at e dollars a dozen, anrl sclls rr dozen at (x-f) d<.rllars
a dozen, and the rest at (,rl 3f) dollars a dozen, what is'his -frofitl
(ii) a$az - 7a + 5) - d + z - a(7 - 3a'1 + 7 + za.
8" Solve the equations:
6. The follou'ing table gives the number of years E that a male (i) 3r2+ S=x(3rc+2), (ii) S(fr -l=4Qsc+z)+t'
?.C-"4..4
years may be expected to live (i.e., " the expectation of
life ") : 4. In the diagram the marked angles are equal. Find the other
angle.
A 35 45 5o
E +4',2 3 s'8 3r'7 23'9 zo'3

_ Draw the graph. Have-the intermediate points any meaning? EAD

Estimate the expectation of life of males aged 28, 36, 49 years, - 5. Ais 6 times as old as B, and A's age 32 years ago u'as the
sarne as B's age will be z8 years hence. Find their ages at Present'
D 8.A man, aged A years next birthday, wishes to obtain $rooo
1._(i) Whatmust beaddedto3 Qx - zy+ z)tomake5( 3x + y (without profits) on aftaining the age of 65 years or at death, if that
(ii) Simplify zb - [Sa - {6a + z(toa - b)}]. - zz)?
ihould oicur previously. The fcrllowing table gives the annual
premium $P payable:
2. Solve the equations :
- (r -3:4:+, (ii) g(2,c- 3) - s ftz - zx):5.
(i) s

8. If x:7, y:3, verify that (r -y)3:xs - 3x2y+3xy2 -y3.

, 4. By cycling a part of a-journey,at,3z km per hour and walking Draw the graph. Estimate the premium payable by a man agcd
the r.9s1 at 3 km per hour, I travel 6o km in 5| ho,r... How far dE 28, 42,53 years next birthday.
I walk ?

Ir
7

8o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. vrrr.l TEST PAPERS II 8r

F 5. In an audience of 546 people, there are 52 more men than

*o-.tt, and 163 tttore wt:mett thin children. How many are there
1. Find the sum of 6tc-(zy-x) znd y-(Zx-zy) and sub- of each?
tract it f.rom z(zx + y). 8. In catering for a dinner the following scale of charges was
t
2. The diagram represents a rec- given,
tangle and its diagonals. Find r.
3. lf a:4, b:2, c: r, find the Numberofguestsl 5o | ,oo l r5o l roo l.t" I 3oo I rso
values of l_r_l-l-'-l-t-
(i) (a- b)'-(b- c)2+(a-c)2, (ii) 4@-b)2+s(b- c)2-z(a-c)2. Chargeperhead l$z's"l $6 lS5'5otg5'"o1 $s I Sa'a t Sa'o
4. Solve the equations:
(i) 5a + (z - ta) + {(6a,- r) - (+ - za)}: yo, Draw the graph, and estimate the charge per head for r3o, 275,
(ii) 3(r - ro):21t - zi) - 6s. 3r5 guests.
5. If the area of the walls of a room is denoted by A m2, its length
by / m, its breadth by D m, and its hcight by I m, it is known that
A:zh(l+b). What will be the height of a room whose length is 6 m, H
breadth 4 m, and the area of whose walls is 7z m2?
1. 11Y2:4Y2, find r. ffi
6. Some of the following statements are identities and the
others are equations. Find which are the equations, and solve them. 2. Simplify (i Zx - 5l$ - z(zx - t)) + zxf - z,
(i),(.r+:)-:(r+4):x, (ii) +(r+ :) - s(* - 4): 3o, (ii) (3a2)3+ (zas)2.
(iii) /-r(r- 3)=5r- 5(r- 3), (iv) .r2- x(x- y):yz - y0 - x\. 8. Solve the equations :
(i) rrD +3lz(zb+ S)-SDl=4(8-D)'
G (ii) zSc - re - [3 + (S - +t)] :3c - (6c - ).
1. If c c th a triangle, and a cm and 4. (i) If pears cost r dollars / cents for K dozen, what is the price
6 cm are t sh knowrrthat the triangle for zo pears ?
is right-an he triangles whose sides (ii) Find five consecutive odd numbers whose sum is r55.
are the fol ll 5. If a number of $z coins and one less than twice that number of
(i) f .-, 4 cm, 5 cm; (ii) 6 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm; $r coins make $39, how many $r coins are therel
(iii) z5 cm, 2+ cm, 7 cm; (iv) 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 crn. 6. In a factory the men get $3o a day and the women $28 a day.
zoo people are employed and the \ilages are $584o a day. How many
2- Solve the equations (i) 3a -l men are employed at the factory ?
t
=o, (ii) , - 5(r - g:!@-z). I
4+ l. Write down the number represented by 3xs + 5x2 + z when
8. I buy a kg ofsugar for $4. I sell
4 kg at $c per kg, and the rest at g9c
f,=ro; and the number represented Uv'- s +1.+2" when y=o'r'
' v y'
per kg. What profit do I make ? 2r Solve the equations:
(i) g(fx- r)-6(r+ r)=rz(x+ r)-z(5r+3),
4. Find an expression for the (ii) +(+t+o'z) - : (r - zt)= 1'011*t) + o'6t.
penmeter of the diagram. If the 3. A man buys (52+3o) kg of tea at $z per kg and (7u-o) kg tt
perimeter is zz cm, what is r I What $z'5o per kg. He sells the whole for $z'3o per kg. What is his gain ?
is then the area of the figure ?
8z ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. vrrr.l TEST PAPERS II 83

4. Twenty-two books cost $r94. Some cost $rz each, and the rest 4.A dealer buys p oranges at 5 for $q. If he sells them at 3 for $r
cost $7 each. How many are there of the latter price? without gain or loss, prove that 3q:5r.
5. Sitnplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms: 5. Some of the following statements are identities and the otherr
are equations. Find which are the equations and solve them.
(i) 8p+ 3l4q- sp + sl, Gi) zB(t - B + zBz) + 582(t + B). (i) r-:[r-2h-x)]:2,
6. Of three brothers, each lvas three years older than the next (ii) S(r - z) - z(x- 5):3x,
younger and the eldest was four times as old as the youngest. (iii) 342 - a(3a - zb):5b2 - b(5b - za),
What rvere their ages? (iv) 3r2 - tht- S):+t- z(zt- ).
J 6. There are three classes of tickets for a concert' The second class
t. A man walks at the rate of c km an hour for * hours; he then is half that of the first, and the third $6 less than the second. The
rides. for y hours at the rate of / km an hour. How far has he travelled, number of tickets sold is 3oo first class, rooo second class, z4oo third
and how long would it have taken to ride the same distance at z km class. The total receipt il $65 6oo. Find the price of each class of
an hour? ticket.
2. Solve the equations: L
(i) r5(3r - +) - +0x - s): 4@ + \), 1. In one season a football team scored an average of r goals in each
(ii) -a(6 - r)+3(t - +)- -4(s - r)+3(r - z) - Qt- z). of a matches. In the next season it scored an average of s goals in
3. If r: 7, ),: S, find the values of each of 6 matches. In the third season it scored an average of t goals
(i) (r - y)4, (ii) (x2 + y2)2 - +cy(xz - xy + y2). in each of r matches. What is the average number of goals scored in
.il, Two men, C and D, start on a holiday together, C with $:+ each match for the three seasons?
and D rvitlr $3o. During the holiday D spends $4 more than C 2. (i) From (6a - 5b + 9c) take (za+ gb + 4c).
and at the end C has trvice as nruch as D. How much has each (ii) Wnat must be added to (+x + Zi to make (7x + y - zz)?
spent ?
8. The angles A, C, E of a hexagon are equal, and so ar9 th;
5. Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms : arrgies B, D and F.' The angle B is 42" greater than the angle A
(i) 8p tl+q- sp-d, (ii) A(s +zl)-[8h- &(r +rl)]. Find the angles.
6. The follos,ing table gives the weight of an infant during the 4. Solve the equations:
first year of life :
(i) z(++ 5t) - 5 (3t - z): 3t * z,
(ii) Z[: @ - c) - +): zo - z8(z - c).
Age in months l"l"liLm
l-'-/_l_l_'_l_
5. The pedmeter of a rectangular playing field is half a km. Twice
the length is r7o m more than the width. Find the length of the field.
Weight in kg I r6 | s I o.o I z.t I r., I n., 1,o., 6. A rifle sighted t2oo m is fired from a point X. The height
^t horizontal through X is given below.
Dra:w the curve, and estimate the infant's weight at of the bullet above the
3,2, rr
months.
K Horizontal distance
1. (i) Simplify (4&)2-(zcz)B. from X in m
(ii) What must be added to 5fta-zb- 7c) to make
Height of bullet in m
8(a+3b-zc)?
2. Simplify by removing brackets and collecting like terms :
(i) 4a+ {7b - z(b + 3a)}, (ii) x[3x(zx+ sD - sy 3x - +y)). Draw the graph, and estimate the height of the bullet at (i) 3oo m'
3. Solve the equations :
(ii) 8oo m from X.
(i) sx- 2s- 30-r)=s(zr-8), (ii) o 3x ++'7@- z):2.6.
 [cHer. x.] DIRECTED NUMBERS E5

a temperature of 3oo above freezing point is represented by ( + -lo)",

CHAPTER IX
DIRECTED NUMBERS
48. In the previous chapters the signs * and - have stood for
orders to add or to subtract, as in
Arithmetic. Thus, the expression,
8+5, means " To 8 add 5,,. The expressiotr, r2,_ j,
" From rz subtract -.".r.
". The numbers g, 5, tz arrd,7 arethe ordi-
7 distances measured East by - . The choice is merely a matter of
nary numbers used in Arithmetic. For man5, purposes these
numbers are all that we need. But there are occasions when it is
convenient to use a different kind of number, called a directed
number. Consider, for example, a town lying on a road running
East and West. If a car passes through at a speed of z5 km p..
horri,
where will it be two hours laterl We cannot answer this question
unless we know whether the car is travelling East or West. The
a temperature of ro" below freeziog point by ( - to)'.
If a man has $zo to his credit at the bank, we may say that he has
$(+zo), if his account is overdrawn and he owes the bank $r5, we may
say that he has $(-r5).
It should be noticed that the choice of the signs + and - is
quite arbitrary. Thus in the first example it would have been
equally convenient to denote distances measured West by *, and
convention.
EXERCISE 19. a (Oral)
1. What are the meanings of ( - x), when ( * r) has the following
meanrngs :
(i) " put $r in the bank " ;
(ii) " a fall in the temperature of x" " ;
(iii) " r minutes after midnight " ?

answer may be either 5o km west of the town or
5o km east of the
town.
When quantities which involve the idea of direction occur,
it
a convenience to extend the meaning of the symbols * and _ .
Thus, in the above example, we may agree to attach the + sign
to all distances measured east of the town, and the _ .ign to
"ll
distances measured west of the town. If the car is travelling East,
the answer will be I 50 km from the town; if the car is travelling
West the answer will be 5o km from tbe town.
- 4. In contour maps, if heights above sea-level are reckoned
The numbers + 50, - So are called tlirecteal nurnbers. The
number + So is called a positive numbef, the number _
is 50
called a negative 1rrmlg1. The number
5o used in Arithmetic is
called a signless nnmber. To avoid confusion we shall, for the
present, enclose directed numbers in brackets, e.g. (+5o), ( _
So).
The symbol o means that there is no change either way. Thus
( + o) is the same as ( - o) and, as there is no possibility
of confusion,
each is denoted by o.
Time may be reckoned forwards or backwards from a fixed date.
Thus e.o. 186o maybe called (+186o) and s.c.65 may be called
( - 6s).
2. What are the meanings of ( +p), when ( -p) has the following
meanrngs :
(i) " a fall in the temperature of po " ;
is (ii) " put the clock on p minutes " I
(iii) "gobackpm".l
8. If the hours of the day are reckoned positive from noon
onwards, z p m. would be written ( + z) and 9 a.m. would be written
( - :). Express similarly :
(i) 6 p.m. ; (ii) 4 a.m. ; (iii) ro p.m.; (iv) z a.m.
positive, depths below sea.level would be reckoned negative.
Express in directed numbers :
(i) 365o m above sea-level; (ii) r3oo m below sea-level;
(iii) z84o m above sea-level; (iv) 2863 m below sea-level.
5. What meaning is to be attached to the follovving statements?
(i) Bradford is (-16) km East of Leeds;
(ii) The clock is ( - 5) minutes fast ;
(iii) The barometer has risen ( - z) mm.
EXERCISE 19. b (OraI)
1. What are the meanings of ( - y), when ( +y) has the following
lDeanrngs :

Temperature may be measured by the amount above or below (i) " put the clock back y minutes " ;
zero. In the Centigrade system fteeztngpoint is represented by ooC (ii) " go y km West " ;
(iii) " an increase in salary of $y "?

84
 T
86 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnrr. B.l DIRECTED NUMBERS E7

2. What are the meanings of ( + r), when ( - r) has the following (ii) To add ( - +) to ( + 3)' start at ( + 3) on the scale and
move
meanings:
(i) " trk. gr out of the bank " ; up ( - 4) st pr, i."' move down 4 steps, reaching ( - r)'
(ii) " buy I kg of sugar " ; Thus (+3)+(-+):(- r).
(iii) " f owc my cmployer $t " (iii) To add ( + +) to ( - 3), start at ( - f) on the scale and move
?
:
up 4 steps, reaching ( + r). Thus ( - f) + ( + +) ( + t)'
8. In using the Centigrade scale, temperatures above freezing on the scale and move
point are written +, temperatures below freezing point ari (iv) To add ( - 4) to - 3),
( start at ( - 3)
down reaching ( - 7)'
written - . Express in directed numbers : up - 4)
( steps, i.e. move 4 steps'
(i) so" above freezing point ; (ii) zo' below freezing point; Thus ( - 3) + ( - +):(- 7).
iii) rro" ,, ,, ,, ; (iv) 42" ,) ,, ,, For subtraction, since
4, If velocity vertically upwards is reckoned positive, velocity (i) ( + S) + ( + +) - ( * 7), we have ( + 7) - ( + +) - ( + :) ;
vertically downwards would be reckoned negative. (ii) (+3)+(-4):(- r), wehave (-')-(-+) ( t r) ;
Exprt.ss in directed numbers velocities of : (iii) (- 3)+(+4)=(+ r), we have (+ r)- (++)- ( - r) ;
,.(1) ]" t" per second upwards; (ii) 8 m per second downwards; (i") (-3)+(-4):(-7), we have (-z)- (-+) -(- r)'
(iii) m per sccond upwards; (iv) 336 m per second downwards. ( + 7), start at ( I 7) on the
z-1

5. What meaning is to be attached to the following statemente?

Thus to subtract ( + 4) from
scale and move down 4 steps' reaching ( + 3)' H
(i) The school is ( +r) * below sca-lcvcl. To subtract ( - 4) from ( - r), start at ( - r) on the scale
(ii) The price of tea has gonc down $( z) per kg. and move down ( - 4) steps, i.e. move up 4 steps' reaching
(iii) The population of England has decreased by ( - z) per cent. (+s).
To subtract ( + 4) from ( + r), start at ( + r) on the scale
and move down 4 steps, reaching ( - S)'
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION To subtract (- 4) from ( - 7), start ^t (- 7)on the scale
44. Consider the figure on p. 87, which represents part of the and move down ( - 4) stePs, i'e. move uP 4 steps, reaching
scale of a Centigrade thermometer. (-t)'
' g..r"rul +(+a)or
If the initial temperature is ( + z") what is the result of rises of
(+S"), (-3"), (-8"), (+4') respectively?
A rise of (+5') takes us up 5 steps from (+2.) and brings us to
(+2"). A rise of (-3") takes us down 3 steps from (+zo) and
brings us to ( - r").
I.r
and
-(-a) means moveupasteps'
+(-a)ot -(+a)meansmove'lownasteps'
We thus obtain the rule of signs
Whenever + ( + a) or
we may write it 8It + a.
- - a)
(
:
aDlrcant in an expression,
I
Frc. 7.

Similarly rises of (-8') and (+4') bring us to (-6.) and (6.) Whenever + ( - a) ot - (+ a) apDeaxs in an expression, we m&y
respectively. write it as - a.
Again, if the initial temperature is ( + r') and the final tempera-
45. In Arithmetic we should say that the expression 3 - 4 has
tures are ( + 6'), ( - j") it is easily seen that the rises of temperature
are,(+5') and (-8o) respectively. no meaning; but, if the numbers are'understood to be directed
More generally, consider the expressions : numbers, i.b. (+:)-(++), it has been shown above that the
expression is equal to ( - r).
(+3)+1+4;, (+s)+(-+), (-r)+(++), (-3)+(-4).
Once this is clearly understood the use of brackets to denote
(i) To add ( + +) to ( + 3), start at ( + 3) on the scale and move up directed numbers may be dropped, and the symbols + and - may
4 steps, reaching (+7). Thus (+3)+(+4):(+Z). be used to denote either addition and subtraction or direction'
 T

r 88 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crur. rx.l DIRECTED NUMBERS

it is simpler to group
89

Thus we may write Note 1. In performing the calculations

ar.it., like terms having the same sign' This mav be done
3-4:-r, - r5+7 +6= - 2,
mentallY, if Preferred'
3x- +x: - x, - tia+7a+6a: -2a. in the final result'
In Art. 3r we stated certain rules for dealing with brackets, but Note 2. If positive and negative terms occur
it is customary to write the positive term first'
these rules were restricted, because every exPression had to be
of y is 4 and
arithmetically intelligible. The above work shows that with Note 3. In the expression 4y - zx' ttre coefficient
directed number the same rules still hold, and the restriction is no the coefficient of x is - z' The terms of the expression are 4y
longer necessary. end -zr'
We therefore have as a general rule : EXERCISE 20.a
In removing brackets, if the sign before the bracket is +, tbe + (ManY of these maY be tahen orallY)
anrl - signs insiile the bracket are unaltereil ; if the sign before (+ rz')' What does it
1. The temperature (Centigrade) is. .i'! of t: a"l, (iii) a fall of
the bracket is - , the + anal - sigrx insiile the bracket are changeal. become after (i) a fall oi i;b:i, itti'"
46. Consider again the scale in Art. 44' Take the expression
4-'7 + S - 3, i.e. start at *4, go down 7 steps, go up 5 steps' go
down 3 steps, finally arriving at - r. Thus 4-7+5- 3: - r.
Now take the same steps but in a different order, e.g. 4* 5 - 7 - 3,
i.e. start + go up 5 steps, go down 7 steps, go down 3 steps'
^t 4,
finally arriving at - r. Thus the two results are the same. The
pupil should verify that the same result is obtained whatever order
is taken.
In general, in an expression consisting of numbem cotrnected
by + anrl - SlBlNr, the numbers may be re-arrenged in any ortler
without altering the value of the expression, provitletl that the signs
in front of the numbers are moveal with them.
The pupil is reminrletl that if no sign stantls before a number, the
sign + is unalerstooal.

Example 1. Simphfy (ga - 7o - t2a + r5a - ga). ?. Find the values of :

The expressio" -* (ii) (- rr)+(+e)' (iiil (- z)+(+z)'
"o"t: I ;i_".;; :_-,::: (i) ( - rr)+(-s),
(- rr)+(-z)'
G;i i- z|+(- z), i"i i-sl+(+4), ("i)
Example 2. Simplify - Sx+7tc - rrtr+ 3x++,c. 8. Find the values of :

The expressio"'o"": (i)i+ +(-sa), (ii) (- rra)+(-9a)' (iii)(- zb)+(-zb)'

l;*-' ii,.! -z:.- ".
rra)
&i i- zb)'+(+zL), iii++') +(-zc)' ("i) (-3c)+(-ec)'
Example 3. Simfhfy (z* - sil - Qs - si. 9. Fill in the blank sPaces :
(i)(+3)+( )=(+s), (ii) (+:)+( ):(-z)'
rhe expressio o, (+z)+ ( )=(-t),
"""' r.#ii;,; ;:J.r"1-.r
tiiii
'(vi(-i+ il t ):
+
rr)+( ;:(- rr),
(iv)
(vi) (+8)+( ):(++)'
={-
 t

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crer. x.l DIRECTED NUMBERS 9t

90
10. Find the values of : 10. Find the values of :

(-r)-(-s), (i)(+rr)-(+8), (ii)(-z). (i'+)'. (iii) (-6)-o,

(i) (+z)- (+s), (ii) (-r)-(+s), (iii) (- z)-(-zo).
(i")(-s)-(-r), (")(+z)-(-s), ("i)(-s)-(-s). tilj t+ i"i- (- sl, (v) (+ rr)-(+zo)' (vi)
11. Find the values of: 11. Find the values of:
(i) (-sr) -(+nx), (ii) (-src) (-3r)-o,
(iii) 6\ (-zu)- (- sr), (ii) (++l)- ( - sl)'.
(- zoz)-(-3sz),
(iii)
-(-tzx), (u) (-l^)- \- (vi)(+rrft)-(+z8h).
(iv) (- 3D - ( - t), (v) (+84 -(-6t), ("i) (- 8t)-(-7t1. (iv) (-7r)-(+8x), 9m)'
12. Find the values of : 12. Find the values of :

(+z)-(-:),
(i) (ii) (+8)+(- 8), (iii) (-6)+(- r5), (i) (++r)-(- tii) (- (iii)(-r)+(+8),
33) -.(-.?'r, (vi)o-(-7).
(i")(-6)-(-'s), (v)o-(-z), ("i)(-7)+(+4). (i;i (- "),
b+Gz:) (v) (+6)+(-6),
EXER,CISE 20. C

EXERCISE 20.b 1. Find the values of :

(Many of tluse mzY be tahen orallyl (i) ( - sr) - ( - gr), (ii) (+zv2) -.(--tv.''), (iii) ( ++cv) + (-.zxv)'
tij i* 'db: (i tiy), i"i r + i,i,l + ('- 6;D, ("i) ( - st) - ( - ts)'
1. The temperature (Centigrade) is ( - 16"). What does it
become after (i) a rise of (+28"), (ii) a fall of (+28'), (iii) a rise of 2. Find the values of :
( - z"), (iv) a fall of ( - Z")? (i) -s-+, (ii) -rr+7, (iii)S-Z+g'
(iv)5+8-17, (v) -:*8-9, (vi) -+-3-5.
2. The temperature (Centigrade) is ( + 16'). What does it
become after (i) a fall of (+28'), (ii) a rise of (-7'), (iii) a fall of 3. Find the values of :
( - l")? (i\ -8-z+?. (ii) -z-7-12, (iii) -++23-27,
3. I
have $( rZb) in the bank at the beginning of the week. How (iIj ro- 2s+;o+s, (") -25+20- ro+5'(vi) -r7+rr -5+ rr'
much have I at the end of the week, if during the week: 4. SimplifY:
(i) I pay in $( + 36) and takc out $( 1 156), (i)za-3b-5b-a, (ii) Sx- 3y'7x+9Y,
(ii) I pay in $(-26) and take out $(-3b)? (iii)o-3s-4t+5s' (iv) 7c2 - 4c - Scz,
{.A boy has a bank balance of $ro; he deposits $zo, withdraws (v) +t2 - 3t - 7t + t2, ("i) +xy - 72 - gyx - 2*.
$r5, withdraws $35. What is his balance now?
6. Simplifu, and arrange in descending powers.of x :
5. A man starts the year with a balance of $zo, and ends the year
with a deficit of $r5. What has he (a) gained, (D) lost during the year? 6\ z- )x2 ax-lic+ si'-7, (ii) --z - 4x+7x2+7 +2tc- gtc3'

Express each answer as a directed number. fiii t*- gf't s-3+zx-rrr,x2, lillq'- 3L ::+sx-2-7x',
(vi) x3- 3x2 +tr - 4'f'
(v) z-3f - 4tc- 5x"+
6. A train is moving with a specd of 45 km an hour. What are r
the speeds relative to this train of others moving in the same direction 6. Simplify, and arrange in ascending powers of :

at 6z km an hour 27 km an hour; also of one at rest ? G\ <-zxz- \x-q.fc- li'+7, (ir) -4 - 6x+gxz+9+a#-3!2,
^nd ^t fiiii Jj - 4t 4n- 3x2, (iv) 7xz^- slcj 13 - 5x.- 4- 9x-,
7. Find the values of: rr
'(vi ir - 8x2
(i) (- r:)+(+7), (ii) (+13)+(-rr), (-13)+(-7),
(iii) - c#-l*+x2- 5x, (vi) 3r" -7x"+3+3x"
(i")(-3)+(+7), (")(-r)+(+s), (vi)(-q)+(-n). ?. Simplify:
(i) (zo + i - Ga + g), (ii) (c2 - zd\ --(c2 - d)' -
8. Find the values of : iill:"<'+iial, (z- a- 3b)+(za +b+z)'
(i) (- r:r)+(+7n), (ii) (+r:t)+(- rrt), (iii) (- r3t)+( -7t), fiiiil;;
'i;i;- G,:t;
(iy)
(vil (i'z- zt+t)-(t2+zt+t)'
(i") (-3c)+(+3c), (v)(+Zd)+(-tzd), (vi) (- r7d)+(+nd)_
9. Fill in the blank spaces : 8. SimplifY:
(-q)+( (i) (x,- z*j-(.r'+*), (ii) (:x2+ zx+r)- (7x2+5x+3)'
(i) (+ rr)+( ):o, (ii) ):(+6), (iiii i;' - ii'- t" - 3'2'i 3x- (i"j i)"2 - - +) - ha2 + 3a + 4),
(iii) (+s)+( ):(-s), (+8)+( ):(-s),
(iv)
't;jfi-"ijail'-d),
r),
"i"ii 3."
ir"-+b-sd-(8a-tb+zc)'
(v)(-Z)+( )=(-z), (vi)(-s)+( )=(-z).
 ALGEBRA [cne. rx.l DIRECTED NUMBERS 93
92 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
To sum uD, in multiplication anil ilivision of one ilirecteil nnmb€r
N,IULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
by another, the final result is positive if the two numbers have the
47. Multiplication. To illustrate the rule for multiplying swo sarne sign, anil negative il the two numbers have opposite signs.
directed numbers it is necessary to find two quantities measured
by directed numbers such that their product has a meaning. 48. Multiplication anil ilivision bv zero.
Consider a man who savcs g.t a wcck. At the end of t weeks hc o x 3 means three times nothing, which is nothing ;
will have saved g.rl. .'. ox3:o.
(i) If x.=+3, t:-F8, the man saves g3 per week and will have saved Also 3xo:ox3:o'
$24 at the end of 8 weeks. and - 3x o: -o:o'
Thus (+:)"(+8)=r24. Similarly, if there are more than two factors, the product is zero,
(ii) If x:+3, t:-8, the man savcs $3 per week and at the end if one factor is zero.
of (-8) weeks, i.e. 8 weeks ago, he was gz4 worse off than now, i.e. Also, if o is divided by any number which is not itself zero, the
he had saved $(- r+). quotient is o.
Thus (+t)* ( 8):-.+. But division by o is quite meaningless. The operation a-b,
(iii) If r--3, l:+8, the man saves $( 3) per week, i.e. he loses when D: o, has not been defined and has no meaning' The pupil
$3 per week, and at the end of 8 weeks hc will have lost gz4, i.e. he must be very careful not to attempt to evaluate an expression con-
will have saved g(-24). taining a zero factot in the denominator.
Thus (-3)x(+8)-: 24. As soon as the pupil has mastered these rules the use of brackets
(iv) If .r: 3, the man saves g( 3) per week, i.e. he loses
t:-8, to denote directed numbers may be dropped.
$3 per week, and at the end of ( 8) weeks, i.e. 8 weeks ago, he was
$24 better off than now, i.e. he had saved $24. EXEBCISE 21.A
Thus (-:)r( 8) +24. (ManY o;f these maY be taken orallY)
Find the values of :
Other illustrations may be taken, e.g. the letters may represent
1.(-:)x(+7). 2. (-:)'(-6)' 3. (+r)x(-s).
speed and time, or rate of increase of temperature and time. From 6.(-r)x(-ro)'
all such illustrations it is clear that products of directed numbers
4.(+s)x(+4). 5.(+:)*(-8).
?. (-S)x(+ro). 8. (-z)x(-rz). 9. (+z)x(+r7)'
are calculated according to the following rules :
10. (-z)x(+zo). 11. (+z)x(-q). L2. (- 5)x(+6)
(+a) x(+b):(+ab):s[; (-a)x(-b):(+ab):s[. 14. (+s)x(-r). 15.(-6)x(o)'
13. (-5)x(-rz).
(+a) x(-b):(-ab): -s5 (-a) * (+b):(-ab): -s5. 1?. (-rz). (+3). 18. (+rz)=(-+)'
16. (- n)-.(-z\.
Division. ' 19. (-rz):(-r). 20- (+r8):(-6). 21. (-r8)+(-e)'
Since (+3) x (+8):(+24), :. (+z+):(+8):(+3). 23. (-+8):(+rz). 24. (++8)+(-l)'
22. (- r8):(+g).
Since (+3)x(-8):(-24), :. (-z+)=(-8):(+r). (- 8). 26. ( - 7z\=(+z+)' 27. (-72)=(- rz)'
Since (-r)*(+8):(-z+), :. (-z$:(+8):(-r). 25. 48)+( -
28. (- tz):(++). 29. (+8+)=(-z). 30.(-8+);(-zr)'
Since (-r) (+z+)-(-8)=(-r).
In
"(-8):(+z+), .'.
general, we have the following rules for division :
lf a:(+r), D:(-z), c:(+:), p:(-r), q:(+z), z:o, find
the values of :
(+a)+(.u:(.fi):fi; (-a)+(-b):(*;):;. 8L. za- 3b' 82. abc+Pqt. 88. 4bpq. 84. ar2.
85. aPzc. 38. zbc. 37. 3qr. 38. bcqz.
(+a)+(-b):(-;): -;, (-a)+(+b):( ;):-fl 39. a363. 40. p"d. 4L. 3cp2. 42. 3cf.

I'
I s4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. x.J
EXER,CISE 21. b
(Many of these may be tahen orally)
Find the values of :
1. (++)x(-?). 2. (-+)x(-7). 8. (-+)x(+7).
4. (-z)"(-6). 5. (-z)x(+6). 8. (++)x(+7).
7. (+z) x(-6). 8. (-+)x(-s). 9.(++)x(-s). CHAPTER X
10. (-3)x(+16). 11. (+s)x(-rr). 12. ox(+r).
f8. (-rr)x(-rz). 14. (- z)"(-z). 15. (-3)x(-16). ADDITION AND SUSTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC
18. (-16). (+z). 17. (- 16):(-8). 18. (+16). (-+). EXPRESSIONS. SIMPLE EQUATIONS ITWOLVING
19. (+ zD+(-6). 20. (- 16):(- r). 2L. (-24)=(+lzl. DIRECTED NUMBERS
22. (-6o):(+ro). 28. (+24)+(-3). 24. (-z+)-(-+). rl9. In many previous
25. (+zs). (+s). 28. (- 6o)-(-s). 27. (+zs)=(-:). examples we have performed addition and
28. (+6o):(- rz). 29. (-75)+(+2s). 80. (-6o):(-r). aubtraction by removing brackets and collecting like terms. It is,
Ifa:(- z),b:1* r), c:o, r:( - l), y:( however, sometimes more convenient to arrange the working as
- r), find the values oft
in Arithmetic.
8L. za+Sb-gy. 32. -5b-6c+8y. 88. -p-2tc+y.
84. ab-3xy-by. 85. f -2b8. 88. aL+bg+i+f. Example 1. Add together the following expressions :
87. zasC. 88. - 5azb.' 89, +ony.
40. - cr. 4L. aax. 42. (-b\6. (i) f+ gq- +r ; 3P - q+t ; SP+ q- 2r.
(ii) gxa-3x2; zxr+7x3i Srx-3xsi -zxg-7x-5.
E)IERCISE 9t.o
Write in columns, placing like terms in the same column, and
(Many of these may be tahen orally)
add by columns.
Find the values of :
1. (-r)2. 2.(-z)s. 8.(-g)(-+)(-s). (i) P+ 3q- 4r
3p- q+ t
4. (- r)6. 5. or. 6. (-r)(+6)(-8). sp+ q- 2t
?. (++z):(-l). 8. (++z):(-6). 9. (-+z):(-zt), 9p+ 3q- sr
10. 0:(-6). 11.(-4)(-6)+(-8).
12. (- z)s-(+ +). 18. ( - r)( - Z) . ( - r)2.
14. o-(-t)(-+). 15.(-+)(-s). (+s)(+4). cil *n*r*-t#
If a:(+r), ,:( -z), c-(+3), p:(- r), g:(+ z), r:o, frnd, - +
the values of: 3x3 5x2

p. zxz -7x - g
L8. 3cr2. L7. bc:q. L8. a . 19. bP:aq. r:plf+F- _?,N_s
20, pr:bz. 21, q:p, 22. c:bp. 28. bq:pz.
Simplify the following : It is very doubtful whether this method is better than the
24. - +(x- 3il+zx. 25. 4t-2bt+s). 28. za-zl-za+Sb). method previoudly adopted, unless a very large number of ex-
27. s(s- r)+4(s+t). 28. 3(s- t)-4(s+ t). 29. 6(a+b) - g(a-b). pressions have to be added together. The' pupil is advised to be
80. -7@-o)+4@-u). 81. o- s@-y). .bl" ,o apply both methods ; adding in columns is the natural
82. zxz-Zx-3(r -j'-rcz). 88. -(a-2b)- S(b-za). method to apply when doing long multiplication.
95
 ESSENTTALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA x.l ADDI'|ION AND SUBTRACTION 97
c6 Icnee
Exaople 2. Subtract 3p - 2q+ 5r from 4P - 9q+ 2r Subtract
(i)
:
(ii) (iii) (iv)
If we use brackets we write
GP - sq+ 2r) - 6P - zq+ 5r)
18. 3a+zb
--'"i+ii 7a- sq 7a+9!
zn-oa
8a- 3q
:+p-9q+2t-3p+2q-5t. 4a+'b 7a-7b
L4.zr-5s 6r13s 7t+2s 8r-5s
We now simplify, by collecting like terms, obtaining P-7q-3t. 2r+7s 2/+3s
It is clear that the same result is obtained by changing the sign r- s 4r-3s
of every term in the expression 3P - 2q+ 5r and adding the changed L5. zx+3y
'-'-;;i; 5x-7Y
'e,-iv zx-8Y 2tc+8Y
expression to 4P - 9q + 2r. 7x-8Y 7x,-8Y
Hence, if we arrange the working as in Arithmetic, we have the c- d 22
18. a +r+4Y
following rule: ld 7x Y+52
4.a-3h
Write the expression to be subtracted beneath the expression
from which it is to be subtracted, placing like terms in the same Ll. zx+zy+ z from x+ 5y - z 18' 3r - 2y+ 5z from 4r -7y+22'
column. Change the sign of each term in the bottom line (men- L9. -zp-5qfrom P+2q-gt' Zfi. -za-6Dfrom 4a-gb-5c'
tally) and add, e.g. 2L. - xy + zyz - 3zx from 5xy - 3yz + 4ztc'
4p- 9q+ 2,r 22. x2+x+ r from r3- r. 28. *+x- r from d+ r.
3p-2q+5t 24. - xa - rs + 5r from .rs + 5x2 + x'
p-7q-3r
25. as-Ds from ot-3a2b+3ab2+b3.
As with addition, it is very doubtful whether this method is
28. + - a + az + za\ frorn 7 + a - az
better than the method previously adopted. It will, however, be
What must be added to
found very useful in the solution of simple simultaneous equations,
and also in long division and square root. For this reason it seems
27. x-y-z to give x+z? 28. zaz+b2-3 to give 5a2-3b2+23?
desirable to provide ample opportunity for practising the method. EXERCISE 22.b
EXER,CISE 22.8 Add together the following expressions :
Add together the following expressions : 1. 3r- 2y+42 i 2x+ 5Y-22 i 2x+3Y-zz'
l. 3a+4b-zc ; - 2a+zb+3c; 44- zb+zc. 2. Sl-4s-ti -3l+3s+r; -2t+s+5t'
2. 3x+ Sy-62; 5r- 3y+32 ; 7x+ 3Y- +2. 3.8a+ 5b-zci -6a+4b+7c; -a-Bb-c'
3. 6a+b-zci -5a-b+c; -a+3b-c. 4. 3c- 4b+5a i c- 4b+3a i'2c+8b- 5a'
4. l-3m-3n; 5l-3mrzn; 7l-5m-7n. 5. - ab+bc+ca i - 1ab- 2bc+ +ca ; ab+bc- ca'
5. 6xy+ 3yz- zrc ; 2xy - qyz ; - xY+ zx. 8, +P-q+t+2si q-/+2s) /-5s; 3P+2s'
6. p-zq+3r-s; 2r+3s1' 2P-q+s; q-3r. 7. -zxz+4tc+2; x2-6x+7; 3x2+3x-g'
7. - I( + 3K- r ; 31(2+ K- g; - zI* - 5K+6. 8. ts - ztz + t- s i 3t2+ 5t+2 ; F+ztz -6t'
8. 5t2+ zt- 3 ; ztz+zt+ r ; 3t2- 4t+8. g. aa + 3as + a2 - 7a ; - zat - 3a2+a ; 5aa+zaz +6a.
9. +l'-z; +t+7; -312-6; 12+31. 10. -c+3C; 6c2+3c; 4-8C; 7c^-zcz'
10.6xa+3x3; xa-xs i -zf+7x2; -5x2-8x. | - 3asb+zazbz ; Sasb-b4 ; zabs -at.
LL. aa - zazbz +ba
11. - zx3+ zxzy - zxyz-ys ; - 4x2y+6xy2 ; - zxzy+f.
12. 5- zx+gf; -3+d+x{; -2+2x-13-/+15'
L2. t-ts : {-t2-3i t6+3t2-6; -zt*4+f,
98 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. s.l SIMPLE EQUATIONS g9
Subtract : provideo that the sign is changed. In the above example the effect
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) of subtracting 7 from each side is to transfer 7 to the opposite side
18.4n+gb 6a- 5b Sa+ 4b ga-7b of the equation with a changed sign.
a- 5b za-8b za+ 5b 24+ 2,b
In practice it is quicker to apply this rule than to apply the
L4. 3x-7y 6x+7y axioms, but the student should not use it, unless he is able to
3x+7y 3e-@
5x-7y sx-7y 2x+7y 6x-gy justify its use and give the'argurr.ent in full.
The following example illustrates the usual procedure-
t5. za zc- 5d 2rc +7y 5z
7a-5h 8d 9x 3x+82 Elxa,nple 8. Solve thc equation 2rc + t? - x:6x - 8 - gx.
Collect all terms containing r on the left-hand side of the
16. 5r - 7t-2s +t+7s 5/+s
zr+
3s
/-7s equation, all other terms on the right-hand side. We then have,
s 3f++t 3/+8s
2x-tc-6x+3x: -8-tz,
L7. 5a-+b+Scftorn3a+b -c. 18. -p-C- 4r from -p+tt-4r. .'. -ztc: -20,
19. -/+ gm-3nftom7l-gm. 20. ab-zbc-4cafrorn 5ab-zca, .'. &: IO.
2L. -ab+7bc-5cafrom -5ca. 22. P-zcd+dz+7from 3+&. r= to, L.H.S.: 2o+ 12 - ro:22'
Chech. If
28. a3 - 3ab2 frotn as + 3a2b + 3ab2 + bs R.H.S.:6o-8-go:zz.
24. zxzy - 3xyz frorn 3f - 5x1t2 + zf .
25. 4+ 4m* 3m2 - trf from t - m+ rr{. EIGRCISE 28. a (Oral)
28. x4 + zf - 5x from 4x2- 5d+ 3.
Solve the equations : [Further practice in substitution may be
What must be added to obtained by checking the solutions.]
27. x - 2y - 32 to give 2x + Sz? 8. -zx:-rz.
28. 3x2 - 1yz - 5a2 to give - x2 - zyz +
L.7x: -7. 2. - 4*=8.
322?
4. - 3x--27. 5. -5x=-25. 6. 3!: r8.
SIMPLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING DIRECTED ?. 4t: -24. 8. - roc:zo. 9. 86:32.
NUMBERS 10. -rrr:-77. 11. 3z= - 33. 12. - 6s:o.
tc
50, In Chapter IV we solved the equation 7-2x=3 by thc 13. 1= -:. LE. ::
62 -r-. 15.
4
guccessrve steps: 5

(r) 7:3+2x, (z)7-3:zr, (z) +:zx, 18. -1:-r. L7. -l:33-?. 1E. !: _9.
55
z:x, (s) x:2. 3
Q)
The steps given were then necessary because we had not learnt 19. -l=-3.
ro5 20.-E:;' 21. !:
8+-t.
to use directed numbers.
It is simpler to proceed as follows : 22. -!:o.
5
28. 7x: -2. 24.
189
7 - zx:3' EXERCISE 28.b (Oral)
- 2e:3 - 7 (subtracting Z from each side),
Solve the equations : [Further practice in substitution may be
.'. -2:C:-4, obtained by checking the solutions.]
.'. x:2 (dividing each side by - z). 1. - 3x=6. 2. -5r:-15. 8. 8r: - 8.
The pupil is now in a position to reatse that any term in an 4.32=zr. 5. -7u-42. 8. -st: -63.
equation may be transferred to the other side of the equation, 2. - rza=36. 8. 4=*. 0. 6z: -6o.
 il

roo ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer.x.]

10. - rrs:o. 11. - r7x: -5r. t2. r3z: -65.
13. 1=-r.
. , tc
14 g=3. -- x
tc. 6= -2.
CHAPTER XI
u
16. -1:
62 -I.
1ry
La.
t23- - -.
z
r8. - 3: 5
-- 5 THE INDEX LAWS. SIMPLE MULTIPLICATION AND
:: 4 DIVISION. SIMPLE ROOTS. H.C.F. AND L.C.M.
19. --":I.
205
20.
369-?.
21. -1.:
28
z-3 ,
7 51. In Chapter II the index notation was explained. The pupil
oo 28. -:=o. 24. -9x: - 5. should revise this chapter.
a-I II
We now proceed to further work involving the use of indices.
EXERCIIIE 23. c Example l. Multiply zxz x 3#.
Solve the equations : 2s2 x 3x4 : 2 x N x rC x 3 x tC x tC x x x tC
L. zx+x:24+7);. 2. g+x+6x:zx. :2)<3)<Xx XXTCXTCXXtXt
8. -at-s:2+3x. 4.7x+27=3rc+tr. since the factors may be taken in any order,
5. 5r+ tS:8x+24. 8. zx+t5:-27-+1, :6 x xa, by definition
7. x-6x-3x. 8. t9- 2x-x':3-7tc. :616.
9. -3r+48:2L^+4:t+7x. 10. - 7x+ 5x+ 16 :29 t- x - 4. 2. What is the shortest way of witing
Exa,mple
11. rr.r _ tr +6r:5rc_ 35. 12. x+ rr-3r:-15-r5.x, zxaxbx3xaxaxb?
18. Z(,rc-z)-+(x- 3): -8. 14.7@-z)+4@-s): -+. The expression:2x3xaxaxaxbx b, rearranging the factorg
15. +- z(z-x)=4@- )-6. L8. +(x- r) + 8 + Sx= 3@ - z). :6a3b2'
L?. z(x-r)-3(:-r):8. L8. z(zz-r)-5@+21=1s. Example 3. Multiply r8f by ist.
19. (t - 4) - 6(zt+ 5): ro(r+4). The expression = r8 x t x t x tx t x t x s x t
20. z(26 - t) - +(+t+ r) + 3 Q - 3t) :6. :r8xfxsxtx txtxtxt,
21. 6(r -z):4b+z)-3(z+S). 22. z(zs- r)-5(3s+r):4, rearranging the factors, :8s15.
23. z(x + r) - :(:v - r) -6 ++t.
24. o:6(K+ r) - (3 - 19 - sK - z). 52, As in Arir.hmetic, the value of 8 fraction is unaltcreil by
25. 6(a - c) - 4(ro ! zc) - rz=o. multiplyins or itivialing both its numeretor snal alenominator bv the
26. s@-+)-z(x -3)- 13:t2-3(r -S). same nnmber or expression. The number or exllression must not'
27. n(zl- r) - 3 Ql - i:g - 17 (r - l). however, be zero. It must be borne in mind in the work which
28. 3x - 2(Sx - g) + 3:? Qx - S) - z(x - z). follows that there are values of the letters for which division is
29. s@ - z) - shd - 4: 34 - z b - d). impossible.
30. z(x - rD -5 (r3 + zr):39. Example 4. Dfuide z4x6yzz by r5d.yz.
81. o:3[r5 - z(ro-lc)] - - +)- 5@ B' . a 24xXxtcxxxxxxxyxyxz
82. zo+ (x - 6) - (* - +) + z(x - z)= zz + (x - z) - (x - 4l 2$"!-z--7tJx-Yz:@
38. 4 + Ot - t) - 3Q + 8): z - I i - t) + 3t + 14. xxxxx y,
-8 cancelling as in Arithmetic,
34. Qa+ ro) - 40 - a) - (a - )= 3@ + i - 7 @+ +). 5
35. z(c- 8) - Z(:c+ S) : 4k - z) - 6gc - r).
86. Z @- s) - g(z - z)=(z- 6) - (g - 7z) - 8. =k'Y'
5
rot
to2 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lx.1 THE INDEX LAWS rql
[cHen.
THE INDEX LAWS
meanrng 55. By generalising the above work we obtain the index laws.

58. As in Arithmetic, the root of any expression is that quantity

I. Just ascczxiA:x xfixfix NxNxtc:x8,so
am x an:a x a x ... torz factors x ax ax ... to n factors,
which will produce the given expression by being raised to the
power denoted by the index of the root. =ax a x ... to (m+n) factors,
:amln, provided that zr and n are positive irrtegers.
Thus fr (which is usually written Vx), the square root of f,,
is such that r/.r x s/x=x.
Similarly am x an x 4P:am+^+e,
am x an x a0 x a" x ... = 7mlnlD$ ...,
Similarly nfr, the cube root of r, is such that
provided that m, n, Q, t... are positive integers.
tx x txx tx:x; Or in words,
'X/@ + b), the tenth root of (a + D) is such that When a power of a variable is multiplied by other powers of the
{V1aaa}to= (a+b). 88me variable, the index of that variable in the product is the sum
of the indices in the terms of the product.
54. Since, by the rule of signs, It should be particularly noted that this rule does not enable us
(+x) (+r):( * x2):rz and ( -r) (-r):( + x2)' x2,
x to simplify the product of different variables. Thus as xb2=asb2,
it follows that a positive number, x2, has "two square roots, ( + a) and cannot be written in any simpler form.
and ( - r) or + r and -.r. These are sometimes written in the
form :Er. There is no square root of s negative nnmbet. IL t tt
Just "xxxxx
1" 1 "=x2, so
", "u =/:*
Similarly tV: +x, &F: *r etc. a x a. x a x ,.. to rz factors
But ( +r) x ( +r) x ( +*1 :1 + f,3) =13 a^*an = axaxa x,.. to z factors

( - r) (-r) 13)- - 13. :ax axax ... to (m-n) factors,

" -r):( -
and (
" :am-n, Provided that
The cube root of # is therefore ( + r) or x, and the cube root
of -x3is(-r)or -r.
(i) rn and a are positive integers,
(ii) m>n (if m:n the quotient is r),
Similarly t-x6:x, W:r,.t . (iii) a is not zero.
and :/-i: _ x, l- : _ #, etc. It should be particularly noted that am::an is meaningless if
a--o ; if m<n, we caruIot at this stage attach a meaning to an-n,
Exa,mple 5. Find the aalues of the square rcot of f .
but we can divide the numeratbr into the denominator, getting l.
t3xf-t6 and (-f) "(- f):t8, We may express this result in words :
.'. the square roots of to are f or - C. When a power of a variable is divided by a smaller power of the
Similarly the square roots of 4t6 are zP and - zP. sarn€ variable, the index of that variable in the quotient is the
It is a convention to write + {r or !.t when the positive valuo greater index minus the smaller index.
of the square root is to be taken, and - 1/* when the negative value It should be particularly noted that this rule does not enable
is to be taken. Similarly when the fourth sixth or any even root us to simplify the quotient of different variables. Thus
is to be taken. -3
,ip:-bz==62, and cannot be written in any simpler form.
[Exercises z5 a and D, Nos. r-J7 may now be done.]
 il

ro4 ESSENfiALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cH^rn. xr.l THE INDEX LAWS ro5
III. As a particular case of I, we have (iv) - : , (- 4a)2, (v) - laxy x 6x17, @i) 4f x -- abxv, --
, zizbc-" gabri, (ix) - 3a365 x - za1br,
^
(a^)n: a^ x am x am x ... to fl factorst ' (x\ zirt, "i"i,' 1"iiii
<ii;l
: am+m+n+ .,. to a totDs, - 4r.zp;6oi', (i) o'x 48 i a6, (*ii) d x / x d.
:A^n' EXER,CISE 24. b
There is no rule for simplifying (Many of these maY be tahen orullY)
an+a4 and am-an.
1. Write in the shortest way :
EXER,CISE 24. A
(i)cxcx5, (ii)&x3xkxz, (iii)txtxtxt,
(iv) x2 x xa, (v) r x # x r, (vi\ d+d+zd+ t,
(Many of these may be takm orally) (vii).r?xr, (vlii)ccc, (ix)rxoxoxr,
l. Write in the shortest way : (x) axSxcxb, (xi) zxzx5, (xii) aaa-aa.
(i)ax3xa, (ii)bxbxb, (iii)cxcx3xcr 2. Simplify:
(iv) x x x2 x x, (vi) 12 x ef, (vi) 16 x r, (i) tzxf, (ii)t3,ro x (iii) 5cx 4d2,
(vii)zzzz, (viii)a+a+a+a, (ix)rx5, (iv) ax aa, (v) ca,
ac x (vi) ^i x 5s212,
(r) rxtxtxt, (xi) dddd-d, (xii) rxyxyxxxu. (ix) /7-1,
(vii) x6:x3, (viii)
' F+ts,
2. Simplify: (x) 3C;C, (xi) ga6=3a2, (xii) roce=6c1,
(i) *3 x ra, (ii) a6 x aa, (iii) a8 x a, 3. Simplify, if Possible:
(iv) zxx 3y, (v) 3xx 4xy, (vi) ab x bc, (i) 5cz x zcz, (ii) 8F+4t, Qii) 3x2y2 * 5!2f ,
(vii) x?+rz, (viii) r7=rc3, (ix) a57a, (v) rx2tx3t, (vi) r+r*1,
(x) 4x7:x[, (xi) 4x7 . zxa, (xii) 6n8+4r3. (iv) rxrxrz,
8. Simplify, if posrible : (vii) tt{ + 522, (viii) ? u r 5 u2, (ix) St2:1.,
(i) 6cz x zc, (ii) 6c2:zc, (iii) zdez x zdd,
(iv) p + pz + Ps, (") .p e2'23, (vi)pxzix3Q, (*) ehrt, (xi) 3s x (3s)3, (xii) 3s x 3ss.
'
(vii\ 6ax1, (viii) 6a=?, (ix) 1{ x fc, 4. Find the squares of:
33
(x) f + zx, (xr) zb x zb2, (xii) x(zb)z. t.
3st2, (lst)2, - 1s, azbs!.
"', -'-on, -:, *,
eD
4. Find the squares of: 423
zrz2z 5. Find the square roots of:
-x,' --x,
3 3 5' ,' 2st, - a3, -tn, fy'r. az "
gx2
25f,,
( - r)2 Dro CzU.
,
5. Find the square roots of: ,6' eF, g* E4F
12 a2
6. Find the cubes of:

6. Find
g 4b2,
=,
the cubes of:
b2' o!*' W'rc st, -zk, -T, 3, -bL, 3rs2t.
?. Find the cube roots of:
,a3 rr3frg
4x, - 3!, -:, - a3, 2pqr. 27mx,-;r, -6+M'2, Mt1.
=,
7. Find the cube roots of:
5' -82s. +,
8. Simplify:
272r, _y8 (i) 4a3rs x 7afs, (i0 -5x -3C, (iii) -S'(-3c)8,
8os,
#, - 27'
-K, Ke.
(iv) 6a$b2 x 4b2c2, (") Cda x - abcd, (vi) ga$bs x zbzc,
E. Simplify: (vii) 3aabc x 7ab5F, (viii) - 2a$l x 5azbl^, (ix) - 3ast' x 5a{,
(i) 8a563 x 36c, (il) 3azlmx 5almr, (iii) - f x - 4a2, (x\ -6aab6x -7a6b3, (xi) ,lxzsxzs, (xii) CxctxS.
 v?

ro6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee. x.] MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION rdl
EXERCIIIE 24.c MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF A COMPOUND
1. Simplifu: EXPRESSION BY A SIMPLE EXPRESSION
(i) rzt6 . 3f, (ii) 116+16, (iii) - 6f +(- 2ri, 56. has already been shown (in Chapter VI) that
It
(iv) - 6t6+3f, (v\ t-ysz2+x22, (vi) xLyszz--7( - xyz), x(Y + z): 1t! * rczl x(Y - z) : xY - xz,
(vii) rfyoz6= r\fA, (viii) - x1y6f -( - x6yz2), aqd a(P-q+r):a?-aq+at, etc.; i.e. in multiplying a poly-
(ix) 6l2m2n2:3lmn, (x) 6x2y:gx!t, (*i) zof :35f , norriial by a monomial, each term of the polynomial must be
-.... fxe.o multiplied by the monomial.
(xii) z4asb:t5b2c2, (xr[) x" (xiv) 3zl:(3a)e,
(xv) z{:( - zt)4, -i-, (xvi)
lmx(-ml Exa,mlrle 0. (Saz - 3ab - zb2) x (- zabz)
nn - Saz x ( - zabz) + ( - 3ab) x ( - zabz) + ( - zbz) x ( - zabz)
(xvii) 3xs x 4ax2*zx, (xviii) - 54asbrocLz .(-6a$b64l. : -roa3bz+6azb3+4aba.
2. Simplify: After a little practice, the intermediate step may be left out, and
the product written down at once.
$) "l{asba&, (ii) VtQ--ro, (iii) - vF, Similarly, to divide a polynomial by a monomial, each term of
1iv; 96-ru, 1v; I - x$-tr, r"'r-/S, the polynomial must be divided by the monomial.
Exanple 7. (tza- r5b+ sc)-( -:)
$ii) (viii) VF. : tza:(- 3; - 156 . ( - f) + gc:( - l)
^l#, +56-3c.
8. Simplify, if Posible t
(i) 3xa x 4.rc3, (ii) 3xa+4f, (iii) 3.rr-4eP, Exa,mDle 8. (z4aabz - zoasbs - l6a6bt)+4.asb.
(iv) 3f - a-f , (v) (t3){+(t{)3, (vi) (P)4+(t4)8, - 244tlz i *8b - zoasbs:4psb - r6a6bs+db
(viii) (r3)a - (ta)3, (ix) 8x? + 5x?, :6ab-5ba-4az6z.
(vii) (t3)a x (ra)3,
(x) 8.t? x 5x?, (xi) 8x7-5*?, (xii) 8x? - 5x?, Note. The expression has no meaning if a: o or if b : o.
(xiii) (za)5, (xiv) z( - a)6, (xv) ( - za)s, After a little practice the intermediate step may be left out, and

(xvi) - z(-a)3,
.., 7X . y
.(xvrt) , ..,, tor3 zx the quotient written down at once.
-:=, lxvttt) --=;p,
(xix)
<JC
j=zxt txx)
1ff*s4, (xxi)
* *. Multiply:
ESRCISE 25. a
\;1"
L. a+4b-3cby 4. 2.3o-7b-zc by -S.
4. (i) By what must 3a364 be multiplied to produce zrasb6? 8. xy + x2y2 - *r.yt by zx. 4. zaz - 3ab - 5bz by - zb'
(ii) BV what must - zaobz be multiplied to produce roa6b6P? 5. So" - 3a2 -6a+z by 6a2. 8. 4*- 3l*2 - Tlns by - 3m2.
(iii) BV what must - SazbzC be multiplied to produce 7. s}tz-szd+zs by -st2. 8. a3- 3a2b+3ab2-b8by -3d.
- goasb? c8? Divide:
(rv) To what power must C be raised to give 10. 5a - z5b by - 5.
9. So- r5b by 5.
(r) Ct, (d) N?
"6, thecs,
(o) (b)
11. 5x2 -7xby x. L2. zxz -9x by -r.
(v) Write down square root of 64ar86rz and the cube qo'- rzab by za. L4. 6a2b- r8ab2 by 3ab.
root of the result.
18.
(vi) Write down the cube root 15. r5x3y - 3sxy3 by - Sxy. L8. ax-bx*cx by -r.
of.64an6rz and the square root
of the result. L7. 7f - rtxz by x2. 18. - rrrf + rrf by -d.
 il
rO8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAp.
E.l HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR r09
19. 14/ - z8c2d2 by 7r". 20. - 5a3b + z5a2bz by - sab.
2L. - a5b2 - azbs + asb4 - a^bs by ab. 22. 36a- 54b- 8rc by -9. Example 9. Find the H.C.F. o! aaba, azbsC, aabs6.
Consider in turn each of the letters a, b and c.
EXER,CISE 25.b The highest power of a which is a common factor is a2 I
Multiply: ,, ,, r I
l. a+7b - 5c by 6. t, ,, ,, ,, b3.
2. za- 5b+ 36 by - 3. The first term does not contain c as a factor, so that no power
8. az+zab+b2 by ga. 4. zxy + 3x2yz - 4x3ys by 3y, of c is a common factor.
5. zab + 3azb - 5asb by a3. 6. 8r3-5x2+4x-7by5*2. Hence the H.C,F, is a2b3.
7. as - 6azb + tzabz - 8b3 by - zab. If the expressions have numerical coefficients, the H.C.F. of the
8. - abs + azbz - asb by a4b3. expressions must have a numerical coefficient which is the H.C.F.
of the numerical coefficients.
9. - z4b by 4.
8a 10. ga- 36b by - g.
Ll. - 5* by -x.
gxz L2. 7x2 -8x by x.
Example 10. Find the H.C.F. of r5asxz, 35azx3, zoa3x.
18. tzazb - 48abz by +ab. 14. t4a2 - 49ab by - 7o.
Consider in turn the numerical coefficients and each of the
letters a, x.
15. r5.r3 - gxz by x2. 18. 4ac- 3bc+ c2 by - c.
L7. - qxa + z3x3 by - 13. The H.C.F. of r5, 35, 20 is 5.
18. r8x3y - 63xy3 by - gxy.
19. - Sray + z8x3yz by - 4x2y. 20. z6d5 - 3gd3c2 by - r3d2. The highest power of a which is a common factor is az,
2L. zra - 4b - z8c by - 7. ,, & ,, ,, ,, ,, ,C.
22. - tcsy - xys + xzyz by xy.
Hence the H.C.F. is 5a2x.
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR 59. This method for finding the H.C.F. is analogous to the
57. When an integral expression (see Art. rz) exactly divides method used in Arithmetic for finding the H.C.F. by prime
two or more integral expressions it is said to be a common factor of factors. But care must be taken not to confuse H,C.F. in Algebra
those expressions. with H.C.F. in Arithmetic.
Thus, 7 is a common factor of 14, zt and 35. fn Arithmetic the H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest
,r is a common factor of x3, 3x2 and 8x. number which will exactly divide them, e.g, 5 is the H.C.F. of r5,
aD is a common factor of 3a3b, 4a2b2 and 5abs. 35 and zo. In Algebra the ideas of greatest and least are not valid.
We cannot say whether f , x2, x are in ascending or descending
58. The Highest Common Factor of mro or more integral
order of magnitude unless we know the value of a.
algebraical expressions is the integral expression of highest degree
which divides each of them without remainder. The abbreviation If r>r, they are in descending order of magnitude; if r< r in
ascending order; if r:r they are all equal. But although we
H.C.F. is used for the words Highest Common Factor.
cannot arrange them in the order of their magnitude, rlr'e can
For example, t, a, tc, dx, a2, azx are common factors of azx and
arrange them in the order of their degree. When we 6nd the
azf ; tlne factor of highest degree is azx, .'. the H.C.F. is a2*.
H.C.F. in Algebra we are concerned with the expression of highest
If /J is the H.C.F. of a number of integral expressions l, B, degree which is a factor of the given algebraical expressions. This
c, then
. ABC are integral may or may not be the greatest factor ; for some numerical values
t, E, i,... i.e. 11 exactly
of the letters it is the greatest, for others it is not. Thus, 3r is the
divides each of A, B, C, ... .
H.C.F. of 3r and 612; but, if x:t,3r: r, so that 3r although it
In the case of simple expressions the H.C.F. can be written dovrn
is the algebraical H.C.F. is, in this instance, numerically less than
by inspection.
the conrmon factor 3.
 "E

rro ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxee xI.l LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE rrr
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE Find the L.C.M. of :
80. Similarly we distinguish between the Least Common L8. x2, t1t. L4. x2, xyz. L5. ztcz, xsy.

Multiple (L.C.M.) in Arithmetic and the Lowest Comrnon L8. 3a2b, zabz. 5aba. L8. 5ltnn, zlzn.
1-'i. r5asb,
Multiple (L.C.M.) in Algebra. In Arithmetic the L.C.M. of a 19. 3a, 4!, Sz. 20. za2, 3ab, 4b2. 2L. zr2, 4rs2,8r2s2.
number of integers is the lowest integer which is exactly divisible 22. 4.a2b, 5asbcz, 6brF. 28. 5f , 6t3,8t4. 24. 4u3, 5o3, tourvz.
by each of them. In Algebra the L.C.M. of a number of integral EXER,CII|E 26. b
expressions is the integral expression of lowest degree which is (Many of these may be tahen orally)
exactly divisible by each of them.
If Z is the L.C.M. of a number of integral expressions l, B, C,..., Find the H.C.F. of :
. LLL L. xy, xay3. 2. 6ab1, ttazb. 8. 5xa, zofy.
then
i, i, A, ... are integral expressions, i.e. A, B, C, each exactly 4. 4xys,6ftP. 5. 3ry,33x2y2. 8. rt,33x2y2.
divides Z. ?. aab, a2b3, asb2. 8. zlzm,8la, r4l3m3. 9. 8czd3, r6ca,z4c?&,
In the case of simple expressions, the L.C.M. can be written L0. xy2d, 5yzt6, fz2. 11. xa, zxzy, gxsys.
down by inspection. L2. 4abc2, zob[, rzbzca.
Find the L.C.M. of :
Example 11. Find the L.C.M. of fy, xyr, xyzz. L8. a3, abz. L4. sF, tuz. L5. c, cdz.
Consider in turn each of the letters x, y, z. 16. 7abc,3a2. L7. 4fy, 5x21,2. L8. ztx2y6,7xy6.
The lowest power of a divisible by d, r, r is .rf, L9. zl, 3m, Sn. 20. 4a2, 6b2,8c2. 2L. 3x2, zxy,8y2.
t, tt ,, ! ,, ,t y, ya, yz is y4, 22. 4o',6a3, r8a4. 28. 3a3, 4b3,6a2b2. 24. 6x3y,8x2yzz2, tzx{,
,, ,, l, Z ,, t, zlsz;
.'.the L.C.M. is fyaz. EXER''ISE 26' c
Find the,
Example 12. Find the L.C.M- of 4a2bc,8a}b2, nbf. 1. L.C.M. of alz, amz, azl, aznt. 2. H.C.F. of 7l3mn6, zrl2nrins,
The L.C.M. of 4, 8, and. tz is 24. 8. H.C.F. of r5abzc, toazba, 5a3bc2.
The lowest power of a divisible by a2, az is a3, 4. L.C.M, of x4y4, fy3, x2y2, xy.
,) t, ,, b t, ,, b, b2, b is b2, 5. H.C.F. of zrx3, 63xzy, 35xa. 6. L.C.M. of zk, 3h, +h, 5h.
,, t, C ,,
,, t, crcgisC; ?. L.C.M. of 3x2yz, 4y2zt, 5xzzt.
.'. the L.C.M, is z4asb2c3. 8. H.C.F. of t8l3m3n,6lm3n2, zl2rn4n4.
This method for finding the L.C.M. is analogous to the method 9. L.C.M. of. 2k2,3h3, 4ka, Shs.
used in Arithmetic for finding the L.C.M. by prime factors. 10. L.C.M. of 5a3bc, 6ab2cs,6oa3b3c.
EERCISE 26. a
11. H.C.F of 33xaya*, 221226, rtx3z4.
12. H.C.F. of 35x7y426, 4gx3yz5, r+xy3z2.
(Many of these may be tahm orally)
Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of :
Find the H.C.F. of : L3. L4. 4yz,7xzy, r4xy3z2,
5b3c, r5b2c2, z5abc.
l. a3b2.
ab, 2. 3a3, rzazb. 8. 5xy3,7x2y. LU. ay'z, a'xz" a'y"Z"-
4. 2lms,8l4m2. 5. 8, t6aac. 8. zalb,8abc. L6. 4azb3 cdz, 8a2d3, toa4 c2d4, tza6b2 d6.
7. asb, ab!, a2gz. 8. iy, xy3, xyzz. 9. 3a2b2,6a3, ga'b.
10. 12, 3x2y2, Sx3y. LL. 31m,912, 6lmn. 12. abcz, zbcdz, azA.
 IcHAP. xrr.J FRACTIONS r13
Note, The case in Algebra corresponding to a mixed fracti'on,
rt, will be considered later in the chapter.
62. The reciprocal of a number x is the numbe, l.
x

XII Thus the reciprocal of 5 is ]

CHAPTER t;
FRACTIONS WITH VERY SIMPLE DENOMINATORS. ,, ,, 3".it r+3, i... f ?
;

EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS a .a . b

61. The rules for dealing with fractions in Algebra are essentially
the same as the arithmetical rules with which the pupil is already As in tuithm.u., ro *tur';, reciprocal.
familiar. Several easy cases were considered in the previous
";f,"..1t1;r-;'tt,
to ,.., a a2.ab
Erample 2. SinAlify (i)
2 -.4 . , (1r)
chapter in dealing with Multiplication and Division. For con- 57 2r t, ,= A.
venience, the fundamental principle is repeated here : (i) (i i)
The value of a fraction is unaltereil by multiplying or ilividing
2..4 . to aazab
both it"s numerator anal alenomina0or by the same number or - x --
b" c
expression. The number or expression must not, however, be zero. 5 7'zr- cd

It must be borne in mind that there are values of the letters for r3 I
Z 4. zY Ra2cd
which division is impossible. For brevity, this will be understood -b"e"ob
5 7 t4
in future work. 5 I
The pupil will best learn how to deal with fractions in Algebra t2 a2d
by considering worked examples illustrating the close resemblance 25
to the work in Arithmetic.
aabil 68. The pupil should remember that the order of operations is
Exa,mpre 1. simptify (i)
;' ; " 3,
(ii)
b" *y"
""' from left to right, unless expressions in brackets have to be worked
(i) (ii) first.
I Thus ! . ! -e' -g "a "r--4
tzr I II I b' ,l f- b" c" f brJ'
zraT Eabl but
a.lc e\ a.ce a df adf
y";'r"* t" tty" 7 b' \d" I/ b' dl b ce bce
34 t / Also tu+:o ,n'7=i=e";)
a
I I
" Of " " x ", the terms connected by " of tt
means the same as
-6' ay' being enclosed in a bracket. It is, however, more usual to avoid
cancelling in the usual way, i.e. cancelling in the usual way, i.e.
dividing numerator and de- dividing numerator and de- ambiguity by the insertion of brackets. ffr"s is usuallY
!+j"f
nominator by the common nominator by the common written (;a ;) ""1, andthis practice is to be encouraged.
factors S, 2 zr 7 in succession. factors b, a, a, r in succession.
I L2
 l
tt4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA xII.] FRACTIONS rt5
[cnee.
EXERC$E 27.a nxnRclsE 27.c
(Some of these may be done orully) Simplify the following expressions :

Simplify the following expressions : -I. abc l2mn n zlx ..6m)

lmn abc" --
a.
3myz 5l
-x--.
L +.
h 2.32. ^ 3ab2
o'-t5-' 4-"
^8

t.#"'# n
-^
zuzzt .3ht.
4xz 3c -' 5atbz^grd
,8.
\.-' {.
4J -' }4.
s.
r5ab
-
''
glm
6P;' s. ?!!.
abc u.ffi*#* -
6.
2tst 6ft
_-n+-
zryz' u*y}
5"..
9.rorcy' n.4.
oa'
r.+,. aDc-
\ ,r.:i#' -t' Tasbcr . rF2F
zTIz'
- 3fs3 tz/s6
o'
nP -n1t-- iFq06: rsP2Qi;
$. 20lrn'n
$try". 14.,*'!u.
i" 3xy
I;6i'o:!. l$. 3r x l'
s.tr,{. Lo. v!
xy l"rn Sby"sP.
ba"x
L?. B. ?-!.. zo. !,!t.
b zal ml "4 ' s"f.
11. roz"t xy
,r.#"o4,r,
zl. 22. zx=!. zq. *+L.
eaE n.ffi.!.aao 4!.-
torc"y'zi sxy'z
v L4. sbP-, .

x' rtr+g;u' ,t',

,t""t*. 5.48 ff rc.t#+ffi.
EXER,CIIIE 27. b
(Some of these may be done orally) ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
Simplify the following expressions : 64. If two or more fractions have the same denominator, we
zsL -A .5 may add or subtract directly.
1. 34. q
Or
lc
4.*.
3 9s- 7c'
--' 4e
Thus, in Arithmetic, =:,
-
c.
zab 4t'
8l^'
-I
8.64f. ;.;.1:'l+3
40c '' a'D'
5 2.4 3 S-2+4-3 4
g.
-' 10.
6cd -r.rl*"'
11. Ier:. ., o lmsn2. s-i- s- s- s - g'
zxyz aE | 2co l'mn'
f .ry. So, in Algebra, "=+"! +! :?! =!)3! =9.
18.
tSa3b2
idF' 14.v:1. 15. &'. 16. 7'7 7 7 7'
5/s 3so 5x 2x , 41 3x _5x - ztc + 4rc - 3x _4x
f t
18' " t5Y' re. 4,4. s 2t.+J 9v 9v 9v 9v 9v
17. 5ux-ua ba t u'5t
9v
5t 42
05. If the nnmerator of a fraction consists of two or more t€rrns,
2L. L 22. c:1' no
co'
raY. Yz 24. these t€nns mut be considered to b€ in a bracket. The beginner
"sj.
5zx 7b 4:*p'
is strongly ailyiseal to insert this bracket antl proceetl as in the next
,u.f,"u;. 26, x5-4.. 2?. L*:s#. 2E. exsrDlrle-
f
 t-

116 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHAP. rr.I FRACTIONS lr?

Note. The pupil should notice that there is no step in Algebra
Exa,mPle 3. Simbtify 3
-c--. corresponding to the last step in the Arithmetic' We could' of
44
The exoressiot= 3 G - z) - G -'z) course, -*;rite z - 1 ins1g34 ot but it is usual to leave the
'444 - =z T#,
answer as above.
_3-c+z_S-c. AssoonaSthemethodisthoroughlyunderstood,theintermediate
+4 2a-x ot -9-'
8t
Iftbe brackets are not inserted, there is consitlerable tlanger that step, e.g. ltt Bl4nple 5, may be left out'
&n error in sign will be made.
h-
=ar"--

66. If the denominators of the fractions to be added or sub- EXERCISE 28.A

tracted are not the same, the fractions must first be brought to a Express as fractions with a single denominator :

common denominator as in Arithmctic.

r. tD Ir+'i, ,rrt*\o, <;i) L+i' ,tu, *.fr,
Exa,mple 4. Sinotify G) Z-?+\,
-.-- (r 2tc tc
2. (n:- I, (ii)
T-i, *, Gi#- *'
,rn,
A-
(l)
"6ai---+-.
3a za
s. 1iy r * l - tiil :"t+ -4n, rt t 4,*tJ *
(i) (i0 i,
The L.C.N{. of 6, 3, z is 6, The L.C.M. of 6a, 3a, zais 6a, 4. (i) r*1, tiil ,*f;, ,*$'
<iiil ,* j;, tiul
<2r
. a_-r- .512XX
" 6"- 3o* *
5. (i) z-i, ,tu
"-3!, 6ii).-fi, <io.-lj'
63?
may be written may be written
2u,
i, Qt) z-l-7,,,,, "-i- Gv) "- ;r-#
5 4.3 5x 4x .3x 6. (i) z
6-6*6 6"" 6"* 6"
_
:1-1jJ
6 =!:?.
_Src 4rc + 3x :{ :r*,
z. ti) tiil 1-), c+!r+t, (iv) r+I+1'
6 3 6a 6a 3a "
i+), <ttO

Example 5. Simblily (1) @-'), (ii ls!=b>

: T, @Z- z , T -
(iii)
8. (i) :
(ii)
9. (i) *t**, (ii) r-z+I, (iii) on-"*';, (iv) 3x+6+a'
s
(i) (ii)
10. (i) z -7, (ii) +8, (iiil s - ?l:3, {iu)'r-Tt
The L.C.M. of r, 4, 3 (for The L.C.M. of r, 4x, 3x (for
s
2=t) is e, 2:l) is rzx,
-'+, (iii) l-J -?!--i, (t")
.2Lo8
.'. exOressron:
't2I2t2 -' - '- +
- .'. expressron
. 2Lx ot
- 2X t2X
8l
rZtC
11. (i) , (iD
?+-:l, ;- T'
a(r- r'l
_24-g+8 _2+x-gt+8t 12. (i) t-"7,
t2 2X
23 rr _2+r - t. -.... r- z t@- r)
(ur) -t---;-,
t2 t2 rnc
 rr8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crar. xu.l EQUATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS rt9
Multrply each side by rz (i.c. the L.C.M. of 3, 4,6, tz),
Express as rractions -ff:ffi:oll"L,"*"' '
i- 4@x - r) -: Qx- z):z(1x- 4)-(7x+6),
r. a,- 3d, @) N.B. Beginners shoultl not attempt 0o multiply bv 12
l, rlr ,o T, (iio
(i)
3- ""- "" remove brackets in one steD.
,. 1,t1*I, 1ii):3*!, liiiy .'. 8r- 4- gx+6: rox - 8 -7x -6,
"n.;,<*>f,r*4. 8x-'. 6 + +- 6'

s. (i);+;-r, $D:+T-q, G;;)4+f"-# "' 1,.*,\':;*:

Chech. When lg:4,
4. (i) : - ?, (ii) t -"!, -.:.
<i;;> s - <*> 3
ft, L.H.S. =7 -to =
z8-3o 2l
t20
5. (i) z*4, 1ii1 3+12
"*4, 1iir1.-*\, 1ig.*!. R.H.s. :'f ',::33:3+ = - i: -;
6. (i)+
; i, (ii)+-; T,(iii)a-;, *,, (iv)+-# i; 68. When the coefficients involve decimals, we may express the
7. (,)+.i-3, (ii)s- t-1r, {;;;)fr-r-!, (,u)",-r-h. decimals as comnon fractions and proceed as before' It is, how-
ever, sometimes simpler to work entircly in decimals' It is occasion-
s. G) ?^- j, tiil !*4, 1il; r,(iv) 3 + ally possible to get rid of decimals by multiplying each term of the
!-ro. ;.# equation by a suitable porver of ro'
q{-), (i,)
riit f - t--3, {iii)
f _ @" u;#-
n. rir
l'-'#, 1r_ Exampre ?. son,
fff r8:o'
10. (i) r -*?n, (ii) , -1("::), Write the fractions with the numerators in brackets, anrl with
the decimals replaceil by common fractioru'
{i;i)'-!-J-s@;?), (;i sl4;A --#) - r8: o,
('r
T AL:a
L -
20-.L
20
11. (i) 3 o*, (ii) z -
|, <i;il n- tur*', (ir) -s?. .'. iq(x+i) -zq(r -fr) - r8:o,
;
L2. (i) n-t:, ,.., n+z m_6
(u) ?9! +5 -2:! +7 - r8=o.
r --5 , 3399
,..., fr
(ru) __-6 zrn-
_ _y,t? .. , m m+8
(iv):_"- ' ". N.B. The brackets shoulil be removetl before clearing of
5ro79 fractions.
Multiply each side by 9 (i.e. the L.C.M. of 3, 3, g, 9),
EQUATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIO]VS
." 6ox* tS - zox +7 - 16z:o,
2*-'
6?. Example 6. Solr"
3 -1!:3:5x:1 - ,zr9'
4 --6 -z*
(N.B.-After multiplying by 9, we still have o on the right-hand

lVrite the fractions with the numerators in brackets. side, for o x 9---o.)
:. 6ox- zox: t6z - rS - 7,
g5!
_kx-z) (sx_+) _gljg 4ox: r4o'
346n ;9:3.5 or 3|.
I2o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ICHAP. xrr.l EQUATIONS II{VOLVING FRACTIONS t2l
Chech When r=3'5, E)(ER,CISE 29.A

L.H.S.:r'ZS _ 3'r.s _ rg=zS- Z - rg:o:R.H.S. Solve the following equations and verify the solutions :
o'r 5 o'45
1!,r!,nt=r5. 2. t at:
3-t4 5 '4
n!.
Example 8. Solae o'6x - 3: o'zsx + o'3'f,. 3 4 5 'o
The work here is simple, and we may work entirely in decimals. -.'. r.5 x,x -xtcx
4.
-+.-:-t-. -+<--*-:o.
6+
We have o'6x - o'z5x - o'Jrc:3, 3rd97 3"
3 :6o. . f -r, 5 _r ,2x+3
u.- 6.6+'+t234+x+2-3+tc.
o.o(r = ?. .'. ": o'o5 31212r5
Chech. When r:6o 7.T_@x_u)=7. 3.5r-r_tr-5_7x-r:o.
L.H.S.:o'6 x 6o - 3 :36 - 3 :33, 9319
R.H.S. : o'zS x 60 + o'3 x 6o: r5 + 18:33. s. ]-t't-)-;a-3):4. n.tl=!_r+5_ri-!:o.
21930
Alternatively, we may multiply each term by roo, getting
6ox - 3oo =2Sx+ 3or, etc' U.3t+5+!:x+2. L2. x+2x+t -z@- r).
4+ I

NOTE ON CHECKS ls. 83 -.,:: (Y - r) -2Y'2 t

. ,n. z(+v + z) _
'- _ z\
ht :LQvl9.
69. r. To check the solution of an equation it is essential to find 4' + 5 13

the value of each side of the equation as given. If a simplified form _6. roJc+r t4x-4 8.r+7
15.4r-9:r2x-tr
II 7
rO.
9155
of the equation is checked, the check would not expose a mistake
made in obtaining the simplified form from the original equation. ,- r-2 x+2 $.4!.2:zx+r*?.
Ll. -
It rvould merely show that no mistake had been made in the subse- 97 344
-
quent work. EXERCISE 29. b
z. Tlne work in the check should not merely follow the procedure Solve the following equations and verify the solutions :
of the solution, for any mistake made (such as errors in sign or in
clearing fractions) may be repeated. In Exs. 6,7,8 above, the -xrq,r -x.rJC
2-
-'3
I ---::-*.
g 18'7 -=*--20=o.
work of the check is entirely different from that of the solution.
3b+
3. If the answer involves awkward numbers, e.g. if 'r: r3if3, the ^ x 7 ,c,)c q.U+l:t-7.
ro55ro
checking is complicated and errors may be made in the working. 3 ro 45
In such cases it is better to check by going over the work carefully z x+3 .rc+4 r 6. | *x+
2:!
to make sure that no errors have been made. 434 +142 - ".
4. If, after substitution, the L.H.S. is not equal to the R.H.S.,
na. 2x-7 5x-3_x-2 L g. 3 + 4* _ !:E _7tc - tt _o.
an error has been made. It is then necessary to look through the
II 7 7 5915
working carefully and trace the error. If the error is not quickly ^ - E6 jtc+!
5r-3
U.-..-::.
--w. *
10. E- =* =5-
found, it is a good plan to check each line of the solution seParately.
6 14 rU
rr 2X+3 ztc-2_tC-r
'f hus, if in the third line L.H.S. + R.H.S., but in the fourth line Il.
23t2 L2.*-3+5: " +ztc+9.
L.II.S.-R.H.S., the error has been made in transforming the 34t215
third line into the fourth line. It should then be easy to find the to 4s*zz +s+3_2s+2 to:{ r.
14. "+
243 -*-
--

error.
^O. 735
-
 I

t22 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [onr. XU. PROBLEMS II.N/OLVING FRACTIONS TZ3

Chech. To cycle z| km at rz km an hour takes

15.
t _7t+69_33+8t:o.
lg. _2(r+5) :r_r*4.
372904s 4 r 6o:rz| minutes.
t2
5z+r_ 3z+r_ .t_:ry. 1g. z(z-t) -z-7:r-3'*".
1?.
12s4q^ro+5 To cycle z] km at ro km an hour takes
--L
Further and harder examples are given in Ch. XXI, Exs' 63, '" x6o: rS minutes.
io
a and b. But 12++ 3o+ r5:57|, .', the solution is correct.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS
EXER,CISE 80. A
?0. No new principles ale inti'oduced, but the equations ob'
tained contain fractional expressions. The pupil should revise l. A number is 7 less than the sum of its one-half, its one-fiftt:
and its five-twelfths. Find it.
Art. 24.
2. Find a number such that, if you subtract r and divide the
Example 9. A boy cycles home to dinner at tz hm an hout, tahes difference by 3, the result \Mill exceed by z the number obtained
half an hour for his dinner, and cycles bach to school at to hm an hour' by adding 7 and dividing the sum by 5.
He is absent from school for 571 minutes altogether' How far from his 3. Two-fifths of the coins in a box are $5 coins, one-third are
home is the school? $z coins and the rest $r coins. The total value of the coins is $r32'
The pupil shoultl at once notice that two tlifferent units for time Find the total number of coins in the box.
have been useal in stating the question. 4. I have to catch a train y' I motor to a
garage at the rate of z5 km e the journey. on
He must therefore decide whether to talie r hour or r minute as es in all and just
Foot'at the rate of 3 kni pe.
the unit of time. It is more convenient to take r hour. catch the train. H-ow fai is use?
Let the required distance from home to school be r km'
jl hours, 5. What number nrust be added to the numerator and also to
The time taken to cycle home is the denominator of 6 so that the result may equal $?
6. A man walks up a mountain at an average rate of z km an
the time spent at home is f horr., hour, and back by way g km longer at an average rate of 3| km
an hour. His whole^ journey takes rz hours. How far does he walk
the time taken to cycle back to school is a hours, altogether ?

7. If I walk to the station at 3| km per hour, I shall have 7 minutes

the total time is 11 ho.r.., to spare; but if I walk at 3 km per hour, I shall miss the train by
24 3 minutes. How far off is the station?
;. -* *!q x :23.
122ro24
8. A man can walk from A to B and back in a certain time at 4 km
an hour. If hc walks at 3 km an hour from A to B, and returns at
Multiply each side by rzo (i'e. the L'C.M- of t2,2, to, z4l, 5 km an hour, he takes 15 minutes longer for the double journey.
Find the distance from A to B.
.'. rofi + 6o + tzx: tts, 9. Divide $6ooo into two parts such that, if they are invested at
.'. ror + rzx= tt' - 6o, 3| pcr cent. and 5 per cent. respectively, they may together yicld
zzt: 55, iheiame annual income as if the whole were invested at 4+ pcr ccnt'
10. A cyclist, whose average speed is ro km an hour, sets out to ridc
from X to Yi the same tlmsanother cyclist, whose average spccd
"=::=':. is 8 km an hour, ^t sets out to ride from Y to X. If they meet z krn
The required distance is therefore zi km. from half-way, how far is it from X to Y?
 r24 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
[cHAp.
11. Divide $r85o so that by investing part of it at 6 per cent. and
the remainder at 5 per cent. thc total income produccd may be $roo.
12. A man buys oranges at $6 a dozen, and thrce times as many
at $ro'5o a score; he sells the whole of them at $7 a dozen, and makes
a profit of $62. How many orangcs does he buyl
EXERCISE 30.b
1. One-quarter of the coins in a box are $5 coins, two-ninths are
$z coins and the. rest $t coins. The total value of the coins is $16o.
Find the total number of coins in the box.
2. Thi;k of a number. Take away one-third of it. Take away
44. One-seventh of the'number remains. Find the number.
3. Find a number such that, if you add 5 and divide the sum
by 6, the result will exceed by 5 the number obtained by sub-
tracting 5 and dividing the difference by ro.
4. A man climbs a mountain at an avcragc rate c:f z km an hour,
and takes the same time to return by a wav 9 km longer at an average
rate of 3{ km an hour. What is the length of the total journey?
5. What number must be added to the numerator and also to
the denominator of ff, so that the result may equal 1ffi?
6. I have to catch a train at a station rz km away. I motor to a
garage at the rate of zo km per hour, and complete the journey by
tram and on foot at the rate of 8 km per hour. I take 45 minutes
in all and just catch the train. How far is the garage from my house?
7. I invest $rooo, partly at 3 per cent. and partly at 5 per cent.,
thereby obtaining the same income as if I had invested the whole at
3f per cent. How much do I invest at each rate?
8. A boy walks to school at the rate of 3| km an hour, and is
6 minutes late; the next day he increases his pace by a quarter of a km
an hour, and is 3 minutes late: find the distance to the school.
9. A cyclist can ride from A to B and back in a certain time at
an average rate of ro km an hour. If he were to ride from A to B
at 9 km an hour, and return at rz km an hour, he would save r5 minutes
on the double journey. Find the distance ftom A to B.
1,o -. 10, A man buys apples at $6 a dozen, and twice as many at $g
a\core; he sells them at $9 a dozen, and makes a profit of $roz. How
many apples does he buy ?
11, A man bought a number of eggs at four for $r, and four times
as many at five for $r'5o; he sells them at a penny each, and makes
a profit of $44. How many eggs does he buy?
xtr.l PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS t25
12, Divide $68oo so that by investing part of rt at zl per cent. and
the remainder at
4| per cent., the total income produced may be
$242.
EXERCISE 80. c
1. I obtain r4 kg of tea by mixing Grade A tea worth $24 per
kg with Grade B tea worth $r9 per kg. I
sell the mixture at $23
per kg and make a profit of $26. How many kg of Grade.A tea are
taken ?
2. A man goes to a concert, paying $24 for admission. He then
spends one-quarter of what he has left, and afterwards pays $6 for
taxi. On reaching home he has seven-twelfths of what he started with.
How much had he at first ?
8. In an examination paper one boy M got eight marks less than
8o per cent. of the full marks, and another boy -A/ got 5 marks more
than 7o per cent. of the full marks. M beat N by z marks. What
were lV's marks?
4. I have a certain number of nuts to divide equally amongst
' z8 children; if the number of nuts were increased by rz and the
number of children decreased by z, each child would receive two
more nuts. How many nuts have I to distribute?
5. A man has 96 coins, some of them $l coins and the rest $z coins;
if he exchanged each $r coin for a $5 coins and each $z coins for a
5ol coins he would gain $32. How many $r coin has he?
6. A man buys one lot of eggs fi4 dozen and a second lot,
which is 96 mote than the 6rst lot,^tat $7^a score; he sells them _at
$4.5o a dozen and makes a profit of $8. How many eggs does he
buy altogether?
7. I kg of tea at a ciitain price is mixed with zr kg of tea costing
$8 per kg more. The average price of the mixture is $32 per kg.
Find the price of the dearer kind.
8. In an examination paper one boy X got 4 marks less than
75 per cent. of the full marks, and another boy Y got 6 marks_more
iiirr 7o per cent. of the full marks. Y beat X by r mark. What
were Y's marks?
9. I have a certain number of apples to divide equally arnongst
a8 children ; if the number of apples were decreased by zo and
ihe number of children increased by 7, each child would receive
one apple less. How many apples have I to distribute?
I 10. A rnan buys one lot of eggs at $3'zo a dozen, and a second lot,
which is 5 dozen more than the first lot, at $4'zo a dozen; he sells
i
them all at $5'2o adozen and makes a profit of $zg. How many eggs
does he buy altogether ?
) I
 t26 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnrn. xrr.l TEST PAPERS III 127

11. A man has 84 coins, some of them $5 coins and the rest $z coins ; (ii) l: - z.
5. Solve the equations (i)
ifhe exchanged each $5 coin for a $r coin and each $z coin for a 4 +,3
'- 1: a
$5 coin, he would neithir gain nor lose. How many $z coins has he? 6. A man takes ro minutes to travel a km, partly by walking at
12. A man goes to a theatre and pays $zo for admission. He then 3 km per hour, and partly by running at 8 km per hour. How far
spends one-fifih of what he has left, and afterwards pa.ys $4 for.ac.ap. does he run ?
On reaching home he has $16 more than half of what he started with.
How much had he at first ? c
Add together 5x2 - 4xy 1- 7y2,
1, (i) 3(zx2 + 6xy - 5y2) and
z(-3x2+6*y-y').
TEST PAPERS Itr (ii) Muttiply by 3ab2 and divide the result by 6a30.
4a2bs
2. A czr is travelling northwards at z km per hour: .r hours after
A passing a point P it is y km north of P. Express y in terms of u and x.
(- Find y, and interpret the results, if (i) r-3o, r:5; (ii) u:-3o, tc:3i
a)2, (ii) z7f--(- 3*)2, (iii)
1. simplify (i) o2 - ( -
i), - 3r!). (iii) u:5o, *:-i; (iv) z:-4o,.r:-|.
2. lf a:2, b: -6 find the values of (i) asD, (ii) aDe, (iii) a2-F. 8'. Solve the equations :
8. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of r5asbz, 35azbsc and z5afl&. (1)s-z(z-x):3x, (ii)= T= Y
4. Simplify p - lp - {zp - s( b - d - il - cl - ( p - q).
4. A man starts on journey
with a $ro notes, D $5 coins and c $z
5. Solve the equations (i) 6(z - r) - 8(r + z):o' a
coins in his pocket. He buys 3a books at $3 each and rob packets
(ii) r - of cigarettes, each costing $2. What is the value of the money he
llrt+ 51:at!7 -= has left ?

6. A boy counts 2 marks for each sum he gets right and - t q- 3-, riil* -!i.
mark for each he gets wrong. He does 2r sums and obtaine z7 b. simolifv (i)
Stcy y y'
marks. FIow many does he get right?
8. If r:3, y: - 2, z: - r, find the values of
B (i) Sxzy - 2x!2, (1i) 3xzy - (zxy)z, (iii) 3x2yz - (zyz)z.
1. If r: z, y: - t, z:o and u= - 3, find the values of D
(i) +u- 3@-y), (i1) Tzfyz-u2, (iii) (- xy)z+(zu\s
1. Simplify (i) ra - z(za - zb) + 3ha - zb),
2. SimPlifY
(i) z7mzns . (3mn)2, (ii) (+xy)z:pyz, (ii| ( - xy)z+( - ztcy). (ii) x(r'-t\-.,/,-t\.
x/ , \- , y/
8. (i) Add together 4- tc+2x2, - 3tc+7 - rrxz and 6x2 - 4. 2. (i) What must be added to za - (3b + 4c) to give za + Qb - 4c)?
(ii) Subtract z+3y- 5r from 2y+7tc. (ii) Multiply 3x- 2y +z by - 3 and take the result from twice
4. The following table gives the number of years E that a t'emale 2tc+3y-42.
aged A yea.s may be expected to live (i.e. " the expectation of
life ").
3. If l: :, m: - 2t z : o, find the values of
(i) 12 + mz + n2. (ii) 312 - 4mz + zn2, (iii) (:/ - 4m)2 .
A 20 25 3o 35 40 45 5o 4. Solve the equations , (i)
q# + ro,x - 3="+,
E 47'r 42'8 38's 34'4 3o'3 | z6'3 22'5 (ii) o'7t+ r r :o'5, +o -5.

5. Out of a barrel three-quarters full zr bowls of water are drawn'

Draw the graph. Have the intermediate points any meaningr t.""i"g it barrel two-fifths'full. How many bowls of water does thc
Estimate the expectation of life of fesrales agd 27, 38' 47 years. "
barrel hold?

t
r28 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee. NI.] TEST PAPERS III r29
In the table below are given the greatest values of the load,
6. 5. Solve the equation't# - l:f - st.
l/ kg, which can be safely carried on a pine beam / m long, which
is supported at its ends. 6. A man bought z5 railway tickets for $r52. There were some
single tickets, each costing $5, and the rest were return tickets, which
cost $8 each. How many single tickets were therel

G
l. Find the sum of 6x - (z* - y) and y - (lx - zy\ and subtract
Draw a graph to show the relation between I and W. Find from t - zv frorn the result.
your graph (a) whether a load of 36o kg would be safe on a beam
of tength r8 m, and (D) what is the greatest safe load for a beam of 2. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of r6a2b, z4asbzc and 56azbct.
length r3 m. 8. Simplify (i) (a - x) - (r - a), (ii) i (6 + &) -'"(z - k).
E
4. Solve the equations (i) x - z -= -T:",
1. simprify (i) (1;) -#y,(ii1) -naz-(-zo)z. --..f, I X
=#,
2. (i) Add together t') o-z=i.
4r2-7s+tt, -2x+5-31c2 and -5 -4r2+3r. 5. Two motor-cars can run, one at 34 km an hour, the other at
(ii) Subtract
-3xy-zx froin 4y-zx+3xy. 4o km an hour. If the faster car sets out to catch the slower when
3. When a:o, b: - r, c:2, find the values of the latt.. has z7 km start, when will it catch it up?
(i) ("- b)2+(b- c)2+(c-a)2, (ii) r(a -b)2-z(b-c)2-4Q-a)2. 6. At a given temperature, p kg per m2 repres-ents the pressure of
a gas whicl occupiei a volume of s m3. The following table gives
41. Solve the equations (i) 6(S - zc):5Q - 4c),
values ofp for different values of o.
(ii) 8x - 3(lc -i) + z(x + r) :o.
5. Simplify, and arrange in descending powers of x :
(i) 6.,c - ?rcz - z-7 +3rc-2x2, (ii) x{- Sx+ 17 -6xr.
6. A man takes zf hours less to ride with the wind from A to B
than from B to A against the wind. He rides at the rate of rz] km
per hour when going with the wind and at the rate of 7 km per hour Draw the graph. Find (i) the volume when the^ Pressure is 3r kg
when going against it. Find the distance from A to B. t[e pressure when the volume is 9'z m3'
per m2, (ii)
F H
1. simplify (i):-:+f, rrl *ry"+4f, (iii) 3-{:2. 1. (i) What must be added to (a + zb - c) to make (3a - 5b + c)?
(ii) By what must tilzmsns be multiplied to produce 77lsmanL2?
2. If p:4, q: - 3, find the values of
,., p2 - qz Gi\ p2_ zqz - ,rrrr 3b2 - 2q2. 2. lf r= 3, s: *, 1: |, find the values of
\t) p- q' p -.q' (i) r2 + +s2 - 3t2, (ii) r2 + (+t)'- 3t2,
3p - zq
(iii) (r+4s)2 - 3t2, (iv) (r + 4s - 3t)2.
3, Simplify, and arrange in descending powers of a
o6z - Tazb + ga3 - b3 - 7a2b - SaB - 7ab2 + trbs. 8. Find the H.C.F. and L.C'M. of 6azx2y2, gazx1f and t2ax31'2 '
What is the coefficient of (i) a, (ii) abz? Find the value of the 4. A man travels r5z km in 5 hours' For part of the way hc
expression when a: D: - r. travels at 36 km per-hour; for the remainder of the distance hc
4. Add together - za + 3b - 4c and - 4c - 3b + za and subtract travels at z'8 km per hour. For how long did he ride at the formcr
rate
- 5b frorn the result.
?
a

l
r3o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [clrer' EI.] TEST PAPERS III I3I
8. There are 3o bookcases in a library. One-third of the cases
U. 11 5:t1@+/), and S=5o, n:6, a: 18, find l. each contain z.r books, two-fifths of the cases each contain y books,
and the remainder each contain 3e books. How many bboks are
6. What is the-$ttotal bill for s kg of sugar at $r per.kg' and 3r kg there in the library?
rf ;".g*i"; p., tgl How"much ihattge will there be out of 4. Solve the equations:
a $roo note?
"t
I (i):(6-')-l(++ 3x):7, Gi)
!.-i:s.
.lJ
l. A man receives during the day 8a $ro notes, z6 $5 coins, and 5. If a=I, b= -!,3' find the values of (i) l+i, (ii) ?-s'
"a b"'a
6r gz coins. He then bought 6D cans of milk at $r'5o each, and za z' b
magazines at $5 each. How much money has he left? t outto km. After
3
2. Simplify : a certai hour he was
(i) 4s2-(+s)2, (ii) (as)z, (iii) 3c6-( - 3c)5, (iv) - (- a mot hour. As a
4s2 - 36s 3c)5'
time fo How far did
3. (i) From the sum of 3x - 4y + 5z and - zx - 5z + 4y take the
aum of 6x - 7]' 3z and 4z - 5Y - 2x. K
(ii) Simplify and arrange in ascending powers 1. (i) Write down the square of 3a26, and the cube root of 64x6yE.
8*2-4x+g-3x-z-t5x2. (ii) Simplifv, and arrange in descending powers of x :
4. Solve the equations: 8-srt-gx-7x2+zox-
(i) ft -s(A- r)=6, (ii)+32 -" ^ " :o' 2. Solve the equations (i) ro5-x !,5 = z,
-
(ii) *z-3(s+|z):3.
5. A person spent $54o in buying geese and chickens. If_each goose
cosr $3o and eaih chicken $zo, and if the total number of geese and
chickens bought \tras 2r, how many of each did he buy? 8. simprify (i) z4cs . 33c?, <rO
lj+f , (ii\ 5'-6b
6. Draw a graph from the following table to show the relation
between the number N of litres of milk contained in a milk churn, 4. If a:2, b: - 3, find the values of
which when full holds 3r'r litres, and the vertical depth I cm of the (i) (za- 3b)2, (ii) zaz - 3b2, (1ii) (za--3b)2,
milk in it. (iv) za2+3b2, (v) (za)z - (sb)z.
5. Two men, C and D, start on a holiday together, C with g38,
and D with $26. During the holiday D spends $4 more than C,
and at the end of the holiday C has five times as much as D. How
much has each spent ?
6. Draw a graph from the following table to show the relation
From your graph find (i) the depth when the churn is filled to between the speed o km per hour of a train, and P, the resistance which
half its capacity, (ii) how much more it will hold when the depth is it experiences in kg per tonne weight of the train.
already 26'5 cm.
J
1. Simplify (i) z(a - b) - t{a+ 4[b - 3@ - b)]+ zal,
(ii) I -';r,
'xx-x (iii) : l.
=r From your graph find (i) the total resistance in kg experienced bv
2. Multiply 6* - 7y + 3s by 4 and take it from 3 times atrain of 36o tonnes when moving at 4z km per hour, (ii) the spetd at
#-5y-8x. which the total resistance is r5'7 tonnes for this train.
r32 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crur' xu.l TEST PAPERS III r33

5. Divide $t4 between X, Y, Z so that X may have twice as much

l. Simplify , " as Z and $8 riore than three times Yt share'
6. The sum S of a certain series is given by the forrrula
o (ii) ( - a2b3c)-(- ascs), (iiD (- ,l)'t- rrl'. 3:ln{za+(n- r)d}.
^l#,
(i) Find the H.C.F, and L.C.M. of
Find a when .S: - 57o, d= -6, n=r|.
2. 7a2bx, r4azb2x2, ab2'
(ii) If )(:3a2 - 4ab and y:4ab - 362,--express . +X - SY N
in teils of a an-d D, and find the value of 4X-3Y whena:2, 1. (i) Constructing a highwaY was expected to need (3a 7b+sc)
b:-t. years. It actually takes (D-zc) months less. How many months
3. (i) Take 7a - 3b from the sum of 4c + 5b + 6c and 6a - 5b - 4c' were spentl
(ii) Simplify (a2 - ab + b2) - (a2'+ ab + b2). (ii) The perimeter of a rectangle is (6s-3/) cm. One side is
(zs-i) cm. Find the other.
4.A man cycled a distance.of 7z.km in^7] hours; for part.of the
i tim: h::v.-,:d:,..9 ot3 2. Simplify (i) rs(s - 4t) - 2t(5s - t),
at rr krn an hour. For how*:,,,i::.1:".iT
long did he (ii) z.r+ 3Y - @x - 32) - bY +x - 32 - xj'
cycle at 8 km an hour? 8.One-fourth of the subscribers to a certain fund each gave $zoo,
5. Solve the equations: one-sixth ofthe remainder each gave $roo, and the rest each gave $ro'
(i) s (:* - r) - z(zx- 5) = 3x, If the three sets of subscribers raised their subscriptions to $zzo, $ro5,
and $zo, respectively the total increase in the subscriptions would be
(ii)3t-r _4t-3:r_6t. $1425. How many subscribers were there?
23
8. XYZ is a triangle in which 4. Solve (i) o:5 Qz- i- 30 - 4z)+8(z+ n),
XY:XZ and YZ:YW. (ii) o'6(6r - o'5) + r'5x:o'4+ 3tc.
lf. tXYW: r5", find r. 5. (i) Find the H'C.F. of t4x2ysz4, 2txy2z3, 35xy3*.
(ii) Find the L'C.M. of x4, 4nsy,6xzy2, #yx, t'.
M
l. (i) Simplify (+9 - zP + R) - (g9+aP+ sR).
6. (i) simplify T-t+
(ii) Take (zd + e) from (4c - zd + 5e) + (ld - zc - e). (ii) Multiply by 24, and simplifv the result.
2. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of gbttL, 6gm3n3,8rn4'
\3! - i--ut
8. Simplify (i) (ab) x (- bc) x (ca)-(- abc), P
(ii) f (12 -mz)-zll2- {mz+lm+m(m-I-n)\'1. 1. Simplify (i) (sp - i - Gp + +q) - (s - 6q),
4. A body is acted upon by a variable force. The following table (ii) 3t2 + 5 + * - * - 3 - 3* + tb + 4- 2t + 3 + f
shows the cLnnection bitween the distance s m travelled by the body What is the coefficient of. t2?
from the starting point and the force P kg weight acting upon it:
2. Out of a collection all,
zxy - gyz are found to be are
&iia"ii equally amons 5, boY
get ?

"299-4-a:r!-36-z),
8. Solve (i)
3 3

Draw the graph. How far has the body moved

when P has the (D;-;G-) i(; u)=o
values (i) r5, (ii) 6?
r34 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner'xrt']
selling one for three-quarters
4. A man buys two books for $86' By of its cost price' he
;;. ;r;';;iJ", tn"- otttti for four-thirds
"f ""a o" ttt" *ttole transaction' Find the cost price
makes a profit of U3
of each book. (."6\ x ( _ gasC)
PART II
(D \l=F, (ii) - (zx6)2, (iti) fiVr-'
b. Simplify ("2)5
CHAPTER XIII
cross-sections of a body
6, The following table gives the-areas of
at right angles to its axis : SIMPLE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS. PROBLEMS
LEADING TO SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Y are respectively
Area (,4) in cm2 ?1. On a road running west from Cambridge X and

(r cm) from one end 6okmand8kmfromCambridge.AmanAleavesXatga.m.and

Distance
What is the Probable cross-
Draw the qraPh connecting I and
x' 60 Cambridge

section when x:7o cm? Frc. 8.

o travels east at 4 km an hour' After t hours he will have travelled 4t km'
If we call this dis-
1. From (6a- 3b+3c) take (4a- 6b - zc)' and he will then be 6o-41 km wqst of Cambridge'
,..., Qcz . y
2. Simplify 111 ll-- 2715, (ii) - 3 ( - r){, '5yz-T-'
(llr,

3. (i) Find the H.C.F. and L'C'M' of 8a2xy,

6Pxy2, r8PzxzY,
gaxzYg -

(ii) By what rnust 7a2b5 be multiplied to. produce - z8a'bs?

power'iust zr0 be raised to give azm?
(iii) To what
4. Solve (i) 8(+a-3)-3 0"- i - tz(z- 3a):6oa'
-*)
5. Am whose united ages just equal
his own. be twice as old as Y' and 16.
years ago X' Find the present ages of
'-;.
father and sons.
t*r"tv (D'-$,) -l+9**?,
l!:-2 -7-+* +} t, *
{iD aal].
",

this distance' o-' tt t:;tT:Jil,

z8t -48. .....................(ii)
-
This equation is satisfied by an unlimited number of pairs of values
r35
r36 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnee. XTII.] SIMPLESIMULTANEOUSEQUATIONS r37
- t5-!- 6.
of r and t. It should be clear that for any value of f, the value of From (ii) ro.v: - zs! - 6, 'to .'. *= .......'.......(iv)
r for A will not in general be the same as the value of r for B' But the values of x obtained in (iii) and (iv) must be equal,
But at the moment when A meets B, for the particular value that I
has when they meet (and for that value only), the values of x for ... 3y + 28.: :2.!4, .......... ...... ........(v)
A and B must be the same' We expect therefore to find one and
5ro
.'. 6y + 56 : - z5y - 6 (multiplying each side by ro),
only one pair of values of r and t which satisfy both the equations J. 3rY: -62, i. Y: -2.
(i) and (ii) at the s&me time, i.e. simultaneously.
To solve these equations by Algebra' we equate the two values Put y: - z in (iii), :. *:"j5 = +'+.
of ,r-. If the two men are at the same spot at the same moment, the The solution is x: 4'4, y: - z.
values of .r,r and I must, 8t that moment, be the same in (i) and (ii)'
Chech. When x: 4'4, y -- -'2,
We thus have L.H.S. : zz * 6 : z8 : R.H.S.,
6o-4t:z8t-48, in (i),
-4t-z8t:-48-6o, in (ii) L.H.S.:44- So: - 6:R.H.S.
-3zt: -to8, Note. In the above working it should be clearly understood
that x and y stand for the values of x and y which satisfy both the
.,:=#:r3. equations (i) and (ii).
But, from (i), x:6o - 4t ; ?8. Methort 2. The method of substitution.
2 I -I
.'. s'hen t:3;, =6o - 13;:46 z. Example 2. Solae the simultaneous equations :

It is easily verified that equation (ii) is satisfied by this pair of 6, -5y : 7, -....... -.................""(i)
gtc + 4y : 22. ............................. (ii)
values. Thus the men meet 3S hours after 9 a.m., and they will
then be 46| km west of Cambridge. From (i) we can find an expression for x in terms of y ; if rve
'We see that, although there are many pairs of values of x and substitute this value of x in (ii) we shall have an equation in y only,
t which satisfy (i), and many pairs which satisfy (ii), there is only which we can solve.
one pair rvhich occurs in both sets of values. This pair is r:46|, Thus, from (i), 6x:7 + Se, ;. x:7i;y' .....'......'....'(iii)
1=3$, and is called the solution of the simultaneous equations
Substirute this value of r in (ii).
x:6o - 4t,
x:z8t - 48 Then 3 so+si ,
.-. 2r+r5y+8y:44;
-#+4y:zz;
GENERAL ]\'{ETHODS OF SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS J. z3Y:23; i. Y:t'
EQUATIONS 1+q
Put ./: r in (iii), then , -' U- : ,-
?2. Methorl 1. Elimination by equating equivalent values of
The required pair of numbers is therefore x - 2' )' - r '
one unknown,
1. tlrc simultaneous equations :
Chech. If x:2, !:r,in (i) L.H.S. -:12- 5:7:R.H.S.'
Exanrple
in (ii) L.H.S. : r8 + 4: zz : R.H'S.
Solc^e
5x - 3y :28, .-'........'..."......."....(i)
ro.r + 25y : - 6. ...........'.........'....'(ii) Notc 1. The value of x was found by substituting y: I in (iii),
3y +28 i.e. in the equation previously used for substituting' The pupi.l
From (i) 5x :3y -t 28, x:=+ (in)
should make a habit of doing this.
5
r38 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orar. ilIl.l SIMPLE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS r3e
has the advantage that fractions are not unnecessarily introduced,
Note 2. It is necessary to verify that the pair of numbers
and the pupil should regard it as the standard method.
satisfies both the original equations.
Methoil 3. Elimination by atlilition or subtraction aft€r equal-
Note 3. The pupil should in each case consider whether it is
ising coefEcients.
easier to express r in terms of y, or y in terms of x' Thus, in
solving the simultaneous equations 5r- 3y:6, 4r -y:9, it is
If the given equations are such that the coefficients of one of the
variables are numerically equal in both equations' it is possible to
easier to express y in terms of r by means of the second equation.
eliminate that variable by addition or subtraction. Thus, if the
We thereby avoid the introduction of fractions. The process of
equatrons are
getting rid of one of the unknowns is called elinlr&tion. In each
of the above examples we eliminated r. 4a-3Y-6, 7x+3Y:27,
we obtain at once, by addition, trx- 33, and the remainder of the
EXERCISE 81. A work is easy. Similarly, if the equations are
Solve the following pairs of s 5tt- 3Y:28' $x-l8Y:$'
your answers. In each case cons we obtain at once, by subtraction, - rty:22, etc-
be more easily eliminated, or wh In general, the equations are not gium it such a simple forur,
t. x+y-t4, x+y:24,
2. o. tc + 2Y:7, But it is always possible to get the given equations into the above
x - Y:8' x-Y=o' 2x t 3Y:12. form by multiplying each side of one or both equations by a suitable
4- 3x+2!--13, 5. zx+y:23, 0. t3 +- 5Y: rgtc, number.
7tc - y: 19. 3tc - 2Y:3- 2y: sx.
?. 3a- zb:6, 8. l+3m: - r, 9. x:5t - 7t Exa,mple 3. Soloe the simultaneous equations :

6b- 5a:3o. 3l+m: - rr. y :6x - 16. 6x - 5Y:7, """"""(t

10. r- 3!:o:2o+Y-2x. 11. Sy - 6*: o:8.rc - 6y - r. gx + 4y : 22' " " " " " """ """ """ "(ir)
L2. a-b:b-a+ 15-5b. The L.C.M. of 6 and 9 is 18, .'. if we multiply each side of
(i) bv : and each side of'(ii) by z, we shall obtain equations in which
EXERCISE 81. b
the coefficients of r are numerically equal.
at the head of Exercise 3ra)
[Multiplication of (i) and (ii) by 9 and 6 respectively would, of
(See instructions
t. x-y-rt, 2. tc + 4y: ro, 8. s*t:r4r course, lead to the same solution, but the working would be slightly
tc + y: 17. 3x+ 5Y:23. t-s:o. heavier.l
4. +x+3!:20, 5- sv - 7: zx, 8.5x+y:26, Multiply each side of (i) by 3, .'. r8r - rS!=zr' """"'(ii|
6x - Y:9. 3x: +y. t(- 3y--2.
Multiply each side of (ii) by z, .'. r8x +8v:44. """"""(iv)
7. 3x:ro+y, 8. y:3x-26, 9. zl+5m: -5,
x:5y + 4. From (iii) and (iv) by subtracting, -23i: - 23, i' y:t'
5x=7y+38. 4l+3m: -q.
10. .r - 4! : o -- zz + Y - 3tc. LL. Sy-7tc:4x-2y+r:o. Puty: r in (i), J. 6x- 5:7, j. 6x:tz, ;' x:2'
L2. zr - 3y : 4y - 3x + 39: 16. The remainder of the work is as in Example z'
74. The above methods are both useful. If both equations are ?5. Sometimes it will be necessary to simplify the equations
simple equations the first method is better than the second, but before applying any one of the methods of solution'
the second-the method of ^substitution-is of fundamental im- If the equations contain fractions, it is usually best to get rid of
portance, if one equation is of the first degree and the other equation the fractions as a first step, but this is not a ttniversal rule and there
is of higher degree. But when both equations are of the first degree, is scope for considerable skill in al oiding unnecessary workirrg'
the third metlrod, given below, is th€ best method. This method See Ex. 5, below.
r4o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuee. nII.l SIMPLE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS t4r
r 3
"t*! j 5:+'-2' .....................(i)
Exa,mple 4. Sohse r'' Multiply each side of (i) by z,

4-.3v _2x-5: _y. .......(ii)

.-. Y*3!:ft.
II 4
.......(iii) I

53 From (ii) and (iii) by addition, I

To cleai of'fractions,
Multiply each side of (i) by r4,
.'. 42x+2!I to:z8x - zr, .'. t4rt*zy: -3r. ......(iii)
#=tt, "' 'c:22'
The completion of the work is left to the pupil.
Multiply each side of (ii) by 15,
.'. 12-gy-tocc+2': -r'yr ' .'. - Iorc+6y: -97. $v) 76. The work of this chapter is summed up in the following
Multiply each side of (iii) by S,
instructions :
:. 4ze+6y: -gS. ..........(") 1. First tleciile which utrknown it is easier to eliminate.
From (iv) and (v) by subtraction, 2. When one unknown has been founil, it is usually best to
5zx: - 56, .'. x: - rfr,i. obtain the other by substituting in one of the equations containing
We may obtain y, as hitherto, by substituting this value of x in both unknowns. If you use the frst or seconal Eethoals substitute
(iv) or (v), but it may be considered preferable to obtain y directly, in the equation you obtaineil for the Durpose of substitution. It
by eliminating r. Thus, occasionally happens that the value of the flrst unknown is an
Multiply each side of (iii) by 5, awkward fraction ; it may then be easier to obtain the seconal
7ox+ toy: - r55' """""""""(vi) unknown by repeating the process of elimination.
Multiply each side of (iv) by 7, 3. When checking, check in BOTH equations in their ORIGI-
- 7ox+ 42y: - 259' """""""""(vii) NAL form.
From (vi) and (vii) by addition, 4. If the answers involve awkward fractions or ilecimals, it is
szy: - 4r4, .'. y: - 7tE, better to look over your working again, insteail of checking by a
.'. the solution is x: - rlr,, y-- - 7Z*. substitution which may leail to errors owing to the complexity of
In an example like this, when the answer contains arvkrvard the working.
fractions, the work of checking would be just as likely to lead to 5. Number your equatiorui, so that the expianation of your work
mistakes as the work of solving. In such cases it is quicker to look may be clear.
over the working again to make sure that there are no errors. EXERCISE 32. a
Note. Whenever the values of the unknowns render substitu- (See instructions at the head of Exercise 3r a)
tion awkward, it is advisable to adopt the procedure of Ex. 4. It 1. lx*6y:2$, 2.3a+7b:26, 8. s/ - 9m: 17,
will be seen later that this is of particular importance in connection 4l+ rry:+1. 5b + 4a: t3. 3l: - 5.
8m-
with literal equations. 4. QP- rrQ:15, 5. rzs-t: -9, 6.4X+3Y:o,
A+!:4 4Q + z5:7P. 36t-ros:rr3. rrX- 5Y: $.
ExamDle 5. Sobe ...................(i)
t5x- 4y-6, 8. r4x+zy:r, 9.44x+3!:62,
9x - zY:5. 38x +
5y--7. zox - 9y:4.
St _U:22. .. .(ii) zol - r5m:33, 11. 3otc+t4J,:27, L2. Ioot + 65Y: I,
II 4
10.
r5l - 6m: 16. 7lx+6Y:53. t75x+ 55y:37
If we clear of fractions, we do an unnecessary amount of work-
fnstead we proceed thus ,'
13. 7c- ttd:32, L4. 3"r-5]/-Jo, 15. z2x + 39y:24,
26:7+d. trx - 27y':32. 24- t+x= Isy.
 xur.l PROBLEMS r43
r42 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lcsee'
23. lf a-zb=3 and 3a+b: r9'5, find the value of 3a-8b.
EXERCIIIE 82.b 24.lf. +l - Sm= 5'2 and 7l - 8nt:6'5, prove that 7m:8,/'
(See instructions at the head of Exncise 3r a\ 25. lf 3l + m: I and 5/ - znt:20, find the value of 5l + zm'
3' 3x+7Y=zz' 26. The equation axz + bx + 4: o is satisfied by r: o'5 and ;c:4'
L,
-' qa+ 5b:4r, 2. 5l- 3n:r, Find the values of a and' b.
i"-zt:).' J.3l:m+ 7x+ev:44'
27. lf zs+4t:3'3 and 5s-7t:5'5, prove that 5s:4r''
4. zP - 9Q:o, 5. g{J z8:6, 0' 5a+ 79:4'
- ,gg -fP:"1. 28. The equation axz + bx - ro = o is satisfied by x: f and
54 i6B+3o:o' 134+2rb:2"
r: - 5. Find the values of a and b.
7. zzx+27y:3, 8. rzx-ro-!:7, 9' ztx*22y:41'
29. Show that it is impossible to find a pair of numbers x, y
44tc+ Sty:z. 36'c- r8y:3' z4x+66y:l-49'
to satisfy the three equations 7t - 3x : z, 5x -- 8y + 4, 3x + 2Y: 17.
10. 4or in : rn, LL' z5x+Q3l--t'. L2' 3ox*8y=g' 30. T'he values of x and y are connected by the equation
Tzrc+57y:z- t\x+81+y:rO'15' t4ox-36y:97'rrl- 7m:32' x=ly+n. When x-_ 3, !:4, and when x= -,7, !: - r. Find I
!8. 3a+zb=2, L4. 6x+2o-!:7, and.-m. Find x when y: - 3, and y wl'ren r:6.
-v' J- 59. ^
SY:ix - S' ryl:43+8m' 31. Shovv that it is impossible to find a pair of numbers a, 6 to
3oo:Ot+
satisfy the three equations 3a + b: t , 5a + zb : 4, za + 3b: ro '
EXEBCISE 82.C 32. The values of x and y are connected by the equation
Solve Nos' r-16 : y:ax+b. When r:4, y:5', and when x:7, y:r+. Find a
!. z(x -3) - O- s):(r - 4) - @ -6):'o' and b. Find r when Y: z, and Y when x: - 3.
2. - z z(3x - Y) : rc(4 - ) -
4@ - x)'
5x: Further and harder examples are given in Ch' XXI, Exs' 63'
8. +(o -z)-S(r -b):e:2sa-3@-b)+4' a and b.
4. zY - 3x : n(Y - 3x) : 3s - 6Y' PROBLEMS LEADING TO SIMULTANEOUS
f. i(r- :v)
-' -(sx- r4y): r^4, 8' 7x++ z- 6(v - r)=24'^
EQUATIONS
;;; - '{y'- ibr' siii: ts' 7v 17 - 6 ('r + z) + r8:o'
g. t -Y-: r. | -Y-:3-. ??. Example 6. If z is subtracted front the numeratot of a
i-7:r
'' Z-1:o' ur 4 5 4
32 fraction and 3 is added to the denominator, it reduces l;
to if 6
added to the nurnerator and the denonrinatot is multiplied by 3, it
*
g. ?1!:o, Lo. ?!:-32:+:ry reduces to ?t. Find the fraction.
!:*" Let x be the numerator of the fraction and y the denominator;
11. 3r!21?-9:-4 :o, L2. t5y:'r(x - 3t),
zx +
then the fraction is {'
tTtc+ 2Oy + r:o. 7rc-27Y+77t:o. v x-2 r (i)
18. r'5r+ 2'4!--r'4, L4. 2x+ rgY:2t,: ro79' From the first condition y+3 +'
r'8x - t4Y: 5'9' S8 (:r - Y)
I8. 3'7 5x - r'1Y : o'75, from the second Ltl _?.
15. o'zx+z'5Y:3'28,
ro.f,+ r'5y= r5'8' r'4x+ o'7Y:9'r' 3v3
Solve Nos. t7-22, cortect to two decimal places, : To clear of fractions multiply each side of (i) by 4(y+3), and
18. o'3r+o'8Y: r'7' each side of (ii) bY fY.
L7. o'4tc+o'7Y:r'3,
o'gx - o'zY: 1'$' o'8r-o'3Y:1'1. Thus, from (i) +(x - z): Y + 3, or 4tc-y=rr, ............(iii)
t9. o'zx + t'tY: - 2'3, 20. o'5x+o'6Y=2'$, from (ii) x*6:2!, or x- 2y: - 6. .........(iv)
o'5x-o'7Y: - r'2' o'6x - o'5Y:1'$. Solving (iii) and (iv) in the usual way, we get x- 4, y:5 ; and
2L. r'3x+o'7Y:o'2, 22. t'zx + r'rY: - 3'r' the fraction is f.
o3a+o'6Y:e'4' o''ra+o'4Y: -"J7'
t44 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
Chech (bv using the ilata of the problem) : 8. A number of two digits is equal to 3 times the sum of its
of,:f;:i' t"y
4+6 ro
5x3 15
z
3
Example 7. Tuo men,8f, hm apart, set out at the same time and
are together in rr hours, if they zaalh in the same direction, but in r
hour, if they walh in opfosite directiotts; Jind their speeds, supposed
uniform.
Let the faster walker go at the ratc of .x km per hour,
and let the slowcr ! ,,
When thev walk in the same direction, thc faster walker gains on
the other (r-1) km per hour; .'. in Ir hours he gains rr (x-y)
km, '. r I (r r) 8+. .........
When they walk in opposite directions thcy approach one another
at the rate of (x lY) km Per hour;
.'. .rr.y 81. ................." .......(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) in the usual way, we gct rc:+t, y:3t.
Thus, the rates of walking are 4| and 3f km per hour respectively.
The pupil should check the result by using the data of the
problem.
EXERCISE 33. A
1. Find two numbers whose sum is 9z and whose difference
i. 3+.
2. Find two numbers which are such that three times the less
exceeds trvice the greater by r8 ; and such that one-third of the
less plus one-fifth of the greater equals zr'
8.6 books and 8 magazines cost $r48; rr books and 7 magazines
cost $233; find the cost of a book and of a magazinc.
{. I buy 3 tables and 5 chairs for $3oo, and 4 tables and 8 chairs
for $42o. Find the price of a table and of a chair.
[. 8 kg of apples and 5 kg of pears cost $57 ; 6 kg of ap ples and 3 kg
of pears cost $39. Find the cost of r kg of pears-
6. r 5 kg of tea and r 7 kg of coiTee cost $858; z5 kg of tea and r3 kg
of coffee cost $ro6z. Find the prico of cach per kg'
?. A number is formed of two digits whose sum is 9' If the
digits are reversed the number is increased by.z?:..Find the
t ri-b.t. [Note. If the tens digit is r and the units digit is y, the
number is ror+y']
[CTTAT. xrrr.l PROBLEMS r45
digits. T'he number formed by reversing its digits plus 9 equals
3 times the original number. Find it.
9. A number of two digits is five-sixths of what it would be if
its digits were reversed. If the number is increased by 3 times the
sum of its digits, the result is 72. Find the number.
10. I is 7 years older than B. 15 years ago B's age was three-
quarters of .4's age. Find their ages now.
11. Three years ago a man was eight times as old as his son, and
in two years time he will be four and a half times as old as the son.
What are their present ages?
12. The sum of the ages of a father and his two sons is 57 years,
and one son is z years older than the other. If the elder son lives
to be as old as his father is now, and if all three are then alive, the
(i)
sum of their ages will be 16z. Find their present ages.
13. Find a fraction which reduces to i, if the numerator and
denominator are each diminished by r, and reduces to $, if the
numerator and denominator are each increased by z.
14. Find a fraction such that, if its nurtrerator is diminished bv
r, it reduccs to ,!, and becomes equal to 3 when the numerator is
increased by 3 and the denominator diminished by rz.
15. My quarterly electricity bill is made up of a fixed charge of
grza plus a charge of $b per unit used. In two successive quarters
I use rz4 and 76 units and pay $576 and 936o. Find a and 6.
16. Find two numbers such that the greater exceeds r5 times the
smaller by ro, and half the greater is r less than 8 times the smaller.
EXERCISE 33. b
1. Find two numbers whose sum is 95 and whose difference
rs 5r.
2. Find two numbers which are such that one-fifth of the
greater exceeds one-sixth of the less by 4 ; and such that one-half
of the greater plus one-quarter of the less equals 38.
8- 5 geese and 7 chickens cost 9223; 7 geese and 9 chickens cost
$3or. Find the price of a goose and of a chicken.
4.+kg oftea and 6 kg ofcoffee cost $z4o; r kg oftea and 8 kg
of coffee cost 9242. Find the price of each per kg.
5. rz pencils and 3 fountain-pens cost gr89; 36 pencils and 5
fountain-pens cost $327. Find the cost of a pencil.
6. z5 kg of applcs and 33 kg of plums cost grgg; 35 kg of apples
and 48 kg of plums cost 9284. Find the price each per kg,
 PROBLEMS r47
46 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer'
6. The sum of two numbers r and 1 is 3oo. If 5 added to r, and
3 added to times the former. Find r and y.
y, the latter is ro
7. My monthly electricity bill is made up of a fixed charge of g/
plus a charge of $rz per unit. In two months I use rz and 8 units
and pay $5o and $45. Find / and z.
t. I have $48 to spend on football matches. If I pay bus fares
and entrance money each time, I can go 8 times; if I walk twice out
of cvery 3 times, I can go 9 times. What is the entrance monev for
.,tr" maich ?
9. A dealer sells 7 geese and buys 9 chickens, thus increasing his
cash by $32. He then at the same prices buys 9 geese and sells r3
chickens, thus decreasing his cash by $24. Find the price of each
chicken. ,>-
10. Two men, r r kg apart, set out at the same time and are together
in r hr. zo min., if they walk in opposite directions, but in r4 hr.
4o min., if they walk in the same direction. Find their speeds, supposed
rrniform.
11. A man sold apples at 5 for $z and pears at 16 for $rz. He
would have received $r less, had he sold both at $o'5o each, and g9
by z. rnore, had he sold both at 3 for $2. How many of each sort did
14. Subtract 3 from both numerator andeach denominator of a lre sell ?

it reduces to * ,.,,bt.".t 9 from and it reduces 12, I

spend $84 in buying pears at 7 for $6, and bananas at 9 for
fraction and i
to i. Find the fraction' $(r. I sell two-thirds of my pears and three-eighths of my bananas
15. In the LXYZ, 2l:4tZ and 3LX- 5LY::'5". Find for $48, making a profit of $6 on them. How many of each do I buy I
thersoftheA. 13. A, B, C travel from the same place in the same direction at
as l' If B gives the rates of zo, z5 and 4o km per hour respectively. If B starts half
L8.lt A gives B $3, B will have 3 times as much
A fi;', A *iiirt"t. $io t".. than B'- How much has each? an hour after A, how long after A must C start in order that B and
(' may overtake A at the same moment ?
EXERCISE 83.c 14. I spend $3o in buying eggs at 3 for $r and oranges at 4 for $r'5o.
L. lf A gives B $4, B will have twice as much as A;
if B gives lf I were to sell them all at the rate of r4 for $6, I should gain $6.
I $;5,,4;ii'rt"". to-ii-.. as much as B' How much has each? llow many of each do I buy?
2. ln ^ APPR, IP:3LQ and 2L8- tR-3o"' Find
the 15. A boy has $48 to spend on two kinds of note-book. If he buys
ls of the A. 5 of one size and 7 of alarger size, he will require $z more; if he buys
U. A hpaR
3. n9aR o rere were half the 7 of the smaller size and 5 of the larger, he will have $z too much.
.her offizlc, it would be worth lfind the price of each kind.
number of,Szlc,
$8 less.
s8 less. I\tG 16. I spend $68 in buying apples at 5 for $3 and oranges at 5 for
tz. I sell three-fourths of my apples and four-fifths of my oranges
lirr $57, making a profit of $5 on them. How many apples do I buy?

overtake P at the same moment ?

 fcner. xrv.] GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS r49
Start by calculating the values of s when t:o, i, r, t!2-, z, z$, g.
Arrange the work as shown below:

o I I rE 2 zi 3

6t o 8 r6 24 32 40 48

-t 3 zi 2 r* I t o

r6t(3 - t):g o 20 3z 36 32 20 o

After this table has been made, choose a convenient scale, so

oF that the graph will fill as much of your paper as possible.
cRApHS oF FuNcr:JJJt""X;cAL^ soLUrIoN
GRADIENT'
EQUATIONS' LINEAR GRAPHS' On a standard sheet of graph paper, we may take values of I along
UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS the short side and r cm to represent r unit. Along the other side we
variable take values of s and r mm to represent r unit.
?8. Functions. If one variable changes when another
variable) is a
i. .-i".'g"a, we sav thut th" O^:"$"1r","";l"3ent The points may now be plotted and a curve drawn through them.
It
is permissible to do this, since the intermediate points have a
tion of his age ; the income-tax mcaning. But before drawing the curve it is as well to consider
income; the time of swing of a wlrcther we have sufficient points to enable us to do this accurately.
Cth' In using the word " fulc- In this case greater accuracy is desirable and can be obtained by
t"rr." of an algebraic exPression calculating values for t:L rL, rf;, zt. Accordingly we add these
can be calculated; thus'
from which values of the function values to our table and plot the new points.
a boy's weight is a function o
"ltfro.rgn
algebraic expression from which
we can ca

*l nto* his age. But when there is such t t rI rt z*

algebraic function of the independent
t6t 4 20 2,8 44
x - 5 ,rr. each algebraic functions of r' The graPh showing
called tl"^it"ll'?t^tli 3-t zt ri- r] t
".+3
?il"*ionn"*ion between the variables is
the w-ork or ch' utt!,"11 - t) :5
ffi.ffi:";';*".;;;;";*" '*t"'a We then proceed to
r6t(3 II 35 35 II
consider graphs of algebraic functions'
equations' linear graphs' the
consider the graphical tolt'tiott of
speed graphs' The curve may now be drawn with a fair degree of accuracy.
;;;;i;". of " i.uigt't line and uniform (Scc p. r5o.) As previously, care should be taken to label the axes
two oariables s anil t is giaen,
?9. Example L. The relation betwetn of t from
rrrrl to mark the scales along them. The graph should be given a
ty'ri, 1.."i s:r6r(3-r)' Draw the Yaph of s lor ztalues title.
oto3.
ra8
 tl

ALGEBRA [cn'rr' xlv.l GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS r5t

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
curve and take several readings, e.g. for t=o'2, r'8, z'3 etc. He
o
- t) ron Ver'urs oF t BE'rwEEN AND 3
Gnerrr or 16r(3 may then estimate the accuracy of his drawing by comparing the
values of s obtained from the graph with those obtained by sub-
stituting the values of I in the expression r6t(3 - t). It should be
clear that the curve gives approximately the value of s correspond-
ing to any value of ! between o and 3. The degree of accuracy of
thc result depends upon the accuracy of the drawing; this can be
increased by increasing the number of points plotted. For most
purposes it will be sufficient to start by plotting frorn 6 to 8 points ;
(hree or four more points may then be added u'here they appear to
bc most useful. If a sufEcient degree of accttracy is not then
nttained, other points should be added. The follou'ing questions
l))ny now be discussed and the answers obtained from the

d (i) What is s when t-o'2, r'8, z'3?

a' 20 (ii) For what values of t is s: t5,27,34?
s (iii) How long is the stone in the air?
6
S (iv) The stone going upwards passes at a certain instant a point
ro ft. from the ground. What time elapses before the
stone again passes the same point ?
(v) What is the greatest height the stone reaches?
(vi) How long does the stone take to reach its highest point?
(vii) For how long is the stone more than 3z ft. above the
ground ?

(viii) Is it possible to find values for t for which r6t(S- t)-27,

4O, ZZ, - 4?

80. In the above question the value of the independent variable

-11 2 t is rcstricted by the nature of the problem ; it cannot be greater
tlrirn 3 or less than o. In other questions the function can be calcu-
fine in Seconda
lalues of t
l:rtcd for all values of the independent variable. We proceed to
c,'nsider the graphs of such functions.
Frc.9. Wc now require a pair of axes on which positive and negative
value of J may be vulrrcs of the independent variable and of the function can be
If the graph has been accurately drawn thethe value of s when lr'prescnted. We take our axes as before; their point of inter-
,";; "fi rl. ".ry value of t' Thus' to obtain point corresponding to st'r tion is called the origin. The axes are labelled to the right and
the
1=!, tut., on th" u*i" across the page,
this point to the rrprvurds as before, but also to the left and downwards to represent
the reading for the upright from
;:;,;;i'"",e
curve, i.e. 27. Trre p"plliU find
it instructive to draw his own rrcgutivo numbers, using the same scale as for the positive numbers.
 xrv.l GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuee'
r53
t52
Thus, in Fig. ro, P is the point where x=3t != ro;
this is t - rl o I z 3 + 5 6 7 8 zI zlt zI
usually written " the Point (3, rc) " i Q is the Point where r=2r It 4 I 4 9 r6 25 36 49 64 .L
5 ta 6+ 7t
- 5.' to
-5 - rc -I -2C -3( -3 -4< - rri - t27 r3l
-6 -6 -ol-o -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
r3-5x-6
(=y) 8 o l-6 -I _I
-t2 -ro -6 o E r8 - rz* -t2 - tzi.
The pupil should now plot the graph, taking r cm as the unit for x,
o.5 cm as the unit for y. After plotting these points it seems desirable
to plot a few extra points between x:z and r:3. These have
been inserted in the above table on the right of the thick line and
the pupil should plot them on his graph. The curve may then be
drawn fairly accurately.
The following questions may now be discussed and the answers
obtained from the pupils' graphs:
(i) What is (a) the least value of.y, (b) the greatest value of y
within the limin taken, i.e. from x: - z to r:8?
(ii) Is it possible to find values of r for which x2 - Sx - 6: o, 14,
- 8, - 18? How -any values are there in each case?
Could mrre values be obtained by continuing the curve
either way?
(iii) L-\oes xz - Sx - 6 increase or decrease as x increases (a) from
Frc. ro.
- z to zl, (6) from zi to 8? If the cunre were continued
y: the point (2, - l5); R is the point where *: -4' to the right, would x2 - Sx- 6 continue to increase?
'r:ro,-rS, i.e.the point (-4, ro); S is the point where r: - r' (iv) What can we say about the value of x2 - 5r - 6 when r is
i.e.
y: - 2c.' i.e. the Point ( - r, - zo)' (a) a very large positive number, (D) a very large negative
The values of x artd y'zre called coorilinates' The value of r is number?
The
always written first ; it is called the x-cool'litr8te or sbscissa' 1v) How can the graph be used to find solutions ofthe equations
valueofyiscalledthey-coortlinateororilinate.Itshouldbenoted x2 - Sx - 6:o, 4, -8, - t6?
that the point of intersection of the axes, or origin, is the
point (vi) How can the graph be used to find solutions of the equations
(o, o). Coordinates may clearly be used to fix the position of a x2 - 5x:6, ro, - 2, - ro, r ?
point in a plane with reference to any chosen axes' It should be noticed that from the graph we can solve equations
worked'] of the type - 5x:any number. Similarly, if we wish to solve an
[Exs. 34a and D, Nos. r-4' may now be
x2
equation such as 6x2-7x- rr:o, we can draw the graph of
81. Exa,rnple 2. Draztt thegraphof *'5*-6fromx=-2to 6x2 - 7x and read the values for which this function equals r r.
r=8. This is a general method for finding approximately the roots of
Make a table of values for whole numbers from *: - z to 8'
 I
xrv.l GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS r55
r54 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee.
where a, b, c are given Discuss the number of solutions in each case. Could more
any equation of the form axz +bx + c:o' solutions be obtained by extending the curve?
numbers. 8. Draw the graph of y:2 * gx - x2 from .r: - r to ,, - 5. Use
EXER,CISE 84. A it to solve the equations (i) z+3x-x2:3, (ii) z+ 3x-x2: - t,
(Approximate (zttswe/s should begiuen correct to one decimal place') (iii) z + 3x - x2 = 4'25, (iv) 3x - tc2 : - 8.
plot the points and draw,a smooth curve througb 9. Draw the graph of y:4x2-6x+3 from *: -3 to x=3.
'; t-4,
In Nos.
.u." choose a suitable scale' Usc .it to solve the equations
;. In "uJn
them.
-4)'(-r, -6). (i) +t'-6r+3:16, (ii) q*-6x+3:o'75t
(iii) a.x2 - 6x + 3: 17 , (iv) 4x2 - 6x:3.
Solve graphically the equations in Nos. ro-r5.
(-4, -6),(- t, -'.ii,(-', -i), (o' -?)'("'o)'(s'-"'J'
s.
L0. (zx + S) (r - :) ::. lL. (zx + 3) (r + r): - +.
4.(-t, -5),(-., -8;,(-ri, -8i),( r, -e)'(-;' -8*)'
(o, - 8), (', - s). L2. Qx - S) (r + r):3. 13. 5.t2 * 3.r: r.
'' 5. it i.'rook- from Town '4 to Town B' L4. zxz -r:5. L|J. x"+4x: -2.
(i) what will be the average_ speeds (o) of aeroplanes covering
", ",;;;i;i;" in l, r,-r L,'2, ztt,3, t ours? 16. Draw the graph y
"t = ;3h
from r: I'! to x:4.
I
(ii) Draw the graph of t::?9,for values of I belween "nd 3'
EXER,CISE 84. b
(iii) Read ofi the value of zr for which- t.: z'6' of c'? In Nos. r-4, plot the points and draw a smooth curve through
(iv) \\'hat meanrng Jo yo''' attach- to-this value
'(vj Read off the value of t for whtch o = r lo- thcnr. In each case choose a suitable scale.
(vi) What meanrng Jo uo" attach to this value ofthoset? 1. (-6, zr), (-5, r2), ( - 4, ),(-3, o), (-2, -s).
(vii) Compare v."t t-iiiil and (v) with obtained
2. (-2, -7),(-r, -2+), (o, -r), (r, -*), (2, *).
"titit"t^
bY calculation' 3. (- r, o),(-2, - r), (- 3, -4,(-4, - ro), (- S, -2o\.
(viii) What would be the value "f "+' @ if t were very
large'
4. (-2, o), (-2, -3), (- G, -s3n), (- r, -+), (-f, -3i),
of this (o, - 3), (r, o).
(6) if t were very small? Interpr )t the meaning
for the above lourneY' 5. A ball projected from a point 45 m above the ground is s m
squares' with sides above its starting point after I seconds, where s-5/ (8-r). Draw the
g.From a sheet of tin, z4 cm by 18 cm' equal graph of s for values of I from o to 9. Use the graph to find:
the sides are then turned up to
r cm, are cut away "t """n-tot"tr; (i) the values of s when t:o'4, z'8, 5'z;
;;k;'";o"cul;;i'*.' F;';; tlat'the volume of the box is 4'r(rz-r)
(n-dl;il" (ii) the value of ! when s:ro, 70-12;
graph of this function for values of x from o
to 9' From (iii) the greatest height the ball reaches and the time taken to reach
box (correct.to the nearest
'
integer) this height;
the sraph find (i) the toi'lrnt of the
$'{i'liiitn' ""iu"t of r'for which the volume is 6oo (iv) how long the ball is in the air;
ff.tr;f;;, of the bol a1d the corresponding (v) the values of , which make 5t (8-l):-zo;
cms; (iii) the greatest v-olume
value of .r; (iv) the which satisfy the equation 4x (rz-x) (vi) how long the ball is more than 7o m from the ground.
""i";-;-; 0. Draw the graph of y:5(r- r)(r-z) from tc: -r to x:6.
G-*):s"s'
" ?. Dt;* the graph of y:21* - t)(z - r) from x: - | to firom the graph find (i) the values of 5(r- t)(x - z)when x: - o'7,
':5'
of z(x- r)(z -x)when x- -o'2' r'9,3 3; (ii) the values of x forwhich y:roi (iii) the minimum
F-t ;#;;";hfi;J'O thJvalues (iii) the maximum v:rlrrc of y ; (iv)-the solutions of the equations (a) 5 (r - r) (.x - z) : 8,
;;:; ; ; ?iiiir'" urt'-'.. oi x forofwhich v: .8; (/,) s(r- r)(r- z): -3, (") S(t- r)(x- z):8+. Discuss the
;"i;; ;d y;' (rv) the solutions the equations x) : rrrrmbcr of solutions in each case. Could more solutions be ob-
d) z@ -,)(z,,] o- -,r, ttrncd by extending the curve?
;; i,,)[? _":i: r'.,
 ALGEBRA lcrur' nv.l GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 47
rs6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
y exceeds unity ; (D) the range of negative values of * for which
y is positive; (c) the roots of 3x2+4-x:9,
6. Draw the graph of. y:r-!
' 2+Xfrom r: - -5 to - 2.5 and from
r: - r'S to 3, Find from your graph the values of r for which
Y:2x.
6. Plot in one figure and with the same scales the graphs of
8!:4"'- 4tc - 3 ar,d 3y:str4 for values of rc from - 3 to 3. Find,
npproximately, between what values of r the expression
I k*2 - 4tc - i - t (r + +) is negative .
h'( ,o -4): aoo. 7. Draw the graph of y:5 * zx - x2 for values of * from - z
greater-than zo, has it any t() 4. Using your graph find: (a) the value of y when r: r.8,
r) ,n.3Ju*" is drawn for values of Irquestion?
*ltf, ,"f"t"""e to the above (D) the greatest value of..y, (c) the values of r between which the
-;"i; of y:25 - zxz from x= - 41e a:4' Use it expression S+2x- *2 is always positive.
8. Draw the graph
to solve the equations : 8. Draw the graphs of y:sz and x=z(y-r) on the same
(i) ,s- 2x2=to - "f= - 5'
(ii) zs tliagram and with the same scales. IJse your graph to find (i) V3.6,
ti;li ,! - 2x2=t8, (iv) t5:2sz' (ii) the range of values of , between - z and z for which a2 is
&= -2 to tc=3' x
9. Draw the graph of y=5xa+zx-3 from greater than - + r.
Use it to solve the equations :
(i) 5r2 + %c - 3:11, (ii) 5x2^+ zx - 3= - t'
9. Draw the graph of.y:v-z+-l--for values of a,from -4
tiiil lrt + 2tc - 3: - 3'2, (iv) Sl + 2N= t' ' tc+s
tT:5 to 3. For what values of x is y zero?
Solve graphically the equations in Nos'
t

iO tt*tlt'-r)+O:o' 11' (Sr-8)(x+r)=18' 10. Draw the graph of. y:(x- r)(+-t) for values of * from
i2. i"* + t)' : "' L8' zxz - x: rr ' o to 5 ; and determine graphically wbere it intersects Sy: +r - 6.
!4. zxz+5r+o.S:o. L5. p'-3x:3. 11. Find graphically the maximum value of 3- Sx- aP, and the
vnlues of r
between which the expression is positive.
16. Draw the graph ot l=ffifrom x: - 5
to t(=2'
12. Draw the graph of 12 + o'8r - 5 for such values of r as make
the expression negative, and find the least value which the expres-
EXERCISE 84.C ri,rn can have.
* r) for values of r fro-m 13. Drawthegraph of y:3+6x-x2. Forwhatvaluesof *is
* that make y zcro? What is the maximum value of y?
two values of
l4[. A piece of wire z4 cm long is cut into two pieces 4.r cm and
r from - (zl 4r) cm long respectively; each piece is then bent into the form
-zx-* z) for values of 3
,rl a square. Find an expression for the sum of the areas enclosed
ith the same-scales draw the graPh lry tlrcsc squares. Calling this sum A cmz, plot I against r for values
ordinates of the Points common to ,rl r lrorn o to 6 inclusive. Find from your graph the values of .r for
rvlrich thc area enclosed by the two squares is z7 cm2.
Dra zxz fot values of r from - 3 !o ?+'
Use yoyr
3.
expressron ? ,,;.;:Yt:t r#,lJT;i l::
15. Draw the graphs of. y:r+2r-x2, and y:xz-zrN-s
lx'twccn the points where they intersect, using the same axes and
tlrc same scales,
the ositive values'
which
rfrom -4 18.'l'he base of a tank is a square of side r m, and the total area
4. Drawthegraph of y:@!z)(z-3x)forvaluesof of r for which ,'l thc bottom and sides (excluding the lid) is 36 m2. Prove that its
to z. Use the graph i" dta ia) trid rarr-ge of values
 ALGEBRA xrv.l STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS r59
t58 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL [cHee'
m'. !V -dtu*ilq " Ftlp\ of this .expression for .'. these As are similar and, in particular,
volume is |x(36
"')
values of r between o to 6, fi;d the siie of"th-e
base of the largest tank LPTONT: LP.2ON2: LPBONB: LP4ON^: LP"ON' etc.
with a square base which has this suPerhclal area' It follows that P1, Pz, Pt, P4, P6 etc. lie on a straight line which
prrsst's through O.
STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS Sirrrilarly the graph of y: - 8r may be shown to be a straight line
32. (a) Lines through the origin' Consider the graph of p:rssirrg through O, Qr, Qz, Q", Qn, Os etc.
y=Stc. Plotting points as usual, we have ln gcneral, the graph of y:ft1r, where A is any constant, posi-
x:o, lr 21 3, -L, -2i tivc or negative, represents a straight line passing through the
0rtxill-
!:or 5, ro' 15' -5, -ro etc' Conversely, if Pr, Px, Pt, Pq,, Pr... represent points on any
Let the points be O, P1, Pz, Ps, Pa, Pu etc' (see Fig' r r) and draw strirrglrt line through the origin, it is easily shown that
the perpendiculars P1N1, P2N2, PaN3, PcNn, PuNs etc', to the P_l{_r PrNt _ PrNr AIo PrNq
a:ris Ox.
: _- ]"_n : : etc'
oNl oN,: Oq: o-^/4--: ot;:"'
Then, the AsPION., PzONz, P3ON3, PrONl, PsONt etc',
tf, then, P, is afixed point (x1, 11) on the line, and P is a variable
we have poiltt (x, y) on the line, we have
(D
"# : ;,ff :;'#;:;+ :3t= =', rf,l
a constant, say A, i.e. the
J' l'r
(ii) e P'N'o : L P'N 20 :-:i"I,:?, er;rr;rtion of the line is {: A, or
: L p N 5o :. . . - eo
o
r .r ,lry. v
Note 1. If h is positive, the
lrrrc slopes upwards to the right;
il iL is negative, the line slopes
u;'rv:rrds to the left.
Note 2. If a particularstraight
lrrrt is drawn, h rnay be found
I'r,trrking the coordinates of
nny onc point on the line, and
lirrrlirrg the ratio r:y at that
l)r 'l ll l.
83. (b) Lines not through the
oriKin. Consider the graphs of
l' J,"\; 4,Y:3rt,y:3rc+ 2. In
I'ty, rz these are drawn on the
srrnr(' axes and with the same
Frc. rz.
ll I', Q, R are points on these graphs corresponding to the same
Frc. rr.
vrrlrrc of .t, it is clear that PQ=4 units, pR:z units, and that this
 tlvJ GRADIENT 16r
16o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lqrre'
yQ- !p,
is true for aay positions of P, Q, R' It is clear
that the graph of This may conveniently be written and we shall denote
it by G. In Fig. it is equal to eQ- xP
;:-;;-;^;ybe obtained from the graph of v=3r bv diminishing 13
'"""f orairr"t" by 4 units. The lil e so obtained is parallel to the QM-PN _6-t_3_,
-i.
units downwards' OM-ON 4-r
i; ,", "rra ini, line displaced a distance 4 from the graph 3
": itte grapr, of = 3x
Si*il".ly y + z may be obtained
of. y:3* by irrcie".ing each ordinate
by z units' The line so
is parallel to the line !=3x, and is this line displaced
a
"Loi""a
distance z units uPwards'
--
of y=hx+l is the graph of y:pv displaced
In g".r.,"1, the lraph
tfrrough a distance J units (or downwards through a
"p*uia, different values of I
Jistance -l uniis). If ft is kept constant' and
are tak o !=ht'
It is of anY exPression of the
is a straight line' Simi-
form y
i"tft i may be shown that the graph of any expression of the form
N=my+nrwhere nr and z are "ot"t""tt' is a straight
line' But all
the first degree may be written either in the form
"qrr"iion.'of x:nty+rr. we therefore conclude that
nln*+t, or in the form
x' y' i'e' of any
the graph of any equation of the first degree in
of the form ax*fut*c=o, where a'b'c ate constants'
is
"qrr*io., an (or equation)
a straight line. For this reason expression
(or
of ,fr"-nr., degree is sometimes called a linea'r exDression
equation).
Note. 1. The graph of all points rvhich have
the same abscissa'
Frc. 13,
parallel to the axis of y' i'e' the equation x=lr
&, is a straight line
graph of The pupil who is familiar with similar triangles will have no
,"pr.r..,t" a-straighi line parallel to tr:o_. .similarly, the parallel
which have the same ordinate, ft, is a straight line difEculty in proving that the expression G is the same for all
"iipol.ro line
to the axis of r, i'e' the equation t:ft reprqsents a straight positions of P and Q on the given line. ,or,ffiffi=f;", ^
a
parallel to Y=e.
(or equation) is all such triangles as PCQ are similar. The expression G is called
Note 2. Since the graph of a linear expression the gradient of the straight line PQ. Since G is the same for all
plot two points on the graph and
a straight line, it is sulffi"ient to
positions of P and Q, it follows that the gradient of a straight line
joining them ; but it is wiser to plot a third
draw the straight line is constant ; it may be calculated by choosing any two convenient
point to serve as a check' points on it and applying the definition.
34.Grailientofastraightline.Takeafixedstraightlineand Thus the gradient of the straight line SR
two points P, Q on it. Consider the value of the expression :
tn-ts RK-^9Z 6- r 5 r
:-=
&.R-xs OK-OL -4-6 - ro 2
162 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [qrer' xrv.l UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS 163

Let us now consider the gradient of ax + bt + c:o, where a' b' c EXEBCISE 85. b
are constants. Plot the graphs of the following equations, showing each set of
Let P, Q be two points (r1, yr), (xz, y) respectively, on the line' three on the same diagram.
Since P lies on the graph, ax1+byr+ c:o' """""""""(t) f. (i) y: - 3r, (ii) y: - 3x - +, (iii) y: - 3x - 5.
Since Q lies on the graph, axz+byz+ c=o' """""""""(z) 2. (i) y:5r, (ii) y:5xl- 3, Qii) y:5x - 7.
Subtracting (r) from (z), we have (i)y+zx:o, (ii)y+zx+5:o, (iii) 2y-tc:3.
a(x2- x1) + b (Y2- Yr) = o, 8.
tz- 9r 4. (i) zy - 5tr: o, (ii) 5y + z*:8, (iii) 2y + 4: Sx.
provided that D+o'
)cz- xL - 5. (l) x: z, (ii) * : - 6, (iii) tr + 3'3 - o.
fiut!z- lr is, by definition, the gradient of the straight line Pp' 6. (0 y: - z, (ii) y:3-8, (iii) y+4.2:o.
tcz- xt Find the gradients of the following straight lines :
ar* by* c=o is - f, nrovided
the gradient of the straight line
7. 3x+ 4y=7. 8. 5r- 6y:ro. 9. +, + St:o.
that D+o. If D:o, the line reduces to ax+c:o, i'e' a straight
line
both be zero'
10. sy - 7:o. 11. Sy+D:o. L2. ax-2!:c.
paralle and D cannot
Find the gradients of the straight lines joining the following pairs
The the trigonometrical ratios will of points :
notice line is the tangent of the angle
18. (+, r); (8, 6). 14. (ro, z) ; (5, d.
which itive direction of the axis Or'
provided that the same scales have been chosen for r and for y' L5. (2, -l) ; (o, - f). 16.(-s,o); (6, -s).
17, (-2, -S); (-8, -r). 18. (-?, -8); (-r, -rr).
EXERGISE 85.a
Plot the graphs of the following equations, showrng each set of UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS
three on the same diagram.
85. If a train is travelling at a uniform speed r km per hour,
1. (i) v: zr, (ii) Y:zx - t, (iii) Y:2Y a 3' the distance, s km, travelled in r hours is given by s:ut, i.e.
2. (i)y: -4r, (ii) y= -4tc+2,(iii)v: -4*-3' r:txsome constant. It follows that the graph of s:zt is a
3. (i) y+3x=o, (ii) y+3x:5, $ii) 3v--x+z' straight line whose gradient is z. In general, if y:p*11(h and I
4. (i) sy - 4q=o, (ii) rv - ar:7, $ii) 4v + 3t(:5' being constants), the gradient A represents the rate of increase
5. (i)y:8, (iDy: -7, (iii)Y:s's' of y compared with the rate of increase of r. Conversely, if the
6. (i) r: -3, (ii) a:5, (iii) r+4'5=o. rate of increase of y compared with the rate of increase of r is
constant, x and y are connected by an equation of the form
Find the gradients of the following straight lines :
8. zx + 5Y:9. 9. Y+4:6. I: kx + / and the graph representing this equation is a straight line,
7.3x-4!:rt- Again, we have previously seen that if (x1, yr), (xz, y2) are any
10.3x:5y. lL. 7y:a. L2. mx+6Y:n'
two points on ax*by* c:o, then a(x2- x1)+b(yr-y1):o. It
Find the gradients of the straight lines joining the following pairs follows that everywhere on the graph equal increases, l, in x cause
of points : Aa
18. (r, z); (7, ro). 14. (6, i; G,l). equal increases, -'f , in y. Also equal increases, B, in y cause
15. (-r, -3); (4,o). 16. (+, 6) ; ( - r, 6). Bb.
equal increases, - = in r. Conversely, it is easily seen that if at
1?. (-3, -7);(-s' -r). 18. (o, g); (S, o).
r64 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. xlv.I UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS t65
all points of a graph equal increases in r cause equal increases in y, To find when they are r km apart, draw through M; Z (points r km
and vice-versa, then the graph is a straight line, and x and y ate from Y on XY) lines parallel to the path of the second man, meeting
connected by a linear equation. This fact is of great importance ; the path of the first man at P and A. At these points the distance
thus, in the following instances, equal increments in one letter cause apart (PS, lR) is one km, i.e. the men are r km apart 7 minutes
equal increments in the other. The graph corurecting the letters (approx.) and ro minutes after the start.
is therefore in each case a straight line.
(r) The extension (e cm) of a spring balance and the load (.L kg)'
(z) A temperature Fo on the Fahrenheit scale expressed as Co on the
Centigrade scale.
(3) The marks obtained in an examination (r) and the same marks
expressed on a different scale (Y).
(4) A price of $r Per catty expressed as y francs per kilogramme.

86. We now consider some problems which may be solved

-c
graphically by using the principles of this chapter.

Example 3. A man starts to go from a place X to Y, 6 km away, B

at tz hm per hour; after traaelling z hm he stops for 5 minutes and
then proceeds at a steady pace of 16 hm per hour. Another nan starts \
from Y at the same time as the first leaoes X, and travels to X at a uniform
rate of 3o hm per hour. Where and when do they meet, and at zohat time
will they be r hm apart?
Take r cm along XY to represent r km, and r cm along XZ to
represent ro minutes (see Fig. r4 on p. 165).
Each portion of the first man's journev is travelled at uniform speed
and is therefore represented by a straight line. Similarly the second
man's journey is represented bv a straight line. The first man starts
at X and goes 2 km in ro minutes, then reaching A; the graph of
the first part of his journey is therefore Xl. He remains for 5 minutes
lODrs
Time in minutes
at the same spot, 2 km from X. This wait is represented by AB.
He then completes the journey in r5 minutes; the graph of this part Flc. 14.
of the journey is BC.
The second man completes the journey in rz minutes; the graph
of this journey is YD. The two graphs meet at K, which is r.7 km
(approx.) from X, and they meet 8| minutes (approx.) after the start.
 q

ALGEBRA uv.l UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS 167

t66 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL [crt,rp'

Exa,mple 4. A cyclist
starts at to a.m. to ride to a place 8 hm awav, EJKER,CISE 36. A
riding at tz till one of his tyres bursts. Aftet spending
km per hour (In
this exercise, tmless otherwise stated, all speeds are uniform)
to minutes in seeing whethet he can repair it, he decides to walh the rest 1.A goods train starts from A at rr.3o a.m., travels at 20 km per
of the way, and walhing at 4 hm per hour, he reaches his destinatinn al Irrrrr, stops for r5 min. at B, ro krn from l, and then proceeds at'the
rt.r5 a.m. Determine by means ol a graph how fat he had tidden whm lirrrnt:r speed....A passenger train on a separate track leaves I at
the burst occuted.
r2.ro p.m. and travels at 4o km per hour, running through.B without
Let 5 smalt divisions represent ro minutes along OX, and z km
l st()[). Where and when does the latter train pass the formerl
along OY (see Fig. r5).
2,.4 starts cycling at ro a.m. at the rate of rz km per hour and rests
lirr ro min. after each hour's cycling. B, starting at rr a.m., cycles
stcadily at r5 km per hour. When and where does B overtake I ?
f. A man travels from X to Y at 24 km per hour and returns at
rll knr pe-r hour. If he takes 5 hr. r5 min. in all, find graphically the
rlisirncc from X to Y.
4. P and p walk towards one another from two places r8 km
:rlrart; P walks at the rate of 4| km per hour and p at 3t km per hour.
lrirrd graphically when they will meet and when they witl be r km
:r
l)ir r t.
5. In a motor-car race, car B gives car A to min. start, travels at
tlo krn per hour and overtakes A Tokm from the start. If I's time
lirr the whole course is Sr-min., find graphically (a) the length of
tlrc course, (6) the number of minutes by which B won, (r) the distance
,,f. A from the finishing post at the instant ,B finished, (d) the speed
ol' ,4.

20 30 40 50 6. Water freezes at oo Centigrade and 3zo Fahrenheit ; it boils

Time in minutes from the start :rr rooo Centigrade and zrzo Fahrenheit. If F. Fahrenheit is the
s:nne temperature as Co Centigrade, draw a graph to show the con-
Frc. r5. rrt'ction between F and C for all values of C from o to roo. From
Then OB represents the first part of the journey, but since we tlrc graph read^off (i) the reading on the centigrade scale corre_
do not know when the burst occurr;, it is impossible at present to sponding to 59o F., (ii) the reading on the FahrJnheit scale corre_
sponding to 45o C.
ne is to end.
aches his destination after 75 minutes, so that the 7. X and, at 9 a'm"
,'rc from eac
through C. D is found such that CD (produced if o;I;:":
1,r,int z5 km
ents the final part of the journel' at 4 km per hour' lrt:fore the sec s and the
We have now to use the fact that the cyclist was stationary for trr'c at which
ro minutes. To do this take A on OX 5 small divisions from O
(representing ro minutes), and draw AF paraLlel to OB, meeting
CD produced at P. Then FE drawn parallel to lO is equal to AO,
i.e. it represents ro minutes ; .'. the complete graph of the journey
is OEFC.
It is easily seen from the graph that E, where the burst occurred,
is 5| km from the starting point.

&
r68 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner.
Draw rough graphs to illustrate the following, Nos. ro-rz:
10.The fare for a journey by taxi-cab: charge, up to r km, $z;
for each additional I km (or part of it), $o'zo more.
ll.The postage for parcels to a certain country: charge, u^p-to
3 kg, $6; r:+ kg, $z; +-s kg, $8; 5-6 kg' $9;6-7 kg, $ro;7-8 kg'
$rr: 8-r5 kg, $rz.
12.A man's daily earnings: rate of payment' at the rate of $zo
an hour up to 7 hours; at the rate of $3o an hour-for-any time worked
in excess of 7 hours, such overtime not to exceed 3 hours in any one
EXERCTSE 86.b
this exercise, unless otherwise stated, all speeds are unifotm)
(In
1. A cyclist, who rides at asteady 8 km per hour, leaves his house
at o a.m.
'A man in a car, which doet z4 km per hour, leaves the house
bu'th" ."-.
road at g.3o a.m'; he goes to a town 30 km off, stops there
t6 min. and starts baik. At what time and how far from the town
km aPart'
from A to B at the rate of 3o km per hour, and
t a second man starts from A to B at 36 km per
destination 8 minutes after the first man' Find
graphically the distance from -4 to B.
xlv.l UNIFORM SPEED GRAPHS r6e
5. The salary of a clerk is increased each year by a fixed sum
until a maximum salary of $35oo per month is reached. After 8 years'
service his salary is raised to $zo4o, and after rz years'service to $254o.
Draw a graph from om which hish salary may be read off for any year, and
determine from it (i) his initial
ini salary, (ii) the salary he should receive
for
[or his rgth
rqth year
vear of service.
0. Draw a graph to convert " km per hour " into " m per second "
for speeds up to 45 km per hour. Read off speeds of 5 and 4o km
per hour as m per second; also speeds of 7 and 9.8 m per second as
km per hour.
7. At noon I starts tocycleat 18 km.per hour along a certain
road. At the same time B starts to walk along it from the same
point and in the same direction as A at 7 km. per hour, After I
has ridden for 45 min. he waits for 15 min. and then leaves his
cycle and walks on at 5 km. per hour. When B arrives at the place
where A left his cycle he mounts it and rides after A, overtaking
him at 2.r5 p.m. Find graphically (a) the interval between the
time at which I leaves the cycle and that-at which I finds it ;
(6) how far A is ahead at the latter instant ; (c) how fast B rides.
8. The marks of a Form range from 7 to 93. They are scaled
so as to range from o to 2oo. Find graphically the new mark
corresponding to 5o. If the new mark is r5r, what was the old
mark?
9. A person
15 minutes at t
the same place
as the first and
motor-car travel ?
Drzw rcugh graphs to illustrate the following, Nos. ro-rz:
10.The inland postage for letters of various weights: charge, up- to
5o g, $o'zo; for each additional 5o g (or part of it), $o.zo more.
11. A travel-graph; a boy walks for r5 minutes, runs for 3 minutes,
rests for z minutes, and then rides by motor-car for 5 minuies.
12. The cost of sending a telegram: charge, up to 9 words g6; for
each additional word, $r more.
18. A boy sets out from Town I to walk towards Town B, from
which place a car is being sent to meet him. The car starts 4o min.
after he leaves Town A, znd, travels at z4 km per hour. He walks
at 3'5 km per hour and rest for 5 min. after each hour's walking. The
car meets him when he is just about to rest for the second time. Show
graphically the position of the boy and the car at any time and deduce
the distance from Town I to Town B.
 [crree. xv.] PRODUCTS r7r
11. a + bc by a - bc. L2. a2 + zbz by zaz - 5b2.
L3. zxz - 3yz by 3x2 + 4y2.

CHAPTER XV E,KER,CISE 87. b

PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS I. 4;r2-3x-5byzx. 2.31'-71+rby -5.

87. In Chapter XI it was shown that 3. zcz - cd + 3d2 by - cd. 4. 3r"- zczd+ 4cd2 - d by - zcd.
x(y + z)=xy + tcz, a( p - q+r):-a, - aq+ ar ; 5. 5r - 3 by 3x+ 2.. 8. *-7by gx-4.
i.e. to multiply a polynomial by a monomial, each term in the 2t- Z by 2t+7. 8. a+zbby 5a-3b.
polynomial must be multiplied by the monomial. Thus, 0. zx - 3y by x-y. l0.S-uby3-zu.
3x(#2 - zx + 3) : (4t' " 3*) - (zx x 3r) + (3 x 3r) 11. x-2yzby e+zyz. L2. zx2 - yz by Sx2 - 3y2
: rzxs - 6xz + gx. 13. a2 - 3bc by 3az + zbc.

88. Multiplication bY a binomial. EXERCISE 87.c

Example 1. MultiPly - z by 5x - 4.
gx Expand and simplify:
We have to multiply 3x - z by 5x and by - + and then add 1. (."2 - 3r + r) (r - 4). 2. (r2- 3c+9)(c+3).
together the results. Thus, 3. - zxy+y2)(x - y).
1xz 4. (6c2 - 5cd + zdz) ftc - zd).
Qx- z)(5x -+):(Sr- z)(Sr)+(lx- z)(- +). 5. (ls2 - 7st+4t2)(3s- St). 6. (r - 3x)(4+ 7x - zxz),
[At this stage, the brackets containing the monomial may be '1. (02 - 3a+ 5)Qa2 - a+ z). 8. (5r2 - 6r + 3) (3r2 - 5).
omitted as soon as the pupil has mastered the work. Thus it is 9. (r - 8t2)(2f - 3tz + +t- 3). 10. (7xz - 3x+ z)(3x2 - zx- S).
more usual to write lL. (zx- r)(*+ z) + S@2 - z)(r + s).
kx - z) (sx - 4Qx - z)l
- Q = 5x!x - z) 12. (z.a - b)(za + 3b) - (a + b) (a - +b).
: r5Jc2 - rotc - 22x + 8.
- rzrc + 8 -- t 5x2 13. (zx + t) (r - r) + (* - :) (gr - +) - z(x - r) (r + r).
L4. (x2 - r+ r)(r+ t) - (r + y + y2)(r -y).
Example 2. Expand the expression (, - t)(1"' - tc- 2), i.e. find
of the exptessions contained in the btachets.
the product
As soon as the pupil has had sufficient practice to master t5c
gcneral principle, he should learn to do the work mentally.
We may regard the expression either as x - 3 mtrltiplied by
3x2 - x - 2, or as 3x2 - r - z multiplied by
x - 3 ; it is more usual Example 8. Expand (4x - )(zx + ).
to multiply by the expression containing fewer terms. Thus' It is clear that the highest term, i.e. the r2 term, is obtained by
(3,'- x - z)(x - 3):x(Zxz - x - 2) - 3(3xz - x - z) multiplying 4x by zx and is 8x2, the r term by multiplyinC - 3 by
: 3x3 - x2 - zx - gx2 + 3x + 6: 3xs - rox2 + x + 6. zr and 4..t by 5 and then adding the results; it is - 6tc+2ox,
Note. Any two polynomials may be multiplied together in this t.e. I 4JC,

way. 'l'he constant term (i.e. the term which does not contain x) is
EXERCISE 87. A obtained by multiplyinC - 3 by + 5 and is - 15 ;
Multiply: |. Qx - 3)@x + 5):8x2 + t4'x - 15'
l. +f -3x2-7x+rby -zx. 2. ztz-5t-3by -2. It is essential that the pupil should have plenty of oral drill in the
3, 3o'- 5ab - zbz by ab. 4. zx! - 3x2y - 5xy2 + 3y3 by - 3ry. multiplication of binomials. The working of the above example
5. x-8by5rc+4. 6.5t+zbYSt-2. nray be read out as follows :
7. zx- 6 by 5x-9. 8. x+1' bY 3r-Y. (+x-i@x+S) equals 8x2, -6x+zox, that is +r4*, - 15.
9. a-3bby 3a+zb. L0. z-3ubY g-u.
t70
r72 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnen xv.l PRODUCTS 173
Example 4. Expand (z+ 3x+ 4x2)(z - x' 3xz). .'. 3*2 - zx2 - x2 + t2x + 2x - rstc= -g-2+r+3,
The constant term is z x z, i.e. 4. ... _x= _7, ... x:7.
The x term is 3r x z + z x (- x), i.e, 6x - zx: 4x. The check is left to the pupil.
The.x2 term is FXnRCISE 88. a (Orat)
4x2xz+3*x ( -x)+zx(-3x2), i.e.8*2 -3x2-6x2: -d.
The ef term is 1. (r + z)(.r + 3). 2. (t-3\U+7). 8. (r+s)(l-z).
4x2 t (-x)+ (- 3x2),i... - 4.3 - Sf: - r3d.
3x * 4. (c-z)k+i. i.
5. (t+ z)(t - 8. (d-i@-z\.
The ra term is 4xz x ( - 3x2): - n#. ?. (D - rr)(6+s). 8. (e-8)(zr+e). 9. (r-5)(zl+5).
Thus the expansion is 4+ 4x - x2 - t3# - t2x4. 10. (n -s)(z-5;. 11. (gr+s)(zy- :). 12. Qx- 5)(z*-3;.
It is important for the pupil to leam to pick out a particular 13. (3r - j(zx+ g). 14. (4c+Sd)(tc-zd).
term, e.g. the x3 term, without working out the whole expansion. 15. (zs-5t)(5s+zr). 18. (zl-sm)QI-zm).
When long expressions have to be multiplied together the work- L7. (7s-St)(Ss-zr). 18. (+c - sd)(zc - zA.
ing may be arranged as in Arithmetic. 19. (7s+5t)(5s-zr). 20. (zl + sm)gl - zm).
ExamBle 5. Multiply sd - + + 3x2 by 3x2 - zrc + S. 2L. (zl-sm)QI+zm). 22. (7s+5t)(5s+zt).
5x3+ 3x2+ ox - 4 23. (4c - 5d)Qc + zd). 24. (3a2 - zbz) (zaz + 3b2).
3x2- zx + 5 25. (za2 - 5bc)(a2 - bc). 26. (3a2 + zbz)(zaz - 3bz).
27. (zaz + 5bc)(zaz - 3bc). 28. (zaz - + zbcj.
"{*;'3:i*r.
""'l,l;lI z5r3+t5x2+ox-zo 29. (zaz+ 5Dc)( - a2 + 5bc). 80. (3a2 -
5bc)(3a2
zbz)(zaz - 3bz).
EXER,CISE 88. b (Oral)
r5r,r5- xa+ rgxs+ 3x2+8x-zo Iixpand :
The steps in the working are as follows : 1. (x+3)(x+7). 2. (x- z)(x+5). 8. (a+ 6)("- i.
(r) Arrange each of the expressions to be multiplied tog€ther so 4. (y + z)(y - ). 5. (t-6)(t+t). 8. (x-,2)(x-t\.
that the powers are in ascending (or descending) order. If any 7. (u + +)(u - +). 8. (a+ro)(6-g). 9. (m-z\(m-S\.
intermediate power does not occur, insert a term with coefficient 10. (y+8)(z-s). LL. (za+ 5)(3a - r). L2. (zc - S)(sd- r).
zeto, ot leave a gap. L3. (za - S) (sa + r). L4. (sa + zb)(a - +b). L5. (7x - 6y)(x + y).
(z) Form the partial products by multiplying the upper expres- 16. (6r - 5y)Qx + 3y). 17. (ga- zb)(a+ +b).
sion by the different terms of the lower. Write each of these 18. (6x + 5fl@x - 3y). 19. (9a+ zb)(a+ 4b).
partial products on a separate line, and place like terms in a vertical 20. (7x+6y)(x-s:'). 2L. (sa-zb)(a-+b).
column. Then add the partial products. 22. (6x-siQx-sil. 28. (zr - 6y)$x - zy).
24. (+t2 - Syz)(zxz - 3y2). 25. Qx-8yz)(-2x+3yz),
89. Multiplication is sometimes necessary in order to reduce an 26. (3x + 8yz)Qx - yz). 27. (qcz + syz)(zxz - 3y2).
equation to its simplest form.
28. gx - 8yz)( - zx - 3yz). 29. (pz - 5y2)(zxz + 3yz).
Example 6. Solae 80. (3r + 8yz) (5x + zyz).
j(*+ r)(r+ Z) -
z(x +r)(r- r):(r- r)2+3(5r+ r). EXERCISE 88. c
Expanding each product, we have (Some of these may be tahm orally)
3@2 + 4x + 3) - z(xz :- r) (r2 - zx + r)+ 3 (5x + r), Find the coefficient of :

.'. 3r2 + tzrc + g - zxz + z: x2 - 2x + | + tstc + 3, l. ;r2 in (4 - x -S#)(S + gx - zx\.

 ALGEBRA xv.l PRODUCTS 17s
r74 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL [cner.
2. in (S - Sx - 4)c2) (2 + 5t + 3x2). Example 7. Write down the squares oJ $x + 3y) and (Za - zb).
rc3
(5r + 3v;z : o" .
3. r in (3+zx-x2-3xs)(r+zx). 15
::l:: : ::r?'li,., = z5 x2 + 3o xy + sy2.
4. x2 in (x2 + zx + r) (.r2 + zx * r)-
oa - zb)2 = 17"r *
5. .rB in (t - 3x + 3x2 - xs)(r - zx + x2). :"uln'", :lr?!"jl"u : - z8ab + 4bz.
6. asb in (zaz - 3ab + 4bz) ( - saz + 3ab + 4b2). After a ^saz down in one step.
little practice the result may be written
?. f in (r - gt2 + zots)(t - 3t). These results also enable us to find mentally the squares of numbers
8. z in (I'+3-n)(12-z+n). which occur in Arithmetic.
9. ab3 in (a2 - zab + b2)(a2 + zab + bz). Example 8. EDaluate to22.
10. 12 in (zxz - 3ax * a2)hox - zaz - x2)' (rc2)2 : ( roo + z)2 = roo2 -- z2 + 2 . too. 2 : roooo + 4 + 4oo : to4o4'
Expand :
It shoultl be particularly noteil that (a + b)2 is not equal to a2 +b2,
11. (3ca - - r)(3ca + 4c2 + r).
4c2 that (a - b)2 is not equal to a2 + b2, that ris'? + [z is not equal to
L2. ft - + 3h2- At)(r - zh + k2).
3k a+b or a - b, that Vaz - b2 is not equal to a+b ot a - b.
13. (y - S+ zyz)(z - y2 - sy). EXERCISE 39. a (MainIY oral)
L4. (xa+ 3rcs + 7xz - grc- s)(:r3 - x - 4). Write down the squares of :
L5. (z-3x-zxs)z. 18. (x2 +zx-7)(3x2 -rc-5)(z*-3). L. a-l x. 2. z*x. 3. c+3. 4. zx+3.
Solve the equations : 5. *-3. 6. b-c. 7.6-x. 8. 3l-r.
L7. (zx + r) (zx + z) : 2v1.* *'r, - U. 9. +." - g. L0. zc - 3d. LL. 3a+ 5b. L2- 3rc - 7y.
18. r5 + e(8 + x) = (x + 5)2. L3. ()I + +m. L4. gx - toy. L5. zxz + 5y2. 16. 5a2 - za.
19. z (.t - S) (x + 3): zx(x - g) + t44. l? . 7 - 3cz. L8. 3cz + d. L9. a2 - zbz. 20. - 3xz + zyz.
20. (zx - l)Qx - +) - +x(zx - 3) - zx(tt - zx). 2L. za - 5bc. 22. zal + 3b3. 28. +r" - s. 24. 6 - srn.
25.3a2b-7c3. 26. -ga2-4a3.27. -5c-6c4. 28. ' tzdz.
2L. z(zx - 8) (z.r + t) - (7x + +) (x - z): (Sx +- 6) (r +' 4) - 4. 5c
Without doing the actual multiplication, evaluate :
22. (t5x+ r)(3r - 2) - 3Qx- t)(gx - r)= ro - (zrx* z)(3r+ r).
29. zoz2. 30. 4ro2. 81. 1992. 32. roo'52.
23. (3r+ r)2+ (3x - z)2 : t8x2 - 5. 83. sg'52. 84. roo52. 35. 5o'22. 36. 4g'g2-
24. (.t + S)2 - +(r + x)--(z - r)2 - 8x.
EXERCISE 39. b (MainlY oral)
TWO IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS Write doq'n the squares of :

90. By multiplication in the usual way we obtain : l. b+ h. 2.5+x. 8.t+7. 4. 3r+ r.

-
(a + b)2 + ab + ab + b2 : a2 + Zab +b2,
(a + b) (a + b) : a2 5. 4- a. 6.8-t. 7.s-r. 8. 2a-3.
(a - b)2 : :
a2 - ab - ab + b2 -- az - 2ab + b2.
(a - b) (a - b) 9.5x-2. L0. t-+y. LL.3a-5b. L2. 2x + 7y.
It is so frequently necessary to square a binomial expansion that L3. 8I - 5m. L4. 4x + 3y. L5. zxz - .v2 . 16. 3x2 - x.
the above results should be committed to memory. They may be t?. z - gxz. L8. 5c- d2. 19. 12 - s2. 20. Sa + 2bc.
expressed in words as follows : 21. cz - 3cd. 22. 5n3 - 7. 28. xs + zz3. 24. zf - sys.
The square of the sum of two quantities is equal 0o the sum of 25. zrsz-gf. 26.3-7aa. 27.51-7m2. 28. - zxz - 5rJ.
their squares plus twice their protluct. Without doing the actual multiplication, evaluate :
Tbe square of the tlifference of two quantities is equal to the sum 29. 3o52. 80. 2o32. 8L. gg2. 82. 20'52.
of their squares minus twice their proiluct. 88. 19'52. 84. roor2. 85. 4o'62. 86. 39 82.
I r76 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
91. Division. We have already seen
ALGEBRA [oree.
in Ch. XI that to divide
xv.] QUOTIENTS
sum of the partial quotients, i... +t, - 3r - 5. The fourth expres-
r77

a polynomial by a monomial, each term of-the polynomial must be sion is the remainder ; if the remainder is zero, the division is exact.
di;id;d by the monomial. Thus, (rzf - 8tz - 4t):zt
:(rzf :zt) - (8t2:zt) - (4t-2t):6tz - 4t - z. Divide: EXER,CISE 40. A

[The remainder of this chapter may be Postponed, if desired- L. 7o'- gab by - a. 2. ficsd - z7&d2 by - gcd.
Knowledge of it is not presumed in Chs. XVI to XXI.] 8. t+rn - 4c2 by - zx. 4. gln - 612m2 by 3lz.
5. t2+r3t+42by t+6 8. a2-t5a+36bya-3.
92. If we wish to divide by a polynomial, the work is arranged 7. x2+ar-05 b;r-s: 8. zhz+gh+4by zh+r.
as in Arithmetic. The method is shown in Example 9. 9.3a2+8a+6by 3a+2. L0.+t'- 4tc - S by zx - 3.
Example 9. Diaide zoxa + 16 - 43xz 7f by 5x2 - 3 + ztc. Il-.6t2-7t+Sby 3t-2. L2. 5x2 - tz)c + 6 by 5r - z.
\x2 + zx - 3 ) zoxr - 7xs - 43x2 + ox + t6 ( 4x2 - 3.r - 5 L3. -zrcz+c+20by 3c+2. L4. z5a2- 4b2by 5a+zb.
t zox4 + 8x3 - tzxz 15. 3t2- r3t+t3-r5 by f-3, 16. .t3- x2-4rx+roo byr-5.
- r5r3- 3tx2+ ox Divide: EXERCISE 40. b
+, -r5x3- 6x2+ 9:c l.7o-zrbby -7.
g,x+r6 2. 8c2d - 6cd2 by - zcd.
8. py+qy-ryby -y. 4. - r5ra+ gxs by 3x2.
+ -25x2-tox+t5
5. d2+4d+3by d+r. 8. c2-t3c+36byc-9.
t r+ r ?. t2-tot-39byr+3.
Thus the quotient is 4x2-3r-5 and the remainder is x+r.
8.3r'-x-zbyx-r.
9, 5r2+r6x-3 by*+3. L0. tza2-qa+6by4a-3.
We do not continue the division, for the result of dividing r by 5xt 11. r5t2+t4t- 16by 3t-2, L2. 6x2+r3r- 6by 3x+2.
is a fraction. L3. -ztcz +58c- ztby -7c+3.
-_a*z_
The steps in the working are as follows :
L4. -4a2+49by za-7.
15. zo-x3-z6x+gxzby 4-x. L6. gc2+27c3-Jc+ro by3c-2.
(r) Arrange each of the expressions in descending (or ascending)
order ; if any intermediate power does not occur, insert a term Divide: EXER,CITIE 40. C

with coefficient zeto, or leave a gaP. L. zxs - 7xz - x + z by xz - 3x - 2.

(z) Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term in the
divisor, i.e. zox4 by 5t2 ; write the result, 4x2, in the quotient'
Multiply the divisor by this result and subtract the product from
the dividend. As in Arithmetic, it is unnecessary to bring down
the whole dividend ; only the term (or terms) immediately required
need be brought down.
(3) Repeat the process until it is no longer possible to divide
without bringing in fractions.
It may easily be verified that the sum of the expressions marked
f is the dividcnd. But the first expression is 4.rc2 times the divisor,
the second expression is - 3l times the divisor, the third expression
is - 5 times the divisor.
Therefore, when we divide the sum of the four expressions by
the divisor, the first three divisions are exact and the quotient is the
2. r-6x+rrx2-6fby r -3x+2x2.
8. zras + z6a2 - 27a - zo by 7a2 - 3a - 4.
4. xa-#3- tSxz - rrx+ zby x2-7x+r"
5. 7x + rzxL - 8x2 - z+ xs by 3xz + r - zx.
6. 3ru - 3zt + z*- r by 3zs - z - t,
7. t5+zf -{f -ryflbyF-7t-5.
8. 3oa - Tras + r - 3saz + z8aa by 4a2 + 6 - t3a.
9. 6xa - trxz + t3x + xx - z by zx2 - 3x + z.
10. 5ca - z8c2 - zoc + 25 + zC by c2 - 5.
lL. 6xL - ztx2 + gx + Ttcs - 3 by zxz - t + sx.
L2. t6xa - zx3 - 3gxz - r5x - 8 by zx2- x - 5.
L3, rzaa - 27a2b2 - r6a3b - r5ba + 46abs by 3b2 - 5ab + zaz.
L4. +*n - zx3 + zx2 - s + 5 by zxz - 3x + 4.
L5. zTaa - 3ga2b2 + zrasb - z5abs + 3ba by gaz + 7ab - b2.

I
 [cn.re. xvt.] EASY FACTORS r79
Exanple 2.
Eoaluate 57S x 24- 7S x 2+.
It is clear that 24 is a factor of each term of the given expression,
which equals
24G7 5 - 7 i = 24 x 5oo : r2'ooo'
CHAPTER XVI
EXERCISE 41.a
EASY FACTORS
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not
98. In the previous chapter we have shown how to find the possible, say so.
product of two given algebraical expressions' We shall now con- I. ga+ 3b. 2. ro& - rzc. 3. z2 - z,
sid". th. inverse operation : given an integral algebraical expression' 4. zz-63t. 5.3c2+3cd. 6. xz+xy,
to find two or more integral expressions which are such that their 7. x2 - zx}. 8. 6xz + r8xy. 9. xa + zf .
product is the given expression. Such integral expressions are 10. 5c2 - zoczd. LL. tza- 36a2b. L2. s7czdz - t7.
called factors of the given expression' When the factors have been 13. 3a - rob - zoc. L4, zx - 4y + 22. L5. 6a3 - tzaz + z4a
foundthegivenexpressionissaidtoberesolve.lintofactors,and Evaluate, by using factors:
the process of finding factors is called resolution into facbors' 16.89xrr7-86xr17. 17. 35 x ror3 - 35 x ?13.
Resolution into factors is an inverse operation, and it differs from L8. +zx718+4zxz8z. 19. 289 x 33+ 2tr x 33.
the direct operation of multiplication in two ways : 20. I of 8:S -8 of 339. 2L. t% of $616+ 3/s of 9584.
(r) Any two expressions can be multiplied together and their
product found, but, in general, an algcbraical expression written EXERCTf|E 41.b
down at random has no simple factors' e'g' 3r+4y cannot be Factorise, if possible, the followrng expressrons, If it is not
expressed as the product of two simple expressions' possible, say so.
(z) There is no general method of factorisation' In multipli- 1. r8c - r5d. t4tz - zot.
2. 8. 312 - l.
cation we have a definite process which always gives us the product, 4. y - 56a. f + 5rs. 5. 6. x2 - zxy.
but in order to factorise a given expression we have to learn a 7.9t2-3h. 8.512-rc1m. 9. zss-sr.
number of special devices. It shoulil be noted that when one L0. z4a2b2 - 35b4. LL. 7xz + 4zxzy. L2. r7t - 68t2w.
factor of an expression or number is known, the other factor can L8. lh-zrl-28m. L4. 5a+ rsD+9c.
be obtainetl by rlivision. L5. ar-3a3b-6azbz-64.
There are many important types of expression which can be Evaluate, by using factors :

factorisecl, and we now proceed to the consideration of these' 16.+:qx39+6 x39. L7.44x97-234x37.
94. Type I. Expressions in which each term has a common 18. rtg7x88-ro7zx88. 19. 638x rr3+638x87.
monomial factot. 20. 6 of' 1634+3 of 166. 2L. +% of gr39z - 4o/" of $942.

Example 1. Resohte r4f - zrxzy + 4gxy2 into factors. EXER,CISE 41. C

The H.C.F. of the terms r4r3, - ztxzy and 4gxy2 is 7x' Factorise, if possible, the following expressio s. If it is not
7x is therefore one factor, and the other is obtained by dividing possible, say so.
7x into the whole expression. We thus obtain the result L. 7ra - r4xs + zrx, 2. as _ azb _ abz.
r4xs - zrxzy * 4gxyz - 7x (zx' - 3*y + 7y\' 8. t5bcz - gbzc - 3F. 4. 3r'y'- gxzy - 3x2f .
The principle of factors may be used to simplify arithmetical 5. zx6-6x)-zfyz. 8. 3ra - gx2y2 + 4t'.
calculations.
r78

I
 ALGEBRA rvt.l EASY FACTORS r8r
r8o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL lcnee.

7. Tcad- 4Cd2 - 4sP&. 8. a2*'abxY-acxY' It is nost important that the puDil should lea,rn !o Decognise

10. a5 - 5arb + roasbz - :oazP. this relationshilt ; it is frequently neeiled in faclorisstion.

9. 7ab - r4bc - zrac.
l1-. - 3a,x+7f .
a7 12. 8x2Y - S#.Y + Stcf . Example 5. Factorise ab - bd - ac * cd.
18. 3as - gaz - goa. 14.4-f -x2Y+44f. Here there is no obvious common factor, but it is possible to
rearrange the terms in groups having a common factor.
L5. r4at-7atb+z8asb^.
Select one letter, say c, and bring the terms containing it together:
g5. Type tr. Expressions il which the terms can be srrango'l ab - ac - bd + cd: a(b -
- d(b - c).c)
in grouDs whicb have a cornmon faptor'
[N.B.-If this line is written a(b - 6), it will be neces-
- c) + d(c
rary to get it into the form given above by replacing (c - 6) by
- (b - c).1 : (b - c)(a - d).
The pupil may verify that the same result is obtained, if at the
start we select one of the other letters in place of a. As a general
nrle it is best to select, if possible, a letter which occurs to the ffrst
clear from the following examples.
Dower only.
ExamDle 3.Factoise (a + zb)x + (a + zb)y' Example 8. Factoise ab + ac - bd + cd.
Here it is obvious that (a + zD) is a common factor' Taking the terms in pairs, we have:
We obtain the other factor by division' Err:nnn ab + ac
\-./ - bd\-/
+ cd
The expression equals (a+ zb)(x + y\'
N.B.-The corlmon factor shoulil always be written ilown flrst' =a(b*c)-d(b-c).
Beginners often frnd difficulty with this type' The Process may On ab-bd+ac+cd
\-/ \-/
be made clearer to them by using a single letter to represent the :b(a-d)+cfu+4.
common factor. Thus in the above example we may write P On - bd.
ab-+ cd+ ac
for (a+zb).
The expression is then Px+Py, a type which has already beeo In each case we reach a stage where it is impossible to proceed
dealt with. It is equal to P(x * y), i.e. (a + zb)(x + y), as before' further, for there is no relatiorship between (b + c) anil (b - c), or
The pupil should dispense with the use of the subsidiary letter P betweeu (a - il) anil (a + il). This shoulil be carefully noteil bv the
as soon as possible' Dupil.
'fhere are no factors of the expression other than unity and the
ExamDle 4.
Factoise a(b - i + +(l - D). expression itself.
At first sight it appeani that there is no common factor' But
(f - b): - (D - :) and the expression may be written Example 7. Factorise ax - bx + by + cy - cx - ay.
-i a(b - r(b -3):
- i@ - +). (D The expression equals
Relation between (a - b) antl (b - a)' l'ltrunn - bx - crc - ay + by + cy
ax

The equalities (a - b): - (b - a)

: - b - c) - y(a - b - c):(a - b - c)lx - y).
x(a
and (b-a): -(a-b) On ax-ay-bx+by-cx+cy
follow from the ordinary rules for removing brackets' =a(x - y) - b(x - y) - c(x - y\:(x - y)(a- b - c).

A
l-

182 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crur' rvr.l EASY FACTORS r83

EEERCISE 42' a 6. 3x3+zrxz-5r-35. 6. Zf - 5xt- 14*+ ro.

if possible' If it is not cd(12+r)-l(cz+d2). 8. aab (* + t) - x (r6a2 + b2).
Factorise the following expressions
possible, say so.
0. lzc - (mzc + lzd') - L0. x2a2 - (yzb + xzb) + y2a2.
ll. ^'d'.
a2l + abl + ac + abrn + bzm + bc. L2. zP - zcd + zct + c + tc - d.
1. (c + d)s + (c + d)t. 2. (s+ t)a-(s+t)b.
8. :(a- b)-(a-b)c. 4. zaz(c-ld)+zk-gd)- 13. a2I + ac - abl - abm - bc + bzm. L4. zC+zcd-d-c+zcx-x.
6. ry(s+t)-z(s+t). 16. 3c2 - zc - gcd + 6d + zx + 3cx.
5. zx(az + 627 - y1a2 - bz).
8. c(r - y) + d(y - x). 18. zx2 + 6x - r1z - zxy + Syz - sxz.
7. a(u+o)+b(a+u).
9. 3@2 + y2) + 6a(xz + yz). LO. 4@-b)-3@+b)c. 06. Tvpe IU. ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c stantl for any integers,
ll. ft(c - b\ - l(b - a). L2. c(d-+)+z@-4. Dogitive or negative. The integral e{pression ax2+bx+c is
L8. x2+xy+xz+yz. L4. 512+31 +5lm+3m. cullcd a quadratic expression in *.
15. +-t2+4t-st. L6. abc-b- r+ac. 'I'here has been much controversy about the best method of
L7. aF - 3cz - 3d2 + 4cd2 L8. zxz -2q/+xz-yz. frrt:torising expressions of the type axz+bx *c, and it has been
19.3rs -xzy-"y"+6*y;. 20. 6xa - 9r + 15 - ro.f traditional to start by considering expressions of the type x2 + bx + c,
2L. zxz - zxy - 3xz - 3yz. 22. aa-as+za-2. ic. the special case in which a: r, and afterwards to use Method z
23. z4 - xy - 6y + 4n. 24. ro * ycy - r1x - 2y. or Mcthod 3 for the type axz+bx+c. Those who wish to retain
tlrc traditional method may do so by taking first Exs. 45a and b.
EXERCISE 42.b 'l'hcy may then use either Method z or Method 3 for Exs.
Factorise the following expressions if possible, If it is not
possible, say so. 44 a, b, c.
l. (l-m)x+(t-rn'ty. 2. a(c-A-bk-4. I t
is, however, very strongly recommended that Method r be
rtsed as the principal method. When this has been mastered the
8. 3k2(u+4a)-z(u+4v). 4- s@+v)-(x+v)t.
5. zab(d+S)-s(d+S). 8. zs(cz-dz)+St(P+iP). Jrrrpil may be encouraged to use Method z in all gimple cases.
'l'lrose who adopt this recommendation may omit the greater part
?. x(u - o) - y(o - u). 8. c( f + q) + l(q+ P).
rrf ljxs. 45 a and b.
9. m(t - z) + 5@ - t). L0. 5(12 + m2) + 4n(mz +12).
11. s(c+d)-s(d-c)h. L2. m(y-z)-n(z-v)- 97. Methotl 1. lf l, m, z, p stand for any integers, positive or
lB. Dz - bd + bc - cd. 14. hzmz + ktnn + klm + ln. rrcgative, we have
15. zd - cd + zc - c2. L8. zbz + zbd + bc + cd. (lx+m)(nx+p):(lx+m)nx+(lx+nt)p ......(i)
L?. +r'-5x+5+4xs. 18. *+r-ttcy-tY. :lnx2+mnx+Iptc+tnp ......(ii)
Lg. zas - bs +zabz - azb. ZO. rzls -81m2 - rcms+ t5l4* : lnxz + (mn + lp)x + mp .. ............ .. ........ (iii)
2L, z{-zF+3t-g. 22.3b2+3bd-zbc+zcd. :ax2+bx *c, ........... .......(iv)
28. 15+xy-3x-Sy. 24. 14-xy-7y+2x' wltere a:|n,6:(mn+ lp), c:mp.
'I'o factorise the expression axz + bx + c, it rs necessary to reverse
DKERCISE 42. c the above process of multiplication. If we try to do this the
Factorise the following expressions if possible. If it is nol tlilhculty lies in proceeding from (iv) to (iii), It is necessary to
possible, sayr so.
rcplace D by two equivalent numbers,* tnn and /p, whose product
l. 3x2(zx2 -tr+S) +7Qxz -n+5). ix mn x lp, i,e. lmnp, which is the same as ln x mp or ac.
2. 3y bxz - zx + 4) - Sz(3x2 - zx + 4).
8. 3a(x2 - 2tc - 7) - zb(xz - 2tc - 7) + 4c (xz - uc - 7). t For brevity in this chapter'number' is used to denote a positive or
neSatrve mtegef.
4. l(+r - 3y + 7z) - 3m(+r - 3y + 72, - 2rr(+r - 3y + ?z').

\
l-
t84 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner' xvl.l EASY FACTORS r85

We have therefore the following rule for factorising axz + bx + c, Express - 6o in prime factors, i.e. - 22 . 3 . 5. The largest
where a, D, c stand for any integers, positive or negative : prime factor is 5. We therefore make a table showing all the
ac' possible pairs of numbers whose product is - 6o, placing in one
Replace b by two equivalent nnmbers whose Droiluct is The
given expression can then be factoriseil by grouping terus. column unity and multiples of 5 (except those which do not divide
exactly into - 6o). We also notice that, since the product is
Note. The method is also applicable to expressions of the type negative, one number must be positive and the other negative.
axz t bxy + c!2, aJc2!2 + bxyz + czz, etc, Also, since the sum is negative, the larger number must be negative.
The important step is the replacement of D by two equivalent In the table we therefore place the sign - before the larger
numbers whose product is ac. It is recommended that the pupil number and the sign + before the smaller. The table is:
be given considerable practice in this before the complete factori- +I -6o
sation is attempted. It is essential thst this stage of the work +5 -t2
should be tlone systematically anil completely. In most examples -ro +6
the following procedure is both short and certain : - 15 + 4, which are the required numbers.
Express the product, ac, of the end coefficients in prime factors'
Make a table showing all the possible pairs of numbers whose
Example 10. Fhtd tzoo numberc v,those sum is - z5 and ztthose
product is 6o.
product is ac, placing in one column unity and multiples of the
Proceeding as before, the table rs:
largest Drime factor and in another column the other factor of the
complete product. Select the pair whose sum is equal to the -I -6o
required sum 6. -5 -12
and
-ro -6
ExamDle8. Find two numbers whose sum r's -3r whose
-15 -4
product is z4o. -20 J
Express z4oin prime factors, i.e. zr .3 ' 5. The largest prime -30
factor is 5. We therefore make a table showing all the possible -6o -I
pairs of numbers whose product is z4o, placing in one column unity (The numbers - 25, - 35, - 40, - 45, - 50, - 55 are omitted
and multiples of 5 (except those which do not divide exactly into from the first column because they do not divide exactly into 6o.)
z4o). We also notice that since the given product is positive, the The table has now been completed and there is no pair of
numbers must be both positive or both negative. Since the sum numbers with the sum - 25. We conclude that 'there are no
is negative, they are both negative The table is : numbers satisfying the given conditions. In such a case the
-I - 2'40 pupil must check the working carefully to make sure that he has
-5 -48 not omitted a possible pair of numbers.
-ro -24
EXERCISE 43. a
-15 - 16, which are the required numbers.
Note. The pupil should test the sum of each pair as soon as it Find, if possible, two numbers satisfying the following condi-
tions. If it is not possible, say so. (P: product, S = sum.)
is written down, so that he may stop as soon as he has found the
required numbers. 1. P: r5, S:8. 2. P:24, S:rr.
8. P:zz, S: r3. 4. P=z+, S: - rr.
Example 9. Find two numbers whose sunt rs - rr antd whose
product ts - 6o. 5. P: - r5, S= -8. 8. P:zz, S: - 13.
r86 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [CHTP. :rvl.] EASY FACTORS r87

7. P: -63, S:2. 8. P: - 42, S= -r. SxnmDle 12. Factoise - 4.l'2 - 15 + 16r.

9. P: -4s, ^S: -4. 10. p: _ 42, S:r. The expression must be rearranged in descending (or ascending)
powers of r. It equals - 4-x2 + t6x - 15. We must + r + 60
11. P: - 63, S: - z. 12. p: - 45, ,S=4
therefore find two numbers whose product is * 6o + 5 + tz
13. P:9, s=9. 14. P: +8, S: r9. * ro + 6
and whose sum is + 16. They are + ro and +6,
LS. p: _{o, ,S:3. 16. P: - 96, S: ro. .'. -+c2+r6x-15: -4x2+ ro.r+6rr- r5
t?. P:45, S: r8. 18. P: -e, S=o. : - 2x(2x - ) + 3Qx - 51 :@x- 5)( - z*+ 3).
19. P: - 56, S: - ro. 20. P:88, S:r9. l{ote. The signs in the expression must not be changed.
2L. P=88, S: -26. 22. P: - 66, ^9:5. Beginners sometimes change the sigrr throughout and write
28. P: - 18, S: - 3. 24. P: 18, S: -9. 4x2 - t6x+ r5 in place of the given expression.
This is wrong.
25. P: - 48, S: - r3. 26. P=96, S:zz. The given procedure applies in all cases.

27. P= - r8, S:4 28. P=56, ^S:r8. Example 18.

Factoise 63x2 - r5xy - r8y2.
We notice that 3 is a factor of each term,
EXERCIfiE 43. b .'. the exprestien:3 (zrx2 - Sxy - 6y2)
Find, if possible, two numbers satisfying the following conditions.
:3(3r- zy)(7x+ 3y), as above, Ex. rr.
If it is not possible, say so. (P=product, S:sum') Note. U each term has a cornmon factor, this shoulal alweys
L. P:63, S:16. 2. P= 42, S: r3. be taken out flrst.
8. P:45, S: 14. 4. P:42, S: - r3. 98. Method fI. Factors by inspection. Easy quadratic ex-
5. P:45, S: - 14. 6. P:6r, S: - 16, pressions can often be,factorised by inspection, without using the
?.P:-r5,^9:-2 8. P: - 24, S:5. method of grouping terms.
9. P: - zz, S:9. 10. P: - 2+, S-- - S. Whichever methoal is usetl the answer sboulil always be checkeil
11. P: - 22, S: - g' 12. P: - r5, S: z. mentally by multiPlication.
13. P: r8, S:9. 14. P:4o, S: r3. Let us consider the following results, which are ohtained by
15. P: - 96, S: - ro 16. P: - 40, ^S: - 3. ordinary multiplication :
17. P:e, S: ro. 18. P: - 45, S: - rz. (zx + 3)Qx + 4) : 6xz 1' t7x + 12, """""""""(i)
19. P: -9, S: -6. 20. P: +8, S: - 19. (zx - 3)Qx - 4):6x2 - r7x+ 12, "".'""""'(ii)
2L. P: r8, S: rz 22. P:s6, S: -zz. (zx + 3) Qx - 4\ : 6x2 + tc - t2' ..........'.'.. "'(iii)
28.P:-9,S:-8. 24. P: - 18, ,S:3. (zx - 3)(3r+ +)=6* - tc- 12. ......'.......""(i")
25. P: - 48, ^S: r3. 28. P:49, S: - r8. We notice that if, as in (i) and (ii), the third term of the quadratic
22. P: - 88, S:3. 28. P: - 56, ^S: ro. expression is positive, then the second terms of its factors have the
Example 11. Factorise 2rrc2 - Sxy - 6y2. same sign, and this sign is the sarne as that of the middle term of
We have to find two numbers whose product is - rz6, or the expression. If, as in (iii) and (iv), the third term of the ex-
-2 .32 .7, arrd whose sum is - 5. Proceeding as + t-r26 pression is negative, then the second terms of its factors have
usual, we find that the numbers zte - t4 and + 9. + 7- r8 opposite sigrrs.
We therefore write the expression in the form -r++ 9 Again, consider the result (i)' The first term 612 is the product
zrxz-r4ry*gxy-6yz of zx arrd 3n ; the third term + 12 is the product of +3 and +4'
-7x(3:r- 2y)+ 3y(3,c- zy):(3x- 2,y)Ox+ 31). The middle term + r7* is the result of adding together the two
r88 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. xuJ EASY FACTORS r89
products +3 x 3x and +4xzx. Similarly, in the result (iv), the We now write Y:6r, and the expression becomes
first term 6.x2 is the product of zx and 3r; the third term - rz is
the product of - 3 and + 4. The middle term - x is the result of it",-Y-2"!.
adding together the two products - 3 x 3x and + 4x zx. We thus reduce the problem to the easier problem of finding
If we try to reverse the process and find the factors of one of these the factors of Y- Y-?2.
expressions, say 6x2 - & - rz,, it is clear that the factors must either These are found by inspection to be ( Y- g) ( Y+ 8),
start with 6r and.r or with 3* and zx, arrd, end with rz and r or i.e. (6r - g)(6r+ 8):3(zr- ). zQx + 4)
6 and z or 4 and 3. Also the second terms have opposite signs. :6(ztc - t) (sr + +).
The possible pairs of factors are therefore :
r'x
(6x + r)(x - tz), (6x - t)(x + rz), (6x + tz)(x - r), The expression is thur equal to 6(zx- 3)(3r + 4),
(6x-tz)(x+r), (6x-6)(x+z), (6x+6)(x-z), i.e. (zx (:r + +).
- g)
(6x+z)(x-6), (6x- z)(x + 6), (6x + 4) (" - 3),
(6x-$(x+3'1, (6r+ 3)(r - 4), (6x - 3)@+ 4), E)(ER,CISE 44. A
(3x+ t)(zx- rz), (3x- r)(zx+ rz), (3x+ rz)(zx- r), Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not
(3x- rz)(zx+ t), Qx+6\(zx-z), (3x- 6)(zx+z), possible, say so. Check your answers mentally.
(3x+z)(zx-6), (3x- z)(zx+6), (3x+ 4)Qx- 3), l. zxz+3x+ r. 2. zdz+7d+3. 3. 3t2+5t+2.
(3x-4)Qx+3), (3r+3)(zx-4), Qx-)(zx+9. 4. zaz-5a+3. 5. zxz-7tcy+6y2. 6.3o'-rra*6.
We then test mentally by multiplication until we find the right 7. zcz + gc - 5. 8. zxz - ycy - syz. 9. 3cz + 7c - 6.
pair. This process seems long, but a little consideration will show 10. 322-zz-8. 11. r5p2 -?pS-2q2. L2. 3a2+5a-8.
that a number of the possible factors may at once be rejected. 18. z- c-6c2. 14. s-toz+3:,2. 15. f-8x-3x2.
Thus (6r+ n)(x- r) is impossible, for 6 is a factor of 6.r+ rz and \7. a2-3a-ro. 18, a2+7a+to.
therefore of the whole product, but it is not a factor of 6x2 - x - tz.
-16. 3x2-7x-5.
19. zxz - 3zxy+ tz6y2.'20. Saz - 4a- 3. 2L. z# - 3x2 - 2.
In the same way all the other pairs may be rejected excopt
(6x - r)(r+ rz), (3r+4)(zx- 3\, gx- g(zx+3),
22. zaz-abc-b2c2. 28. 3h2 -34- 168. 24. 3a2-t6a-t8g.
(6x+ r)(r- e),
which must be tested by multiplication. 25, *+3xy- 4oy2. 26. gtz+ 36t- ro8. 27. +- 3st- ros2f2.
After a little practice, the pupil will be able to reject mentally the 28, 5a2- Sab- 28ob2,29. 6y2+41t+3. 80. +- rgxy+ toxzya.
impossible pairs of factors, and the process is quicker than the '8L. 43+9c-8. 82. 812-1*2-7v1^. 88. zxz-tcyz-r1yzzz.
above working would suggest, With simple numbers it is slightly
quicker than the method of grouping terms, but the gmuping nYnRcIsE 44. b
method is the method to rely upon. It shoultt always be used when- Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not
ever the pupil is not able to obtain the factors quickly by inspection. possible, say so.
Check your answers mentally.
99. Methoil III. The method will be clear from the following
l. 3xz + 4-tc + t,
2. 3tz +8t+ 4. 8. zP+gc+4,
example.
4. zxz - rttcy + 5y2. 5. zP - 5c+ z. 6. zaz - ga+ ro
?.3t2+5t-2. 8. 5r2+ zgt- 6. 9. 3a2+ab- zbz.
Exa^mple 14. Factorise 6x2 - x - rz. L0.2d2-d-3. 11. r5s2+ r3s-2. t2. r5a2+7ab-2b2.
we write the expressionilrt;-';ixz - 6x - 7zl 18. z- 7tc+6#, 14. z+7t+5P. 15. z-3k- shz.
L8. xz +8x+7. l'1. 3* +7x+ 5. 18. - 12 - x+ 2c.
19.5a2-p+3. 20. za2b2+gabc-zP. 21. uca+12-r.
r90 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHen' xvt.l EASY FACTORS r9r
oo zx| - rtxzyz+ r5y4. 23. 7x2- z8x-84' 24' -8dz -gd+z' 4.s2-r6st+r5lr 5.&-5d+4, 8,x2-gtc+2o-
28. z&-cd-28d2. ?.a2-a-2. 8.h2+3h-to. 9.t2+zt-t8.
25. 4a2+6oab+zz4b2. L0. n2-n-zo tL. m2+m-42. L2, x2-x-rz.
27. 4az + ab - r4b2. 28. 4o - r3P + P2.
30. qaz+t5abc+t4b2c2. L8. a2+8a+16. t4. 4b2+gbc+c2. L5. zz -#-2t.
29. Spz-7;ps+z8oq2. L8. x2-rrxy+z8yz L7. r-toxy-z4sc2y2' L8. x2+r3.r+33.
81. 8- r5ab+7a2b2. 32. 4+322- ro4. 33. 3c2-3c- r89'
!9. a2-5ab-24b2 20. t-r6h+63h2 2L. y2-r2y+40.
EXER,CITiE 44. C
22. rr+tot-t2 28. x2-z1x+136. 24. c2+4c-95.
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions' If it is not 25. y2-z3yz+to222.28. a2- 4a- 2+. 27. x2 -7x-48.
possible, say so.- Check your answers mentally' 28. a2 + 4ac - 45c2. 29" r + rzxyz+ 35x2yzz2. 30. t2- 7t-78.
L. zaz- qa+8. 2. 3c2+ r3c-30. 3.8-r7x+7x2'
4. r8:c2 + t2g)c + 2r. 5. t5az + gga - +2. 6' zt - tgt - ztz EXEBCITiE 45. b
7. 3t2+23t+3c.. 8. zrl2- qlmlzmz' 9' tzcz-z3cd+todz' Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not
10. 3ofr2 +87h+Q. LL. zaz-t5a- 8. 12. z8x2+3txy-5y2' possible, say so. Check your answers mentally.
13. r5+ r6xy-t5x2y2' L4.7a2-ga-8. L5' ztpz-ttpq-zq2' l. b2+4b+3. 2. n2+6n+8. 8. d2+r3dh+42k2.
16. rz.r2 -7)c-ro. L7. z4t2+22t-2r. 18. 15- 34c+r5c2' 4. y2-5y+6. 5. x2-7x+to. 8. m2-8mn+t5n2.
L9. z8a2 + 3gab + 5b2. 20. t4za + 48zz - 7- 2L' 5nz - ro+n - 2t 7. z2-32-4. 8. y'-2y-rs. 9. x2+zx-3.
22. 4zx2-77xy-+gyz. 23. 4oa2-ro1abc+7zb2c2' L0. t2+t-6. 11. x2- 3xy-t8y2 L2, b2-r4b-rs.
24. z4x2-Sox+2t. 25. zo-gz-zoz2. 26' ztaz-z3ab+zb2' L3. x2 + tox + 2r L4. d2 - rod + 25. L5. zz - 22 - 24.
16. x2 + rtxy + 24y2. L7, b2 - rob + r8. 18. 12 + 3xy - 28y2.
27. to5+5p-5op2. 28' r5l2-35/+16' 29' tzxz-2x-7o'
19. r4 - sxy - tczf 20, c2d2 + r5cd + 44 2L. c2 - r'4cd + 24d2.
30. tzdz-8zd-14' RL. t4aa+g6az-t4' 32' x2-x-go'
22. a2+zoab-6gb2. 23. t2+rtt+42. 24. t-9h- t36h2,
33, zo.v2 -3zx-84. 34. 4ota+82t2+4o- 35. 7x2 16oxrz4'
36. 5'r2 + 3jry+ t4y2.3?. 3ont2 - 9m- 54. 38. 6oa2 -65a-7o'
25. t-8,x2-65ra. 26. c2+tzc-72. 27. c2+z4c-8t'
28. x2 + 6xyz - gtyzzz. 29. h2 + 3l - 88. 80. to - zf - $.
39. 4zk2 - 8rA - 6. 40. 4-ta + 37xz - 3o-
41. 3o:u2 - 85.ry + 35112' 42. t6 + ttc - t5c2 ' 100. Type IV. Tbe tlifference of two squares. The factors
43. 7cz + 5ocd + 7d2. 44. 3om2 - 57mn + zvP ' of xz - y2 may be found as a special case of Type III in which the
45. 4oc2 - +c - 8+. 46. yaz - 26ab + 4b2 ' middle term is zero. Thus
i
4?. ror2 - zr2xlt 42y2. 48. 33.2s - r4z - 4 *'-Y':*2+xY-xY-Yz
Note. Hartler examples of this tvpe will be fountl in Chapter -- x(x + y) - y(x + y): (x + y)(x - Y).
xxry. This result is so important that it should be committed to memory
in words as follows :
Note. Those who have adopted Method r may omit Exs' 45 a
(r) The di.fference of the sguares of any two quantities is equal
and D, or they may do only a small selection from them'
to the protluct of the snn anal tbe tlifference of the two quantities.
EXERCISE 45. a (z) The product of the sum anil tbe difference of anv two
If it is not quantities is equal to the tlifference of their squares.
Factorise, it possible, the following expressions
possible, say so Check your answers mentallY. By means of the first rr.le any expression which is the differencc
2. a2+7a+rz 3. + gcd+ t8d2. of two squares may at once be resolved into factors.
L, a2+3a*z- cz
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [CUET. xw.I EASY FACTORS
tr5.
Factoise gaz - r6b2. 4, 49 - z5P. 5. rl-r. 6. qd'- +s.
ExamUle
the square of 3a, r6D2 is the square of 4b'
7. z5x2 - too. 8. rztaz - 64b". 9. r44- z5f .
9a2 is
L0. 4xrya - g*. 11. 8r/2 - roop2d L2. z5aa-9x2.
Therefore the first factor is 3a plus 4b, and the second factor is
t8. 5xz -7y2. L4.3h2-75. t5. l6ga2 - rzrbz.
3a minus 4D ; :. (go' - 6b2):Qa+ +b)(y- +b)'
The intermediate steps may usually be omitted, but it is a good L8.8-zP. L7. gaz+t6b2. 18. 5x2 - 8oya.

plan to write in the margin the numbers which are squared' The Find, by factors, the value of,
work may be arranged as in the following example. 19. (r57)2 - (ts6)'. 20. (+8r)'?- (z8r)'. 2L. (264)2 - (16)2.
22. (8t)2 - (rs)2. 23. (96)2 - 16. 24. (87)z - (8zr)'
Exa,mple16. Factoise #2 - z;(y - x)2. 2X
The expression equals [2" + 5U - x))lzx- S b - r)] s(v-r) 25. (42'8)2 - (+z'i". 20. (99e)s - r.
:lzx + 5y - 5xllzx - 5y + snl =l1v - 3xllTrc - 1vl' 27. (6'z)2 - (r't)2. 28. J(r.s+s)' - (o'g+i2.
It should be carefully noted that 25(y - x)' is the square of 29. (+l)z - ("zs\z. s0. v(IzF - Gzo)'z.
5(y - *). Find the value of :
It is sometimes necessary to take out a cornmon factor before 81. (a - zb + c)(a + zb - c). 82. (ga + b - zc) (3a + b + zc).
applying the rule. 83. (+a + b + 3c)(4a - b - sr). 84. (5r2 + x + z)(5x2 - x - 2).
Example 1?. Factorise 3Az - 4882. 85. (cs - 3c + 4)Q2 + 3c - 4). 36. (zx2 + 3x - 4)Qx2 - 3x - 4.
Here there is a common factor 3, so that the expression A
equals 3(12 - 168.2), We can now apply the rule to get 48 EXERCITIE 46.b
the complete result : S(A + +B)(A - +B). (Some of these m.aY be done orallY)
The first rule may also be used to shorten arithmetical calcu' Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not
lations, possible, say so.
18. Eoaluate 't@;tf= L1g. L. g. 2. r - 4gn2. 3. x2 - 36.
Example "'- 8.
,/6;tj- 1ug:,/(6rs + 37s\6zs - 37s): ^/-r"oo '25o 4. roo - xzyzz2. 5. ghz - 64. 36a2 - z5bzc2.
"' 9. +g*a - gyu.
:tfioooo=5oo. 7. - gbzca.
4az6t 8, t44o'-36b2.
L0. 36m2n2 - +gf . L1-. 8r - 25P6. 12. tzraa - t.
The second rule may be used to do certain multiplications 18. r8r2 - Soyz. L4. 63a2 - 7br. L5. az + 4b2.
mentally.
18. 45 - zocz. 17. zxz - 3y2. L8. zzbz - zP
ExamDle 19. Multiply (a + b - c) bv (a - 6 + c). Find, by factors, the value of:
The first bracket is a Plus (b - c)' 19. (ror)2 - r. 20. (gilz - (82)2. 2L. (sZ)z - s'
The second bracket is a minus (b - c).
22. (ro7)2 - (sr)'. 28. (Z8S)2 - (zts)z. 24. (z;z)z - (5")2.
Therefore the product is a2 - (b - c)z : oz - (b2 - abc + 4
:a2-b2+zbc-P' pE. (t2.5)2 - (z.s)z. 26. V(-6C/, - (63F . 2?. "lG;ti - Gff.
28. g.a3)z - (o-+silL. ZS. VI6OE - 36. 80. (s't+)'- (r'os)2.
EXERCIfIE 48. A
Find the value of :
(Some of these maY be done orallY)
3L. (za-b+c)(za+b-c). 82. (za + 3b + c) (za - lb - c\.
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not 88. (Sa + zb - 3c)(Sa + zb + 3c\. 84. (3x2+r+ 3)(3x2 - r + 3).
possible, say so.
8. g- +*2. 35. (zxz + x+ 5)Qx2 - s - 5). 38. (t2 - St + 2) (tz + st + 2').
L. a2 - 25. 2.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crer. xu.l EASY FACTORS t95

*EXERCIIIE 46. c 3ory is twice the product of 3r and 5y;

Jgtcz - 3oxy + z5yz : (tx - 51)2 or (5y - 3x)2.
.
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not (z) 9r2 is the square of 3r;
possible, say so.
r6y2 is the square of 4y ;
1. (a + zb)z - (c+ d)2. 2. (3m+zn)z-(.*-y)'.
z6xy is Nor twice the product of.3x and 4y;
8. (" - b)z - (c - d)2. 4. (+b-ldz-(zm+n)2.
.'. gxz + z6xy + r6yz is Nor a perfect square.
5. (5L - c)z - (m- zn)z. 6. (m+ 4n)2 - (Zr- y)'.
7. (a-b)2-(c+d)2. 8. (a+b\2 - (c- d)'. Note. Any positive number has two square roots ; thus
9. (a+b)z-nz 10. zaz - (s - t)2. x6: +7 or -7, J@*;*77:x*! ot -x-y,
Ll. c2 - (l + ,)'. L2. (a-b)2-x2. ./xz - zxy * yz : x - ! ot y - x.
18. (4c - - 14. gaz-(b-c)2.
3d)2 412.
EXERCISE 47. a (Mainly oral)
15. (:c+ ft12.
zd)z - 16. (6r-7i"-br+zy)'
L7. z5x2 - (y - ,)2. 18. bb-+r)'-(b+3c)2. In the following examples, state whether the expression is a

19. zS (g/ - m)z - 16(r + zs)z. 20. z5c2-4(zx+y)2,

perfect square ; if it is, give one of the
square roots.
L. a2+4a+4. 2. a2 - roa + zS. 8. 4a.2 + 4a + r.
2L. gxz- 6ly + zz)2. 22. 4k2-4g(m-zn)z.
4. 4o'-z8a+49. 5. 9a2-6a+t. 8. gdz+3od+25.
23. g(+1- 3m)2 - 4Qr - s)z 24. 64t2 - z5 Qx + 3z)z .
7. g*'- z4xy+ r6y2. 8. r6x2 - 8r + r.
25. g(x-2y)2-Qt-2i2. 28. 4Ql-3m)2-(Zl-7m)2.
9. az - 6ac * t6c2. L0. z5l2 + zolm+ 4m2,
2?. z5x2-(zx+zy)z. 28. z5c2 - (5c - 7d)2.
LL. gaz+z+a++. L2. t6x2+s6xy+4gy2.
29. ftxz - (z* - sy)z. 30. 6P-(4c-sd)z.
L8. z5m2+3omn+gnz. L4. qo' * r8a+8r.
81. (a - zb)z - g(a - 3b)2. 82. ftxz-(y-x)2.
L5. z5ta - 6otz + 36. L6, qon-44a2+rzt.
83. q(l+m)2-+(l-m)2. 34. (* - +y)'- r6(x - y)2.
L7. gaz + 6abc + 4b2P. L8. z5P + ttocd+ rzt&.
35. 64tz - (t - +)'. 86. 4Q+zd)L-z|(3c-O2.
101. Type V.
+2xy +yz and x2 - Z>ry +y2.
xz
EXERCTSE 47.b
(Mainly oral)
It was shown in the previous chapter that In the following examples, state whether the expression is a

(r) The squsre of the sum of two quantities is equal to the sum
perfect square ; if it is, give one of the square roots.
L. a2+8c+16. 2. a2-6a+9.
of their squares plus twice their proiluct.
8. 4o2 - r2a+ g. 4.4o'+2oa+2s.
(z) The square of the rlifference of hro quantities is equal to tbe
5. g*'- rzx+ 4. 6, gr' - 4zc + 49.
snm of their squares minus twice their proiluct.
?. gaz+48ab+64b2. 8. gr'-z5xy+25y2.
In other words x2 + 2xy + y2: (x + y)2, 9. r6xz + 2,4tc + g. 10. 1612 - 4oxy + 25y2.
xz -ZxY aY2: (x - Y)2' LL. z5c2 - rocd + dz. L2. 4az + 3zab + 4gb2.
It shoukl also be recognisetl that x2+y2 has no factors. L3. z5m2 -8omn+64n2. L4. a2-8a+64.
These results may also be obtained as special cases of Type III. L5. z5xa - 4ox2 + 16. L6. gaa + 6oa2 + roo.
It is important that the pupil should learn to recognise a perfect L7. l6x2 - Jzxy *8ty2. L8. 4:c2 + zzxy I rzryz.
square at sight.
102.* Type YI.
Eartler cases of the ilifference of two squares.
Exa,mple 20. Which of the folknt:ing expresions are perfecl By suitably grouping together the terms, certain expressions
seuares (t) g*2 - 3oxy + zsy2, (2) gxz + z6xy + t6y2? may be expressed as the difference of two squares, and so be
(r) 9r2 is the square of 3, i zsyz is the square of 5y ; factorised.
r 196
il

xral FACTORS
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oree. EASY tyz
Example 21. Factorise 4x2 + gyz - 8ta2 - rzxy. 18. C- f+zxy -y2. L4. 4ga2 - t4a+ t - +&++b- t.
zcd+iP -
4x2, 9!2 ar'd. 8ta2 are perfect squares; this suggests that the 15. * - tox + 25 - 4& - ncd - 9d2-
expression may be resolved into the difference between two 18. 412 + 4lm + *' - p' + rcpq - z5f .
squares. If so, it is clear that the term - rzry must be grouped 17. zab - zpq + p2 - az - b2 + q2. 18. # - yz + Sy - 25 + +zz - +tz.
with 4-x2 and +gyz. 19. g#-y2-9*+6y2. 20. #+4yz-z'-4y2.
Thus the expression equals 2L. q-e + +g - 36yz + z8x 22, 5xz - roxyt + 5yz - 45.
4*2 - rzxy + gy2 -
gro2: (zx - 3y)2 - 8ra2 2x - 3y 28. sP-412+ftlm-6)2. 24. xa + ya - 14 - rrf - - zl21v2.
:(zx-3y+ga)(zx-3y-9a). ga "*az
103.+ We conclude this chapter with a few miscellaneous
Note. The pupil should notice which terms are not perfect examples illustrating all the types dealt with in this chapter. It
squares, and then decide which terms must be grouped with them. should be particularly noticed that, after factorising the given ex-
pression by one of the rules, it is frequently possible to factorise
*EXERCISE 48. a
the factors so obtained. Care must be taken to flnil as Eany
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not factors as Dossible of the given e4rression.
possible, say so.
Example 22. Factorise 15 - 8rr.
L. x2-zxy+y2-22. 2. r,-y,-zyz-*. x6 - 8rx : x (xa - 8r) (Type I) : r (r2 + s) (x2 - 9) (Type IV)
8. x2-zxy+y2-25. 4.4-y'+zyz-22. :s(* +g\(x+ 3)(r - 3)(Type IV).
5. r-h2+6hl-g12. 8. 4a2 + 4ab + b' - 64.
2.4'+rzlm+gmz-8r. 8. a2-b,-+b-+. Example 23. Factortse (x2 + x)2 - r8 (x2 + x) + 72.
9. :6 - gyz + 6yz - 22. 70. &-8c+16-gdz. The expression equals
(xz + x)2 - n (* + x) - 6 (x2 + x) + 7z - | -72
11. s6 - yz +7yz - 4922. 12. x2-8x+16-#.
L3. x2 +zxy*y2 - 12 - zlm- m2. 14. r +4c+2ry+4c2- : (r2 + *)[(r2 + x) - tz] - 6l(x2 + x) - rzf -3-24
xz -y2. :1(8 + x) - nl[(xz + x) - 6f .
L5. a2-6ab+gbz-p2+4pq-4q2.18. c2+gcd+9d2-2512 - ro/- r. -6-rz
17. az - r 4a + 49 - 12 + 6lm - gmz. L8. 43 - tzc + g - x2 - 6xy - gyz Similarly, we obtain
19. - x2 + 412 + gm2 - yz - zxy - rzlm. x2+x- 12:(x+4)@-3) and x2+x- 6:(x+:)(r-z).
20. 412 + z4yz - gy2 + m2 + 4lm
* +) (* - :) (r + )(x - z).
Hence the complete factors are (x
- 1622.
2L. 7a2 - t4ab + 7b2 - 63P. 22. ga2 - r6x2 - r6xy - 4y2. Example 21. Factorise (zxz - - -
- 3x - s)2 (*2 3x 4)2.
28. 4ca - a4 - 2Sb4 - tzczdz + roa2bz.
I gda The expression equals
24- 4m2 - 2SP - zSmn t 49n2. lzxL - gx - S - a)fzP - 3tc - s - xz + 3x + 4l(Type IV)
+ e2 - 3x
*EXERCISE 48.b
:(3*, - 6x - g)(xz - r). ztc3-gx-5
But 3x2-6x-g:3@2 -zr-3)(Type I) x2-3x-4
Factorise, if possible, the following expressions. If it is not = 3 (r - r) (r + r) (Type III).
possible, say so.
;z - 1:(x+ r)(r - r)(Type IV).
l. x2+zxy+y2-22. 2. x2-y2+zyz-22. Hence the complete factors are 3 (r - :) (* + r)2 (r - r).
8. x2+zxy*y2-t6. 4.49-y2-zyz-22.
5. x2-yz-toy-25. 8. zS-h2-6hI-gtz. Exa,mple 25. Factorise r8(r-y)3- 2tc+2y. S@-y')
7. zS-y'- r4yz- 4922. 8. 4o,-4ab+b2- r. The expression equals 18(r-y)3- z(x-y)
9. c2+6c+g-4d2. 10. +r2-t2yz+gz2-36. =2(x-y)ls@ -y)2- rl[Type II]
lI. #-x2+6x-g. L2. c2+4c+16-25d2. = 2(tc - y)(3tc - 3y + r) Qx - 3y - r) [Tvpe IV].
r98 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHrP. xvl.l EASY FACTORS r99l
79. 4y2* - (af + zz - ;12.
E)(ERCISE 49
8L. a2+4bz-4ab-12-grf -61n. 82. (12-112-81;z- l)+n.
Mrscrr-reNnous Fecrons 88. aa-a2+za-r. 84. (6i - se - 3)2 - ("# - gx - 2)2.
(Nos. r-5o ate easy. IVos. 5r-roo arc hatder) 85. (x + 3)(r +4)(r+ z)2 - (x- r) (.r + z)(r+4)8.
Express as the product of as many factors as possible : 88. 36l2mn - S+lmzn + 48lmnz - t8l2mzn2.
1. r8r3 -gxyz. 2. 3x2+7x+2. 3. r6a2-4gx2. 87. r6ar - (b - 61t. 88. a2 - 6a(c + d) + 5Q + d)2.
4.y'-cy+Sy-Sc. 5.75x2-48. 6.t2+7t-78. 89. (r + t- S*)2-(6+t)2. 90. 912+n2- r6h2-d2-6tn+8hd.
?. 3o'-tga+6. 8. 4f-t2+t. 9. (zc+d)2-(l-*)2, What is c, if
L0. 6ln - zns - ll t s. 11. za! - 5oa. 12, zy2 * rty - 6. 91. (.r + 3) is a factor of x2 + cx - tzl
L8. gl2-(SI-+*)'. L4.7-28c2. 15. rro-a-a2. 92. (x- 5) is a factor of x2-7x+c?
L8. 3a2 - ab - 4b2. L7. zxcz+3xcd- zycd- 3yd2. 98. (zx - r) is a factor of zxz+5x+c?
18. (3x -y)2-(x+zy)z' L9. zy,-6yaz+zyszz. 94. (zx - 3) is a factor of cxz + x - 6?
20. l- 46t+ 1512. 2L. zoxyz+r5x2y+ 5x3. 22. 3x2 - x- ro. 95. (3r - z) is a factor of 3# + cx - 4?
23. 3aa - 3oo. 24. gaz - 3oab + z5b2- 25. t3 - 5222. 98. (5r + r) is a factor of toxz - t3x + c?
28. 5x2+r7x+6. 2?. x5-25x. 28. ga|-9a2b+z7ab6- Find values of a for which the following expressions will
65xa. 30. + r5lm+ factorise.
29. r + 8xz - /2 26m2.
8L. l2r2 + l2s2 - cs2 - crz. 32. t - r4a + 4ga2. 97.5h2+ah-3. 98. ax2 + 23x+ to (a positive).
88. a(bc)z-(ab)za. 34. 5ooxzy-2oy3. 35. s2- 4st-45t2. 99. +*2 - gtc+a (a positive). 100. 6a2 - ax - 2c..
36. 5x2+r-6. 3?.4c2+c-r-4c3. 88. (zd)z-sd-
TEST PAPERS IV
39. 7a3-3a2-zra+g. 40. qt'-x- 5.
A
4L. 8raz - (a- zb)2. 42. 4da+ z8d2 + 49. 48. c2(c+-r)+c+ r.
44. y2+gy-36. 45. roxz+23tc-2t. 46. r5r3+38x2+7x 1. (i) What is 7 per cent. of a?
4?, t44t2+t2ot+25. 48. x(Y+r)-Y-r. (ii) What per cent. is x of y?
49. zz3+1422-32-zr. 50.t(l-m)-l+m' 2. Solve (i) -7,
5L. 3a2bz - 3a2 - 3b2 + 3- 52. a2 - zab +b2 - g. it'-')-1(s"*8):5j
53. r8ra - 8sa. 54. 6as - Sq4 + a5. (ri) zox : 9y ; 8 + 75x -- 63y.
55. (zx - 7)z - 6x + zr. 56. - 4lm+ m2 - 49.
412
8. Simplify (i) 42 - gmz - 7m2 - 712,
57. 3Q+r)2-7lt+r)+2. 58. sQc-3)2-(zc-3)-6. r5T2 '
"'' 5f,
59. (+t - S)2 - rzrc + 15. 60. 16 - az - 6ab - gbz.
\n)
f-fi,
8L. xz - y2 + 2acc + 2ay. 62. (7x + z)3 - 7x - z- (iii) 3-k:d) -s@+c).
63. (a+ b)2+ryc(a+b)+78c2. 64. x2-'t2+8y-t6. 77
65. 6xa - t7x2(y+z)- ro(y+ z)2. 66. S@+z)2+4@+7)-rz. 4. Factorise (i) 8 rp - 54, (ii) # - zx -
24, gii) z5c2 - t6d, .
67. Qx - r)3 - z7x + g. 68. 9ce - 3c3. 5. One of the sides of a right-angled triangle is 4o cm, and thc
69. 5(a - c)2+8t(a- c)+3t2. 70. a2- 4a(x-y) - s(r-y)2.
perimeter is r4o cm. Find the hypotenuse.
?L. Q+d2)2-r6d2. 22. (x+z)(x+3)2-5r-ro. B
73. x2 - Zx(l - m) + to(l - m)2. ?4. ax +by - cx - cy + bx + a1t- 1. (i) If -K per cent. of a number is d, what is the number?
?6. lOx- 3)2++(7x-3)- r5. 78. al-bl+bm+ ctn- cl- am. __. (ii) An-article costs
gl. The profit is x per cent.;what is th(:
71. (l-m)2-l+m. 78. #+tzx-4.x2-9. selling price ?
zoo ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [ctrer' xu.l TEST PAPERS IV
2. Soive (i) o'4@t - r'5) - o'5 (o'3 - t): r'zt, D
(ii) Sr + 6Y - zt: S - 5Y + 56:7x+ 63. 1: (i).If, kg ofsugar cost-s gp and is sold for gq, what is (a) the
8. Simplify (i) (1'z - 3m2) - (12 - 3m), profit, (6) the profit per cent. ?
,.., I Az .. sAX2\. roX6. (ii) If a ship unloads r per cent. of its cargo, what percentage
(l) U,3O pg,B ), W' remains?
4. Factorise (i) + Im + 5m + m2, 2. Solve (i)
(ii)
S/
r5x2 - 32x-7- '-I--'(**s)=3f{-I).
E 3" "\z 4/'
- z5,Y 6
5. The distance en two towns is usually covered by
speed. If this
-zx S6 - _ r.
1;1 t11J5l1--4
49
a motor driver at a average speed were
increased by z5 pe lue, 3o minutes would be saved on 8. Factorise (i) c2zz - 3cz, (ii) 5x2 + 7x - rz, (iii) 4xz - (y - z)2.
the journey. Fina and average speed. 4. Simplify (i) ( - s)3, (ii) o - 3@a - 3c),
8.
height
A plane cuts off from a sphere of radius -ro cm a segment of
i-cm. The fraction cut is given by the function
(iii) rz
rss _ sr_
| ,u
IJl.
r8 r
g. A square plot of ground is surrounded by a gravel path 8 m
t/h\2/ ,\
; \;i \r -;/'
wide, the outside boundary of the gravel also forming a square. It
is desired to double the width of the path, and it is found that
Plot this function against I for h:o,2, +,6,8, ro' .(Repres93-1 z b.V rf times as much gravel is required for the extension as for the
r cm horizontally, "and represent o'5 by -is5 cm v-ertically') . What is original path. Find the length of the side of the plot of ground.
th. tr"igtrt of the'segmeni, if itt t'o-lt*" { of that of the whole 6. A train starts from rest at A and covers a distance of
sphere?
n- from Ain I min. Another train is moving towards the
#(, -
C
1. (i) Find 6 per cent. of c. *1 )
(iii e tradei sells a car for $r, making a profit y per cent'
of first with hatf its speed and is at a distance of 5o-;"(t-9:)k-
How much did the car cost him? from A at the time t min. Find graphically when and how far from
I the trains meet.
2. simprify rrr {e;s*i!:to
E
,..,2c+3- 7c+S,3c-9
*-rg-.
\r) tz 3 1. (i)If nd the dealer makes a profit of
^
$p, what is (6) the gain per cent. ?
8. Solve (i) *(zx+ r) - *(6r -*) + (zx+ *):o, (ii) A stretched y cm. By how much
'6i1 T2:t3 + toy:4. per cent. is
zr+y rr , 3tc 2. Simplify (i) 2.r2+3ic+7-(-l*+ r5r+5o),
4. Factorise (i) zdx-+d'-"d, -(ii) C-3+c-r, /-s s-, t-r
....
(iii) f -3rab+roazbz. (lt)
/s st tt
5. Two men, her from towns -
ro8 km apart. a uniform rate; 8. Solve (i) r's(r- i-tJ3+o'zs1-s\:+,
Y starts at r p. TheY meet.at
j p.-. If they travelled at the (ii\ x + y :s(x - y), 2x + y : 3@e-y) + r.
Iatn" rut. as bL P.m. At what 4. The difference between a number consisting of two digits and
rate does Y travel? the number formed by reversing the digits is 45. The sum of three
6. Find (i) the H.C.F - of za6bF, zta2b6c4 and 4zazbzc?, times the tens digit and 6ve times the units digit is 47. Find the
(ii) the L.C.M. of 6a2, 5a2, 4a2, 3o2. number.
r
ALGEBRA [cnr' )ilr.1 TEST PAPERS IV 2.o3
zo2 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
5. Factorise (i) zcd - 3ac + toad - r5a2, 4. Simplify (i) 3x?lst trrcY-
(ii) r + 5b - 24b2, (lii)
ax2yz - 4xyz )- 22.
5 zr/ 7oz'
6. Draw the graph of y: -2+4fi- 12 for values of r from -z (tt) (:)-o'-(:)'
to 4. F.ott yorrigraph ntta (a) the greatest value.ofy, (D) the values 5. Factorise (i) anz-5a-5b+bnz, (ii) Spz+roqa-r3pqz,
of x between which - z + 4x - x2 is always positive'
(iii) +( p-d2-s(p+d2.
F 6. A fraction is such that if z is added to the numerator and 5
m long, D m broad and -c m high- .It to the denominator, the value of the fraction becomes ]. If thi
I. A rect nrmerator of the original fraction is trebled and the denominator
i" lrrlarged length by r-pcr cent', its breadth by
irrcrcased by 15, the value of the resulting fraction is *. Find the
y pe. cent. z Per cent' What per cent' is the new original fraction.
volume of t H
2. sorve (i) I(zx-r) - @ 4)+I(4r+,):o, 1. Two kinds of tea are mixed in the ratio I : m. Howmuch of
I each kind will there be in ft kg of the
(ii){-1=8 x 1) -i*t"r"]
' 40 ' 6*i='' 2. Solve (i\ tt -7
25 -7
- 2x
=6'8.
8. Factorise (i) lxsy - 6xayz + g/.y3, (ii) ro't2 - 37x + 2t,
(ii) z;c:
(ril) zx2 - 288. 2.1 + 3y, 3@ + y - o.z): - n.
3. (i) Expand and arrange in descending powers of x
4. simpriry () (4x2 - zx- (lxz + x - z) + (zxz + t)2,
CP,,+:h,)"'f*, (ii) Divide
5)

ra__z
(ii) r51_
3 *3jf-l
sr r8.t5- 6xa - rztx3 - 63x2 + 14rx+ ro8 by 3x2 - 5x -
4. Factorise (i) km+(l-m)2-hl, (ii) z-x3-zx2+trc,
g.
5. A certain alloY (iii) 412m2 + gnz + tzhnn.
5 parts by weight of
weight of A and 13
melted and mixed to
must be mixed with
which contains 40 Per cent' of l?
6. Find (i) the I{.C.F . of 76r2sa and 951s2,
(ii) the L.C.M. of 3x1'222, zxzyzt and 4eyzzf ' 6. Draw a graph e to show the relation
bt.tu ecn the total an a certain motor factory
G arrd the correspondi r each car :
l. A square plate has a side of length a m. When heated, each Annual output of cars rooo 2ooo
r ( ost pcr car in $ 3ooo 4ooo 5ooo 6ooo
cm. What is the new area of the plate, and by how r8 ooo r3 zoo ro 4oo ligoo Sroo gooo
side expands
'['he manufacturer 6nds that. on
much per cent. has the area increased ?
-fixing thc sclling pricc of each
t';rr at g96oo he can find a market for 3ioo cars in ilre year. F-J
2. (i) Expand and simplify (zx - t)2 + (3r + z)2 + (4t - 3)2, lrrrm your graph the proft or loss per cir.
(ii) Divide - 35 + 22y t z3v2 - toys - 3y4 by 7 - y' - 3y'
8. Solve (i) :(tx- r'5)+4(6r- r'65):7(3't+o'9)'
I
..-, 2 | -__1. Superior sugar is mixed with inferior sugar in the ratiop:g.
(n) What weight of the mixture contains r kg of iuperior sugar?^
i-3!=r, ax+2Y=4.

L
2.o4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAP. x'r.l TEST PAPERS IV 205

(n K
2. so,ve
iQ"-:).2(i-)=,, 1. The adult population of a town consists of a men and 6
w-onlen. 'I-he average age lf.the men is x years; the average age
r;t> l(! -T)--',, r+2n:6!. of the women is y years. What will be ihe average 6f the
whole adult population "g"
8. Eactorise (i) - 12 - 4zI, (f) zo + 7x - 6*,
13
?

(iii)
54aa - 24c2. 2. Sotve (;) 3) *; (r- .l)=;,
d SimPlifY (i) l,'Fs-- V. Kil, 1t.r-
a2 axgx b4fx f ,,,.,3(r-r),2_
Ult' _ 4(r+.x),f:fI4:O.
_5. s
\u) Uzp= 675 61a.
7 y "' s 2y
- 8. (i) Write down the square root of x24yr and the cube root of
g. A boy spent $24 on rowing, always hiring a boat at $r'5o per the result. (ii) -+_=
Find the L.C.M. of 8l2m3ia, 5lamna and rzlmtnz.
hour or a better one at $z per hour. Had hc spcnt on the first what 4. Factorise (1) xa -^zx3 - 63*r, -(ii) lm(xz +y2) + xy(lz +mz),
he actually spent on the second, and on the sccond what he actually (iii) 8rc2 - r44e - d)2.
spent on the first, he could have had two lrours more on the water.
How much did he spend on the bettcr boat ? 5. In a race of roo m *h.gnj and I/_start level, X passes the winning
6. A partv of tourists set out for a station 4 km distant and go at post f sec. before Y, but if X gives y a start of m, y can win b!
5
the rate of 4 km an hour. After going I km, onc of thcm has to return I sec. Find the number of seconds each takes to iun roo m.
to the starting point; at what rate must hc now travel in order to
reach the station at the same time as thc othcrs? Assume that all _.6.. Draw -the graph of .t2 - r + z for values of r from - z to 3.
speeds are uniform.
Find the minimum value of x2- v+z and solve x2- x- r:o. -
J L
1. A man can plough a field alone in A days; his son could l.$l amounts to $B in C years at Simple Interest. What is the
plough it alone in B days. How long would it take them, working rate Per cent. Per annum?
iogether, to plough the field?
2. simplify (i) 8- , *'t
*rs!'f, 2. sorve rr)
irr- - jr,+r,:;
s) (;.t
-lrr"-+),
[3/:84? ....ro 6 8 2i
-... /-s s-, t-r (rt) ---25::1_'' -- -6,
(rr) xy-xy
' ' zrs+-+sl+ 3tr
-
8. (i) i\lultiply 3b2- 5ab+za2by 6a2+7ab-5b2.
(i) ,'zs (T - * .'zr (i - r) : . (ii) Divide 3x? +zox' - 34x3+gx6 - 3+r4+4r.r+ zo- rgx2 by
B. sorve
') " ?' x4+7:c! 9r+3x3-5.
Give the answer correct to two places of decimals. 4. Simplify ,r, sI':'^, '=!t g{.
(ii) 2x ro/.s- " glm"'
+ v:4t - t: -3! - ..
+ 6v
'mr
IJ
(i) (xz + xy)z - (xy + y2)2, (ii) roaz - 63ab + r8b2.
1is oo (6JE::D -sAL-nl.
4. Factorise
5. Factorise (i) aa +.a2 - 3,- $i) alm - ah - xyk+ xylm,
5. The difference between a number consisting of two digits and (iii) (r +y - 2z)z - (x - y + 3z)2.
the number formed by reversing the digits is 27. The sum of five 6. A fraction is such that if 4 is added to the numerator and 3 to
times the tens digit and seven times the units digit is 5r- Find the
the denominator, the value of the fraction becomes *. If -the
number. numerator of the original fraction is doubled and the denominator
6. Find (i) the H.C.F. of t4-tcy3, zzx2yz and z6x3y0, increased by 16, the value of the resulting fraction is 8. Find the
(ii) the L.C.M. of rz#yz,3ry6 and 8xzyzz- original fraction.
 [cHre. xvu.] QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2c7
Exanple 2. Sohte (xz - +) (rs - z.r - r 5) = e.
Wehave (x+z)(x-z)(x-5)(*+3)=6,
.'. u+2:o, or &-2:o, or r-5:o, or,+3-O;
,', r: -2, or 2,or 5, or -3. The only roots are _2, 2, S) _3.
CHAPTER XVII Note 1. This argument should be given in fult. If the pupil
PROBLEMS leaves out the step " .', x+2:o, ot 8-2:er or ,-5:o, or
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS. EASY r +3- o ", he may make mistakes in sign.
LEADING TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
of the highest Note 2. It shoull be particularly noteil that if a proiluct is
104. The tlegree of an equation is the degree equal to any number other than zero, we how nothing sbout tho
term that occurs in it when it is cleared of fractions' individual factors of the Droiluct.
is of
Thus zx3 -Sx4:7 is of the fourth degree; 2x2-r-5=o
Thus, if all we know about two numbers x and y is that ry _ rz,
ffre sccond degree; *-7r:3 is of the second degree' for before it is impossible to find the value either of r or of y. There is an
by multiplying unlimited number of possible pairs of values.
we estimate its degree we must clear of fractions
written x2-7:3rc, and is
each side by r. The equation is then 105. The converse of the principle of factors is also true. Thus,
clearly of the second degree' if x:3 is a solution of an equationr x-3 must be a factor of the
qua'hatic equation'
An equation of the second degree is called a cxpression which is equal to zero.
approximate solu-
and rve have already seen in Chapter XIV how
obtained graphically' Example 3. Form the equa
tions of such equations may be
us to find The root p is derived from
In general, there is no algebraic process which enables factorx-g. Therequiredequ
q from a
the exact solution of an equation of any degree'
although approxi- q):o,or
mate solutions may be obtained graphically
or otherwise' x2-(p+q)x+pq=s. ......(i)
Any quadratic equation may be written in the above form; we
There is, horvever, one general theorem which frequently
enables us to solve equations of higher degree
than the first: first bring all the terms to the left hand side, and then divide both
If one of the factors of the protluct of a flnite number of finito sidcs by the coeficient of x2, e.g. if the equation is
factors is zero. then the proaluct is zero. conversely, if the product - zxz + 4:7x,
of a frnite number of finite factors is zeto, then one of the
factors we first write it in the form
of the protluct must be zero. -zxz-7x+4:o,
It follows that an equation can be solved, if it is possible to nnd then divide both sides by - 2, getting
write it in the form
Product of factors of the first degree:o'
when the quadratic rJ:J.';r. ;il'*"."" from (i) that
(a) the sum of tbe roob, p + q, : the coefrcient of x with the
Example 1. Soloe x2 = x + 6.
(r z) : o'
We may write this in the form x2 - x - 6 : o, i'e' (x - s) + (D) the Dtoduct of the roots, De, : the constant t€ru.
A value of r which makes either of the factors zero will make
the
This gives a useful method for checking answers.
product (rc - 3) (x + z) zero, i.e. such a value will satisfy the equation' If the general quadratic equation is taken tq be ax2+bx+c=0,
The values of r required are therefore those which make
it 9:o.
becomes xz +! e + when put in the above form.
t- 3=o and,t+ 2=o,i.e.3:3 and tc= -2'
The only roots of the equation are 3 ar'd - z'
zo6
 xvlr.l QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 209
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner.
We therefore have as a general nrle: EXERCISE 51. a
b
Tbe sum of the roots= - ai Solve the equations :

l. f +5y+6:o. 2. x2+x-t2=o. 8. x2-r6x+64=s.

The Proiluct of the roots = i' 4.3x2+4.x+r=o. 5. a2-ga+2o:o. 8. +3:o.
7. zz2 +'lz + 6:o. "y2-51
8. 3*, - Src - 2:o. 9. xz
a (OtaI)
- t4tc + 40:o.
EXERCIIIE 50' t0. ztz +9r-5:o. 11. 3r2- rr.x+6:o. 12. 6-7x-3x2:o.
1. If x = 3, what is the value of 13. 5a2 -t7z - 6=o. L4. t5c2 +7c - z:o. L5. zt:22 - 42.
i;- z)(x+7), (ii) (x-s)(sr++)' (iii) (zx-z)(r-r)?
(0 t8. +*"+zox+zS:o. L7. x:z(3x2-t). 18. r(xir):2e.
2. What can you say about the value of y' if xy:o
and
19. 4o=r(r-3). 20. -28=zx2+r5x. 21. -8r:3oata2.
(i) *:5, (ii) r: o, (iii) r: - a?
22.4+gz:roz2. 23. x2+2x=35. 24. z(a2+5)=9a.
3. What can you say about the value of r' if 25. 6x2+7:t7x. 28. - S:r4t+r5x2. 2?. 5-_ 4x(x- z)-
(1) xy:ro, tiil ("-5)*:o, (iii) (r-s)(v-+)=o? 28. z(c2 + r) : 5c. 29. x: z(xz - r4). 80. roa2 = 23a + zt.
Solve the equations: 31. 14= t(4t+ r). 82. 37x:5(:r2++). 88. S - x=4x2.
4. (x - z)(x - 5):e' 5' (x+l)(.t-6):o. 6' (x+ 6)(x+7)=6'
8. 8Y(Y +z)=6- E4. -5x2=6+rrr. 85. 3x2+x:ro. 88. zrx2:z3x-6.
?. 5x(x - 5): o. Form the equations whose roots are
9. (zx + 3) (3x + 5): o. 10. (Sr'- 7)2=o. :

L].. 6(4a - r) (a + r r): e' 12. st6P-s)(8P+r)=6. 3'1. s, t. 88. +, - 8. 89. - 3, e.

13. (r - r)(r - z)(x- 3)=o' L4. gz2:o. 40. -2. -1. 41. o, z, - rr. 42. z, - z, 5.
15. (r + z)(r + :)(x++) :o' 18. .t(.x+ Z)bx- r)(4.tc- S):o'
r): o' 18. S(s* r3)2=e. EXER,CISE 51. b
L? s@z - r r) (32 + 8) (52 - Solve the equations :

EXERCISE 50' b (Otal) L. x2+Jxf 4=s. 2. x2-x-2:o. 8. x2+3r- ro:o.

is the value of :
4. zx2-8r+8:o. 5. 322+z3z+30:o. 6. t2-r6t+r5:e.
-'iillf c= -
L. 4, rvhat
(ii) (c++)(zc-r), (iii) s(rc+z)(c++)? 7.712+ ro/-8=o. 8.5sz-8x-zr:o. 9. S*r- r3.x+6:o.
f,-siir-r), 10. 12+ 2r.-24:o. 11. 9o -x-x2:o. L2. +o2-23a+3o:o.
2. What can you say about the value of 't if x':o
and
(i) Y: -:, (ii) Y:o' (iii) Y: tlr 18.9x2+42x+4g:o. 14.8-r8y+7y2=s.
L5. zr-rgz-zz2=o. L8, zrxz+t7x+2:o.
8. What can you say about the value of y' if 17. x(x -s):f6. L8. z(6a2+ S):4a. L9. 4x2+47x:7.
(i) xy=-42, (ii) (c+ 6)v:o, (iii) (x+ z)(v+l):o? 20. 5x2- to4.x-2r. 2L. z:z3t-2rt2. 22. -42:t3z*22.
Solve the equations :
28. 5ot:24t2+zt. 24.72:&-4c. 25. x(Sx+t7): -t4.
4. (x- g)(-t-8)=o' 5. (x+q)(x+S)=o.
26. 3o=a(4a+37). 27. 16+432:r1z2. 28. 35= 2ri(tg-4x).
6. +(y- r)(Y+z)=e. 6t1t-- 5)
7. 6t(t 51==o.
g.3z\z+4):o. 29. 5y2 + 2t + 22y:o. 80. 15 (.r2 + r):34.x.
8. (q.x + t7)Gx - z) = o' 9.32(a+4):o 81. 5:a-r'(3 - r).
:o. 82. tzzz - to:72. 83. I - zgx: tox2.
10.8(Sz+6)(rrz-3):o' LL. (zc - z5)2:o'
84. 5t:3Ot2-2). 85. rox2: 18- 57x. 88. 35:zx(4x+g).
12. hP - z)(trq - 5) = o. 18. (x + r)(r - z)(x+ 3)=o.
Form the equations whose roots are
14. (x - r)(* - +)(r+ s):o' !5. rz(gx- r3)2:o. l'1. t,9.
:
38. s, - +. 39. -1,6.
16. 4rca: o. 1?. :x(* + q)(zr - rr)(3x + 5)=q'
40. -3, - +. 4L. z,o, -2. 42. o, o,6.
18. (3y- rr)(zY+ S)(rzY- s):o'
I 2to ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
SOLUTION BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
ALGEBRA [cree. nrrr.] QUADRATIC
On
EQUATIONS 2tt

(x- +)2 - (Jil2:o, .'.

- ++ Jil(x - +- Jil:o,
(x
106. Rationat anil irrational nnmbeni. Positive and negative :. ,c-4+J7:o, or x-4-^J7:o,
integers, and positive and negative fractions are called rational .'. x:4- J7: r'354 approx., or x=4+ J7:6.646 approx.
numbers. All other numbers, i.e. all numbers which cannot be
Notc 1. If the numerical values of r are not required, the solu_
expressed in an exact numerical form, are called irrational numbers.
tion may be left in the form 4+,J7 or 4- J7, usually written for
Thus ,17, Vtr a.. irrational numbers'
brevity 4+./?.
It is not possible to resolve all quadratic expressions into factors
of the first degree with rational coefficients. It is therefore neces- Note 2. The value 2.646 of xl7 rnay be obtained either by the
sary to consider a more general method than the method of solving usual arithmetical rule or from the square root tables, which are
by factors. given at the end of the book.
The general method is based on the fact that any quadratic 107. In order to put a quadratic equation in the form (x -t l)z a,
equation may be Put into the form =
we make use of the identities obtained in Ch. XV :
(x + I)2:-,
where / and tn are rational numbers, either positive or negative'
(x + a)2 - xz I zax + a2, (x - a)2 : f - zax + a2.
When an equation has been written in this form, we may either
If
therefore we have an express
quadratic expression in which the
obtain the solutions by taking the square root of each side, or use
i
constant teru zero), we may make
factors lvhich may have irrational coefficients.
by adding a2, i.e. ttre square of half
I
Example 4. Solae (1) (r + $)2: q, (ii) (r - +)2:l'
(i) Taking the square root of each side, we get Example 5. Solve z# - 2x - 3:o.
I
x+Z:3 oi -3, .".'....(i) First obtain the equation in the form x2+zax=a number, by
i
.'. rc:2+ o. - 39. dividing by the coofficient of 12 and transposing the constant terrn.
I
!
It should be carefully noted that the square root of (t+t)2 is We obtain * - x -3 =o, o, ," *:3". -
I (;r+3) or -(**3), and the square root of 9 is 3 or -3' Itwould
at first sight appear that we should consider the four possibilities We now add ( - i)' , t... (half the coefficient of x)2, to each side,
x+-3':3, x+2i--3, -(x+.3)::, -(r+-3):-3, but it is easily
I

seen that r +-3--= 3, and - (:r + 3) : - 3 are equivalent statements'

in order to make the left-hand side a perfect square;
Similarly with x+f:-3 and -(x+3)-3. Thus it is only :. ,c2 -"* (- :)':ta.;,
necessary to write down the two forms given above in (i)'
On
(r + 3)' - (:)': o' (, - :)":i
(t - 9: o,
+ 3)'
.'. "'
(x+9+:)(r+€-:)-o' We proceed:
.'. x+3+3:o, or rrt-3-s, Erurrn (,-I):r?
\2/2 o.
_ ./7

... x: - 33 or zl-. 2'

(ii) raking,n" .1":T jT;:r.T"l;'j": .'. ,:!+'/.?
22 o, ! _./7
l;,'., 2 2'
:. x: 4 + ./7 - 4 + z'646 : 6'6+6 approximately, :. xJy o, a#, i.e. r.823 or -o.823 approx.
ot x: 4 - ./Z = + - z'646 : r'354 approximately.
2t2 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cn'p' QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 213
7.
G-)' -(+)" =", (" :.*)(, -:-*)="'
Example Soloe zxz+x+ r:o.
On
'f'lrir may be written *+!+!=o. or *r+!- -t.
2222
... o, ,-I 22-ll7 =o; Add (t)r to each side, then
"_1+fr=o,
22
II"
.=i**:r'823 *.:.(;)' : __+_:
z' t6
_a
;. ,=!"-*: -o.823, or approx. 16'

Note. The first arrangement is the shorter, and is usually G.)'= - *,

preferred. If he uses this, the pupil must take care to write down
both values of the square root.
tl-
;. x+_: {
_rO- or- t-
!-'6'
The second arrangement reveals that the general method il
essentially the same as the factor method. It is, in fact, the factot
lltrt we cannot find any number the square of which is -*,"'
Irry ollrer negative number,
method when the factors may contain irrational coefficients'
r+I cannot be calculated,
Exa,mple 0. Solzse 6xz + 3x - 2=o. 4
.'. , cannot be calculated.
. 23
This may be written t'+!- - I = o, o' *z *!:!
23 ' It is therefore impossible to find any number which satisfies the
grvcrr cquation.
Add (+)2 to each side, then
Note, If the equation is set with decimal coefficients, these may
r rg sit
-\+) =a* ,6:48:
*r*f..,/t\'r ,44'
lrc rcnlaced by vulgar fractions. Thus, to solve o.3zr2 *2x:o.4t

('Notice
"
this step very carefully. The object is to make tho
wc nrny first replace the equation by the equivalent form
8xz+ 2x= z. Le. atco + 2<tc :
denominator a perfect square, so that the square root may be morc 25 -. <-
- 5'
easily calculated' The pupil must resist the We then proceed as above.
square roots of r9 and 48 and then divide. 108. During the first reading of the book the pupil should be
the amount of working, and usually leads to ('ontcnt to stop at this stage. At present the square root of a
trcgrrtive number is unintelligible to him I it cannot be calculated
..' G.;)':",*, ;
il lrns not even been defined,
o. - G.
It may, however, be of interest to state that it is possible to
:. , *!=9
4tz"^tz' Irrvcrrt a new class of numbers having the property that their

.'. ,c:
t ,,/-sl | .li
--+:
rrlurrrcs are negative numbers. It is also possible to invent opera-
lions corresponding to addition, subtraction, multiplication and
4t24t2
rlivision, and these operations obey the fundamental laws of
+,[57
... x= - 3 12 -4'55o
12
- o.37g, elIr'bra.
'l'lrcse numbers are of great importance in higher mathematics;
ro'sso- thcy are called inaginary or unreal numbers and an expression
*=-3-./s7-
t2
_
T2
-o.g79,
rrrclr os -;- called a complex number.
in each case correct to 3 decimal places.
^[#is
 I
zr4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crur. rvr I QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2ts
109. Numbers which are not imaginary are called re&l numbers. S,rlvt: by completing the square, leaving the answers as whole
Thus Vr6:4 is real and rational, r,/7 is real but irrational , 'l- lrrrrr rlrcrs or fractions :
is unreal and irrational. ll7. r: - tzx:45. 88. 12+ gx+ rz=o. Bg. *2+3r_ rg=o.
It will be shown in a later chapter tlnat x/ixb: n/ax a/b, and, 40. y2 7y - 98:o. 4L. zyz + 3y - z:o. 4p. 3r2 - 7z - 6:o.
-
{il. -)c:2t.
z.t2 44. 4t"+rrr-3:o. 45. 7z:3ft-zzz).
,n", l;:fu. If we assume that these results even when 4ll. r.:(r -y2):7y. 4?. zxL-ax:6a2. 48.3y2+zca-gP:o.
l- "11gu"
J-
!-:-2, J---ooz t S,rlve by completing the square, giving the-answers correct to
either a or D is negative,
",1 # ^ t be written ^ t\v') l)lilces of decimals :
be written 3aV - r, etc. {ll. r2-6x+7:q. 50. y2+8y:.o. 5L. a2:Sa-3.
The solution to Ex. J is usually written 6lJ. rz I 3r: r. 53. zxz: Sx* t. 54. 5c2:4 - zc.
b6. 4r' - 3tc:3. 56. 3a2 :- toa 4. 5?. 6x2:7x.t z.
Note. In the exercises which follow, equations with imaginary tt9. rox2:3x t z, 59. 7y2: r2y - 4. 80. gxz:z- 5x.
roots occur in Ex. 5zc, Nos. 3r-48, only.
EXERCISE 52.b
SoI.utIot'c BY FoRMULA Solve, giving the answers as whole numbers or fractions :
110. Another method of solution, by means of a formula, is l. (.t - 5)2-4. 2. (z + t)2 = 6+. 3. (3x + 4)2: a.
given in Chapter X-)iI. 4- (zx - 3)2: r. 5. z5Qx-+)2:g. 8. ft(zc-g)2=+g.
EXERCIfiE 52. a 7. (h -z)2:s. 8. (x+*)2=8r. 9. (r - t)'?: +t.
10. (z+t)'?:+. 11. (r - f)'?:3. 12. (x+lJ'z=f5.
Solve, giving the answers as rvhole numbers or fractions :
l')valuate, correct to two places of decimals
l. (, - z)2:25. 2. (z + 8)': +9. 3. (:" - z)2: t6. :
l3- r .ts'o86. 14. -r*6.633. 15. -4*5.916.
4. (zx+ r)2:9. 5. S(Sx+5)2: r6. 6. 4gQt-7\2:8r. UJ. 8-]rz.+49. L7. -sL.s'zgz. 18. 2t8.944.
?.("-I)2-4. 8. (x + 2s)2:64. 9. (x+8)2:tq' -3
10. (y-t)'.=*. 11. (t-*)'z:€t. 12. (c+*)'z:r* lg. s t7i!4!. 29. a8'r8s - ZL. - 7 +3'873.
59
Evaluate, correct to two places of decimals +9 9 2.
:
22.
6
28. 4+3317. 24. - 2+7'r4t.
L3. z Lz'449. 14. - : +4'472. 15. - s lz'8t+. 7rr 4
16. 9i5'83r. 1?. 6 +8.888. L8. - 7 t3'3r7. what number must be added to the expressions in Nos. z5-36
What
to make the result a perfect square? Of what is it then the squari?
19. Ltl J3I.
,0. - zl7'ztt. zl.8+5'745. t6. xz + tox. 28. xz - 4-x. 27. y, - Sy. 28. z2 + gz.
3

oo
pp. 7 tg'798 oo - 4+7'937
to' 24. - 9 +_4's83. 2g. x'z+ff. go. x'-!J. Bt. yz*A. sz. p-3j.
5
What numbers must be -6-'added to the expressions in Nos. z5-36 'J3. c2 +t. 94. ,z -!32. gi. xz -6M- 36. *+39
to make the result a perfect square? Of what is it then the square? 5 13 7 5
-.
25. x2-8x. 26. x2+6x. 2?. c2-5c. 28. y2+7y. Solve by completing the square, leaving the answers as wholc
rrrrmbers or fractions :
Zg. ,, -8!. 80. *2 + 5-{. gL. v2 -9. BZ. y2 +2. 37. x2-8r:48. y2+t2y+27:o. 89. 12-5r-84:6.
38.
96'7'2
40. z2+gz- Sz:o. 41. zx?-Sx+z=o. 42. 3x2+8r+4=6.
33. z2 -4 84..x2+U.
II
gg. *za!!!. BB. xr-2tx. 43. 4xz - 3tc:Sz. 44. 5x2-9r=18. 45. 3(r - z2):Bz.
3 5 3
r
2t6 ESSENTIALS OF SCIIOOL ALGEBRA lcntp. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2r7
48. 76r : 5( r + 3/). 47. zzar - gf : rgaz. 48. z* + dz - 36dD = o. rlrrudratic equation may have no real roots, in which case there is no
Solve by completing the square, giving theranswers correct to two aolrrtion to the problem ; or one solution of the equation may be
rces of decimals :
places Ircgotive, and a negative number may be inadmissible as a solution
49. ef+ 4tc+t=o. 50. 1F-6y-rr=o. 51. f:72+4. ol the problem ; and so on,
52.8+gc+2,=o, 58. gx2=3-7x. 54.6C:7c+t. lrr every such case the solutions ofthe equation give us the only
55. zP:Sc-r. 50. 7*:nt-2. 5?.8x2:z-x. possible values of the unknown and we must then decidewhich of
58. gyz-t6Y-5. 59. 4ucz*7x+z=o. 80. rc*:r - 72. tlrr.sc, if any, give solutions of the problem.
EXIIRCISE 52.c Example 8. A numbet oI trlo digits is less than three times the
Solve the following equations by factors, if possible, otherwise lrrxluct of its digits by 8, and the digit in the tets' place exceeds the
by completing the square. If the roots are irrational, give the ligit in the units' place by tuto. Find the numbq.
to two places of decimals, except in Nos. 3r-48, in l,ct r be the digit in the units' place, then r * z is the digit in the
"ns*.rs-.o.tect
which the answer may be left in a form containing the square root' lcnu' place and the number is ro(** z)+r:tttc+2c.
'I'hree times the product of the digits is 3r(*+z) ;
".".,*,". 3x(x+z):rrr+20+8,
1. rgrt: S-gtc. 2. #-#+r=o. 8. (r+ r7)2:ftf. "'.'. 3x2+6x= rrfi+20+8,
4. 3tz + 5t:5. 5. z*+tn=3. A, 2x2 - grc + 12.
3x2 - Sx-28:o, J. (x- $$x+7):e,
?. (zx - 3)2:gx2. 8. 5x2=3+ 4x. 9. 48x2:zzx+ rg. .'. x-+:o or 3!4+7=0, .'. x:4 or -4.
10. ror2: rrr+2. l]-. (4.x+7)2:4x2. 12.8xz - r8r*6:o. The solution - I is inadmissible because a digit must be a
18. (r *z)s: r17+(r- r)3. 14. (Sr - r)(ro.r+ 7) :5(3r+ r).
Srrrnitive integer, .'. cc:4 is the only solution.
15. rr :2otc2+r+r. 18. ror+ 8:75*. 17. 6#+3rc:34. lf x:4, x*z:6 and the number is 64. The check is left to the
18. e (<.r - 7)z - 4Qx - 3)z : z(zx- S)(* - g) + r. prrpil.
19. (3r+5)2:(5r-3)2. 20. gf-3pr+35:e.
Example 9. With it he eacloses too mz
2L. zt(x+Z)2 -4o(x+3):21. 22. (Sx - r)(ro*+3):2. of garden, th
his siite of the
24. (+r-g)(8r+5):rs. enclosure. What
28.7x2+26:34r. ure the posible
25. zx(zx+ r)- r :g(zx+r). 28. (Zr-3)z=(5*+r)2. l,qt .r m be the breadth of the enclosure.
27. z(5x - 2)6 - 5x): 15 (7 - 5r) (r + r). 'l'hcn (3o-zr) m is its length.
28. z.7zx2+4:r+r:o. 29. fu#-48r+8=o. We then have o
30. (p - 3)2:r6x. 81. *+7ax+az:o. :3(3o _ zx) = 3ox - zxz,
roo
o

82. xz + 4x + ro=o. 88. x2 + ax+7a2=o, 84. 4-tc2 - 3x=6. ,'. 2rz - 3or + roo : o,
E e
h
85. Zf +2x+S:o. 88.4or2+8r:15. 37.4*+x+3=o.
8
*2- r5r+5o:o. N 6
.u
38. 5.r2 -tc+z:o. 89. zxz-3ax:3a2. 40. zxz -f,r*5:q. (Note this step. Pupils often make their work
I
o )
4L. t6x2+3:zix. 42. #+t4:7tc. 49.27p:3x+7. rrrrnccessarily heavy by omitting to divide !
o
44. 8xz - 4.x+ r:o. 45. 4rlp:5a2+ax. 48. za-*+ t2lc+ r:o. tlrrough by a common numerical factor.)
47. 6x2+3t+ r:o. 48. r - g(x- r)(x- z)=rr(x- r). .'. (x - J)(r - ro):e,
111. Easy problems leading to quailratic equgtions. We shalt ,-5:o or.x-ro:o,
.., f,:5 or ro. Frc. 16.
now give some problems in which the solution depends on a quad-
ratic equation. It will be seen that each solution of the quadratic If r: ror the breadth is ro m, the length is ro m, and the area is
equation does not necessarily give a solution of the problem. The r oo m2-
 2r8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer'
-[
If r:5, the breadth is 5 m, the length is zo m, and the area ir
too m2.
Both solutions are valid, and there are two possible ways of
forming the enclosure.
Important note. The answers to most problems are repre-
sentedbyrationalnumbers.Itispossiblethatthesolutionmaybc
represented by an irrational number, but this does not occur very
frequently.Itisprobable,therefore,thatthequadraticequation
which arises out of the problem can be solved by factors'
The pupil shoultl alwayssatisfy himsslf by checking his work' ot
otherwise, that, a solution by factors is impossible, before be
pre
ceetls to solve by completing the square' The solution of thc
equationismoreeasilyfound,ifrisasmallnumberthanifris
rlurg"number,anditiswelltobearthisinmindwhenchoosing
which unknown is to be represented by x'
112. Many problems leading to quadratic equations introduce
fractions,andtheworkistoodifficulttobegivenatthisstage'
Such problems are considered in Chapter XXVI'
EXEBCITIE 53. A
1. Find two numbers differing by 4, such that the sum of their
squares ls r7o.
2. Find two numbers differing by z, such that twice the
square of the smaller exceeds the square of the larger by 73'
8. Find two consecutive positive integers, such that the sum
of their squares is 265.
4, The sum of a number and its square is twelve times the
4{,, next highest number' Find it.
5. If each one of a family sends a card to each of the rest, and
r8z cards are sent, how many are there in the family?
6. A number plus 5 times its square is 616' Find it'
?. Twenty-two years hence a man's age will be the square of
what it was 34 years ago. Find his present age'
8.A house bought for $rooooox is sold for $672cro at a Profit of
ess bY r55 than the square of the
digits, and the digit in the tens'
Find the number.
rvrr.l QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2t9
f0: -Y.sold.goods which cost groo to Y at a gain of c per cent.,
..
l'roltl thcm back to X atz gain ofc per cent. -As a result Xlosi
Sr r. Iiind c.
ll.'l'he adjacent sides of a rectangular plot differ in length by
4 rrr; tlre area is 78o m3. Find its dimensions.
_ 12,'l'hc perimeter of one square exceeds that of another by 6o m;
thc :rrca of the larger square is less by 6r m2 than 5 times the area of
tlrc srnallcr. Find the lengths of their sides.
. lB.A stone is projected vertically upwards, so that its height above
tlrr.grorrnd after t sec. is (7zt-r6t2) m. After what time ii it gr m
rlrovc the groundl When does it strike the ground?
l,l. A man is r8r years old and his son is z*2 years old. When he
wus ir2 years old, his son was x + 4 years old. How old is he now?
16. Of 6 consecutive positive integers, the product of the three
lnrgest exceeds the product of the others by 1644. Find them.
10. Divide a line ro crn long intemally into z parts, so that the
lrluure on one part may be 3 times the square on the other part.
17. A man has rzo m of fencing. With it he encloses rr5z mz of
lrrr gurden, the boundary fence forming one side of the enclosure.
Wlrlt arc the possible dimensions of the enclosure?
18. A polygon of r sides has tx(x-i diagonals. How many
ritlcs has a polygon with r35 diagonals?
lg. A rectangular grass plot is 9o m long and 84 m wide. It is
nrrrrounded by a walk of uniform width. The area of the plot is
trlrral to the area of the walk. Find the width of the walk.
80.'fhe perimeter of a rectangle is 3o cm, and the sum of the two
n(lu:rrcs described on adjacent sides exceeds twice the area of the
rretungle by g cm2. Find the length of the rectangle.
rface area of the sides and base of an open
r The base of the tank is square, and its
, e height. Find the dimensions of the tank.
Ncglcct the thickness of the material.
92. I runs at 5 m to go from one corner
ol ;r rcctangular field ng two sides. B runs
nr thc same rate alon
and takes z4- sec. less
r, rctch the opposite of the field.
23. A .q,ra." plot of land is covered with cement at $8 per mz, and
rr lcrrcc is placed all round it costing $ro a metre. If the total eipense
r* $ll4oo, find the length of a side of the plot.
24. The sum of the first I whole numbers is |r(*+r). How
mfiny must be aken to give 35r as the sum?
/
z".o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner.
25. Two straight roads cross at right angles at O. Two men,
A and B (one on each road) approach O at constant speeds, B walking
and I cycling 3 times as fast. When I is z5 km from O, B is ro km
from O, and z hours later they are 5 km from each other measured
in a straight line, neither of them having reached O. Find their
speeds.
26. ABCD is a square of side 6 cm; L, M are points on the sides
DC, CB respectively, such that DL:BM:x cm. If the area of the
AADL is three-quarters of the area of the ICLM, find, x.
EreR,CIIIE 58.b
1. Find two consecutive positive integers, such that the sum of
their squares is r45.
2. Find two consecutive odd numbers whose product is 323.
8. Find two numbers differing by 9, such that thersum of their
squares is r85.
4. Ther sum of a positive integer plus its square is 7 times the
next highest number. Find it.
5. Find two numbers differing by 3, such that 3 times the
square of the smaller exceeds the square of the larger by 47,
6. Seven times the square of a number minus 3 times the
number equals 54. Find the number.
?.The adjacent sides of a rectangle differ by 7 cm; if the area
is 638 cm2, find the dimensions.
8. Three years hence a boy's age will be 4 times the square of
what it was rr years ago. Find his present age.
9. The perimeter of one square exceeds that of another by 44 -;
the area of the larger square exceeds 8 times the area of the smaller
by r m2. Find the lengths of their sides.
fQ. A diamond ring bought for $zor is sold for $625 at a profit
of x per cent. Find .r.
11. A number of tw.o digits is less by 699 than 5 times the square
of the number formed by reversing the digits, and the digit in the
tens' place exceeds the other digit by one. Find the number.
12.X sold goods which cost $zoo to Y at a gain of c per cent.;
Y sold them back to X at loss of c per cent. As a result Y lost
$ro'5o. Find c. ^ speeds.
18. lf Zx(x + r)' W. of N. is the same as 2r" N. of W., find r.
14. A stone is projected vertically upwards so that its height
above the ground after t sec. is (ro8r- 1612) m. After what times
is it rz6 m above the ground?
xur.l QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 22t
. 15.A square floor is covered with carpet, except a border o.5 m
wide, round the carpet, which is covered with linoleum. The caipet
and linoleum cost respectively $9 and $5 per m2. The whole cosf is
$r89. Find the length of the floor.
l6.Divide a line 8 cm long internally into two parts, so that the
rectangle contained by the whole line and one part may be twice the
square on the other part.
17. The sum of the first r whole numbers is ]r(r+r). How
many must be taken to give 253 as the sum?
18. A path z| m wide surrounds a square plot of grass and its area
is r] times that of the grass. Find the length of the plot.
19. A piece of wire 5z cm long is cut into two parts, each of which
is bent into the form of a square. 'Ihe total area enclosed by the two
squares is 97 cm2. Find the sides of the two squares.
20. The length of the diagonal of a rectangle is z5 cm and the
difference of the lengths of the sides is 3 cm. Find the length of each
side to one decimal place.
21, A square plot of land is covered with grass at $4 per m2, and a
fence is placed all round it costing $9 a metre. If the total expense
is $16 56o, find the length of a side of the plot.
22. The price of petrol is reduced by .t per cent., and a man uses
r per cent. more. As a result his petrol bill is reduced from g5oo to
$+SS. Find .r.
23. If the edges of a rectangular box were increased by z cm, 3 cm,
and 5 cm respectively, the box would become a cube and its capacity
would be increased I:y 7zo crnl. Find its dimensions.
24. A carpet, whose length is r] times its width, is laid on the floor
of a rectangular room, with a margin of r m all round. The area of
the floor is 4 times that of the margin. Find the width of thb room.
25. A square floor is covered with carpet, except a border 5o cm
wide round the carpet, which is covered with linoleum. The carpet
and linoleum cost respectively $ro and 96 per m2. The whole cost
is $5ro. Find the length of the floor.
20. Two straight roads cross at right angles at O. Two men, I and
B (one on each road), approach O at constant speeds, I walking and
B cycling 4 times as fast. When I is zo km from O, B is 64 km
from O, and 4 hours later they are ro km from each other measured
in a straight line, neither of them having reached O. Find their
I U

[cnar. xvur.] GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 223

Substituting this value of NP in (i), we have

z.oN+5_3.ONs_6.ON+3,
3
i.e. * = ON satisfies the equation
zr15:3x2-6x+3. ......(iii)
CHAPTER XVIII 3
It may similarly be shown thzt x:OM satisfies (iii).
GRAPHS (Continued)
113. Graphical solution of equations. In Chapter XIV, it was
shown that by drawing the graph of y:6vz-?x-rr, it was
possible to obtain approximate values of the roots of any equation
of the type 6x2 - 7x - rt: a, a being a constant. This is a parti-
cular case of a more general theorem, which we now proceed to
discuss.
If we have a pair of simultaneous equations in x antl y, anal if
the graphs corresDonaling to the equations are drawn with the sane
axes a,nd with the sarne scales, then, at the poinb of intersection
of the grapbs,
1 The cooralinates are roots of the simult&neous equations ;
2 The x-coordinates are roob of the equation in x obtaineil by
eliminating y from the two equations ;
I lhe y-coorilinates are roots of the equation in y obtaineil by
eliminating x from the two equations.
114. We shall prove these statements for a particular pair of
equations, but it is clear that the method is quite general, provided
that the eliminations can be performed.
Let us consider the equations y:3r2 -6x+3, zx:3! - 5. The
graphs corresponding to the equations are drawn in Fig. 17 or:p.z23.
The graphs meet at P znd Q, and PN, QM arc the perpen- Frc. 17.
diculars drawn from P znd Q respectively to the axis Or.
But (iii) is the equation obtained by eliminating y from the given
P lies on the curve, .'. NP:3 . ON2-6 . ON+3. .........(i)
equations. 'fhis is the second result given above.
P lies on the st. line, .'. z . ON:3.NP- S. ..................(i0
Thus, * : ON, y: lttp satisfy both the equations y: 3tcz - 6x + 3 Again, from (ii) oN=3 'NI- 5'

and zx:39- S. It may similarly be shown that,x:OM, y:1149

satisfy these equations. This is the 6rst result given above. Substituting this value of ON in (i), we have
_2. ON+ NP = 3 (3'
Ni - s)'8 o ( . II-r-::) + r,
Also from (ii), xro
lYr
-
5 -
3

-.
r
224 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. :rvIILl GRAPHS OF FUNC'TIONS 225
i.e. y:NP satisfies the equation obtained by drawing the graph of y: # and the graph of a straight
t) line. For the equation axz+btc+c:o may be written
t (rj)' - u ('n: * t. ........... ...(iv)
It
':
may similarly be shown that y:IlttQ satisfies (iv).
o: -(.:)
But (iv) is the equation obtained by eliminating r from the given
equations. This is the third result given above.
From Fig. 17 it is easily seen that
(r) The solutions of the given simultaneous equations ate
x:2, y:3 and x:o.z approx., y: r.8 approx.
(z) The solutions of the equation (iii) are
x:z and f,:o'2 approx.
(:) The solutions of the equation (iv) are
y:3 and./: r.8 approx.
The values z, g of x, y respectively are exact, as may easily be
verified by substitution in the equations.
The values o'2, r'8,are approximate only ; if greater accuracy
is required, we may draw a portion of the graphs on a very large
scale in the neighbourhood of P. Since x is greater than o.z, a
suitable enlargement is the portion of the graphs between x:o.zr
and x:o 24. Fig. r8 on p. 225 shows this enlargement.
The values of x and y are approximately o.zzz and r'8r respec-
tively.
(The values obtained by calculation are
x--3-o'2, and y: r?r*: r.8r,i).
Any degree of accuracy desired may be obtained by repeating
the above process.
Note 1. In solving equations by drawing rwo graphs, it is
essential that the scales for x shall be the same for each graph, and
also that the scales for y shall be the same for each graph. But it
is not necessary that the scale for r should be the same as the Frc. 18.
scale for y.
This is the equation obtained by eliminating y from the equations
Note 2, When we speak of graphs " on the same diagram ",
it is implied that the srune axes are used, and also that the same !: x2 and, t: - (4Y). It is therefore satisfied by the *-coordi-
;
scales have been used for r for each graph, and also for y. nates of the points of intersection of the graphs representing y = d
One important result which follorvs from the general theorem
is that graphical solutions of any quadratic equation may be and y: -C+)
r
226 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [*nr. xvtn.l GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 227
y--xs may
The advantage of this method is that the graph of.

accurately drawn on a large scale and kept for regular use. The
be
:?ffw::
g* - 7x assurnes
graph of the straight line required in any instance may be quickly
drawn on the same figure as the graph of y : vz. -7rc=5-5x.
In this chapter we consider mainly graphs of expressions of the 22. Drar,t the graph y=t- ,! for values of x from -3 to 3.
first and second degree. Other graphs are considered only if they "t - 5 +t
Use this graph to solve the equation zxz + tc - 3: o. Explain your
can be easily drawn by simple plotting. More difficult graphs are method.
considered in Chapter XXXIII.

E)(EBCISE 54.e
*+ ro for values of r from - 3 to 4.
23. Draw the graph of y- =f-2
From the graph find solutions of the equation 6x2- 3r:34, indi-
Solve graphically the following equations (Nos. r1) : cating how you do it.
r' 3Y:zx- r, 2. 8x:3!, 3. zx+6y=t, 24. Draw the graphs of 5y:7x-4 and ay:f on the same
x+ 3Y:5- # - Y:z' - 4y:4. x diagram. Deduce the solutions of the equation 13-5'6x - 3'2.
4. zx+9!:14, 8. 3v - +r:9,
6. ec- sy:28,
3x - 3Y: to' e-!:6't'
4tc+7Y:rr- EXER,CISE 54.b
7. rcy:7x2-zzx+18, 8. y:z*2+2tc-4, 9. y=2ry2-6x+3' Solve graphically the following equations (Nos. r-9) :
toy:3x-4. x+Y+4:o. !:x2-zx-t. l. 5x:zy - 3, 2. q-x - 5y: 16, 8. 4! - x:4,
10. Draw the graphs of zx I r and x2- r for values of r from - I Y: rsx - 6. 8r+Y:1e. *r + 3oY:7.
to 3 .
Solve 12 - 2,x: 2 by means of the graph. 4. t1y - x:9, 5.5r+3y:8'8, g. tox:3y + 14,
11. Draw the graphs of y:vp - r - 6 and y: - 4 for values of r 3rc + 5Y: 13. 7t + 5y:ro'4. gx*zy:e.
from -3 to 3. What equation is satisfied by the values of x at 7. sy: -z#+6x-4, 8. 3y:x2- 16, 9. y:t+x-2x2,
their points of intersection and what are its roots? toy:5x-rr. x-_ y+z, x:t*y-2g2.
12. Draw the graphs of y:(x-2)(6-x) andTx-6y:7 onthe 10. Draw the graphs of x2 and 3r+ r, and hence solve
same diagram. Hence solve 6(r -2)(6-x)-7@ - r)=o.
x2-3x-r=o.
Solve graphically the following equations (Nos. r3-r8) by draw-
ing the graph of y = v2 and a straight line. In each case write down 11. Draw the graph of 8y:7x2-r2x- rt, and hence solve the
the equation of the straight line. equation 7x2: tzxl rr.
18. z# - Sx: rz. L4. zx2 - 3r= r. 12. Draw the graphs of y--f and y-zxz +3.t for values of r
15. -srs +2tc:24. 16. 5.rr+ r5r+ rr:o. from - z to 3. Deduce the roots of the equation xt - zx2 - 3x=o.
Solve graphically the following equations (Nos. r3-r8) by draw-
17. roxz+x:27'2. 18. rrrz- r8r+8:o. ing the graph of y:ss and a straight line. In each case write down
19. Draw the graphs of y:va2 una y:l{r2-e5) for values the equation of the straight line.

of .r between 7 and - 7, omitting Jr: o, on the same axes and with

t3. +t'+6x+r=o. L4. z3x:24+5#. 15.5x2-x:4.
the same scales. Show that the two curves intersect where L8. 4n2=s- 1. L7, 3x2-tzx=8. 18. 5r+ 6:4x2.
3f - 7sx - 72:o.
'8x2 19. Draw the graphs of y:!
- 9oo^na y:,?.6,t,
- !+3 for values of *
Solve this equation. xz z6r
between 4o and 8o, on the same diagram. Solve
20. Draw the graph of y-xl-4.x+S for values of r from - t O;:;i;
to 5. IJse your graph to solve the equation zxz -8x + r:o. By 20. Plot in one figu.re and with the same scales the graphs of
drawing a line tbrough the origin, find the range of values of r !:x2-z and zy-x+ 8 for values ofr from -4 to 4. Find tltc
within which the values of x are less than the corresponding equatjons whose roots are (r) the values ofr, (z) the values ofy, at
values ofy. the points of intersection of the graphs.
r
228 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crrer. xvm.l DERMTION OF LAWS zz9

21. Draw the graph y: *{for values of r from - 4 to 4. &anple 1. Plot the follnting oalucs of tc and y in a graph, otd
"t find the eqution cotmecting them.
On the same diagram draw the grzph of 4y:3r. Read off from the
figure the values of a at the points of intersection of the two graphs. 4'S 6 7'"
What equation in * is satisfied by these values? r5'5 20 2g'6
The graph is shown in Fig.
22. Draw the graph of l:4:! for values of x from - 3 to 3.
r9.
Indicate how to find approximately the roots of the equation All the poin6 lie on a
zxz - x - rr:o from this graph, and give the values you find. straight line,
28, Draw the graph of :2 * 3x - x2 for values of r from - r
y .'. the required equation is
to 4. r for which the
By means of the graph obtain the values of of the form
expression 2 + 3x -r2 equals r +{. ax* by * c:o.
This is satisfied by (e, 8) ,u
24. Draw the graphs of y:xp and 5y:fus14 on the same and by(6, zo),
diagram for values of r from - 2 to 3. Erom the graphs solve
5x2:6x*4. Also find out roughly from the graphs, by drawing .'. ?a+86+c=o,
the appropriate parallel line, for what value of a the equation 6a+zob+c:o i
5x2=6x*d will have equal roots.
.'. 4.a+ tzb:o,
115. Derivation of laws from experimenta,ldata. When pairs ... a: _ 3b.
of values of related quantities, x
y, have been obtained from
and Also
given statistics or by experiment, it may be possible to deduce -6b+8b+c:o,
some algebraic law connecting them. ;. c: -zb.
To do this, we first plot the graph of 3r against *, If the points The equation is therefore
lie on a straight line, it follows that r and y are connected by an 45
equation of the first degree and we may assume that the law is - 3bx + by - zb:o,
i.e. y:gx+ Frc. 19.
ax -f by -f d : o, where a, b, c are constants, which may be determined z.
either from the graph or by substituting pairs of values in the Or, we notice from the graph that the gradient is 3 ;
equation. .', the equation is of the form y:3x + l.
If the values of r and y are not exact, but only approximate, as But this passes through (2, 8),
is the case when they are obtained by experiment, the plotted
points may not all lie exactly on a straight line, In such cases ave .'. 8=6+/, ... l:zi
allow for possible errors of observation, and (provided that the .'. the equati on is y : 3x + z.
discrepancies are small) we draw the line that passes most nearly
through the points, leaving some on one side and some on the &ample 2. The foUouing table of oalues of tc and y was obtailud,
other. We then find the equation represented by this line and we by experimmt. Plot the gaph and obtain approximately the equation
may regard this as expressing approximately the algebraic law cotmecting them.
connecting the quantities. r......23456
More difficult cases will be considered in Chapter X)WIII. t...... r 2-4 3.5 S 6.4"
I xutr.l DERMTION OF LAWS 23t
23O ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
5.*......2 3 6
The graph is shown in Fig. y......3 3'3 43'7 S 4 4'3 4.7
7
20. 8.x......-z -r o r 2 3 +
It is seen that the points lie y...... 6 s'+ 5 4.6 3.9 3.6 3
nearly on a straight line. By
?. The following observations obey a law s=zt 1!7tr. Plot
trial-a convenient method is 2'
to use a piece of cotton-it is a8ainst t and 6nd the law.
I
found that the line through s......75 84 9r g6 gg too
the first and fourth points ,...... r t.2 r.4 r.6 r.8 2
passes most nearly through the 8. The f-ollowing obsemations are believed to obey the law
pornts. t=a+zt+btz. Plot s- zt against t2 and find the law.
By working as in Ex. r, the s...,..3 2 -r -6
equation of this line is found t......r 2 3 4
to be 3y:4r - 5. nqRcIsE 55.b
Note, If this equation is
In the following examples (Nos. r-6), plot the points, and deduce
found by substituting pairs of as accurately as possible the equations connecting the variables:
values of r an d y, care must be 1. r...... - r 2-2 3.4 4
taken to choose points which y ...... - 4 5.6 9.2 rr
lieonthe line. Thus, in the 2. x...... -r o.3 z 4 6
above example, the correct y.,.... - r.3 o.4 2.7 5.3 8
result is obtained by taking the 8.r......o r 2.2 4 S
points (2, r) and (5, 5), butnot y ......2'8 2'S 2.2 t.7 r.5
by taking (2, z'+), (4, 3'5), 4.x..,...-t o r 2,5 s
(6, 6'42), for these points do not
y......-2'2 -t'6 -r -o.r r-+
lie on the line. It should be 5.x...,..-o.z -o.6 o r r.6
y...... r o.r r,4 4 5.5
noted that the points used for
the calculation need not be in
0r2345678r 8.x...... z 3 4 S 6 7
Frc. zo.
y......-r.r -2 -z.g -3.8 -4.6 -5.5
the given table of values. 7. The following observations are believed to obey the law
y:hxz. Plot Z aeainst * and find the law.
In the rouowing ".iff1il"t.u1i,, plot the points, and
deduce as accurately as possible the equation coturecting the e...,.. 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
variables : y ......2o 2.4.2 28.8 33'8 39.2 45
L. x..,...o 2 6
y.'....3 7 39 II4 r5 lues of x znd, y.
one pair of the
2. x...... r 2.6 + 5'2 and determinc
y.....'3 7 ro'5 r3'5
8. r...... z s68 x...t r.6 3 3.7 S.? 6
y...5'25 6 Z'C 8.5 4
3
y......-3 -4'6 S 6.1
-7'4 -9 -rr'9 9.4 rr.2S tz'S 13.6 16
4. x...... | 2.4 s
y......5 0'7 -44 - 6.s s'6
- 8.8
 [cnen. xrx.] FRACTIONS 233
Note 2. fn general, the value of a fraction is altered if equal
quantities are added to or subtracted from the numerator and thc
denominator. Thus is not egual!o ,rrrl"r, o=o.
CHAPTER XIX H f,
FRACTIONS (Continued) 2. simplifu @xzY-
q'xY\z
Example -*ty-E'aF'
118. In Chapter XII we dealt nith fractions with very simple
denominators. The same principles apply to fractions with less The expression equals fzxylx^- zy))z
simple denominators. For convenience, the fundamental principle zxy(xz - +y)
is repeated here : _ +t2y2(x- zy)2 :zxy(x - zy)
The value of a fraction is unaltereil by multiplyiag (or iliviilins) zxy(x+zy)(tc- zy)- @a2g'
both its nnmerator anrl ilenominator by the same exDression. The 118. Multiplicetion anal ilivision of fractious.
expression must not, howeyer, be zero.
As in Chapter XII, proficiency in dealing with fractions is best . 64+r-2.
Example 8. sinptify (41=
tx- _ 4Jc+ 3x4:J!13)
attained by considering worked examples. 2x,'_7x+3/ 3xo _7rc_6
117 Reiluction of fractions to their lowest terus. The exprcssion equals
(?x - r.)(x + r), (r - r)(z* - r) (3x+ z)(r - 3)
Exampte 1. simptify za! - ab,- b!. (r,- r)(r-3) @x- t)(x-f) " (fr +z)(zx_ r)
#--3ao-o'
As in Arithmetic, to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms it is
necessary to divide the numerator and denominator by any factors
which may be common to both, A first essential step is to find the for the factors (zx - t), (.r - r), (3x + z), (* - 3) are common to the
factors of the numerator and denominator. In this instance, numerator and denominator.
zaz- ab - bz : (za + b) (a - b) ; +oz - 3ab - b2 : (p + b) (a - b) ; 119. In simplifying fractions it is of the greatest importance to
.'. the given expression=
' lt"!0,!\"-u):41: recognise the relation between expressions of the form x_y and,
(+a+b)(a-b) 4d+b y-x, i.e. tc-y: -(y-x) or y-x: -(x-y\. The beginner will
Note 1. The beginner must be carefut to reduce fractions to recognise these relations more easily, if he arranges the terms of
their lowest terms by dividing comnon factors into the whole of each expression in some systematic order, e.g. in ascending or
the numerator and the whole of the denominator. A common and descending powers of some selected letter.
serious error is to divide a factor into part of the numerator and
part of the denominator. If this is done the value of the fraction
Example 4. simplify a2 - 4b2 '' a + zb
is altered. It cannot be too strongly emphasised th"t o'1?t is not
zb-o
a+b The expression equals o'- -'
equal to will be less temptation to make this error if lu", * -!-
ff. -a+2b a+2b
"n*e
the following
rule is observed: _(a+zb)(a-zb).. 3
Never cancel until both nnmerator anil rlenominator have been - -C-rb) -3,
^ 1o+.61: for the factors
factorised. (a + zb), (a - zb) are common to the numerator and denominator.
232
r
234 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. rx.I H.C.F. AND L.C.M. 235

EXERCISE 58.4 r., @x + SiU-* - z2) . (l*' - roxy + zxz - 5yz')

Simplify: '" Gtz + roacy - 2x'z - syd' GF - rcxy - zxz + sy1'
z!)2 - zs( bx^- z!)2 - zs?!. @_ ! y, _.
-I. - 2xy n
O.-'
3a2+zab ,r. kx"+
grc'- \2y + 5z)' , gx'- lzy - sz)- 19. z- - 4y" : 2y + z
"- -.xy
x'y'- 34,b + 2b'
6"': t1!. kn + tY)z zo.Ilr@4^_"*"*'?!# or #-yn.,P-d2 . x-y
c.
4a" - b.
b.,rxt - tUyt
8. eL.
c+ct e+y
a2+3atz-a2+3a-4. a2-3atz a2+7a+6 H.C.F. AND L.C.M. -(Continued)
,?'-o*+ x;di;-r ,.
a"+4a-r.^- 4-a '
120. The work in this section involves no new principles. The
g. v'"- 42 : v,:J. 44
Lo.
6,-
11. ]az
-a- t method is that used in Chapter XI, but a knowledge of the factors
x'-y- x-y 2x-3 r+3a--4a'z' discussed in Chapter XVI is required.
L2. LB-.*'- z* - 3s^. b2 - +\(+ + za - a2\
L4, l-41- g f6-;--e\ Example 5. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 3x2+rzx+t2,
30+ rr:r+.r' lqz 4r2 - 4ax + 8r - 8a and 6x2 - r8x - 6o.
x?- sx :6. o'-u* a2 t a - rz
y. {-J!: l. , Lg. -t4 ^oz-6otrg'
a2-t6-
As in Arithmetic, we must resolve into factors. Thus,
x'-gtc+zo x--3Jc+2 3x2 + tzx + rz : 3 (x2 + 4tc + 4) : 3@ + z)2,
-- (r+zs)z-t2 (zs+t)2-* zst+t2-rt 4x2 - 4ax * 8x - 8a : 4 @2 - atc + zx - za) -- 4 @ - a) (x + z),
L t'
+ zrs - lt ^ 1, , ,Y4l- Tiil-- zrs' 6x2 6o:6(x2 - 3x i ro):6 (r + z) (r - s).
- r8x -
Hence, the H.C.F. is (r + z) and the L.C.M. is
,r.c2+7c+tz
c"-25 |"*+.
c+5 rz(x + z)2 (x - a) (rc - S).
-r2 E)GRCISE 57.a
zo.
;F:#--2t,=(W,=) Find, in factors, the L.C.M. of :

o1 x-Y u *'-" ' 1. (r- z)(r+S), (x+5)(3r- r), (3r- r)(x- z).
tL' x2+xy - xz-yz' 2+xy+xz+yz
x2 - xj+ xz-yz" 2. S@ - z)2, 4@ - z)(x + z), t8(x + z).
8. a2-4b2, a2+ab-6b2. 4. x2-9, 3xt9.
5. r6t2 - 9h2, 8t2 - r8kt+ghz. 6. xa - qr,2, 3xz +6x.
7. x2-8r-33, x2-t3x+zz, x2*x-6.
8. 8x2- 5zx - 28, 6xz - z4x - tz6, zxz + 7rc,+ 3.
9. x2-a2, x2+ax-bx-ab, x2-zbx+b2.
10. 3ox3+ rtoxl - 4ox, 6x3 - zxz, 8x2 + zox - 48,
Find, in factors, the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of :
x2-r xzl71c+tz ^u' x2 6y2lgy LL. zxz - 14* + zo, 3ox2 - 7ox + 2c, 4f - r6xz + t6x.
7i-^72+6x-7' 2v+3^--{' L2. 3xs + zxz - N, zoxz + rzx - 8, +r' + 6x + 2, 6f + 6x2.
_y2 -
16 , . 2y - 8. LO. +x
- t4y. 11. lfr: tr7- .oi.
9.
y2+8y + 16 3y+9 --- 35y- ro.x bct"+cd-2e Erffic$E 57. b
6 Find, in factors, the L.C.M. of
:.:g- Y' t'- ..
+
1o 3x-6- :

2X-X' 12-2y-2y' L. (zx+ r)(x- 4), (r-+)(:r +z), (3x+z)(zx+t).

a2 - ta
-
-r + a.-a-O
15.a"_9a
a2 za-8
,u.#*e#""t*"). 2. S Ox - z)2, 6(7x - z)(x + 6), ro(x + 6)2.
8. :r2+6r+9, x2+7x+rz. 4. +r'- 25, zxz - r - 15,
I 46 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. rIx.J FRACTIONS 237
5. a3-a, a2-za+t. 8. g"2 - r6d2, 6c-U. Note 1. The working w:rs very much simplified by reducing the
7. s# - zx - 5, 7x2 + x - 6, ztxz - 53x + 3o. first fraction to its lowest terms before adding the fractions. It is
8. xs - 4fr!2, 6x2 - 24tcy - 72y2, 8x2 - 4oxy - 48y2. most important that this should not be overlooked,
9. +t'- tzx+g, zoxz +7ox - r5o, 612 - r5o. Note 2. This example again illustrates the importance of
L0. 4a2 - toab - 6b2, 3a3 - toazb + 3ab2, rzaz + zab - zbg. Art. r 19.
Find, in factors, the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of : E)(ERCISE 58.8
LL. 3a2 * - rob2, 6a3 - azb - t 5ab2, 6az -
ab tgab + 1568. Iixpress the following in their simplest form :
L2. zx3 - x2 - tc, 4-tc4 - roxs - 6x2, 8x2 + 4x. ,II _+_.
I. x+2 x-2
o'
a.- 8.5-3
121. Adtlition and subtraction of fractions. 3c+7 x+g x-3 ff+r
Example 6. SimptiJy n!---?:3: 4.a+6b 3,.
-5-- a+3b s. 7
-- +t-3y - 3tc,+2y
a' - 4b' a+2b a-2b a-3c
As in Arithmetic, we first find the L.C.M. of the denominators, azb
i.e. of. a2 - 4b2, or (a + zb)(a - zb), and a + zb. t',o*r*
F25
8'
1a-zu\z-G+;DC$'
The L.c.M. is (a + zb) (a - *, .o""t' 87
T _\;eo_T;;t." (x+sy)@-zy)- (x+sl=-!-. 10. Fl.- ,4-* -,"'
(a - zb) (a + zb)(a - zb)
+ zb)(a
t x+2y "- rc+3y
- (a - Sb)(a - zb)=a2 - (a2 - 5ab + 6bz)
: a2 (a+rb)("-rb) ll. a'+ t3a+40 a.+ga+20
- L2.
(a+rb)@-;6- A=;y_ 3rp- x-4y_-2ya'
5ab - 6b2 lJ. zx+3
,,, 6
14. 347
- (a + zb) (a - zb)'
o 2x-3 x+3 tr+4 x+7
; it is easily seen that a -f zb and a - zl
This is in its lowest terms 15. . 4o+-I---r r3a
are not factors of the numerator. It should be noted ihat there is l3x+4' 3lx-z) 3x+4-. 16. t-3"-Q-*Y-r'
no need to factorise the numerator ; we have merely to make sure
that the numerator and denominator have no cornrnon factors.
t'' rts*t - 8) 3("r-3)+*fi;:t--l
2 gx+2

Note . In finding the value of - (a - 3b) (a - zb), we first

18. r-
2!_ --8,{
19.
r*r
express the product in brackets and then remove the brackets. It zx-r 4tc--t zt2 + rgt ' 2t2 _ rgt t2 _ gt
is unwise for the beginner to attempt both operations at once. ,)n
ru.
f __?!l_3 ,tc-,
rc+3 ' 4 r .\'"-sJr+O x"+tc-O x';---9
Example?. Simplify (:E)'
-k-e)+;+3(3-r) r)t 3x-7 _ 5 *+g
n- (x+3;
' 4 r "'' x1r + 6-
- lr+ x 4 - l,
--s'
"-;1*ag1x.j-t-3(r-3) ---;--;

r6
t4r
:tr(tr-3)-3*-Ur-,
)
x-3 z(x+3)2'x2-g'
.rrr zx+4 , r ,tc+z
_3 + 4bc- 3) - n_3 + +x - t2 - tc .'''
- 3)
3x (tr 3x(tc - 3)
_
12+ 2x -1_ F +
3- ec 4t p _ r'
3t-9 :3(rd-3):I. rrd 13 _ 5 8_
= 3n(r-3) 3tr(rc-3) x -
tt(a2 - b2) - 5ab 6(a2 + b2) - r3ab ' ga2 - 4F
48 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crHe E.l FRACTIONS 239
r+3 x-6
- -', Sy rox2 + r3xy - 3f
EXER,CITIE 58.b rox +
Express the following in their simplest form :
e.-
t-#-2r te+e-42 1 --1t+6-'
rl3x
L-1. - t-. ' +'zx-7 B.-7
Z, zrc+7 4 6.
r+x_ r_x_vi_.
3r+5 3:r+d a-+zb- a+lh'
III
4.8-s
c-2 c+3 5.3t._526.34
tc-oy x-toz ,G;-ii---42-3d'
sI-z;-rl+3;
7_7_3g_3_4!_ 0. 3 7 +(r-s*)
(2x- 3)\2,x+ 3) x\zit- il $x-7y) Qx -7)Qx+zy) 3-*-
-+-+- 3+r*--Ft=r'
g- 3 2 x2 - (y - zz)2 . yz - (2, - x)2 . 422 - (* - y)2
-
"'(a+b)(a-b)-(a-b)" ^. fO.-L-
a"-sa+4 F41'
2
"' ;-",* *'r2- n'- (-*a t'1' - *za Oirf-t
LL. 2 - zsx'-rsx+z
Sx-z
-5" lp. x"-x j-.
=" - t'-x tz.
u:g ;;*4,.;.r. ra.ffi* *,a
13.:r-.+6*+t. L4. 4 - 3 -r. a,
Lr. 3b b -
(za 3b)
3x 7x+2 7x+3 7tc oz al6|-+zlz- GTW- ;"n6 - 662'
15. 3 -
--l--- r) 4(x + r) z(x + t7z'
^-' 4(r
Further examples involving more difficult factors are given ln
Chapter XXV.

,r- t*-' 2 122. Miscellaneous fractions.

'"' - l(zx - j --'z@4- @c - 3l
"(* a- zb za a2
Example 8. Sinplify
rr. I- / 262\
zb a- zb zb(a- zb)
\34- sb--) (ro*ra -*)*("-*)
4-- r -T- - 7
18.,c+5 Ls.;_,-***-C:nr The expression
x-2 x"+3x-to
=\/3a2 - 5ab - zbz\ /3az + sab - 2b2\ . laz - +b2\
zo. a l\ l=\ a )
o1_"y_7:;.6_"_ "
dr + zd
3c t6d2 3c - zd _Ga+b)(a-zb)(ta-b)(a+zb) u a
-- - .a ^
3c-zd gc'-4d' 3c+2d a 1a - zU11av257
oo 6x-t
oo' 3x+2 3tc-3 _ka+b)(ta-b).
gx2 - 3e 4- rd2 - 2rr + 3-r ,gV , nj-d a
oor44
o"' 9*9-r
4"' nt' 6ty - gy'- oty + gyt 9.
o^ 3a 6a+b 3a-b
Exa,mPIe SimPtiJy -U? e D.
ez'
;oz -1@- ;F- 65=g6z+ saz+ r8Ab7g:62' 12334
*E]GR,CISE 58.C The value of the fraction will not be altered, if we multiply
nrmerator and denominator by the same quantity. If we multiply
Express the following in their simplest form :
by rza (i.e. the L.C.M. of a, 4, rz, 3, 3a), we have
l. zx'+x-t
?"-, +3x"-7x+4
:*-4 z.!::4_"__sb.
a"*3ab a zo= 96*
-7
3a2 - 36a:GltG:8)
s@ - +\(a-8)_r{a-+)
: -("
- * - 3z + +)'
r
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxen. xlx.l 2+t

EERCNIE 59.s
Simplify: Simplify:
tc 2y
o2! x ,34
1.-1. II 2b
zx+! -+-
2ya 3-c
5'
r6 12 II T
-a
4. b. ("-fi)*(,.i) -- -+-
-x22
4.-. r. ("'-i)*G.i)
2l< r47
---i*r
da' 33xx'
o. -. (r-;)=(," -".*) ?.;!+-# s. (, - e*)=Gr-!")
'.
('*3-#)*(' .:.#)
_r_
'.
(#.i4)*(#i- ,:-)
-E. to'h
!-?
!_? a'b
2a b
e. (fiv.*')"('.##)
--a b -.
ro. ('*a*-8 )G."-)
ro. (o-#it.*)(,-*.#r)
t4 )('* "8 - t4 ). ,r. {i-a#n}*{..##}
n.(r--28
,,
\ 3y+2* zy+t/\
-"' I!- I .
lx xz(zx+ r)l\ {7-
3y-z 2y-r/
s2x- t) \.
[r' zxz(zx+r)l tt. (!*.*- - tt-.,) (,t-. tt-
rz.
€r,ft
-
#- ,,)
18. {ry=Ln..*, * *-i" . 6}" {r' -
t'.} !42-Y'
x"+9" X"+1J"
14.
c )Ci ._)f'e:#,:+:,j x+y - e+y
--
tt r l-q\
*(#r*l*G-z)
,u. {f_-"r* # . }\r,"} * {, * vf; .}'.
n.?-2. L?. z----J-.
\;-t
,*al 7 ,* t
' 2a-3
re. (r- - -*) (t-* ,' -*,)*G -*,)
',
Ll.
I3
f+ro *+6-
, 2L'
ra. {, }+{.*4:4-:lY.
Further examples involving more difrcult factors are given in
- x++ Chapter XXV.
r
F

lcnep.:o<.] FORMULAE 2+3

EXER,CISE 60.8

1. What fraction is 7| months of f years?

CHAPTER XX
I
- i. a ^- thick. How many sheets are there in
2. A sheet of paper
FORMULAE. THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE. apileDmmhighi
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF A FORMULA 3. A tap can fill a bath in c minutes. What fraction of the bath
is filled in 4od seconds ?
128. In Chapter I we constructed various simple formulae, e.g.
4. A man smokes fi kg of tobacco a week. How long does X kg
in Ex. z of that chapter we obtained a formula connecting years of tobacco last him ?

and months; we also considered a number of arithmetical problems 5. It takes n men 8c days to repair a certain road. How long
with letters instead of numbers, i.e. we obtained formulae expres- should it take rzz men?
sing a general result from which any number of particular results 6. A man cycles at fz km per hour. How far does he go in 35
may be obtained by giving special values to the letterc. In the minutes ?

early part of this chapter we shall consider harder questions of the 7. What is the area of the four walls of a room / m long, d m wide,
rype discussed in Chapter I ; in the latter part we shall consider I m high?
the use of formulae and the transformation of formulae' 8. Postage to France is $z'5o for the first kg, and $r'5o for each
additional kg or part of kg. What is the cost of posting (n+l) kg, n
Example 1. What fraction is r5a months of 4b years? being a positive integer ?
Expressing both terms in months, the required fraction is 9. A cyclist travels at a km per hour, if there is no wind. If there
rsa is a wind blowing at z km per hour, find the speed of the cyclist, if he
5a
travels (i) with the wind, (ii) against the wind. What time will the
4bxrz t6b' cyclist take to travel z km against the wind ?
Example 2. If a car, traoelling at a uniform speed, cooers s m in 10. A rectangular room is .r m long and y m wide and is carpeted
t its speed in hm per hour. so as to leave a border z cm wide all round the room. Find expressions
sec., fnd for: (i) the area of the carpet in m'z, (ii) the area of the border in m2,
The car covers s m in t sec.,
(iii) the cost of staining the border $25n per m2.
^t
it 11. The daily rental of a photocopying machine is $24o, and for each
,, -t;
- in r s.c., copy after the fiftieth there is an additional charge of ro6. If z copies
st69162minrhr., were made during a certain day, find the average cost in dollars of
it ,, each call, (i) if z<5o, (ii) if z>5o.
12. A tank is z4a cm hong, r8a cm wide and contains water t(, ir
it ,,' l;6o16o km in r hr. depth of r5u cm. Find in cm2 the area of the wetted surface.
t<rooo 13. An article is sold for $y, and there is a profit of a cents; wh:rt
After reduction
jlq9l-6o- t8t is (a) the cost price, (6) the profit per cent. ?
t < rooo 5t' 14. From a rod rzx cm long, / cm are cut off. What per ccnt. of
the original length is left?
.'. the required rate is t8j k- p", horrr. 15. Three kinds of coffee are mixed in the ratio :t : y : z. llow
much of each kind is there in I kg of the mixture ?
16. Gunpowder is made by mixing 4 parts of charcoal, I p:ttts,l'
sulphur, and c parts of saltpetre. How much charcoal will tlrcrt: bc
If difficulty is found with this type of question, it is a good plao in ,4 kg of gunpowder?
to work a numerical case before doing the general case.
2+2
 I
244 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. )lr.l FORMULAE .4s
17.A student scored a total of r marks in a tests. In the next test EXIIBCISE 00. b
he got y marks. What was his average mark for a test ?
1. A waste pipe can empty a bath in 3t minutes. What fraction
18. Find, in cents, the sinple interest on $r forl years at z per cent. of the bath is emptied in 4A seconds?
Per annum. 2. What fraction is 9/ months of 5/ yearsl
g. A man smokes I kg of tobacco a week, How long does
19. Of a regiment a per cent. are killed, D per cent. are wounded _ 5oo g of
tobacco last him? x
and c per cent. are taken prisoners. What per cent. are left? If
X men are taken prisoners, how many were there in the regiment
4. A sheet of paper is mm thick. How many sheets are there in
originally, and how many were killed? f
a pile ! cm hish?
20. The price of soap is increased by a per cent, Later the 5
new price is decreased by a per cent. What per cent. is the final 5. Find a formula for the time a train takes to go I g'iven
price of the original price? distance, d km, at z km per hour.
21. A bath is filled by one tap alone in * seconds, by another 6, It costs $a to cover with linoleum a room r m lons and v m
alone in y seconds. How long will it take to fill the bath when wide, What will it cost to cover an area of z m2 with linolEum of the
both taps are running? same quality ?

22. lt O is the centre of the circle, find x, y, z. 7. After the 3ath day of April, what fraction of April is left?
28. A man buys $l of stock which 8. Find in cms the volume of water in a tank r m long, y cm wide
pays 6 per cent. interest. What will be and a mm deep.
his income ? - 9.The scale for parcel post to a certain country was as follows:
24. $P is invested in a stock whose 9n to^t kg,.$6; 3-4 kg, $z; +-S kg, $8; 5-6 kg, $S; 6-7 kg, $ro; z-8 ks,
$rr;8-r5 kg, grz.
price is l. If the stock is sold when
What was the cost of sending a parcel weighing n kg, if n is a positive
the price becomes B, what will be the integer,, (i) S:, (ii) greater than z and less than 8, (iii) great-er than
proceeds
7 and less than 15 ? What must be done if z>r5l
?

25. A car travels / km in zr hours. 10. A book is * mm thick, each cover is / mm thick, and there are
How many km will it travel in p hours z sheets. What is the thickness of each sheet ? .
at one-third of this speed ? 11. A clerk types z words aa hour ; how many minutes does she
I 26. A man buys $B of stock when the price is C. He sells out
when the price has fallen to D. What does he lose?
take to tvo. A words ?
400
2?. Eggs boug^ht at ga a hundred are sold at b for a dollar, making 12. How many tiles, measuring 6 cm by 4 cm, are required for the
zo per cent. profit. Prove that 3ab:25o. foor of a hall
6j m lons and # m broad ?
5"25
28. In how many years 18, If goods are marked at $4, and a customer is allowed a discount
will a sum of money double of c per cent, how much will the customer pay and what is the cash
itself at tr per cent. per an- value of his discount?
num simple interest? 14. In a forest there are X trees ; y per cent. are blown down.
29. Find a relation be- How many remain?
tween ,r, y, and z. 15. Write down the average of 6p,9q, r5r.

In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals meet at.E.

80. 16. A student scores altogether a marks in r tests. He gets r marks
If. AE:BE, t_DAC:y", tBEC:x", find rs BCA, BCD. in his next test. What is his average mark per test ?
r 246 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crnn. n(.1 FORMULAE 2+7
17. A blend of butter is made by mixing three different kinds in 80. In a quadrilateral ABCD,
the ratio x iy i z. What weight of blended butter contains 1D kg t DAB : x", t DCB : y", t DBC :
of the first kind? 2".
lf x+ Y= r8oo, find ts DAC and BDC.
18. The simple interest on $P for y years is $Q. What is the
rate per cent. per annum? EXER,CISE 60. C

19. Sugar at per kg is mixed with sugar at $/ per kg in the ratio

$r
I : m. What should be the price of a kg of the mixed sugar ? 1. A rectangular tank, r m long, y m wide and s m deep, is full
of water. If a litres of water are taken out, what depth of water is
left, given that 6 litres occupy r m3 ?
20. A per cent. of the trees in a wood are blown down. X per
cent of the remainder are hewn down. Y trees are left standing. 2. A man's gross income is $r. Find his net income after paying
How many trees were there in the wood? income-tax at 5/ cents in the dollar. What percentage of his gross
income is tax ?
21. An r per cent. stock at p brings in $P income. What sum 3, A man rows from A to B and back, a distance of a km. He
of money is invested in it? IIow much stock is held?
rows in still water at the rate of r km per hour. Find the difference
22. A man has $B of stock. He sells it and receives $C. At between the times taken for two such journeys, the first taken when
what price did he sell? there was a current flowing at { km per hour and the second when
23. A bath is filled by a tap in a minutes, whilst the waste pipe there was no currcnt-
could empty it in b minutes. If a< D, and the waste pipe is open 4. A man bought 2 bananas at $a a score, and then g bananas at
when the tap is running, how long $b per dozen. F{ow much did he pay altogether, and what was the
will it take to fill the bath? average price (in dollars per score) of bananasl
24. lf x men can do the same work 5. Taking r m3 of water to weigh r kg, find in tonnes the weight
as y women, and a wornen can do of water which falls on ay hectare fietd in a rainfall of z mm.
the same work as D children, how 6. A cyclist cycles from A to B at an average speed of.r km per
many children are required to do the hour and returns from B to A at an average speed of y km per hour.
same work as r men? What will be his average speed for the whole journey?
25. Find a relation between a, b and c in the above figure. 7. On a non-stop train between two towns one-fourth of the
passengers went first class, and the rest went third class. The first
26..1f x cows givel buckets of milk in.a weeks, how many cows and third class single fares were in the ratio a : 6. There were N
must be kept to supply g buckets a day ?
passengers and the third class single fare was $-F. Find the total sum
2?. A train whose normal speed is z paid by the N passengers for a single journey.
km per hour is r minutes late. The 8. Two men are walking along a straight road in the same direction.
speed is now increased to o km per The faster man is walking at .r km per hour, the other at y km per
hour. Prove that the lost time is made hour. At the start the faster man is a km behind, but after e min.
,.ro - t'o-
' ir, 6o (o-u)
km. A he is only 6 km behind. Find an expression for 6 in terms of a, x, y, z.
Find also an expression for the time (in min.) at which the faster man
28. A man has $X of p per cent. will be c km behind the other (cca).
stock. He sold out when the price 9. If a packet of zx plain envelopes costs $3y, how many similar
u'as Yand re-invested in q per cent, envelopes, each with a $r.5o stamp, should there be in a packct whiclr
stock at Z. What was the change is sold for $52?
in his income? 10, A shopkeeper spends $zo.r in the purchase of oranges at $y pcr
29.\f AB:c cm, AC:x cm, score, and sells them at the rate of z oranges for a dollar. I"intl
DE:a cm, DC:b cm, find a relation expressions to represent (i) his gross profit, (ii) his proft pcr ccnt , (,rr
between a, b, c and x.
the transaction.
248 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [eree. xx.l FORMULAE 24s
ll. What length (in metres) of lead pipe, of cross-section .r cm2, EXERCISE 61.a
weighs z tonnes, if p ms of lead weigh z kg.
12. The external measurements of a wooden box without a lid are l. lf J =2-4, find (i) / when z : 6o, (ii) z when .,f : 33.
r5
length, a m; breadth, 6 m; depth, c m. The thickness of the material 2. lf A:zh(l+ b), find (i) I when h=6, l=6's, b:3'5,
is d cm. Find the weight of the box if r m3 of the wood weighs 8oo kg. (ii) / when A: z6o, h:6'5, b:7'7.
13. A sheet of cardboard is .r m by y m; z of these sheets are cut up
to make boxes. If fr per cent. of the cardboard is wasted and the area 3. lf zS=nlza+(n- r)dl, find (i) S when n:4o, a:7, d,:2,
of cardboard in each finished box is p m2, write down an expression (ii) a when 5:46o, n:20, d: '2.
for the number of boxes made.
4. 11 g:--!!t
60(a - u)',,
find (i) S when u-3c,, u:+5, t=6, (ii) t
14. The income-tax paid by a bachelor whose income is $r is
reckoned as follows: deduct one-fifth of the income, and from what when S:96, u:6o, o--8o.
remains deduct " personal allowance " of $_/. This gives the " taxable 5. tf A: s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c), find I when a=13, b:14,
income ". On the first $z of " taxable income ", income-tax is charged c:r5, s:2t.
at $p for every dollar; on the rest of the " taxable income ", it is
charged at $3p for every dollar. Give the total tax in a simplified form, 8. lf H:o'4nd2, find (i) 11 when n:6, d=o'S, (ii) d when
free from brackets, (i) when 4tc>S O+z), (ii) when S 0+z)>4">Sy, H:o'r, n:4.
(iii) when 4tc<Sy. lf R:4 +{r, o"o(i) Rwhen h- 4, x=6,(ii) ft when R:sl,
x:9.
8. 11 6:r/aza b2 - zap, find c when a:
2r, b= r3, p:5.
9. lf n:5, a- 3, b:
- 3, find the values of
USE OF FORMULAE 2)
(il (:.ru)"*, (ii) (a2+ zab+bz)n4, (iii)?!!--L)Y-r. a^-'b.
124. Consider the following well-known formulae:
(r) If a pyramid of height i m stands on a base whose area is I m2, LO. lf d:4-t, . -.,r.. per second is the same as / km per hour.
its vofume (V is given by the formula V:!Ah. J
^") area (A cm2) of a sphere of radius r cm is given by Express (i) in km per hour (a) z5 metre per second, (b) no metre per
(z) The surface second; (ii) in metre per second, (a) 36 km per hour, (D) rz6 km per hour.
the formula 4-4rr2 where rc is a constant (3'r4). 11.8y means of the formula V:lAh. find (i) the volume of a
pyramid of height 12 m on a base whose area is z5 mr; (ii) the height
In each of these formulae we have one letter (on the L.H.S, of of a pyramid whose volume is rz8 cm3 and whose base has an aiea
the formula) expressed in terms of one or more letters (on the of 3z cm2.

R.H.S. of the formula). When we are given the numerical values of 12. C" Centr'grade is the same as F' Fahrenheit, if 5F: 16o + 9C.
the various letters on the R.H.S. of a formula we can calculate the Express (i) in degrees Fahrenheit (a) +o'C., (D) o'C., (c) 75" C.;
(ii) in degrees Centigrade (a) 4r" F., (b) - +o' F., (c) ztz" F.
value of the single letter on the left. Thus,
(r) If a pyramid of height 8 rn stands on a square base each side 13. The sum of the first n integers ;, 1(nl r). Find (i) the sum
of which is rz m2, its volume (V is given by
^") of the first 5oo integers, (ii) the sum of all the integers from 4or to
V:!xlzx rzx 8:384, 8oo inclusive, (iii) how many consecutive integers starting t, 2, 3, ...
must be taken to add up to 5o5o.
i.e. the volume is 384 m3. n2 (n +- t\2
(z) For a sphere of radius 6 cm the surface arei. (A cm2) is given 14. The sum of the cubes of the first z lntegers r. --;- .

by A:4x3.r4x62:452.t6, i.e. the surface area of the sphere is Find (i) the sum ofthe cubes ofthe first r6 integers, (ii) the sum of
452'16 cm2. the cubes of the integers from r r to zo inclusive.
r
2So ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxer. s.l FORMULAE 25r
15. If the simple interest on a sum of money $P for r years at / 10. The surface (S cm2) of a sphere of radius r cm is givcn by thc
formula 3-4rcr2. Find (i) the surface of a sphere whose radius is
per cent. is $/, it is known ,h^r r:t;f - If the interest on g3oo z'8 crn; (ii) the radius of a sphere whose surface is r54 cm2' 'I'akc
*_ I
t.- ^57.
for z years is $24, find the rate per cent.
11, A train travelling at the rate of z m per sec. covers s m in / scc.,
16. If a bath can be filled by one tap in a minutes and by where s:at. Find (i) how many km a train will run in 3o min at
another tap in D minutes, it can be filled by both taps together in
ro m per sec; (ii) the speed in km per hour of a train which runs r5oo m
c minutes, *t.." I :I * Ia. Find D, if c:g, a: ts. rn r mlnute.
12. A stone falling from rest under gravity falls a distance s m in
17. A sum of money $P amounts at r per cent. compound irrterest
I sec., where s-lgt2 and g:ro. Find (i) the height of a tower, if a
to $f(r + ,oo1)" in z years. Find (i) to what $16ooo amounts in stone dropped from the top takes 5 sec. to reach the ground, (ii) how
long it would take a stone to drop from an aeroplane whose height
2 years at 5 per cent., (ii) what sum amount to $ro 6o9 in z years at above the ground is 45oo m.
3 per cent. 18. A beam / cm long, 6 cm wide, d cm thick, is built into a wall
) of an arc of a circle is given by the
18. The radius (R cm at one end and carries a load of tril tonnes at the other end. It will
formula zR-h+1 , where A cm is the length of half the chord breakif Wr3Y.Will such a beam 36 cm long,5 cm wide,4 cm
4l
and ft cm the height of the segment cut off by the chord. Find the thick, break under a load of z tonnesl What load can it support?
radius of the arc of a circle cut off by a chord zo cm long, if the
14. The sum of the squares of the first z integers is
height of the segment cut off is z cm. fl(n+ r\(2n+ r) Find (i) the sum of the squares of the first zo
n
E}MR,CISE 61. b integers, (ii) the sum of the squares of the integers from 3r to 4o
1. If S: go + ton,find (i) Su.hen n: - 7'5,(ii) z when S:55. inclusive.
2. If V-t"f, find (i) Z u'hen /:z-t, (ii) r when V:rr#I. 15. If a bath can be filled by one tap in a minutes and emptied
Take n =Lr'-. by a waste pipe in 6 minutes (a< b), it can be filled by the tap when
3. lf 2.4-h(a+ 6), find (i) I when h:tr, a:3'7, b=g'2, the waste pipe is open in c minutes, *rr.." I:I_Ia. Find a if
(ii)arvhen l:ro8, =9,b:5.
11 c= rz, b: t8,
4. If F:32+ r'EC, find (i) Fu'hen C-50,(ii) Cwhen F:4r. 16. If the simple interest on a sum of money $P for t years at r
ob-
5. If R: a+D , nna (i) R u,hen a - 7, b:3, (ii) 6 when R: r'6, per cent. is g1, it is known that P : f-!j{. t, the interest for 5 years at
rt
a=8. 4 per cent. is $42, find the principal.
6. lf A:r*!!r"",find (i) I when P:3oo, r:3's,1:3, (ii) r 17.A wind blowing at z km per hour exerts a direct prcssure of
P kg per m2 of surface it strikes, if zooP-=uz. What pressure must
when P-4oo, l-49o, t:5. a hoarding rz m high, z5 m wide be able to withstand against a wind
blowing at (i) 5 km per hour, (ii) 8o km per hour?
7. rt'4 :'8"$:-4,find (i) / when r : r 5, (ii) z when A : t so.
18.At a point I m above the surface of the isea the distancc in krrr
8. If D: i"@ - i, find (i) D u'hen n : ro, (ii) z when D: 54. to the horizon is t.z3t1/h. Find the greatest distance at which :r liglrt
r45 m above the surface of the sea can be seen from a point orr tlrt:
9. If. a:2, b: - r, c= - 4, f :t, E: - 7x:i,find the value surface of the earth.
of abc + zfgh - aJ2 - bg2 - ,h2. If a, b, f, g, i "1,
have the above values,
and c: -4+), find what value must be given to,\ in order that Further examples suitable for work with logarithms are given
the above expression may be zero. in Chapter XXVIII.
r
252 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHAp.
:n(.1 TRANSFORMATION OF FORMULAE 253

Transformation of Formula€, or Change of Subiect

we have H + K:t (' -'Jr, ,
of a Formula
i:Ur:,,
t7
125. lf we have a formula connecting several letters, it is - H+K n(H+I{l
usually possible to find the numerical value of any one of these | _3tt
t7 - 3n
Ietters, if the numerical values of all the other letters are given. It r7
is not necessary that the unknown letter should be isolated on one It should be noted that to make / the subject of the formula,
side of the formula, but in practice it is often desirable that this it is essential that / should
appear only as a single t€rm on one side
should be done-it will be seen later that it is frequently necessary, of the equation. We therefore first rearrange the equation, so that
in order to malie possible the use of logarithms. When one of the all the terms containing I arc on one side and all the remaining
letters appears only in a single term on one side of the formula, and terms on the other side of the equation. We then group together
all the other letters are on the other side, it is called the subject of into a single term the terms containing /. The remainder of the
the formula. work is clear. Beginners often make the mistake of writing
196. If $/ is the simple interest on $P for ! years at / per cent. I:H+XI3J!r7 as the answer to the question. This is wrong,
per annurn, it is well known that I:U. In this case 1is the because/ does not appear only as a single term on one side of the
equation. The whole object of the transformation is to obtain I as
subject of the formula. If it is requir.j? O"O the length of time
the equivalent of an expression containing the other letters only,
for rvhich g3oo should be lent at 4 per cent. per annurn simple so that, if the numerical values of the other letters are knovl'n, the
interest to yield as interest a sum of $66, we have to find f when d
value of / may be obtained immeiliately by simple substitution,
P, r are given. We can obtain t in terms of I, p, r from the equation
Thus, in the above example, if H=t, K: - 3, z=8i, from
- Ptr-by using precisely the same methods as are used in solving
,a =
t-tz(H+K) we obtain 1=!JJ-n.
17 - 3n t7 - 25i:
equatrons.
The pupil will find little difficulty in the transformation of
Tnus, 1: P-'r, ;. rool:ptr (multiplying each side by roo), formulae, if he grasps this point clearly ; the process described in
Example 3 is quite general. If difficulty is found with any trans-
!""! =r (dividing each side by pz). formation, it is a good plan to substitute numbers for all the letters
except the one required and to solve that example first. The
This is usually rvritten ,:'i! t I is now the subject of the solution will reveal the order of the operations in the general case.
formula and the above process is called chaneing the subject of the Exa,mple 4. Change the subject of the Jormula s:n2 +?9n:
formula from I to t. The worked examples rvhich follow will show 7
from S to n.
that the subject of a formula may usually be changed by applying We have .S:n2+ "tt7 =r,(r*A\,
the ordinary rules for the manipulation of equations, treating the \ 7/'
various letters as if they were numbers, It is assumed that the
:. ,'=+. :. ': L. /+, ., t 7S
values of the letters are such that no denominator will be zero.

&ampte 3. From the fmnruta rc+!:t-

t7
H, find I in terms
'*; it\,.7
If in any particular question is clear that z must be a positive
7+2a

of the othet leueo. aumber, the - sign should be omitted.

r
2s4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [curr. xx.l TRANSFORMATION OF FORMULAE 2s5

and obtain an expression giving a in terms of-s, / and t- lf v=66,

E]GR,CISE 62.A l:T, t: z, find s.
In the following, change the subject of the formula : 20. The volume (Z) of metal in a pipe is given by the formula
1. From A to n, A: zn - 14. 2. From C to h, C: Shl. v:'t'' / [R'z -(R-t)'z],
7-
3. From L to n, L:yt. 4. From y to tt, y=1tc+ z. where / is the length of the pipe, R the radius of the outside surface
5- and t the thickness of the metal. Find (i) R in terms of V, I ar'd t,
5. From tto ,,r--",rlT. o. From A to r, A:rt. (ii) the length of a pipe of outside radius 6 cm, thickness z cm, and
which is made up r3 zoo cms of metal.
If PV (r + aT) : OR ( r + cS), express a in terms of the other E]@RCISE 62.b
letters. In the following, change the subject of the formula :
8. If gh:J3I(l-tc), express r in terms of fr and L 1. From A to h, ,5.:!Uh. 2' From L to x' L=N'
I
0. It L: -4. r in terms of the other letters.
x+y' "*o."., 8. Fromstoc,s=!6+b+c). 4. From ttol,t=3a/1.
'2'
LO. rc a:3-3!, express 6 in terms of a. FtoC,p:32+r'8C. 8. From ItoP, I=ry!.
5. From
11. 11 g:n7,/FiV, express fr in terms of ^S, r, z. 7. If K(lb- s):zas, express s in terms of K, a, b.
L2. lf. zx=3y(+-r),
" \p+q {i).*n.".s t in terms of the other 8. lf 3a:z**,express D in terms of a.
letters, (ii) express p in terms of the other letters. 9. If U= 3c- zdV,, express Z in terms of'c, d, U.
- nt p
lg. m -S,
rc.
r+xt' .*p.".s x in terms of the other letters. 10. If o : I (t - 4r) Uu, express F/ in terms of the other letters'
Find * when ra:35, p:9, t: roo, s: ro. 11. Change the subject .t,T,11.r;ng formula from r to i,
L4. lf. b2-p,: !"-, find.t in terms of a, b, c,p; andfind the *= ,-h
vatue of 9 when eTr:, b:6, c=9.
ax+ zby' ' '
L5. lt x: -::-, and all the letters denote positive quantities, express 6 in terms of a, c, x and y.
x/62 I 6z"z'
find (a) cintermsof a,b,tt,y,(b) 6when x:3,!:rS,a:4,c=6, 13. If a:, - jLu U,express I in terms of the other lettels. Find
(c) x when y:75 x ro8, a:6 x roe, D:4o, 6=s.2 x tos,
t if a:+ and b=zc.
L6. lf ^
to:cdl',\ *-1'
.7;)'find t in terms of the other letters' 14. Use the formula t:0"{*+ (z - r)d} to find
n. rc!-Ir=j, z in terms of o and.f. lf z:3u, find (i) an expression for a in terms of. S, n, d;
"*n..r. (ii) the value of a when S=546, fl: 12, d--4.
the ratio of. u to f.
r-- - 15. If p=q+ b^l-,find r in terms of P, Q,a,b' Also find
18. If 3/: .*^l , -ff, exnress n in terms of I and m,
19. From the formulae s=ut+tftz and t=u*ft, express z in thevalueof a to twodecimal places whenp= l'3 x to{, g:o'9 x 1er,
terms of the other quantities in each case. Equate these values of a g= 19, [=9.3 x ro5.
r
256 ESSENTTALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icnrr, raJ TEST PAPERS V

18. If I: J'%",find rz in terms of r and n. P. simpriry 6fff4, <i'l#-T,;

8. Solve (i) 6r-
!?. lf y= r in terms of y. "y-7:y-"+zox-rc=8x-7,
(ii) 8r2 + rr - 4 + 4ox + zo*.
^lt:+,expness
18. The volume of metal in a tube is given by the formula 4. I have a certain number of marbles to divide equally amon8gt
V:il{Rz - (R - tf L where l: the length, R the radius of the out- 18 boys ; if the number of marbles and the number of boys were
side surface and t the thickness of the material. Find R in terms each increased by two, each boy would receive 5 marbles less.
of the other letters, and hence find R, correct to z places of decimals, How many marbles have I to distribute?
when Z: zoo, I = 7, n =ff , t : z.
5. FindtheL.C.M. of zxg+x- t,612+ 2re+t5and+r2 +8r-5.
19. From the formula t:"n^lL
-ys 6nd l. correct to the nearest Leave the answer in factors.
unit, being given !: r'2o,t:3'r4,8=98r. 0. Draw the graphs of zx+3y:s, y:3r+r, !.+!r=r, using
20. In each of the following, find r in terms of y : the same axes and the same scales. What values, if any, of r and y
y=2;ff, y:=!:L:6ijz. satisfy (i) the last two equations, (ii) all three equations?
(i) !=mx+c, 1ii) GiD
c
TESf, PAPERS V 1. In a AABC, AB:AC, LA=N', LC=y". Find r in terrrs
of y'
A
2. Factorise (i) (r-y)8 -e*!, (ii) gs- zF-f,
1, A closed rectangular box measures inside p cm long, I cm wide, (iii) g8a2 - t4oa+ So.
and r cm deep. What is the cost in dollars of lining it with lead at
r cents per cm2? How many kg of tea will it hold, if z kg of tea
occupies y cms ?
8. Simpriry (r, (4=), r;r;4+,7, + ro, (tt) "#-CjF
2. Factorise (i) 6l - 98# - 44-x, (ii) f - 9s + str - 9t. rL Solve (i) o'4(l^*
,\3 ,'r) - t = o'8,
8. simprify G)#, Gi)
ffi-;*l) (ii) f - 7x:2, correct to two places of'decimals.
5. The side of one square exceeds twice the side of a second square
rr=5J3, find the numerical valuc by 6 cm; the sum of tie areas of the two squares is r53 cmN. Find
^,1.-.{)
ol !r-."*:Y
Sx" - 3y'.
"tta the lengths of the sides.
(ii) Solve 3x(6x - r) + 3 (3x - 8):o. 0. A goods train starts at noon
5. Find three consecutive positive integers such that the squarc llne, travels at 20 km per hour, g
of their sum exceeds the sum of their squares by zr4. allow an express to pass, and then
0. Draw the graphs of *+x-z and 3r+6. Show that they 3o km from I and travels towa
stopping. Find, graphically, or ot
meet on the axis of r and find the other point of intersection. Find
-"ii UI the distaice of the siding from A. Assume that all speeds
the least value of 12 + x - z and write down the equation in r which are uniform.
is satisfied by the values of r at the points of intersection of the D
graphs.
B 1. A sum of money, $1, is to be divided into two parte, one of
which is c times the other, What are the parts?
l.Choose two numbers x znd.y such that *>y. Find the difference
between (z4ox+y) rnd (z4oy+x). Tty this with another_ pair of e. Sorve (D 6x*Y=r?,
values of r ind y. Prove that the difference is always a multiple of 239.
(ii) lr2
;(8' ?) = 3,
oorect to one placc of decimalr.
+ 3r:5,
I 2s8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA rcHAp. u.l TEST PAPERS V 259
S.Simplify2x-+x-
zx"-x * zx._x_3
:-2 | -*--t ,5 F
.1. A student r marks in y tests. How many
scores an average of
m-arksrnust-he.get,in_his next test in order that he scores an average
4. Simplify ,rr5,
y, +
of. x+Z marks in all the tests?
2.
*-a)2'- * \=( =*' .- # \ P.Simplify ( ,1" ); tr+r
' - 2X'+X-tl
r;it( - ,T--onz)' \2r-I
' ' \z-v -
"- ", * ,1= \;z*
-*rz

Find also the value of the expression when &= - z.

5. Find the L.C.M. of r6x2 - 48x + 36 and tzx2 - 6x - 18. o'0:1o's
Leave the answer in factors, 8. Solve ,U * zo (o.75 - o.z5x):3 +o'25x.
14 4'
6. A train running between two towns arrives at its destination correct to two places of decimals ;
2 minutes early when it runs at 4o km per hour and 48 minutes late
when it runs at 3o km per hour. Find the distance between the towns (ii) (r - z)(r+ 8) + (r+ z)(r - 6) = n.
and the scheduled time for the journey. 1l. Find the L.C.N{. of 4sc2 - 4.x + t, 8x2 + +x - 4 and 6x2 I tzx * 6.
Leave the answer in factors.
.5. I cycle against the wind at 8 km per hour to a town, wait 3o
E
r, Factorise minutes to have my hair cut, and ride back with the wind at rz kh
(i) 9.rs - 4ry2, (ii) (x + y)2 + z(x + y)(x - y) - 8(x - y)2. per hour, the whole journey occupying 3 hours. How far off is
2. A rectangular sheet of paper has sides of length a cm and 6 cm. the town ?
_
Equal square pieces of side r cm are cut out ofthe corners. The 0. Draw the graph of y:*+ for values of r from - 4to 4.
remainder is then folded up to form a box. What will be the volume
and surface area of the box ? Explain holv the roots of the equation zxz - 3x - r 8 : o can be found
frorn the graph, and read off approximate values for them.
g. Simolifv 1;1 --!i!-- a-b
'-' az zab
- - 3bz z@2 - 4tb + 3bz1' G
. /a2 + b2 _a2 - b2\ f _ b\.
(") ("= _"
\o, _ b2- o"T br) :-(gl - 7+ u l. Factorise (i) s.- 8r, (ii) a(a+b'1@-b)-6b2(a+b).
4. Solve (i) i(r* - zy):6y - 8,.!, |(3x+ zy):6x- 17; 2. One man alone can plough a field in a hours and another alone
can plough it in 6 hours. \Yhat fraction of the field will be done
(ii) o:3-t2 + r.7x - 2.6, correct to two places of
decimals. in -r of an hour by both men u.orking together?
x'
5. The table below gives the number, N, of litres of water discharged
per minute from a reservoir through a pipe of diameter D cm. 8. Solve (D
*+#= - t, ,**ro8y: -sI,
(ii) 8.C: rrx+ 17, correct to one place of decimals,
p-z+689rorrt2
N - 5 37 tt7 z6z 364 484 624 go5 d Simplify (i) (-*'-j)+O -4a-4az),
i*i.':':l il*:':,::i3,tr',#, ;1"1,n:T (io --=jq___- - ,* =,+**b
\o+o)(a- zb)- a1a- zl1- a1a+t7'
, (D) the diameter of a pipe which would discharge
5. The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 5 cm long; of
the remaining sides, one is 3 cm longer than the other. Calculate
6. Find two whole numbers such that, in each case, five times the lengths of the sides correct to three significant figures.
the square of the next whole number above exceeds four times the
equare qf the next whole number below by S+S. 6. Solve gxaphically I +! + z=o, t' = 3.r + ro.
260 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icnen s.l TEST PAPERS V 26t

H 4. A rectangular sheet of paper is rz cm long and ro cm wide.

parallel to and
1. The price of roo apples is $(tza+b). How many should a of the paper.
purchaser get for $r2Yl e paper. Find
r e of the paper.
2. Simolifv (i) ,to"+ l.-
''' (5* - "1, - z,
t-ab
Stc
r+ab 5. simphfy
g(t-f)
lrrl .
"" za(t+"tf zaO-aOf *T_
x+t
8. Solve (i) z8r-- 6'Sy:tz, 3r'5r- S1u=r9, correct to two i r-
places of decimals ; 3-e
(ii)
6(r - t)(r - +) - t(e - z): s(x
- z)(x - +). 8. During certain years, income-tax on unearned income was levied
as follows: no glx w:rs charged on the first $ro ooo of a man's income,
4. A train starts in half an hour and the station is 3| km away.
I cycle part of the way at 8 km per hour and complete the journey on
foot at 4 km per hour. I just catch the train. How far ao t watt<l
5. Find the L.C.M. of
W2- 4b2, gaz- nab+4.&, md 6a2- nab- tobz.
Leave the answer in factors.
6. It is conjectured that the following values of x and y ?t€ coo- J
nected by an equation of the form y:ax+ D, where a, b are f,xed 1. The price of coal is reduced r per cent. and a man uses r per
numbers' cent, more. What percentage of his original expenditure does he
& ...... rg 32 4g 66 gain or lose?
y ...... ro8 r2g r53 r8o
Show that this is the case, and find the values of a and D. Plot 2. A father is four times as old as his son. In 8 years' time the
the graph of the function, and from the graph deduce for what sum of their ages will be 7r years. What was the father's age (in
values of r the values of y are positive, and for what values of y the years) when the son was born?
values of mare positive.
I 8. Simplify (i)
1. A man has a salary of $A a year of which he spends gB.
The next year he receives .x per cent, more salary, and he saves (ii)
y per cent. more than in the previous year. Find the alteration in
his cxpenditure. 4.Solve(i) r r
2. Factorise
" 3rc+5y+ 3x-sy =2.-r-----1-:(:
-' 3x+5y 3tc-sy
(i) (c + zd) (c + 3d) (c + qd)z - (c + d) (c + zd) (c + gQg, (ii) ro- r5*:rzx, correct to two decimal placeg,
(ii) rs (c - d)(c + d) - r6cd. to B zt a profit of zo per cent, I sub-
at the same rate of profit. I lost grz ooo
8. Solve
. What was the original value of I's
rilsfiff :o'o2tc-o'68, correct to two
places of decimals ; 8. Draw the graph of,y:-E-. ,for values of r from -z to ?.
(ii)Z(gr+r),-16$r+r)*8:o, correct to two places of Use the graph to nt a ff.r, ,n value of * for which
decimals. "pp.o*1rl
(r + a.#) (r - ztc)= 4r,.
lr

z6z ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer.:o<.]

K
1. Factorise (i) zf r8r - q, (ii) (dl- on)2 - (cl- dm)z.
+x2 -
2. If x men build a wall in y days, how long would z men take
to build A such walls, at thersame rate of working?
o CHAPTER XXI
8. Solve ,u *, :7x+2oy,
HARDER EQUATIONS. LITERAL EQUATIONS.
(ii) (5r - : s Qx + s)z .
772
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY FORMULA
4. Simplify (i) 8 ro z
+-6x+3x'2-x-3x. x+r
----;-----o HARDER EQUATIONS
6az - 5ab + b2 . zaz + rrab - 6b2 127, We now cctsider a number of equations which contain
(ii)
6a2 + ab - 6z ' *a* ,*6llp' fractions whose denominators involve the unknown quantity. In
_ 5. In.a. right-angled triangle ABC, in which the right-angle is at Chapter IV we explained how to solve equations by means of
B, the side AB is z cm longer than the side BC, and ihe sid-e BC is certain fundamental axioms, and stated that, later, it would be
r8 cm shorter than the side lC. Find the lengths of the three sides
of the triangle. necessary to discuss the result of multiplying or dividing both sides
6. nlaw the graphs of f(3x+ z)-and ]r3 for values ofx from - 3 of an equation by an expression containing the unknown, We now
to 3. Hence solve the equation xsg:3xlz. proceed to deal with these points.
(A) Multiplication. Our third axiom states that if equals are
L multiplied by equals the products are equal, i.e. if x:y, then
1. In an examination a candidates were boys and D were girls ; x x a: y x a. This result is true for all values of a, but, if a: o, the
r per cent. of the boys passed and y per cent. of the girls. Whut result is of no value to us, for we merely arrive at the result o:o.
percentage of the whole number of candidates failed?
2. From the statement If the equation contains fractions, a further complication may
3xl! _""':_I _f :6_:g_]8, arise. Consider the equation
23a6 3 -2xt7.
t+ x-2
find x when a: -2. x-z
If each side is multiplied by (* - z), we obtain
8. Simprify l,. #. *J"[r-o=' fr*i- ;] - (x - z1 a -3-
x-2
:2* + | x (x - z),
,
x-2 @ - z1

4. Solve the equation z-x-.]==t-' .

-5
6 The price of eggs having risen,z+ cents each, it costs 50 cents
more to buy 4o eggs than it cost to buy 4z eggs before the increase.
What was the original price of an egg?'
0. Find the L.C.M. 9f +", - 8ty2, 8x2 + Tzxy + r6zyz and
6x2 + zrxy - 27y2. Leave the answer in iactors. '
which in general reduces to (.r - z) + 3: ztc + 7 .
But, if r=2, the expressions t (*- z) and 1+ 1
' x-2
=3. x-2 "1*- z)
become 3 to and 3xo respectively. These expressions have no
oo
meaning; they have not yet been defined.
Thus, the result of multiplying each side of an equation by an
expression containing the unknown may only trc used if the un-
known has a value which does not make the expression zero. For
example,if in solving an equation we multiply both sides by
(*+4)(r- r) the rroots obtained are the required roots of the
26j
 I
1

;
1

264 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHae.

I
I
nr.l HARDER EQUATIONS 265
f
original equation, only if they do not make (x + $(x - r) = o ; if t. 128. The following examples illustrate the need for caution
either - 4 or r is obtained as a root, it may have to be rejected. I whenever each side of the equation is multiplied by an expression
The only way to decide whether one of these is a solution of the containing the unknown.
original equation is to test by substitution. It cannot be too 3'
strongly emphasised that the ultimate test of every solution is that
Example 1. Sok:e
(x+3) , '5
-l- =z(x- z)- (r+r)(r-5' """""(i)
tl
the values obtaineci for the variable (or variables) shall satisfy the it Multiplying each side by z(x + 3)@ - z), we have
original equation (or equations). t)
z(x+s)(x-z)
Note. The steps of an equation are said to be reversible, if the Ofor"
statements are true when read in the reverse order.
Thus, to solve 3r+ z: tt, we write -#axz(x*i@_z,lffi1--.,xz(x*i@-z).'.....(il)
3x+2,:tt, J.3x:9, .'. tc:3. Provided that (r + 3) + o and (x - z) + o, this reduces to
It would be equally true to write ro(x- z):3x(r+t) - 30. ..... j...............(iii)
x:3, J, 3x:9, .'. 3x+2=tr; [If either ,r + 3 - o ot N - 2: o, lines (i) and (ii) have no meaning,
i.e. the steps of the equation 3x*z: rr are reversible. Whenever for each then contains two urrdefned terms.]
the steps are reversible, it is not strictly necessary (although always We may therefore use (iii) to obtain solutions of (i) on the under-
advisable) to check the solution. standing that if we obtain either x= -3 ot x=z as a solution, it
(B) Division. Our fourth axiom states that if equals are must be checked by substitution in (i).
divided by equals, the quotients are equal, i.e. if x:y, then From (iii) we obtain o:3x2 -r- ro,
x7 a: ! the proviso that a + o. Caution must be exercised ... o: (r _ z) (3.r + 5),
= a ; with
whenever each side of an equation is divided by an expression con- .,, x=z or - rf.
taining the unknown; in general this leads to the loss of one or
more roots. Chech. When r= - r*, L.H.S.:4=5. ri|'4
Thus, we cannot say 7xs - 6x2 - x:o, .......,.(i) 15
R.H.S.: _ 5 __ _ 15 , r35 15
.'. Z*- 6r- r:o, etc. .....................(ii) z(- sil (r*)( - st)- 22444
The operation of dividing each side of (i) by x has no meaning
if c:o. We cannot therefore state unconditionally that (ii) is a .'. x= - rf is a solution.
consequence of (i), but we may say that if r is not equal to o, then [Instead of checking, wc might state that since.t: - r3 does not
make z(x+3)(x- z) zero, every step is reversible, .'. r: - ri is a
7x2 - 6x- r =o i or, in other words, eithet x:o or 7x2 - 6x - t :o.
It follows that if, in solving an equation, we divide each side by solution.]
an expression containing the unknown, we must examine values When x = z,
which make the expression zero and test whether they are solutions L.H.S.=f : r.
of the original equation. Division by an expression containing the R.H.S.:8 - +s, which is meaningless,
unknown is a non-reversible step, .'. we cannot say that r=z is a solution. It was introduced by
It may also be noted that squaring is another non-reversible step. multiplying by z(r+3)(r-z), and the step from (i) to (ii) is not
Thus, if x = z, we may say that * : +, but it is not true to say that reversible.
if x2=4, then x=2. There is another possible consequence, viz. The presence of a non-reversible step makes it essential to check
x= -2. We shall return to this in a larcr chapter. by substituting in the original equation.
266 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crilp. gIJ HARDER EQUATIONS 267

Example 2. sotoe
;\+*:*.* 15. 3y - 5r+ 3x+ 5y _o, ls. f(3*+y) *it" - z9 + !6=o,
23
2tc-t2 2x-t2 I'3rc+5'7y+t9:o. 1rc-2Y+G:o.
vl e nave =
1r - s I r 4
1 1-r- 5 ; 6 4' - L *.:2,c
n. 3!23y4v -3O - Y):3 (r + r).
:. (ztc- rz)(x- )(x-7):@x-rz)(x- 8)(r-+),
provided that (.r - 8) (* - +) (x - 5) (r - 7) + o ;
J. (zx - n)lxz - r2x + 35 - (xz - rzx +32)l :o,
t8. -3 - sy + 3:iG' -,.- -) -i * r.
t9.
rrtzx-y+7):!g+z), ,0. -=-#*]=o,
z'(x-6)'3:o,
"' j. x:6.
*?
!,t+t-s,-r3):lt'*31. =! ry+r:o.
(z-x)(l-x)__2
step is reversible, .'. -r:6 is a solution.
2!. rc(x+r)+r+tor :ro. 22.
Or, we may check as usual by substitution. G-r)G-d-'r'
The following exercise contains harder revision examples of the gB. 2* +Tl]:i 24.
,c+ 3 tc+7 r
type given in Exercises zg arlld gz, in addition to examples involving 2x+| zx 2-(rJ): 3 (r - s) 1-4
fractional equations. x-2_ x+2 _3,
25.2-"=n.28.
EXERCISE 6il. c 3r- r'5 3x+2 tc- 4 4t- tr 4
Solve the following equations. If the roots are irrational, and 3
2'?.x-3 _! -9=+ +x - x2. *+8 tc+12 r
also in Nos. 6-8, give the answers correct to two decimal places.
3 tc'-2x-3
2g.
2x 3x '6
t. ?(.*- l) - 9rr" - asc\:<- atc. z. *- t +2j: t:" -qI.
-'3\-'2r o^ t zx-r_ 3 6x'rt
7'-' 7 5 ' 4 '---3tr+3
Ad.
+\+3 +r+4 t2rc+9
6 o.7S + 2t 4t - o.47 8.8t r I--=-a-=o.
6x-z t
3 5 r'5 g0.l-r'r:e.81.
-
r+r e+2 8t3 z\x - t) gQc' - r) tztc
{. *(r - sr) -l(s - 8r):t(r - 3*).
6. o'o6r-o'o5-o'r9. 92.'-1x- r+ t + t . (t" * "\ o.
8. S(l- r.5)-z(r.3 -t)=z.t-
3x+t x-r - \3x-2/ -
x
7. o.4-=J: - t. 2345
0'6 -"o-3*o.5 oo.
'-'x-s x-6 r-7 r-8
8. o'z5Qy- o'5)+o.75(4y - t.z):2. - r : t + t,.
34.-r-+
9. x(x+ +)(x,-6):(x- z)z(x+z). 3r-ro 3x-2 3x-S 3x-7
2t6
2x-5 +-:--.
10. (* - r)(zx - Z):@ - z)(x - +). 95.-r r)=.,2 r,.-9*"-4. g6.
lL. z (zx - 3)2 + 3 @x + 372 : 5 1zx + z)2. 3(r+ 3(ff- gtc'- 4 x-3 3r-l
12. (x - z)(x - +)(x- 6) : (r + z)(*- s)(* - s). g7.L- 3 = t 98. -
zx-
tc-3
t _4{l!:9.
t6-2 &
3tc 3rc-r 3x+2
18.3+?.=r+;2-?=rz.
r y "x y 8g. r- r:*'*"***?.
x-t x-o
luat. Take I, I as the unLno*ns.] n.fr
=;*.ri*ft1*uy,:6;L1,*65
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icrrer. NI.J LITER{L EQUATIONS z69
EXEBCISE 63. b
,l Ju+r_f,+2
-r. oo --2r+7
aa. zJ'.+tl
I =-.
(See note at head of Exercise 63 a) .iu-I f+o 2(zx-r) 3@x-r)
zg.4!=r--t-. | * t = "-.
"(;-;).'(;-,):n. r. ?!# -T=" S zx-3 24.x-4 x-S x-6
25. -=- a t - . Q .-o.
s. "fi _ le 6z.s _ ,o: s_ zx. 4. !!:_r_
;= : (!, ,).
_ 3)c-4 3x-2 9x.-ru.r+E
2x_] _L-J=2!. o8323
o.'r* - o." + o.r 4-tr - r. r-r tc+z 3
u.
o'S -o.5rr.6 - 15
5x-2 5r+3 4
2x+tt r 2r+15 -2_-^ 3
8. o'z(x - o'S) - o'5 (o'z5x - o.rz5) :e'35. z(zx+3) 6 3@r+3) 29.tc'+2r;-3
-t--t3 ' x-r =1I.3
,. O#- r's(r3 - x)+ q:s. t 3 _ I
-r-- rzn+54= 2tc+22 6"+ ti
r+rr
o r.8
o3rc + o.gx - o.3 _o.3tc 81. ,2-3-' o6 2X+2
Oa. -
f-I X
o.o7 o.og o.r .v- r z(.t + t)- z(x+z)' x-t r+r x-z
-
9. (zx- 3)(x+ r)(r +3):Qx+r)(xz+zx-z), 7

10. (x - +)(r - S)(x - 6) : (r2 - +)(x - ts) - 24.

2x-3 2x-15 ut-7 2x-rr
84.
| __2__ 3 __t_. g5. 2)tF4,6.r'-zo 8(r-l)
LL. (zx - r) (3r + 1:Qx - z)2. "r+3 x+4 x+S x+b 2x+r 2x-7 2u-3
12. (+r - ibt + r) :r(8r - 3) + o.S. x2+z ic+z Jr-3 x-5
36. '-- :x+r- 2=O.
rc-5 x-7 -
37.
x-2
!+3y: -4;9*-+t:rr. -l
18. 14. ' "tc 7 -d.2
2x-21)=<.9*!= 38.4+ t * 3 =o. 39.
15g6
2X 2X-t 2x+l ,c- rs *-g-i-+6'
lnnr. Take I, y as the r'k ,o*r,..] ag. {1! *x - 3 -z(x -
t).
Jc-t x+z fi+r
9, :e2-V z6=o.
4+ity- 2o-ix 2 3 -
lb. -l-- LITERAL EQUATIONS
16. 9{1-{:
2Y - r. 4Y-3* : r?.
129. The change of subject of a formula which was considered
3 2 9x-4y 3 in the last chapter is a particular case of a literal equation. Literal
equations are equations in which some or all of the coefficients
n. !(7-s-,)=
'" 7\t !(!-!-.\-s
y 'l-+\r-y-+)=i--i
z
contain letters. In such equations, unless otherwise stated, it is
understood that the letters at the end of the alphabet x, y, z,
^re
18.3y+4*:o,3-4::3.
' regarded as the unknowns to be found in terms of the other letters.
4tc 9y 36xy No new principles are involved. The methods of solving
n. x12v:w, s@+y):8.
literal equations are essentially the methods for solving equations
with numerical coefficients. These methods have already been
20. 3x - y- s*:*(2, + sy) + r* :*(ror+ 6y) - rrt. used in changing the subject of a formula, and others are illustrated
by the worked examples which follow.
z7o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cu^u. xxr.l LITERAL EOUATIONS 27r
Example 3. - Solzte c (x Sd) = d (zd
- x) + 3c2 . EXER,CISE 84. b
Removing brackets, cx - Jcd - zdz - dx + 3c2. Solve the equations :
Rearranging to get all the terms containing x on one side of the L, l-zmx=3n. 2. px=zg(r - 3x).
equation and all the remaining terms on the other side, 8. 3. - zx:6d - c. 4. a(nx-d):b(mx+c).
cx _f dx:3c2 + 5cd + zdz, 5. (c+zd)x=h-dx. 8. (t - a)(x + a) = 111a a $7.
i.e. r(c+ d) : (c + d)Qc + zd), . (^-n) x (n+x)
+
4\ G' zd)
:
a.
nmm 8. ax-1="rr.
... * :(c
(c+d)
-! 3c + zd, provided that c+d + o. zb

If c+d:o, the equation is an identity and is satisfied by all g. 2-

- -
xcd
r-
=1-- 10. !- 4:o-t.
values of .v. The check is left to the pupil.
Note 1. It is essential that the pupil should realise the nature
,r. !pb-sag+!@x+36):3 (r-9 Lz. h-*:;
of the ansu'er to be expected. In this question r is the unknown j-:2.
13.x-a 14. {+ Tl. *rcbz --.1. -
q.
Ietter and c, d are the knorvn letters. ' + x-b 2 c 24b' 4ob" 3
It is required to express the unknown in terms of the known,
ts.
a:f +b--1t a.=o. 3+ mn
i.e. r must be found in terms of c and d only. 16.
lm '* *3!
nI =zI+zm+n.
Note 2. It is essential that .t should be expressed in its simplest L7. m(b + x) - am: l(b + x) - al. 18. a2 - 12:(zl- x)2.
^^2,--),^)2
form. Thus x , although a true statement, is not E)(ERCIfIE O4.c
the required answer, for the expression on the R.H.S. has not been (Examples marhed t should be postponed until Chaptet XXIV hat
been rcad)
reduced to its lowest terms.
Solve the equations:
EXERCISE 64. a -I. x-2a
_+__:=r.
x-b o x+3a , xrzb _(3a+zb\2
Solve the equations : 2a+b 2a-b '' 3i-+zb- ga-zb-tA4i'
L. il-x=ztn-5. 2. P(* - 3d:8a. o r- I x+3m_zl(x-3m), l-3m
3. ax-3&-z):b. 4. l(.t- l-n:a@-I\. "' 1 - 3n i+ 3n- 7 -nF- l+ 3*'
5. x(4c +3) + zc:4c(r+ 5) - 3. 6. (r- r)(r-z):x(x-a). , x-Sa+b
z' x toa(xiSa-b)
-xx
'1. --2=--4. x_x -l"T -
sa + b:- z5A:P- - t'
a2
8. -*d=--lc.
cd a(zx-a)_
al
5p 2X+A-2b *b(zx+a-zb) =a+b.
2X-A
g.2 -!,r! =^r. 10. 2tn-L:<n.
xxx-
r- rUQx
x"
ax-bz a(b-x)
o.*
lQ !34
+*(-i- .r) :, * *.
,1. 1zr + fi - - c)=d. L2.
ab 7. x+ t2d
x-2d +3x-8a_z(zx+a).
g. r+Sr.
s+4a x+2a -- x-tol *1_z(zx+r5D.
g 3x+zol
I-!*!:o.
ls. xba 14. V:rrl[xz-(x-t721.
-+u- -l^
g.r' ** a!-! : 1t + m + n)-
-- x-d+b t-d+b 7p-x, L=-1 3x-5b ;n' "
Ib.-=-, 16.
x+4-b t+d-b s- 3p 3c-p b-c
,0. x-a *c-a m(m- x')
x +o-b:o. nm r:n(n+r\.
_
tz.
df ++:". 18. sl::tr::.
x-c
:
11.*

+m sl LZ.t x(a + b)z + 4dP 3abx + 4@2 + 8)2.

272 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. :qt-l LITERAL EQUATIONS 273

In (r) the graphs of the equations are parallel straight lines: in

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH LITERAL (z) they are coincident straight lines.
COEFFICIENTS
180. Example 4. Soloe the eqtations EXERCISE 65.a
lx+mY:n, .....'.'.'..(l) Solve the equations :
Px+ qY:7 ..,.,..........(z) l. lx + n.y: 12 + lm, 2. x+)t:p+2q,
x + Y:21' py:4pq.
2qx +
[In this question r and y are the unknown and l, m, n, p, q, t the
knorvn letters. We have therefore to find x and y in terms of l, m, 3. x+y:61, 4. cx-dy=o,
3lx-ny:gl2+m2, x+y-o.
n, p, q, z onlY.] 5. ax+bY=q2+zob-b2, 6. l=7x+8y,
Nlultiply (r) by C, and (z) by rz ; we then have bx-faY=az16z' v1: 4x * t{!.
lqx + mqy =nq,
mPtc*mqY:1n7; 7. r.-ay+b=t:ax-y+b, -bl: r:b: *et.
g. ?!
2323
whence by subtraction
x\q- mP)=nq - mr' g. * -"! =4'r, 10. 2- !=!-1,
nq-m!, 35 a42
"' x= 1uip provided that /g -mp+o. l'r!=1. x.y -4-4
-+-=-.
a42
We might now obtain y by substituting in (r), but the work
35
11. (a- zb)x-(a+zb)y= -6o6,
involved is awkward and it is easier to proceed thus : (a - zb)y - (a + zb)x : - zab.
N{ultiply (r) by 2 and (z) by / ; we then have L2. (5a - +b) x - (5a + 4b) y = z5a2 -
4oab - r6b2,
lPx+mPy=nP, 4oab: 4bx + 5ay.
lPx+lqy=17' L3. (7a- rtb)x+(7a+ rfi)y=z(4ga2+ rzrb2),
whence by subtraction 7aY: rrbx.
y(*p - rq) = n? - rr, 14. Jax - 5by=$sa 55,
nb-lr - z5b2y=gaz + 5ob2.
... y=-_!_,
' mp-tq"provrded th.at mp_lq+o.
9a2x
15. Show that if ar *by*c=o and lr* my+n=o, then
It is usual to write y:l-,so that the fractionswhich equal px+qy +/=o cannot also be true unless
lq - mP'
P(bn - cm) + q(cl - an) +r(am - bl): o.
r and y have the same denominators. Find the value of2 if zx + y - 4:o, 3x - y - t =o, Px + 2)t - S-o,
Note. If lq-mp=o, there are in general no finite values of are all sat.isfied by one pair of values of x znd, y.
r and y which satisfy both equations.
EXERCISE 65. b
horvever, in addition nq - ml : o (or np
If, - b : o), it is possible
Solve the equations :
to find an unlimited number of solutions. l. zax'3by: - rzab, 2. x+y:21 -m,
l-:f :! and the second equation is equi- 3bx* zay= 4a2 - gbz. zl): m(m - t').
zl(x +
In this case we 1'r^u.
t
,q 8. cx - 3dy=3cd, 4. ,c-y:2a,
valent to the first ; any values of r and y which satisfy the first will 3dx+Y=r8d2+c, ax'l bY = az + b2.
also satisfy the second. 5. ax'lby=a-b, 8. Zy-px*6o=u,
Thus, (r) the equations 2n-3y:6, +t-6y:rr have no finite bx-aY:aa$. 4y-Sx+3o=a.
solutions; (z) the equations 2x-3y:6,4t-6y= rz have an urr- 7. = b* - aY = a2 + b2.
a-x + by

limited number of finite solutions. 8. - (zmx + 3ly) : 3l - 2m= x + Y.

274 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crer.
Efl.] QUADRATIC LITERAL EQUATIONS 275
b + "J b2 - a,ac or t:
x: --2A
- -8a, Lo. \+Ym=m, .'. elther
2A
-
:534. L *- -b+^J-a! - +a1.
m - zvl:61. This is usually written
24
lL. 4a2x+zy:(za- r)2, L2. (a-bl'x+(a+b)y:a2 - zab -F, This is the formula for solving any quadratic equation.
x+ zy- o. (a+b)(x+y)=a2 +b,. For all values of a, b, c the roots of the quailratic equation
L8. ax - by:d - 3ab2, 14. sx+y-2a,
bx + ay = gazb--- bs.
b!. 3y - rox:a- r&. ax2+bx+c:o are t- -t+Ytlaac.
2s
15. If .o6u: (az i bz)x - (a2 - b2)y,
and + b2)y - (a2 - b2)x, Example 7. Soloe 6x2:zx*r.
"a6s:(a2u*tt_x-y_b. We have 6x2 - zx - r : o, This is equivalent to af + bx * c=o,
prove that
x+y u-v a if. a:6,b:-2,c:-r;
(- 2)+"(=T - 4@():trG
QUADRATIC LITERAL EQUATIONS ... the roots ate x: 12 ,
2(6) '
1g1.Exa,mple5. Sol
x2-x+t a2-a+t 2Is'zo2 i. tt:-7'292 3'292
oe
lll;i:Ar+a+ r'
,', x=-, 12 12 12
[It is a help to notice that x:a is obviously one solution.] .'. x:o'6r ot -o'27, correct to z decimal places.
We have, provided that (.t2 + x + r)(a2 + a+ r)+o, Note L. The use of the formula for the solution of quadratic
(xz - x + t)(a2 + a + r) :(*2 +r* r)(a2 - a + t), equations is not recommended for beginners. The factor method
.' . zaxz - zx.(az + t) + za: o, should always be tried first, and if that fails, it is better to solve
;.2(x-a)(ax-r):s, by completing the square. If the formula is used, the pupil should
... x:a or
I substitute first and simplify afterwards. It is unwise to try to do
i. both at once. If the pupil intends to use the formula, he must
132. Formula for the soiution of quadratics. learn it by heart and he must know what the letters stand for.
Example 8. Soloe axz+bx+c:o. Note 2. If the roots of a quadratic are rational, the equation
The expression on the L.H.S. has no simple factors, so that it is may be solved by the factor method. The condition for this is that
necessary to solve by completing the square. bz - 4ac should be a perfect square, i.e. ax2 + bx + c may be rcsolv€d
Thus, bx: - c,
ax2 + into simple factors, if b2 - 4ac is a Derfect square.
.'. *, 1b c srnce
-a*: - -, ' a*o, ESR,CISE 86. A
Solve the following equations :
;. *r *!!a *(!\r
\2at
:Z_ 9.
L. 3xz + tocx - 8c2:o. 2.6#-2a2=ax.
4a' a-
8. + t5l2: t3lx. 4.5x2+gx:5P+gc.
.'. /.*1)':b'-4'
\*- ro/ --@-'
zxz
5. x2+zax+a2:h. 8. S# - 4nx:5',2 - 4ln.
.b
.. t+-= +,/F-+"c
' or -lF--;
- - .
7. x2+2s61:4cx*Jdx. ,. aorzq"o3s:3xt_3.
2A 2A 2A 9. x2-912:m(zx-m). L0. (+,c - a)2 = (zx + 3a)'.
Ut tz - 4ac is a negative number, the roots will be imaginary.l 11. +(x-a)2-3@-a):r. L2. rs6xz - ar:a2.
276 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee.:xt.]
13. x2+4nx=h. 14. (x+/+ r)(r+rn + r):lm.
15. *2+ zax:c2+zac. ,6. r*-!x-h ,:P-2.
a +rb :2.
:ll. a-t 1g.
*:+t="+t. CHAPTER XXII
D-x a"+r a+l
lg.
x + 3a - ga 2
zo l*'+!==l +T. FURTHER SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
x+a +xx-a =g(t_+za)
x":-f-1', -' m-x' l+x m'I
: 188. (A) lbo equations with two unknowns, one of the 0rst
2L. rz (a + zb) = az 1* a 161. 22. (gx - zc\z + z(3x - zc) 24.

24.a-ta +"+!+t:?.
deeree anil the other of the seconil. Or, one linear and one quad-
2
28,x-l ,: x+m r
" +rl+m . b 2
ratic.
The method used is the method of substitution (see Chapter
Solve by means of the formula the equations :

25. +r'- rox+5=o.gx2:6xlJ. 28. 27. 3+7x-3x2:o. XIII, Method z).

We use the equation of the first degree to elimi-
nate one of the unknowns from the equation of the second degree.
2E. 5@2- r)=gx. N. a2+3a+3:o. 80. 3x+z=xz.
Example 1. Solae the equations
EXERCISE 66. b
+x- 3v:4, ......(r)
Solve the following equations : 4;r2 - 3xy -t2:6. ......(z)
l. t - a2:o. 2. zxz + 2rt2: t7trc.
8.
roxz
rzxz :
3ax
rtlx + 1512. 4. * - Sl=4tt. From (r) 4tc:3y+4, x=--.
4
3y+4 (r)
5 3x2+7x=3a2+7a. 8. 3r2 + 2!s = 3c2 + zcl. Using (3), substitute for x in (z),
: 8. zxz+2gy:3ax)-3ab.
7, 4"' - b2 a(+x - a).
L0. 3@x - 3b)2 - z(ax - gb) = 1$.
.'. - 3bYt dY - yz = 6,
r(+t)'
9. 5cx2 - 4=zx - tocx.
LL. x2- zmx+m2=g. L2. zxz+ robz:zrbx. . *(gy2 + z4y + t6) 3by2 + +y)
18. (r - za)(x + 3b - t) = 2a I 36. L4. gx2 - tzax:b2. 164 4
15. a(xz + a - t) : x(a2 + x - r). 16. r(sr -2)-PQP-z)=o. :. 9y2 + z4y + 16 - gyz - rzy - 4y2- 24,
Li. tbx(" - +) =:. 18. f:+
r:1r. |. -+y2+rzy-8=o, :. -+(y-r)(y-z)=6,
-\3b/3b b.+t r-b .'. J'- r :o or ,, - 2:Qt .'. y= t or z,
10 r-o _ ,c-2a : o _ 2o . Substituting in (3), if y:'r, *=t!: 13- '
'"' x-a+b' x-za-b a-b za+b 44
29.
x:l tl :x * r.
-x2a"+3 21. (?:!)'z+r5=g (=) if y:2, x=:6+t :2-r
3a"+t 42
28.-!-+ m The check is left to the pupil the solutions must be substituted
22. 8x2 (a- :b) = 8b?(a + :r). r+lx t+mx +l+m=o.
;
in (r) and (z).
24. I(l - m)x2 + m(l + m) x : (l + m)2. Note 1. The pupil should always consider whether to substitute
Solve by means of the formula the equations :
for x or for y. If possible, a substirution should be chosen which
25. 3x2-2x-3=q. 28. 5-x:x2. 2?. 5a2*6a=ro- does not introduce fractions. The resulting quadratic should bc
28. x-2.*2=t. 29. 8c2+ c- 3=o. 30. ztz:7t- 4. solved by factors, if possible.
If firrtherpractice is required, Exs. 5z a and b, Nos. 37{o in
Chapter XVII may be done by the formula' Note 2. When the value of one unknown has been obtained,
the value of the other must be found by substituting in the linear
277
2?E ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxee. nrr.l HARDER SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 279

equation, i.e. in the equatioD which has been usetl fe1 slimiYra'fiea. 5. x+zy + r:o, 6. 8y:7x2 - rzx.- tr,
If, in Ex. r, after obtaining y : t or 2, we had substituted in (z), we x2-zxy-3-4.r. - 4Y= r.
3x
should have obtained y: r, tc: rf; or - r, 7. 3* - roy:4, 8. tox - 3y- 25,
6y - 5x:34ay. xy-2tc-2y=3,
t:2, X:22L Or - t' 9. zx-31-3=c, 10. z7x2 - rzxy+ syz: rz,
But x: - r, y:t i x: - r, !=2 do not satisfy (r) and are not x2-y2+4:4:r. 9x - 5Y =8'
solutions of the pair of equations (r) and (z).
lL. z4y:rzx+ r, L2. 3x-2Y=r,
Note 8. In writing down the solutions care must be taken to 6y:3rc+xy. zyz - 3x2: 5.
pair the values correctly. The answer may be written x : t?, y : r ; L3. x2- lxy * 3y2 *
3=o, 14. 4t - 3y: t,
x:zi, l:z; ot Gt, t), (zi, z). lt should not be written r=rl 3x + t:2Y. 8r' - 4ty - 3y2 -- r,
or 2f,, y:1 s7 2. 15. x + 2e =7, 16. +(x-y)2-3(x-Y)=r,
x2 + zY2:17 x + 2Y:7'
Note4. It should be carefully noted that L7. z\,:3+2x, 18. y2: zoo,
4x2 +
/:-t'+ +\2 g1t2 + z4y + 16 ' 7tcz: z - y2. *r- 3Y:zz'
\-4 /=---16 L9. zx-6y:1, 20. gxz - +xY * 5Y2: rz,
6x2 =6sy + 5. 5y-3r=8.
A very common error is to write 4(ll1\':Gy++)z;
'\ 4 / this
2L. x(4x - 3y):y2, 22. 4y - x:zxy,
must be avoided. Care with signs is necessary when removing 2x + y:6' Jx * 2Y: 1e.
brackets. 23. z(xz +y2):5xy, 24. 9x2 + 2= gxy + 6y2,
x + y:6. Jx -l zY:2'
The work may be much simplified, if the quadratic has factors.
25. rtxz - 2oxy + 9!2 = t6x - r4Y,26. tzxz + 6xy - 8y2 - 35y =87,
Example 2. Solnte the equatiorts 6x- 5Y:s' 2y + 3:2a'
rox2 - gxy'7y2. .....'...(r) 27. r5x2:6yz - xy, 28. 6x-3Y:1,
y: to. ...'....'(z) 3y - 4r= 3. 6ry - y'+ tzx:y.
3x -
From (r) ro*-2 - 9.ry - 7)'2:o, ." (S, - 7y)@x+l'):o,
2yx
29. 4x - 31':4, 80. -- --:Ir
32
." either 5x-7Y:o or 2x+Y:o'
Flence (r) and (z) are equivalent to the following pairs of
3 +?-6. 8.vy+3:q
2xy
equatrons:
(i) Sr' - 7y: o, 3x - y: ro, giving *-:4f , t' = 3+ ; EXERCISE 67. b
(ii) z.t+Y=o, 3x-Y: Io, giving x:2, != -4; Solve the following equations (Nos. 24, 29, 30, correct to two
places of decimals) :
.'. the required solutions are (4$, 2il, G, - +).
The check is left to the pupil. 1. zx-y-3, 2. x!= 15,
4tc'-3Y2=13, t-2Y:r.
EXER,CISE 6?. A 8. x2 +y2:52, 4. zx-3y=4,
- 2x+t=8' Y2+7Y--2rY-2.
Solve the following equations (Nos. z8-3o, correct to two places 5, 6xz - rTxy + syz -- t7r, 8. 2x - S!- 3,
of decirnals). (r+5y)2=5ry+r.
3tc-Y=9'
1. 4x+y-5, 2. xy:8 + 7y, 7. 8. *2-y2+4t:-+y,
x+2Y+3:o. 3x+ 2Y= tol
4x2-y2-3- zxz+3YP=35'
3. .r+1': r, x2 ' 4ty:3, 9.
E. gy - zx:7, 10. f-,v + 4:4y2,
x2-xY=15. 3x-+y=5. gx:4t, + to.
''2+3xy-2.
28o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icnp. stl.] HARDER SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
11. gx2 - z1f- r, 12. z* -yz:r, EXEBCISE 68. a
r5.r-8y+r:o. tx* ZY=1' Solve the equations :
18. 3x+ 2y:7, 14. p-3y:r, 1. x- zy+ z:7, 2. 4t+2Y-z:t6,
x2 - xY +Y2:3. r6x2+gyz-zS. zx-6y-z:o, 5x-3y-z:3,
L5. (zy - 9) (r - r): o, L8. q-*+Zry-3!2:4, 3x - 8y + 22: t7. t+c+2y - 32:40.
Sx,:2y+t. to-3y-ss=o. 3. x+y- z:3, 4. 3rc+2Y-z:6,
L?. 3x2+4tcy*Syz:rz, 18. 3f +*:76, 2x-3Y+gz:6o, 2tc-Y=2,
J/ + 3r:8' 3x-2Y+7:o. 7tc+3Y+32:69. 5x+z=".
19. 3x*r:4y, 20. 4.x2 + zTyz - 36x: r7t, 5. 3r - sz:4,
4y + 6. 2a+b+c+t9:o,
Jxz * 4tcY:2stz. 2x+9y-t5. 2x+3Y+8:42, a+2b+c+20:o,
21. 4tt 3!: r, 22. 3y2 + 4ox: r8ry, x+t4:2Y+32' a+ b + g:o.
6x2 + 6xy r. t yz = 6tc:2y + r. 7. y-Sz-x:l, 8. x-Y-32:9,
28. 3x+zy+6:o, 24. x2+y2:16, x-3y-52:r, ttz-tc-3y:7,
gxz - gxy - zyz + 6y + 4:s. zx - 3y:5. x+y+roz:2. fi - I3Y + 2rz: 53.
25. (x+y)2-x2+y2-6(x-y)2:s, 28. zx-3!-7, g. f-2+z:ro,
3x - 2y -- 4. zx2 - 3xy - r4yz =o.
10. tc-Y-32:8,
23 rrz-x-3!:7,
27. 4,c2 - roxy + 25y2 : zt, 28. - x+y+ t:o, 2x + y:3, x- r3y+zrz:53.
Qc - 5y:3. zx2 ' xy * gy2 :2. f -5Y -zz:t6.
29. y:6tc - 3, 80. 3y:2x- 3, 23
gx2 + 6xY t Y2: to. t6x2 - 3y2- 4x. 11. zx+y- 3z:9, L2, tc-Y: - rt
f34. (B) Simultaneous equations with three unknowns.
x+2Y+32:3' 5x-y2+22:r,
x2 + y2 + gz2 :26. x - z2: l.
Three equations containing three unknowns may be reduced to
t\4'o equations containing two un-knowns by eliminating one un- EXERCISE 68. b
known. The elimination may be performed by substitution or as Solve the equations :

in Ex. 3 below. The rwo equations so obtained may then be 1. 2x+y+z:8, o

Stc-2Y+z:3,
solved by the methods previously described. 8*-y-32:26, 6x+y- 4z:62,
4x+Y+42:8. tc+2y+z=tS.
Example 3. 7x- Sy - 7z: -8, ..........(r)
Solae the equatiour
8.zx+y+z:o, 4. 4r+5y+23:3,
# - zy - 32=o, ............(z) 3rc + y: t, 8x+7y- z:9,
5x+ 4Y+ #z:35. '.......'...(3) x+z:r. 'Jx + 8Y + 3z: 6.
Multiply (r) by z, then 14*- roy - r4z: - 16. .....,.,.(+) 5. 4x+!:6, 8. 3x-2Y+z:72,
Multiply (z) by 5, then - toy - rSz:o. .,..........(S)
2ox y_ 32:ro, - 3Y + 2z - .r:48,
.'. from (4) and (5) by subtraction 6x- z: 16. ............(6) - 32 + 41- 20. 3x+22=60,
Multiply (z) by z, then 8x- 4y - 6z:o. ............(Z)
.'. from (3) and (7) by addition r3.r - 22:35. ............(8) 7.4x+3y+82:2, 8. x *=.- - 3r
3x+Y+322: -9, 1=
Solving (6) and (8) as usual, we obtain x=3, z:2. x+Y+82: -3.
Substituting these values in (z), we obtainy:3.
x*!--:q,
J
The solution is therefore )c:3, y=3, z:2. 't)
3x+=2- 22=O.
The check is left to the pupil.
282 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [qne. Exu.l HARDER SIMULT'ANEOUS EQUATIONS 283

9. Sx - 3y t z:6t 10. zx+Y- z=41, Exenple 5. Sokse

- 7y - 32: 14,
r3x x+2Y+z=t+,
7x - +y:5. z(xz+Y2+2,2)=13-
Multiply (r) by g and subtract from (z), we then have
11. zx - 3Y= S, 12. Sx - 3y + +2:6, - 21t - 2y=O, r'e. x: - !.
2x-Y+22:5, r3x - 7y - t2a: r4t Substituting (3) in (z), we have -3y: -9!2, J.gyz-3y:o,
2x+yz-z*:5. +Y + 8:7x.
:. 3v\v - r):o- .'. v:o or +' """""""'(+)
1S5. (C) Two equatioDs with two unhowns, both quadratic. lf y=s, r:o; if y:1, x= -t, substituting in (3), i.e. in the
There is no simple general method, but solutions may be equation which has been used to get (4).
obtained, as follows, if the terms of the first degree are absent The solutions are (o, o), ( -.*, +). The check is left to the pupil.
from both equations.
4. Solae EXERGIIIE 69. a
Banrnple x2+ 5xyly2= - S, .............'.......(l) Solve the equations :
zxz + gxy+ 2yz = _ 7. .....................(z)
l. +t'+6xy+y2:1, 2. y2 + zxy- 16,
Multiply each side of (r) by 7 and each side of (z) by 5, 4t2-zxY+Y2:13. zx2 + y2 - t6. x!:
:. 7x2 + 35x!* 7y2: - 35, ".'""""""""'(f) 8. 3x2:5yz +7, 4. +xy:S* r3y2,
and ro.r'2+45.ty* royz: - 35. ."..'..............'(+) 3xy+4y2+2=o. r3x2:4zxy + 4o,
.'. by subtraction, 3't2+ roxy+ 3y2=o, 5. 8r2- 6xy+zyz=11, 6. 5Y2: 17 + 7x2,
.'. (lr+y)(r+3y):o' .'. 3x+y=s or.r+3y=o. 4'*+Y2:916n-"' 6x2+5xy+6:o.
If 3x +y:6, substituting in (r), we have 7. (x- z)(*+ r):e' 8. xy + stc:2y + to,
xz - r5x2 * 9.r2: - 5, .'. - 5'12: - 5, .'. lP = r, gyz:4tcz. x2+Y2=29.
,'. t:I or -I. .(s) 9. tzxz - 7x1, * y2:o, 10. x2-xy:24,
zo* - roxy +y2 + r:o. x! - Y2:8'
If .t=r, y:-3 i if r: -r,y:3,since lr+Y:e.
If r + 3-v = o, substituting in ( r ), we have l1.. -xy-x-gy+zt:o, L2, x2 - lcy + zyz - zy,
zoxz+3txy+tzy2-o. xz + 4xY:5Y.
gyt - rsyz t y!: - s, ." - 5y2: - 5, .'. y2: r,
j.y=r or -r. .........(6)
18. 4)c2 + y2:5, 14. 3.t2 - 3xy - 1'2 - 15tc,
#2 - zxY:6' gxz - z1'2:3x'
If y=1, r: -3, if'y= -r,x:3, sinces+3y:e. L5. zxz-3xy:26, 16. 12- 3x!=7,
The solutions are therefore (r, - 3), ( - r, f), ( - 3, r), (3' - r). 3!2 - zxY:3n' !2 + xY:2'
The check is left to the pupil' ll. 3xz - xy'= 12e, L8. p2 + tsxy + 29:o,
3xy-y2*z16:o. xY + SYz:22'
Nob 1. After obtaining (5), the corresponding value of y must
EXERCISE 69. b
be obtained from 3.t+y=o, i.e. from the equation which has been
Solve the equations :
used to cet (S).
r l. x2-zx!*4y2:7, 2. x2 - #!: 12,
Similarly, after obtaining (6), the corresponding values of x2-zxY-4!2: -r. xz + tz: t6y2 .
must be obtained from r + 3] = o, i 'e. from the equation which has 4,
8. 4l,2 + 3xy + S--o, zx2 + xy - t4,
been used to get (6). + 2Y2:36.
4x2+zxy-y2+rr=o. 3tcY
Note 2. As in Art. r33, Ex. z, the rvork may be much simplified 6. *-zxy+ro1P=r45, 8. 3x2 + xy + y2:15,
if one of the quadratics has factors. Y2: z4 + xj'. - grxy + Syz + 4s =o.
3xz
Other cases may be solved, if it is possible to deduce an equation 2. 6xz - rgrcy + tSyz: o' 8. (zx+g)(r-S):o,
of the first degree from the given eguatione. 5x2+zoxlt-52Y2= -t72. z5y2=(x+ t)'.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHrr. FflI.l TEST PAPERS VI
9. 6xs- tc)x!*3y2:e, 10. +xy+zt=r4)c.+6y, 23. ?r+y+ z=48, 24.t*!=1,
tc+t y+2
x2 + t6Y2:25. z(xz + y2):29. x2-y2+22=lzvt 5

11. +tr - 9y2=64, L2. x2-3rnt-3f=Sx, tc - Y:4' !("+ r) +3(y+z)=r.

2
zs';Y+3Y2=32. - 6Yz:1.
3x2
18. r8x2 - 3x!*y2:2y, 14.2.r3-3xy=8,
r8xz + rzxY: 5Y. 4Y2=zxtt + tol, TEST PAPERS VI
L5. -+rylyz=r6, 18. gxz - 14 - g*y,
8* + ztcJt: rz. y8i3xy+to=o, A
17. x2-ry=5, L8. f +8y:21, 1. A dealer takes ofiy per cent. of the marked price for-cash. At
y2 + 3x1t:76. 8*Y2=51. what price must he mark an article so as to obtain $r cash for it ?
Ef,ERCISE 69.c
Mrscrr-r-exrous StMnLT NEous EeuATtor€
z. simpriry ri) {'- b-"P;}+{@+b)'-(o-b)'\,
Solve: abr
1. 3*'- 4l.y+2y2-r, tc)t - 9t- r,
\n) 7t1_n6z_
3b
_;
3rc+2y- 5. tl + 3tc= t+, 3.For re faces with edges a m
8. (zy - Z)O - s) : r (r + z)(3r + r), 4. *-xY*f=r4, and D m distance between them
* 2Y =e'
f,x * zYz:22.
x2 h m, V, t from the formula
5. zs+ 3y: r, 8. +x- 3y=r, tLf
+ + tfq!)'l
x2-3y2+z--o. 6* + xy ' 3y2: 4. v: 72L"", '" ' +Y . '/ J
bz

7.3.v+5Y:6' 8. 3*+4f =rg, if a: z, b:

zxz - 5y2-8r+y. x2-xtt-Siux: -q. Calculate V, 5, h= 4.
9. .t2+ 2xy:6y2-F-6, 10. xy-2x+3y=6,
4. Solve (i) . 3 3
7:2x+3t. 12 * ry + yF= 12. --
3 (tr - z1- z1x + 21=-Yz U'
11. +P + zory + rg-- rcr.yz, 12. ?-r+ 3y-6, (ii) a-r+y:3 ; 3tr2 - rcY= 2Y2.
5y- r=3.r. +r2+3y2:+r+6y+4. a profit
18. x+y-52=2,, 1{. 3x+4y- z=r, 5. A vacuum-cleaner, bought for $r, is sold for $24 at
p*6y+42- -3, of x per cent. Find *.
3x+Y-52:8,
x-y+toz: -6. 2x-2y- sz= -2.
S. rc find r in terms of the other letters.
15. 3.r - 2y= ro, 10. 9*2 + 2xy + 3otc : ro8, #=X,
3y+zz: - 26, gx- zy= 48.
y - zz: 18. B
17 (.v+3)(y- 5):3, 18. 9/ -gxy+y2+r:o, 1. Factorise (i) ls+t2 - 1561, (ii) m2' 4mn * 4nz - gl2n2'
(x+z)(y-6)=3. 9e- 2Y + 4:o- 2. In what proportion should tea at $a p9r kg be mixed with tea at
19. x+y-a-b, 20.8x2-6xy-7f :rzz, SD per kg, so ih"t the mixture may be worth $c per kg?
(x + a)2 + (y - b)z : 4@2 + b2). 3Y + 2x= t+.
ot 3Jc Lr'Y 22. !-t+"=r. ttff*-.y,
133 -2Y xy 8. simprify
!.- l=2. 2ro2
------E
x y z-tt
*r*3Y+.4=e.
{;i)
**rf1*3-#--fry
 286 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. EKII.] TEST PAPERS VI
4. Solve (i) {:l D
x-2 -*-'*i,
x-t o XY:b AP:c
(ii) qxz - 6tcy - gyz : t,
L.lf AX:a cm, cm, cm, PQ:d cm, find a relation
x + 2,y = r. between a, b, c, d.
5. A man rode the first half of the distance from X to Y zt a speed 2. Factorise
of 16 km per hour and the second half at a speed of r3| km per hour. (t)*2-y"-8y-16,
The second half took z7 min. more than the first. Find the distance (ii) r-: (a+ b) - +(a+b)2.
from X to Y.
3. Solve (i) +r - 2y - z= ro,
8. The following formula is in actual use by engineers : 3x+4y+72:22,
^ ggooxTl-
r: L+tz1 5x-62: -t4.
3xD Ls-oo*rl' (lt)'
x2+t
(r) Prove that ? can be expressed in the form aPD + bL + c. =-:---a'
x'+ 2x- l
(z) Find Z, if P=z1o, D=5, T:'g. as old as B ; in 8 years B will be twice as old
4. A is four times
as C; in 13 more years A will be three times as old as C. What
are their present ages? Check your answer.
c
l 2 5. If x = , - I, r" terms of y in its simplest form'
l.Solve(i)-L+
" &-a x-2a = x-3at. v "*pr.". fi,
6. Two kinds of coffee are mixed in the ratio of. p : q. The price
rii> .(i*v):r(:-t):t of the first kind of coffee is $a per kg. What must be the price of the
second kind so that the mixture may be worth $a per kg ?
2. An article is marked for sale at a price which gives a profit of
r per cent. on the cost price. A discount for cash ofy per cent. is E
given on the marked price. In the case of an article paid for by
cash, what is the percentage profit on the cost price?
1. A tradesman marks his goods at'a price which will give him
a profit of r per cent" of the cost price. What percentage of the
3:*-'+3-, mirked price can he deduct from it as discount, so as to have a
8. Solve G)3!l profit of 1' per cent. on the cost price?
f+3 2 3x+4
(ii) xz +yz - 6x - y: 1' 2?r - 3y: r. 2. Solve 1i1!:l':"('--!--r, (ii) 7r+ er=s,Qf; *4y2=r
4. simprify {i.4-rf-,) {ffr- ,} -,.
(ztl"l-3'-2Y).
A restaurant keeper finds that his daily expenses amount to $24o,
5. ' ' fd-ql
B. simolirv rz]| x,r \xl2! x,-2y/
together with $r'3o per customer. His daily receipts are given by the
equation zoy:trx-7, where r is the number of customers and zoy the
4. From the formula .x: +r/O-+t)(y l), obtain (i) the values
of .r when t:6'2, (ii) the values of y when x=o'75. Obtain also
number of dollars taken. Plot graphs of receipts and expenditure, the corresponding formula which gives y in terms of r.
taking a range from 3oo to 4oo daily customers, and find for what
number of customers his daily receipts and. daily expenditure are 5. Draw the graph of x3-6x2+gx+r for values of r from
equal. Find also from your graph his daily profit when the number o to 4. Use the graph to solve the equation f - 6x2 * gx= z.
of customers is 36o.
6.The side of one square exceeds the side of a second square
6.The area of a rectangular field is 5 hectares, and a longer side by 4 cm; the area of the first square together with three times the
exceeds a shorter side by 5o m. Find the lengths of the sides in area of the second square is 6736 cm3. Find the lengths of the sides.
metres.
It
288 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnp. p(rr.l TEST PAPERS VI
F H
1. Factorise (i) z5 - a2 + 2ab - b2, (ii) (tl + 4)s - 9. 1. Factorise (i) (at - b2) (a + zb) + (a2 + zab)(a + b),
2. Find the fraction which must be added to -| 2t
Uret
(ii) aa-a2-za-r.
Iti4'so 2. In a town whose population is a, p per cent. are married.
the result may be equal to the sum of -!- arrd 2 Of the males alone q per cent. are married ; of the females alone
x+2 t-3 / per cent. are married. How many males are there in the town?
8. solve <r> jiu+!:4=!,
I _ I 2y Lr
b
Ur)
tzt2y
ax--:c:bx+4. 3. Simplify
4. Find two whole numbers such that, in each case, sel.en tim6 zx+y tc+zy
the square of the next whole number above exceeds eight timcs the
square of the next whole number below by zzo. 4. sorve (i) .=-_:rt y:#d.
5. Solve (i)
I4*-3-t'*3=
20 4 ZX- " t'- (ii) 3x+ 2Y:S ; 6xY - gx: 4Y - 6.
(ii) x2 + xy + y' : gg, r' - yz = zr.
5. A cyclist, who rides at a steady 8 km per hoq, leaves his house
6. .V cms, of a hollow pipe is given by-l the at 8 a.m. A man in a car, which he drives at z4 km per hour, leaves
form here d cm is the internal diimeter, cm the same house by the same road at 8.3o a'm.; he goes to- a town
the t nd / m the length of the pipe. Find I/,
lf l: 3o km ofi, stops there ro minutes and starts back. At what time
rr:3'r4. ind how far from the town will he pass the cyclist the second time ?
G
6. Find the value of a which will make zx:3-f when x:r.7,
If a has this value, what other value of r will also make the state-
ment true?
I
1. A retailer often estimates his profits as a percentage of his
2. In each of the formulae Pt = mkt - u), Ps: imk:z - uz) " turnover " (sum of receipts and expenditure). lf his profit found
express u in terms of the other letters, Assuming that both in this manner is a per cent., what is it as a percentage of his
formulae are true at the same time, show g1171 2s:(uio\t, expenditure ?

3. Solve (i) (r - za) gx + b) + (x + a) gx - b) : 6ax - gab - 3a2, ... x2-1xy+y2 x2+3xv+1,2 2y3
(ii) n# - tl:ry+zf :o, 2e-y-2. 2. Simplify O --;:y- +;r-_
nz,
t
' 'aI+ zao-a-3
4. Simplify r -z(5a-6)-.
5a(za-3) Gj\(?:-4\=(?*e*,).
5. Find the values of a, b, c so that an expression of the form
'--'\q P/'\q P /
axz+br+c shall have the values 5, 5,4 when the values of r are 8. lf zx-ltr, x-3y-z and 3x++y+ro all have the same
2, 3 respectively. Denoting this expression by y, draw its graph value, what is that value?
-r,
between x: - 3 and r:6. At what points on the graph is x:yl
6. Find three consecutive positive integers such that twice the 4. (i) Find the positive integral value of x for which the value
of zx2 - 9r is nearest to 4oo.
square of their sum exceeds three times the sum of their squares
by rz3. (ii) Solve xz - 4Yz = 13 ; 2x + 3Y= 5.
290 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuirr. rxrr.l TEST PAPERS VI
5. When the depth of liquid in a vessel is d cm, the quantity p cmg 2. Solve (i) abxz=(a-b)z(x+r),
which it contains is given by p:r.o5 [(d+z)8-8]. Calculate values of
p for values of d up to d:5, and plot a graph taking z cm on the d-axis "x 3+3+r:o'
(ii)
y
tzrcY- -1.
to represent r cm of depth, and 4 cm on the p-axis to represent roo cmE.
Find from the graph the heights above the bottom of the vessel at
8. (i) Of the population of a town a Per cent. are adults ; of the
adults A per cent. are men. What is the percentage of women in
which graduation marks must be made to show 7o, r4o, 2ro, 28o, the town?
35o cms. (ii) If y=a(s- r)(r - z) and if ,:4 whens=3, find y when
6. In a right-angled AABC, in which I-ABC:9o", the side lB r=4.
is 4 mm longer than the side 8C, which is 3'6 cm shorter than the
side lC. Find the length of /8. 4. Reduce the fraction
fittits simplest form when

J o:',b:Y
e+zq. z-x z-y
1. Solve (i) "+0, -
'-' 4a+b z(a+b)=b-4. b+za
Is the result affected if b:za?
(ii) (a - b)(x - sr)+ (a +D)(r+ 3y):o, \
ar-3by-zab:o. J
2. Factorise (i) zsbz-*+P-robc,
(ii) (a2 - u - S)2 - (a2 + 4a + r)2. 6. Write down the values of a, D, c which make the expression
(" ^ !*t-*" I a(x- r)(*+3)+D(r+3)(.r- il+c(x -g)(r- t)
equal to 3, - r, r when r is equa! to 3' r' -3 respectively. Draw
8. simprify
lf=.
[
;i^ E:fu
.y ./\r /)| tc
n_o
y
the graph of th expression between v: - 4 arrd 4.
L
4. Water flows at the rate of o m per sec. in a pipe of circular section
and diameter r cm, and a litres per minute are delivered. 1. A man has z articles, each bought at the same price' He sells
2 of them at a profit of a per cent. and the rest at a loss of 6 per
Taking r ms: rooo litres, prove tt at v: -!=. tent. Express his profit on the whole stock as a percentage.
2. A circular washer, of thickness I cm, is of external diameter r cm
37Ex"
Evaluate o, if'a:9rf, *)g!,n:34.
her is given
6. sorve $)
T:-T#=rr, the formula
ht is z$ kg,

23 r,4.x),:3,
fil 1+1: correct to one decimal place.
6. The area of a rectangular field is z hectares, and a longer side (ii) (42 - a)2 - S@2 - a) + 6'
exceeds three times a shorter sideby ro m. Find the lengths of the x+y:2.
sides. 4. Solve (i) x-zy+z:7,3tc-y-z:tot
(it) xz + YY =$4 i x2 - Y2 = 24.
K zx'-x-r5 rrx-zxz-t5
o. JtmDrrlv
1. Find x and y, each in terms of .K, from the equations 2tc-S 2x+s
E@-zI{)+S(.K+ z)=o:f,1, +K- r)+$(zK- r). 6.The hypotenuse of a rig----' m^long; of the
If, in addition to the above equations, zx + 3y + 5K: r r, find the remaining .id"s, ott" is z cm Calculste the
values of K, x, y. lengths of the sides correct to
 [eHen.:ornt.J IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS 293

geneous expression of the third degree, regarded as an expression

in r, !, e, but it is not a homogeneous expression, if it is regarded
as an expression in fr, ! only.
XXIII
CHAPTER The method of detached coefficients may be used to multiply
HARDER MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION. two homogeneous expressions. Thus, the product of
FUNCTIONAL NOTATION. REMAINDER 3"t - Lys + t*y' and ty - 3*
THEOREM. SQUARE ROOT is -t*a+i."f'y-i*,y'+ttxy3 -#yn,
the working being identical with that given in Ex. I above. The
186. Long Multiplication and Division were dealt with in
product of two homogeneous expressions is a homogeneous ex-
Chapter XV. fn this chapter we consider harder cases.
pression, the degree of which is the sum of the degrees of the
The method of iletached coefilcientg original expressions.
When two expressions contain powers of one letter only, the 188. In Chapter XV, it
was shown that (a + b)2: a2 + znb + b2.
work may be shortened by using detached coefficients, i.e. by This result may be extended to any number of letters. Thus,
writing down the coefficients only, multiplying them together in (a+ b + c)2
the ordinary way and then inserting the successive powenl of
the letter at the end of the operation. The expressions must
* c2,

be arranged in ascending or descending powers of the corunon =::::y:.?,:'h..n"',0,

which may be more conveniently written
letter and care must be taken to insert zero coefficients to a2+b2+*+znb*zac*zbc.
represent terms corresponding to missing powers of that letter. More generally, the square of any multinomial is the sum of the
In the following example the work is set out in full and in squares of .he several terms together with twice the product of
abbreviated form. each pair of terms. In writing down the product terms, it is best
to take each term in succession and multiply it by each of the terms
Example 1. Multiply t*s - I + tx by I - lr.
that follow it.
Arrange in descending powers. 'We have
+8r-l Example 2. Expand (zx - Sy - 3z)2.
313 {}+o +8-l (zx - Sy - g42 -(zx)z+ ( - 5r)2+ ( - 3z)2 + z(zx)( -
-3." +t -3+t Sv)

- t*{
- sY) ( - 3a)'
- }"2 + *.r -i+t
-E+o
+*rs +z%r-# +* +o +nt - -rt : #2 + zsyz+ szz -
":;??"i; :?;:.(
-tr{+*rs -i*2+*8r-+. | -t+*-}++8-#. 139. The erDansions of - b)3, (a + b){, (a - b)0 etc.
(a + b)s, (a
For the final step with detached coefficients we notice that the The expansions of (a+b)s, (a-b)s, (a+b)a, (o-b)a etc. may be
first term must contain x4, and the others follow in descending obtained by continued multiplication. Thus,
order. The product is (a +D)s :(a + b)z * (a + b) : (a2 + zab + b2), (a + b\
- $."a + rtrs - i*2 + tfr - t. * zazb + abz + azb + zabz+ Ds -- a8 + 3a2b * 3ab2+ 08.
-- as
187. An algebraical expression containing two or more letters Similarly, (a - b)s: as - 3azb + gabz - b3,
is called a homogeneotrs exBression, if each term is of the sarne (a + D)a: a4 + $asb + 6azb2 * 4abs * br,
degree. Thus, r3 + ys + f - 3r!2, regarded as an expression in (a - b)a: a4 - psb + 6azbz - +abs * b4, etc.
t, !, s, is a homogeneous expression of the third degree, since each These products occur frequently and it is convenient to be able
term is of the third degree in x, !, z . Also *i + ys - 3axy is a homo- to write them down without doing the working.
292

_l
 2y ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. xxur.l HARDER MULTIPLICATION
l{0. Exprersions oontshing seversl letten. 1?. d in (r - zx - 3x2 + 5f)2.
Example 8. Multiply x2+yt+22-zry-2yz-zztc by r+y- z. L8. /yz in (5.ri - 7ry2 - zys)(4yz - 5xy - zxz).
Choose one letter, say r, and arrange the expressions in des- Expand the following :

cending powers of that letter. In writing down the,second and third 19. (a - zb + 3c)2. 20. (5a - zb - c1z. 2L. (za - 5b + 3c - d)2,
partial products, place like terms in the same vertical column. 22. (a + +b - Sc - ld)z. 28. (zx - r)t. 24. (3az r Sb')^.
xz - zxy - zxz *y2 - zyz + zz 25. (a2 + b2 + 3 - ab - bc - ca) (a + b + c).
tc +y -z 28, (zxz + 5x2 - zz2 - 3y2 - Syz + 4:cy)(zx - Sz + 4y).
f - zxzy - zxzz+ xyz - zxyz+ xza
xzy - zxyz - zryz +ys - zyzz+ y* EXERCISE ?0. b
- x2z + zxyz + zxzz - yzz * zyzz - f Expand the following:
xs - xT - 3x2z - xyz - zxyz + 3xzz + ys - 3y2s + 3y* - *.
On, using brackets to enclose the coefficients of terms in r,
L. (",*' ;xT T.') o (i.:-.)({-,'*,).
x2 - zx(y + z) + (y2 - zyz + z2)
x +(y- z)
,. (i .'; -t:) (+ *"! * "t) n.(o-:.)'
f - zxz (y + z) + x(yz - zyz + z2) Expand the following, using detached coefficients:
xz(y - z) - zx(yz - z2) +(ys - 3y2z+3y22- f) 5. (+C - 3c2 - t tc + z)(zcz - 5c + 9).
f - x2 (y + 3z) - x (yz + 2yz - 3z2) + (y3 - 3y2 z + 3yz2 - f). 8. (z - r+:x2)(s - zx+zx2). 7. (3*n-gr-z)(zxz-3).
8. (5o3 - 9a- z)(7az + 4). 9. (8dt - 2/2 - ilBdz - d- +).
Ef,ERCISE 70. a
10. (sx3 - ncy2 -
6ys)(zxz + 3y2 - sxy).
Expand the following : Expand the following in ascending powen :
r. (,"'-;)e.7.") ,. e\-:.:) (+.:-:) 11. (3a3 - a2 - Sa + 4)2 as far as a3.
12, (s - 2x - +f)2 as far as 14.
+4- {)'.
' (:-'-;.;xf.;.;) c. (, L3. (zt - 3t3 + t4) Qt - ztz - 5/) as far as 16.
\ 5 2/ 14. (z - x - zxa)(t + 3r - rf) as far as f.
Expand the following, using detached coefficients : Find the coefficient of :
5. (4:c - 3xz - 9.r + 5) (3rz - +x + 7). 15. as in - 2a - zas)(t - a + 3as).
(S
6. (r+r-"*)("+3r-r2). 7. (Sf - 4:r+z)(xz+x+5). 16. ra in (3r- 5 + 4xs)(4x - 3 + zx3).
8. (ld-a2-3)@a2+a-3). 9. (ZI3-4+ilG12-z)- ll. y2 in (6y2 + r - 4il(r + y2 - zy).
10. (SC& - 5cd3+zCd)l+C - 3cd- zd2). 18. pf in (7p2 - Sps+ 4g2)kp2 + +pq - Sqz).
Expand the following in ascending powers : Expand the following :
11. (r - 3x+zxz -ai12 as far as d. L9. (za-3b+c)2. 20. (a-4b+zc)z. 2L, (a-3b-zc+5d)'.
L2. (zf - 5x2 + x- z)2 as far as ra. 22. (5a - b+c - 1d)2. 23. (zx - )a. 24. (za+ 3b)4.
18. (r - c+ cs)(r - 4c2 - e) as far as c4. 25. Qaz - b2 + 5c2 - 3ab + bc - zca)(3a - zb + 4c).
14. (z + :12 - l{) (s - zls + 3lr) as far as lr. 28. (4ln + 12 - Smz - 4mn - zlm)(zl - n + 3m).
Find the coefficient of : 141. Detached coefficients may be used in division, as
15. as in (, - o'- a\(z- a+ Saz). multiplication. In the following example the work is set out
16. a{ in (r - za - 4a3)Q - as - Sar). abbreviated form.
296 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orea n<tIr.] HARDER DIVISION
ExamDle 4. Diuide haL - iasb + Labs - *6a bv iaz - iab + Ibz' Any expression of the form an - Da, where z is an even integer,
i-l+l )i-i+o+t-fe(*+o-i is divisible by a + b. In the quotient the coefficients are alternately
*-i+8 + r and - r.
o-8+l (D) The expressions a2 + b2, ar + b4, aG + b6, or in general an + bn,
o+o+o where z is an eveD integer, are not divisible by a+b or a-b.
-8+t-it
-8+l-fr EXEBCISE ?1' a
The quotient is 8a2 - 2b2. Divide :
142. Expressions containing several lett'ers.
L. c3 - +\cdz + ds by
Sczd c+id. 2. irs - ys by ix - y.
R. +13 + -!lr3 by t"l + ]2m.
ExamDle 5. Diaide as+b3+C -3abc by a+b+c' - t |tz - t - t.
4. t4 3t3- -3*r, - 3r - bv
Choose one letter, say a, and arrange the expressions in des'
Divide, using detached coefficients :
cending powers of that letter. 5. 4+6d-z7d3by z-3d.
a+(b+c))as - *(Ds + C) (a2 - a(b + c) + (bz - bc + &)
3abc 6. zza-923+4zz -25 by zz2-32+5.
a3+a2(b+c) ?. 16 - zzx * 3jxz - zzxt + 3x^ by z - x * 3x2.
-a2(b+c)-3abc 8. r-n - 21,3 - 151,2+ r5l,+ 32 by yz - 3y - 5.
- a2(b + c\ - a(b + c)z 9. 6xaya + 7x3y3 - ztx2yz + gxy - r by zxzyz + sxy - t.
+a(b2-bcl_c2)+(b3+C) 10. 6c5 - c{ + roC - r4c2 - z5 by 3c2 + 4c+ S.
+ a(bz - bc + c2) + (03 + c3)
Divide :

148. The following results may easily be verified ; they are of 11. xa+ 4y4by x2-2xy+2y2.
considerable imPortance and should be carefully noted' L2. at - b3 + cs + 3abc by a - b + c.
(A) (az - bz):(a- b)=a+ b, 13. 6a2 - tzbz - c2 - ab + ac + 7bc by za - 3b + c.
(as - bs) . (a - b) = a2 + ab + b2, L4. aB - D3 + 8C+ 6abc by b - a - zc.
(at - b^)=(a - b): a3 + azb + abz + b3, and so on. L5. r6ca - d8 by 2c + d2, 16. a8 _ b8 by a2 _ b2.
Any expression of the form atr - 6', where n is an integer' is L?. 6+-yBby z-y. 18. c6 + rz5 by c2 + 5.

divisitle by a - In the quotient all the terms are positive and all
b. 19. 3rz5s5+ 3ztsby 2t+ss. 20. x10-ylo by x2+y2.
the coefficients are r.
(B) (a3 + b3)=(a + b):
- ab + b2, a2 EXERCISE 71.b
(a5 + b5) :(a + b\ :
- a3b + azbz - ab! + b^,
a4 Divide :

(a? +b?)-(a+b):a6 - a'b + a4b2 - a3b3 +a2b4 - ab6 +b6, f. ir3 - ?azb - 8ab2 - tb3 by lta + !sb.
and so on. 2. iix3 + 8-r,3 by !5r t zt). 3. z7l3 - #-3 by ZI - tm.
Any expression of the form an + D', where z is an otltl integer' 4. ita - z - Ex3 +r by 1.r2 + 3 - *x.
isdivisiblebya+b.Inthequotientthecoefficientsarealternately Divide, using detached coefficients :

*r and -r. 5. zc! + 3c2 - rgc + 15 by zc - 3.

(C) (az - bz)=(a + b) : a - b' 8. Son - 4a3b + 3a2b2 + zzabs + 556{ by 5b2 - 3ab + a2.
(aa - ba)-(a + b): as - azb + abz - b3, ?. tzca + c3 - 8c2 - 2 + 7c by t - zc + 3c2.
(a6 - Dc) : (a + b) : a5 - atb + azbz - a2 b3 + aba - D6, and so on' 8. - : + r4ps - 2Sp2 + t3p + ropa by 4p - 3 + zpz.
298 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. n<ru.] THE REMAINDER THEOREM
"99
9. +f + sf - $y2 + 4y - ro by y2 + 4y - 3. This may easily be proved for all rational integral functions.
LO.6t2-zt-f -4f +tbbyf -4t+2. For, if F(rc) is divided by .r - i, it is possible to continue the
Divide: division until a remainder is obtained which does not contain x.
Ll. az + + P + 2ab - z.bc - zac by a + b - c.
b2 Call this remainder R, and let Q (x) represent the quotient, Then
L2. zTds + r8cd+ 8 - C by c- 3d- z. F(x): (x - hlQ@) + R.
13. 8/ - 8f + 36xy + z7 by zx - zy + 3. [Just as in Arithmetic when rve divide r7 by S, r7:5 x 3 + z.J
azb - azc + bzc - abz + aP - bP by a - b. This is an identity which is true for all values of rc,
\4.
L5. x7 + r by,t+ r. L8. 243-asby 3-a. [In any given instance it may be verified by multiplication.
L7. 64a8 - b6 by za+ b. L8. z43x6 - 3tz5ab by 5a - 3*. Although we naturaliy obtain O(rc), if necessary, by division, the
10. a8- bsby a2+b2. 20. aa + a2b2 + br by az + ab + b2. final result is not dependent upon division by x - h. It is therefore
legitimate to put .f,: lr in the final result, although division by
Functional notation
h- h, or zero, is impossible.]
144. A x is often represented by putting x in a
function of Let x-- h. Then we get
bracket and prefixing some letter, usually/ or F.
F(h):R, for R is independent of r, and (x- h)Q@) becomes
Thus/(.r), F(r) denote functions of r. It should be particularly o x Qft):o, since P(ft) is finite.
noted thatJ .F are symbols denoting functionality and not multi-
pliers.
In other words, the remainder is obtained by substituting i
for x in the dividend.
The value of /(r) when x: a is represented bV l@). Thus, if
More generally, if we divide by ix * / until the remainder does
f(x):(zx - r)(lr+ z), f(a):(za- r)(3a+z),
JG):Q.s - r)(3 .5 +z)= s.17=rs3, not contain x, that remainder is equal . t ( - ;) For
l(a + ):[z(a+r) - r][r(a+ t) + zf:(za+ 5)(3a+ rr). F (x) : (hx + l) I (x) + R for all values of x.
Similarly, F(x, y) denotes a function of r and y. Thus, if I
F (x, y) = N2 - y2, F(a, b) = a2 - b2, F(3, r) = 32 - r2:8. Put x: -i:h' then
The Remainiler Iteorem
j) =oxe(- j)'^,
145. The following example in division is very important. "(-
x - h) af + bxz + cx + d I ax2 + (b + ah)x + (c + bh + ahz)
af - ahxz
r. R-F(-j)
(b+ah)x2+cx Example 6. Find the remainder uhen zx3 - 5xz + 6x -3 rs
(b+ah)xz-(bh+ahz)e dioided by zx-t r.
(c+bh+ahz)x+d The remainder is obtained by substituting - * for r in the
(c + bh + ahz)x - (ch + bhz + ahs) dividend and is
d+ch+bh2+ah! z(-D3 - s( - l),+6( - l) * -i!- I - 3: -7+.
Here the division has been carried on until the remainder does It is possible to extend this method to divisors of higher degree
not contain .t, and its value is the result obtained by replacing r than the first. Whatever the degree of the dividend and divisor,
by i in the dividend. This is a particular case of an important each successive remainder in the process of division is of lower
theorem known as the Remainder Theorem : if any rational dimensions than the prececling one. Thus the division can be
integral function F(.t) is divided by x - h until the remainder does carried oi) until the remainder is of lower dimensions than the
not contain r, the remainder is F(l). divisor.
3oo ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. E(rrr.l THE REMAINDER THEOREM 3oI
Example 7. Find the remainder uhm 4-xa - zx3 + zxz - x + 5 is 16. zr.r'a - 2t3f + ry7rc - 4 by x - r.
diuided by zxz - 3x + r.
Find the remainder (not containing x) obtained on dividing:
Let p (x) be the quotient. The remainder is of lower degree than (What conclusion do you draw in each case?)
the divisor; it is theretbre of' the first degree and of the form L7. q*t -8.t2-9*-9 byr-3. 18. ef +8x2+rgx+tzby x+3.
a.r + 6, where a and b do not contain r ; 19. 4rn - 4x2 - z3x* 30 by zx - 3.
.-. 4x4 - 2xt + zx2 - x * 5 : (zxz - 3x + r) Q @) * ax * b. ......(i) |,
The factors of zxz- 3#+ r are (zx- r)(x- r) and we substitute
20. zxa -t 3x3 - 5txz + zzx + 24 by 2x +
What is the value of a, if
in (i) the values of rc which make the divisor zero,i.e. N--t, tc--z!.
The object of this is to make the term containing p(r) zero, thus
2L. zca - - 6 is exactly divisible by c + z?
3ct + ac

making it unnecessary to calculate the quotient.

22. aJ - 7xz - 7x + 3 is exactly divisible by r - 3?
Putr:r, then 8:o*a*b. Putr:*, then 23. r4xr - z7x3 -gxz+ tzx+a is exactly divisible by x- z?

IIIId- 24. 3xr+axz+ 58r+40 is exactly divisible by r:+5?

---+---+(:o+-+b-
4422- z
Find the remainder (of the first degree in r) obtained on dividingr
25. +tn - r6ri+ gx2 + 3x - 33 by zx2 - 5x-7.
i.e.5=?a6. 26. zxa - 7xa + t2x2 - rrx - 7 by zxz - 3x - 2.
Solving, rve obtain a:6, b:z; Determine a and b in order that :
.'. the remainder is 6x+2. 27. 3xa + x3 +ax2'+ 5x+ 6maybe exactly divisible by.r - r ar.d x+2.
This method is not of much practical value unless the divisor 28. axa-zx!+bx2-6x -9 may be exactly divisible by x2-zx-3,
breaks up into factors of the first degree,with rational coefficients.
EXER,CISE ?2. b
EXER,CISE ?2. A : zx2 - x - r, find the values of /(7), f ( - t), f 6, f (b).
1. If /(.r')
L. lf J@):x2-x* r, find the values ofl(5),f(-z),f(i),f(o). o If /(r) : zJ - 5x + r, find the values of /(3), ( - r), (i), ,f (o).
"f "f
2. lf f(x):3x2-zx-S,find thevalues of f(+),lH,f(-3),J@). 8. Ifl(.u) =(3r - r)(5x+4), 6nd the values of/(z),f(-.),f( -i'1,
3. If /(.r):(4rc+ r)(3x-5), find the values ot f(- r), ,f(-l), f(a - z).
J@+ r), f(x2). E. lf F(n\ = 3' - r, find the values of F(r), F(i, F(za), FQn - r).
4. If F(z) : ln(n + r), find the values of F(3o), F(n - r), F( - 7), 5. If F(n):(3n++)(zn-5), find the values of F(S), F(-:),
F(n+ t)- F(n). F(n - r), F(n+ $.
5. If F(n):zn - r, find the values of F(6), F(- r), F(n + r), 6. If F(x, y):(x-y)z, find the values of F(S,z), F(2, -z),
F(zn - t). F(x+ r, y + t), F(za, 3b).
6. If F(x, y): x3 - y3, find the values of F(2, z), F(r, r), F(a, b), Find the remainder (not containing r) obtained on dividing :
F(a+ r, b+ r).
7. f-3x2+7x-4byr-3. 8. zf-x2-3x+5byx-2.
Find the remainder (not containing .r) obtained on dividing :
7. x?-4tc2+8x- 5by x-2. 9. +t- gx-gby x+2. 10.5ri-x2-3 byr+r.
8. 3r.- zxz-4x+6by x+4.
9. 8x3- 6*- 33byr*r. LL. zxa - 3f +8*' - F - 3 by zx - 3
10. 9.rr3 - Sxz -7 by x,+3.
lL, zxa-5rc3+2x2-x-zby zx-5. L2. 3xa + f - gxz +6x - 5 by 3r+ r.
12. 3xa + zxs - 3x2 + 2,x - 7 by 3x + 2. 18. 3x3 - gc2 - 3x - r by 3x * z. L4. 5x3 + 4x2 - r r3 - 3 by 5x - 3.
18. z.x3 -grcz-7)r+t4by zx*t. 14. 4.f +xr-gr- rt by 4r-3. 15. l-7f -z*+ rr.r-5 byr+3.
15. zxa - 6xs - x2 + rzx - 5 by x+ z. L6. qxa - g3i + rr7x2 - 5rx - ro by r - r.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [erer. F(rrr.l SQUARE ROOT 30:
3oz
Find the remainder (not containing r) obtained on dividing:
In the above working
(What conclusion do you draw in each case?) (i):the given expression, say y,
L'1. x3+3x2- rox- 2,4by x+4. f8. d- 8x2+gx+ 18 by r-3. (ii)=(zx2)2, (iii):y - (.r')', (iv) = (z . zxz + x)x,
19. 4-f + 8.r2 + 9.r + g by 2,x + 3.
(v): (iii) - (iv) =y - (.r')'- (z . zxz+ x)x=y - (zxz + x)2,
(vi):lz(zxz + x) - zl( - z),
20. +*a - zf - zxz - x + t by zx - r.
(vii) : (v) - (vi) =y - (zx2 + x)2 + 4 Qx2 + x) - 4 : y - (zxz + x - z)'.
What is the value of ft if
But (vii) = o, .', y: (zxz + x - z)2.
2L. zxa - hf - x- 6 is exactly divisible by x - z?
22. 3f + 7x2 + hx - 3 is exactly divisible by .r + 3 ? EXER,CISE 78. A

23. h# - zf - xz + zx - 4 is exactly divisible by r+ r? Find, if possible by inspection, the square roots of :

24. 5xL - zf - t6x2+8x+h is exactly divisible by x+z? l. + 4b2 + c2 - 4bc - zac ' 4ab.
a2
Find the remainder (of the first degree in *) obtained on dividing: 2. + r6y2 + 422 + 2+cy - rzxz - 161,2.
gxz
25. 3xr+7f +t5x2+zx- 15 by 3x2+x-2. 3. +l' - tzlm + 9m2 + r6ln - z4mn r r6n2.
28. rzxa - 4f - 57xz + 3zx +8 by 4xz + 5x - 6. 4. z5xr - 3ox2y2 + gyr - toxzz2 + 6y2zz + 4.
Determine a and b in order that 5. 4aa - 4a3 + 5az - za+ r.
27. axa+zx3+bx2 - r+r+24lr,zy be exactly divisible by *-3 and 8. +or - tzasb + z5a2b2 - z4abs + r6ba.
tc+4. ?. z5x6- ro.t5 - gxa + 3zf - 5x2 - 6x + g.
28. 3i + al - z?# + rStc + 6 may be exactly divisible by rs + z* - 8. 8. r6xo - 4o.16 + 4gxa - 46x3 + zgxz - tzx + 4.
Squase root 9. 49 + *6 + +xz + t4xs - 4xr z8x. -
146. It is usually possible, when given an expression which is a 10. 16;18 + y6 - z4t'y - 4xy6 + z5xay2 + rox2yf - zo/.f .
perfect square, to write down its square root by inspection and 11. 9/6 + zzl4mz + lzma + rzlm6 + 4mB - rzlim.
check by the rule stated in Art. r38. The general method is LZ. xa * 4" * Ir-? - z + "2.
shown in the following example. The pupil who is familiar with "f-.5 $* EXER,CISE
the arithmetical method will have no difficulty in following the 78. b
work, but the general method should only be used in the last Find, if possible by inspection, the square roots of :
resort. It is better to use methods of inspection, if possible. L. a2 + gbz + + 6ab - zac - 6bc.
c2

Exa,mDle 8. Find the square roo, of +4 + +C - 7# - +r + 4. 2. +* - 6xy - rzxz + 4yz.

9s2 + yz +
zxz + x -^z 8, 42 - 2olm + 2smz - 4ln + romn + t2.
) +tn + +i' - 7x2 - +r + + ........................(il 4, +*n - r6x2y2 + t6yr + zox2zz - 4oy2z2 + 254.
4# .....................(ii) 5. aa-6a3+r3a2'tza+4.
l4x2+x ) 4ld-7tc2-+c+4 .....................(iii) 8. Ir - zlsm + 5l2az - 4lms + 4ma.
+f+ *' .....................(iv) 7. +tu - 4xs + r3xr - z6x3 + tgxz - 3ox + 25.
f+*2+zx-z) -8x2-4x+4 .....................(v) 8, 9.t'- tzxs - zxa + z8.C - r5r2 - 8t + 16.
- 8xz - 4x + 4 .....................(vi) 9. 9l'u + rG - 8*-6y - rzxy6 - 22x51F + z8xzyr + zox\P.
o """""'"""""(vii) 10. z5 + r6xg + 4x2 + zox -
4oxx -
t6ia.
The square rootis -L(zr2 +x-z). 11. a6 + 4gb$ - 6atbz - r4n3b3 + ga2b^ + 4zab6.
t The divisor at each stage is obtained by doubling the terms of the
square root already found and adding on the new term thst is theD L2. +"a + 9x2 +fi - r"f * r6x - 24.
being obtained.
 [cHee. xxIv.] THE FAgfOR THEOREM 3o5
that there cannot be any factor of the type (hx+l), ifi and / have
CHAPTER XXIV opposite signs. For in that case j i. no.itiu. , f (-j) i, .r,."
-
HARDER FACTORS the sum of four positive terms and cannot be equal to zero. In the
above working, therefore, we need not have worked out JQ)
THE FACTOR THEOREM and /(i).
14?. In Chapter XXIII we proved the Remainder Theorem, Similarly, in searching for the factors of F(r):3xs - 3x2 + x - 5,
i.e. that if any rational integral function F(x) is divided by he+l there is no need to work out ,F(+), F( - +), F(5), .F-( - 3), for in each
case, after cancelling, the first term has a denominator 9 and all the
until the remainder does not contain x, the remaind.r i. F(-;).
other terms have denominators less than 9. It is therefore im-
If F(- ,):", then hx+l is a factor of F(x). This result is possible for the expression to equal zero.
known as the Factor Tbeorem. If the pupil constantly bears in mind such considerations, the
work is not often unduly laborious.
Example 1. Find the factors of zxr - 3rs - 3x - z: F (x) .
The only possible factors of the first degree are (r- r), (*+ r), EXERCISE 74.a
(x-z), (x+z), (zx-r), (zx+r). [There is no need to consider Use the Factor Theorem to prove that :
(zx z), (zx + z) for these contain the factor z, which is not a factor
- J- x - r is a factor of 4."-3 - gxz + 3x + z.
of the given expression, and when this factor has been taken out, 2. x + r is a factor of 4C+ gx2 + 7x + z.
the remaining factors (.r- r), (.t+ r) have already been considered.]
3. zr*3 is a factor of zxs + x2 - gx - g,
We therefore work out in succession F(r), F( - r), F(z), F( - z),
4. (Sx - z) is a factor of 5.tB - 7x2 - 8x * 4.
F(D, F( - *), until a zero result is obtained.
F(r): 2- 3-3 -z: -6, .'. (x-r) isnotafactor. Use the Factor Theorem to find the factors of :

F( -r):2+ .'. (x+r)isnotafactor. 5. x3-5.v+4. 6, x3- 4x2+x+6. ?.3xs+zx+5.

3+3-z:6,
F(z):32-24-6-2:o, .'. (r-z) is a factor. 8. ef+7x2+t6x+ 12.9. as- tga-3o. L0. zls+ r3l2-36.
By division the other factor is 2f + x2 + zx + t, :/(*^.). We now 11. c3 - 3c2 - roc + 24, 19. l{+13-zl2+zl+4.
test for factors of this. There is no need to test for (x - r) and 13. zra+5x3- 9x2+ rtx-4. 14. 5ra+ rre;3- r8r2- r9s-3.
(r + r), so we now work out/(z), f ( - z), JG),/( - +). 15, (r-va + t3x3y + 3xzy2 + 4xys + 4ya. L6. z4t3 - r4t2 - t+ r.
f(z):16+4+4+r:2s, .'. &-2 is not a factor. 17. 3ori - x2 - 6x* r. 18, 3oa3+ r3a2 - 4oa+ rz.
f(-z)= -16+4-4+r: -15, .'. x*zisnotafactor. Show that the following expressions have no factors of the first
/(;):+*|+r+r:z|, !. 2x-r isnota factor. degree with rational coefficients :
f(-+):-l+l-r+r:o, .'. ztc+r isafactor. 19. xa-3x2+4x-3. 20. f+zx}-3x2-4tc+3.
By division the remaining factor is 12+ r. which cannot be
factorised any further, EXEBCISE ?4.b
;. - Sf - 3x- z:(x- z)(zx+ r)(r2+ r).
zx4 Use the Factor Theorem to prove that :

148. If the coefficient of the highest power of r and the constant
term have a large number of prime factors, the work may be long,
but there is no need to work out in detail the test for every factor.
Thus, in searching for the factors of zf + xz + 2,x + r, it is obvious
30.4
L. x-z isafactorof x3-6r'2+trx-6.
2. x+ r is a factor of 5r3+ trx2 + 4x - z.
3. 4t - r is a factor of +f - 5x2 - rrx+ 3.
4. 3r+5 is a factor of zo+ r7x - zxz - 3d.
306 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icner. nrv.l HARDER FACTORS 307
Use the Factor Theorem to find the factors of : : [ror - 8y]l*'- 4xy + 4y2 - 3(3x2 - 8xy + 4y2)
5. zr3+3x2- r. 6. x3+6x2+ttx*6. + g(g* - nxy + 4yz))
7. f+3x2-4r-rz. 8. r3-6r+5. =2(yc - +y)fxz - 4xy + 4y2 - gx2 + z4xy - tzy2 +8r*
g. zl3 + gl2 - nl - zo. 10. a3-a2-roa-8. - ro8ry + 36y2)
11. lf +13+t2+r4l+4o. = 2 (sx - 4ilh 3xz - 88xy + z8y2l.
L2. P+ 8ts+9c- 13.
L8. zxa-r3l+ rgxz+5x-4. L4. c"a+rr#- 47xz-gx+5. EXERCISE ?5.A
15. 6f - rttz+6t-r. 16. + r5f,y-31tc2!2+Sxf+6f, Find the factors of:
9.rr
17. 3oa3+ 67az - z8a- zo, 18. 1. a3+ r. 2. 8as - r. 8. r - I3ms.
3of+ rgxz - r. 8. 8ys + 27.
Show that the following expressions have no factors of the first 4. r + 813m3, 5. y" - 27.
degree with rational coefficienis : 7.343-n". 8. bs - rz5F. 9. 816+ rz5ysi,
19. *r-3)c2-2. 20. xr-z;s +5*-+r+g. L0. b^+64b. lL, z7l3 - rn3t3. 12. 343xd - roooas.
13. zl3 + z5om3, 14. 343o + roC. L5. 3zc3 - 423.
The sum or tlifierence of two cubes
L6. 5rzasbs + rz5. 17. c6+ r. 18. /d - zrc.
149. If f(x'l:f -a3,ffu)=o; ..x-aisafactor of f -as. L9. zjc6 - d6. 20. 8r3 - rooor'6.
The other factor, obtained by division, is x2 + ax + az.
Similarly, if F(r):x3+a3, F(-a)-o; 2L. 64xs - (:r - 5y)3. oo 813+(5/+3nr)3.
... r*a is a factor of
24. z7 (8x - 3l')3 - 8 (zx - 41';4.
xa + a3. 23. (7x +5y)3- (3x+zy)3.
The other factor, obtained by division, is 12 - ax * az. EXERCISE ?5.b
We have therefore the following identities : Find the factors of:
(x3 :
- at) (x - a) (x2 + ax + a2). 1. x3-r. 2.8rs+r. 3. r'tc3.
(x3 + a3) = (x + a) (x2 - ax + a2).
4. 8 - d. 5. 8a3 - 27b3. 6. zr - 27.
It should be noted carefully that the sign of the middle term in
the second bracket is opposite to the sign of the second term in rhe 7. ar - 64. 8. zTas + b3c3. 9. a3 + r z-5 .

6rst bracket. 10. 343 + 8.'--3. !L. z7x3 + roco--r,6. 12. rz516 - 8ntsn3.
By means of these identities, any expression which is the sum 13. z4a3 - 3b3. L4. zxs + 54ys. 15. 5rz - z?xsys.
or difference of two cubes may be factorised. 16. rocs +64od3. 1?. ad- r. 18. t-6 ry{;.
Example 2. Find the fttctors oJ g) xs + z7ys, (ii) g*s _ tzsys. 19. +pu + 5oo/. 20. 8x6 - r25yti.
(i) f + zTyt - (x + s1)1'l2 .- r(ry) + (sr)2) 2L. rz5a3-(za+3b)s. 22. zTys +(5r- zr')3.
x
= (x + 3y)lx2 _ 31cy + gyz), 28. (8x - 3Ds - (zx - +y)s. 24. 8(lx+51)3- rz5(3x+ zv)s.
3y
(ii) 8./ - rz5y3=(zx- S1){Qx)z +(zx)(5fi+(Sy)2}
: (zx - S1){#z + rorcy + zsyz\. "" Factors by grouping terms. Ilartler cases
Sy
It is a gooc{ plan to write in the margin the numbers which ere
150. Many expressions may be resolved into factors by choosing
cubed. one letter, and arranging the expression in ascending or descending
powers of that letter.
Example 3. Factoise (, - zy)3 + 27 (3x - z!)s: E.
As a rule it is better to choose 6rst the letter u'hich occurs in the
E--[(* - z1)+3(3x - zr,)] x_ zy lowest degree, but each letter should be tried in turn before giving
x [(x- zy)z- 3(lx- zy)(x - zy)+ gex - zy)z) Zhx - zy) up the attempt to factorise.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crrer. xxrv.] HARDER FACTORS 309
Example 4. Factoise zadz - 3x - 2ax - 6 rza. Expressions such as a31b-c)*b!(c-a)+C(a-D) may also be
-
The highest power of a is the first, and of r is the second. So resolved into factors by using the Factor Theorem. We shall
we arrange in descending (or ascending) powers of a. return to this later in this chapter.
The expression equals 2ax2 - 2,ax - tza - 3x - 6
151. It is sometimes a good plan to group together terms of the
= za(x2 - x - 6)- 3 (r + z) : za(x- l)(* + z) - g(x + z).
same degree.
[It now clear thar (r + z) is a factor of the whole expression]
is
: (x + z)[za(x - f) - f] or (r * z)(zax - 6o - i. Example 6. Factorise x2 + zx + 4y + zyz + 3x!: E.
Group together the terms of the second degree, and also the
Example 5. F@_ b): E. terms of the first. dcgree.
'Ihe highest also is the highest E = (*2 + 3xy + zy2) + (zx + 4y) : (x + y) (.r + zy) + z (x + zy).
power of D and any letter, say a, and
rearrange in de
[It is now clear that (x + zy) is a factor of the whole expression]
:(x+zy)(x+y+z).
E :
- a3c _ abs + aF + bsc _ bC
a3b
:
a3(b - c) - a(bs - C) + bclbz _ ,z'5. EXER,CISE 76. A
[It is now clear that (6 - c) is a factor of the whole expression, Factorise:
for (63 - cs) and (b2 - 6zy are each divisible by (6 - c).1 L. zax2 -srd+5 -l 6a-8ax. 2. 3bx2-z-2x-6bx-gb.
: (D - c)[c3 - a(b2 + bc + cz) + bc(b + c)]. 3. 6ax2 - 2s + za + t - 7ax. 4. 6 - 6cx + 8c - 3x + cxz.
In the big bracket the highest power of a is the third, of 6 is 5. Sb-6x+4bx2-3+rzbx. 6. g*ry-8y-6x+6cy+4.
the second and of c is the second. We therefore choose either 7. a2 1b - c) + b2 (c - a\ + cz (a - b)
6
or c, say 6, and rearrange in descending powers of 6. 8. ab(a + b + c) + bc(a + b + c) + ca(a + b + c) - abc.
: g. x2 (y - z) - y2 (z - x) + z2 (x + y) zxyz.
- c)f - abz + bzc - abc I bcz + as - ac2f
E (b -
:
- c)[bz (c - a) + bc (c - a) - a (c2 - a2)).
(b 10. (a - b) (a + b)2 + (b - c) (b + c)2 + (c - a)(c + a)2.
[It is now clear that (c - c) is a factor.] LL. a4 (b - c) + br (c - a) + c4 (a - b)
= (b - c)(c _ a)fbz + bc _ a(c + a)).
L2. 13 (m2 - n2) + ms 1nz - 12) + n31lz - *21.
In the big bracket the highest power of c is the first, so we 13. .r2+ Sx+ Sx!+6y2 + r5y. 14. x2 - 2tc- zy+6xy+ 5y2.
rearrange in
descending powers of c, L5, 3y' - y- zx+7xy+2x2. 16. 5r.2 -y2+ rox- 2y+4xy.
E = (b - c) (c - a)[bc - ac + bz - azf 17. (rr2 - rzy-6y2+8x- 5xy. L8. 6y2+3x- 2y- rTxy+ rzxz.
= (b - c)(c - a)[c(b - a) + b2 - a?1|.- 19. 5ry -61,2 - tzx+8y+6.12. 20. 8x2yr4x2- 3ory- rox+25y.
[It is now clear that (D - a) is a factor.] 2I. 7xy- r5x2+ 3x - 2y + r5x2y. 22. royz + r5x2 + 4y - rorc- 3rxy.
= (b - c) (c _ a) (b _ a)[c + b + af .
23. r5x2 ++y+2x-8-6xy. 24. r4xz -6x+ rTxy-6y"-gy.
An expression like this, which is unaltered by changing a into b, 25. r4xz - zsxy - 35x - 25y - 25y2.
b into c, and c into a, is called a cyclic expression, with respect to 26. z+ 3y + 4x + rzxy - r6x2.
the letters a, b, c. 27. 4y+ t4x2 + t7x- r4xy -6. 28, rclxz - z1x-gl- rs -gtx.
The interchange of letters is called a cyclic in0erchange,
E)(ERCISA ?6.b
In dealing with cyclic expressions it is usual to keep to the cyclic Factorise :
order: a -b, b-c, c-a, Thus, in the above expression tbe third L. 2.4ax2-tc+Sa+r-gax.
bracket
5ax2- gx - za - 6 + gax.
(D - a) is usually replaced by - (a- D), and the expressioo 3. - t3bx + 3x.
zbx2 + 2rb - g 4. tz - rrcr - 8x - 6c + tot:x?.
wrltten - (b - c) (c - a)(a - b)(a + b + c). 5.6x2y-ro-r5y-6x+ry. 8. rtxy - 7 - zx- 35y+ 6.r2y.
 3ro ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [creE. rocrv.] HARDER FACTORS 3II
7. a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) + & (a + b) + 2ebc. - r j2x72 (obviously too large) | - t 72x72
8. ab(a - b) + bc(b - c) + ca(c - a). -64 8r I 8r -64
9. a (b - c)t + b(c - a)s + c(a - b)3. The numbers required are 8r and - 64, and
10. .r2(y + a) - 1,r(.: + s) +.ge(r - y).
7zx2 + r7x1, - 7zy2 -72x2 - 6+ty + 8rxy - 7zy2
11. /1(rr3 - n3) + m2 (n3 - l3) + ze(/3 - ?,3).
= 8x (9r - 8y) + gy (grc - 8y) : (9r - 8y) (8.rc + 9y).
L2. e;(y2 - z2) + y (22 - x2) + z (x2 - y2).
13. r2- 3y2 -3x*gy-zx1t. 14. r.2+ 3r.+xy- tzy-zoyz. Example 8. Factorise 64x2 + r44xy - 243y2.
15. 3r2 -y2 + Sy- t1x+uty. 16, y+4-.-2 - Syz -+t+ r9.\y. We have to find two numbers whose sum is * r44 and whose
L7. 6y2 - 3y - 4t+ rTxy + tzxz. 18. 8.r2+ t4x - rsyz - 3sy - r,+cy, product is -64 xz43: - 26.35. T'he work may be simplified by
19. r5.t2y + 4y + zoxz - tTxy - r6s. noticing that some of the factors of r44 are containcd twice in 64
20. ro1t2+ 6r+3r.ty+ roy+ r5r2. (and in this case also in 243), i.e.8 is a factor of r44 and 82 is a
2L. r4t;2 + ztx - 6y2 + 6y - t7xy. factor of 64. Also 9 is a factor of r44 and 92 is a factor of 243.
22. z5:r'2 + r3.ry + 3o.f, + 3oy - rorsy. We therefore rvrite 8r -. X, Sy: Y. The expressioo then
23. 3o.r - z,ry -24y2+36y + r5x2. 24. 6x2+4zy - 5x- 2r - r8r,?. becomes X2 tzXY - 3Y2, and the factorisation is made to depend
25. 5r'2 - 25.ry - 63 - 38x -
35y. upon that of the simpler erpression X2 + zXY - 3 l'2, which equals
26. r4t2 - 2S)'2 + 3Sx - zsy + 21xy. (X + tY)(X - I') or (8x + z7y) (8ru - qy).
27. 4+6y-z8x-z7xy+45x2. 28. ztyz+3y-8.r-5o.ry - t6x2.
158. If the original mle does n<-rt quickly lead to a solution, it
Ilariler hinomial factors will nearly always be found that the method either of Ex. 7 or of
152.* The method given in Chapter XVI (Type III, Method Ex. 8 is applicable. In the last resort, however, the pupil may
r) is very effective for reasonably small numbers, but may be very fall back upon the method of rervriting the expression as the
tedious if the numbers are large. The numbers may be large difference of tso squares.
either because of the presence of a very large prime factor, in Example 9. Factorise g6x2 - zox - 875, : E,
which case the work remains reasonably short, or because a
number of prirne factors occur several times. The follorving E-e6(,, t; tt:I 14 5
21o25
examples shorv holv the tvorking may be shortened.
I
7. Factoise 7zx2 + r7xt, - 72y2.
Example = so (,, - '.tr. (k)' - ( jJ', ir; ) z4) r to
We must find two numbers whose sum is + r7 and whose
: (" - (,t -;;"tg) s6
product is -7zx72= - 26.3a. We might proceed as before and n6 I
;r)'- 285 ) t4 z5
14 25
ma*e a table in which the first column contains unity and multiples
of 3, the highest prime factor. But the work may be shortened by
:,6{("-i)'- (ff)'}
noticing that 17 is divisible neither by z nor by 3. It therefore
cannot be the sum of two even numbers or of rwo numbers divisible =eo('-i.;-J) (,-i-;1t)
bv :.
It follorvs that one of the required numbers must contain z6 as : e6 (". 9
G - 19
: r6:r+E) s!-P
a factor, and one must contain 34 as a factor. In other n,ords, for = (rzx + 35) (8x - z5).
the purpose of forming the table, zo and 3{ may be used as if they
This methoil is always applicable, but it should be used sparingly,
were prime factors. We may therefore use either of the tables :
as it is nearly always possible to find a shorter method.
312 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHm. n<rv.] HARDER FACTORS 3r3
154. The following device is sometimes useful. Comparing this with the given expression, we see that we
Example 10. Factorise (i) #+e2y2+ya:E; (ii) xa+ye=F. require values of a and b, such that
(i) .O: ra + zx2yz + y4 - x2y2 : (xz + y2)2 - i2y2 4a +zb: to, (i)
:7x2 +y2 + xy)(xz + y2 - xy). 3a -3b: zr,
(ii) F: x{ + zx2y2 + ya - zx2y2 : (* + y2)2 - ({) xy)z
ab: _ tz. ........ (iii)
: Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain a:4, $: - 3.
(x2 + y2 +,li xy) (x2 + tP -,1; ry). These values satisfy (iii) and are the values required;
155. The method of splitting up the middle term may be used .'. B:(zx - 31l + 4)(4*- + 3t - 3).
to factorise the general expression of the second degree in x and y.
Note. It shoultl be most carefully noterl that we must fintl values
$xgmltle 11. Factoise 8x2 - 6xy - gyz + rox + 2ty - rz: E. of a antl b to satisfy the three equations (i), (ii), (iiD' It is essential
This may be regarded as a quadratic expression in r (or y). to verily that the values of a and b founil from (i) antl (ii) satisfv (iii).
We have E=8xz - zxby - I - bf - zty+ n).
\\re have therefore to find two numbers whose sum is Example 12. Factoise zb2c2 + zc2a2 + za2b2 - aa - ba - ca : E.
- z (3y - 5)
and whose product is - 8(gys - zty+ rz) Arrange .E as a quadratic in ae, in ascending Powers.
: - zi . sbyz - 7y + d= - zt . 3 . Qy - +)(y - E : - (b2 - c2)2 + zaz (b2 + c2) - aa
r).
Since the sum is of the first degree in y it is clear that (3y - 4)
: (splitting up the middle term in the usual way)
must be a factor of one number and (y - r) must be a factor of the - 1bz - cz)z + a2(b - c)2 + a2(b + c)2 - aa
other. We therefore make a table containing nnmerical factors of : - (b - c)21(b + c)2 - a2f + azf(b + c)2 - azf
:l(b + c)2 - azl[- (b - c)2 + azl
by - +) in one column. One factor is positive and one negative. : (b + c + a)(b + c - a) (a + b - c)(a - b + c),
We place the - sign where it leads to a negative coefficient of y in
the sum. Thus : or (a+ b+ c)(b + c - a)(c + a - b)(a+ b - c).
hy-+) -24U-r) *EXEBCISE 77.A
z(ty-+) -rz(y-r) Factorise :
-3Qy-4) 8(y - r) L. - ro6r + 45.
4S*" 2. - trz.
7zx2 + 65x
-+bv-+) 6(y - t), and this is the pair required.
4. 5o,r2+ zz5xy - 243y2.
Then .E:8-t3 - 4tcby- g+6x(y - r) - 3 ey- +)(y- t) 8.3zx2 +6ox+27.
: 4x[zx - (ty - d] + sU - t)[zx - (sy - +)]. 5. z7* - t65xy - rooy2. 6. 4ox2 - 438r + r89.
[It is now clear that'zr - (Sy - 4), or zx - 3y + 4 is a factor.] 7. rooxz - 64rx * roo. 8. r8r2 - ftsxy + 375y2.
: (zx - 3y + 4)l4x + : (y - r)l : (zx - 3y + d@r + 3y - 3). 9. 3or2+ t6txy-396y2. 10. r47a2-4zab-r44b2.
The factors of the above expression may also be found as 11. 54rs+ tosx-:,.25. t2. z4x2+groxy+rz5y2-
follorvs:
The terms of the second degree, !8. z5oa2 -435a+ r89. 14. ro8/2 -z7tlm*63m2.
8x2 - 6xy - 9y2, must be 15. 8o/ - 5rx2y - 275y2. 16. g6a2 +8tzab - 245b2.
obtained as the product of the first degree terms in the required
factors. But 8.r'2 - 6xy - nrz : (zx - 3i (+t + 3i ; L7. t6o/ - tt48x+ ro2g. L8. q5x2 + tgol(y - 24y2'
.'. the factors must be 2x - 3y + a and 4r + 3y + 6, where a and b 19. 3oo*2- r4ory - rozgyz. 20. t44xz - 337xy+ t44y2.
stand for numbers and do not contain x and y, 2L. zz5x2-7o6x+225. 22. 3r5x2-66xy- 24y2.
The product of zx - 3y + a and 4tc + 3y + b is 23. 96x2 - Tgrc - r35. 24. 64x2 - z76xy + t35y''
8r' - 6*y - gyz + x(4a + zb) + y (ga - 3b) + ab. 25. d-3a2b2+ba. 25. {-3x2Y2+gt'.
gr4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. nry.l HARDER FACTORS
2?. ar + ga2b2 + z5ba. 28. q*n - r6x2y2 + gyl. 39. r5r2 - r6xy - r5y2 - 35x + t3Y + 2o.
29. ca - c2d2 + r6da. 30. aa + 64. 4O. rzxz - xy - 6!2 - 33r + rzy + 18.
3L. zxz+ ry - 6y'- +,c - y+2. 82. 6x2+ r3xy - Syz - x+ 23y - r2,. Further use of the factor tbeorem. Symmetrical
83, rzx2 + xy - 6yz - 3r.f, - 2y + zo. anil alternating fiurctions
34. r5x2 * t6xy - r5y2 - gx+ tgy - 6. 156.* It has already been shown in Chapter XXIII, that
35. 4x2 - +xy - 3Sy2 - r+'c + r3y + 12- a3 + bs + C - 3abc:(a+ b + c)@2 + b2 + cz - bc - ca - ab).
88. 6x2 - 3rxy + 5y2 + r6x + 7y - 6. This is an important identity which enables us to factorise any
87. 6x2 - r3xy - 5yz - r6x + 23y + to. expression which consists of'the sum of the cubes of three quantities
88. zxz - xy - 6y2+7y - z. 39. r5x2+ t6xy - r5y2+x-zty-6. diminished by three times their product.
40. rzxz - xy - 6y2- 3or - 3y+ r8. Example 13. Factorise 8xz - r + 1f + 6xy.
*EI(EBCIIIE ?7. b This expression is the sarne as as + b3 + 3 - 3abc, if a: zx,
Factorise :
b= - r, d:y, so that it equals
(zx - r + y) Qxz + t + y2 + Y - zxY + zx)
L. z7x2 - g6x+64. 2. Tzxz - r41x+72.
(zx + y - t)(+x2 - zxy + Y2 + zx + Y + t).
8. r5ox2 + rTSxy - 2g4y2. 4. 36x2+97xy+36y2. a+b+c:0.
An important corollsrT is that as+bs+c3:8abc,if
5. rz5x2+zzoxyIg6y2. 6. 98xr - rSgxy - 4o1y2. In particular, (r - y)3 + (y - r)s + (z - r)3 : S @ - v) (y - z) (z - x).
?. zg4l2 + 4551+ rz5. 8. ro8l - zr5cd - 63d2.
9. 5+'+ r65.ry - zsoyz. 10. 36x2 - r9r- 8o. Symnehical snal alternating firDctiotrs
LL. z43xz 4-63oxy - t2sy2. L2. S+o'+z3rab+245b2. 15?.* A function is said to be symmetrical with respect to any
13. 5rzx2+ r44x- 4s. L4. Soar - z37a2cd+ q5&&. set of letters it contains, if its value remains unaltered when any
15. 16o12 - 444xy + r8gy2. 16. ro8r2 +7t3xy - ro8y2. two of the letters are interchanged.
L7. zg4x2 + Sg1xy + rz5y2. 18. r75xa - tgoxz - 24. Thus, a2+b2, az - 5ab+b2, za| + 5a2b+ 5ab2 +zbj
are symmetrical with respect to a ar.d b ;
L9. 3gzcz + zz3cd - to5d2. 20. 64ox2 -r6z4xy - tozgyz.
h(x + y + z), h (xz + y2 + :'2) + I (yz + zx * xy), +(f + f + A - lqtz
2L. 64x2 -
+2o+cy r3Sy2. 22. g6xz - 24rx+ r3S. are symmetrical with respect to x, y, z.
28. 5rzx2 - r76r -
r8r5. 24. 64oxz - 6ftxy + r47y2- The most general homogeneous symmetrical functions of the
25. ar-6a2b2+b4. 26. #+7x2y2+r6ya. first, second and third degrees respectively in a, b, c are
27. xa+zx2y2+gya. 28. xa+4. h(a+b+ c); h(az +b2 + c2)+llbc+ca+ab) i
29. aa + 4.a.2b2 + r6ba. 80. /- t5x2y2+gya. h (az + bt + F) + t (azb + ab2 + a2 c + acz + b2 c + bcz) + mabc,
8L. zxz + xy - 6y2 - Sx + 4y + 2. where &, l, m are constants independent o?a, b, c'
32. 6x2 + r3xy - 5y2 + 6x - rgy - rz, The sum, difference and product of any two symmetrical func-
33. rzxz + xy - 6y2 - 32tc - 7y + 2c. tions are also symmetrical functions.
84. t5x2 - r6xy - r5y2 - 37x + sy + 2c., 158.+ A function E is said to be alternating with respect to any
85. q"' - +ty - 35y2 - r4x + y + rz. set of letters it contains, if it is transformed into -E when any two
86. 6.rc2 - 3rxy + Syz - gx - r3y - 6. of those letters are interchanged.
87. 6x2 - r3xy - 5y2 - rgx +Sy+ ro. Thus *2-y2, (x-Y)(Y-z)(z-x), 5a- 5b
38. zxz - xy - 6yz - 3x - 8y - z. are alternating functions.
f,'
316 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHAp. )oilv.l HARDER FACTORS 3r7
The and difference of any two alternating functions with
sr,rm .'. E+(b - c)(c- a)(a- b) is a homogeneous symmetrical function
respect to the same letters, if not zero, are alternating functions. of the second degree.
The product of any two alternating functions with respect to the It must therefore be of the form
same letters is a symmetrical function. h(a2 + b2 + cz) + l(bc + ca + ab),
The product of a symmetrical function and an alternating where A, / are constants independent of a, b, c;
function with respect to the same letters is an alternating function. ... a3(bz - sz) 4 gs kz - a2) + C (a2 - b2)
It follows that if one alternating function is divided by another :[k(az + bz + c2) + l(bc + ca + ab)](b - c)(c - a)(a - b).
(w-ith respect to the same letters), the quotient must be sym- Since A, / are constants independent of a, b, c, their values may
metrical. be found by giving particular values of a, b, c, avoiding of course
The pupil should verify these statements by considering a values which make the expressions zero.
number of simple examples. Putting a:o, b: r, c:2, we get
a- 8:[54 +zl](- r)(z)(- r), or 5A+ zl= -2.
159.* t and If nohtion.
The sum of a number of quantities Putting a-o, b=t, c: - r, we get
forming a symmetrical or alternating function may be conveniently r +(- r)( - t)=lzk- ll(z)(- r)( - r), or zk-l:r. (ii)
denoted by writing down one of the terms preceded by the symbol From (i) and (ii), h:o, l: - r ;
J. Thus Xa stands for the sum of all the terms of which a is the .'. 2os 1$z - c2) =- (bc + ca + ab) (b - c) (c - a) (a - b).
type, i.e. a + b, if the function contains the two letters a, 6.
Similarly Za : a * b + c, Zbc: bc * ca + ab, *EXERCISE 78. a
Resolve into factors :
Za($z - c2): a(bz - 4 + b (P - a2) + c(az - b2),
if the function contains the three letters a, b, c. If there is any 1. a3+03-C+3abc. 2. 813-r-y3-61y.
doubt about the number of letters, these letters may be written 8.8a3-z7bs-C-t8abc.
below the 2, e.g. 2 (b - c)3.
4. (" - 3b)s + z7 (b - zc)s + (6c - a)s.
obc 5. a3 + (zb + 3c)s - (a + 2b + 3c)8.
Likewise, the product of a number of quantities forming a syrn- 6. (3a - D)3+(gD- c)s+(3c-a)3, if a+b+ c=o.
metrical or alternating function may be denoted by writing down
7. 2a2(b - c). 8. 2a.Ebc-abc.
one of the terms preceded by the symbol Ir. Thus I/(6t C)
- 9. E(a-b)(a+b)2. L0. 2a8(b - c).
stands for the product of all the factors of which (62 - C) is the qbc

type, i.e. (bz - cz)(& - a2)@2 - bz), if the function contains the lL. zi(y - z). 12.2x2y2(x-y).
three letters a, b, c. tyt
18. 2(a - D) (a + D)3. L4. (2a)5+ 2(a-b-c)6.
abc abc abc
Exanple 14. Factoise Zag1bz - 4: E. L5.2(b-c')(b+c-za)z. L8. 2 (a + b)2 (a + c)2 (b - c).
E: a3(b2 - c2) + bl(p _ az) + Claz _ 6zy.
t'EreRCISE 78.b
This may be regarded as a function of a. By trial Z.:o when
Resolve into factors :
a- b ; i. (a - 6) is a factor of E. Similarly, it may be shown that
(6-c) and (c-a) are factors of.O. E is therefore divisible by l. a3 + D3 + 8c3 - 6abc. 2. z7a3-b3+F+ybc.
(b-c)(c-a)(a-D), which is a homogeneous alternating function 8. a3 - 8b3 + z7 * t8ab.
of the third degree. -
4. (sa 4b)B + (4b - 3c)3 - Go 3r)s. -
But .E is a homogeneous dternating function of the fifth degree; 5. 8(a - b)s + (2b - c\3 + (c - za)s.
3r8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oree. nrv.l HARDER FACTORS 319

6. (sa - zb - c)s + (sb -
7. Xaz(b+c)+zabc.
9. Za(b - c)3.
11. )-(x - y)5.
zc - a)s + (5c- za- r)3, if a+b+ c = o. 49. g:r2 (3r +5a)z - 36a4, 50. a(xz + a - r) - x(az + r - r).
8.2ab(a-b). 51. a2 - ab - ac- zbz +zbc. 52. (xz *yz -12 - - 4@y - lm)z.
^2)2
abc
53. 6x2+x- tS- 4ey+6y. 54. (x2+ax-+b)3+(xz -ax+b)s.
L0. 212(ms - n\.
55. Qx+8)2-z(7x+ 8)- rS. 58. Za(b+c)2-4abc.
t2. (2a)3+D(a-b-c\x. 67. (+"" - 3ry + yzlz - 41xz + zxy - y2)2.
abc abc

L8. (E a)s - Ea6. 14. (2a)r-z (b+c)a+2d. 58. 4- Sx- 5y+x2+zxy+y2.

abc abc abc obc 4bc 59. (x2 - yzlaz - z(xz - yz)a + x2 - 22. 60. l+ zxz+g.
L5.2(b-c)(b+c-za)s. 16. t (6 - c)3(a -.r)r. 01. zaz - 3ab+bz + 3a- zb+ r. 62. *2+4ty-x-rzy-6.
abc
68. r-4c-ft*+64C. 64. x2-sy2+3ax-4iy-rsay.
E]GBCITIE 79 65. 6xs - rtxz - 37x+7c. 68. (+t- Sy)ys+gx+4y)f .
1\{rscrr,r.eNsous FAcroRs 87. (y + z)s + (z + x)s - (x + y + zz)s.
Factorise completely : 08. x2 - 3ax - +xy + 6ay + 4y2. 69. 4y3-3gyz2+352f.
1. (sx- t)yz+xzz-5y2. 2. 4as - 36ab2.
70. r5az + trab - 8b - rzbz - 6a. 7I. z4f-zx2y-3rxy2-n5f
4. 72. 6x2-3x+toxy-zy+4y2,
3. 4za2 - ab - 3ob2. 5aa - 4oa.
lo. r8x2 + gxy - gy2 - z7x+ 45y - 56.
5. a3-r3a2+5a-65. 6. 3o(r2 - r) - 3zx.
74. z4x! - 5oxzy - 3xy2 + 36y3.
7. gon - 12 - 4m2 + 4Im, 8. r-(c-gz)s2-a$zsr. 75. 45r,2 + 56x - 45. 76. 36x2 -65xy -36y2.
9. 6at - rgab - 36b2. 10. (.r - y)3 + (y - z)s + (" - ,)N.
r5x2+zxy - r8.r - z4y2 -24y.
11. 3x3y - rzxy3. L2. +(xz - r) - Sr.- 5. 78. 6x2 +gtxy + 5y2 -3zx - r5y + ro.
13. x3- 7@+3)+27. 14. ra+6i+t3x2+t2x+4. 79. ro8a2 +745a+ro8. 80. z5oc2 -7o5cd2 +t8gda,
L5. (ab - zc\z + (ac + zb\z. 16. (r+y)3-8(r-y)3. 81. 4rcz + 4ey - - r6x - 2oy + tS.
3Sy2
L7. 4Q2-d2)-zoc+25. L8. q*+zotx-36. 82. 7y + r6P - Sorcy - zx - zryz.
L9. a2 + b2 - (x2 + r\ - z(ab + x). 20.6f-r9.r2+rrr+6. 8it. x2y - 3x2 +xyz - xy -8x - zy - 4.
2L. t8x2+gxy-zoyz. 22. 3z-z(za- r)r. 84. 6*y - rzxz - 27rc - zxy2 + roxy +5y - r5.
24. 48az - 88a-45. 85. 6x2 + 3rxy + Syz - t7x - 27y + ro.
23. 8as - 26a + 12.
86. rzmxz + z3mx +72 - gm + 32x.
25. (zx - 3y)3+ (3x- zy)3. 28. xa+l+27x+27.
87. xzy +zxyz +5r2 + rrxy -6y +2tc -3.
2'1. az(zb - r) - +bz(a- r) - zb+a. 28, 3zx2 - S2x - +5.
88. r5rzy - 6xy2 - 5xy - roxz +8y - t4.x + 12.
29. f + zaxz - gbzx - t8ab2. 80. ro8r2 - z4tc - r7s. 89. Find p, so that 3xs + px2 + gx - g may be divisible by r + 3.
31, 4r3 + roxz - r4x - g. 32. gxz - gtc - O - z)(y + r). 90. Factorise 3xz t- r4x + 15 and deduce the prime factors of 3 r4r5.
33. x{-4rr?+4oo. 84. y2 +6y - g(x'- r). 91. Find fr, so that xs - 6x * A may be divisible by x - z.
35. 3r2 - toxy-8y2+z.x-8y. 86. (9x2 +9x-z)2-(g*'- gx+z)2. 92. Find the two values of p for vvhich the quadratic expressions
ot
o/. 4.r'--y--zt+y. 88. zaz - 3ab - ac + b2 + bc. rox? - zttc - ro, root2+ ro:c+ p have a common factor.
39. (za-3b)2-(a-b)2. 40. a(a - +) - b(b - +). 98. F(r)=(r2 -3x+z) leaves remainder a.v+6. If F(r)=4,
41. a2+ab+b-r. 42. m(l+m)-n(n-l). F(z):2, find a and 6'
43, x(1'2 - +) -y(.t2 - +). 44. (r +8r+8.12)2 -(zx+tf. 94. Find p and g, so that # - x3 + pxz + qx * 6 may be divisible by
45. 4; - 8.te1, - g.tys + r8y3. 46, 9x2 - a+ 3ox - r. x+zandx-3.
47. a2+ob-zbz+a-b. 4& 7zn6- r4:a.r-ga,z.
f'
xxv.]
[oren. HARDER FRACTIONS 3zr
Example 4. Simplify
rrr :-----------l- :- -D
CHAPTER XXV (* - y)(x - z)' (y - x)(y - z)' (z - x)(z - y)
Keeping the usual cyclic order of the expressions, we write
HARDER FRACTIONS. H.C.F. BY LONG METHOD. (x-z\: -(z-x), (y-x)= -(x-y), (z-y)= -(y-z).
HARDER FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS We then have
160. In the first part of this chapter the work of Chapter XIX =-r - x) (x-y)(y - z)
(x - y)(z (z - x)(y - z)
is continued. No new principles are introduced, but the work in- y-z+z-x+x-1)
volves a knowledge of the factors dealt n'ith in Chapter XXIV. : --1t
The q'orked examples illustrate a number of devices for shortening -11z4Yt;r:"'
the s'orking.
t-a+^a2
Exanrpre 5. simptify 3x-r -:-: *t-5 :e.
3x-2 3x-3
t4.=E.
Examplel. simplify t+as - (r +a;s-"' =
6x-r _6x-z+r:2a_L_.
D_ Q-a+az) a(r+a)_ t a 3x-r 3x-r 3x-r
"-O+a)(t-a+a\ rzx-6_n!:]l 3:t+ 2.
r+c,-a r 3x-2 3x-2 ' 3tc-2
-Tr+A -G+aY' 6x-s_6x-6+r:z+ |
Note. It is most important that the pupil should reduce each 3x-3 3x-3 3x-3
fraction to its lowest terms before adding the fractions. .'. E:z - 4L z+
r 3x-r 3x-2 3x-3
Example2. Sinplify - 3 * 3 -
t 6x-+ 2
;- 2k+ n- 2Qc+ 2) z(x+ g= z' l,cx-z)2-(3x-r)(gr-r)\
-"'(:"-t)(3r-3) (tx-z) -t (sr-I)(3x-z)Qx-i )
It is easier to combine the fractions in pairs, instead of finding the 2
the numerator'
L.C.NI. of all the denominators at once.
(rr-r)(3r-z)Qtc-3)' - after simplifvinq
E=l[l- ' l-1f
zLx x+3J ' - x+z)
zLx+t 'l EXERCISE 80. a
:_3 _ 3 Simplify:
z,v(x+3) z(x+ t)(x+z) h+b\z as-bg.1 b2\ q-:- as-bs a-b
_ l[(x + r)(x + z) - r(r+ 3)]
1.
a"-\ab+bzxj*o6-\t - az)' -' azb+bs ' az+bz
z.t'(x + 3) (.r + r) (x + z) #-8y8. fx'2y.. 8ra \t'
o.
3.2 :3r(.t + x+3y \ 4r -;---
tc'+3xyt
zx(.r+ r)(x+z)(r+3) r) (r + z) (.r + 3)
/6rf - vx 6l \ 822
3.
4. -:l
\- +
t' * y) " r6F. .f'
Example Simpli.fy .t-a_. _t+a *:-+-\= E
- t+a" r+a ";n
E: .r-a-
?
^r* :it+a'-r*:=,
r+a' taking the first two terms together, 5. (*.*)('-"#r) *(#.u)
( xt+xzy2+y4 \ . r
: 448 6. "l_f3 3yz)
\x2- zxy- r;yz' r,2+zxy- x- 5y
-;^- l+-a|= _ o8'
-,
322 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA nrv.l HARDER FRACTIONS
/ -.t,8 - s2+8-u+rzl.
lP- zr. _4 x2 |g*-_ roi
rot-4x2+16
-*[- 36' ,.'+#{ = @. o" i#.
o. 4'\?}T:+ t' .

G*. -') " (:". 9 (# - 6ab)'

"
(ar+a2b2+br a3-8a2b-gabz a3 +03 I
\ az_bz (a+b)3) a-b
n. xl +
?x^2
+ lx - z+. 10.
." * " 1.f @+b)2,(a _tl"j.
t4.fLa+b a.. b-J' Lz(u- b) z(a+b)_l ,r. {f;-:,}*{ir+ , +Yx}. Lz.
1s. {-l-+-
r'-2.I' x+2y +y.-x" +t.,*-.!-. .^ 8*'-3!'
ro.---;-) 7x+5y 2
2y-x x"-!" x"+tcy+Y' x-Y
16. -4-- I - * 4----!-. b-s::#)
1D
arb 4b-a
r+s,v r
b-a 4b+a
3y ta', r r
14. lb.
fL,; h
Lt' i2-+ 8d
rA 5x r
sry+ x - sy- lri-*r' * *+ ;01+ ;z - ;ad '"' .5r" - r' - (5x +y) SGx - Y)
3
19.-l -3* 1 --+ ZO.
x _?t-+x-2. r33r
tt' *1ay- ,+zy- x+2Y- x+Y'
27.
6xv
o J-- r
- a2+3ab'a-3b
Qx - 21,) Qy - z) -3o -
18.a'-r a+a'"'---3-
zg-a1'
19.
'"'a+3b 31J4'- -.
20. 4'- 3 -91-j! *L-JJ.
x-r x-2 t-3
oo rrl
"' |ilsil@ - 2y)' O - x)(zY - x)
oo q-f f-p P-Q ..
-
"' p - o11 p - r)' (q- r)(q - p)' (r - p)(r - q)
1

EXERCISE 80.b oQ r+y* .rz-__E

a6'
Simplify: ;-z* un vr-+4y4'
4.f'+ y' a2+b2
- 2tc +^v
, *z .,2 EXERCIIIE
n -i=-o " a2_F Simplify:
r r " 8fTy'' r r as+F' r r r r
y2x ba t-'o-3'S@-r) ' -r3 3(a+r)
o Jr-x+x2, r-xl lr-x+x2 r+rl
"' li+ ,'l*r*,T"i =1 | +x.;r*.-VI. o 5!:3! - rob + 3c - -5b - 6cgc'..
e' r5bc z5b2 - r5bc t5bc *
. (a2-ab)z a3+br a-b
"'(Aitl"'o-s-6s:;+b' L7-3-7
'' 1x-Sy ?x+5y 3x+5y
324 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. roiv.l HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR
s-' _r _ 4a2-gb2 r
za(za- 3b)' 3b(za+3b) 6ab(4a2+gb2) GENERAL METHOD OF FINDING THE H.C.F.
+rl .-.
J__-*'z+ 161. We have previously found the H.C.F. of two or more
o, expressions by resolving the expressions into their factors, and then
zrc" - 3x'- 3rc +2
selecting the H.C.F. by inspection. When the expressions are
,. (* -' - *,) . (", *.o * t *1 * fi). not easily resolved into factors, it is better to use a more general
method. This method, which is similar to the " Division Method "
t
g,
-2+!--- "-o ^+t+a + t-at
I iA+A" r-a+az
used in Arithmetic, depends upon the following theorem :
If X: YQ + R, where X, Y, Q, R are rational integral functions,
n bc(x - a) ca(x - b) ab(x- c\ then the common factors of X anil Y are the same as those of
d' Y anil R.
@ - b)(a - c)- (b - c)(b - a)- (c - aX;$'
(r) Let A be a common factor of Y and R; then Y:AC,
to. zEc@&C-. R=AD, and X=ACQ+ eO=A(CQ +D), i.e. A is afactor of X.
(z) Let I( be a common factor of X and Y; then, X:KL'
(,
I' -q-gi Y=KM, and R=X- YQ:KL- KMQ:K(L - MP), i.e. K is a
r

Lt' a zb b'bz bs_asl zb

4- 1-o o'^ F;ds ( - o + b' factor of R.
Hence (r) every common factor of Y and R is a factor of X, and
[t*a*a' ) is therefore also a common fbctor of X and Y ; (z) every common
factor of X and Y is a factor of R, and is therefore also a common
12. f'-5
^. *4--
-L - \c'-3 -t .
x"+3 x"+s factor of Y and R. Hence the common factors of X and Y are
the same as those of I'and R.
n. ffi' 14. ,(b+c)(b2-Jc2-a2).
In particular, if X and Y are rational integral expressions in .r,
and R is any one of the remainders in the process of dividing X by
y. z pfl(Take ' +sign for each root). Y, the common factors of X and Y are the same ils those of I'and
abc - a)(x _ b)
J1y
2(t2- ?2)(y+z-zx). R; for if p is the quotient corresponding to the remainder R, we
,U. zx.ly - z)
have X= YQ + R.
x" The application of this theorem is best illustrated by numerical
17. If (r+ r)y= r, express examples. The method is based on the fact that R is of lower
tr+r -:-y+t in terms of ronly, reducing
the answer to its lowest terms. degree than either X or Y and it is therefore easier to find the
18. lf x:a*b, find in its simplest form the value of H.C.F. of R and Y (or'X) than of X and Y. The process may bc
repeated until the result is obtained.
_I_
a b a*b
ir+F:72- *z a oz 4z- *z _ at Example 8. Find the H.C.F. of xz - x2 - 3x + 5 (X) ttnd
"z
I x3-. x3-3x+z(Y).
19. tt y: i"terms of y in its simplest form.
,l*,express # We first divide Y into X and obtain the remainder R1,
20. If x= a - D, find in its simplest form the value of f-3r'tz)x3-x2-3x+6(t
III x3 -3x*z
ll *p4- ;4F-- "zr 7--a2 _ 6z' -x2 +4 (&).
 t
326 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cree. n<v.1 HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR 327
The H.C.F. of X and Y is the same as the H.C.F. of Y and Rr. Example 7. Find the H.C.F. of 3 + 4x - r6x2 + gxs (X) and
We apply the same method to find the H.C.F, of y and Rr. 4+ 7tc - r9r2 + 8x3( Y).
-tc2+4)f-s"+z(-x If we divide X by Y or Y by X, we introduce fractional coe(fi-
cients. To avoid this, we introduce a suitable multiplier, e.g. we
",-+xx+2 (RJ. may multiply X by + and divide +X by Y. It is clear that 4 is not
The H.C.F. of Y and R1 is the siune as the H.C.F. of R, and R2 a factor of Y, and therefore the common factor of X and Y is the
We apply the same method to find the H.C.F. of R, and .Rr. sarne as the common factor of 4X and Y. Dividing 4X by Y, we get

**") 4+ ?x - r9x2+ 8.rs ) tz + r6x - 64x2 +3613 ( 3

n( - x+2 t2+zrx- 57x2+24x3
-:i -.r*
- 5r - 7xz + rzrs 1Rr1
";+I : -r(S *7x- tzx2).
The factor - r is now removed, since it is clearly not a factor of
x + z (R ) is a factor of Rr, and therefore the common factor of R2 Y, and to avoid introducing fractional coefficients, Y is multiplied
and R1, and therefore of R, and Y, and therefore of Y and X. The by 5 (which is not a factor of S+7x- rzx2) before we divide by
required H.C.F. is therefore *+ z. S + 7x - rzxz. We have
Note. The process has been written out in full in order to S + 7x - rzxz ) zo+ 35n - g5x2 + 4ox3 ( 4
illustrate the principle. But in practice it is often possible to zo+z8x-48x2
shorten the work. Thus, in the example above, it is easily seen 7x - 47xz + 4o,x3 (R2)
thatRr: -(x-z)(x+z). :x(7 - 47x+ 4oxz).
Since we only require the common factor or factors of R1 and Y, As before, we reject the factor x, and multiply by S (which is
we need only find whether x - z and x + 2 not a factor of 5 + 7x- rzxz) before completing the division by
factors of Y.
We ^re
have Y:f(r):x3- 3x+2, :. f(z):8-6+2:4, S + 7x - t2x2. Thus,
.'. x - z is not a factorof Y. S + 7x - rzxz ) 35 - z31x + zooxz ( 7
35+ 49x- 8+.''
Again, f(-z)= -8-r6+z:o, .'. x+z is a factorof Y, - z84x + 284:i
.'. x +2 is the common factor of 1z and Rr, and therefore of : - 284.t (r - r).
X and Y. As above, 284 and - r may be rejected, and it is easily seen that
162. In the process outlined above R1, R, ... need not be the r -,:e divides exactly into 5+ 7x-rzxz, .'. the I-I.C.F. is r -r.
final remainders in the divisions. Any rernaind,er is sufficient for Note 1. The above example has been set out in full to show
the purpose. Again, we are only concerned lvith the cornnton how (r) factors containing r may be rejected without affecting the
factors of X and Y, Y and Rr, R, and Rr, etc. result, (z) factors may be introduced without affecting the result.
Consider any pair chosen out of the quantities X, Y, R1, R2.,., But it is much shorter to consider thc factors of'R,
say Y and R1. The final result of the process will not be altered = -n(r-r)(5+rzx).
by changing Y or Rr, or both Y and R1, in any way which does not By the Factor Theorem it is easily seen that r - r is the only
introduce or remove a common factor. common factor of Y and R, and therefore of X and Y.
Hence, without altering the 6nal result, we may multiply or Note 2. With a different order of working, we might obtuin
divide Yor R1 (or any other pair) by a constant or by a function ofr, x- r as the H.C.F. It does not matter which result rre take, since
provided that these are not factors of R, or Y respectively. - r may be considered a factor of any algebraical exprcssion.
r
328 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crer. Fry.] HARDER FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS 329
Note 8. If X and Y contain obvious corrunon factors, they EXEBCISE 81. b
should be at once removed. Thus, to find the H.C.F. of
Find the H.C.F. of :
6x+8x2 - 3zxs +r8ra(X) and 8x+ r4xz - 38rJ + ftxa,
1. .r3+ 7x2 + ttx+ 5 and x3 +8x2 + r3x + 6.
we notice that X:2xk+4*- r6x2+9x3)
and 2. - z4l2 - qzl + 35 and 813 - zol2 - r98/ + 4o.
813
Y=zx(4+7x- rgx2+8x3). 3. qtt - gxz - zx + r and 4x3 - toxz + z.
zr is therefore a comnon factor; the other common factor is the 4- tzxx - zx2y + tzxyz - ToyB and 3f + 7x2y - 47xy2 + 45f.
H.C.F. of 3+4r-t6x2+9x3 and 4+7x-tgxz+8x3, which has 5. 3oo - 6a3 - tzaz + z4a and 4aa - r4a3 + 8a2 +8a.
been found above to be r -.t, .'. the H.C.F. is z-r(r -r).
6. 3"n- rrrs+ r5.r2 - 6x and zx3 - rzx2 + z4x - 18.
Note 4. The work may be shortened by the use of Detached Reduce to their lowest terms :
Coefficients.
Note 5. One of the principal uses of H.C.F. is to reduce
fractions to their lowest terms.
9. z7a3+ga2 - zta+2, 54a3-ga2 -zra+2, gas - tzaz+7a-z-
168. The H.C.F. of more than two expressions must be a 10. - ror3 +
6"t5 4, 6x5 - r5r.2 + 9.
factor of the H.C.F. of any two of them. It may therefore be
obtained as follows : HARDER FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
(r) Find the H.C.F. of any two of the given expressions. 164. The following example illustrates a method of shortening
(z) Take this result and a third expression, and find their H.C.F., the work involved in solving fractional equations.
and so on. 6x- 47 . 2x -7 3rc- 14,T 5r-34
The H.C.F. last found must be the H.C.F. required, for it is rhe Example 8. Jutfu(
,c-U x-4 x-S x-7
highest factor contained in all the expressions. We have -^
(6x-+8) +r . (zx-8)+ r (:x- 15)+r, (5x-391-1
-'

Find the H.C.F. of :

EXERCISE 81.a ,c-u - .-+ = -- s - --? '
IIII
1. 13+ 7x2 + t4tc+ 8 and * + 6x2+ rrx+6. .'. 6r--rZr-=:)a-
x-8 x-4 - x-5 T5T- - x-7-t
2. 8x3- toxz+5x-3 and t6x3-28x2+rzrc-g. - _ : __ + _r
IIII
... r-ur + x-4 p. 2bo.
3. 4C + trc2 + z5c - 7 and. zC + 5cz + rrc - 7. t-5 x-7 etc., as on
4. xs - r8r - 35 and 13 - ztx - zo. EXERCISE 82.a
5. r6x3 - r6x+3o and 7zi-48x2+75. Solve the equations:
8. 6aa + gas - 3ga2 - 36a and. zal + r3as - z8a2 - 3za. ITII
Reduce to their lowest terms
i-- 2x-5 2x-9 2x-3 2x-7
:

2. -t - ,r-ro .t-o x-4

x-12
3 - J-= 9 -J2-.
3. x-3 Jf-o x-9 x-t2
9. 8x3 - r6x2 + 8x - 3, 8rs - 4tz - t4rc * 3, 8# - zot2 + r8r - 9.
4 7 --l
+' 3 r-- ott+
r
10. r - c-C+c5, r - 4 -C-c?. tl: ;, + 3- 6(t+ tt
"*1
r ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cH*.:ocv.J
330

5.
3j 'jlo L+1c - ?+ _2tc + 3 , 6x + 5
3.r+r zx+r *+z-6i-i'
6. --f t2
)ttz x+6-zx+S-;@1i
n 4x2-zx]_t 4.v2+2x+t z8r
2X- | -&- CHAPTER XXVI
g.
"r+,
*J^_.r-8_r-3 _x-4.
.t-E t(-g x-+ r-5 HARDDR PROBLEMS
g.'--5:2-5 165. \trIe shall norv consider some harder problems.
2x+r 4c+3 2x-r 21C_2
+, - .7 _2x - 12 _4x - t7 1.A cefiain number of mm agreed to build a boat togethr-
2s-14 2x-13 zx-g _2t:J.
lro. Example
zx-8 If there had been 8 fetaer, each would haoe speflt zo hours more; and if
11. 1I' - {J-I *o*'}:!:J = or. therc had bem z fezoer, each would haoe spmt 4 hours more, Find the
zx-r zr+t number of mm and how many man-days were speflt.
Let r be the number of men and y days the time each had to spend.
EXERCTSE 82.b
Solve the equations :
Then the total man-days spent is ry. But this is also equal to
rrrlt
4.- t"-al (y+65) and to (r-z)(r*;),
3r-ro 3r-5 3x-7 3x_2
oIIII
3x t 2 3x+7 3(r+ r) 3@+z)
g. ?-- 3 : 4 - s :. zlt
x
- ,: _ I. ........................(ii)
n+r x+2 x+3 x+4 3

4. t r-- r - r - f = -! .........'...........(iii)
" *-g -'"-l-r-6-rd-s=o' Muttiply (ii) by 4, .'. 8y-o3
r
5. 2x+t ' :-L-_3_.
-_4x+t 2x+5 4(r+r) Subtract (i) from (iii), ;. ::+, ;' x=32.
o3
o. t' &-t it.
* ,4' 3=32 in (ii), .'. 2t) -t6- - I.
4.:c-r r2)c-3= 6tc+4- -5--
tzx+8 Substitute
3 3'
?.
t"+3trt-w-5(r+z).
4n+3 4x+2 4x+ 5 ). 2Y= 5, :. Y:zt.
Thus, there wete 32 persons and each spent 2 days rz hours.
8. 5' - 63 * 9'"-3o = 6l- 6s +6x - ts.
x-12 2x-g zx_2r e_3 Chech. The total man-days for 3z persons working z days rz hours
g. 11 r3a.*- 3:r*L. each is 8o.
2x-3 2x+3 c
The total man-days for z4 persons working 3 days 8 hours
19. {1l.,x+3-x+8+x+2. each is 8o.
x+E x+4 x+g tc+3 The total man-days for 3o persr-rns working z days 16 hours
r.r 3rc-r 3x _3r-8 3x-7 each is 8o.
3t-2 3x-t 3x-9 3r-8 Thus the conditions are satisfied and the solution is correct-
33r
r 332
g5emple
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
2.The perimetet of a rcctangular playground was 324
ALGEBRA [cxer. :orw,] HARDER PROBLEMS n3
irrational (see Note 3, below), In all other cases, if the equation
metles. The latgth ztns incteased by 6 metres and the breadth by
cannot be, solved by factors, he should look through his work to
3 mebes. The area zpas therebyincteased byone-ninth of i* former make sure that there is no error. Only after this should he proceed
oalue. Find the original dimensions of the playground.
to solve by completing the square.
Suppose that r metres was the length of the original shoila side;
then ( r 6z - r) metres was the length of the original longer side. The l{ote2. The most corunon source of error is a mistake in sign
new sides are (r + 3) metres and (168 - r) metres ; in (i). The pupil should always stop to consider whether what he
('+ rox(t6z- x), has written at this stage is sensible. Thus, in this instance, since r
l)(168 -*)= I
"' is necessarily positive, 4 -.r., be greater tfran It
:. s G" +.+ r:,; _,! o'z, ,fr. would
::); r,r2.::
ig
.'. (x- 7z)(x- 63):o, .'. x:72 ot 63. therefore be a gross blunder to write + -'2=!. Neglect of
r+5 x 3
Thus the dimensions may be this precaution often leads to serious loss of time, if not to failure to
either go metres by 7z metres or 99 metres by 63 metres. solve the problem.
The check is left to the pupil.
Note L In deciding rvhether to solve by factors or by com-
Note. Both roots of the quadratic lead to valid solutions of the pleting the square, the nature of the answer expected is often a
problem. This is not always the case, and the pupil must decide
guide, Thus, if we are asked to find how many eggs are sold for
in each instance whether each root of the equation corresponds to
a shilling, we expect the answer to be a rational number and there-
a valid solution of the problem.
fore that the equation may be solved by factors. On the other
Example 3. A train runs rzo hm at a unifurm rate; if the rate had hand, if we are asked to find the length of the side of a square,
bem 5 hm an hour morc, it would hat;e tahm zo minutes less correct to one decimal place, the presumption is that the answer
for the
journey. Find the rate of the train. will be the approximate value of an irrational number, and that the
Let the rate of the train be r km per hour; then the time taken is equation must be solved by completing the square.
I39 6our.. If rate is increased by 5 km per hour, the time taken is
EXER,CISE 88. A
t20 , (Unless othenuise stated all speeds are to be taken as uniform)
hours :
r+5
-- 1. A person buys 6o m of cloth and 75 m of canvas for grrqo.
. t20 _t?n I By selling the cloth at a gain of r5 per cent-. and the canvas at ai"ain'
x x+5=_.
3'
..........(i) of zo per cent., he gains $225. Find the price of each per metrel
whence 36ox5-r(r+5),
}. x2+5.r- r8oo:o, .'. (r-4o)(r+45)=e, Z.The perimeter of a rectangle is 68 m. If the length were
.'.x-4o or -45. Hence the train travels at 4o km per hour. The increased by 4 m and the breadth diminished by 4 rn, the area would
negative root does not correspond to a valid solution of the problem. be diminished by 4o m2. Find the length and breadth.
The check is left to the pupil.
y 3. In an action between two battleships A and B, A fired
Note 1. In
most problems, though noi in all, the quadratic ^ 3 times as many shells as B. The total number of misses was
equation may be solved by factors. The pupil should always try 7 times the total number of hits. The number of I's misses was
ro factorise, unless there is reason to suppose that ttrc roots may be 357, but B's hits exceeded .4's hits by 66. What was the number
of I's hits?
 334 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oren.
4. If the breadth of a certain rectangle were increased by ro m,
and its length diminished by zo m, its area would be increased by
8oo m2; whilst if its breadth were diminished by ro m and its length
increased by 3o m, its area would be decreased by 3oo-n2. What are
its dimensions I
5. A sum of money is to be divided equally among a certain number
ofboys. If there were 5 fewer, each would get $4; if there f'ere 4 more,
each would get $2'5o. What is the sum of money?
0. At r,r5 p.m. a train leaves X and arrives at Y at 5.r5 p.m.
Another train leaves Y at 2.35 p.m. and arrives at X at 5.r5 P.m'
Find when they meet.
[Hrxt. Let z km be the distance between X and, Y, and let the
trains meet x hours after r.r5 p.m.]
?. At ro.ro a.m. A sets out from P and reaches Q at 3.3o p.m.
At 9.48 a.m. -B leaves p for P and arrives there'at 2.36 p.m. Find
when they meet.
'f;*-when8.In walking from A to B at the rate of 4 km per hour, X meets Y
he has gone three-quarters of the way. He rides back with Y
in his car for z km at the rate of z4 km per hour. Resuming his walk,
he increases his speed and reaches B 4 hr. r7 min. after he left l.
If he had walked straight through at the faster rate, his time would
have been 3 hr. r z min. Find his faster rate of walking and the distance
frorn A to B.
9.The perirneter of a rectangular playground was z16 m. The
length was increased by 4 - and the breadth by z m; the area was
theieby increased by one-ninth of its former value. Find the original
dimensions of the playground.
o if l0.Find the price of apples, if giving two less for grz increases the
cost of roo by $zo.
l!.The difference in the average speeds of two trains is z5 km
per hour. The faster train takes z hr. less to travel r5o km than
the slower train takes to travel r25 km. Find the speed of the two
trarns.
a g 12. Tbo tumstiles A B admit to a football ground. On an
and,
average it takes a spectator o.2 sec. longer to pass through A than
through 8, and B admits on an average ro more spectators per
minute t}:lan A. How many spectators can enter the ground in a
quarter of an hour?
rr 18. A man, having to walk 8 km, increases his speed by I km per hr.
- immediately after the first z km, thus reducing by 6 min. his time for
the journey. How long does he actually take?
Irvr.l HARDER PROBLEMS 33s
# l{-The circumference of each front wheel of a traction engine is
" 5 _- less than that of each back wheel. In travelling 75o m -a back
wheel makes rz| fewer revolutions than a front wheel. Find the
circumference of each back wheel.
'' of 15.
X How long will it take each of two pipes to fill a cistern, if one
them alone takes 9 minutes longer to fill it than the other, and
z5 minutes longer than the two together?
16.,{ man set aPart $48 for a certain length of holiday, but, wishing
to extend it without extra expense, found that he could manage an
extra 6 days by reducing his expenditure by $4 per day throughout.
What length of holiday did he plan at first ?
17rA man converted some English money into francs; if he had
done so z days later, he would have obtained 4 francs less for {ro,
because the value of a franc had risen {o.o5. How many francs,
correct to r decimal place, did he actually obtain for {ro?
18.A motorist completes a journey of zoo km in two stages, with
a rest of I hr. before the second stage. His average speed during the
first stage of r5o km is 36 km per hour, while during the second stage
the average speed is 5 km per hour less than the average speed for the
whole journey. Find the average speed for the whole journey.
19. Find a number consisting of z digits such that the srrm
of tr+'ice this number and 3 times the number forrned by inter-
changing the digits is r83,and such that the number exceeds by 5
twice the product of its digits.
20. ABCD is a rectangular field. Three men start from I and
run at the same speed, the first man mrrning along the diagonal AC,
the second along AB and BC, and the third along AD and DC.
When the first man reaches C the second is on BC and 6 m from B,
while the third is ot DC and 36 m from C. Find the lengths of the
sides of the rectangle.
21.An aeroplane flying between 2 towns takes zo min. more than
its usual time when its normal speed is reduced by 3o km per hour,
and ro min. less than its usual time when its normal speed is increased
by zo km per hour. Find the normal speed and the distance between
the towns.
22.A gtden path, bounded by two circles, is gravelled at $a per
m2, the cost being $r32. Along both edges of the path is a stone
edging at $3 per metre, the cost of this being $396. Find the width
and inner radius of the path. [Take r:3].]
28.A znd, B run a roo m race, B having 5 m start. During the
earlier part of the race their speeds are as 2r to zo, and duringthe
remainder as 19 to 18. How far has B run at the instant the change
in speed takes place, if the race ends in a dead heat?
$6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnnr. >o(vl.l HARDER PROBLEMS 337
a fraction exceeds the numerator by 3,
9. The denominator of
! convoy r km in length is travelling at the rate of 3 km per hour. r 3-
24.
A cyclist carries a message from the rear to the front and at onie returns both being posrtive, A new fraction is formed by adding ro to the
to the takirrg ro min. numerator and 9 to the denominator. The product of the two
40 sec fractions is l; find the original fraction.
25, ack {,r 5 hours. 10. A
If the he would have is5md
taken 7j| hours. Find the rate at which the man rows. that it ig
has been
EXERCI!;E 83.b the other. Find the two possible values of .r.
(Unless othawise stated all speeds ate to be taken as uniform) 11. When the price of a certain kind of tea was reduced by $3 a kg
it was found thai at the lower price 3 kg more could be bought for
$ro54 than at the higher price. Find the original price per kg of
_ 1...A grocer^ buys zz kg of figs and 35 kg of currants for g36o. the tea.
By selling the figs at a_loss of zo per ceni.-and the currants at a lain 12. A me al of one grade and $rozo
of 5o per cent., he gains gz6. How much per kg does he pa/for in buying a cheaper.- In all, he buYs
each ?
64 toines. grade of coal.
2. A train 52 m-long passed in 8 sec. another train 9r m long which 18. A man who can swim 48 m per min. in still water swims zoo m
was travelling in the salne direction. If the slower-train had been acainst the current and zoo m with tlte current. If the difference
travelling one-third as fast again, the faster train would have passed it bitween the two times is ro min., find the speed of the current in
in rz sec. Find the speeds of the two trains in km per houi. mEtrca P€r min.
8. d each girl 14. A train is scheduled to run 35o km in a certain time. At the
given roo more, end of the first t5o km it is to min. behind time. For the remainder
and if bers. How of the journey the speed is increased by z km Per hour beyond that
many at whiih the train was scheduled to run, and the whole distance is
4.A train travelled a certain distance; had the speed been z km covered in the appointed time. Find the speed at which the train was
an hour less, the journey would have taken z hours more; had the scheduled to run.
speed been 8 km an hour more, thejourney would have taken 6 hours 15. Working alone A could do a piece of work in zo hours less
less. Find the distance and speed. time than B alone would take for the same work I working to-
5. If the floor of a room were 6 m longer and 4 m narrower, it gether A and B could do it in r 8f hours, if each worked at the same
would take 16 ms less carpet; but if it were 4 m shorter and 4 m wider, iate as when vvorking separately. How long would each take to do
it would not change its area. Find its dimensions. it separately?
__ -6.
.X ltarts to cycle from P at ro a.m. and reaches e at z p,m. 16. A certain numbcr of persons promised to subscribe equally to
Y leaves p at ro.45 a.m. and reaches P at r.r5 p.m. Find when a gift of t6oo, Five of ttrem failed to keep their promise, and each
they meet. [See hint to Ex. 83 a, No. 6.] oflhe others increased his subscription by $ro. The exact amount
7. A train leaves I at r.rr p.m. and reaches B at 4.56 p.m. rcquired was obtained. How many Percons subscribed?
Another train leaves B at 2.6 p.m. and reaches A at 5.26 p.--. Fi"a 17. An exp eiPts at a show, with a certain
when they meet. entrance fee, if the entrance fee -is reduced
by 5otr, 3ooo and the receiPts.will b-e $zoo9
nioti. Wttat expected at the lower fee, and
what is that fee ?
18. A motorist starts to ride ro8 km in a given time. After riding
five.sixths of the distance he is detained for z| min., but by increasing
his speed thereafter by rz km per hour he finishes thejourney in 5 min.
less ihan the given time. Find his speeds.
338 ESSENT'IALS OF SCIJOOL ALGEBRA [cHep. nvt.l TEST PAPERS VII 339

10.The area of a rectangular plot of land is r2 ooo m2, and its 5.Two men started at the same time to
meet each other from
diagonal is r7o m; find the length and breadth of the plot. points which were 22 km apart. If one took 3 minures longer than
the other to walk a kilometre and they met 3 hours after starting,
90, Two numbers, each consisting of z digits, are such that each
is obtained from the other by reversing its digits. If the sum and find the speed of each in km per hour.
the two numbers are rzt and 3r54 respectively, the 6. Find the square root of (.t+ r)(x+2)(n+:)(r++)+ r, and
llrjg:.:t fnd solve the equation (.t + r) (x + z) (x + 3) (x + 4) 1' I - o, correct to rw'o
21. The difference between the squares of two numbers is zr. places of decimals.
If one number is reduced by z, its ratio to the other number is then B
3 :2. Find the numbers. 1. Simplify
t!#it, and use the result to calculate the
22. ln a trapezium one of the parallel sides is three-quarters of
the other, and the other two sides are equal. l'he height is 4 cm, z x 87s2 -_87s-x zso: 3 x zsoz.
value of
and the perimeter is 5z cm. Find the lengths of the sides. 8752 - z5o2
23.In a roo m race when I gives B I m start he wins by I sec., 2. Factorise : (i) r6zx2 -9r- ro,
but when he gives B +L start I wins by I sec. What are their (ii) f.t'? + 3x + 3]2 - fzx + 3]2,
^ roo m?
times respectively fcir running (iii) 3 + 6cx - 4c - 3x - zcx2.
24. I walks along a road from P to Q, starting at ro.3o a.m. 3. I and B can do a piece of work together in a days. After
B cycles from Q to P and straight back again, starting at rt.4z a.m, working together for 6 days, I falls ill and B is left to finish the
and passing Aat rr.5o a,m. They arrive at the same time. work, which he does in c more days. How long lvould it have taken
What is that time ? ^tQ (i) A, (ir) B separately to have done the work?
25.A motorist and a cyclist start together from a place I to travel t'- d t"
4. Solve ; (i)
x-zc+d.=x-2c xld'
by the same road to a place B r8 km away. The motorist starts at a
uniform speed r5 km per hour greater than that of the cyclist. When
the motorist has got half-way he is delayed for 3o min., and thereafter (ii) 9x2 - r6Y2:65, 3x - 4Y = 13.
travels at a speed 20 per cent. less than his original speed; he reaches 5. Find the H.C.F. of zx3 - se - r5r + r8 and +x3 - zoxz + 27x - g.
B r5 min. before the cyclist. Find the cyclist's speed. Complete the factorisation of the expressions and solve the cquation
2x3-x2-r5l+r8=o.
TEST PAPERS Ytr
6.Two towns X ar'd Y are 3o km apart. A man takes 8 hr. 45
A min. to travel from X to Y and back again to X, his average rate on
1. Factorise : (i) a{ - x2 + gb2 - 6a2b, the return journey being z km per hour slower than on the outward
(ii) r4x2 - 65x + 56, journey. At what average rate did he travel on the outward journey?
(iii) 8rcs + 2zx2 + 7tc - ro.
2. Simplify c
x-ztt___ ?!J3! , 4rc+3a 1. Factorise : (i) (3.r - 7y)s - 8y3,
;' + 7ax + 6d- 4@i 3ex + za\+ ; ei4 sa;-+r$' (ii) xa - 424 + gy4 - 6x21,2,
(iii) 3y' - y + rox - 3ixy + Soxz.
8. lf AB:x cm, BX:y cm, AC:t cm,
o Find the square root of
CY-v cm, BC:u cm and XY:z cm, and
if BC, XY are parallel, find z and e in e-6 + 6.,*5 + 14 - zoxs + z8x2 - r6x * 4.
terms of x, y, z, t.
B. Simplifv ,:'- o' + za]
* :!
4. Solve
(z - x)g -'x) ' ' a" - 3ax*gx2 3ax + a" 9x'- a'"
(r-r)(5-r) .The area of a rectangular floor was 396 m2. If it had been z m
(ii) *'*t _4t2+r, shorter and also z m wider, the area would have been r r m2 more.
x2t Find its length and width.
f'
340 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOLALGEBRA [CUET. prvr.l TEST PAPERS VII 34r
t 7 :-13-. -4,:r*
5.Solve 2x-3 - 2x+3 2x+9 4. Solve: (i)
" 2(rc+9
31
'r ,.
2(rc-r)'
6. Solve : 3ic+zy=t, 7xz - roxy+ tSY:2. (ii) 3a+5y+3:o, gxz - y2:45.
Dt l+I=3, .*pr.r. (r) r in terms of u and o, (z)
5. If uot' r-u and
l. Factorise : (i) 6.12 + ?7xy + z4sy2, r - a interms of z and z. Show thata -
h::.;.
(ii) (r2+r + ro)2 - (7x + z)2,
(iii) xl+3ef+12+4r+3. 6. Two motor-cars make the journey between two towns which are
rrz km apart, both starting from the same town. One car travels
2. (n) Find the value of c, if the L.C'M. of xz+3r-ro' ro.km per hour faster_-than the other, but leaves the starting point
x2 - 2x - 35, and xs - Sxz- 2gx+ c is (r - z)(.t + 5)(t - S)(r - Z).
3 hr. zo min. later, If both carg arrive at the second town ai the
same time, find the pace of each car,
(D) simpriry (r *
l)'* (- - *)' - (:.7) Q* * i^) F
3. (a) If b=x+!, c=x*Lb, find a in terms of x,!, c. 1. Factorise : (i) r6x3 + z(zx - gy)s,
: (ii) 5a-r2 + 8y - r5xy - 6y2 + 36x,
(b) lf t2 + (4a - 3)t + 4a2 - 6a + z o, find r in terms of a.
(iii)
4,OT is a tangent to the
zxz + 3xy - S4yz - zry - z.
circle XyT. e)(:q cm, Xy 2. Find the square root of
:p cm, OT:t cmt XT:v cmt xG - 6xb + zrxa - 44.ccs + 6ox2 - 48x + 16
YT:t cm. 4x4
Find a relation between P, 8. : (i) ab(25 -
q, r 1 and one between g, r, Solve x2)= 5x(a2 - bz),
(ii) 4xz + Jxy 't r2y2: 14, x + y: r.
O t,a. t
5. In a journey of z4o km z' Simolifv
4. vurrPrrr' (5r
=----J- t --
- ;#-4-
to increase the average speed by - 3)(5r'+ z) 15,
-115x
- zy'
r5 km per hour would shorten
by 8o minu-tes the time taken by 5. A cyclist sets out to ride from A to B, a distance of 3o km. After -s\
a certain train. Find the train's average speed. riding z5 km, he has a puncture and walks the remainder of the distance,
and finds that the journey takes 4 hr, ro min. Had he ridden z km
6. \/alues of r and y are to be found which will make the three per hour faster, and the puncture occurred r km earlier, the journey
expressions 2x+3y-t, N-J,-8, all have the same would have taken 4 hours. What is his rate of riding ?
numerical values, but one of them "-3y-z
is to have its sign opposite to
that of the other two. Solve the problem in as many ways as you 6. Draw the graph of (r+ r)(r+z) for values of r from -3 to
can' r'5. Between what values of x within this range does the expression
E (.t+ r)(rtz) decrease in value as r increases? Use your graph to
1. What sum of money amounts to $.K in ? years at C per cent. solve.r2+Jr*o'4:s. Draw (and label) the line whose points of
per annum Compound Interest? with the curve would give solutions of the
intersection equation
x2+3x+r'5:o.
2. Factorise : (i) z4tc2 - tox - 25, G
(ii) Sr+ zx + 4bx2 - r - rzbx,
(iii) r + za + zbc + a2 - bz - c2. l. Factorise : (i) +o(+l - 3m)t + S (l + 3m)3,
(ii) ga+ 5xs - 4zx2 + trrc+ t2.
8. Find the H.C.F. of x - z.
6s4 - rs - 47x2 + 3ox and - z7x3 - t6x2 + rzfi. 2. Simolifv . zx3 --4x2 +
36xa x"-x-?
 342 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnr. rXVI.] TEST PAPERS VII 343
$. /QPR:so": LPSQ. PQ-o cD, PS:.r cm, pS:z cm, I
SR:c cm. Find a in terms of 1. (a) A man invests $X in a c per cent. stock at l. What is
(i) b, x, (ii) b, c. Pl his income?
4. A man bought a number of (6) Find the values of a and D, if the expression I
chickens for
zxs - r5xz ax * b
$rzoo. He lost 5, - 4 and zx - r.
is divisible by both x
but was able to make up the 2. Factorise:. (i) (7a-36)3- (Sa+zb)3,
deficiency by selling the rest at (ii) rzy + 14* + ryx - 4zxy - 6,
$r profit per head. How many (iii) 4c2 + t2xy - gxz + dz + 4cd - 4y2.
didhebuy? Q S R
5. Solve: 3rc+ 2y:zxy, gx+4J,:5x\,. 3. Solve (i) 1! - 9-* ,:7.
x z(x+2) 3'
6. (a) If 3e-!:4, prove that z7x3-36xy-y3:64. (ii) 4x2 + 3ry - 3y2 = 4, S, + 3y - ro.
(b) If zs:a+6+c, find in its simplest form, in terms of a,b, c 4. Aman's total income is {1. On f,zzo of this he pays no
only, the value of s2 + (s - a)z + (s - b)2 + (s - c)2. income-tax, on the next {r35 he pays tax 7.5 p in the {, and on
the remainder he pays tax zt 22.5 p in the ^t{. What is his total tax
H and what percentage is this of his total income (r) if l>355, (z) if
355>A>zzo, (3) if A<zzo. (Remember {r: roo p.)
. r-a x+lt . 5, A man walks a certain distance. Had he walked half the distance
1. (a) If ,=4-r_" and 'I =
r+a'
€XDr€SS
' t-rcy
lfi terms Of A m further at the same rate, he would have taken 4o min. longer, and
its simplest form. -. - had he walked at the rate of I km per hour slower, he would have
(b) It f(a, b, taken r6 min. longer to cover the original distance. Find the distance
c) = az + bz + c2 -
ab - bc - ca, evaluate
and the time of walking.
f(a+ x, b + x, c + x) - f(a, b, c). 6. Solve xty=a, !+z=b, x2-22=c2.
2. Factorise : (i) r4aa - 33a2 - 56,
(ii) 8a.t2 - x + toa + t - r8ax, J
(iii) aa (b + c) - ba (c + a) + ca(a - b). 1. (rz) If *= 4 and 'y=l-, prorr. that z= 4
8. Find the H.C.F. of
2-y 2-z' 2-x
(D) Determine a and D sothat rzx4-3rx3+r4x2+ax+br,:'aybe
- 3x3 -t gxz - 7x + rs and +r4 - 7*3 + r3x2 - 3x+g.
zx4 divisible by (r- r)2 without remainder ; and factorise the quotient.
4. Sorve
T_:' -;_l:F] -"j--e 2. If a suitable value be given to tr, the square root of the ex-
pression 9rG - 6n5 + z5x4 - 5ox3 + 3or2 + l.r + 49 works out exactly.
5. A fa small pigs for g7zo. Four of them
Work the square root and find the value of l.
died, and r head more than he gave for them. 3. Factorise : (i) 6oox2 - t3oxy - 63y,,
On the w a profit of g8o. Find the price he (ii) (rzxz - 7x + 4il2 - (S:r - l)2, q
originally til) ir + 24;2y - i"*y -7- sii.' \
t
6. The floor levels of a building are 5 m a 4. (a) lf ! 'c =-r2, find t in terms of the other letrers.
at an average rate of r m per scc. upwards and r r+zt r+7/'J1'
A man ascends from the ground floor by the s t tr: t t
Solve
x-3 * f-o x-4 * r-5
(D)
at a uniform rate of ] m per sec. At the sam
and returns to 5. A bookseller bought a certain number of books of equal value
emaining there for g3z4o. He sold all but zo at $9 each more than he paid for them,
aphically when and the remaining zo, which were shop soiled, he sold for half as
eight from the much each as he obtained for the others. His profit was 9726. How
many books did he buyl
34 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer.uvr.]
8. Show that the values of r'andy which satisfy the two equations
(b+c)x+by:ax+(a+)y= -c, also satisfy the equation
a(x+r):b(y+r).
K
t
l. Factorise: (i) 16-4cd-C-412,
(ii) 48x2 - 56xy+ r6y2,
(iii) a - 6y + z8x - zTxy + 45/.
2. Simolifv 5"--4 +t -
t^5*-6 PART III
z,x'-4 Stc 2Sx'+Sx-o,.
t2\s CHAPTER XXVII
B. (a) Exoan ' d(l-t-
\2
(D) Dilide
3+i)' INDICES, SURDS, IRRATIONAL EQUATIONS
- b3 + C + 3abc + 33 + gab +3c* r by a - b + c+ r.
as
186. Inilices. In Chapter XI, the following laws of indicee
4. Solve (i) (fr'?+ hlxz-(ha+hz - r)r*(42- r)=q,
(ii) 4r2 - toxy+25y2:zr, 4tc- 5y:3. were proved:
5 (a) If F(x,y):saays, find F(za+t,a-3). (t) et x aP x a? x ... : am+n+D+r+.",
am x
(D) Determine a and D in order that af + bf - z8x2 - 3zx + 2r (z) *an -am-n, provided, that m >n and a + o,
am
may be exactly divisible by zxz + 5x - 3.
or, o^ tan= o-L*, provided that nlm and. a*o,
6. A man rented several hectares of farmland for $rz ooo. He
worked 4 hectares himself, and by I re (3) (a-)n=a^'.
more than he paid for it, he received to These laws have only been proved, if all the letters rn, fl, P, t...
the rent of the whole. How many
represent positive integers. for the proofs were based on the defini-
L tion that am stands for the product of m factors each equal to a, and,
1. Find the remainder (of the first degree in x) obtained on this definition is unintelligible, unless rz is a positive integer. IJp
dividing 6."-3- rgra - x3+ 4gxz - 4uc+ 5 by zx2 - 5r+ r. to the present no meaning has been assigned to such expressions
2. Factorise : (i) 5o(*- g)2- gS @ - 3)Qx+ r)+ 4z(zx+ r)2, o-2, o-',ao ; if'we wish to use such symbols, we must first define
(ii) q.ra + rzf + 3xz - 3x - r, ^"
them.
(tii) rzxz -,cy - 6y2 - 3rr + zy + zo.
Now it would clearly be very inconvenient, if we had one set of
3. Find the H.C.F. of
as - 3a2b - Tabz + rzbs and za1 - alb- 5a262 + t3abs - tzba.
rules for positive integral indices and a different set of rules for t
fractional or negative indices. We therefore determine meanings
4. The sum of two numbers is nine times their difference, and
their product is less by 4 than nine times their sum. Find the for symbols such as
numbers. q2, a-2, ao, a-n
tc+a+c
5. solve f;>
O-j6ac1+3:\++ x+c ' in the following way :
We assume that they obey the fundamental law of indices,
(ii)6+8r
' 5x+2Y *-tY=t' Jtc*4Y=2 am x 44 x a9 x ar 7 ,..:4mlnlgir*...,

6. Draw in the same diagram and with the same scaies the and accept the meaning derived from this assumption. It will be
graphs of tr3 and E@S - *2) for values of * from o to 4. Find found that the symbols so interpreted will also obey the other laws
a value of * which satisfies xs + x2=zS. given above.
345
346 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. xxr/Il.l FRACTIONAL AND NEGATM INDICES 3+7
169. To finrl a meaning f<rr a-D, where n is a Dositive numbor.
16?. Io flntl a meaning for al, whert p, q a^re Dositive integers.
Consider first a simple case, say a-3.
Consider first a simple .u.", ."y o3. i Since a-B obeys the fundamental law of indices, we have
Since at obeys the fundamental law of indices, we havel : : r, provided
2 2 2 2,2 2 a-3 x a3 - a-3+3 ao that a + o.
ai x ai Y 4i = 4i t i t 3:a'. ^ Dividing each side by a3, we have
Since the result of cubing at is a2, it follows that a?:Jiz.
More generally, Provided that a+o.
"-t:*",
2 2 ? !+?+!+..to4trrm! More generally,
aa x ae xaa x to q ^
fagfgrc:aq qe d-nxan-a-n+n-ao- r, plovided thlat a+o.
p
: aP, j'e'
: t/"'' Dividing each side by an, we have
p "'
o-" :'),, Provided that a + o.
In other words, aq is equal to the gth root of an.
Note. The pupil is already familiar with the fact that the square It follows that any factor n.ay be transferred from the numerator
root of 4 may be + 2 ot - 2. This is a particular case of a more to the denominator of an expression, or vice versa, provided that
general result, viz. that, if n is a positive integer, every quantity has the sign of the index is changed.
z nth roots. x3y-2 x3*
Thus,
When n is even, two of these are real, one being positive and the
other negative (e.g two values of V8t ure +3 and -3), and the It should be particularly noted that we have assigned no meaning
others are imaginary (e.g. two values of i'/8r are y 1 and - Vls). to a-n, when a: o.
When a is odd there is only one real root and the others are 1?0. We have now obtained meanings for am, when m has any
imaginary. The real positive root of a real positive quantity is rational value, with the proviso that if. m is negative or zero, d must
called the principal root. not be zero. It should be noted that we have not defined am when
In using the fractional index notation we consider the princinal zr is irrational or unreal, e.g. for m:t/7 or m:r/ -4.
root only. Thus, 8rl= +3, while -3, the other real root, is In the work which follorvs it is assumed that all indices are
written - 8ri}. rational and real, and ttrat the following propositions are true.
When a is a negative quantity, e.g. -27, it cannot have an even (r) am-an:xm-n1a+0) for all values of m antl n.
real root, since an even number of positive or negative quantities (z) (an)n:am for all values ofm antl n.
multiplied together gives a positive quantity. But a negative [a must not be zero, if either m or n is negative or zero.]
quantity has one real negative odd root; this will be the principal (3) (ab)n:aDbn for all values of n.
root. Thus, the principal of - z7 is - 3.
cube root
[aD must not be zero, if z is negative or zero.f
168. To flntl s meaning for a0. By the fundamental law of Note 1. In general, a-bn can be simplified only if either a:6
indices, we have 4m x 6o =7m*o - om. -Ol m:n.
Provided that a+o, we may divide each side by a-, obtaining [If a and D have a common factor, it may be possible to obtain a

ao:anlao:t. simpler expression for a'nbn.]

It should be particularly noted that we have assigned no meaning Note 2. There is no simple form equivalent to (a* h)n.
to oo, The methods to be used are illustrated by the following examples.
r 348
1?1. Example
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
1. SimPlify
[cnrr. rxvrr.l FRACTIONAL AND NEGATM INDICES
4. Express with positive indices and without root signs :

I
6) at x a!s, (ii) P-!;cz-', (iii) (zd-27-s. .
!o; W; l"-; 9"-; Vl*; ':/r-
_-. a 4 3,{
A) aT x 46 :47+ t:4d6.
3l
t 5. Express with root signs and with positive indtces :
o
(it) f-Y +e-t : r(t-vF/:+) : 4-v. o'r; bt; ,-t'; di; l-*; t-*; yZ; z-s
(iii) (z/-27-t: au: :t- 4c. 6. Express with positive indices and without root signs :
"-" .!r'4e !
Example 2. 8r1. a-ai r-s; 9,, -t-, T= 2.
, b_rt, ai , b_+
Ez,:aluate
c-2
dr
^CIIII t:g-s:(grr.f :T": 7. Find the numerical values of :

Note that we may regard

"z'
8rt either as (8rl)3 or as (8ra)l; the ,6f;; +zs; zs-t; 8-3; (o.oa)*i z16-?;;
result is the same in either case, but the work is considerably lzl'; 64-'ri (6'25)r's; 4-r'5; (-8)-8; Z+Z-t;
shortened by taking (8rl)3, etc., as above, instead of V56:44r, erc. (o.25)l'i r44o; (-5rz)-3-; 3z-+; 6+E; 70i
( - s+i)5 ; (o'or)-8' ; z72i; (o'oo8)i ; ( -:*)-6 ;
B. sinprify (D (*)-3; zirzE; s+xe-l; (St)3; z5ur"z5-L;
Exampre
##N, GD L?),;. 4; 3? 3Z; (+i)-3; 5l- 5-l ; +n-2 x 43-n ; toz4-o's
r?; " {/bz aE x bE:aV-i$ti;i
.o_r,.2_rr
3z-o " '
and without root signs :
(i),\D__X\A,v
;---,, H - aobr:b. Express with positive indices
-:. b_ixAz !L.
,..' (zr)-2 2-2x-2 3tY2 3Y2
3r-1.
8. 9. 5c-i-. Lo. 7:z-3. 3x-4a5.
0t) I
Ur1== 3-ry_r=,+:;r, 12. l=. 13. 2. L4. x2x4x-L. 15. x-a x 8lcB.
3a-' 4c-i
EXER,CISE 84 16. .r-a x(4$8. !7. x1 x (+t)-tr. 18.#
r-7 may be tahen orally)
(.rVos.
1. Read off the values of: 19. ''-'-ul. 20. zal x Sa-z.
r I .2 .l z-"
a,_!sxas;
2 ,E
atrxaE; b'xbi:' c-6xci hx h-? ; ab-2xb2c-3. 24, bsx-L :3x-t
zz. r -(Fx)-!i . 28.
I-rt l-* ; rn-4 r nJ ; nl'l x n-o'| . JC34 X.t _-r3 ; r*sxY;
r " t- ," - , " 2 ! 25. h3x r-;13.-)-2. 26. 1:^t$3.
a: -ai ; b.-b-o ; c5+c-6 i d-? : d-ro ' ho-=hb i t"t+tP.
l-3+l-rt i mlm-a i n3r+n6t i X_2. z:X.3!- ; y-3+y4.
29. Vl.i;rr;s--2. 29. l/znz 'Xt7.
gZ. a-rbz x b-scz. gB. 3at \ 4a-2.
80.
31. r ='(e1'2)-!-.
2. Express in rvords :
J",; 34. 3alt , (4a)-2. 35. gxt +@7x\-t. 88. czy-a +3y-2.
Xl-:f ; G; *F; iF"; tr*. 3?. a:9G-r. 88. c2y-6+(3y)-2. 89. r+x/z5c'
8. Express with a single index :
(oa)' ; (o")t; (oi)u ; @+)2; 6iyi;t +0. i/"tr-{/1. 41. tfi+liffi. 42. (zab)-zxb2c2.

k-tr1t. 43. Express as a power of 8 : 4, 16, t, i, 1/2, tz8.

(y-3)-'o ; @-ift; (13;-o ' (x-")" i
l. 44. Find n, if
(o-a)2 (a-t1-2. (a-i;0. - 5
; @11-2. @-i)-a i
/ 1\ a! (i) r' x xn : f , (ii) x" x r" : l, liii; (x")s : "l i', (iv) t t" : x./x.
(c-i)-r; 1yl)-s i @-r-? i (l-B)bl ; \rnl.
35o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA , fcrue xxvu.l FRACTIONAL AND NEGATM INDICES 35t
1?2. Example 4. Diaide z4a-s + r3a-2 + rra-t -6 6y stt - ,. 8. ztxt+r3-+**+ r by 3r*+ r.
3a-L - r ) z4o-" + r3a-2 + tta-r - 6 ( 8a-2 + 7a-r + g ?. xt+r-* byr+.r-r-r.
z4a-3 - gn-z
2ta-'+ tta- 8. 3x-i - sx-+ + r-t - r by 3x-? - .*-* + t.
- 7a-l Find the square root of:
"ro-2
r8a-r -6 9. gr' - t2x + to - 4x-r + x-2.
r8a-r -6 10. 4.t6 * 9r6-s - 24*-E - r6x$ + 28.
Detached coefficients may be used, if desired.
* (5"-r)o ,r. "; + sttt, -6JD + r +4A- 3vr).
Example 5. sitnptify 5" " r
12. 9rB - rr.rt - z + 4-x-i + x-f.
Simplify and express with positive indices:
The expression equals
## '. -lr;, fo, 2s-n:(s2)-n:s-2^
= 5r+n!-n-"-l-n+142n = Sn'.
13. ( rlruzyo;e. t+. C:/i*;f4. ts. (4aa---zsb\-*.
(#-)-
Exampre 6. simptiJy f +:-i)-t-:
\y-r2,/ \
(Jt4-9, ')-1
2yzs-L I
16. /8*:\-+.
u'-"./
19. z 1.tiyi;2 .
',.(#-)-r
@*-a)-'.
".
:J\FF+J zo. oe_f,li.
The expressio" = tL., : ('_lj-'l' ;* 21. ["iai-r+"] =*#. 22. (zz)t x Q)-I x (rooo)-lt
-- *t
y3-z
e-olr
2s. (83 r6-*++i),. 24. (o'+)2 x (o'rz5)*-(z'5)r.
xz ,3-.Xt ,y-,
- --i i_=--l-zl_q_z
'
4E)'z-E z -x -z- zE. 6x-!tA1-,*(#)'. zB.
#-":"b++o*a-+.
9_
.r*2 2-2X-422
81"4-I 3-2xiY-r 27. {aair?tf :4a-t6-r. Zg. ",/os+" , ll oz+a : l/i-x.
:.3' -rg-n. t:yr-.rrza| 29. (gx-ry3)-L", ^/ xy}. so. Vr-q,JtB ; J,tyW.
-8. ze'
E g ,orori:94, (#-)'*(.?!4)'. 32. i/(", - b\8 x (a2 - g\-1.
r ".
32-32 n_
33. {6-iY"1-3 x Vc-4V6-r8.
=- (rzr-r)n+i -**-r.t$i.
84. (rzr-r;n+r
Multiply:
EXER,CISE 85

1. 3xl - 7 + gx-t by zxl - 5.r-+.

sb.ffi"#. sa.s--$7{.
Solve the following equations :
Z. aiti + o-tt-* t>y a"Lbi - .o-Eb-*.
37. axs:bs. 88. asrc&:b+rc2. 89, a-tx-*=6-r.
8. z*i +3rl+ r by.t*-rl+ r. - 49. oz6sr:6*xtz. 4L. c-ix-tr:d-tx-*. +i. ni*-t:A-8r1.
4. aE - o|b's + b3 by a? + oibl + b?. 43. xzy}:as; 44. ,iY!g:P' 45. xiy-r:o-t'
4 ,e l-r
Divide: Jc!? = b8. Yz - lx-z ' Yxi : b6.
5. l6a-* + 6a-tt + 5a-L - 6 by za-L - u 48. z":32. 47. #:st. 48. ro6t: rooo.
3Sz ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [ctnr. :gvIl,l SURDS 35t
Write down the value of : e quantities instead of Vz is less than o'ooor. By taking the equaro
(xi-a)(ri+5). 50. (4,/a )Q:/a+z). root to a greater number of decimal places we can obtain grcatcr
49.
accuracy. It is therefore rllot necessary to introduce surds into
11. (xB - 6a),@E - $. 52. (r + rz1ca)=(r + 5c-2). numerical work, but in practice it will be found that, even wherc
Es. 6? - zo-i.'y. 54. (rl+ .*-t)'. approximate numerical results are required, the work is consider-
ably simplified by using surd symbols.
Express in simplest form, free from radical sigrrs and negative
indices :
a
174. Surds may always be expressed as quantities with frac-
5g. 'c - 5x;- tional indices. Expressions involving surds may be transformed
14.
t- 4x, - zt into other expressions by using the laws stated earlier in this
chapter.
sa. - 'i;aft'Y -. Thus, a suril of any oraler may be traruformeil into a suril of o
x1i+2,xiya+4yt
ilifferent oriler.
f _L 15 t-o
80. (ri+Z)(r -1xi+4$. For v3=35-3r5- v3e.
In particular, surtls of ilifferent oralers mey be transformeil into
Simplify and express with positive indices : surtls of the sa,me order. This order may be any corrunon multiple
u1. 1vff)n. 62. (r6c-6:f)-t. 88. 1\E-a-z6s1s. of each of the given orders, but it is usually most convenient to
64. (Hjt-i ". (#;)* s6. (::5sj8arr.
choose the /easf common multiple. Trrus {/i-l :lA :6 may each
be expressed as surds of order z4 (the L.C.M. of 4, 3, 8) or any
multiple of 24, for t7 = aZ = ai+ !W. Similarly Vrf = t'r-u and
6?. 3zE x-?yz --(zr6xay21t. 88. tO-*.s+-6.
z4E.
lt os :!f ors -
U9. ,.11-")-5 g8'tr. ?0. :/"8t, x latt-r1-2. To compare surds of different orders, they must first be trans-
'
^- -n-L
-n+2-J5.t ,o 32n+l = gn2 formed to surds of the same order. Thus, to compare 13, ,$6 and
lL.-. / ''' (Z-2)". (322+1)sr-r-
7"xtt d/ro, we express them in the form Y6,'t1296, X/rooo. Thus
SURDS 96, {/ro, r,/3 are in descending order of magnitude.
1?3. If a is a rational quantity which is not a perfect zth
t tl
1?5. Since (ab)i:a"6", the nth root of any expression is equal
power, {a is called a surd ofthe nth order. to the proiluct of the nth roots of the factors of the expression.
Thus, j3 is a surd of the second order, or a quaalratic sural; Thus
95 is a surd of the third order. But ,lzz5 and *l a are arithmetical
numbers in surd form, since z'25 is a perfect square and z7 is a
perfect cube. It should also be noted that JZ+ is not a surd
"tS From 1ii) and (iii) it is clear that a surd may sometimes be expressed
but a surd expression. Some surd expressions can be reduced to
surds ; thus, VVz is equal to tlzi in the latter form it satisfies the as the product of a rational quantity and a surd. When a surd is
definition of a surd. -expressed so that the integer under the root sign is as small as
Surds are inexpressible either as integers or as fractions, but the possible it is said to be in its simplest form. Thus,3^,rz is the
value of a surd can be obtained to any degree of accuracy, i.e. a simplest form of Vr8. Conversely, a coelficient of a surd may be
surd is an irrational quantity. Thus, Vz: r'4r+2t...; i.e. Vz lies brought under the root sign; thus, 2"15: "/4^t5:'/zo' A surd so
between r'4r42 and t'4r+3. The error in using either of these expressed is called an entire srutl.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA., [cHAp. xrvrrf, . SURDS
3S4 355

1?0. When gurds can be expressed with the sametirrational This example illustrates a very important practical principle.
factor they are said to be lihe; otherwise they are said to be unlike. Fractions with surds in the denominator should always be replaced
Thus,4{7, g./7 are like, and y5, 6Vrr.are unlike surds. by equivalent fractions with rational denominators. This process
Itshould be carefully noted that \/;+b,:lx-y, etc. cannot bc is called rationalising the ilenominator ; the factor by which
simplified, unless we know the numerical values of a, b, x, y, etc. numerator and denominator are multiplied to effect this result is
called a rgtionalising fac'tor. Thus, in Ex. rz, x/z is a rationalising
1?7. Aililition anil subhaction of suils. The sum of a number
factor.
of like surds can be found when they have been expressed in their
The advantage of this process is that the divisor is an integer
simplest form.
instead of an inexact decimal. Not only is the working shortened,
Exanple Find the nm of ,/t&, ^/+g and ,/75.
7. but it is much easier to obtain the answer correct to any required
Thc required sum: 6V3 +4V3 + 5V3 : rSV3. number of figures.
Exa,mple 8. Simplify 3,/t47 - rrVfi - fV[. 39 -5
Eka,mple 18. Eraluate .
The expression:2r V3 - trVl - tVf 5Vz8 vd8
:(zr - tl- *J4 3.2.7',/3. \/2
Ifote.
$)VS = rSVS.
It is usual to express a surd with a rational denolninator.
rr'ev^Fruee'Y
Theexoressiorr:3.2.v3
s.2.^17- rz.r/z,.ll
. - s.z.tz.^h."/7../3
Thus V*:V+x3=Vtx V3=*V3. :!=to=''a'+
'-#=,o7q7 aPPtox'
ExslrDle 9. Express xJ 4$ + zt: ya - JE$ ;" its simplxt,
form. EXERCISE 86
The expression = t . 3x Jy+z( - z) J y - zxz :ly l. Express as surds of the twelfth order with positive indices t
= (3x2 -* - zxz) tY: @' - r') :J Y.
(i) Vr, (ii) Vz, (iii) !2, Gu) /VF, 1u1V"*, 1vi; :l"v-'.
Unlike surds cannot be collected.
Thus, the sum of 3V5 and 7^Jz is 3"/5+7J2, arrd, can only be 2. Arrange in descending order:
simplified further by substituting approximate values for {5 and O !s, */f, !5; (ii)V6, Vt', Vg.
J2. Such an expression is called a compounil suill. 8. Express as surds of the same lowest order :
Blrrnple 10. Sinplifu ,JzSz+ z^/.ga-n,/+. (i) Vr, ,l/rc6 ; (ii) Y7, Va ; (iii) i[i', J"; Gv) !7, ,lz, !s.
The expression=6r/7 + 14r/6 - z./6:6,17 + rz"/6, Express the following surds in their simplest form :
178. Mnltiplicotion anil ilivision of surds. The process ie 4. (i) ,/288, (ii) ^'[8, Gii) \/i, (iv) Viilx, (v) Jiz-F, (vi) J--t6.
illustrated by the following examples: 5. (i) V98, (ii) ^/242, (iii) ^/72o, (iv) Viz8,
&anple 11. Find the product of z,/-32, ^/4, .tr1o. (v) :l=m,. (vi) sf68.
The product= 2.4. r/2.3.V3. S. \/2../3
6- @I .J&, (ii) 3Jrzy', (iii1 'V-Pyto,
=2. 4. 3,S . ^/2. ;/z ../5.,,/g
:2.4.3 .5 .2.3=Jzo. 1iy) ,/F+7Fiiffi, (fl scJ)-5oFF.
Express as entire surds :
Etanple 12. Find the numerical oalue of 3 z!2, (t) z{9, (vi) +,Vs'
- z\/2 . 7. (i) g./2, (ii) rr^,/5, (iii) sJr, $v)
3: J", x r-'4t4=
,3, =z.tz (t); vr2s, (iii)
2r/2 4 -3
. r/z-31,2 4
r.o6o5 appro& 8. (i) s
{;, ;C, Gr ;"1+,r, ,+tl*t
3s6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA tcuen. rrvrr.l SURDS 357
{
Simplify the following : This example is of great importance. If we multiply together the
L0. 6"J62 + s,/28 - 16"/2. sum and the difference of any two surds of the second ordcr (quad-
9, +JG-s4;+8Vs. ratic surds), we obtain a rational product.
fi. OV3q - rcx/a3+6,/rg2. 12. S"/qa-84r70+a./gs.
13. g9r89+6V87s - r1956. 14. roV8r - nlltgz+7iloae. 180. Binomial expressions such as 7r/2+ S./3,7V2 - 5V3, which
f 5. 6Vr28 + s"li - rc"/-t6* 1S. 3V - 54 - 59 - rO + zl ,-=-zg. differ only in the sign which connects their terms, are said to be
18. 6oV+ -z"li-t.,/-*.
conjugatc. We have shown above that the product of two conju-
t?. s"lw -+V+ -7J*. gate surds is rational. This result enables us to rationalise thc
L9; zx",/Ffi + sxzy^lgx - #,/7-z5ry2. denominator of a fraction, when the denominator is a binomial.
20. xzJ z7 S - 3 z:/ -El"F - fl-z5xyo*. The rationalising factor is the surd which is conjugate to the de-
Simplify the following surds, and find their numerical values, nominator.
correct to two places of decimals, given
\/ 2 : t' 41 42, r/ 3 : r'7 3zr, t/ S : z'236r,,J6 = z' 4495, : Z'6+58. Example 16. Dioide 7 + 3Jz by S - 3J2, and find the oalue of
^/Z
the quotimt correct to g ignifrcant figures.
2L. sveB. 22. sVr8+VF.
28. 3./ra7.
,/l:,S. 25. z./r5o - ^1"+i. + + 3J2)(S + 3\/2)
24. ".tzoo - The ouotient
' -75 - 3"t2
3,12-\7
(5 - 3v2) (5 + 3J2)
28. 8vr2s - roVro8 + 5Vr25. 27. 3;ti x fi.
28. 5./8 x z16. 29. zfiox x/35. 80.3fixaY5. _35 + r S x/z + zr,J z + 18= 5Il6J2
z5-r8 ?
81. 2,/yx 5Ji. 52. 3xta-,{*. ,r.+. 53 + 36 x r.4t4 ro3.9o4
- . 'a
77 - -
= r4.8, correc'_ to 3 significant figures.
84. 3o
s5. 19. g8.4,/3. S?. _!9a.
Vr8 47 9./z vl2' Example 17. Express with a rctional denominator.
GT+, + r
38.
roVq6.
Jzs
rr.#' 40. I9!3.-
7'l z7
,'/,*.
vd
3
Here it is impossible to rationalise in one step. We have
- I v5+v2-r _ ^/S+^/z-r
1?9. Compounil surils. In simplifying expressions containing V5+ V2+ r (V5 +,12+ r)(V5 + "Jz- t) - (Vs + ./z)2 - r
compound surds we may proceed as in dealing with rational ,Js+ q/z - r Js+ x/z- r-(Vs + Vz - r)(r4o - g)
expressions. -- 5+z+znt:'r- r-- z(Vro+3) z(Jro+3)(V--s)
Example 14. Multiply zJx - SJy by 3\/tc + z\/y.
The product: (zt/x - S"lDh\/t( + zJy) -3V2- V;+3=zr - V5 - Vto+3.
-5V2-3V5+2V5
: zt/x . 3"h - 5Jy . 3+/x + z^Jx , zt/y - 5^Jy .2\/y 9)
z(ro - 2

:6x- ry"lxy++nlxy- toy 181. Square root of binomial quailratic surils. From the
:6x-u,Jry-rcy. formula (,txt^/y)z:x+yLzr/-xy we can write down the square
root of an expression A+zx/B, if we can find two quantities .n, y
Example 15. Find the oalue of (2"/z+ S../iOtlz - SVS).
such that their sum is I and their product is B.
Since (a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2, *'e have
0^/z+ 54117V2 - 5y31: 0^/z)2 - (s"liz Exa,mple 18. Find the square toot of ro - z'Ji.
=49x?-25xg:98-75 The expression may be written in tbe form 7 + 3 - z'/7 ,3.
=23. It is then cloar that the square root is VZ - V3.
3s8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRAQ tcrnr. xxvrr.l IRRATIONAL EQUATIONS 359
Example 19. Find the square rcot of zz+ rzt/2. It is therefore essentisl to tpst the resulb by substituting in the
We fint write the expreseion so that the coefficient of the surd oriSinal equation. The root a:7 is a root of the equation
is z. V3 19 + r r : r. If we solve this equation by the method given
Thus, 22+ t2\/z:22+ zJZO * z:zz+2fi. rubove, we shall find that it teads to the sarne equation as before,
We must therefore find two numbers such that their sum is zz x2 - z3x + ttz:o,giving r: t6 or x=7 ; but, on checking, it will
and their product is 72. The numbers are 18 and 4 ; bc seen that we must now reject x= 16 and take x:7'
-'. J;" + t;A: Vr8 + x/4: 3xz + z.
Example 21. Solae ^J-x +6+ Vr+ r :,16x+7.
If the numbers carurot be readily guessed, we solve the equations
Square each side, .'. r+6 +t+ r + 2"J(x+6)(x+ t):6x+7.
ely:2'2, xy:72, in the usual manner.
Isolate the term containing the root, :. z"l@ + O11x + 4= atr.
Note. Since every quantity has two square roots, - (^h - Divide each side by z, .'. V(n + 6) (tr + r) :2r'
^t1l
and- (3 {e * z) are also square roots of the expressions to - z^,/i, Square each side, .', (x + 6) (.r + r):4r2, which reduces to
22+r2\/z respectively; but it is a convention that only the (x - S) (Src * z): s,
3rc2 - 7x - 6: o, or
positive root should be considered.
."x=3 Or X:-?s',
182. Irrational equations. An irrational equation is one in Check. When r:3, L.H.S.: + ../a: 3 + 2:5,
"t9
which the unknown or unknowns occur under a root sign. R.H.S.: J.s:s,
In the following examples the positive value of the square root is ;. x=3 is a solution.
always taken. Thus, a term such as "Jzx1, when r:6, means When x: --3, L.H.S.=V\0+r-l -lVS+tvl:!Vg,
the positive value of {9, i.e. +3 R.tI.S. - ^,/:,
The method of solution is illustrated in the following examples. .'. x: -3 is not a solution, but it is easily seen that r: -! is a
Example 20. Soloe,/x+g+rt:x. solution of Js - O - V"-* t : ."6..' + t.
There is only one term in which the unknown occurs under a It should be noted that the check is not complete, unless it is
scen that the rejected root satisfies an equation derived from the
root sign. Rearrange the equation so that this term is by itself on
one side of the equation. This is known as isolating the term. original equation by one or more changes of sign. It must not be
overlooked that a root may fail to satisfy because of sorne error in
We then have Vr-a!:r- tr. Square each side,
the working'
,'. x + g = (x - tr)z : *z - 22x + t2r, ExERcIsE g?
J. x2-23)c+-t2:o, .'. (r- ft)(x-7):s, Find the value of :
.' . x,: 16 or x:7 . 1. (S Vr - 2, (+ + 71/l) x 3,/1.
3) x 4vtc.
Check. When *: 16, L.H.S. :,J"5+rr=5+ rr=16, 3. (zVs - s,/z)z. 4. (z^/x - +./v)(z^Jx + 5V,)'
R.H.S.: r6, 5. (+Vs - sVz)(:VS +7\/2). 6. (2,/'t + 3JS)QJ7 - 3Vs).
.'. x--16 is a solution. ?. (6 + sr/r)2. s' (zVs - sVa)2'
When r:7, L.H.S.: Vi6+ rt :4+ rr : 15, 9. (,/ x + zy - 6ii * ./-x
+ zy. 10. (r/z + x - x/-2
- r12.
R.H.S.:7, LL. (z+,/s- Vs+Vz). 12. (t+ z,/z-.1)h+z^/z+"/5).
... x=7 is not a solution. "/ilQ-
Simplify and express with rational denominators :
It should be carefully noted that the process of squaring each 13, r=(s-4V3). 14. q-(SVt - 6,/z).
side of an equation is a non-reversible step. It may therefore 16. (r + ,Js)-(Js + t).
15. (r3 - Vs)+(2 + 3Vs).
introduce a root or roots which do not satisfy the original eguation.
rZ. 5V[ . (V7+ 4z). 18. (6 + 4.l:)+(6 - 3V3).
360 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA{ [cHer. xxvr I.I IRRATIONAL EOUATIONS 36t
L9. (2./s + :Vz):(s - 2,/6). 20. b2=(a - ,/A'z - tz). l - r:.J416j.
z,/yt SS. \/2.rc - 3= J8FT2- "/e+ g.
Ob-
2L. $/;6T7 + g--(h6 + x2 - 4';. ZZ. t=(s- Vs)2(z + VS). n7. Jy a 1+ \6 + 8 : :/-6*tr t. fr SA. ./* + 2a + :/x: rz.rc +-a.'
"l
23. (r+ n/i=@+V3)(3V3+5). p4. e+2"/z)=(r+ x/z)z.
Given \/z:r'4t+2, ./3:r.Z3zr, ./S:2.236r, ./6:2.4495, - ro - 2 : o. r,, O. "4 6 + Sx -,,1 n 1x + r/8 - 31,.
,fg. ./ x - z + "{-x
,/7 = 2.6458, find, correct to two decimal places,-the value of j ' ' -'
. 7L. Jz+x-,6--r:o. 72. ,/2rc+:^r+"/3y- o:
7s. +-:'t:-::.
Vx-O Vt-I3 74. \/*";-zJx=#.
,Jg+#
. 76.
^./a-t + S -,1e, + 3= "l6;i -./G,

" 76. ./&-;1= a;;t a 5x - n : "/-zx

- 3.
77. 3x2 - 2rx + a,lF - 7x + ro.
"6:
f llrxr: I*ty: +,6t=rx+ro:l
.r2 + 27 : rox + 6"tP -
78. -t 1 t3.
88. Verify by substitution that 3+2V5 is a root of #-6x:rt. 7$. 6x - 2,/;;t+ t2te + 4= 4 - &2.
84. Verify by substitution that ,y'5 + V3 is a root of / - r6x2 + 4:6, 80. 4*+ 5 - zJxz - are - 3= # - t.
85. Given that m: \/7 + ./5 eI,Ird n:./z _ I'ind, correct to two decimal places, the value of :
"/s, find the values of r
(i) rzn, (ii) mz + n2, (iii) mr + na. 8r. z\/z+\/3 82. 3l$. 88. -
7
"'19.
36. If r : ./S-z 3+Vo
" -t*: "rr. s - 213.
./7 + ./3, show that
85.
""' z++./t' 86eJl:l-Y7'
--' 40
8?. Show tn^t is a rational number when x: V3 + r.
ff
88. If x:l - 1/5, calculate the value of f - 3zx,
s8.--.
s-3J3+2,J2
89. Find thevalue of 8y-yz wheny:(y5-Vf):(VS+Vf). 80. Verify by substitution that 7 - zVs is a root of x2 - r4x + zg=s.
40. Find the value of ef - r rr2 + 27x - t7 *h"tl 3:5 - z{2. 00. Given that m:3 + z,Jz and n- 3 - z:/z,6nd the values of
Find the square root of: (i) mn, (ii) rnz + n2, (iii) m3 + n3.
4L. 6+z'Js. 42. 8+2./a. 48. n-2",/32. 01. Find the value of ra-8.x3+ 4x2+8x-3 when *:+-"/i.
44. g-zJt8. 45. 3o -rz./6. 48.67-r2,J7. 09. Find the value of 4tt - rzxz - 5x+ rr when 2x=4+ r/5.
4?. 57 + rz{8. 48. 8 + V55. Solve the equations :
49. ro- z"J@-x110+x1. b0. 4x-5+z.l3P-ix+6. e3. 5+ zt6-]3:ry. 94. gr!+2++:3.
51.6-Jrr-t '". EZ.g+J.g-.,/;8. 95. \,$- : J+c - 3 -./t 4. 96.,/zx-+ 7 - 1* -
5:./x.
Solve the equations
55. ,/ix+4:7.
:
\/sx=:"/;. s7.
,.f- " : 4. e8 .
u* *
9-g=:
54. r Vr+3
4Vx+ {*- Vr- 8 ".
55. 8Vr+3= 4c. 58. z+Jy-1:r.
57. ./stcl1 - V3";T;;=o. 09. Jf+8-x:2.
58. 3^/zx:z*/x a
5.
59. Vr+6+,/x-t:1. G0. V4"+s-Vt_I:./x+4. tOO.,/& + 17 x +G - "/fi-a5v - 3 = ^,/FEi4,
SL. ./3x-2+ {x- rr:9. 52. Jzx - n:.Jzrc- t6.
^/2tc + S -
SS. V5r+t1./1,a-t=4t. 84, ^,/zx-r+Vr+3-:3.
 CHAPTER XXUII [crren. :orvrrr.] LOGARITHMS 363

LOGARITHMS
Of M.t{-alogau .atogow:atogol[+togol{,
.'. by the definition logo MN: logo M + Iogo N.
183. It is frequently convenient to express a number I{ in the Similarly, it may be shown that
forrn a', where a is some fixed number other than zero. Thus, we
logo Ml{P: logo M + logoN + logo P ;
may write roo in the form ro2, 8 in the form 23, eb in the form 6*8.
and so on for any number of factors.
Deflnition. If a number l{ can be expressed in the form as, the
index e'is called the logarithm of the number N to the base a.
(3) The loeadthm of a fraction $ ir tn" loga.rithrn of tho
Thus, since roo:ro2, z is the logarithm of roo to base ro, numer8tor, M, minus the logarithm of the ilenominator, N,
stnce 8:23, 3 ,t t, 8r,2,
" i.u. tog, togo M - logo l{.
since #:6-2, - z ,, ,, Et ,, 6, $:
The logarithm of N to base a is usually written logo N, so that As before, we have
the statements N:a" and x:logoN are equivalent, Mah
-i=}="u-o.
either
EXERCISE 88 (Orat\
1. Find the logarithms (or indices) to basd ro of :
.'. by the definition foc"$:A-&-logoM-logoN;
rooo, o'oI, I,ooo,ooo, o'ooI, o.r, I. or
M 4logau
'
o Find the logarithms (or indices) to base 4 of : Nt:;r*F:4logaM-logaN
16, 256, #, 2, *, 8. .'. by the definition fog" logo M - logoN.
8. Find the logarithms (or indices) to base z7 of : H=
729, 3, +, 8t, 243, +a' (a) The logarithm of Mr is r times the logarithm of M, i.e.
4. Find the logarithms (or indices) to base z5 of : logoUI':r logoM, where r is any rational number.
6z5, 5, +, t2S, 15,625, 3rzs. As before, we have
184. It is recommended that the proofs in this Article bc omitted
either Nlr:(ah)r -arh '
at a first reading. .'. by the definition lognllLr:rh:r logoM ;
The following general propositions are applicable to all log- Of Mt : latoso
tu;t : arlogaUl'
arithms, whatever the base. .'. by the definition lcgo M': r logo M.
(r) The logarithm of I is 0, anil tbe logarith'n of the base is 1. Thus, logoM5=5 logoM ; log, JM:logoM*:$log"M.
For a+o, :. ao=1, i.e. logor:o. Also aL:a,i.e. logoa=r. 185. Any number may be taken as base, and the logarithms of
(z) The logarithm of a proiluct MN is the snm of the loearithns all positive numbers to any given base may be calculated to any
of the factors M, N, i.e. logo MN = logo M + logo N. required degree of accuracy. But in all practical calculations it is
Let logoM:i, logoN=ft. Then M.:ah, N:ae. customary to use ro as the base.
We may then proceed Logarithms to base ro are called Common Logarithms.
either vI.N_ahak_ah+k. Unless there is any danger of ambiguity, the suffix denoting the
by the definition logoMN:l+F:logoM+lognlf ; base may be omitted. Thus, we usually write log z, log1,...
362 instead of. logroz, logro5, ... , If, in any piece of u'ork, the sufFx
denoting the base is omitted, it is implied that all logarithms which
occur have the same base, unless otherwise stated.
 \

364 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcH'{P' LOGARITHMS 36s

186. Powers of 10. Since roi = V--, *" can find its value to
as manyi places of decimals as we like by using the process for
calculating square roots. We may also calculate the values of
,o'1, ,ot," rol*, ,o8, ,o*, ro3. po, te|:J-o*, ,o*:J-ol,
,o3 : ,ol t ,ot, ,ot: ,o* ,o3, ro? - ro* t ,ol, ,o3: tot t to*.
" between o and r. But the degree of accuracy obtained from the
The values correct to two decimal places are found to be :
,o"t= r rt, ;o I : t'78, ro3" z' 37, 16i : 9::'6, 1sE - 4' zz,
: p* : 5'62,
1s'" = 7'5o. Also roo : r, tol : to.
We may therefore plot the values of ro' for
*:o, *, +, 8, +, 8, 2, t, r.
powers of ro. Thus z=ro0's,3=160't18,5:too'70, etc. In other
words, rve have found from the graph that
log z: o'3o approx., log 3 = e.43 approx., log 5 :6'7o approx.
It is clear that by using the graph we could obtain the logarithms
of any number between r and ro, and that these logarithms all lie
graph is insufficient for practical purposes, and it would be incon-
venient to read off the logarithms of such numbers as r.773. To
obtain a higher degree of accuracy it is necessary to use the tables
which are given at the end of the book. Whenever these tables are
used it is implied that the base of logarithms is ro, and there is no
need to write the suffix denoting the base.

USE OF FOUR-FIGURE TABLES

187. Nrmbers between 1 anrl 10. The following is an extract
from the tables at the end of the book.

Differences
No o I 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9
l':l+rslolzls I
23 )6ri tqf 36ss ,67' 369z 37 rr 372t l747 3766 378 rl+lolz q1r r r3lr5 17
r8zc r 8:8 185( 3874 3892 1927 3945 396 zl+lslzls r r tz'.t4,t6
"4
Example 1. Find log z.g, log 2.32, log 2.328.
To find log 2.3 we find the number z3 in the left-hand column.
Opposite to this and beneath the figure o we find the digits 3617,
and since we know that the logarithm of a number between r and ro
lies between o and r, we place the decimal point before the first
digit. Thus, log 2'3:o'36q, or 2'3 : 100'361?.
To save space the decimal points are usually omitted in the table.
It is understood that we always look up the logarithm of a number
#::?,. between r and ro, and that o. is always prefixed to the number
These points are plotted in Fig. zr and they have been -ioined by found in the table.
a smooth curve. This curve is, in fact, the graph of y:16o lot To find log 2.32, we find the number z3 in the left-hand column.
values of .t between o and r, although we are not strictly justified Opposite to this and beneath the frst figare z we find the digits
in saying this until we have considered the values of ro'for irra- 3655. Reasoning as above, we have
tional values of r. The curve may be used to read off powers of r' log z'32:o3655 or 2'Jz:16o'3ess.
Thus, from the curve we obtain roo'2 : r'6, 100'6 = 4'o, in each case To find logz.3z8, we proceed as before and obtain
correct to z significant figures. We may also tead off numbers as log z'32:o'3655.
V T
\

xxvlII.l LOGARITHMS 367

366 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer'
realised that antilogarithm tables are a luxury, not a necesstty-a
The increase required on account of the final figure 8 is obtained luxury which it is well to do without.
by adding to 3655 the number in the z3 row which appears under
the seconil 8, i.e. under the 8 in the narrow columns on the right EXERCISE 89 (Oral)
called difference columns. This number is r5, so that Use tables to express as powers of ro (i.e. find the logarithm of) :

log z'328:o'967o or z'328: r00'36?0' Give your answerl' 2'J:1so'36r7, i.e. log z'3:o'36t7 ".
L. z'+. 2. +'8' 8. S's. 4. 6'2. 5. 7'
Exaople 2. Find the numbers whose logarithms are o'3856,
6. 2 83. ?. g'oz. 8. S'+l . 9. 6'72. 10. 7'3r.
o'386r, o'3862, 11.3'417. L2. +'8ts. 13. S'SSS. 14. 6'258. L5. 7'o44'
From the tables we see that the digits 3856 come in the z4 row 16.z'836. 1?. 9'oo7. L8. S'+lS. t9. 6'72t. 20. 7'3t2.
under the first figure 3. But o'3856 is a number between o and r ; 2L.7'143. 22. s'7o4. 23. l'ssS. 24. 8'5o6. 25' 4'4o7'
it is therefore the logarithm of a number between r and ro' We 26.6'386. 27. 7'zog. 28. S'Z+g. 29. t'276. 30. z'ro8'
conclude that o'3856 : log z'43. Use tables to find the values of :
The digits 386r do not occur in the table, but can be obtained 31, ro0.r584. 82. ro0 4s48. 33. roo'ssrs. 84. ro0'423e. 35. r00'8506.
from 3856 by adding 5. The digit 5 occurs in the z4 row, in the g6. ro0.5326. g?. roo.6e8e. 38. ro0'?8s7. 89. ro0 0rs2. 40. ro0',2548.

difference columns beneath the figure 3. Thus o'386r:log z'433' Use tables to find the numbers whose logarithms are :
The digits 3862 do not occur in the table, but can be obtained 4L. o'1644. 42, o'4472. 48. o'93o4. 44. o'4o89' 45' o'898r'
from 3856 by adding 6. The digit 6 does not occur in the 46. o'59r5. 47. o'6gfu. 48. o'827r. 49. o'ozz4' 50' o'25t3'
difference columns in the row 24. But 6 is mid-way between 5
189. Muftiplication enal ilivision.
and 7 which occur in the difference columns beneath 3 and 4
ExamDle 8. Find the oalue of 3'97 x 2"o3-
respectively. It may be inferred that o'3862 lies approximately
Rough estimate : 4 x 2:8.
mid-way between log z'433 and log z'434. x Ioo m?5: Io0 5e88+0's075
This last example serves to emphasise that the results obtained
Either 3'g7 x 2'o3: Io0'5e88
_ ro0.e063 - 9.06. o 5q88
from the tables are approximate only. The numbers obtained from o'3075
the tables are correct to 4 significant figures only, and we cannot
or Let x:3.97 x 2.o3.
rhen rog . o 9o63
ahvays rely upon the accuracy of the fourth figure. It will be found
that the results of calculations performed with the aid of 4-figure
=:T$3'.:l;:;1" n"ur,
.'. r = 8'o6.
tables may in general be relied upon to 3 significant figures only.
The pupil should therefore make a habit of giving his result to Example 4. Find the oalue of 3'97--2'o3.
3 significant figures whenever he uses 4-figure tables.
Rough estimate : 3'97:z: r'985,
se88-0'3o?6
Eithef y97:zo3- to0'5e86:1e0'3fi5 - roo
188. The number corresponding to 'a given logarithm is called : IOo'2913- I'956 o'5988
its antilogarittrm. Thus, in the last example z'433 is the number : r'96, correct to 3 sig. figs. o 3075
whose logarithm is o'386r ; this is the same as saying that the anti- G l,f-t ,r:3.97 .2.o3. o.29r3
logarithm of o'386r is z'433, or antilog o'386t:z'433. Then log x:log 3'97 -log z'o3
In the last example it has been shown how to obtain from the : 0'5988 - o'3o75=o'29r3t
logarithm tables the number corresponding to a given logarithm, correct to 3 sig. figs.
.'. x= t'g56: r'96,
i.e. the anti-logarithm of a given number. The beginner is strongly
Note. The working should always show (r) the result as ob-
advised to use this method I later on he may prefer to use the anti-
tained from the tables, (z) the result correct to 3 sig. figs.
logarithm tables given at the end of the book. But it should be
 \

368 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cH,rn svut.l LOGARITHMS 36e

EXEBCISE 90 Eha,mple ?. Find the logaithm ol o'ozgz8.

Find the value of : In Ex. r above it was shown that
(Give the answers to 4 figures as given by the tables and also logz.3z8:o367o or 2.328:100'86?0.
correct to 3 figures.) But o' ozgzS = z' 328 ; r oo : I 90'3670: I 62 : r o0'a6?(F2,
L. r.3z x 7.o7. 2. z'3t x 3.92. 8. (2.8g)2. .'. by the definition log o'oz3z8: o'367o - z.
4. 3'43r x z.tt7. 5. 6.382 x rr8z. 6. S.SS+ x t'343. Or
7. g'35=7'tg. 8. 8'46:5'29. 9. 4'rr7--4.o39.
Since log
H: ar t - log N,
g'859=6'oq3. we have rogo.oz3z8=t::[;:::t;.*o):los 2.328- log roo
10. LL. 7'z8z--5'oo8. 12. g.zz3--z.uz.
18. r.r3xr.35xr'52. 14. r.89xr.g8xz.o4.
191. Logarithms of numbers between o and r are negative, but
15. f 'S: x r'93 x r'oo5. 16. S.Sl x z'58;r.78.
it is usual to write them
so that the decimal portion is positive ;
L7. Z'ZZ x r'87*z'r9. 18. q'98 x r'ooz-a-6.23. thus, we write log o.oz38=o,367o - z, instead of - r.633o. For
190. Numbers of any ma€nituile. brevity it is usually written 2.367o, the " minus " being placed
above the 2 to show that it refers only to the z and not to .3670.
Example5. Find the logarithm of z3z-8. It may be read
In Ex. r above it was shown that lo9z.gzS:o'367o, ot either " minus z plus point 367o",
z'328: roo'3670. o! " bar 2 point 367o ".
But zgz'8:z'328 x too: 100'3670 x to2: 102'3670, Similarly, log o' z3z8 : 1' 367 o, log o'oooz3 z8 : 4. 367 o, etc.
.'. by the definition logz3z.8:2.367o. Exa,mple 8. Find the numba whose logarithm is 2.386r.
Or Since log MN: log M + log N, In Ex. z above it
was shown that
we have o.386r : log 2.433 or 100'386r - 2'433.
log z3z'8 = log(z'328 x roo) : 169 z'328 + log roo But ro2'3801 : ro-2 xi6d x 2.433:o.o2433t
100.3{161 -
:0'3670 + z, since log roo:2, :z'3670, .'. by the definition z:'386r= log o'o2433.
Similarly Or we have 2'386r=o'386r-z-_log2.433- log roo
log z3' z8 = r. 367 o, log 428 : 3. 367o, log z3z8o -- 4. 367 o, etc. :log(z'433--roo), since log M - fog N = log
$
ExamDle 6. Find the number whose logaithm is 2.386r. :
log (o.oz43:).
In Ex. z above it was shown that Similarly, i'386r : log 0'2433, 3'3861 : log o'oo2433,
o.386r:logz.433 or roo's6r:2.433. 4'386r = log o'ooo2433, etc.
But r02'3861: r00'3881 x toz:2.433 x roo:243'3t 192. By considering Exs. r, 5, 7 above the following results are
.'. by the definition 2386r:lo9z43'3. easily seen :

Or rve have 2.386r : o'386r + 2 = log 2'433 + log roo

(r) The logarithm of a number (or the index corresponding to a
:loe?'433 x roo), since logM+logN:logMN number) consists of rwo parts : an integral part (which may be
positive, zero or negative) and a fractional part (which is usually
:log 243.3. written as a positive decimal).
Similarly The integral part is called the characteristic, and the fractional
r.386r =log zq'33, 3'386r=logz4g3, 4'386r =log 2433o, etc. part, when written as a positive decimal, is called the mantissa.
 g7o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lcnep' LOGARITHMS 37r
(z) In finrlins the logaritr'' of a number (or the inilex corre' 193. Some preliminary practice in working with negative
sponding to a number)' characteristics is desirable before proceeding to apply logarithms
(a) all numbers with the sa'me signiflcant figures have the same to more difficult calculations,
mantissa, Example 9. Sinplfy and express with the decimal portion
(b) tbe position of the ilecimal point in the number tletcrmines posttne i
the cha,racteristic. (i) s'+s + 6'82, z'383 + 1'822.
If the number is in standard form (i'e' if it lies berween r and (i) 3+ '43 /ii) -z+ '383
ro), the integral part of the logarithm (or index) is o, and the o -6+ .82 -t+'822
should be written down. If the number is not in standard form' it - 3+ t'25:Z'25 -3+r'2o5:z'2oS
should be written as a number in standard form multiplied by a 10. Simplify and express with the decitnal portion
pou,er of ro, e.g.53z'9 should be written 5'32gxtoz1, o'o53zg
should be written 5'32gx ro-2, etc. (i) l'832 - r'stz, (ii) T'4rz - j'8r6.
(3) In frntling the number wbich has e given logarithm (or the (i) - 3 +'832 (ii) - | +.4t2
number correspontling to a given intlex)' | +.9r2 - 3 +'8r6
(a) the fractional part of the logarithm or intlex iletermines the
-5+'92o:S'92o r +'596 = r'596
significant figures in the number,
(D) the integral part of the logarithm or inilex iletermines the Or (i) j.832 - r.grz: - 3 +.832 - (r + '9r2)
position of the ilecimal point in the number' == - 3 + r.832 - | - | -
-gtz: - S +.gzo: S.g2o.
(ii) r'4rz - J'8r6: - r +'412 - (- 3 +'8r6)
Als,ays rvrite the number in the form (decimal part) plus or
minn. fi.tt.gral part)' This corresponds to a number in standard
: -r+t'4tz- r+3- 816:1596.
form multiplied or divided by a power of ro' If the integral part Mistakes frequently occur in such subtractions and it is essential
is o, the corresponding number is in standard form' that the pupil shoulii make a habit of checking his subtraction by
arliling the result to the botbom line.
EXERCISE 9L (Oral)
to find the logarithms of :
11. Sinplify and express zuith the decimal porrion
Use tables
1. rl. 2. 43oo. 3. o'59' 4. o'o6z' 5' 7oo' (i) 7.72x 5, (ii) a'856-rz. (iii) ('38a-a.
6. o'ooz83. ?. gozoo. 8. g+'7- 9' o'672' 10' 73ro' (i) - r+'72) x 5 = - S+ 3 6: -z+'6=2'6.
L1^. 34't7. L2. o'487g. 13. o'o5933' 14' 6z58oo' (ii)
16. 283'6. 1?. o'9oo7. 18' o'oo9479' - 4+'856):z: - z+'423:2'428.
L5. zo+'+. (iii) - 5 +.384)=4:( - 8 + 3'384):4= - 2 +'846-a'8+6.
L9.672'r. 20.73'rz. 21. o'7r43' 22' g7o'4'
23. o'o3395. 24. o'85o6' 25. 44o7o' 26' o'o6386' Noie. In (iii) since - 5 is not exactly divisible by 4, we write
2?. o'7zog. 28. sl+'s' 29. n76' 30' o'oooozro8' it in the form -8+3, so that after division the negative portion is
an rnteger.
Use tables to find the values of :
8506.
81. ro2.rss. 82. ror'iss. 83. rot'0335. 34. ro5'423e. 85. I03 Mistakes frequently occur in such ilivisions, and it is essential that
36, ro{.6326. 8?. roI6089. 88. r05'?887.39. ro3'01e2. 40. r0125{8. the stuilent shouftl make a habit of checking his rlivision by multi-
Use tables to find the numbers n'hose logarithms are : plying the result by the tlivisor.
4L. r'ft44. 42. z'4472. 43. 3'93o4. 44' r'4o89' 45' 3'8q8t' As soon as these Drocesses are unalerstooil the work sboultl be
46. 4'5915. 47. z'6g(c6. 48. r'827t. 49' z'ozz4' 50' 3 2513' ilone mentally.

I
 372 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHAp. rcrvrrr.] LOGARITHMS 373
EXERCISE 92 (Mainly oral) 9-rzrll x Vo'oz5:.
(o
ExamDle 14. Find the aarue of
Simplify and express with the decimal portion positive : 0i x ve'ee2sat
l. g'zz+ 4'tg 2. Z'rZ +7'44. 8. z.$+r.e6. To avoid replacing 61 by an inexact decimal, we write the er-
4. 3.Zs + 2'4t. 5. +'ss +z'65. 8. 3'67 + 4.33. t (o'6:zr)a x 9oizu-
'1. 3'22 - 4',19. pression in the forrn s
U. 3'r7- r'44. 9. z'fu - r's6. 19 x ^/o'oo2o37
L0. t'zs - z'4r. LL. z'65 - 4'ss. L2. 3'67 - 4'%.
18. o - r'2. L4. 2.64- 5'88. 15. 3.69 - 3.75.
16. o - j'28. 17. r'8 x 3. 18. 2.3 x 5.
L9. 5'7 x 7. 20. 3'g x z. 2L. 2'94 . z.
22. 6'87 . s. 28. s'94:2. 24. z'8s .3.
25. 6'28 .4. 28. s'gSrS. 27. 7'82 .6.
28. g.++=+. 29. 8.26:3. 80. 2.38:5. Dcnominator ii+oO
8L.3'27=7. 82. 4.zz=9. 38. z'7 x(-3).
Example 15. Find the aalue of (o.oo3r3;-r'2.
84.2.7 x(-3). 85. z.Z=(- i. 36. 2.8+( - 3).
Logarithm
194. Example 12. Fhd the z:alue of (o'SgZil6.
Rough estimate : (o' 4)5 : q's1.r*. r'5952
Either (o'3937)5: (ro1'5e52)5: ro7'5e52" 5: ro3'e?60 5
:9'462 x ro-3 or 9.463 x ro-3 3'sz6o
:o.oo946t correct to 3 sig. figs.
Or Let r: (o.:srZ)s. .'. expression: r.or2 " ro3or t.or3 x 1gg
Then logr=5 log(3.937:ro):5 x r.5952: 5.976o, = roro, correct to 3 sig. figs.
. -_z::;i:';.:"?
' i:":ll'',, Example 16. Find the aalue of (t.s:8)s - -l2rU.
Here the terrns must be calculated separately,
Example 13. Find the znlue of :/oq26. Number Logarithm
Rough estimate : o.4326 lies berween (o.7)3, i.e. o.343 and (r) (r'e38)5 o'2874x 5 r'437o, :. (t'q8)6:27'35,
(o'8)3 i.e. o'5 rz.
(z) (zr'8r)i r.339r x f o'r9r3, .'. V;.s3: r.554 i
Either *"-F: .'. the givea expression:25.796
l:?;::,1;;:,1,,.::,* 7 564 x ro_r :zS'8, correct to 3 sig. figs.
:o.756, correct to 3 sig.",figs. 3ll'636!
Or Let.t:Joa3z6. 1'878? ExER'cIsE 98
Find the values of .
Tlren log r:]lo9(4.326:ro):$ x i.636r :t.8282,
(Give the answers to 4 figures as given by the tables, and also
.'. y:7.563= ro or 7.564: ro:o.756, correct to 3 sig. figs. Correct to 3 figures.)
195. When the principles have been grasped the working may 1. 44'8 x 2t'g. 2. 838 x r2.7. 8. +96 x r'372.
be set out as in the following examples. 4. z44oo x ro.32. 5. 57'57*zr-52. 8. 7og.g=zz.gr.
 e

374 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cn'rp' n<vrrr.] LOGARITHMS 375

8765o . zgt'9. 8. 2468:417. 9. (rz'33)3. 84. The area of an equilateral triangle, side a cm long, is ,4 cm2
10. (r+'s7)6. 11. Vr85 L2. :1487.6. *h"r, A:!V Find (i) I when a-3'r7r, (ii) a when A:X81
18. ro3.4237. 14. (21'35)3. 15. zo-r'o3r. 4
65. The volume of a cylinder, base-radius r cm, height i cm, is
18. Gt'+7)2. Ll. ./" "{X. L8. 3't4z x (15'29)8.
Z cm3, where V:nr2h and r:1/V'-n Find (1) V if r-1.62, h:3ir5,
r'483 x r93 23 x 7r'4. (ii) r if V-t64,
19.
3'r x 3r. 20. 2!. h:1.65.
z3'26 2r.2,2 X rO'O9 4'79
_.66...A body falls freelyfrom rest to the ground from a heightl m.
oo o.3t7 x 44'2. 28. o'8r9 x o'234. 24. o'oo89 x 2t'73. The tim.e taken is t sec., where t:{2t3=.s, and g:9.8. Find (i) r when
25. o'o958r xo'1423. 28. o'o6655x249- h:75, (ii) i when t:z-37.
27. o'ooo9837 x 52'93. 28. o1832:tr'43. 67. Thc volume of a cvlinder / m long, outer radius z cm, thickness
80. o'oo3z59-:-o'ooo83. f cm is Z cma, where V:roorlt (zr-t). Find (i) V if l:o.65, r:3,
29. 3'684 . r6'87. t:o.2, (ii) I if V:26o, r-4.7, t:o.3\
31. 16'47=o'ogzz9' 32, lff.t . o"trrJ. 33. 3z'23=899'8. 68. Ifa sum of money, gP, is lent at Compound Interest at z Per
si8 * o'8+s. o 4225.-Ql'2r)g-.
84. r=0'07654. 35.
23
96.
2'73r per annum, it amounts in z years to $f(t *-l)". fina the
gZ. J;-.o78eA 3S. V;r42. 39. '%'7seo. amount if (i) P:5oo, /-=3.5, n:4, (ii) P:z8z'5, /:4, n:3.
40. (o'r8a6)3:6'2o6. 41. (o'sgs)3' 42' (o'o834r)2'
48. r:(r'ozs)s. 44. (o's6zr)3' 45. zg'57 . o'o84.
EXERCISE 93. c
47. "/;s'6;"'3"3.
Find the values of :
453'r (Give the answers to 4 figures as given by the tables, and also
48. (o.37r4)!t x (4238)-E. 49. g's+6 x 36'25 x o'373' correct to 3 figures, unless otherwise stated.)
50. (26's+)'xo'JiJJ . r2r'8. 5L. l+'+Z x (59'rr)2=r937' r'
a -t lt o t7'65 x o.o437
(r -6,t2
52. zl- x 4744:Qf x zr4'8)' 58. rooo ' (o'gs8s)3' 7'46
54. 5'87r x o'oo5437-. (rr2 x o'oor5z5). ^ 4'732 x (o.r78-5)2 r'o97 x o'o823
6- 4.
1270.9 o'9o36
55. 42",/i:j18. (8.82)2.
g. -j----:-. x to'73.
I
1323:J-'4
57. Vr:. o.oo3rr9. nl9'347 6-
Y 55.09 x o.r73 13.93 x 7.27
.

un.
+s't+.
if\ "usx"o.7oor 8. t/- . 9. (o'o8oo9)o G

777
In the following n:o'497t.
examples, take log
61. The Simple Interest $1 on $P for ! years at / Per cent. Per
rL. (4's3-7'27\2
\13'93 x 7'27,/
L2. --EA-
z73r x (o'o354)g

Find / if P:68'73, r:2'25, t__ 3'6. 13. (o'3 r49)o'23. 14. r'713 x 2'7t83'r42
annum is given av I -
#.
62. If a body starts from rest with uniform acceleration /-m pe-r f5. V63 - 9".0s. 16.
[#t, + log, r r) - r8].
".ss
sec. per sec., the velocity, o m Per sec., acquired in p-as.sing- through
s m ii given by oz:zfs. Find (i) o if f:32'2, s--rg'7' (ii) s if /:t8'o9
a: rt3.
rz. rog,o[r (#fr.i?] 18. (3?)-'+a7.,1$.
63. The volum e V cms of a sphere of radius r cm is given by V : $r.r3.
Find (i) tr/ when r:4'63, (ii) r when V:t234. rg. Vr56+,{,66s8.
 LOCARITHMS
ESSENTIALS OF scHool/ ALGEBRA [cuee. 377
376 48. lf tneF:24.2, and e=7.7, calculate the value of 4rr2
pr. 1l5iqdr.r, x 3.046. 49. Evaluate N where
N =t:";:Y, h: 6.s+sx ro-2?, e = 4.774 x to-to, " = r'767 x rd.
,t. 1@'24."/@ (o'14s6)B x zZ'8r.
50. lf W = C2R +
t2
p, find the value of W when
m

o. (o'87r4J3 x (z'o5r)€ . ev'

alt. tr- -7 " zB.
(o.o2459)t R= o.o44, C : 4t.r, r: r.8.
o.oO333
- ^/
2?. {5'621-o't.^--- 28. (o' '4) -t"'
29' (7+o'z)-3'6'
n-soo(:)"'o-",find the value of n, when h=zo,
82' (o'z)0'2'
30. (o'oo65;-a. Sf io' +)2'?' o!l;.tt
In the following examples take log r:o'497r' 52. The area of the curved surface of a right circular cone of
is given by the formula
83. The volume Z cu cm of a sphere height ft and radius of base z is givenby nrJ1tz17. Find the area
Find (i) the volume of a sphere of the curved surface of sucb a cone, if the height is zo.3 cm , and
V:4nf ,where r cm is the radius' the base-radius is rz.7 cm.
whose volume is
of ,uii.r. 2'5r cm, (ii) the radius of a sphere 53. If P: cdl'-onl'5, find c when d:o.6,2=5o, P:o.lJ.
7z96 cm. 54. lf D:sWI?+$+EI, find D when W=tsoo, I:24ot
84. Given the formula t--t+Y, find d when s:8'9, M=z'Srt E:6ooxzz+o, I:s4.
h= 15. 55. Find V from the formula V =s'56./29(H - h1, when g= 32.2,
a=351, b--4r' 6=J2o1 H = rzs'3, h: tz.
,,li.";i::"'Jm'
\f
88. a:23'8t' c=6'rg'
a2=b2+c2, find b if
when
56. Evaluate lorflrtr, where a= z.g, b:34.7, c=o.or8.
196. We now proceed to consider further examples illustrating
3?, Evaluate 1oz--';6, where a:o'7o2, D:o'r89' the general propositions proved in Art. r84.
gg. Err"lrrut" oz6tr-i, where a = z4'67, b:o'o426, c--o'oo784g'
: 17.
ig. g""r""tt Mu2 g17, whete M : 35' o : 5'82' g 3z' z' t = 1843'
-
Exa,mple Without using tables, find the ualue of
(i)
:,

40. Evaluate n./ltl, where l= 3'25, g=32'2' I log1o35 + lo9169 + logro3f,

siutt' tftut (ii) log zl +log z,L - log 5|.

41. Calculate A from the formula A:P 'f-l' (i) Since log a +log D + log c:log(a x b x c),
P=26'67, R= r'o55, t:zo'
lb the expression : logro(3S x * x #) = logroroo = z.
42. Evaluate a=47'z,b--o'34r3' c=o'265'
" 4tU'where (ii) Since log a +log D - log c = log (a x D) !\.
'"o\ @:c /,
- log c' = loe
thl- : o's 49r' r = o'os972'
where & the expression = log (arz x +++) - log (ts x + x 3%) : log r : o.
43. Evaluate 4?. i i, This result is true whatever base is chosen.
44. Evaluate nd(d+zh) .4, where d:o'g67' ft:4't6z'
_t!
45. Evaluate ,- !, where e:z'7t8, t= r'7, J=o'98, t= r'8'
(t),rl9g#, (ii) reros'.7.
,., log 625 log 5t
(t' 4log s=t:
4 tt't
l,og rz5
=logF: 3 log 5
(ii) SincelV:rologrolr by definition, it follows that rolosr6?=?.
 tr
svrrr.l LOGARITHMS
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer'
379
378
in realising that N and rologrory Example 20. Solac:
But beginners often find difficulry (i) (o'93)":r'832, (ii) 63r+t.3tst-2- zr, (iii) 4'av-s,3'-v:7.
proceedas follows :
ar" id"iti""t and they may prefer to (i) 'l'aking logarithms of each sidc to base ro, we have
X: lglogP'l .
Let .:u log (o 93) - log r '832, .'. x (i'9685) : o'2630,
ro'
Take logarithms of'each side to base
x ro Iog, x r:lo*roT' .'. x(-o'o3r5) :o'263o, .'. x: -":4??: - 8.:s, by ordinary
irr"" r.?r."
log1s7= loglo = o7
o'o3 15
division.
r7 (ii) and Ex' 18 (i)' If it is desired to do the final step by logarithms, care must be
Note. If the base is not specified' as in Ex' exercised, for we cannot fintl the logarithm to base 10 of a
is implied that all logarithms which occur have the same base'
it negative quantity. But we may proceed as follows :
stated' The expressions in those examples
are
unless otherwise
logo6zs respec- log ( - r) : lsg : at o'263o -log o'o3 r 5 = o'gztl, l_ffi
abbreviations for logoz?r+logoz\-1ogo5I
and
log"t25 ffi
.'. -r:8'35o, .'. t,,: -8'35, correct to 3 sig. figs.
":s"r7
(ii) Taking logarithms of each side to base ro, we have
(3.x+ r)log 6 + (r5r - z)log 3 :log zr,
.'. .r(3 log 6 + r5 log :):log zr -log 6 + z log 3,
|. x(23346 +7'r565) : r'3222
0'7782 + 0'9542, -
J. x(g'4gtr1:t'4982, .'. x:o'16
apProx.
to be acquainted with these conventrons' (iii) Taking logarithms to base ro of each side of each equation,
(ii) 4r=21' we have
Example 19. Soloe (i) 4'=32' (*+Y)log 4:log 5 ; (* -Y)log 3:log 7,
(i) We have 4'=32, .'. (22)':26, loq < o'6oo
...22r=26, .'.2,X=5, .'. X=ZE. J. x + ! : :o: r'16r approx.,
;6;;:
(ii) We have 4":zt ' z
x-y:ioeg los. o'8a< r
r'77r approx.,
Take logarithms of each side to base
ro' ;.ffi:
Then rlogls4:log1szr, "' r(o'6ozr) =r'3222' """"""(i) .'. xN:2'Q!2, 2!: -o'6r ;
l''!t' =2'2otby ordinary division' correct to 3 sig' figs' ;. x: t.466: t.5, y: - o.3o5 : - o.3,
' t-- o'6ozt corect to r dec. place in each case.
logarithms we obtain
It should be carefully noted that after taking 197. Example 21. Giom logroz:o.3oro3, Iogro3:o.4771",
a simple equation containing x'
i' logtoT:o'845to, find, zoithout using tables, the oalue of (i) logn5,
tion. The beginner is sometimes $) los*:l u76.
the equations previously Qbtainet (i) logto5 : logr0( ro+2) : logroro - logroz
necessary to obtain x from the
value of log x, and it f'"t tl'"tt been : r - o'3oro3:o.69897.
tables. (ii) logro9rrT6:$ logro(23.3 .22)
The value of of course be obtained by logarithms' : ][3 lo916z * logro 3 + z logroT)
#rmay
avoid the double use of : $[o.9o3o9 + o. 477 12+ r.69oeo]
if desired, but the beginner is advised to obtained bv ordinarv
;;;,-hm:,;,<cept possiblv to check the result =[(3.o7o4r) = yo2,347.
division.
J
t

ALGEBRA nivrlr.] LOGARITHMS 38r

38o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL fcHAP'
'l'his is a linear equation in X and Y. If, therefore, the values
Example 22. If 3logrc.Jl*zlog*ix:3, exqrcss y in terms oJ t'
log.oy*alsgr&2--3' of X, I", i.c. of log x, logy, are plotted against each other, the
We have 3 togroy*1 zlogr6x--g, points lie on a straight line and the values of the constants can be
"'
;. logrrytxz:loglotooo, J' Yt*'='ooo, tbtrnd.
.', y*:looox-z, .'. y=(rooox-z;$:1sea-t' \\'e conclude that, if difficulty is found in deducing an equation
from plotted points, the logarithms of the variables should be
plotted. If, after allowing for small experimental errors, the points
lie on a line, we can deduce an equation of the type !:kxn.
Example 24. The table giaes conesponding oalues of x and y
found by experimertt. Test whether the law is oJ the ty1e y: htcfl, and
iJ so, find the oalues of k and n.
h iog,b =logox, :. k=Youb, lc...... 20 2+ z8 32 36 40
..". ,ouo*=L+5. Y.... '. ro8 6o 40 24 r6'8 tz'8
From the tables, we have
0r By definition, r:6loeor. log r... r'3oro r'38o2 t'4472 r r.5563 r.6ozr
r'5o5
'faking logarithms of each side to base a, we have log y ... z'o334 t'7782 t'6ozr r'38o2 r'2253 r.to72
logo x : logo(6rogD') - logb, . logob, etc., as above' 21
After allowing for exPeri-
Notp. If x=a, the above result becomes lo96a: r:logo6' mental errors, the graPh is
In practice it is unwise to rely upon this formula ; it is wiser to as shown it Fig, zz.
work from first principles in each case' l'he equation of the
graph is Y:K+nX.
Exa,nDle 2ll. Find logazr. 'Io obtain K and n,
Let x:logtzr. Then by definition 4'=2t, choose two suitable points
:. &:z'zo' the working being as in Ex' r9 (ii)'
I
on the Ane, say (r'4, r'72),
1g9. Determination of laws from exp€rimental ilata (continueil)' (r'55, r'25). Since these
The law V=h'. In Chapter XVIII we have shown that in lie on the line, we have
I
certain cases a series of plotted points may be used to determine a r.7z: K+ r4n
linear equation between two variables whose values have been and t'25:K+ r'55n,
found experimentally' If the graph is not linear, the problem is :. o'47: -o'r'rt'
not always easily solved, but there is one very important case, which .'. n= -3.I apprtx.
occurs frequently, in which the use of logarithms reduces the
problem to that already dealt with.
Also K: r'25+ r.55 xfi
:6.ro67 approx
If * and y satisfy an equation of the form !=h*n' where ft' z are
constants, we have, by taking logarithms, .'. Iog fr = 6.ro67 approz., Log I ot ,l
or Y:K+uX,
logY:16g h+nlogx .'. h: t.z8 x ro6 approx., Fre. zz.
where Y:logy, K=log h, X:logx. .'. the required equation is 13 r.y- r'28 x ro6 approx.
g82 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lclrp' nrvru.] LOGARITHMS 383
ETRCISE 94 58. log zr + 3 log y = log 5. 54. x log S = 2y log 6.
55. log 16:ylog2+log3. 56. z log x:y log 5 + z.
Qn rtis exachc log x mcans logrox, tmless othendse stated) 57. logY= r'5 log r+o'3oro3. 58. log r = log(a - by) - log a.
Without using tables, find the value of :
59. 3log g;W=2logy+2. .$.9. z log(x +y) = log(r - y) + 3.
1. log.rz log.3. 2. log4z8 - loga 8' 8' 8lo&3'
+

4. lo9136- I logr 8r. 5.

r## t. 'rP"*' 81. logr4. logrro. 88. lo9r.115.67. 64. logo.rr3.7.
Q2.
In 65-7o the observations given are thought to obey laws of the
ot. logz16- v' 'vo "rr+loga.
8. log ' '-o rr We y:kxn; by graphing logarithms of the variables 6nd the
locT' most probable laws.
9. log4z+log rt+log r7*. 10. log 35 -log rt+log 5' 65. x...... t 2 3 4
11. log t+ z log z* - loget - log 27. y......o'+7 4'r r3'5 32
12. log zE&+3log r*+logt+logz68. 80. ,...... ro 9 7 654
18. logV8a + loeV-6so - l"e'/i a6. v......6 6'zz 6.t 7'tr 7'56 8'14
87. e...... o.3 o'4 o'5 o.6 o.7
14. log5+log ^./7
+!bgr.-\log"r. 15. fosfa9' y......15'r r2'5 ro'8 9'5 8'6
18. log rol'?.
68. r...... r 2 3 45
18. lo916 8. 17. rolose. y......+r zz'8 r6 tz'6 ro.4
Solve (if possible, without using tables) : 09. r...... r.68 2'43 3'r8 3.60 4.o3
10. g"=32-t. 20. za-L:4.3nt. 21. I . g':r7'4. y...... r52 320 480 64o 74o
22. 3w=g645. 28. 8r2#=z+3rn. 24, 5b - 12P+1,71-rt. 70. lc......2.3 t'7 r'4 t'2 r
25. z" .8t =32 i 46=8 . z!. y......r38 zt6 288 362 +8o
26. g"+r . ztt+r :6@ i 2"+r . 3Y+1: 3oo. EERCISE 94. c
27. 5"-7v i to.-tt-3. i g2v-3l&-e.
28. z;s'-8ztt+r
(In this exercise'log tc means logrox, unless otherwise stated)
29. z5e:5o+r-6. 30. 32n -6.3"-567.
81. rrz(r'o3)n=r35. 32. 43o(r'oz5)a:6oo' Find (if possible, without using tables) the value of :
1. log(Vro x roo). 2. logo.r,8.
BB. 4rz(, * -L)':+so. 84. 8oo (,
\ *1)u=n*.
roo/ 8. logV"8 11og./3a-logJgr. 4. ro-2'4.
85. P(r'o5)n:4P. ss. 3I (, *1)n=,. 6. log 3z:log 16. 8. log rz5 +2logz7-3log4.g.
40 \ too/
?, Prove that z flogV-l -t log z7 - log4 ooel : log 7 z9 - 3 log z.
Given log 2:o'3oro3, log3:6'47rt2, logT:6'$45ro, findn
Solve the equations :
without using tables, the value of : 8. x:7.248o.
log 9. log 3x= 1.7442.
87. logTzg. 88. logo'5r2. 89. loei/3g2.
10. (3'98r)2"-6 = (7'g43). LL. 2r+! - Ssa ., ,c + 4y= 4.
40. log J 4t". 4L. log(z7o=6+). 42. log 95ao. L2, 22". 3-l:8 i 3c - zy= 2.
43. log ./r?+q. 44. log V4o+&. 45. los(r'44)\E-a4. 18. logr(* +y) * logr(r - t\:z; logror + logroy: r * logro z.
48. log Vs-:0. 4?. log o'o343. 48. log(rzz'5)-t. 14. Find the least integral value of a such that (r.or)a will
exceed z'5.
In the following exarnples obtain an equation connecting x andy
which do s not involve logarithms: 15. The equation !=axn is satisfied by the pair of values r:2,
49. log x*logy2=lsg7. 50. log # -logY3=log rr.
y -
3, and also by the pair of values tc = 4, y = 7. Prove that 7a = 9,
and find (i) the value of z (correct to one decimal place), (ii) the
61. log r * log iY= 1. 52. 4log 6-3log!. value of y (correct to one decimal place), whe.n r= 3.4o.
 384 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer.:o<vrrr.J
16. Find the least integral value of z which will make

I (o'863)"< o'r.
1?. Prove that 3 1og. rz96:z logn4o96, and find their common
value.
1 18. How many integers between a million and a million millions
are exact fifth powers? CHAPTER XXIX
19. Express logf and log(o'or8) in terms of. logz and log3.
RATIO AND PROPORTION
20. If log 7 = a, find log V3a3 in terms of a.
2fi). Ratio. If the areas of two triangles are 40 cmz and 6o cmz,
21. Simplify q) + log r4 - .r (T) and, without using
we say that the first is or $ of the second. This fact is also expressed
"r
tables, find the value of a so that the expression is equal to
ffi
by saying that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles is
4o to 6o,
22. Find y, if. log y - log 1. ot 2 to 3. This is sometimes written z : 3.
I
23. lf. x2+y2-3xy, show"t9:
that log(r-n;:|(logr+logy). More generally, if two quantities contain respectively * units
24. Prove tll1at 3los'2:2tos3.
25. Express u, power of ro and rol- as a power of z. and y units of the same kinrl, we may say that their ratio is 1 or
26. "* logrooofi:logro
Prove that
"
r : y. The ratio of the two quantities is thus a comparison of their
3
2?. If logroe: o'4343, find logrroo, correct to z places ofdecimals. magnitudes. The quantities must of course be of the same kind ;
28. Evaluate ("3+)n'32 - (43"1''*. we cannot compare $z with 6 metres, but we can compare $z with
29. lf. logorz: r.832, find (i) logor5, (ii) a. 40 cents, since they may both be expressed in cents.
30. Given lo9ro6'934:e'84ro, find logo.t69'34. Similarly, if three quantities contain respectively r units, y units
Solve (if possible, without using tables) : and z units of the same kind, we may say that they are in the ratio
31. z'+r:3. 82. r6e-1-820+5. 83. 5ec+2-3er-r. xiyiz. The statement xiyis:5:8:r7 is equivalent to the
34. 52"-a- t. 95. zo5-3"=zr2-55. 86. 343b-5= 4g5A2. three statements r:y:5:8 i !:z:8:r7; zix=t7:5, only
87. rot ,r+e-t-22,-t.rtt+z. 88. SH .32'=7nL.tr2-n. rwo of which are independent. For if x:y=5 : 8 andy : z:8: 17,
89. 3". 272!:8t' 9&=3 .8ru. 40. 9re=z7r+tt ; z53a-rz5t.
wehave y1:1",.,42=8 " {*z-5"8 ...{=5.
" ;:i' )(tl-l
"'f '
4L.3'"-5.35+6=o. 42. 4" - +'-r=rgz. 6 ,- t7' ,^;-8"i'
In the following examples obtain an equation connecting x and y
which does not involve logarithms: . :=+, i.e. z : x= t7 : s. " 'r,, ,

48. log 6+ log y2 : log 5. 44. 4logx- logY:1sg t,. This relationship is more usually expressed in the forrn ((n: (,,/ /rL
45. log x^li+logy:2. 46. 3 log r:5 log y. t=v:,. 'lo-,,,', ' ltl
4'1. xlog3:3ylogz. 48. log 5r - z log y:lsg .. 58 t7
49. rlog 4:3logy-r. 50. log.r : o'5 log y + o'477 rz. Similarly, a :, b : c : d : e:h.: I :, m : n: r means that 1 11
'-
l h '. '2,'r
51. log(x2 -y2):z logr-3logy. abcde
hlmnr '.,.2'I t

52. z log ,/-F +F: I log r + r. 201. Theratioa:6is the same as the ratio ha: (h*o) ; for
hb
Evaluate
58. logr7.
:
54. logtt5. 55. log2.7sa. 58. logeeroo.
uo:H similarly a: b : c:ha: hb : kc, etc.
If we have to work with two numbers in the ratio a : b, it is often
convenient to take them as aA, bA respectively.
38s

I
fr- \

386 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [qree. xrx.l RATIO AND PROPORTION 3E?
Example 1. If a : b:7 : 3, fnd the ratio (la- Sb) : (za+ 3b). The expression in the first bracket is a function of the ratio Z, and
We may take the numbers a, b as 7h,3& respectively; the expression in the second bracket is a function of the ratio{.
la - gb=:+gh=- zz!:.rl
" za+3b r4k+gh 23h:t"23'(since A + o).
-.. In other words, a homogeneous expression of the second degree
The required ratio is therefore 22 | 23. in x znd y may be written in either of the forms

Example 2. A's age is to B's in the ratio of + | 7' In 5 years' time *f C) ", y"F(;),
theratio of their ages uill be q :26. Find their ages.
Let A's and B's ages be 4t years and' 7x years respectively ; then where/(3) F (9 "r" functions of the second degree.
""0
!.!5:!7., .'. ro+r*r3o:rr9r*85, giving r:3. Similarly, it may be shown that a homogeneous expression of the
7x+ S z6' zth degree may be written either in the form
Hence the ages are 12 years and zr years.
Example 8. If a :b=z ; 3 and b : c:4: 5, fnd z
*f (:.) o, rr$),
(i) a : b : c, (ii) (a+ zb + 3c) : (ga - b+ zc). where / (i) ""0 r (n) *. functions of the zth degree.
(i)\\rehave
' 2=!^. td b c :' a b ancl b c
2 3 4:;' A:i -=;r It follows that if a homogeneous expression is equated to zoto,
ab e/e can deduce the possible values of the ratio tc i y, or y : e.
;. 6 t2 15 i.e, a:b:c=8:rz:15.
^=-:L, &a,mple 4. IJ x2 - xy - r2y2=6, fmd the ratio x : y.
(ii) \Ve may write a:8h, b: tzh, c: t5k i
Let x zY-a, then we have
. a + zb + 3c _ 8h + z4k+ +Sh _77h _tr
' 3a-b+zc-z4h- rzh+3ok 42h 6' ,' (#-;-,r):o, i.e. y2(a2 - a - n):6 ;
.'. (o + zlt + 3c) : (3a - b + zc)= rt' 6. unless y:6, a2 - a - rz:o, i.e. (a - 4)@ + 3) : 6,
202. The following technical terms were formerly much used in ... a:4 or _3,
connection u'ith ratio, but have norv become almost obsolete. We conclude that the ratio r :y must be either 4 : r or -3 : r ;
(r) In the ratio d:b, ais called the antecedent and D the con- unless y-o. If y:9, t also =o, and the ratio *:y carurot be
sequent. determined.
(z) The ratio a2 : b2 is called the duplicate ratio of a : b, 204. We may also deduce the ratio of two homogeneous ex-
(:) The ratio a3:63 is called the triplicate ratio of n:b. x arrd y, given the ntio x : y.
pressions of the same degree in
(+) The rutio t,:ffi is called the ratio compounded by (or
!U" Exa,nple 5. IJ x zy:5 zz,fi.nd the ratio of (f +ys): (r+y)r.
" of ") the ratios a : D and c : d. But it is now more usual to refer
to the product of the ratios d : b and c: d, we have f *{.=
\x + v)"
208. Homogeneous expressions anal equations. Consider the
homogeneous expression 5x2+4xy+t5y2. This may be written
t33 (.i.r".
t'\s ^/ x2+ 4-* + ts)'
^/ +4;v + 15 r'2\ or t'\51 \ =
343 v+o) =9.
49
x2)'

t_
 \

388 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAP. nrx.l RATIO AND PROPORTION 38e

EXER,CISE 95 L3. lf 4x.y:S i 4, find the value of (8x- fy) I (16r+5y).

1. What is the ratio of :
14. Two numbers are in the ratio l: m. The second is *. What
is the first?
(i) 8 months to 3 years; (ii)zcm z'5mm to4m i 15. Two men's ages are in the ratio 3 : 4, In 4 years' time they
(Lii) tzz" to 2 rt, Ls i (iv) 6 min. 30 sec. to z| hr. ; will be in the ratio 7 : 9. Find their ages.
(v) ga'hours to rz62 days; (vi) 3* hours to f weeks? 16. When r is added to each of two numbers their ratio becomes
t : z, and, when 5 is subtracted from each of them their ratio be-
2. If a; b:z :5 and c : d=3:7, find the following ratios : comes 5 : rr. Find the numbers.
17. Two rnen, A and B, engage to mow certain fields in rz days,
(i)za:gb; (ii) gaz :7b2 ; (iii) 4: ? ; but after 8 days they have to engage a third man C, with whose help
AD
the work is just finished in tirne. The rates of working of. A, B, C
.- a b (vi) zadz :7bc2.
(iv) 5ac:3bd; (v) - : arc in the ratios 5 : 4 : 3. Find how long the work would have taken
,4; if all three had started together.
8. Find the 19tio of a : b, 18. Equal volumes are taken of two alloys of copper and tin. In
(i) if sa= +b; (ii) if 3a - 4b:5b - a ; (iii) if ftaz: z5F i the first, the volumes of copper and tin are in the ratio 9 : z and in
(iv) if a exceeds D by 15 per cent., by r per cent. the second they are in the ratio r9 : 3. If the two alloys are fused
together without diminution of volume, find the ratios of the
4. Find a:b:c, volumes of copper and tin in the resulting alloy.
(i) if a : 6:8 : r5 and D . c:g:,4 i 19. The weights of three lumps of metal are as 5 :6 t7. By
(ii) if za:30 and 4b:3c. what fractions of themselves must the first two be increased so that
5. If r i !:4 :,3, find the following ratios : the ratio of the weights may be changed to 7 : 6 : 5 ?
l*-zyz ,..., x2-3xy+zf 20. The volumes of two cubes are in the ratio of 3'52: r. Find
Q 3rc-2y. Gi) - -v---D t t "t V-tcy-3F'
|-u"n; fi*zrri ,-- -z the ratio of their surfaces.
8. lf a : b : c:z: 5 : Z, find the following ratros : 205. Proportion. If we take four quantities a, b, c, d such that
aa 2
6;ht <it #f*;
+b2
gii)Luu,,.
--z
a : b=c: d, i.e. !U:90, tt" quantities are said to be in proportion,

7. The ratio of (x + zy) to (x - zy) is equal to the ratio of a to r. and d is said to be the fourth proDortional to a, b, c. The first and
Find in terms of a the ratio of (5x+4y) to (3*+zy). What is the fourth quantities are called the extremes, the second and third are
valueofaifx:y:7:3? called the means.
8. If 3.r -2y i3x+2!:r:3, findthe r^tioof tcz+y2to7x2-xy. If we take three quantities a, b, c such that a, b, b, c are in pro-
9. lf rzxz + 7xy - royz :6, find values for x y. z
ab
10. If 15(zr2 -yz)=7xy, and if x and y are both positive, find portion, i.e.:U=Y", the three quantities are said to be in continueil
the ratio of x to y. proportion.. Also c is said to be the thiril DroDortiond to a and b,
11. Find the value of. (28 + 2tct + 3yz) z (4nz - 6xy + 5yz), if and D is said to be the mean proportional between a and, c.
zx:3!.
Jt 12. Find the ratio in which the following expressions aro If we take a number of quantities a, b, c, d, €, ..., such that
altered, if a and D are each increased in the ratio 2 to I i abcd
;=1c:;=:e=..., the quantities are said to be in conthueil Dro-
(i)
a
tA;
(ii) 4r*i (iii) Gi#. Dortion.
In the following paragraph it is tlat no zero quantitics
(v) 5a2 .
. ...- a2+bz
. ..- a2 - zab + abz (vttt) assumed
b' <"i'1fi; \v\) 7|-+2ab+3bzi 1
-6.
390 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHAP. xxxJ RATIO AND PROPORTION 3et
200. Some importantresults. (r)It;=iwe have, by multi- can be expressed as a function of fb'only is equal to the corre-
plying each side by bd, ad:bc, i.e. when four quantities are in pro- sponding expression containing c and, d.
portion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the
means.
Exa,mple 8. ..ac-a2+3b23+3d2
IJ thal
ad:bc. .........(0 b=A, Prooe
@ rcgb=ldwe have, as above,
utl=!o--n; then a=bh, c:dh.
Dividing each side of (i) by ac, we have a":!, *
2:4, 'We then have a2+3b2_b2(h2+l)_h2+3
This result is sometimes called " Inaertendo ". az _ ab + b2- b2(h2_ A+ r) - h2 _ h+ t,
Dividing each side of. (i) byad, *. t ur. ?":!0. c2+3dz _ d2(k2+t) _ h2+3 .
c2 _ cd+ dz- d2(hz _ h+ ry- pz _ ft + r ,
This result is sometimes called " Alternando ". a2 + 3bz c2 + 3d2
..,^a c . a c :. a*b c+d. A[-b+62=72-"4*4i'
$) It b:a, we have i+t:A+t, b = d
This result is sometimes called " Contponendo ". 208. If tu=O;:i, we may put each ratio equal to A, whence
Abof - r:9a-r, +:+ c - dk, b : ck : dkz, a: bh : dks.

This result is sometimes called " Diaidendo ".

It follows that a sequence of numbers in continueil proportion
c&n be expresseal in t€rms of k and the last number. Ihis is a very
<+) lt 1:la, we have, by combining the results of (3), important result.

a+b . a-b c+d . c-d a*b c+d Example ?. If a :b:b : c:c : d, proae that
b= b: d= d, Le.a4:c_(t (a + b) (c + d): (b + c)2.
This result is sometimes called " Componendo et Diaidmdo". As above, we have c:dh, b:dhz, a=dhs.
.'. - (b + clz = (dh! + dhz) (dh + d) - (dhz + dk)z
(a + b) (c + d)
207. There is no need for the pupil to remember the names of
these operations, but he must be familiar with the results (r) and =dh2(h+ r) .d(h+ t) -ldh(h+ r)12:4zpz1p+ r)z - d2h2(h * r)2-o,
(z). Results (3) and (4) are not frequently used, except to shorten :. (a +b)(c +d):(b + c)2.
the working of equations and identities.
Most results arising out of equal ratios may be proved by putting 209. An important property of equal ratios is :

each equal ratio equal to some other symbol, usually A. --a c e

rr;:;:i:..., then sach ratio:'#ffi.,la+mc+ne+
where t, m, n
Thus if UU:t,:i:..., we may put each ratio equal to fr. It then are any quantities.
follows that a:bh,6:]ft, s:fh, etc. The pupil should verify that Let each ratio:4. Then a=bk, c-dh, e:fh, etc.;
the results of the preceding Article may be proved by this method. . * ne + ... _lbh + mdk + nfk + ...
la + mc
These results are all special cases of a fundamental theorem that if " lb+md+nf +...- lb+md+nf +...
equal ratios, any expression containing a and which
t ^O iare D
 3s2 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcnrr. srx.l RATIO AND PROPORTION 393
&a,mple 8. Find tlu oalue of a in thc follwing expressiott tzx2
Componendo" we have .gx2
z
Or Using "
3x-2 - 1tc-2'
-
' t-2-1-3x- 5Y+zz.
2,7 3 a .'. -3x2:o or l-- . 4 i.e. 15* -6=rzx-8i
5i.r"" 1-2-3. each fraction is eoual toll+"ty
+n'. Now put 3x-2 5x-2',
------2 7 3'----- 2l+7m+y' .'. t:o or 3x+2:o, i.e. x= -2,
l:3, m: - S, n:2. It is never necessaly to use " Componendo ", etc., but as seen
Each fraction is therefore equal to 3t- 5y+?2, above, the rvorking of a question is sometimes made considerably
' 6-35+0' shorter thereby.
:. a=6-95+6: -zg,
^ IJ
iExa,mDle 9. -- 2tn+zn-tI 2n+61-m 6l+zm-n 210.* The rule of cross multiplication.
that
--;-= y =7, Prosc
If arx+bry+clz:o, ,.....(i)
gl _ ___ tn_: and azlc+b*+c2z:oe ......(ii)
2y+2,2- x 22+ztt-y 2x+2y - z
we have, by multiplying (i) by az, (ii) by a, and subtracting,
The clue is given by the denominators in the result.
We form a new fraction equal to each of the original fractions by y (a&t- arbr) + z(arc, - arcr) = o,
use of the multipliers - r, 2, 2, as in Art. 2o9. i.e. Y(arbr- arbr):z(crar- c2a1),
Thus, each of the given fractions is equal to
( - r)(zm + zn - 3I) + z(zn + 6l - m) + z(61 + zm - n) o,cra2-! clq-__z_.
:-.2y+22-tc
271 a1b2- a2b1

-x+2y+22 Similarly, by eliminating a between (i) and (ii), we obtain

Similarly, by use of the multipliers 2, - r, 2, each of the given
fractions is equal to
z(zm * zn - 3l) + ( - r) (zn + 6l - m) + z(61 + zm - n) ffi,,,=f-,,o;
2rc-y+22 =9fi.
22+ztc-'t .xy2
'' brcz- brcr: ctaz- c{,1= alb2- azbL'
Similarly, by use of the multipliers 2,2, - r, each of the given
fractions is equal to This result is known as the Rule of Cross Multiplication.
z(zm + zn - - m) + ( - r)(61 + zm - n)
3l) + z(zn + 6l 9n The result may be easily remembered as follows :
2x+2y-z =-.
2x+2y - a Write down the coefficients of x, y, z in order, beginning with
271 om on tlose of y ; repeat these last, as shown below.
' 2y+22-e 22+zr-y zx+zy-z' Dtlrzct\rrar!Dt
'-.3lrnn
2y+22-e 22+2*-t, ztc+2y-z'
brArrAorAb,
dividing each fraction by 9. Multiply the coefficients across in the way indicated by thc
plqmlle - 3x+z
gxz - 5x+2. arows; any product formed in descending is positive, and any
10.
3x-2 -rzl5x-2
Soloe the eouarton
' formed in ascending is negative. Then the three results brc2- b1cy
Either (98 - 3x + z)(5x - z) =(tzxz - 5x + z)(3x - z), craz-clar, a1b2-a2b1 are the denominators fot x, y, s resp€c-
.'. 4S*8 - 33x2 + ftx - 4:36i - 3gxz + r6x - 4, tively.
:. gf+6*:o, .'. gxz(3x+z)=s, I{ote. lf z=r,we obtain a formula for solving the linear simul-
.'. r:o or -4. teneous equations ala + b'tt + cr: o, etc + bE + cs= o,

f-
 ss4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA -n"^". xxtx.l RATIO AND PROPORTION 395
Example 11. Find (i) the tatios of x : y : z from the equations 6. Fill in the blanks in :
e - 2y + z : o, yc + 2y - 32: o ; (ii) the values oJ x, y, z uthich satisJy . a b
(r) ::: =_a+3b_4a-Sb.,
these equations and also the equation 3xz - 4y2 + zz2:8. t3
(i) Write down the coefficients in the equations according to the ,.., x
lrrl 1) _z_x-y+z_7x-8y+32
-:=
rule ; thus - r\,2 r\/ r\Z - 2 345
7. If. a : b-b t c= c : dt prove that :
2/\ _ sAs/\ .' a a-zb l;6TEc-ca sla
whence we obtain the products lL) o a (rr' tl
.6= a - 4s; 6t * ,a-a6= 4 a'
(- z) s)-(z) x (r), (r) r
"(- (r)-(- g) x (r), (r) x (z)-(r) x (-2), 8. If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion, prove that:
or 4, 6, 8; (i) b+c: c-a=d: d- c;
". t-Y.-Z :^ l-t-!
;-6-8' ''"''-i-4'
(ii) ,+c is a mean proportional to a*b and, c*d.
.'. tciy:z:2:31+. 9. ,tgO=i:i, prove that each of these ratios is equal to
(ii) Since
x,y _z
234
x,y, z sztisfy
-:'_ : jr . .
the first two equations, we have, as above,

we mhy write x: zh, y: 3h, z : +k.

,,,ilmr,,,r:lm:,.
Substitute these values for x, y, z in 3x2 - 4y2 + zz2=8 i tO. It ?O:!:j, prou. that (i) each of these ratios is
:, s?h)z - +(zk)z + z(4h)2:g ; . ab+zbc-zcd (rr) ,... a3+b3 b3+F
.'. 842:8, :. hz:r, j, h:r or - r ; equal to ; tt+ ca:V-;8.
and the required values are *:2, !:3, a:4t 11. If (a - b) z (c+ a):bz 1 f , and, (b + c), (a - b) are not 2610,
Or tC: -2, !: -3, Z= -4. express c in terms of. a and b.
EXERCISE 96 L2. lf a: b-b : c, prove that .6t + ,/-0" is a mean proportional
between a+bar'd,b+c.
1. Find the fourth proportional to:
(i) rz, g, 3z; (ii) ab, bc, cd 1 (iii) rzag, ga2b,6aA. *EXER,CISE 96. C
2. Find the third proportional to : In Nos, r-6, find the ratios of x z y : z.
(i) 4, 16 ; (ii) azba, aabz; (iii) nbz,4ab. 1. 2.,- * 3y - 4z:o, 2. S* - y - 3z:o,
8. Find the mean proportional between: Sr; - zy + 3z:o. 4x +2y+ z:o.
(i) 8, 3z ; (ii) a2ba, arbz ; (iii) gazb, z5F. 3. z.r - Sy:32, 4. 4x - fy *62:o,
4. If. a : b:c : d=e if, prove that : 7x - z:4y. +y+ z=o.
(i,) 5. 2y:3(y*z), 8.ax-+by+cz:o,
(D
#3!3d:#-.d; ##*:#*n0,, s@ - y):zz. Px-i w+rz:o.
Solve the equatiors :
Gilsb=,,f ?. zx-6y-72:o, 8. 3tc-y+42:o,
"@r,_*u-,Gi(#_)":ffinv,
_(a+b)(a- c). /-,:\ lF - _c+e ac
5x+4y - 8z=or - 5x+2y+72:O,
3x2 - r6y2+*=g,
d
r.,t
\v) (vr) \gZ=-64=4*J.
^ 4Jc-y+gz=to,
e:@4)(c+d); 9. 7x+Sy+62=0, 10. -+y-r4z=o,
3,r
5. y!-:l-:1-, +t- g!*zz=8, find r, y and s. 3x: 4(y - z), 2ri - 5t + 42 = o,
523' ^nd Stc-7y+6z=ft. 3rn-f+81=16.
 3s6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer.:o<rx.]
11. .r+y+3=r, L2. )c+y+z=o,
a'lc+ by +.rs:o, ax+by + cs -o,
azs+b2y+cr::o. 5(.ru3+y3+a3): (b- c)(c-5)@- b).
r;*"-"
ta. x--tc+z=qti+ sx-6. 14. gx?+zx-z_3x+7.
CHAPTER XXX
+x'-5x+o gx'-3x-2,3x-2
VARIATION
lb. rc-_=r-5 .: ,U.zx?-sx+7_sxz-3x-zo-
- gx- z
- zx+ s x-^3**. 2x-+3tc+r-1,*=ix-zo' 211. Up to the present, we have always regarded letters as
1?. If ---I--: != -: , 2 .Drovethat standing for numbers. We can, however, also use letters to repre_
3rn-l 4n-zl 4n+zl-3m zl+3m-{n'r'- sent quantities. 'Ihus, we may use X to denote the weight of a
tc(3n - 4n) + y@n - zl) + z(zl - 3m): o. mass of metal and Y to dcnote its cost. When letters are used to
18. If xe ::-_::!: represent magnitudes it will be found convenient to use capital
3b+2c 2c+a a+3b' :-,,show that r must equal either letters and to reserve small letters to represent variables whose
|
-or-r.
'lg.prorr"thatif
Zt values are purely numerical. Thus, in the above instance we should
D,+c : say that the weight X is .r kg and the cost y is g/.
a+zb+zc 2a+b+2c'Io = za+zb "*! .theneither
a, b, c ate all equal or their sum is zero. Direct variation. One quantity y is said to vary ilirecfly as,
or to varjl as, or to be proportional to another quantity X, if
ZO. rc prove that either each ratio Yr: Yr:Xr: X2, where Xr, Xz denote any two particular values
;j=1:;#-r-^:h#-,
equals r or I + tn + n: o. What is the value of the ratio in the latter of Xand Y1, Y2are the corresponding valr.res of l'. This is usually
case ? expressed by writing YcoX, wherc o is an abbreviation for
2L. Ub+'r-o:'-#:r=, Prove rhat
" varies directly as ", or " varies as ".
It should be particularly noted that X and ymay denote magni-
o:b='. tudes which are not necessarily of the same kind, or they may
m+n n*l l+nt represent variables whose values are purely numerical. Thus, if
22. lf. the ratios 90, t , are all equal, prove that each is equal Y (or $y) be the cost of X (or r kg of metal), we may write either
1, Ye,X, or ye.x.
to
" lba\ o{, +re\ -.
\ ,3ffi., for all values of n, b, e, /, ".. 2L2. If we wish to decide from first principles whether y varies
as r,
the simplest test to apply is to ask the questions ( r) is y doubleci,
28. provethat (i) if a>b,lrrffi,(ii)if a< b,"u.ffi, *n"r" ifr is doubled? (z) Isy halved, if r is halved? (t) Isy multiplied
a, b, x are all positive quantities. How must the result be modified by 5, if .x is multiplied by 5 ? If the answer to any of these questions
if r is negative? is " no ", then we know that y does not vary as r ; if the answer
zt il are all positive quantities, show that t,*!',1 to all the questions is " yes ", then it is probable that ycr.
24. lf. x, !, y+u u It should be particularly noted (r) that if. ya-x, then y:6 if r: o,
are in either ascending or descending order of magnitudS. (z) that y does not necessarily vary as r if, when x is increased or
25. lf. a, b, c, d, e, f ... are all positive quantities, show that the diminished, y is also increased or diminished. The truth of this is
fraction les between the greatest and least of the easily realised by consideration of the functions y:tc+ 5, !:x2,
## y- \/tc, etc.
ace
fractions -b, provided that these fractions are not all equal.
,
i,j,... 218. Questions involving variation may often be answered by
direct application of the definition, as in Ex. r, Method r, but it is
3ql
;
F
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [etlr.
:oo(,1 VARIATION
398 399
constant it is never necessaty to calculate the value of the constant,
usually more convenient to make use of the following theorem :
although in simpler cases it is convenient to do so.
If yccx, tben y = fos,ahere k is some cotrstant.
Method 3 is of great value when E is an awkward number ; in
Let r and y stand for any corresponding values of the variables
such cases it is mere waste of time to calculate its value.
and let xr and y1 be particular values of r and y respectively. Then,
by definition, Example 2. The time of one swing of a imple petdulum a. the
!i\=&i&1t !:x-lt:4, orY--YJ' squale root of i* lmgth. Il a pendulum 3g.t4 cm long swings once in
"' xxL a second, find the lmgth of the pmdalum which swings 56 times in orc
But 4 is a fixed number, which may be denoted by fr. miaute.
xl Let the time ? be ! secs., and the length Z be / cm. Then t:h{l,
Hence Z:ft, ot y=hrc. and t:r when /:39.r4;
The symbol fr is called the va,riation consta,nt' and its value can ,=h.J3g-r4, .'. A=l:.
be found when we know one pair of corresponding values of the v3g.r4
(N.B not work out the value of fr.)
connected variables. -Do
Exanple l. It ycx, and y=4o whm x=r6,find the oalue of y
The exact relationship berween t and I is therefore E v39'r4
,!!-.
whan x:24. when r:9. we have
5O-
Methorl 1. By definition !1 i !2: xr: fi2, where ray ?nd yy y2
cN2 6o JI 6o2 I
are any two particular values of r and y respectively. 56 Jg9t4' sf,: ss'ra'
Therefore, if y1 is the required number, we have t!_l zzs,
yri40:24: 16, whence t:6o. ... 1 :39' after cancelling,
rgo
Methoil 2. Since ycx, we have y=htc, where ft is a constant. =45 approx.
Butwhen x:16, !=F, J. 4o=h.t6, .'. i:8, The length required is therefore 45 cm.
.'. all corresponding values of x and y satisfy the equation Great care must be taken with units. Thus, in Ex. z, the time
y:8 tc i .'. when r= 24, Y:$x 24:$6. must be expressed in terms of the same unit throughout, either
Methoil 3. Since yocr, we have y:hx, where ft is a constant, seconds or minutes or any other convenient unit.
for all corresponding values of r. Therefore, if y1 is the required Similarly, the length of th pendulum must be expressed throughout
number, we have in metres or centimetres. It does not matter what unit is used provided
and that, for each variable, the same unit is retained throughout the question.
Dividing (i) by (ii), we obtain The value of & is difterent for difrerent units.
In working any cxample it is best to start by choosing the units
#=?1=2' r' Y1=6o' and to keep to that set of units throughout. It should, however, bc
noted that if, e,g., both variables represent lengths, we need not
In simple cases there is very little to choce between these
methods. Methods z and g are of more general'application than use the same unit for each variable, Thus, the circumference of a
Method r, and the introduction of one or more variation constanta circle oc the radius, and we may, if we wish, use one metre as the unit
is in some cases essential. The beginner will find it better to use for the circumference and one centimetre as the unit for the radius.
Method 2 until he is really familiar with the subject' It should, But we must keep the same unit for the circumference throughout and
however, be noted ttnt in questiona involving only one variatioo the same unit for the radius throughout.

L-
 /
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cH,u. s(.1 VARIA'I'ION 40t
214. In Ex. z, we have t:
h,Jl and at first sight it might appear respectively. Therefore ii y, is the required number, we have
that for each value of / there are two values of t, equal in magnitude !1 : 8o= 4 : 32, whence yr: to.
but opposite in sign. This is not the case, for in the question t is Methoit 2. Since y varies inversely as r, we have y:t.
€ssentially a positive number. But, in general, it is worth noting x
that if. x2 : hy2, we are not entitled to say that rcy I there are two But when x:4, !=8o,
values of r corresponding to each value of y, and our definition is ...8o=i, :. h_szo,
not satisfied. This point is of theoretical importance only ; in
most practical applications of variation the letters represent real .'. for all corresponding values of x
r:Tt and, y,
positive numbers or quantities and to each value of one letter there
corrcsponds one and only one value of the other letter. In all such .'. when *=32, y=3?:rc.
32
cases we can say thatif x2ey2, then *cy.
Method 8. As above, y=\ tor all corresponding values of
215. Inverse Variation. One quantity Y is said to varT in- x and y.
versely 8sr another quantity x, if. Yr: Y"= x2: Xy Therefore if y, is the required number, we have
where ,\, X, denote any two particular values of X and Yr, Yrare
the corresponding values of Y. ,r:i.,h ...............(i)
As above, X and Y may denote magnitudes which are not
necessarily of the same kind, or they may represent variables whose so=|. ................(ii)
4
values are purely numerical. Dividing (i) by (ii), we obtain
It may be shown tbat if y varies inversely as x, tben y: !, sr1"ra yr_k t j' Yr:to'
k is some constant. $-t " ^ft=B'
For, let x and y stand for any corresponding values of the The beginaer is recommended to use Method z until he is
variables and let tr1,11 be particular values of x, y respectively. really familiar with the subject, when
it may be replaced by
Then, by definition, Method 3.
y i yt= et i ,t 't .'. x!: xtly
But x1/1 is a fixed number which may be denoted by
&snple 4. If ac,b, bc!r, and cadz, protse that a oades
&,
inoersely as d2.
i. xY=ft or Y=:' We have a=hb, ...............(i)
b:I--c, ............(ii)
216, Inquestions involving inverse variation, as in questions
c=m&, ............(iii)
involving variation, we may either apply the definition or rnake use where A, l, m are the variation constants.
of the relation.hip y::. (It should be carefully noted that we must use different letters
to represent the variation constant in (i), (ii) and (iii). In particular
Example 8. If y oai.es intsercely as x, and y =go when x= 4, fid cases they may be the same, but we have no right to assume that
the aalue of y when x=32. this will be so.)
Method l. By defnition, From (i) and (ii), we have o-U, thie with (iii),
!1 i tg= cc2 i x1t hl=, ^d,combining
where *1, 8r and lu lz te any teto particular values of r and 3l
we obtain o= m cte
f'
r'
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA n<x.l VARIATION ,+o3
4o2 [cnar.
4 i, .onr*nt' say n, 22. &...,.. o 4 8 t2 -6
But since k, l, m are constants, y.,.... o 4 r6 36 6'z5
"
n 28. x...... | 2 3 4lc
a : ': i.e. a varies inversely as l.
'" *- y......288 tt.52
d2' 72 32
24. c..,,,. 2 4 6 8tz2o
E.XERCISE 97 (OraI) d...,.. So 25 t2'5 ro 5

Express each of the following statements algebraically, as an E:@R,CISE 98

equatron :
varies as x2, and y:36 when a=4, find the value of
l. If y
L. aqb. 2. ced2. 8. zeys. a. anlu' (i) y when (ii) x when y:].
r:6,
2. lf y varies inversely as r, and y:$ when r:3'6, find the
5. s. *a4. 7. (a+b)q.\. g. r..1' value of y when r:5.76.
"**.
dz Yo c: \tl
8. lf yax, and y: 15 when r: r8, find the equation between
9. The circumference of a circle (c m) varies as the radius x and. y. Find also (i) y when x: 4'5, and (ii) r when y :2'5.
(r cm).
10. The amount of work a man does (zo units) varies as the 4. If roc], and y:4.5 when r:4, find x when y:4'2.
time he works (r hours). v
11. t2 varies inversely as ls. 6. lt Wfi, and, y : 48when *: 3, find y when r:4.
12. (12 +n2) varies inversely as 4. 8, If yex3, and y : tl when r : 3, find y when x: z,
18. The simple interest ($i) on a given surn at a given rate 7. It is known that yoc (ax - z). If r:3 when y:2 and x:4
varies as the number (z) of years for which the money is lent. when y-4,
find a. What is the value of y when r:5?
14. The volume (o m3) of a given quantity of gas at a constant 8. The breaking strain (t kg) of a steel wire varies as the
temperature varies inversely as the pressure (p kg per m2) on it. square of its circumference (c cm). If s= 19'6 when c= 3'5, find s
15. The value of a diamond ($r) varies as the square of its weight when c: r.5.
(ra grains). 9. The volume of a given mass of gas at a constant temperature
L8. xzyx varies inversely as 26. is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, At a pressure of
17. The power (i watts) of the engines of a given ship is proportional zo kg per m2 a certain mass of gas occupies r8 ms . Express
to the cube of the speed (o km per hour). in ms the volume of the same mass of gas at a pressure of.7'z kg
per m2.
18. When a stone is let fall, the time (t secs.) it takes to fall any
distance (d m) varies as the square root of the distance. 10. The distance through which a heavy body falls from rest varies
as the square of the timetaken. A bodyfalls through 16oo m in rosec.;
19.The square of the time (l days) taken by a plan91 to-go.round how long would it take to fall through 576 m?
the sun varie! as the cube of its mean distance (d million km) from
the sun. 11. The intensity of the illumination given by a certain lamp varies
inversely as the square of the distance from the lamp. A surface is
j Assuming that the law of variation in the following cases is the
simplest that would give the pairs of values supplied in the tables,
illuminated by a certain light at a distance of 3 m. Where must it
I
i be placed to receive three times the illumination ?
state the law in words, give the algebraic equation connecting the
i
I variables, and fill in the gaps: 12. If the distances of an object and of its image, formed by a
20.x...... o 2 4 6 - II
mirror, are measured from a certain point, it is found that the sum
y...... o ro -r2.5 -55 -"c of the distances varies as the product, If the distance of the image
3o 35
is rzo cm when the distance of the object is 3oo cm , calculate the
I
2L.p.....- t 2 3 5 2'5 distance of the image when the distance of the object is 54o cm.
9..,...40 20 8 r'6
I
!

t
i
 I
4o4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnee. )o<x.l VARIATION 405
13. The tension of an elastic string varies as the extension. A string 28. The number of trees required to plant an acre varies in-
whose unstretched length is 6 cm is stretched to 7.5 cm by a pull ol versely as the square of the distance between the trees. If 432 trces
8 kg. What pull will stretch it to 8'4 cm? nre required when the distance is ro m, how many are required
14.'fhe value of a diamond € the square of its weight, and a when the distance is r5.m? What is the distance when ro8 trees
diamond of 4 carats is worth $336o; find the value of one of the same are required?
quality weighing 5 carats. 24. A clock keeps accurate time at zooC but gains as the temperature
hour, talls and loses as lt
falls it nses,
rises, tne
the rate oI gain or toss
of galn lois varyrng thi square
varying as the square
quare of the number of degrees between the actual temperature and jooC.
is 48 If it gains
sains 2 sec. per
Der day temDerature is ,zoC.
dav when the temperature 7oC, how much
mrrch
eatest does it lose (to(to the nearest sec.) in 3 ? days when the temperature
temDerature
is 35'C?
18. The volume of water in an inverted vessel, 25.The volume of a sphere varies as the cube of its radius. prove
right circular cone with vertical axis, varies as that three spheres of.radii cm, 2'4cm,3 cm are together equal in
-r.8
depth of the water in the vessel. The depth of volume to one of radius 3'6 cm.
when the volume is rz.5 litresi ; find thsvolum 26. lt (x.+ y)q(x - y), prove that r ccy.
rs 24 Cm.
1?. If the time of a beat of a pendulum of length / cm is f sec., 27. If (x+y)e(x-y), prove that (x2+xy*y2)q(xz-tcy+y2).
it is known that 1cr.t2. A pendulum with a beat of z sec. is 156.56
28. If. yex, and, xa.!, prove that: varies inversely as 1,.
cm long. What is the time of beat of a pendulum z cm long? - -
18. of an engine is proportional to the cube 29. lt ae ,'n2, prove that bn, nt ,assuming that a,b, c
of the o kW at i speed'ofii km per hour, what fr, ^nd
is the is ro km per hour? are all real and positive.
19.The square of the time taken by a planet to go round the sun 80. If (c+d) varies inversery * (1r+;), prove that (c2+d2)ecd.
varies as the cube of its mean distance from the sun. If the mean
distances of Jupiter and the earth from the sun are 483 millions and
21?. It sometimes happens that a quantity depends on the
93 millions of km respectively, find to the nearest year how long it takes
variation of two or more other quantities which may vary inde-
Jupiter to travel round the sun.
20. The square of the velocity of a particle varies as the cube pendently of each other. Thus, in Geometry, if z is the volume of
of its distance from a certain fixed point p. If this distance is a right circular cylinder of height h on a base whose radius is r,
increased- by r.z per cent., find the approximate percentage increase we know that ztqh when r is constant,
in the velocity. and occrz, when ft is constant.
We also know that z is given by the formula o:trzh, and since a
is constant, this is the same thing as saying that o varies as the
product r2h when both r and h vary.
i:1,1',-.t,H+,f
This is a particular case of a general proposition, viz. :
_22. Weight on es inversely as ff a varies as b when c is constant, anal if a varies as c when b
the square of the on and beiow
the surface it vari is coristant, then a varies as bc when b anil c both vary.
The earth's radius being-taken as 4ooo km, at what distance below If c has any definite fixed value cr, aab, i.e. there exists a definite
the surface is the weight of an object the same's at constant ft such that a:hb. Hence, to every pair of values 01, cl of
50 k-
"bo;;-i;i b and c, there corresponds one definite value a, of a.
 li

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Eo(.1 VARIATION

4cl6 [cnae. 4C/7

Let three such sets of values be In all cases of ioint varietion, the difiecent variables occlu as
a1, b1, c1, ...,,,......(i) fac0ors, not as t€rus.
a', by, c2, ...."......(ii)
219. The above phrases should be carefully distinguished from
a2, b2, cz. ........'...(iii) the following:
Now D has the same value in (i) and (ii), and accc when D is a varies partly as D and partly as c.
constant, . !:cJ ............(iv) Here a consists of two parts, one of which varies as b, and the
'' a'- cz' other of which varies as c, We therefore have a: kb + lc.
Again c has the same value in (ii) and (iii), and acD when c is
It shoulil be carefully not€al that we must we alifferent vuiation
constant, . 4=br constants for b anil c.
a2 b2
From (iv) and (v) by multiplication Example 5. The electrical resistance of a wire (r ohns) oaries as
a1
-.brc, its length (l netres) and inaersely as the square of its dianrctet (d milli-
4- b.,,r' melres). Compare the of tzao wires of the same material,
resistances
and (Drcr), (brcr) denote any values of (Dc), J. aq.bc'
This theorem is of considerable theoretical importance, as it
t of z mrn and is 8 m long, while the other
one of which has a diatneter
has a dianrcter of 3 nrm and is tz m lotg.
frequently enables us to dcduce the law of variation, but in hl
practice it is rarely used, since, in most of the cases in which it can we have ,: ri,
be applied, either the larv of variation is well known or the question
can be done by compound proportion. .'. the resistance r, of the first *i.. = A .1,
It *ill be easier for the beginner to learn the result from the
consideration of special cases such as the area of a rectangle, the and the resistance r, of the second *'i.. =A .li,
volume of a cone, etc. than from the general proof.
rr: 8A t2
J. rr:- h .
218. Joint variation. One quantity is said to vary jointly as 4 9
a number of others vl'hen it varies directly as their product. The Example 6.The cost of electricity is pailly constant, and partly
word " jointly " is sometimes omitted. oaries as the number of units used. For roo units the cost is 9175, and
'l'hus, a varies jointly
as D and crvhcn a - kbc,where ft is a constant.
for z5o units the cost r'r $362.50 . Find the cost per unit whm zoo units
This phrase often causes considerablc difficulty to beginners who
ue used.
have been accustorned to replace by " + ". It is most Let $c be the total cost, and let z be the number of units.
important that they should realise that in this context " and " is
Then
equivalent to " x ". They will most easily master the use of the
phrase, if they notice that, since a=kbc, accb when c is constant Also
and arrc when D is constant. This will enable them to check their
u'ork and avoid the mistake of writing a as the sum of two terms. From (i) and (ii) we obtain ft:5o, /: r|.
Similarly, if a varies directly as 6 and inversely as c, we have
Thtrs for all values of c and n, 5o+5!,
hb
a-.: i also, ifa varies directly as b and c and inversely as d, we "= 4
f ,, u'hen n -- 2oo, 6 = !o * 2So : 3oo,
.'.
i

.
have a =
"i:, where A is in each case a constant.
ROC
I d' and the cost per unit ls $3oo-zoo, i.e. $r'5o.

t
I
4o8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAP' no<.1 VARIATION 4os
EXERCISE 99 (OraI) 4. If x is partly constant and partly varies as t3; and if x=ry
when t:2, an.d x= -M when t:8, find the value of t when
Express each of the following statements algebraically, as an x= -7.
equation: 5. If z varies as rs and inversely as y2, and, if z:4 when *:8
1. I
varies directly as B and inversely as C. and y: - *. find z when x: - z and y:$.
2. X varies jointly as Y and the square of Z. 6. lf. h varies directly as'! and o2 and inversely asr, and if h=6
8. z varies as x2 and inversely as y2. when t:*, u: -2t r-5, find twhen h-to,v- 2Lrr:3.
4. z partly variesas r and partly as ef. 7. If z varies as the sum of two quantities, one of which varies
5. The reciprocal of .s varies jointly as r and y2. as r and the other inversely as 1/rc, and if z:42 *l6n a:4, and
z = 87 when tc:25, fir:d z when rc:9.
8. a is partly constant, partly varies as &, and partly varies
inversely as C. 8. If z varies as x when y is constant and as y2 whcn * is constant.
?. E is partly constant and partly varies inversely as z. and if z:5 when x:* and y:], find x when y: -!, z:to.
8. E[ varies directly as t and V2 and inversely as R. 9. If r varies as y when z is constant, and as z when y is
9. p varies jointly as c and the square of z. constant, prove that when yccz, then tccyz.
10. i varies as a and the cube of o. 10. If a varies as ,/b when c is constant, and inversely as c2 when
t D is constant, prove that when D varies inversely as c, then a2ccDs.
11. C partly varies as A and' Partly varies inversely as the
square of D. LL. lf d varies <iirectly as s and inversely as the square of t, and
12. t varies directly as / and inversely as {ft. if d=Z when s:16 and 1:4,firrd s when l:15 and d:o'2.
13. z varies as r when y is constant and as y2 when r is 12. The volume Z of a solid varies jointly as the height fr and the
constant, area A of the base. lf. V:3o when l:3 and A: r5, find (i) V in
ft r terms of A and. h, (ii) the value of ft albsrL I/:5o, A:8.
14. C varies as r when ft is constant and as when is
constant. 13. A number y is the algebraic sum of two terms, one of which
15. a varies as {D when c is constant and as C when D is varies as r and the other inversely as x2. When r: - z, y= 5, and
constant.
when r: *, y: rS i find the value of y when *: - t.
10. The time (r secs.) during which a body will slide down a 14. The value of silver coins varies jointly as the thickness and
smooth inclined plane varies directly as the length ( / m) and the square of the diameter. If two such coins have values in the
inversely as the square root of the vertical height (l cm) of the ratio zo: z7 and thicknesses in the ratio 3 :5, find the diameterof
plane. the second, if that of the first is r] cm.
17. The electrical resistance (R) of a copper wire varies as the 15. If y varies as the algebraic sum of two terms, one of which
length (Z) of the wire and inversely as the area (l) of its cross- varies as r and the other as the square of r ; and if y= - g when
sectlon. r-3, and !=2I whet x=+, find the values of * which make
18. z varies as the sum of r and y, and ye.xs. Y: -24.
16. S is the sum of two parts, one of which varies as r and the
EXERCISE 1OO other inversely as r. When x- 4, S:zz; when N: - 2t^S: - 14.
l.Given that y varies jointly as xz and z, and that 9: rz when Find r when S:8o*.
x=3, z=g, find (i) the value of y when x:2, z:8, (ii) the value of 17. The weight of a sphere varies as the cube of its radius and
z when Y= t8, ,c:o'25. also as the specific gravity of the material of which it is made. The
2. Given that p varies jointly as a and a2, and. that 1t: r8 when specific gravity of gold is 19'25 and of silver ro.5. Find the radius
a-9 and o: 15, find o when c:8r and P=32. of a sphere of silver equal in weight to three times that of a sphere
of gold of radius z cm.
8. If y is equal to the sum of two quantities, of which one is
constant and the other varies as r; and if y=1g *1t.tt a:!, and 18. The cost of making a spherical ball varies as the cube of its
y:47 when a:4, find the value ofy when x: -t. radius, and the cost of painting the ball varies as the square of ito
4ro ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. xxx.l TEST PAPERS VIIT 4rt
radius. If a painted ball of radius 6 cm costs $45o, and one of radius
4 cm costs $16o, find the cost of one whose radius is z cm. screen. A source of light distant 3 m from the screen produces the
1g. The illumination of a small object by a lamp varies directly as same illumination as would three candles, one r m, one 2 m and the
thi power of the lamp and inversely as the square of the distance of other 4 m from the screen. Compare the illumination with the given
the object from the lamp. If an electric lamp of roo watts, fixed 6o cm by a single candle 3 m from the screen.
above a table, is replaced by a 6 watts lamp, how much must the new 2?. The distance that a body moves from rest is the difference
lamp be lowered to give the same illumination as before at the point between two terms, one of which varies as the square and the other
of the table directly under the lamp ? as the cube of the time in seconds from the start. If in z sec. the bodv
20. The cost of making a spoon of given material and given shape moved 36 cm and in the 3rd sec. it moved ro8 cm, find how far it
is the sum of trvo parts, which vary as the cube and square respectively moved in the rst and 4th seconds.
of the length. lf $a, $6a are the costs for two sPoons, the latter being
twice as long as the former, find the cost of a spoon r| times as long
as the latter.
21. The kinetic energy T of a falling body varies directly as the
product of its mass rn and the square of the time t during which it
has fallen I the momentum M varies as the product of rz and 1. before the average daily cost per head falls to 7og I
Show that, if T is expressed as a function of M and m, T varil$
directly as the square of M ar.d inversely as rn.
22. The cost of making an overcoat is assumed to consist of a fixed
sum together with an additional sum which varies inversely as the
number of coats made at the factory in a day. When the number
made is 40, the cost of each is $63, and when the number is roo, the
cost of each is $60. Find the cost of an overcoat when the daily of a vessel
production is 8o. stant, and as
23. The total daily cost of running a ship is made up of a fixed . Show tha
sum for wages, etc. and a sum which varies as the square of the ship aken for the
speed, which is assumed to be constant throughout a trip. When a
certain trip takes 5 days the total cost is $ro6o, and when it takes
6 days the total cost is $rz5o; prove that the total cost of the trip, TEST PAPER,S VIII
when it takes z days, is groo x (t+) A
24. The force of gravity on the surface of different planets varies 1. If 2(r _ b)=r*6 and q(r-c)-r+c,.*pr".. 2--l
- aa
jointly as the density and the radius of the planet. The radius of simply as possible in terms of b and r. t + pq
Jupiter is ro times that of the earth; the density of the earth is 5'67 ,2. Find the firsr 3 terynl and the last 3 terms in the quotient of
and that of Jupiter r'75. If a boy can jump 6o cm high on the earth, rrr - r rx + ro when divided by x2 - zx+ r.
how high can he jump on Jupiter, assuming that the height of his
jump is inversely proportional to the force of gravity? 8. (i) Simplify (6btra-\L x (/)al"-s1a' : @-i66-ey.
(ii) Without using tables, find the value of
25. The sag at the centre of a plank of given width varies as the
fourth power of its length and inversely as the square of its thickness. (a) Qff)-i, (b) rct'z x ror's.
If a plank 6o cm long and I cm thick sags I cm, what will be the sag (iii) 1zE +
in a similar plank of the same width but 9o cm long and I cm. thick I
Express 22,; + z)(z!t - r) as a power of z.
4. Evaluate (i) roz'sls,
26. The illumination of a screen varies as the strength of a
source of light and inversely as the square of its distance from the "l-
GD
^l;3::.:n, (iii) tao+i6Gs8.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
[eree. Ioo(.1 TEST PAPERS VIII 413
4r2
o Express in the simplest form
5. (D lf. x : a:y : b-- z : c, prove that each fraction is equal to
(x+2y+32):(a+zb+3c). (i) g'65 - -,J; - *1117,
(ii) lf zxz - r3xy - 2+y2:o, find the possible values of r : y' "^f
6. The following table shows the theoretical time, y sec', taken to (ii)
cover r km at maiimum speed by a yacht whose rating is r metres:
,c...... 5 7'5 ro t2'S rS 20 25 30 o.
y......576 47o 4o8 365 333 288 258 235 , L -L., o
t12_y2)\x-_y-)
against r, taking r cm to represent roo sec. and r cm to rePre-
Plot/ 4. Simplify (i) ;--,-,
sent 5 metres. (n +y + 216zye) \x a y - 2x2yz)
In1 race of ft km between two yachts of different ratings, the time-
handicap in favour of the smaller yacht is A times the difference of (ii) aat(4-)+*ff.
their thooretical times for r km. From your graph deduce the time
handicap for a 4o km race between two yachts whose ratings are t9'75 5. Evaluate (i) (5o'3 r)3;7'362,
a,nd z3'25 metres.
B t (ii) (5'67)2- Vo.o76f,

l. The annual incomes of two persons are in the ratio x y and ftr- rxr-)
their annual expenditures are in the ratio x-tiy+ r; if
:
each I r(r-D) '
person saves $zo per annum, find their annual incomes. where a: rzo.5, b:gt.Z, c:t27.1, zs:a+b+c.
2. (i) )Iultiply together *',' +,, x-a and xE- 6. The longer side of a rectangle is increased by ft per cent. of
Jx' itself and the shorter side is decreased by the same percentage.
(ii) lf p: a6t, q: ab^, r: ab', evaluate Pm-n ' qn-t' . f'-m. Show that the area of the rectangle is decreased, and find A, if the
area decreases from z4oo to 2gg4 sq. units.
2x-r
x-t x+t
3. rir Simpiiiy
' - .r-r tc'-5x+oT-;---------:-.
t'-4x+3 D
(ii) If s : p: + 2pq - q2, y : qz + zpq - p2, z : p' t find the value I
ot .\;- + v- - 33'.
92,
1. (i) Express as powers of z: o'o6z5,J;, t*
32
4. The square of the velocity of a particle varies inversely as the (ii) Without using tables, find the value of
distance it has travelled from a fixed point. If the distance is
increased by r'4 per cent., find the approximate percentage de- 9E ' >' 16'l +(az'o"-l-).
\
crease in the velocity. 7b-zt
5. Solve the equations
2. Prove that the equation 32 2r :, !t-']1"* t) ,.
(i) ,/2x (il) 3":*_t.
' 5+, - 4+)c - (5+.r)(4rr')
r, - | - ^[i+ 3: satisfied by any value of x, except - 4, - S, but that the equation
6. A polynomial f (x), when divided by r - r, leaves a remainder J-
't2 2l
-' : r is satisfied by only two values of x. Find these
3, and, rvhen divided by x- z, Ieaves a remainder r. Show that, 5+r - 4+x
when divided by (r- r)(x-z), it leaves a remainder -2x+5. values.

c 3. Express in the simplest form :

(i) (2./z - V:) (rV8 + \h)G/27 - \/2),
1. If r7.r l4y:ztz, and 43rc - 2ty:22r, find the value of
'"' 'z - 6'/i
t/
13+ys+23. (rt)--.
v3_r
3tlz
4r4 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuee. TEST PAPERS VIII
4. Without using tables,
8. Simplify (i) (a + zb)!" (a - zb1-E 6z - 4b\-t,
(i) Calculate logr.(9ro x roo:V;),
(ii) Prove that logro(fi) + log16(L?!) - loglo(?) = r. lJs.t /vs-r-
(ii)
lyr-;-!gr*r'
5. It is given that r varies ^s 2,+)F and that 3:4 when y: - | i 4. Evaluate (i) o'g434 x J 243,
also thaty varies as 93 - z and thaty:2when a= - 5. Obtain the
expression for x in terms of z.
6r3[(r'z)15 - r]
Sgrz
0. Solve the equations:
5. Solve the equations:
(D Vr= +.ti-+4=,/'3x + ro\
(ii) z(8"+8-"):5' $) ,/;.-2p./j6a46::rz,
(ii) zr+r + z' - znr = 40.
E 6. It is known that x and y are connected by the relation
....-x+2y rr y- 4=axn, and the following corresponding values of x and y are
1. Find x:y, ' tt.---'
(t)
orc-y t4 obtained experimentally :

(ii) if 6.12 * rrxy:35y2. i r= ro 20 30 40 50

y:to'27 r4'2 r7'5 20'S 233
2. (i) N'Iultiply x?s + zr| - , + zx-t - *-3 by *! - *-t.
Draw a graph showing the relation between logrox and logto(y - 4),
(ii) Express cube root. and by means of the graph obtain approximate values fot a and n.
ry ^"a
8. Without using tables, find the value of : G

[(i) ro2'r ' Vrofr, (ii) (rz)l x 1a;B;1yrS1-i, 1. Find the val'e otfi+'!r4, *t.n ?::-).
(iii) logro(9ro+i/iol.
4. The cost (c) of boring a well varies partly as the depth (d) and 2. rc !2-
2a+b
Y'+z
2b+C -z+x.prove
2C+A'
that
partly as the square of the depth. A well 35 m deep costs $zz7J,
and a well 5o m deep costs $4ooo. How deep a well couldrbe bored x + y + z _(b + cl x + (c + a)t + @ + b) z
for 93375 ? a+b+c zlab+bc+ca)
5. Evaluate (i) rol'zazo, 8. Without using tables, find the value of :
,.., 3'246 ^ $oo-1638 t o'oo97 G) zt? - 4i + z-2, (ii) +8 x (22 \ 3\-t
\n)@' " z-* " 31.
8. Solve (i) (x+ r)(*-z)(r-r):(x - +)(x+S)(*-S) ; rc# find p in terms of x and y.
(ii) gx + ay - 72 :o i tc + 2y : zz ; 3x2 + 4yz - t8t. 4. Evaluate (i) (o'3za)8" J3 1t9j5+s3o'7,
F (ii) log 4'393 xlog z'r98 + log 5'834 x log 8'7c4x log 6'593'
partly of a
that each ratio is ,o / partly of a
"qrr"t
ntL'l;:H:
0. Given logrot= r +f,togrorc, expr€ss J'in tertns of r, and 6nd
2. simprify
:r-_-"+.-# 'the value of y when r = 9, without using tables.
416 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcHAP. ffi.1 TEST PAPERS VIII 4r7
H 2. What is the smallest number of factors which must be taken
in the product zx2x 2... in order to give a number greater than
1. Prove that, if x*y:2, and none of these quantities is zero. ros?
the expression
IIT 8. Simplify (i) z" x r5z+r x 6-n+2 x 5-n+1,
;r+ yt-_
',2+
))E+7F-2+ V *;z:7 111
-r
----v31:-V6- r - \/2vs-VsJ
is equal to zeto. t + \/2 +V: + Vro----:'

t1 @94*-#@,
4. Evaluate ftl
2. Simpriry o t€,where r:(-)"*", (ii)
(o'38)-t'z 1 (z'371-o'e'
,i-xfr
5. Solve the equations:
,rrr
rur
7* yt, {i-r 11 .lat+S +"@1-+^/x:o,
7-45 Vrr*3 (ii) rz 1't3 ' r) + zx: J3 + r.

-t. (tl Divide a(bi-I-_:-.

a a-r1*6(6-r + ai1 - r-z 1aE a 6t) + aibi6-r 6,
S. rc Prove that either each ratio
ai +bL - c-t- 1 ##:#; ffi,
(ii) Find the square root of
=-3-. or I+m+n:o.
* + a#yt - z*yE - r.*Ey + gyt. a+b'
{. The distance in cm that a body moves from rest is the algebraic
sum of two terms, one of which varies as the time in seconds from l. (i) If Y:LZ-I-z+x-'t = x+1)-z -;-'Prove that ' x Y z
the start, and the other as the square of the time. If the body moves 3 4 S:tA:i'
36 cm in the first second and 68 cm in the nextsecond, find'how"far (ii) fi and. a, b, c areunequal, prove
it will have moved in the third second. +:+=+,
that (a + b + c) (l + m * n) = al I $m + c7r.
5. If the population of a town has been increasing by R per rooo
each year and was P ten years ago, show that it is now 2. Find the square root of +x7 + r-i - qal + zr-F - g.
,"(rooo+R)ro. g.Simolifv x(t-x) * y(t-t') * z(t-z)
\ rooo / " (x - y)(x - z) (y - z)(y - x) (z - x)(z - y)
If i! is now r55 ooo and was tzg ooo ten years ago, find the value 4. The deflection at the centre of a girder of given material with
of R, correct to the nearest unit, by means of logarithms. fixed ends under a uniformly distributed load varies directly as trV,
6. Solve (i) *n, (3x2 + 6x+rr):(.r2 - the load, and the cube of Z, the length of the girder, and inversely
4tc - r1@2 + 4rc+ r),
as 1, its moment of inertia. If the load is increased by ro per cent.
correct to z decimal places ;
and the moment of inertia by 5 per cent., find the percentage change
- si - x - 7
,,., -----5x*6_xB
x2
.x.+sx--F*;p*"*r'
(11) in the length of the girder that the deflection may be unaltered.
5. (i) If e:2.7r8, find log,z5;
. i5-L-.
q .nt
log" zS
I (ii) Evaluate
(r'6rz)r
6, From the equations 4x-2y-72:o and 3*+8y=zgz, find
& y : z, and prove that xz + 4y2:3422.
a

K
1. If /, 2m, n are three consecutive integers, find the value of
12+n2-8m2.
 YfucrteeS .
4r8 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnan. nor.]
^
.4. -- 2Y+22-t: 22+2x-tt
Lt ::.::- 2s+2tt-z
=-__:__=_ =-_u__!__J!_____J, Drove that
lm
CHAPTER XXXI
zm+zn- I zt+ zl-m zl+zm-t
3. (i) Simplify (r SERIES. THE PROGRESSIONS
- y-\=x-Zyt.
+ trtye + r-Zy-81
" 1xt
(ii) Find the square root of + 4o* - zo* + 4r.E - 4+ a-t. 220. The formation of a sequence or series. We have previ-
"8
4. Evaluate (i) (o.5673) Vr87 . (63.4r)s, ously considered algebraic functions of r, e.g. x2 - 3x+ 7, and we
'
(ii) (o.792)2's?. have studied the changc in the value of the function as the value of
5. Solve gxz - 3xy - zyz=12; Srx- +y- 422 i t2gx+2ty:442. r passed continuously through all values within a given range,
6. If the relation y:axn is satisfied by x=2, y=ro.6, and by such change in value was usually illustrated by a graph. We now
x:3, y:6'2, find a and z. proceed to consider functions in which the variable may represent
L only one of the natural numbers r,2, 3,.... To avoid confusion,
1. (i) If zs=a*b*c, express such functions are usually written/(n), where n may stand only for
s2+(s-D)(s-c)+(s-c)(s-a)+(s-a)(s-D) I one of the natural numbers. Thus, if we consider the function n2
as simply as possible in terms of a, b, c and give n the values r,2,3,... in succession, we obtain the
(ii) Divide +tt + lxfl - *1 + 5tI+6 by r3 -"t+ r. ntrmbers 12,22,32..., i.e. r, +, g,...respectively. A succession of
numbers obtained in this manner, in accordance with some given
2. Reduce to its simplest form, and calculate its
1, * ffi-- ,) laN, is callcd a sequence or series.
value correct to z decimal places, given ,/5:2.46r. I 'l'he value of any particular term in the sequence is obtarned by
o
o. c:__r:r__
DrmDlrtv - bc r __ bc
ac
_L _
ac(a - b) substituting the value of n. Thus, in the sequence gi"'en by the
(b - c)(c - a)- (b - c) (a + b)- (b - function rr!'t n, the 5th term is 52+5, i.e. the rth term
c)(a - c) (a + b)' 3o; is
4. Prove that the expression 12+ r ; the nth term is n2 +n, etc.
(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + f + zr) - (o, + by + cz)z
can be written as the sum of three squares; and that, if the 221, Convcrscly, it is sometimes possible to deduce the function
expression equals zero and all the quantities involved are real, from a l<nou'ledge of the sequence. Thus, consider the sequence
tia:y:b=zzc. 4, rr, r8, 25,32,....
5. The amount of coal per hour burnt by a steamer on a voyage It is clear th:rt rve start with 4 and add 7 each time.
consists of the sum of two parts, of which one part cc the speed in
km pcr hour and the other part c the cube of the speed. If a steamer
To obtain the 5th term, we add 7 four times and obtain
burns z tonnes of coal per hour when travelling at ro km per hour and l+'7 x4:3zi to obtain the rth term, we add 7 (n- r) times and
4] tons per hour when travelling at 15 km per hour, find how many obtain 4 + 7 x (n - r) -- 7n - 3. Thus, the above sequence repre-
tonnes per hour it will burn when travelling at 20 km per hour. sents the function 7n - 3, where n stands for a natural number.
6.Four variables a, p, d ard.t are linked by the formula
EXERCISE 101
J {+-+s-s
"
t:r:tt " ('l 5I (Many of these examples may be tahm orally)
Change this formula into one giving / in terms of p, d, o. Find I 1. Write dorvn the first three terms, the 8th term and the rth
when z:rrr8'9, p-r4'7, d-o'o8og. term of the series given by the functions :

(i) (ii) 8, (iii) 1, ,. 2n+7

(tv)
3z +
n-
.--,
3n+4
4r9
 420 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oraa roqr.J PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES
n,
(v) n2 - ("0 (vii) 7 x zn-r, (viii) 228. The most general form of an A.P. rs
ih, ( - r)", a, a*d, a+zd, a+3d, ... ,
(ix) r8 - 4n, (x) 3n-r - ( - +)"-r. in which the first term is a, and the corunon difference is d. It is
2. Write down 4 terms of the sequence obtained as below. Also easy to see that any term may be expressed in terms of a and d;
write down the zth term, leaving the answer in unsimplifred forrn, thus, the 8th term is obtained by adding d seven times to the first
e.g. g x 3"-r,
term ; the nth term is obtained by adding d (n - t) times to the
(i) Write down ro and add 3 each time,
first term. These terms are therefore, respectively,
(ii) Write down ro and subtract 4 each time.
a+7d, a+(n- r)d.
(iii) Write down 256 and divide by e each time.
(iv) Write down # and multiply by - 3 each time. Example 1. Find the gth, z6th and nth terms of the series

3. Write down the next two terms of the following sequences t 62,57, 52,... .
(i) 6+, -32, 16, -8,4,..., (ii) zo, 18, t6, 14, 12,..., The series is an A.P. with first terrn 6z and C.D.
(iii) +, 3, +, t, ... , (iv) e x 5,4x7,6 x 9, 8 x rr, ..,. .'. the 9th - 9: zz ;
term = 62 + 8(
4. Find the third term in each of the following seri.s , I the z6th tern:62+zS(- S)- -6f ;
(i) 35, 4o, the zth term:62 + (z - r)( - ):67 - Sn.
50, 55, 60, ... , (ii) t6z, 54, ...
(iiD8, +, -, a66,..., (i.'o) 16, 25,-, -,6, z, , Example 2. The 7th and zrst terms of an A.P. are 6 and-zz
-,]€5-, 49,64,gr,....
5. Find the zth term in each of the following series, and check respectiaely; find the series.
by substitutin g n: 3 in your result : With the usual notation, a+6d:6; a+2od: - zz; whence,
(r) zz, 25, 28, 3r, ... , (ii) r'.!, z{, i*, +i,..., I by subtraction, t4d: -28, i, d= -2, and from the first equation
(iii) +, - rr, r, -2,4,..., (iv) o.r, o.o2, o.oo3, o.ooo4,..., a- rz:6, ,'. a= r8.
6. The zth term of a series is 5n+ 4. Thus the series is r8, 16, 14, ...
(i) Is (a) 6+, (b) 73, a term of the series? If so, u,hich term? It should be noted that an A.P. is completely determined u'hen
(ii) Which is the first term of the series which is greater than 40? any two terms are known, for we can then write dorvn two inde-
?. The n th term of a series is zn - rt. pendent equations connecting a and d,
(i) How many terrns of the series are negative? By solving these equations the values of a and d can be found and
(ii) How many terrns of the series are positive and less than go? the series determined.
8, The nth term of a series is 3n +8. What is the difrerence 224. Arithmetic means. (r) When three numbers are in A.P.
between (i) the rth term and the (i- r)th term, (ii) the zth term the middle term is called the grifhnrsfis mean of the other two,
and the (r+ r)th term? Thus, sirice t2, t6, zo are in A.P., 16 is the arithmetic mean of
Arithmetical progressions rz and zo. It will be noted that it is the average of the rlvo numbers.
222. A series in which each term is formed from the preceding This is proved more generally in the following example.
by adding to it a constant quantity is called an Arithmetical Example 8. Find the arithmetic mean of x and y.
Progression. The constant quantity is called the common alifter- Let A be the required mean; then, since x, A, ! are in A.P,,
ence, and it may be found by subtracting any term from the term the C.D.:A- x=y - A;
which follows it. The abbreviation A.P. is usually used for the
words aithmetical progression, and the abbreviation C.D. for the
;. zA:x*y, .'. A=*+9.
2
cornmon difference. This is an importsnt.tesult snil sboulil be committeal to memory.
 422 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [ctrer. :or:<1.] PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 423
(z) When any number of numbers are in A.P., the terms inter-
EKERSISE 102
mcdiate between the first and the last are called the arithmetic
me&lN between those two terms, It is always possible to insert any
(Many of these examples may be tahen orally)
required number of arithmetic means between two numbers. 1. Which of the follorving series are A.P.'s? What is the C.D.?
Example 4. Insert n aithmetic means betutem x and y. (i) 6, ro, r4, 18, ... , (li) 24, zr, 18, 15, ... ,
After insertion of the z numbers there will be n + 2 numbers in (iii) 6, f-, f,8, ... , (iv) S, - 6, rz, - 18, ... ,
(v) qx,7x, ror, r3r, ... , (vi) 3a, 3a - 2, 3a - +, 3a - 6,...
A.P. It follows that y is the (z + z)th term of an A.P. of which r is
the first, J. y:x+(n+r)d, ifdis the conunon difference; (vii) zc+ 7d,3c+6d,4c+5d,... , (viii) x, x2, )t3, x4,... .
2. Find the 7th, r2th, and zth terms of the following A.P.'s :
.'. d:!-ft.
n+ t'
and the reouired means are (i) rr, 19, 27,... , (ii) roo, 87,74, ... ,
(iii) 7, o, -7, ... , (w) 22,6, - ro, ... ,
tc+'y-x tL---,z(y-x) .n(y-x)
' f,+ -_-. (v) rrp, 5p, -p,... , (vi) a2 + b2, Sbz, - a2 t 9b2, . .. ,
n+r' n+r' n+t
(vii) 7x+8y, roy, -7x+rzy,,.,,
This result should not be committed to memory. Allrcases (viii) 3/, zl+3m, l+6m,....
which arise may be done from first principle., I
". "bou.. 8. Find the C.D., the 5th, rrd nth terms of the following A.P.'s:
225. In problems involving numbers in A.P. the following (i) +, - 8, - zo, ... , (ii) - rS, - 2r, - s, ... ,
devices are useful. (iii) Spz, rtp2, t7p2, ... , (i") - :y, 4r - y, 8r + _y, ... .
(r) If the number of terms is odd, tlr.e middle number may be 4. Find the first 3 tenns of the A.P.'s determined by the fbllow-
denoted by a. Thus, if we have three numbers, we may licnote ing data :
them by a-d, a, a+d; if we have five numbers, we may denote (i) The 4th term is 75, and the roth term is r17;
them by a- zd, a- d, a, a+ d, a+ zd, and so on. (ii) The 7th term is 62, and the rgth term is z ;
In each case the middle term is c, and the C,D. is d. (iii) The 9th term is - 38, and the 33rd term is 58 ;
(z) If the number of terms is even, there is no middle number. (iv)'I'he r2th terrn is -65, and the rooth term is -329.
but the two middle numbers may be denoted by a - d, a + d ; the 5. Find the number of terms in the following A.P.'s :
common difference is therefore zd. If we have four numbers they (t) Z+,22,40,... ro9; (ii) r5z, r45, r38, ...47 ;
may be denoted by a- 3d, a- d, a*d, aI3d. (iii) Sr, 62,73, ...27r ; (i") s, +i, 3'1, ... - 25;
Example 5. The sunt oJ 4 numbers in A.P . is 7o, and the difference (v) 42,47,52, ... toz; (vi) rr, ro'7, to'4,... - ro.
is t4. Find the numbers.
between the znd and 4th L Find the arithmetic means of :
Let the numbers be denoted by a-3d, a-d, a*d, a*3d (i) zoz and 268, (ii) -rrand -6,
respectively. Then (iii) 4a2 - 5b2 and za2 - 3b2, (iv) r - 7! and 71, - y.
a + 3d - (a - d\ : 14, ..............................(ii) 7. Insert 5 arithmetic means between rr and zg.
or a+3d-(a-d): -4. ......(iii) 8. Insert r7 arithmetic means between 35 and - 37.
Taking (i) and (ii), we obtain c: r7E, d:3t, and the numbers 9. Insert 8 arithmetic means between -42 and - r5.
are 7, r4, zt,28.
10. Insert z& arithmetic means between a and a - b - zhb.
Takirrg (i) and (iii), we obtain a: r7!t, d= - Zi, and the numbers
are z.8, zr, 14,7, i.e. the first set of numbers written in the reverse 11. The 3rd and 6th terms of an A.P. are z8 and 37 respectively ;
6nd the zth term.
order.
12. lf 3a,5a-6,6a+2 are in A.P,, find a and the rrth term.
 424 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee. >o<xr.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES
EXERCISE 102.c Summation of an Arithmetical progresion
1. What is the value of z, if the zth term of 226. To illustrate the general principle, we first work out
in
(i) rz, 15, r8, ... is r3z; (ii) +, t, |, ... is ri-; full a simple numerical case.
(iii) +, +, o,... is -z!; (iv) 84, 78,72,... is o?
Example 6. Find the sum, S, of tz terms of rhe seies
2. The r2th term of an A.P. is four times the 5th ; the roth
term is greater by z than five times the 4th. Find the rst term and 48+46+4++... .
the C.D. $:48+46 + 44+ 42+4o+3g + 36 + 34+32+30+ 28 + 26.
3. The sum of four numbers in A.P. is 44. The product of But the sum is unaltered, if the numbers are written down in the
the znd and 3rd numbers exceeds twice the product of the first reverse order,
and lasc by 32. Find the numbers.
.'. S : z6 + z8 + 3o + 32 + 34+ 36 + 3g + 40 + 42 + 44 + 46 + 4g.
4. The r6th term of an A.P. is four times the 36th term, and Whence, by addition,
exceeds it by rz. Find the rst term and the C.D.
zS =74 + 74+ 74 + 7++ 74 + 74 +
5, lf zs is the ath term and 3y is the 6th term of an A.P., find 74+ 74+ 74+ 74+ 74+ 74
the cth term. :rzx74; ... S=
r.|rn :o*.
I
6.A student working part-time receives $z5o for his first year, and
each year his salary is increased by $4 per annum. The total sum he 227. More generally, we proceed as in the following example.
receives for his rth, (r+r)th and (r+z)th years is 9834. Find r.
Example ?. Find the szrn, S, of n terms of the series, d, a*d,, ...
?. If l, m, n ate the znd, 9th and r rth terms respectively of an Writing / for the last term, we have
A.P., prove that zl+7n=gm.
r S = a + (a + d) + (a + zd) + ... + (t
8. Find the intermediate terms of the A.P. of which S ta - D) is - zd\ + (l _ (t) + l.
the first and 5D the sixth term. But the sum is unaltered, if the numbers are written down in the
L The sum of five numbers in A.P. is 3o, and the product of reverse order,
the znd, 3rd and 4th is rzo. Find the numbers. .'. S:/+ (I - A + (l - zd)+... + (d+ zd) + (a + O + d.
10. The sum of the first four terms of an A.P. is rzz, and the Whence, by addition,
sum of four terms from the rrth to the r4th inclusive is z. Find : (a + I) + (a + l) + (a + t) + ... + (a + I) + (a + l) + (a + I)
the rst term and the C.D., and verify the result. "g :n(a
+ l) ;
11. If a and b are the first and last terms of an A.P. of rt-z
terms, find the second and (r+ r)th terms. ;. s:n(a.+ l) ........ .. . . .(i) ..

12. Find the missing terms in the following A P.'s

(i) 5 ? rr ? ?; (ii) -z ? ? 5 ?;
:
But /:a' (n- r)d, .'. a*l--za+(n- ld,
(iii) ? ? -3 ? -rr ?; (iv)???rz??o. . . S :! lza + (n - i dl. ......................(iD
13. If the 6th term of an A.P. is double therrth term, show that
the znd term is double the 9th. 228. The above formulae for S are both useful.
-.14. Find 5 numbers in A.P. such that their sum is 3ro, and the The formula (i) is more useful for direct summation ; if the
lifference between the first and fourth is 27. numbers are simple, the whole work may be done mentally.
15. Tlie sum of 3 numbers in A.P. is 8r, and the difference of the o tJ ;,
squares of the greatest and least is 1296. Find the numbers. This formula is easily remembered, if it is notice6 11.r"1

16. The sum of 4 numbers in A.P. is 24, and the sum of their the average of the first and last term and also the average of.tU tfru
squares is 164. Find the numbers. terms.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [crrer.
mil.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 427
4r5
Exanple 9. In an A.P., Suo=2oo, Soo:z9oo; find a, d, Tr*
The formula (ii) is very useful in probleme in which the value of
and86.
z has to be found, as in Example'8.
With the usual notation,
Era,nple 8. Hou: tn4ny ,ems of the A.P. 56, Sz, 48, ,,. musl bc 8so:zslza+ 4gdf :zoo, .'. 2a* 4gd:8, .........(i)
bhm that the rum ntay be 416? 8rr=5o[za+ :2gao, J. 2a+ggd:58. ......(ii)
ggdf
lt is more convenient to use the formula (ii). 11"r" g=4r6, Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain d: r, a: - zof,.
4=96, d= - 4, Also T^:o+tggd:-zot+rgg=q8+,,
|. 416=!frtz+(tt- r)( -+), ..................(i) Szoo: roo( - zoi+ r78|):153oo.

or 832=nlrr6 - 4nl, Harmonical hogrrssion

whence nt-zgn+ 2o8:o, i.e. (z- lf)(a- 16)=6, 230. If a series of numbers is such that their reciprocals are
.'. r=13 ()r 16. in A.P., the series is called a Earnonical Progression. The
abbreviation H.P. is usually used for the words harmonical
Both values of z satisfy the conditions of the question, for.the
progression.
r4th, rsth and r6th terms are respectively 4, o, - 4, and their [m
Thus, l-, +, +, +,.., are in H.P., because 3,7, rr, 15, ... are
is o. Thus the sum of 16 terms is the same as that of 13 terms.
in A.P.
If the pupil does not wish to rely upon the formula, the line (i)
Examples in tLP. are usually solved by inverting the terms and
may easily be obtained from first principles.
Thus, if z be the number of terms, the last term
using the properties of the corresponding A.P. There is no
general formula for the sum of a number of terms in H.P.
: 56 + (z - r)( - +):6o - +n,
231. Ilamonicmcan. lf x, H, y are in H.P., 11 is said to be
.'. thc average of the first and last term s6 2 - 4n :-J"<8 -
+ 6o
'
zn-
" -", the harmonic mean of x and y. To calculate I{, we use the fact
.'. the average of all the terms is 58 - zz, I
that 1, are in A.P.,
.'. the sum is n(58 - zn), f,
.'. 4r6=z(58 - zn), etc., as above. 2tr
829. The following notation is sometimes convenient :
".IIII.E- r=r- E' H- x'
--_
I_
n'
The successive t€rms of a series may be denoted by :. 3!!-.
. H= x+y
T1, T2, T3, ...Tr_1, T'
where the suffix denotes tlrre numbq of the term in the series. Exa,mple 10. Find the H.P. in whichTrr- #, Tro:t.
Similarly, the sum of any assigned number of terms may be de- Let a be the rst term, anC d the C.D. of the corresponding A.P.
noted by the letter S with a suitable srrffix number. Thus, in any Then a+ rrd: So, a* rgd:82,
examples the symbols Sas, I, may be used instead of the words whence a:6, d:4.
" 8um to 40 terms t', " sum to ,l terms " respectively. Hence the A.P. is 6, ro, t4, ... 1

.'. the H.P. is l_Ll

Most problems connected with arithmetical progressions may 6t ror lar .'' .

be solved by expressing the data in terms of two unknowns,

ETER,CISE 108
usually a (the first term) and d (the common difference). Occasion-
ally, however, other devices, such as that already mentioned in Find the last term and the sum of:
Art. zz5, have to be used. L. z++i+Z +... to 2r terms. 2. ++Z + ro+... to 83 tcrme.
t

428 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. so\r.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 429
8. ri+g ++t+... to 25 terms. 4. *+t+t+... to 65 terms. a height of 5 m
5. r +o.9+o'8 +... to Sr terrns. 8. 1+fo+*e +... toz tens. e fastened to the
Find the sum of : nd to the top of
7. 4z+34+26+... to 24 tenns.
8. - rr - r+- t7 -... to 40 terms. 29. Find the sum of all even numbers from 4 to roo inclusive,
excluding those which are multiples of 3.
9. +t + +* + S* + ... to 2r terms. 80. An A.P. has 13 terms whose sum is r43. The third term
L0. z+ zt + 3 + ... to roo terms. i. 5. Find the first term.
11. z*+ 3I+4+... to 20 terms. 81. A series of fractions is written down as follows :
L2. - S+ - r|+ r +... to rl terms. r r+3 r+3+5 r+3+5+7
18. a+(a+zx)+(a+4-x)+... to rr terms. i' t+4' r+++?'r+4+?+ro' '
14. (zb -i + @b - r) + (zb + r) +... to 24 terms. Find a simple expression for the nth term of the series.
How many terms Bust be taken of the series : 32. In an A.P. of n terms, the sum of the first two terms is a,
15. z4+zo+t6+... to make 84? and the sum of the last two terms is D. Find the sum of the z terms.
16. - 9, - 7, - S, ... to make 875 ? 33. Find the harmonic mean between (i) 4 and 6, (iD - 3 and - 8,
17. r3 + t4'2+ tS'4+... to make 4roz'6? {iii) I and ;.
18. roo + g3i +8lt +... to make 8rz|?
34. Insert 3 harmonic means between (r) - + and #, (ii) ? and i*.
19. In an A.P., the ratio of the 6th term to the 9th is - r : 5, and 85. Insert 4 harmonic means between 2.5 and r5.
the sum of these two terms is - rz. Find the sum of the first roo 86. Find the 6th and nth terms of the following series in H.P. :
tergls.
BQ. A man's annual income has increased by the same fixeJamount
(i) €, f,..., (ii) +,.?, *,....
everv year since 1965; ifthis income was $ro 56o in 1967 and $r3 56o
',
8?. In a H.P., T5:;-, T16:6$, find Tr.
in tg7z, find his total income for the years 1965 to rgTS inclusive. 88. In a H.P., T.r: - 9, Tr: |, find Trr.
21. A besieged fortress is held by 57oo men, who have provisions
for 66 days. If the garrison loses 20 men each day, for how many 39. In a H.P., Tr-7, Tro= ro, find Trr.
days can the provisions hold out? 40. In a H.P., Tr- r, Tr: - z; write dorvn the first five terms
22. Find the sum of 3r terms of the A.P. tza+rob, r3a+6b, of this progression. Find the sum of 13 terms of the A.P., the
r4a*zb, ... . reciprocals of the terms of which form the above H.P,
28. The first and last terms of an A.P. are - 3 and z5 and the
sum of the series is 1837. Find the number of terms and the C.D. EI(ERCISE 103. c
24. Find the sum of all the nunbers from r to r r r inclusive 1. How many terms are there in the series t3, t6, tg,...r3g?
which are divisible by 3. Find the middle term of the series and its sum.
25. Find the sum to r? terms of the series whose rth terur is the sum of all the multiples of 13 between 75o and
5r-3. ,oo3. "t"O
28. The 6th term of an A.P. is roz, and the r6th term is 78 ; 8. In an A.P., Tr = 8 and the average value of z terms is 62.
find the rst term, the C.D., and the sum of all the terms which are Find Io.
positive. 4. A certain progression contains the following terms, the dots
27. A parent puts in a box for a child on every birthday $25 for indicating that some terms have been omitted :
every year of its age. How old will the child be when the value of 3t, 42,s, 6, ..., 323, 34, 35t.
the money in the box is $34oo? Find the sum of the missing terms.
 Em.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 43r
43o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oree.
19. The sum of z tetrns of an A.P. is 2718. If the C.D. is 5
5. In A'P., T,: tz, and the sum of the first 15 terrns exceeds
an
and the (z+ r)th term is 168, find z.
terns. Find Tru and 8r5.
bv 33 twice the sum of the next Z
20. Two men start work at the rate of $ro ooo a year; salary is to
6. In the A.P. | +4+7 + ro+..., find Iro and show that be paid quarterly, each receiving $z5oo at the end of the first quarter.
8":f-{(n-+X-at}. For what values of z dots So lie between One is to receive an increase of $5o per quarter and the other $75o
3oo and 4oo?
Per year. . Find the amount received by each in rz years, Which ig
?. A street has its houses numbered with the consecutive the better bargain and by how much in z years?
numbers t, z, 3, etc, up to 288. Show that the sum of the numbers
on the houses before No. zo4 equals the sum of the numbers on 21. If the zth term of the series 8, 8'6, 9'2, 9'8, ... is the first
the houses aftet No. zo4. which is greater than zr , find z. Sum the series as far as this term
and 6nd also the sum of the next fl terms.
8. In an A.P., T3: 15, Tt8:9o. Find T* and Sr.. 22.In a " potato race " 15 potatoes are arranged in a straight line
9. Find the sum of the whole numbers from r to zoo inclusive at intervals of z m, and in the same straight line, 5 m from the end
which are not divisible by 7. potato, and away from the potatoes, is placed a bucket. The competitor
10. In an A.P., TE:9, S': r r5B. Find T, and the C.D. has to start from the fucket, bring the potatoes singly, and place them
in the bucket. How far has he to run altogether?
11. 5o arithmetic megns are inserted between zo and lzo. flra
their sum.
28. In an A.P., the first term is 4 and thc C.D. is 7. How many
ing to the terms of the progression are required in order that the sum of these
um, rising terms should exceed 5oo?
annum to
24. A atd, B begin work together. I's initial salary is $zo ooo a
a Grade B year and he has an annual increment of $zooo. B is paid at first at
the rate of $4ooo a half-year, and each half-year he has an increase of
r +3 +5 +7+ "' to tr terms= I $8oo in his half-yearly salary. At the end of how many years will I
lg. If I L 2 t 3 + ++ ,.. tO n terms
r.o. find z.
have received more than z(l I
14. Prove that the sum of the odd numbers from r to 55 in- 25. Find the n th term and the sum to n terms of the A.P. whose
clusive is equal to the sum of the odd numbers from 9r to to5 rst and Sth terms are 3 and 19 respectiveiy. Find which term of
inclusive. the series is most nearly equal to rooo and by how much it differs
15. debt
A to be paid off by from rooo.
the fustinsta and each instalme 26. Find the sum of zn+ r terms of an A.P. whose rst term is a
more than the in how many years and C.D. D. If the sum of the first n terms is equal to the sum of
will the debts the remaining terms, prove that the progression, if continued, must
16. A man has charge of z3 machines, each of which when started contain one zero tertn.
goes- on working automatically and can produce 6.5 m of material
2?. Show that
d
if r+;h' b c
are in H'P' for anY one
per hour. The man starts the first machine at 9 a.m. and the others r;bh':1 q6ft
at intervals of 5 minutes. What will be the tofal length of material value of A, they are so for all values of ft.
produced at r p.m. ?
28. lf u, o, rc, y are in H.P., find u and * in terms of n and y, and
1?. There *e 2457 plants in a strawberry bed; in each row prove that ua + ox + tcY:3uY.
the number of plants exceeds the number in the preceding row
I
by a fixed amount ; in the first row there are 77 , and in the last row 29. lf a, b, c are in H.P. and b, c, d are in A.P., prove that
I r57 plants. How many rows are there? ad: bc.
18. There are 48 terms in an A.P. and the two middle terms are 80. lf y+2, z+tc, tc+v are in H.P., prove that x2, y2, z2'are
zl and, zl,. Find the sum. in A.P.
i

L
432 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cxer. nxl.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES +33
Geometrical Progtessiong It should be noted that a G.P. is completely determined when
any two terms are known, for we can then write down two inde-
282. A series in which each term is formed from the preceding
pendent equations connecting a arrd r. By solving these equations
by multiplying it by a constant factor is called a Geometrical
one or more pairs of values of c and r can be found, and the possible
hogfession. The constant factor is called the cornmon ratio, and
series determined.
it may be found by dividing any term by the term which precedes
it. The abbreviation G.P. is usually used for the words geometical 2,U. Geometric means. (r) When three numbers are in G.P.
progression, and the abbreviation C.R. for the common ratio. the middle term is called the geometric mean of the other two.
Thus, since z, 4, 8 are in G.P., 4 is the geometric mean of z and
Thus, z, 6, 18, 54, 16z, ... is a G.P. with C,R. = 3, 8. It should be noted that z, - 4, 8 are also in G.P., so that -4
288. The most general form of a G.P. is may also be called the geometric mean, but it is customary to con-
sider only positive values,
a, a/, afz, af, ... ,
in which the first temr is a, and the cornmon ratio is /, It is easy Example 18. Find the geometric mean o;f x and y.
to see that any term may be expressed in terms of a and / ; Ihus, Let G be the required mean ; then since x, G, ! are in G.P.,
the 8th term is obtained by multiplying the first term by r $ven th" c.R.:g:f;, :. G2:w, ... c: +vt.
times; the nth term is obtained by multiplying the first term by
t (n - t) times. These terms are, therefore, respectively at?, arr-r. The geometric mean of r and y is therefore * J.ry-, adopting
the usual convention.
Example 11. Find the toth and nth terms of the seies 64, - 32, This is an important result anal shoulil be committeil to memory.
16,"'. ( (z) When any number of numbers are in G.P., the terms inter-
The series is a G.P. with first term 64 and C.R. - $ ; mediate betlveen the first and the last are called the geometric
.'. the rothterm:64"(-t)e: -t; [l€&nS between these two terms. It is always possible to insert any
the zth term=64 x ( - $X-r. required number of geometric means between two numbers.
It is important to notice that the zth term may be further simpli- Example 14. Insert n geometic means betwem x and y.
After insertion of the n numbers there will be n + 2 numbers in
fied. It equals .u ,a#: ( - r)3-r .27-n ot + G.P. It follows that I is the (z + z)th term of a G.P. of which rc is
*ilt,
Note. If we do not know whether z is even or odd, we cannot the first, .'. y:xrntt,if r is the conunon ratio ; .'. ,: unO
simplify such expressions as (- r)r-r, (- r)". But (- r)2',:r, for the means are I 2 n

it is the product of an even number of factors each equal to - r ; , (t;)"*',' (;)"-, ...,' (1)"-''
(- r)z'-r- - r, for it is the product of an odd number of factors
This result should not be committed to memory. All cases which
each equal to - r. Similarly ( - r)2n+r- - t.
arise may be done from first principles as above,
Example 12. 'fhe 4th and gth terms of a G.P. are I and 8r EXERCIf|E 104
respectiaely; find the series.
(Many of these examples mny be tahm orally)
With the usual notation af :1, af :8r,
1. Which of the following series are G.P.'s? What is the C.R.?
...16=243, ...r:3 and axzT-1, i.e.a=t; (i) 4o, zo, ro, S, ... ;
.'. the series ist, #, 6, .... (iii) 5|, Zl, 9t, rrrt, ... ;
 434 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [caer' roc.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 435
(v) ax, a2r2, asd, ar*r,... i (vi) yl0, -1E,!6, -t',...; 10. The sum of the first five terms of a G.P. is r*, and the sum
(vii) a+.r, za+x2,3a+f, '.. ; (viii) a-x, a2-*,as -ri, ... . of the next five terms i. -44. Find the first term and the C.R.
2. Find the 5th, 8th and ttth terms of the following G.P"e : 11. In a G.P., Tr : 6o, T, : Tr: 3 : z. Find Tr..
(i) 6r + u +7 +... i (ii) 88 - 44+ 22 - ... i lQ_In a G.P., Ta+Tu= -53, Ts+Tr:r2"1-. Find T, a1d
(iii)++3+u!+...; (iv)*-8+l-."; .
the C.R.
(v)+-z+r-...; ail + azxc + xE + ....
(vi) 13. The sum of the first six terms of a G.P. is 15l, and the sirm
3. Find the C.R., the 6th and rrth terms of the following G.P.'s : of the terms from the fourth to the ninth, both inclusive, is r3l.
(i) rr -tr+L"1-... ; (ii) f+E+t+ '.. ; Find Tr.
II
(iv) r- xyz+tcf-... .
14. In a G.P., T, is positive, T, + Tr+ Tr: 5z|, T1 x Tu: 1ee.
(ur).f--+-.-...;
xtf Find Tr, T2, Ts, T{, Ts.
4. Find the 6rst 3 terms of the G.P.'s determined by the _ 15. In a G.P., each term is double of the preceding term. Find
following data : -( T, if the sum of the first nine terms is four fimes the sum of their
(i) Ts : 32, T"= 4; (ii) Tn = t, Tr: -+; (iii)fo=#, Te='t' reciprocals.
5. Find the number of terms in the following G.P.'s : 1 ,16. In a G.P., T8-Te:rr(Tr-Tr). Using logarithms, prove
(i) q6, +8, 24, ... , t ; (ii) 324, - ro8, 36, . tto. that the C,R. is approximately 1:4r. -lf Trs:5'5, find Tr.
8. Find the geometric means of : 17. The 4th, 8th and z4th terms of an A.P. are in G.P. ; find the
(i) 6 and 24, (ii) SVz and zoVr8, (iii) *sy6 and r5y. C.R. of the G.P.
?. Insert 5 geometric means between 18 and el. 18. Find three numbers in A.P. whose sum is 36, such that,
when the numbers are increased by r,4,43 respeciively, the re-
8. Insert 4 geometric means between zr and -8"f. sulting numbers are in G.P.
9. Insert 3 geometric means between 35 and 56o.
19. If /, m, n the znd, 9th and rrth terms respectively of a
10. In a G.P., To= 6,T7:rg2. Find T'. G.P., prove that ^te
lzn?:ms.
11. In a G.P., Ts=8, Tz:+. Find T'.
20. The sum of the the Arithmetic and Geometric means of two
12. What quantity must be added to each of the numbers 6, 22, positive numbers is s6,
96, and the ratio of the numbers is 9 ; find
and 63 to give three quantities in G.P'? them.
EXERCISE 104. c Summation of a Oeometrical Progression
235. To illustrate the general principle, we first work out in full
1. In a G.P., T,= 6,Tr:16.. Find T, and the C'R.
a simple numerical case.
2. In a G.P., Tr:27,Trc'33. Find Ttu.
8. In a G.P., Tr= r, Tn: - 8=(f rrf). Find Tt' Example 15. Find the sum, S, of ro terms of the series

4. Insert z geometric means between 5 and r35. #+#+i+ '.. .

5. Find 5 geometric means between 8rd-2rr5 and $ alos-e. S: #+#+t+*+ r + 3+g+27 +8r +243. .........(i)
6. In a G.P., Te+Tr0+Trr:tr'7t Tro:3. Find the C.R. The series is a G.P. and if we multiply each side by the C.R. 3,
?, Shorv that there are two G.P.'s in which 11 +Tr:ro, each term is changed into the term which follows it ;
i
T, + Tr + Tr: 1n, and find them. .'. 3S:+ +++++ r + 3 + 9 + 27 + 8t + 2+3 +Zzq. .........(ii)
8. Find ^- and 1' rvhen 5, x, y, o'o4 are in G.P. It is clear that, if we subtract, all terms cancel out except the
9. The sum of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is g|, and rz first in (i) and the last in (ii) ;
times the last term is equal to the square of the second term. Find
the values of these terms. .'. 35-S:7zg-#, .'. .g:7283*, .'. S=g6+31.

t'l-
 $6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner' :ooc.] PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES +rz
288. More generally, we proceed as in the following example' 8. 56+ z8+14+... to z terms. 7. - 9+3 -...-5}.
"7
8. r*r+*+t +...+625. 9. *-l+ r -3 +... toz terms.
Example 18. Find the sum,S, of n tams of the series a, ar, aP, "'
L0. + ,.. to n terms.
+ ab +
We have S:a+ ar + af + ,'. +ara-g +atn-r. """""".''(i)
a2 b2
How many tems must be taken of the series :
Multiply each term by the C.R. t; each term is then changed
into the term which follows it;
11. rr| -Zi+5 -... to make 6ffr?
:. r9:ar + af + af +... + atn-r + arn. """""""'(ii) 12. g*+sl+ 7Z+... to make 4ffi?
It is clear that, if we subtract, all terms cancel out except the L8. z7 - 18+ rz -... to make r6tft?
first in (i) and the last in (ii) ; 14. r5 - 5+ r+-... to make rrtf?
.'. rS-S=atn-a, ot S-t9=a-arni , 15. In a G,P., T3:3, Tr:ff. Find the sum of the terms from
t.". s:,1;: ii), o, s=ffi. .,
the 3rd to the 8th inclusive.
16. In a G.P., Tr:27,Tu:9. Find 8r.
28?. The above formulae for ^S are both useful; the form l?: Il a G.P., the first term is 3, the last term but three is - 384
and the last term is go7z. Find the sum of the series.
++ is usually used if r>r, the f"'," +-# il kr, but
a 9.P., whose C.R. is_positive, 52=6, Sa:7|. Find the
(/ - r, ^ 18.J"
C.R., Tr and an expression for Tru.
either may be used on all occaeions.
19. In a G.P., whose C.R. is positive, Ts=€, TE:#. Find Tu
Nobe. Since arn-r x r, : /r, where I is the last term, these
artr = and an expression for S2q,
formulae may also be written in the forms
20. In a G.P., Tr:a,T.r- 6,Tr:J. Prove tn^t1^:bff.
288. Many questions involving G.P. are best solved with the
Exa,mple many tenns must be tahen of the
1?. Hut =and= seies aid of logarithms.
r -3+9-... to make - 4762? Example 18. Hw many tetms of the G.P, o.8, r.2, 18, ..., muEt
The series is a G.P. with C.R. - 3. be tahen to giae a surn greater than 16oo?
(r'5" - r).
The sum of n terms is therefore {J$, The sum of z terms of the series is o.8 x
o'5
r-(-3)'- _..4762, ... r-(-3)'=-59o4g, We need the smallest value of z satisfying the inequality
...
8(r'5" - r) >16oo, i.e. r.5" - r >rooo,
59049=(-3)n' i,e. r'5n >roor, :, nlog r.5 >log roor,
But 59o49:3ro:1-3110, J. n=toi ?'ooo<
.'. ro terrns of the series must be taken. .'. n(o.t76r) >3'ooo5, :. n>i'fi,)r7'o3...,
by ordinary division,
EXER,CISE TO5
.', the smallest value of n is 18, i.e. 18 terms must be taken.
Find the sum of the following G.P.'s :

f. i+3+ zZ+... to 6 terms. 2. S-zi+ tt-... to 12terms. Compound Interest

8. st - :8 + z| - ... to 7 terms. 289. The most important practical application of series in G.P.
4. *+*+*+... to 7 tenns. is in connection with compound interest, annuities, repayments
5. z16+ r44+96+... to 8 terms. by equal instalments and insurances.

L
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lcser' roofl.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 439
438
Gompounil Intcrest. If interest is credited annually, the amount
This is not reliable to more than three places of decimals ; and
in fact is only accurate to two ; it follows that from 4-figure tables
of $P invested at / Per cent Per annum comPound interest for z years
we can only obtain (r.oo4;-reo correct to two significant ligures,
is $r(r * i;)". The reason for this is that the error in taking o'oor7 as the value of
If interest is credited more frequently, at equal intervals, the amount log r'oo4 has been multiplied by r8o. In a'll such cases as this,
i.e. whenever we have to calculate a high power of a number,
is $P(r * r*)", where $r is the interest on $roo for the interest-
4-figure tables only give a very rough approximation. If we require
period, and z is the number of periods' Thus, if interest is credited a more accurate result, we must use tables giving S or more
at the end of each half-year, $r is the interest on $roo for half a year, figures.
and n is the number of half-Years. Using 7-6gure tables we have,
hesent V8lue. If $l is due in z years' time, and
a payment of logr= - r8ox o'oot7337: -0'312,c,66:7'687%+,
compound interest is credited annually as above, the present value of .'. x:o.48745.
the payment may easily be calculated; for if $P is\he prgsent value, Using this value we find that the required sum is equal to
$P amounts to $-4 in tt years at / per cent. per annunf comPound $5oo ( r - o'48745): $Soo (o.5 r z5 5): $256 approx.
interest,
.'. P(, *!)-o, :. P:A.('**)-"' 240. For convenience the logarithms of a few important
numbers are here given correct to seven figures :
As before, the same formula may be used, if interest is credited log r'oz: o.oo86ooz, log r'ozz5 :.o'0096633,
at the end of equal periods; z is then the number of periods and $r
log r'oz5 =o'oto7z39t log r'o275: o'or r78r8,
is the interest on $roo for the interest-period.
a sum of money from a bank, and agrees log r'o3 :0'0128372, log lo3z5 = o'or389or,
Exa,mple Lg. A man bonows
to repay $z each month for the next 15 yeafs. What sum should the log r'o35 : o'or49403, log r'o375:o'or5988r,
bank adoance, if interest is at the rate of 4'8 Per cent. per annufl, credited log r'o4: e'e r7o333, log r'o425:o'or86176r,
monthly? Iog r'o45 : o'or9r r63, log r'o475 =o'o2or54o,
The required sum is the Present Value of $z in one month's time, log r'o5 : o'o2r r893, log r'o525 =o'o2z22zt,
$z in two months' time and so on' up to $z in r8o months' time'
-n, log r'o55 =0'0232525, log r'o575 =o'o2428o4,
In the formul" M ( t r-1) A-., $r equals the interest on $roo log r.o6:o.o253o59.
for r month at 4'8 per cent. Per annum, i.e. r:o'4, z:the number of
months. The required sum is therefore equal to Inffnito Series
gz [(r'oo4)-r+(r'oo4)-'?+... *(r'oo4)-1e0]
241. Fig. 23 represents a straight line AB z m long. Bisect it
,z (r.oo4)-r at Dr ; then bisect DrB at D2, D2B at D3, and so on.
.+_ _(r Ir-(r'oo4)-teo]
_ {_
"z
Ir-(r'oo4)-1E0]
__
oo4;_r ooo4
: rr"o D 02D"B
t, itr'"o4)-r8ol'
The expression (r'oo4)-1s must be calculated by logarithms. Frc. 23.
The 4-figure tables give log r'oo4:o'ee17,
logt= - r8oxo'oor7: -o'3o6=i'694, It is clear that each position of D is nearer to B than the pre-
.'. i1 5=(r.oo4)-re,
ccding positicr, i... Do is nearer to B than Ds, Dr:at is nearer to B
... x:o.4943.

It
 44o ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. noc.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 44r
than Dr. It is also clear that every position ofD is to the left ofB; and the pupil must be careful only to use these phrases in the sense
at each successive step the distance between D and' B is halved; explained above.
this distance soon becomes so small that it is difficult to mark
accurately the position ofD on the paper, but D can never reach B. 242. Let us now consider the series z, 6, t8, 54, , ,. .

This may also be shown by calculation; we have The sum of z terms ="!t):
3-r ^n
- ,.
AD,:r m, AD,:('*]) m, AD": ('*i*i) m, and so on.
By taking nlarge enough 3t can be made as large as we please.
This series has no sum to infinity.
In generar, no,:('+|+j+ |+...+;) m More generally, the sum of z terms of the series
a+ar+a/+...
: (t- ,n, t"t-i"g the series'
*],r) . ,,a(t-tn)
rS(I)
a atn
/ rS posrtrve and < I;
_r,\t
Thus, the distance D,B:;h m, and bv takiney sufficiently -t
large, we can make this very small. In other words, the sum Sr of @)"(;-'):*-*,ir
-=-r_, r>r;
*)* (3) na, if r : r.
n terms of the series ,
=lr***
...+
i"-, i. always less thar' z,
But (r) if r< r, rr may be made as small as we please by taking
and the difierence between S, and b this can be made as z sufficiently large (see Fxample zo, below) ;
" )^-r;
small as rve please by taking a sufficiently large. (z) if r>t, rn rnay be made as large as we please by taking n
Also, if n is so large that DnB is very small, then for all values sufficiently large (see Example r8, above) ;
of r greater than n, DrB is still smaller. It follows that by taking (3) na may be made as large as we please by taking z sufficiently
a sufficient number of terms of the series, we can obtain a sum as large.
near 2 as we please for this number of terms, and for eeely greatet In the above work we have considered positive values of l only.
number of terms.
If r is negative, we have, writing r: -R, the sum of z terms is
In other words, S, can be made to approach as close as we please
to the limit z by taking n large enough. (t) a aRn( - r\n where R is positive and < r;
This is more concisely expressed by saying that S, tentls 0o z , +n-=1j7:/-,
as n tentls to inflnity. a aRn( - t\n
" Tends to infinity " means that z takes values greater than any
fz),*p-ffi, whereR>r;
stated number, however large. (l) o, if z is even ; a, if n is odd, where R: r.
The usual notation is : As before, we have a definite sum to infinity only in (r).
n-**, l-" "'ta
We conclude therefore that the G.P.
a+at+a)+...
or*n.r li,:, has a sum to infinity, if antl only if r is a fraction between o and r
i
The limit z is sometim." the sun to infiDity or liniting
"-"ir.o
gum of the series, but the use
or between o and - r, and that tt1s srrm to inftiity is then
+.
of the word " sum " is misleading,
442 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHer. PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 43
Example20. Find the sum to n terms and n inf'nity ol tlu G'P'
. c 424.1 83
*+*+*+.... How many terms musl be takett tlnt tlu sum may " ea - -g;- - gnlZ-r+r'
di.ffer from thc sum to infinity by less than o'oooor ?
As a tends to infinity, tends to zero,
r":u1:i@:,-;. **t-*
.'. S, tends .UnIa.
The sum to infinitY is therefore r '

The difierence between S' and the sum to infinity = ar' If this We may therefore ta1. €41 as the value of. +.z|lfor all practical
purposes. 99
is less than o'oooor, we have
I
ico'oooor, .'. - nlogz< log(o'oooor), Hence 4'z8j =94't 990-
99 =424t oz8t,
'990' as above.

.'. -z(o'3oro)< -5, ." 5<z(o'3oro), Once the method is thoroughly understood, there is no need to
.'. a(o'3oro) >5, write down the term _'9+r, which is small enough to be neglected.
:. n>r6'6, bY ordinary division, I lozr
.'. at least 17 terms must be taken. 24{. Miscellaneous series.
!248. Apptication to recurring tlecimals. Example 22. Sum to n ternts tha series whose fih term is 4. 5t - 3/.
Example 21. Find the oalue of 4'zij- We have Tr:4.5-3,
Tr=4.52-6,
Either, +'zss: ++:.*.*****.*- 4+-', Ts:4.53-9,
adding T, + T, + T, + ... :4 - (: + 6 + 9 + ...) ;
s,rt 4*9*4*... is a G.P. with C.R' a' + ...)
(5 + 52 + 53
(1+ r),
It therefore has a sum to infinity and this sum is
8r: 5 (5t - ry - 3'r
summing the series in brackets.
8 / r\ 8
-
-r-\t ,il=
EXER,CISE 108
ee'
In this Exercise logarithms may be used to shorten the working.
Similarly, has a sum to infinity equal to
#.f;-**... 1. What is the sum of z terms of the series
r + r.o5 + r.o52+ r.o53+...?
#*('-#)=** Find how many terrns of this series must be taken, so that the sum
..z 8 r ro8+8o+1:a z8r shall exceed r7o.3.
Thus, 4.2E3:+* gg" 2. Obtain the roth term of the series 3+z+ r|+$+,.., and
-*s9*9-9"=+*- sg".
evaluateit correct to 3 sig. figs.
Or, we may make use of the general method of summation.
Let Sr: 4'2838383.'. , where 83 occurs z times I 8. In a- G.P., Tr:2, Tr-2'4. Find S,. Find also the least
value of z for which this sum exceeds zooo-'
then rooS,:428'3838383.", ,, ,, ',
multiply by ro', r being the number of figures that rccurl 4. Show that the sum of the first 20 terms of the G.p.
[We j+2.1+ o.63+... differs from ro by an alnount which is less
By subtraction, ggsn= +24'r- #**1, than half the twentieth term. Which term is 6rst less than one
millionth?
444 ESSENTIALS OF SCFIOOL ALGEBRA [cree. :ooc,l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 45
5. Find the sum of zo terms of the series r + r'o4 + r'o42 + ... ' 20. In a G.P. continued to infinity, the sum of all the odd terms
r aJ' a exceeds the sum of all the even terms by half the sum of the whole
and also the sum of zo terms of the series r +
l'o{ ' r'942 ' "'--- I series. What is the common ratio?
being given that r'o42o:2'tgtt2. Give results to 3 dec. places. 21.A point moves in a straight line in such a way that in each
second it moves half as far as it moved in the previous second. During
6. A chess-board has 64 squares. Show that ten thousand million the first second it moves 12 cm. How long does it take to move
men each prepared to bring a million dollars could not bring sufrcient 23,25 cm? How long would it take to move the next o'75 cm?
money to put $r on the first square, $z on the second, $4 on the third,
$8 on the fourth and so on for the 64 squares. 22. The yearly output of a gold mine decreases every year r 3 per
?. Find the amount at compound interest of $432 in zo years at cent. of its amount during the previous year. Given that the first
year's output is $z6o,ooo, and that (o'87)10=6'24842 approx., find
4l per cent. the total output, (a) for the first ro years, (D) for all time.
& What sum will amount to $zr4o in z5 years at 3| per cent. Find the value of :
compound interest I t 28. oig6. 24. o'5ii. 25. 5.16.
9. A man borrows $5ooo to be repaid with interest at 3'per cent.
per annum in ro equal annual instalments, the first payment being 26. t.s82. 2?. o.i. 2f,. z-ioi.
due at the end of r year. What sun (to the nearest dollar) must be Sum to n terms the series whose zth term is :
repaid each year ? oo
Hv. J^7-l
_ -r-l 30. z.7'- Sl+"
10. A man pavs a premium of $roo at the beginning of every year 8L. 42' - z0 + z). 32. (r - c")2.
to an Insuranie Company on the understanding that at the end of
rS years he can receive back the premiums_which he,has paid with EXERCISE 106.c
z| pe. cettt. compound interest. What should he receive ?
Mrscpr.r-eNBous SERIES
11. A ball ounds to a height
of 3o m, and fter each rebound (These examples haoe not been arranged in order of dfficulty)
to ihree-fifth Through what 1. Prove that the series ft, +, i+, i+,... is neither an Arith'
distance will ground ?
metic nor a Geometric Series ; and find a formula for its nth term.
12. The population of a town has increased from 16o ooo to 2. If a man saves $4oo more each year than he did the year before,
ztztooo in rb years. What will be its population five years after- and if he saves $zooo in the first year, aft.er how many complete years
wards, if it goes on increasing at the same rate? will his savings first come to more than $roo ooo altogether, and what
will then be the exact sum ?
Sum to infinity the series : 8. In a G.P., T.:a5a-8, fn:a-h' Find $t.
13. 3+z+r*+.... 14. 18 -6+z-... 4. lf Sn--n(n + 8), find Tt and T,. What sort of series is it?
15. g'6 - 4'8 + 2'+- ... . 16. ro + 3 + o:9 +... . 5. If
the natural numbers are grouped as follows :
(r), (2, i, G, S,6), (7, 8,9, ro), ... ,
so that there are z numbers in the zth group, [find (i) the last
1?. How many terms of the G.P., whose first term is ri- and number in the ath group, (ii) the first number of that group.
common ratio l-, must be taken in order that the sum of the terms
may differ from the sum to infiniry by less than o'ooor? 8. Each term of the series 57, 4, 49, 2o'5, etc. is formed by
18. Find the first term and C.R. of the G.P. whose second
adding together corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P., and
term is - zr and whose sum to infinity is 16. the rst term of the A.P. is 7 less than the rst terrr of the G.P. Find
the A.P. and the G.P. and the 7th term of the series.
19. Find the sum of n terms of the G.P. in which Tr: - 24,
Te :3. How many terms must be taken so that this sum may 7. lf za, 3b, 4c are in A.P,, and za, 3b - za, 4c - za are in G.P.,
differ from the sr.rm to infnity by less than o'oor ? ptove that zc:54.
 V

446 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. Eoil.l PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES 447
8. The 5th term of an A.P. is 33, and the rTth term is 6o. Find 22. lf n is an odd integer, prove that
the rst term and the C.D. What term in this series has a value (r +r+ai+ " +x"-r)
nearest to, but less than roo? What is the sum of this series up to
and including this term? ir;yi-..:i{,;{
9. The first term of a certain G.P. is o'6. A new series is 23. Show that the sum of the 6rst n odd numbers is a perfect
square. Show also that 572 - r32 is the sum of certain consecutive
formed by taking the square of each term. Prove that the new odd numbers, and 6nd them.
series is a G.P. and, if its sum to infinity
is nine-tenths of the sum
to infinity of the first G.P., find the C,R. of the first G.P. 24. A man starts in business with a capital of $8ooo. He
cxpects to lose $6oo during each of the first six years ; after that
10. The rst, sth and rrth terms of an A.P., whose rst term is a, he reckons that during each year his capital will increase by one-
form the first three terms of a G.P. Find the C.D. of the A.P. and sixth of what it was at the beginning of the year. Write down an
the C.R. of the G.P., and show that only one mor3 term of the erpression for his expected capital at the end of z years, when (i)
latter series is also a term of the former. n<6, (ii) n>6. Also find during what year he may expect his
.n+l capital to amount to $rz ooo.
11' If S' = z - find T1 and I' What type of series is it? 25. Find all the G.P.'s in each of which Tr+Tr-Tr=r and
?, Tt x Tr: 16.
L2. If Tn:3n - r, prove that the series is an A.P., and find Sr. 26. If A.: r + g + (3)2+... + (9)"-r, and
Check the result by putting n:8.
B.: r +3+ (3)2+... + (€)"-r, prove that A,:(*)"-r8".
18. If t, a, A are in A.P., t, a, G are in G.P., and. r, a, H are in lf Sn=tn(4nz * 6n - r), find T,.
H.P., show that 4G:(A * r)2, and find .EI in terms of l. 27.
28. If Sr=522 - 2n+7,find Tr2. What sort of series is it?
L4. Prove that log a+ log ar + log axz + .., to n terms
29. Find the sum of the series
-nlos oat!) 6" *' r - 2+ g- 4+ 5 - 6 + ... + (zn + t).
80. The first term of an A.P. and a G.P. are each $; the C.D.
15. If r and y are positive, fi * J.r : v, 31d of the former and the C.R. of the latter are each equal to r. The
a:t+tc+N2 +#+..., b:r+t+y2+1f+..., eums of the first three terms of the series are also equal' Show
c=t+xy+xzyz+xsy3+... , prove that that there are two values of r, and find them. Find the sum of
20 terms of each of the two possible A.P.'s.
ab:a*b, and abc=a+b+c.
81. Find the sum to tt terns of the series
L8. lf A, G, H are the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic (a + bc)z + (a + b&)z + (a + bi)z + ... .
means respectively between two positive quantities a and b, prove
that Gz:AH. 82. Find the least number of terms of the G.P' z+zt+.,'
which must be taken that their sum may exceed the sum of roo
17. What number must be added to each of the numbers r, 3, 9 terms of the A.P. z + zt + ... .
in order that the three numbers so obtained may be in H.P.? 88. roo annually t
18. In a G.P., $:r58t, md $s-Sr:zio*. Find T1 and interes annum. How
the C.R. to his he has made
19. Find e arr;d y when log 3, n, !, log g zre in A.P. interes ach year, (ii)
results to the nearest dollar.
20. If D is the arithmetic mean between a zrtd c, prove that
F(a+ c) is the arithmetic mean between az(b+ c) and *(a+b). 84. Find a G.P. whose second term is 6 and sum to infinity 49.
21. lf y is the arithmetic mean between r and z, and z is the 85. Find the sum to infinity of the G.P. whose 6rst term is 4,
geometric mean between t and y, prove that e is the harmonic and whose third term is 3, all the terms being positive.
i
mean between y and z. 38. If T, =4 1/ + 5) - 3ar, find S'.
I

t
 448 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer.:oo<IJ
8?.The salary of a clerk begins at $r5 ooo a year, and rises by
$rz5o each year. Find the total amount he has been paid at the end
of z5 years' service.
88. In an A.P., Tr-35, Tz:39, Ts:43. Find the sum of all
the terms from the rsth to the 4rst (both inclusive).
80.From a sufficiently long piece of cord, ro portions are cut ofi
successively, their lengths forming a G.P. The first and second
porti tively 3o m and z8'5 m in length. What is the CHAPTER XXXII
total correct to the nearest metre ? A1$. if the process
THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
is co g as the portion cut off is not lels than a metre,
how are obtainedl AND FUNCTIONS. FURTHER GRAPHS
40. Evaluate - rooo{r * r'o3 + r.o32 + r.o33 +... + r.o3re}, being MISCELLANEOUS EQUATIONS
given that r.o32o - r.806r.
245. In Chapter XXI it was shown that the roots of the equation
41. Find the sum of z terms of the series r +3+*+..., and the
least number of terms that must be summed in order to give a axz+bx+c:o
result greater than 2.9.
42. In a mot e contest lasting
cars started.A fell out each day
r4 the second, r so on in A.P. F In Chapter XVII we explained the use of the terms real, rational,
for the number on the nth day, irrational, unreal (imaginary), as applied to the roots of an equation.
this number is equal to 46. This work should be carefully revised.
43.One side of a staircase is to be closed in by rectangular planks
from the floor to each step. The width of each plank is-o.3 m, and 246. Character of the rcots of a quaalratic equetion. From
their heights are successively o.5 m, r m, r.s m, ... There (r) above it is clear that the character of the roots of the equation
z4 planks required. Find their total area in m2-. ".e
groo
axz+bx+c:o depends upon the value of b2-4ac, the quantity
44.A man saves each year and invests it at the end of the year
at 5 per cent. compound interest. How much will the combined under the root sign :

savings and interest amount to at the end of 15 years? (i) If b2 - 4ac is a perfect square, the roots are rational and
45.Find the amount at compound interest of ggzoo in r8 years unequal.
at 3t per cent.
46.What sum will amount to gTooo in 4o years at z$ per cent.
(ii) If D' - 4ac is zero, eachroot is - !, i... th"roots are rational
compound interest ?
and equal,
ning of each year a man puts by $5o to accumulate (iii) IfD'z - 4ac is positive, but not a perfect square, the roots are

est, interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum
end of each year. Find, to the nearest dollar, the
accumulated savings at the end of the roth year.
48. Find the sum to infinity of the series r ++++*..., and
find the least number of terms of the progression which must be
taken for the sum to exceed r.gggg.
real, irrational and unequal.
(iv) If D2 - 4ac is negative the roots are unreal (imaginary) and
unequal.
The expression b2 - 4ac is called the iliscriminant ; it is usually
denoted by the symbol A. It is important that the pupil should be
able to write down at once the discriminant of any quadratic

It should also be noted that, if b:o, the roots of the equation

are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
49
 v-

450 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. nctrt.l THEORY OF QUADRATICS 45r

Example 1. For whal ualue of a will the equation 5x2 - 7x + a =o To compare this with axz+bx+c--o, we must write the latter
hat,e cquul roots?
equation in the form ^b c
x2+ix*i:o, .
i.e. with the coefficientof rr
The roots will be equal if A: o, i.e. if (- il2 - 4 .5 .a:o, unity. Hence
i.". +g- zoa:o, whence a:2'45, x2 - (p + q) x + pq-xz
-b+;* *;.c
Example 2. What is the nature of the toots of Sx2 - # + 3:o? But if two polynomials in r are identically equal, the coefficients
: * of corresponding powers of x must be equal ;
5i:;f";. i
o t
r.*'*" i..:. bc
P+q: -a, Pc:a'
Example 3. What is the nature of the roots of
249. This method may be extended to equations of higher
x2-zanc+a2-b2-c2=o? degree. Thus, if p, q, r are the roots of axs + bxz + cx + d:o, we
6= ( - za)z - 4@2 - b2 - C) = 4(b2 + c2). have.similarly
This is positive for all real values of b and, c, b^ c d
.'. tlre roots are real ; if b2+ C is a perfect square they arc f ^+:aaa
xz +: x +==(tc - f)(x - il@ - r)

rational, otherwise they are irrational. -r3 - (P + q + r) x2 + (qr + rf + Qd x - fqr ;

247. Sum anil proiluct of the roots of s quadratic equation. bcd
P+q+t= -;, Pq*qr+rP:-, PCr- -;'
If rve denote by p and q respectively the roots of the equation
atz + bs + c:o,lve have The first result is of great importance in connection with graphi-
cal work, as we shall show in the next chapter.
P+c:W It is true for rational integral equations of any degree n and may
be expressed in words thus :
: _"b: _!
24 A'
sum of roors = H#li.iF",*
pe-T
^^ ^
- ( U + J b27+ac) ( - b -,/F- *-c)
250. When one root of a quadratic is obvious by inspection, the
_(_ b)2 _ (b! _ +ac) other root may be obtained by using the properties of the roots
_44::g. proved above.
4a' 4a' a
I

These results are very important and may be expressed

--2_7x*z 5a2-7a+z
Example 4. Solue the eouation"*- --------------:-
3x"-5f+r - 3a'-5a+r
:
'
*t-fro,t"ol o-f t".
sum of roots: - coemcreut or x"
This is a quadratic, and it is clearly satisfied by x:a,
Also, the equation may be written
constant term
rroduct of looB = coefrcienl orF' (5x2 - 7x + z) boz - 5a + r) - (3x2 - 5x + r) (Saz - 7a + z),
i.e. x2 (4a + t) - x (4az + g) - a (a - 3) = o, on reduction.
248. These results may also be obtained by a more general
method. The product of the roots is therefore -"1: , ?), and gince one
4a+t
Let p, q be the roots of the equation. Then the equation may be root is a, the other must be -!2
written in the form (x-p)(x -9)=o. 44+ |
r I
452 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [oree.
251. In questions involving the roots of a quadratic equation I*t e, B represent the roots of 5d - 3x - 4=o.
the roots should not be considered separately, Most questions can
be more easily solved by making use of the expressions for the sum Then '*F=i, "P= -!.
and product of the roots.
Also -1= n' * ff :(o+ F)2 - *A=ft+9r:fi;
Example 5. I! p, q are the roots of ax.+bx+c:o, l*O rtr rO,
9: ozgz:{;
oalue of ps+q3, (ii) -qp whose roots
the equation or"P-ondl' 4 ' 25'
From the data, P+c: -: and PO::. "'
e- -*, c=X'
(i) f + qa = Qp + q) ( p2 - pc + s2): (p + dl( p + d2 - 3psl EXERCISE 107
:\-( ilb\fb2 3cl
LA- AJ:
- sac)
b(bz
----'f---' Find the nature of the roots of the following equations :

l. zxz+x- t2o=o. 2. 3x2 + 3z:z8x'

(ii) The required equation is
G-i) (* p:o, i.e. 8. +'-zg*g:q, 4. gxz+3ox+25:o.
5.8x2+63:r8r. 6, (3c+ r)2=6x*7.
,r-*(2*9)*,:o.
\q Pl 7. In each of the following quadratic functions, find whether
b2 2c the factors are rational or irrational, real or unreal :
D... p, q_p2+q2_(p+q)2-zpq a2 a bz-zac (i)12-7x-14i (ii) x2 + 8tc + 2c.
sp pq pq cac .8. For what values of a will the following equations have equal
a roots ?
(i) 612+ Sx+a:o; (ii) + ax + 27 -o i
.'. the required equation is *2 - r (t-4!)+ t =o, or 3x2
(iii) :r2 - x(a- ::)l-aI - 5a+7:o; (iv) 4a2xz + z(a+ 3)x *9:o.
acxz-1b2-zac)x*ac:o. 9. For the following equations one solution is given. Obtain
the other without soloing the equation:
Example 6. Find the relation connecting the cofficimts of the
(i) 8rr2+85r i4:o, t= - | ; (ii) g4x2-l t5x:3t, x:l ;
equation axz + bx + c : o , when one root is fizte times the other .
....- zxz+r ?r-r
Let p, 5p rePresent the roots ; (iii)
#;;=i:_ r, ,=o; (iv) x2+3lm-x(31+m), x-m.
then sum of roots:6p - -! ; product of roots:5p2 = j. 10. Find the condition that the roots of a2x2 + (zac - bz)x + &:o
ehall be real.
From the first result p2 : from the second pz : 9 , U. If one of the roots of x2+px+32:o is -8, whilst
#r, x2+px+q:6 has equal roots, find the value of g'
or 12. Prove that the roots of x2-4ax+4a2-b2-6bc-gcz:o te
"' t!*:+'
5b2:36ac'
rational.
ExamBle ?.
Find, without soloing the second equation, the oalues 18. If p, g are the roots of 3x2-8x+2:o, find (i) p2+C2,
of p and q, so that the rcots ol 4.x2+px+q:o m6! be the squares o!
(ii) the quadratic equation whose roots *rd'!'
the rcots of S* - 3* - 4=o. ^r.2qp
45+ ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA lcnp. xEilr.l THEORY OF QUADRATICS 455
L4. If p, q are the roots of 5x2-zox+ rz:o, find P"+q"t 29. If a,p are the roots of x2-6x+[:o, and if -t
r
15. If o, p are the roots of 12 - 4tc + r:o, find the equatiorl whose are the roots of 8r2 + ro* + / = o, find h and i. a "r,a #p
80. If a, p are the roots of x2 - roox + 24gr : o, and a, q are the
roots are
"'+!, ff +;. roots of rz + 5o* - 4559 : o, find the values of p - q and, pq.
16. If c, p are the roots of 7x2-8x+2:o' find the equation
whose roots are zd + t and zp + r. 81. Find the equation whose roots are the cubes of the roots of
*++"+r:o.
L7. lf n, p are the roots of x2-4e+ r:o' find (i) "3+p3,
(ii) cG + ff. 82. lf a, p are the roots of x2+px+q:s, obtain the equation
whose roots ate q+zp, p+za.
18, If r, p are the roots of x2 - tc + 5--o, find the equation whose
roots are
.II
* p" +;r. 3$'lf a,p are the toots of zxz+t5x:24, while I 4 are the
"" pr, roots of pr2 + qx + r = o, find the values of p and q. P"na d
19, If p, g are the roots of axz+bx+ c:o, find the values of : 84. 'lhe arithmetic mean between the roots of a certain quad-
(i) p" +q' ; (ii) psq+pq3; (iii) Sp' - spq+ Sqz i ratic is { and the harmonic mean is !r- ; find the equation in its
simplest form.
(ir) p - c; (v)pn+{; d1)e;+;!,.
85. lt p, q are the roots of axz+bx+c:o, find ihe values of :
20 lf. n, B are the roots of x2+px+q:o, show that the roots of
(i) (ap+b)(aq+b), (ii) (6p +c)(bq+c),
qxz + (zq - Pz)x + q:e (iii)
"* ff, 2. (ap + b)-2 + (aq + b)-2.
88. If the equations ax2 +bx+ c:o, qx+/=o have one
2L " p are the roots of x2-px+q:6, find the equation
lf. pxz +
root in conunon, prove that
whose roots n+t, F+!,
^r. (br - cq) (aq - bp) = (cp - ar)2.
, 22. l:f a, p are the roots of. axz+2bx+c:o, find the equation
Quailratic tr\rnctions. Variations in llign
whose roots ure zo +!U, +! ; and prove that, when 4 + c : o, this 252. Consider the function axz + bx * c, and let p, q be the roots
"F
equation is the same as the original equation. of ux2 + bx + c: o; then ar2 + bx + c=a(x - p)(x - q).
28. If a, B are the roots of axz+bx+c-o, find the value of (r) Suppose the roots are real and different, and let p be the
(r-c3)(r-p3). greater root.
24. It p and q are the roots of axz +ax+ c-o, and if(p2 +q2) and Then, for a/l values of r greater than p, the factors x - p, tc - q
(p+ r)(q+ r) are the roots of azyz+hy+l:o, obtain ft and / in are both positive ; f.or all values of r less than q, the factors *-p,
terms of a and c.
x- q both negative. In each case the product (r - p) (x - q) is
25. One root of 3x2 - zkx + (k' - 3) : o is three times tJre other. ^re
positive
Find two possible values of fr. and the function axz+bx+ c has the same sign as a.
But if .r lies betweenp and q, x - p is negative and r - g is positive,
.28. The squares of'the roots of +x2-r7x+c-o differ by 3ft' and the product (x-d@ -q) is negative; the sign of the function
Find c.
axz +bx + c is opposite to that of a.
lf a2:3a+7 and $z:3b+7 (a and D being unequal), find
2'1.
(z) Suppose the roots are real and equal, Then since p=g,
(i)az + b2, (i) "; +b:.
axz + bx + c: a(x _ q)2,
28. Find the two values of 2 for whrch the roots of But (r - g)2 is positive for real values of r ;
x2 - rgx + 25 - o are the squares of the roots of rz + px : 5. .' . axz + bx + c has the same sisn as c.
 _t

</

4s6 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cun THEORY OF QUADRATICS 457

(3) Suppose the roots are imaginary. Put 5 + 4r - 3x2 = y ; then 3rz - 4x + (y - 5) : o. If this equation
gives real values of r for any particular value of y,
*!. * t") : L)"
Then a* + bx *
"=
o
{*, " {G. ry} l:( -+)2 - 4 .3 .O - s)
must be positive or zeto for that particular value of y, i.e. the
="{G.*)'-h}, function can only have a particular value of y, if that value of y is
where A is the discriminant. such that 16- rzy +6o, i.e. 76 - rzy is positive or zero. It follows
D)t i' that y must be less than or equal to ij, i.e. 6*.
But since A is negative, -#is positive; (t* Thus the function S + 4a - 3r2 can never be greater than 6l
"lso
positive for real values ofr | .'- a*2+ it may be equal to 6| or have any value less than 6f. The maxi
To sun up: For real values of mum value of the function is therefore 6|.
alwaYs has the sane sign 8s a' ex ro
equation axz+bx+c=0 a're rcal snal
Exa,mple 10. If x is real, proae that the expressionx2+4x+
2x+5
them. 'can
haae all numerical oalues except such as lie between z and - 3.
x2+d.x+to
Let =y ; then xz + 4x + to:y(zx + S)
ffi |

+ zx(z - y\ + sQ - y): o.
i.e. x2
If this equation gives real values of x for any particular value
of y, A :4Q - y)2 - zo(z - y) must be positive ot zero for that
thegraphcrossestheaxis.Also,ifweknowthatthefunctionnever particular value of y.
sign, we know that the graph never c/osres the axis ; in this We have A:+(z- t)[z- y - S]=+(z - y)( - l- y).
"n".tg".
case the discriminant must be negative ot 7'ero' For all values of y>2, both factors are negative and the product
is positive. If y:2, the product is zero.
Exanple E. Find the ngns of the foltwing functions lor real For all values of y< - 3, both factors are positive and the
oalues of x: product is positive. If y: - 3, the product is zero.
(i) zxz+3x+8; (ii) 5-r-6rt'
For all values of y between z and - 3, the first factor is positive
(i) A:S -6+: -55, .'. the roots of zxz+3x+8:o are unreal, and the second factor is negative; the product is then negative.
.'. zxz + 3r + 8 always has the same sign as + 2' Hence y may have all values except such as lie between z and - 3.
The function is therefore always positive'
(ii) A: r+r2o:t2r --3x + t can haae all
Example 11. Prooe that x2 x'- numerical
They are f and - r. aalues, if x is real.
x
as - 6, excePt when fi
is positive when r lies ; then x2 + 1 :y(xz - x) ;
- r, and negative for all other values of x. "*ft#:y :. x2(r - y) -+ 3xlc(y- + r :o.
3)
254. Quailratic functions. Variatious in magnituile' Proceeding as above, we have
Example 9. IJ x is real, find whethq 5 + +'c - 3x2 is capable ot A:(y - S)z - +(r - y) . l :y2 - zy * s =O - r)2 + 4,
all values. which is always positive for real values of y. Hence the result,
 no<rr.l THEORY OF QUADRATICS 459
4s8 ESSENTIALS oF ScHooL ALGEBR; [cner'
zr+5:o, i.e. when t: -ztt, ! has no meaning. The
When
255. The use of the discriminant is of great value when the Iine x: -zt is thereforea barrier dividing one branch of the
graphs of functions, such as t4*7y,have to be drawn' curve from the other. Other points are obtained as usual by
2x+s
Before discussing such graphs, we must consider the value of a
r which make the denominator of the
function of .r for values of -8 -t -6 -5 -3i -rl 23
function zero. tc2+ 4tc+r 31 22 71o15
Let us consider the value of 11
-y;, as r approaches o' zx*S -9 -? 3-5 7
-r* -+i -No 6:izizzizizA
11 y:!, y-2; if r=4, y:toi if r=*, Y=rooo; if
2

r= y: r ooo ooo ; and so on.

-;| ooo,
It is clear that, as * approaches o, the value of y becomes too big
to be plotted on the graph. If .r:o, y has no meaning; the
number i has not been defined, and we cannot plot any point
corresponding to .f,:o.
The line x:0 is therefore for all Dractical purloses s barriel
whicb cannot be crosseil by the graph; Doints on one sitle of
tbe barrier cannot be joined to points on the other sirle of tbe
barrier.
t|!ly, the line 2x*!:e i3
' of
Similarly, for the sraph 2x+5
3

barrier which cannot be crossed by the graph.

256. We may now consider the graphs of

(r) r: "'* f * to (r) "t --3t * t.
2X+5 ".rd tc''*
(r) As shown above (Er. ro), y may have all values except such
as lie between z and - 3.
lf. y--2, x2:o, i.e. r:o; if. y: - r, x2+ tox*25:s,
i.e. (r+ 5)2:o, i.e. r: - 5. Flc.z4.
should be noted that, after substituting y:2, y: -3, w€
(It
must obtain equal roots for *. This is a very valuable check of the
It is useful to notice the points (if any) where the curve crosses
accuracy of the working.) theaxisof.t. Inthis case,y:6ifa2 + 4* +ro=o, i.e. x: - z+,J 4.
Since y cannot have vahres between z and - 3, the cuwe must The values of rc are unreal, so that the curve does not cross the axis.
tnrn when y:2 arrid when y: -3. The points (o, z), (-5, -3) It is convenient to put arrows, as in the figure, to denote that the
are therefore turning points on the curve. curve approaches the barrier as x approaches - 2*.
460 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cuer. m<rr.] THEORY OF QUADRATICS 46r
(z) As shown above (Ex. rr), y may have all numerical values, t-
| -5 -4 -3 - 2 -r -o.5 o o.r o'2 o'3 0'4 o'S o'6
if r is real. If the discriminant is positive for all real values of y,
the curve has no turning points. 4t 29 rg rt 5 2.75 r o,7t o.+4 o.rg _o.o4 -o'25 - o.41
302o t26 z o'75 o -o.o9 -o,t6 -o.zt _o.24 - o'?-5 - o'24
When 12 -x:o, i.e. when r:o or &:r, ! has no meaning.
The lines r:o and Jc=r ate therefore barriers, and the curve r.37 r.4s r.58 r.83 2.5 3.67 \r}"," - 2.75 - o.go o.r7
has three branches.
x o'7 o'8 o'9 I r'5 4 5 6
*3 -jxfr - o.6r - 0'76 - o'89 -I - r'25 5
xl -x - o.2I -o'r6 - o'og o o'7 5

2'90 4'75 -o'S o.r7 o.4z o.55 o.63

E)(ER,CISE 108
(In this exercise x
tahes only real ualues)
For what values of f are the following functions negative?
L. x2+x-zo. 2. zx2 - r7x + 3c . 3. 3,r.e - zr + 8.
For what values of r are the following functions positive ?

4. ro+3x-lc2. 5. -z+x--7x2. 6. zt-3zx-5rc2.

,.., ?.,F.ind the greatest vahre of ft for which (i)
(rr) 3sJ + 7x r h: o has real roots. "t-5.r.+zA-.o,
8. Find the greatest value of (i) : - S"t- z,rr, (ii) (zx_ r)(3 _ z"t).
9. Find the least value of (i) S."t - 7x -. 3, gi) (+x _ :)(-s.v_ :).
10. What is the least value of A, if 3yz - r r.t + A is never negative ?
1.1. What is the greatest value of A, if h-
positive ?
S*- zx2 is never
12. What is the greatest value of &, if k-4x-3xs is never
greater than 5 ?

Frc. 25, 18' If v: Qt?P, show that v cannot lie between 8 and
The curve crosses the axis of * when xz
- 3x+ r =o, 32. Sketch the curve.
?*Js L4. rc y:g:-!V:A, show that y can have all real values.
i.e, when s==---i-:z'oz or o'3u aPProx. -t
Sketch the
Other points are obtained as usual by plotting. ",r*..t
L5' rc v:+#, show that v must lie between I I and
2
I
2
Sketch tlre curve.
 ALGEBRA [oren silr.l MISCELLANEOUS EQUATIONS +63
462 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL
Example 14. Solz;e 3#-zof -94:'2-zox+3=o.
16. If _r':t"*L, ,ho* that y must lie between two numbers. Since r:o is not a solution, the equation may be written in the
x-+3 .t form
Find the numbers.
-2--t'
, (*.i) -,o (".. r) - o+:o.
L7. lf 'e=*-----:-:-:.
x-l show that there are two numbers begween
which y cannot lie. Find the numbers'
Put y =3.. l, then y2 - x2 + {
.o that the equation
+ becomcs
",
3x2-gx+1
18. Find the tuming Points of the curve 'v = -;------
2x" - 7x+o
502-z)-2oy-94=o, i,e. 3y2-2oy - roo=o,
Sketch the curve.
BetwEen what values
:. 6y+ ro)(r- ro):e, -T or ro;
whence
19. Sketch the curve Yz:(z-s)$+x). ":
must * lie? IIO I
^-*2 prove that x+-:
tca-- or &+-=ro,
20. lf y: i-_ ry,
the minimum value of Y is - z-
I
Sketch the curve. whence J,
J
5t2J6.
257. Miscellaneors equations. We now consider some mis-
cellaneous equations ; it will be seen that many equatioos ar€ r€-
Note 1. All equations of the type ax{ +613+ cx2+bx+a--o
may be solved in a sirnilar manner.
ducible to quadratics.
Example12. Solac xri - rc-el: r l'. Note 2. Equations in which the coefticients of terms equi-
distant from the beginning and end are equal are called recipro0al
- y: va, then Y -, r: ,I, i.". zyz - 3y - 2:o,
Put
I
equations. Reciprocal equations of even degree can be reduced to
2.
j. (zy+t)(y-z)=o' whence y: -!5 or z'i an equation iny ofhalfthe degree, by puttingy:x+ I. Reciprocal
.'. = -!; ot 2, .'. t: -e{ or 8.
"f equations of odd degree have a factor x + r and therefore a root - r.
Note. All equations of the tyPe
When this root has been taken out, the resulting equation is a
ax2n+bxn+c=o, ot dttn *D+c.r-t:o reciprocal equation of even degree. Thus, to solve
may be solved in a similar manner.
3xE - tTxr - tt4*3 - rr+xz - rJtr* !:e,
Example 13. Solae (x- f)(r-S)(x+6)(r+8)-5o4. we first write (.t + r)(31 - zoxs - g4x2 - zox + 3): o ;',r'hence
We have, rearranging, (x - 3) (r + 6) (x - S) (x + 8) : 5o4' r + r = o or 3.rr - zof - g4x2 - 2ox + 3 : o, etc., as above.
.'. (t' + 3* - I 8) (x2 + 3r - 4o) : 5o4.
Note 8. The equation 6xa-25x3+rzxz+2Sx+6=o, i.e. a
Put ,r' : .v2 + 3n, then (y - t 8) (y - 4c_) : 5o4, similar equation in which the coefficients of corresponding odd
.'. -r,2- 58y +72o- 5o4:o, ;. y2- 58y+z16=o, powers of a are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, although
j. (Y- 54)b-4):o, whence Y:54 or 4i
not a reciprocal equation, may be solved by putting y = t -:.
x2 + 3tr - S4:o' or xz + 3'c - 4:o'
For (since .r * o) the equation may be written
whence "' x:6, - 9, t, - 4. / r\ / r\
Note. All equations of the type (x+a)(r+6)(x+c)(x+d):e 6
\x2
+ -) - "s (" - ! ) + rz=o,
may be solved in a similar manner' if the sum of any two of the i.e. 6(y2 +z)-z1y+ 12=o, etc.
quantities a, b, c, d is equal to the sum of the other two.
464 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cHee. nour.]
Example 15. Soloe (x+8)a+(r+ 6)a:z'
Put y-'*8!-**6=x*7.
2
Then (st+r)a+bt-r)4:2, :. z(y1 *6y2+r):2' CHAPTER XXXIII
i. Y2(Y2+6)=o, i' !:o, e, aV--6;
... x= -7, -7, -7yl 4.
GRADIENT OF A CURVE. MAXIMA AND MINIMA.
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Note. All equations of the type (x + a)a + (x + b)a:6 may be (coNTTNUED)
. x+a+tc+b 258. In Chapter XIV we discussed the gradient of a straight line.
solved by puttrng Y:-- '
2 We now proceed to consider the gradient of a curve.
EXERCISE 109 At present we cannot find the gradient of a curve, for the term
Solve the equations :
" gradient " has only been defined for a straight line. But we can
3. r44: zixz - x1.
find the gradient of any chord AB of. the curve, and this may be
1. 16+ z6x3=27. 2. xa+4oo:4rx2.
regarded as the average gradient of the arc lB of the curve.
4. 36:r3x2 -r,4. 5, 4*n - tTxz +4=6. 6. x6 +27:28x3.
ll Example 1. Find the gradient of the chord PQ and of the chord
7. 3xtt + 3r-'z: ro. a. ,^,lZr. r^rfi = ,u. 9. glt2n-xn-20:o. PR, of the culae y:263 + S, P, Q, R being the points on the curae where
2l *= I, 3, t + h respectiuely.
10. x-z - zx-!:24. 1-1-. paE = qyls - Ox-!t. Lp. xn + tZ :7r[n.
P is (r, 6), p is (3,32), R is (r +h,6+3h+3h2+hs).
13. (.t + 7) (r - s) (r - 9) (r + 3) :385.
14. (zx + t) (zx + ) (zx + ) (zx + 7) = s. The gradient of PQ:'3-2!:! = r, ,
15. (x + $(x + 6) (.r - r) (r - 3) :12e. ^e
16. (zx - )(x - z)(x +4)Qx +7):sr. the gradient of pR-vR-vP -3h+3r2+hs:3+3h+h2, slnce
L?. x(x +z)(zx +3)@x - r) :61. 18. *(.t -+)(r +8)(x ++) :r68o, h+o' xR- xP h "
19. ;r4 +rr'3 - 4tc2 +x + r =o. 20. gxa +8.rc2 +9 --z7x(t +x2).
The latter result is a general formula giving the gradient of all
2L. z.r:4 - 5.tB +6x2 - sx + z =o.
oo tzx4 - 56xs +8912 - 56, + r2:o. the chords of y: as 1 5 which pass through P. It includes the
former result, which may be obtained from it by putting lz=2.
23. gx( - zxz +g:z4x(x2 +r). 24. (x2 - r)! :3r(x2 +r).
25. x5 + xa + x + r :zxz (x * t). 28. 8f + z9x2 + 8 : 4zx (xz - r). 259. Let us now consider what happens as fr gets very small,
ott r o (.xa + r) + 5zx2 :63x (x2 - t) . i.e. as the point R gets nearer and nearer to P on the curve.
28. xs +zx4 - 3xa - 3x2 +2tc +t:o, lf h:t,;, +, r+T, r+T,..., the gradient of PR:7,4'75,3'3r,
29. (zx - r)a +(zx - S\a :256. 80. (.r+r)a +(x +3)a :$2. 3'o3or,3.oo3oor,....
31. (, -z)n *(r -3)a=1. 82. (zx + r)a + (zx - r)a : 16. It is clear that, as R moves along the curve tou'ards P, the
88. 2,2e+6+t:8,2"+r, 84. 3zo+s -28(3r+r -z)=SS. gradient of PR gets closer and closer to 3 and approaches the
85. (x + za) (x - 6a) (x + 3a) (x - Sa) : t8oaa. limit 8. In other words, as R+P along the curve, ft+o, and the
36. Qb+O3 +4@b -$3=s4bz -x\t. gradient of PR+3. This is written more concisely
Lt (Gradient of PR):3.
R-P
This limit is called the grailient of the curve et P. Its value was
46s
 \

466 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cner. sxru.l GRADIENT OF A CURVE +47

found by taking the gradient of the chord PR and finding the limit 280. Examples Nos. 7-ro of Ex. rro suggest the truth of the
as R approached P along the curve. But the limiting position of following rules, The formal rigorous proofs of these rules are
PR as R approaches P along the curv€ is, by definition, the tangent beyond the scope of this book and we shall assume the resultg.
at P to the curve. The gradient of the curve at P is therefore the (r) If z is rational, the gradient of y=yt at the point (a, an)
same as the gradient of the tangent to the curve at P' is nan-r.
(z) If h is a constant, the gradient of y-hxn at the point (a, han)
Example 2. Find the gradient of the autoe y = * (i) at the point
is & times the gradient of y = yt at the point (a, an). It is therefore
(2, 4), (ii) at the Point (a, a2).
k ta"-l.
(i) With the notation uscd above let P be (2, 4) and R be the
point where x=z*h, i.e. the point (z +h,4+4h+h2)' (3) The gradient of y=N&Ot at the point (a, 2A,o,) is
EAr.r.a'-r. It should be noted that a constant term, e.g,. As,
Then the gradient of PR=4#:4+h, since ft+o' contributes 0 to the gradient, for the constant term disappears
The limit of this as ft+o is 4, when we subtract /p from 3la in forming the gradient of the chord
.'. the gradient of the curve at (2, 4) is 4' PR.
(ii) Let P, R be (a, az), (a + h, a2 +,zai + i2) respectively' 8. Witc
Exa,mple doutn the gradimts at the points whete x = a
l
Then the gradient PR=tt!#=2a,-htsince&+o' of (i) y:3r^-?*+5, y:4t{-5xs+zx-g, (iii) y:+,
"f Gi)
The limit of this as h+o is za, (w)y:r{+ 5x-3"1i+2.
.'. the gradient of the curve at (a, a2) is za' (i) Gradient:3xza-7 x r .ao+O:6a-Z;
The result of (i) may be deduced from this by putting a:z' We (ii) Gradient: 4x d- 5 x 3a2+zx t . ao - 0: r6as - r5a2 +z;
have shown that the gradient of y - xz at the point where * = a- is (iii) This is not written in the form y = 2A#,, but it may be so
za; in other words, the gradient at any point on the turve is twice xz+t t
the value of .r at that point, i.e. zr is the formula for the gradient written, for :- =t* =r= * + *-t i
at any point.
EXERCISE 110 the gradient : r . ao+ 1- r)a-z : r-
Find the gradient of: )r;
!. y--zxz -r- r at (S, ++). (iv) This must first be written in the form y = xt + 5,
- 3ti + z,
2. y=tt - x2 - 7x- r at (2, - rr). and the gradient=3-oi+sx t .ao-^r!.o-ia g:3-!o *. --1.
8. y=7x2- 5x+3 at ( -3, 8r). 2--22-2t/a
4. y=zf+7x- s at (- r, - r4). It is essential that these rules should be mastered by the pupil.
5. y = 5x2 - 4rc - 2 (4, 62).
^t EXERCISE'11r
8. y:z*3+3x2+5x -3 at ( -2, -4).
7. y:r" at (a, as), In Nos. r-zo, wite doum the gradient at the point where r = a of :
I
8. y:h*" zt (a, kas), A being a constant. l'Y:xs. 2. v:f . 8. y : 5x2.
i
Find the gradient at the point where r = a of : 4. v:8*u. 5. y:gf-zx. 8. y:4t'-x-7,
9. (i) y: +d, (ii) y: 3*-2, (iii) y: 5r, (iv) y = a.t' + 3x2 + 5x. 7. y:(zx2)2. 8. y:(zx- r)2. 9. y:4,,/x.
What is the connection between the last result and the first three? L0, y:vz -1 Lt. e:sl7 L2. y=s'lf .
LO. (i) y:2x2, (ii) y: - 5r, (iii) y=7, $'t) v:2rz - 5x+7' x
What is the connection between the last result and the first three? 13. y:3rs-5r+r. L4. y-zs'+3r2+r.

l_
 I

ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ICHAP. r<xur.] TURNING POINTS 469

y:(..-t)(r,*i)' F(r) which is an increasing function for some ranges of values of r

L5. y=(r+ r)(zr2-r-9). rB.
and a decreasing function for other ralrges.

L7. y= 3xs - 8x2 + 7x -.*5;' 18. y:(3x+ r)s'

19. (+ru)z. 20. y=!-J-

21. Show that the gradient at the point (2,4) of the curve
*2
e: -r*"*-L is double that at the point (+, Z); find the point
4
at which the gradient is - r. Oz
Frc. 3o.
22. Find the points at which the gradient of the curve
!: zxs - r 5r2 + 36x - zo is (i) o' (ii) t z' F(r) is an increasing function from A to B, from C to ^E and
23. If y:6ar-r, show that the gradient of the graplr of y is from F to G. It is a decreasing function from B to C, from E to F
poriiiu" oi negative according as r-is numerically greater than r or and from G to H. The separating points B, C, E, -F, G are called
lu-"rically lJss than r. Skitch the graph of y, and show that y turning points.
is never numerically less than z.
B, E, G correspond to values of x for which F(r) is greater than
24. Find the gradient of the curve y = 3x3 - 48 + x at each of the at any neighbouring points ; at these turning points F'(r), or 1, i5
;h"t" it Euts the axis of ,, di"w a roush sketch of the
:;*:: "ttd said to have a maximum value : C, F correspond to vaiues of x for
which F(r) is less than at any neighbouring points ; at these turning
261. Increasing anal ilecrcasing functions. Turning Doinfs' points -F(r-) is said to have a minimum value.
A function F(x)(:y'l which increases as a increases from a to D is
It should be particularly noted that " maximurn " and " mini-
called an increasing function for the range of values a to D, and a mum " do not necessarily mean greatest or least in the arith-
function which decreases as fi increases is called a ilecreasing metical sense ; they only mean greatest or least in the imrnediate
function. Figs. z6 and 27 represent graphs ofincreasing functions,
neighbourbood. Thus, in Fig. 3o tl-re value of y at F is greater than
and Figs. z8 and 29 graphs of decreasing functions for the range the value of 'r, at B. But } has at B a maximum value and at F' a
of values shown. minimum value. The pupil must distinguish carcfully betsecn
lI , the technical use of the terms " maximum " and " minimum " arrd
the arithmetical use of " greatest " and " least ".

V-
oxQ
Frc. 26. Frc.27. Frc.28. Frc.29.
At a nrrning point the tangent to the curve is parallel to Or: and
the gradient of the curve is therefore zero; we find the turrring
points of a curve by examining the points whcre the gradicnt is
zero. But it should bc noted that the grndicnt may be zcro lor rr
value of x for rvhich 1,'(r) is neither a maximum nor ir minilnrrrrr.
If the function F(x) is increasing for a given range of values, the This is the casc at thc point D (Irig.3o). Such a poir-rt is cullcrl rr
gradient of y:p1*1 is positive or zero at each point within the point of inflexion.
given range of values. Similarly, if the function is decreasing, the
gradient is negative or zero. 262, Let us now consider how to cliscriminate betucerr nlrxirrn,
Truning points. Fig. 3o represents the graph of a function minima arrd points of inflexion. Consider the curve (I.'ig. 3o) iu
(to ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAP. DO(Iu.l MAXIMA AND MINIMA 471

the neighbourhood of B, at which .r:0. For values of t slighqly Lety:a13o -r)=8o*-12. The gradient, G, at x: a is 8o - za.
less than 6 the gradient is positive, at B the gradient is zero, for This is zero, if a:4o.
values of r slightly greater than D the gradient is negative, i'e. the For values of a slightly less than 4o, G is * ; for valut:s of 4
gradient changes sign, from *, through o' to - , as r increases slightly greater than 4o, G is -.
through the value D. Similarly at E and G. Now consider the Hence, as a increases through the value 4o, G changes sign
curve in the neighbourhood of C, at which r:c. For values of r from * , through o, to - ; .'. when x: 4o, ! has a maximutn valuc ;
slightly less than c the gradient is negative, at C the gradient is zero, this value is 4o (8o - 4o) = r 6oo.
for values of r slightly greater than c the gradient is positive, i.e. the Also it is clear from the graph of !=x(8o-r), which has only
gradient changes sign, from - , through o, to +, as r increases one turning point, that the maximum value is the greatest value ;
through the value c. Similarly at F. Finally, consider the curve .'. the greatest rectangular area that can be enclosed is r6oo nrl.
in the neighbourhood of D, at which r: d. For values of r slightly Note. The pupil should make a habit of drawing a rong& sketch
less than d the gradient is positive, at D the gradient is zero, for of any graph needed.
values of r slightly greater than d the gradient is positive, i.e' the
gradient does not change sign as x increases through the value d. Example 8. A man ordets a plumber to mahe a cistern with a square
It is clear that to obtain maximum and minimum values of a base and closed at the top to hold 3375 ms of water. It has to be lined
function F(x) we must: inside with sheet lead at $4 per m2- Find the least that the cost oJ lining
( r ) Find the values of x at which the grailient of y :
p can be.
11; is zero.
(z) Finrl wbether, as x increases through these values, the Let V m3 be the volume, S m2 the area to be lined, r m the side
gradient changes (a) from + to - (a Mu<imum) of the square base, tr m the height.
or (b) from - to + (a Minimum). Then V=x2h=3375, g:4xh*2x2.
(Both criteria are necessary. If the grailient tloes not change sign,
the point is neither a, maximum nor a minimum.) We require the least value of S, when * is positive. We cannot
(3) Finit the values of F(x) for the values of x which give a write down the gradient of S:qrft +zxz as it stands, for x and h
maximum or a minimuE. are both variable quantities. But we may replace n W 3#,
Example 4. Fhrd the maximum or minimum aalues (if any) of
and write S: r35oox-r+2.r2. The gradient of this at x:a is
2+Stc-3x2.
The gradient, G, of y=2+ 5x-3x2 x:a is 5 -6a' This is -t35ooa-2+4a. Thisis zero,if a3:3375:r53, i.e. if a=t5.
zero if a:8. For values of a slightly^tless than t, G is +; for
values ofa slightly greater than €, G is - ; .'. as a increases through
For values of a slightly less than 15, G = 4a( -
':la * ,) i, - t
the value f, G changes sign from +, through o, to - . Flence, when for values of a slightly greater than 15, G is +. Hence, as a
x:t, z+ 5x_ 3xz *" varue is increases through the value 15, G changes sign from -, through
: ili,";"lT ;1"*:_i:s o, to +; .'. when r=15, S has a minimum value. This value is
r1#!+ 2.t52-goo +45o- r35o. Also it is clear from the graph
Example 5. Find the greatest rectangular area that can be mclosed of S: r35oor-r+ zxz, which has only one turning point, that tlre
by a wire 16o m long. minimum value is the least value ; .'. the least area which must be
The perimeter of the rectangle is 16o m. Suppose that one side lined with sheet lead is r35o m2. The cost of lining this at g4 per m2
is r m, then the other side is (8o-r) m; and the area is "r(8o-x) m2. is $(r35ox4):$54oo.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALCEBRA [cHp'
472
Example ?. Fitrd the grcatest oalue of 4- gx + x2 for oalues of
fronoto5inclusiue.
lf. y =4- 3x + :r2, the gradient, G, at x=a is - 3+ za'
'ftris;s zero if a:r+, nd applying the usual test we find that
when a: r|, y has a minimum value, which is rf'
When x:o, y=4 ; when x= S, y= 14.
For values of r between o and r|, G is - ; for values of x
beNveen rl and 5, G is +; .'. y decreases from the value 4 when
r:o to the value r* when r:r* i it then increases to the value
r4 when 36:5. It is clear that the greatest value ofy, for the stated
range of values of r, is r4'
EXERCIfIE 112
Find the maximgm and minimum values (if any) of :
!.7+6x+x2. 2.7+5x-3x2. 3.5-4x-zxz-
4. rzr3-r8.t2+9.r. 5. zx}-gxz+rzx-5. 6. xa-zxz+to'
?. zJ-3x2- rzx+7. 8. 4tt- 6x2- gx+t- 9. x(x- t)2+z'
10. zx3+ 3x2 - 36x - z8-
11. ;r2(a - x) (a being a positive constant).
12. s31,2, .t and -v being connected by the relation {+y: ro'
13.A rectangular block with a square base has a total surface
of r5o cmz. Find the greatest volume of the block'
14. A li.te AB, 8 cmlong, is divided at P' Find P, so tlrlat APz+PBz
is a minimum.
15. What number exceeds its cube by the greatest number
possible ? also the greatest volume of a cargo whose shape is a right circular
tg.A rectangular field is bounded on one side by-a straight river,
and on the other three sides by a fence whose total length is 16o m.
Show that the area of the field cannot exceed 3zoo m2.
1?. If ro solid cubes of side r cm and 4o of side y cm are to be
made, where tc+y:rz, find the values of x ar'd y that will make the
total volume a minimum.
18.If a thin rod r rn long swings like a pendulum, the tendency to
break at a point,r m from the point of suspension varies as x(r-x)z.
Find where the rod is most likely to break.
19.A circular tin canister closed at both ends has a surface area of
4oo cm2. Find the greatest volurne it can contain'
20.An isosceles triangle has a base of length z cm and its height is
5 cm. Find the area of the largest rectangle which can be inscribed
in the triangle.
E(ilr.1 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 473
* 21. A closed rectangular box is made of sheet metal of negligible
thickness, the length of the box being twice its width. Find the
dimensions of the box of least surface that has a capacity of 243
cm3.
22. Find the height of the right circular cone of greatest volume,
the sum of the height and radius of the base being rz cm.
Bg.A closed rectangular box is to be made from 16oo cm2 of thin
metal, the perimeter of the base being always 8o cm. Find the dimen-
sions of the box that has the greatest volume.
24. Find the value of .t for which the sum of the corresponding
ordinates of the curves
y:2x3 - r5x2 + 36x + 5 and Y: tcz - 4tc + 3
is a maximum, and show that, for this value, the corresponding
ordinate of one cun'e is a maximum, while that of the other is a
minimum.
25.From each corner of a thin rectangular sheet of metal 8 cm long
and 6 cm wide a square of side r cm is cut away and the projecting
portions of the remainder are turned up so as to form the sides of
a rectangular box. Determine .r to the nearest o'r cm, so that the box
may contain the greatest volume.
26.A box with a square base has a slip-on-lid of depth r cm, which
fits tightly round the sides of the box. The box and lid are made out
area
of a sheet of thin cardboard of area 68o cm2. Find the dimensions
of the box when the volume is greatest.
27.A shipping company prescribes that the combined length and
girth of a cargo must not exceed 6 m. Find the greatest volume
of a cargo whose shape is a right prism with a square base. Find
cylinder.
28.A basket made of thin material is in the form of a right cylinder
on a circular base, open at the top. If the volume is to be z m2, find
the radius of the base, if the amount of material used is to be as small
as possible.
29. The sid.e AB of the rectangle ABCD is 6x cm. On AB, outside
the rectangle, is drawn a LOAB, such that OA and OB each equal
54! Find the greatest area of the figure OADCB, if its perimeter
is always 5o cm.
80. A piece of wire is cut into two pieces and each piece is bent
into the form of a circle. Show that the sum of the areas of the wo
circles so formed is least when the wire is cut into two cqual piecee.
 n

474 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [eHre, xrurrr.l MAXIMA AND MINIMA 47s
81.A box with a circular base has a slip-on-lid of depth o'5 cm' 9. A five-sided window is to be made in the form of a rectangle
which fits tightly round the box. The box and lid are made out of surmounted by an equilateral triangle. If the perimetcr of the
a sheet of thin metal of area 6ozr cm2. Find the height and radius of window must be equal to P, prove that the greatest possible area
the base when the volume is greatest. is P2(6 + \/i142.
32,The running cost, C, of a ship, in dollars Per hour, is given 10. If a
c3 s, determine whether
by the formula C:4+:, where s is the speed in km per hour. Find x6 - 5aax + b rn values and find any
such values, Hence, or otherwise,
the speed which causes the least cost for z gioet voyage. prove that, i cannot be negative for
any positive
EXER'CISE 112. c
(In all cylinder are right circular cllinders)
this exercise
1. A match-box of the usual type (i.e. an open rectangular box
with a sliding cover open at each end) is made of material of
negligible thickness. Its length is 5 cm, and its girth is- ro crn
Fiid-the breadth and height when the area of the material used is
greaiest,
2, CAB is an isosceles A, right-angled at C and having CA= CB.
P lies on AB ; PM is perpendicular to CA, and PN to CB. Find
the position of P in which the area of the rectangle PMCN is
greatest. 12.The brightness of a small object at P due to a source of light
3. A and B are fixed points whose coordinates are (o, a) and Arnay be measured by where A is the power of the source.
(6. c) respectivelv. P(r, o) is a variable point on the *-axis. ^t Ar,
E*oi""s AP'+ BP" in terms of .r and the constants, and find the A source of power. ro watts is zo m from a second source of power I

poiirio.r of P which makes this function a minimum. 64o watts. Find the point on the line between the sources wheie the
brightness is least. {
4. An open cylindrical vessel is to be constructed from a given
amount of uniform thin material. Show that it contains the l,

greatcst possible volume when its height is equal to the radius of Graphical solution of equations (continued)
its base. 263. In
Chapter XVIII, the following result was proved :
l

5. A cylindrical tin canister of height lr and radius r has a slip- If we have a pair of simultaneous equations in x and y, anal if
on-lid of depth a (a constant). If the capacity of the tin is a maxi-
mum for u giu"n expenditure of metal, including the lid, prove that the graphs corresponaling to the equations iue fuawn with the i

h: a 1- 2r . Neglect the thickness of the metal.
g. The expenses each day in running a ship consist of a fixed
amount a together with a 'r'ariable amount b.r3, where r km is the
distance run per day and 6 is another constant. Write down the total
cost of a voyage of length s km. Prove that the cost is least when the
fixed part of the cost per day is twice the variable part.
?. An open cylindrical tub of height i and diameter zr holds
a definite quantity of water when full. Show that the surface of the
tub itself will be least when /r: r.
8. Show that xn(a -x), a being a positive constant and n a
positive integer, has a maximum value where
": -,* ,'
same axes and with the same scales, then, at the points of inter-
section of the graphs,
(1) the coord.inates are the roots of the simultaneous equations ;
(2) the x-cooralinates are roots of the equation in x obtained by
eliminating y from the two equatioDs;
(8) the y-cooralinates are the roots of the equation in y obtained lr
by eliminating x from tbe two equations.
We shall now show how to obtain graphically the solution of the
standard equation of the third degree, usually called a cubic lii
equatron.

J
 476 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [eree.
Eqrrr.l HARDER GRAPHS 47?
264. By applying the general theorem quoted above, we may (z) Consider y: rzx - 34 :

obtain the real solutions of the equations ar3 +- bxz + cx * d: o : I...,.. 2 34

(r) by drawing the graph of y: a*t a bxz -+ cx *d and finding the y .-..'. - 10 274
values of , at its intersections with the graph of y: e ; The graphs are as shown. It is clear that the roots are approxi-
(z) by drawing the graph of y:ayz a6x2 + cx and finding the mately - z.g5 and t'g.
values of r at its intersections with the graph of y: - j '
(3) by drawing the graph of y-asg l-612 and finding the values
of x at its intersections with the graph of y: - cx- d;
(4) by drawing the graph of y:as? and finding the values of x
at its intersections with the graph of y: -6rz- cx-d; etc.
In general, (3) is the best method, for the graph of y:axT+btcz
has two turning points, unless 6:o. (The values of r at the
turning points are given by 2b
3ax2 + zbx: o, i.e.
3a
Thus one turning point is always at the origin.) If b:o, we have
the standard graph y:ayz.
Also, the graph of y : - cx - d is a straight line, so that, whatever
the values of the constants, a, b, c, d, the work involved is reasonably
short and simple. It may happen, however, that the turning points
are inconveniently close together ; in such a case it may be de-
sirable to use one of the other methods.
Frc.3r.
Exa,mple 8. Solae graphically the equation xs -
5xz - t2x + 34- o. To get the third root we might draw the graphs on a smaller scale,
The required solutions are the values of x at the intersections of to get an approximate value of r at the third intersection, but it is
the graphs ofy-xs -5r2 and y:rzx-34. not necessary to tlo tbis.
(r) Consider y:xs - Sxz. The turning points occur when Instead, we may use the fact that the sum of the roots
3xz - tox:o, i.e. when ,c:o or 3+. Plotting points as usual, we x3- 5x2- t2x+ 34:o is 5 (see Ch. XXXII, Art. z4g),
have
.'. the third root is approximately 6.o5.
-3 -2 -r o ^1
J3 J3 If more accurate results are desired, we may draw a portion
x3 -27 -8 -r or8z7 the graphs on a larger scale in the neighbourhood of
37rzt 49+ 64 t25
-Sxz -45 -zo -s o -5 -2o -+5 - 553 - 67nz -8o - t2s x: - 2'g5 and ,c: r'g (or r:6.oS).
y -72 -28 -6 o -4 -tz -r8 -t}!r+ ,q?2$ -16 It shoull be particularly noteal that the thiril root may
ileilucetl from the other two by using the formula for the sum
the roots.
q78 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [cnep. no<rrr.] HARDER GRAPTIS 479
205. The circle. If P is a point (r, y) on a circle, of radius r, 9. y=i- rzx. 6 [-+ to +]. Find from the graph. as nearlv
whose centre is at the origin, we have (see Fig' 3z),
as_you can, for what values of y there is more than'one positive
value of .t.
OAP + NP2: OPz, by the theorem of Pythagoras ; 10. y-=r1.+.4tc-f
i.e. *+yz:P, [-? to l]. Find from the gruph for wlrat
range of positive values of ru the value ofy excccds that of r.
LL. 4y--x(x2 _ .4) I - 3 to 31. From your graph dctermine (i) the
value of,r for which y:3, (ii) the values of x at the points oir'the
curve which are equidistant from the points ( - r, r) and (r, - r).

rz. 9:?--E:4
(r- r)(.r-3)'[ - r to 5]. LJse your graph to find a root of
z*(x - t)(x- 3): s @ - z)(x - g.
!8. y:y1! [-f to l]. From your graph find thc values of I
for which y - zx is positive.
L4. y:g:+g;?
' (x-3)(r+r) [-z to 5]. Determine the limiting valuc
of y when , tends to infinity, and find whether y is ever equal to
this value.
L5. y:3x- 4*t#, lti . t]. Find the minimum vatue of y.
Explain how the roots of an equation of the form
Frc,32.
3x2(a+ 4- 3x)=zoo,
This is true for every point on the circle, so that a circle with its where a is constant, may be-found from the graph. Apply the
-a
centre at the origin, and with radius z, is the graph corresponding method to find the roots of gxs - 6ox2 + 2oo =o.
to the equation x2 +yz:f - This is of great importance in solving 16. On the same diagram, draw the graphs of n=(t+ t)'
graphically equations of the type tcz+y2-f, ax+by *c:o; for "rrd
,=x(x
-4 - +)2 for values of r from o to 4. Fo, *hat rurrg" lf u"lrr.,
we have only to find the intersections of a circle and a straight line.
of r between o and 4 is r(r-4)2 greater than (.t+ r)2?
ENRCISE 118
1?. On the same diagram, draw the graphs of (a) rz from - r to 4,
Solve graphically Nos. r-6 :
(6) g[,
l. - 3xz - 6x + 4:s.
rs 2. *3-tzx+tz:o. f; from o.5 to 4. Hence find correct to one decimal placel
8. +f - r'-8x:2. 4. zf +3x2+3r+r:o.
18. On the same diagram, draw the graphs of logro r and a for
5. zf-5x:4. 6. d- 3*-4*+3:e.
Draw, for the values of r stated, the graphs of (Nos.7-r5): values of r from o.5 to ro. Hence find two solutions of lo916.t =
correct to z sig. figs. i,
7. -(x r)(x - z)2 [o to 3'4]. Hence find to z sig. figs. a root of
z(x-r)(x-z)2:r' 19. On the same diagram, draw the graphs of y = I (8 - 13) and
8. y:(x- r)(x- z)(x-3) [o to 4]. Find the value of rwhere 5
the graph meets that of zy=16. Of what cubic equation is this - -Y-. Write down a formula for tbe length parallcl to the
value of r a solution? 5
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA Icn.re. Eorrrr.] TEST PAPERS IX 48r
48o
x' Find B
!-axis intercepted between the two graphs for any value of
',lutr,.," for x which satisfies tht equation vz : 4x * 8 '
-"
1, Find the minimum value of zf - 3x2 - g6x + r.
which make y 2. Find the sum of 4o terms of the A.P. whose 7th term is z and
20. (r) lf y:! rz - t'"*lr, find the values of rc whose rgth term is -4.
a maximum or a minimum, and the corresponding values of y. 3. The weight of a body varies jointly as its height and the
I r8 square of the diameter of its base. If the weight is rz5 kg when
(z) What symmetry has the oulte y = I v2 - 8: + *z' (:) Where the height is 5 cm and the diameter of the base is 4 cm , find (i) the
does it cut the r-axis? (+) What is the sign of y when x is
(a) very weightwhen the height is 8 cm. and the diameterof the base is r'z
;;;it;"ty .-"rr I (s)'rrom these indications sketch the graph' cm, (ii) the diameter of the base when the "height is 4 cm and
the weight is 36 kg.
the values of x for which
orresPonding values ofY ; 4. Given Iogroz:p and logro3:q, find in terms of p and g and
when xz >3, and that Y is without the use of tables the values of lo9ro6, logro5 and logroz4.
the graPh of Find also log"z7=log"9, without using tables.
y_(x2_z)(xz_g) 5. A number of squares are described whose sides are in G.P.
Prove that the areas of the squares are also in G.P. The side of the
is symmetrical with regard to the axis of y ; (4) sketch the graPh.
(zrz)th square is a m and the side of the (zz)th square is D m; find the
Solve graphically Nos. 22-z+ i area of the (rz-iz)th square.
22. xz +y2:25, 23. xz * Y2: to, 24. x2 + Y2 =9, 6. Solve the equations ztx - 3x2 + 4J*2 1il ,5: 4r,
nc * !:2' Jx-lzY:1' f,x+Y=3' 3250 x o'5 : r[r - (r'o5;-ts1.
TEST PAPERS f,K c
A 1.
.
ar:<I y:-r,
2A+t ^ . X-y ,n terms ot 4, rn rts
hnd
* *y
l. If p be a root of xz+ax+b:o, show that it is also a root of
simplest form.
x3 - ax2 - (to" - blx- zab:o, 2. Find the r-coordinates of the points on the curve
2. Simptify (i) !:xs-x2-5x+r
at which the gradient is (i) o, (ii) - +.
(ii) 3. From the relation Frtt":izaz', find the value of ,, to two
decimal places, if fr: 12'43, Fz: z7'89, ur= to2 5, ur= 58'oz.
4. (i) Find the sum of n terms of the series g+7+ 5 +3+... .
8. Evaruate (,) (ii) Show that the square of the sum of the first z natural
rr!1j3#%?#, numbers exceeds the square of the sum of the first (n - r) natural
(ii) (r'73)-o'a + (o'o8392)-1'1'
numbers by 4f
4. The sum of the first five terms of an A.P' is 4o' Eight.times 5. A man receives a pension starting with $ro ooo the first year,
ttre Ztir term is equal to three times the rgth term' Find the rst but each year he receivcs 90 per cent. of what he received the previous
term and the common difference. year. Find the total amount he receivel in the first 6 years; find also
5. The first and last terms of a G'P' are x and zx' If there are the greatest amount he could possibly receive, even if he wcre to livc
16 terms, find the square root of the product of all the terms' for ever.
6. The weight of a rigbt circular cylinder of given material varies
6. The volume of a solid right prism of square section-is- 64 tpt' as the square of the radius and also as the height. If the radius is
,tr" .ia" ih" being x"cm. - Express the length of .the prism
"i "q.ru." "total surface'area' Show that this area is increased b5' zo per cent. and the height by ro per cent., find the
t;1;;;r;];, find its percentage increase in the weight.
least when the ""h
Prism is a cube'
 F

482 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA IcHAP' ,M(III.] TEST PAPERS IX 483

D 5. The 6th term of an A.P. is four times the znd term, and the
sum of the first 24 terms is r 7o4 ; find the sum of the first 48 terms.
1. Find the gradient at any point on the 7.' 6. Some machinery belonging to a company was originally valuetl
Find a point on this curve at which the ls at $54oo. At the end of each subsequent year it was rcvalrrctl-as bcing
.q""ffv 'inclined to the axes. How many
I
e?
.{, per cent. of the estimated value at the bcginning of thc ycar. Find
Piove that there is no polnt on the curve is
the value of "r (to the nearest whole numbei), if ai thc cntl-of ro ycurs
parallel to tlre axis of x. the estimated value was $roo.
2
a,b F
I
real 1. Find three quadratics which are such that, in each, the eum
are of the squares of the roots is greater by 4o than the sum of the roots,
has the opposite sign. and that the sum of the cubes of the roots is greater by zo than the
sum of the squares of the roots.
.
3. Evaluate \1" ' li t..6 oi8r9
^-
Y o'58r9 2. (i) Find the sum of all multiples of rr berween 3oo and 3ooo.
3'7226 (ii) Prove that in any G.P. the sum of the 4th, 5th and 6th tcrms
4. (i) In the series 2ro+rg2+r7++..., the sum of n terms is is the geometric mean between the sum of the rst znd and 3rd
t32o. Find n. terms and the sum of the 7th, 8th and 9th terms.
(ii) In a s of a shop,exceeded the takings
by'$8. In $5, and in the following_ week $2. 8. The cost of providing free meals to refugees is partly constant and
Ii this imp gularly, how much profit is made partly varies as the number of people who eat. When 3o6 people eat
in zo weeks from the start? the total cost is $169.5o, but when the number dropped to z7o the total
is $r54'5o. Assuming that other conditions do not vary, what will be
5. Using logarithms, sum the G.P. r+z*3*a zisi+ "' to
the total cost when there are 324 people eating?
ro terms,
6. Find c, so that the roots of the equation (x - z)(4- x) , x -
may be equal. Taking this value of c, draw the graph-s of
(* l.)(+ - x) and x - c ind state the geometrical meaning of the
c^

4. Evaruatelffi
result. 5. Without using tables, find r, if
E log r: log o.3 + 3 log z - E log 32.
I
1. Reduce the fractions : 8. Find the gradient of (rc- t)z(x-z) and the values of r for
b^- b2+zb-t :
...- 1a6-qaa+2
t')
which the gradient vanishes. Draw the graph of the function for
<it
F;;F;F=;, values of x between o and 4. Deduce that xs - 4xz + 5x-_ 4has only
one real root, and that .r3 - +rz + Sx:* has three real roots.
to their lowest terms.
has sides of length a. Equal G
orner of the sheet, so that the y-xu
0",.' Find the L. rc y:!!3f.
' 3+2tc'express
' the fraction ni terms of x, and
z-Y"
Till:#"T simplify the expression as far as possible.
g.lf H kilowatts is the power required to drive a given type of car 2. (i) Find the sum of the first 84 terms of the A.P. whose 7th
whose weight is lI/tonnes at V km per hour, the relation between' H, W term is zz and. whose r5th term is 78.
and is I H\:A. W2 . V0, where A is a constant. When lZ is r5zo (ii) A man's salary started at $23 4oo a year, and was raised $r5oo
and Z is 12, then Il
is 55o. Find fI, by using logarithms, when lI/ is the end of each year; he received in all $379 8oo. For how long ditl
zroo and Z is 5. he hold the post I
4. Solve the equations (i) (x + 212:51J7+ a:c +-5 - r),
(ii) 7.(r'o3)':1e'33. 8. Calculate f (r
6' - lo"), when a:4, b:2, x-- -2.o65;

I tu
 484 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA fcHAp. EO(rrr.l TEST PAPERS IX 485
4. What is the error made in taking the sum of the infinite series 5. If. A is the sum of z terms of the series r + r r
and
r,o'2,o'o4, o'oo8,... as being r'248? Find, to 3 dec. places, the
sum of the square roots of the terms of this series, (i) taken as
+*ro*"'
all +, (ii) taken as alternatively * and - .
B is the sum of 2n teEns of the series r+I+l+.... find the
.-424
5. Prove that the roots of the equation zxz - zx(a + z) + 3a + r :o value ot
,.
are real for all real values of a and that the difference of the roots is
greater than the numerical value of a - r. 6. A number and, b;
acct when y is bexi
6. A right pyramid stands on a square base. If the distance from y-hen y is consta
the vertex to the middle point of each edge of the base is a fixed nstant.
length a, show that the volume of the pyramid is a maximum when
If n: zr3. when z, find
the equation con
the base has an area 8a2/3.
H J
1. If an A.P. and a G.P. are added together, the sum of their 1. (i) Prove that (r +3.2t -3.2?169+ r5 . z*+ t2 .22)=r.
first terms is 6, of their second terms is - r, and of their third (ii) Find the rational solutions of the equations
terms is r. If the first term of the G.P. is twice the first term of
the A.P., find the cornmon difference and the cornmon ratio. zx - yz: 16, 2-\.1.':: - r5, )'2 I z2: rO.
2. Given that x&yflz-i:2, express r in terms of. y and. z in the 2. (i) If log"z:o'693r, find e.
forrn x: aJtb*, and similarly express y in terms of r and z. Calcu- (ii) Ir z : ro c*(;!**, lo*,0 (, -r -,:r), nnd n to the
late z, to z decimal places, when x:y:2. )-
3. Prove that the sum of the integers from r to roo inclusive less nearest integer when P- r5o, A- 1720, t ::6.
twice the sum of the integers from r to 5o inclusive is equal to the 3. What are the roooth term aud thc sum of rooo terms of the
sum of all the odd numbers from r to 99 inclusive. series 3, 4, 6,7,9, ... in which the terms increase altemately by
4. If o, p are the roots of x2 + 5x + r : o, find the equation whose t and z?
ioots are a(a*zp), F(F+2"). 4. lf a, p are the roots of axz+zbx+c:o, find the equation
5. Solve the equations (i) ro - 4./G - dQ - 4= x2 - whose roots are d+!^, p
pq -!.
3x,
(ii) 3r+z - 3": zt6.
6. Find the dimensions of the right circular cone of greatest
volume when the sum of the height of the cone and the radius of
the base is 3 m.
I
1. Express the value of 4o :
#x- * ,, *tr"n - #,as a single 6.
and
material has a square horizontal base
fraction in terms of a and b only, and in its lowest terms. sides. Show that, if the volume Z is
2. The population of a county increases by the same numher of leP! gth of the edge of th. bu.", varies, the
persons each year throughout n years: the rate of increase per
total :zV,
annum during the last year is A times that in the first year I findan
expression for the total percentage of increase in z years.
K
3. Find a point on the curve y: as - zx2 - 2x + 8 at which the l. If _yz=4*z and y?zs:as, express r in its simplest form in
tangent is parallel to the tangent to the curve at (2, 4). terzns of a and z. Find y and z when a:2.475, x:o.72.
4. Evaluate (i) 2, A farmer has z4o hens and sufficient corn to feed them all
3'7f5-o'szsr, for r 5 weeks. He sends the same number of birds to market at the
$) x8=./yz 'r rz, when tc: r.cl26, y:o,r37, z:0.462. end of each week, and thus makes the corn lagt for z5 weeks. How
 486 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA [orer. >oo<ur.]
many does he send away each week, and how many has he during
the last week for which the corn lasts?
8. Prove that the sum of the squares of four consecutive odd
numbcrs ahvays exceeds four times the square of the average of the
numbers by zo. Use this fact to calculate 372 + 3g2 + 4r2 + 432.
tl. Write down the nth term of the series .rz + zt + zt + ,.. , and
find the first term whqse value is less than z.r,

of the equation. ' x" - \:.

5. Find the turning points of y=\I-
| Draw a rough
graph

6. A point P whose r-coordinate is a is taken on the line

y - 3rc - 7. lf Q is the point (4, r), show that PQz: roaz - 56a + 8o.
Find the value of a which *'ill make this expression a minimum.
Flence show that the coordinate3 ofN, the foof of the perpendicular
lionr p on to the line, are (2.8, r.4).
L
1. Prove that the equation x:h(x - r)(r+z) has real roots for TABLES
all real values of A; but that the equation x:h(x - r)(r-z) has
real roots only if ft has a valwe not lying between - 3 - 2\/2
-3-lzrrt2, What conclusion can be drawn about the graphs^nd of
the functions and
C--,ftlt G:dr ,)_ ?

2. Ifz".3v:30.4v=6, show that x2-2y2:2x-3y.

3. (i) Construct an A.P. u'hose first term is r and rvhich is such
that the sum of the first 20 terms is half the sum of the next 20
terms.
(ii) Find the sum of zz terms of the series
*+l+*+t+#+*+....
4. If the receipts on a railway vary as the excess of speed over 30
km per hour, while the expenses vary as the square of that excess, find
the speed at which the profits will be greatest, if at 6o km per hour
the expenses are just covered.
5. Solve the equations
(i) so - r6x- 5ox2 - 3"/72fiT$x - zr,
(ii) 6:3 Q.7t8). + z(2.718)-6.
8. (i) Given that roo'il)ro-z and that y=21'138, find logroy.
(ii) On the graph of zc three points P, p, R are taken for which
the values of * are p-r, p, p+r respectively. Show that the
difference of the ordinates of R and P bears to the ordinate of p
a ratio which is independurt of p, and 6nd ttr.is ratio.
 LOGARITHMS. LOGARITHMS.

0 123 0 rl2l3 nlols zlale I zsl,45 oiz as

mo 5 913
4 8tz
5O | 699o
5L I 7076
7033 7042
7rt8 7t26
7c,67
7r52
I
I
isrtlur,
3 J 4.sl6 7I
52 | 7t6o 7202 72rO 7235 I 2 345i6?7
o4r4 27 31 35
53
z6z9 73 7243 7284 7z9z 7 3tb I 2t,3 4 S 6 6 7
54 7324 7364 7372 7 396 I 2J45667
0792
r ro6 55 i 7,to+ 7 443t 7 4sr 7474 I 213 4 stS 6 7
58 7+82 5zo 2 345 567
r 139 rL73lt 3 6ro r3 r6 19 57 7\\g 7
7597 76c4
7 528 7 551 I
2 345 567
3 7ro r3 r6 r9 22 25 29 7627 I
5E 76.\4 2 344 567
6 r492 | rS23 12 r5 19 zz z5 z8
zo zg z6
59 77og 7672 7679
7745 7752
770t
777 4
I
I 2 344 567
oo I 77x-z 7818 i 7825 7846 I z:344 566
176t rI 14 17 6l Z8S.l
201 rt t4 17 62 ,7924
788o 7896 79t7 I 2 344 \66
tt14r 63 7993 7959 7966 7()87 I :1334156t,
2O4r 8oz8 ,8o3.5 8o.5 5 I 2)J34 sst'
2t7 \ | 22ot ro ra r6
ro 13 r5
tSzr z 64 r 8o6z 8o96 Eroz
]
Et zz I zl:: +]s s t
23o4 233012355 oo I s,,n 8r36l8r4zl8t49 8176
816z',8t69 !ir; I 2.1 34
2 J34 556
8r
2529 10t2r 68 | 8r95 Szoz 8zogl8zr5 8zz8 i 8235 8z4t 8tS4 r
55(,
2553 2577 l26r 257 9 t2 I4 17 192r 67 I 8z6r 8267 l8z7418z8o 8z9j 8zgg 83o6 tl.t:9 I 2J145-5r,
247 9.
II \\ r6 r8 zr ea I sjr5 833r18338183aa 8357 | 836j 837o 83t1: I zl3 J 4 4 7 {,
;g-l;833
2989
4 7
6
9 II I:.i
8 II t1 15 17 19
0s ll8j8s 8395l84orl8ao7 8a,zoi8a,z6 8432 E+ts I zl:; +i+ s t
7O | 845r 8a57 )8a6jl 8a7o 8a8z 8488 E+g+
; L4
129co12923 85ot, 212 I 4 4 5 6
20 I 3oI 3054 | 3075 3.rt l 3rrs I3'3, 3r6ol3r8I 6 B II r3 15 t7 19 7r I 85r3 85r9 8525 853r 8537 85a3 I 8549 85S S
:lz JJ 4q 4+ 5s Ss
32or 115(t7 212
2I ll 3zzz .j263 | 3zSq 3Jo41332413345 3365 i 3385 34o4 4 6 8 IO l2 14 r6 t8 72 J8573 8579 I 8585 85er 8597 86oJ i Eoog 86 t 5 8ttt7
22 ]i l+z+ 3464 I 348J 350213522ll3541 3stu | 357e 3598 4 6 8 IO l2 14 I5 r7 73 gt.tI E63e i 86a5 | 865 r 8657 8661 E66s 867 5 86ti(,
23 136t7 365s I 367 4 t6gzl37ttl37zg 37 +7 I 3766 3784 4 6 9 II 13 15 r7 74 l86qz 8698 87o4l87ro 87 t6 zz
18727 87n E745 ']'.1'1 + 5 5
24 ) j$oz .lE.r8 l:8S6 387aj3892139o9 3927 I 5945 3962 4 5 7 9 II tz t4 16 ?5 875r 8ls6 8Z6zl8z68 877a)87877918785 87gr 8lloz
'l'3q+55
2l: l3 4 5
25 | :szg 40r4 | 4o3r 4o481 4o651 4o8z 4o9gl 4t 16 4133 3 5 7 9 IO t2t4rs 78 ll 138o8 8Er4 88zol 88:5 883r 8ti37 lus4z 8E48 lll'15, y
2r.iJ45-5 -q

26 l)ar 4r8,,l 4za 4z16l 4z3zl 4249 4z65l4z8r 42gE 3 5 8 to rr r3 r5 77 8865 887r 8876 8882 EE87 8893 5599 89o+ lJg r 5 -1".).r445
rlr t
II 13 I4 78 Sgzr 8gz7 89jz 8q8 894 69a9 8954 896o
| '

=)t i t + + 5
27 ll+tt+ aj46 | 4j6z $781+:%l44os 44251 4440 4456 .t 5 6 8 9 2;,t7 t
28 | 4472 45oz | 4518 4$314s4814564 4579 I 4594 4609 3 5 6 E 9 rr t2 14 79 8s76 8982 8e87 8eej 8998 foe 9oI5 9lD25 .1, 33++5
80 | 9o.3 r 9o36 9o4z 9047 9o53 ]eoo+
]
a65a I ao69 aoqla6s8l+7rt 47281 47 4z 47 57 I 6 7 9 ro 12 13
29 | 46zq 3 4
6 7 9 ro rr 13 8r | 9oE5 9o9o 9o58 9o6j 9o69
r go?t) tl.: 3++5
3o a9zsl a8a3l a857 a87 r I a886 I J 4 9 ror 9ro6 9r t2 gttT 9t22 gr.t] 212 3 I
3r
ll a77I
| 4914
o8oo | +8r+
4942 | 4955 4s6sl4s83l4ss7 5or I I 5024 5038 I 3 4 6 7 8 IO 12 II 82 9r38 9143 9o96 9t19 9r54 grlg gt6; grTo 9175 91 6(, .1. J .\ +14+ s
9t96 gzot 926 g2r2 g2t7 9222 9227
5
32 I .5o-5r 5ro5l5rr9l5r32 5r45 I 5r59 5172 I J 4 5 7 6 9rt12 83
-.r.'
223i44s445
507915092 92.tli
33 | 5r8.5 S2tt | 5224 5237 | 5z5ol 5263 5270! 5289 5302 I 3 4 5 6 8 9ro12 9248 gz5j 9258 9z6jt,9269 igzT 4 9279 92S()
34 | 5315 5340 I 5353 5j6615378153er 5403 | 54rb 5428 I 3 4 5 6 8 rl
9 ro g2g9 93(,1 9309 93'5]e3roj9315 9330 z z 3 .llr+ + \
9340
35 | 544t 5a651 5+t8 5490155o2155r4 ss27 I 5539 555 r I 2 4 5 6 7 9roIr 9350 i 9355 9360 9365 %7o 937s 9380 9.19() zl2 3 3iq + s
36 | 5-s63 5s87 | 5see 56rr1562315o35 s6qt I s6s8 567o I 4 5 6 7 Srorr 9.loo 9405 94ro g4r5,942o)9425 9430 944() o tlr 2 3 3 41
37 ll 5o8z 5705 I 57 t7 5729l574ol5752 sTql s77s 5786 I 5 6 946 946s g46slg474 9479 tl" 2
,1", 33 .J3 4q cq
J 94S,) o
38 | 57et s8zr | -58.j2 5saj | 5855 l58oo 5877 | 5888 5899 I 3 5 6 9509 95rj 95r819523 gS28 95.t8 o
s9 jl 59r r 59J3 I 5944 5955159oo15977 se88l 599e 6oro I 2 3 4 5 9557 s562.95661s57t 9576 r\,2 z j q 4 o
95tj(, o
40 ll6ozt 6o4zl6o53 6o6al6o75l6o85 6o9616to7 6r17 I 2 J 4 5 6 960s 96o9 9614ls6ry 9624 96ll o tl2 2 3 3 4 4
4l I 6tz8 6r49l6r6o 6r 7o I 6r8o | 6r9r 6zot I 6ztz 6zzz I 3 4 5 6 9652 s657 s66rls666 9671 96Eo o t12 ? 3)t 4 4
42 l)642. 62sj 1626i 627 al6z84)6294 6lo+l63ra, 632s I 2 3 4 5 6 9699 97o3 g7o8 g7t3 97 17 9727 o t 12 2 3l3 4 4
43
44
1633-5
6a35
6355 | 6365
645416a6a
6.lzsl6:8sl6rqs 64o5 | 6415 6425 I 2
6+ztl6+8+16+st 65o3 | 65r3 65zz I 2
J
3
4 5 6
4 5 6
9745 97 50 i97 54 i97 59 e7q e773 o t 2 2 3|l3 4 4
| 9791 qZgSlg8c,olg8oS 9809 9818 o t12 2 313 4 4
45 ll6-s:z 6-s5r 1656r 6Sssl6bs 66t8 I 2 3 4 5 6 9836 98ar 98a5 985o 9854 9863 o rlzz3llaa
46 t 66z3 6t,a616656 6693167ci2 67rz I 2 J 4 5 6 988r 9886 989o ] e8e+ 9899 9908 o t1221344
47 6:2r 6l lgtt6z+g 6785 6794 68o3 I 2 J 4 5 5 9926 9930 9914j99t9 9943 9952 o 1227 344
48 cl r: 6S3o j 6839 6875 | 688a 6&r I 2 3 4 4 5 9969 gg74 gg78 tgg83 9987 qq96 o t12 z 3)3 3 a
+e 1)6ez 69zol69z8 6$al6e7z 698r I 3 4 4 5
489
 ANTILOGARITHMS. ANTILOGARITHNfS

9
0 r12lB
__t_ 6 789
'oo
'01
l@2 t@5 r@7 ,*];l;
ror6 | rorg t02,
IO:3 toz6 roz8 ro3o ro33lro35lro38 to4o I to42 r045
o o rlr I tl2 2 2
ool I tt 222
.61
'52
jr6z jrTol 1177' 3184
3236 3zqj 3z5r 3258
3206
3zEr
56
56 7
'u2 1o17 ro5o to52 l054 rc57 | tosgl rc62 ro6q, | rc6? 1d9 oo I III 222 .63
JJI I 3319 .r ir i 3J34 3357 56
{)3 t072 to74 to76 t079 ro8rlroE4l1086 to89 | rogr to94 oor IIt 222 '54
3388 3j96',34o4 34rz 3$6 66
.(x ro96 ro99 tto2 r r04 rroTlrroglrrt2 lr14 lrrtT rr19 ort tl2 222 3167 3475 i 343J 349r 35t6 66
'o5 I t22 t t25 t t27 rr30 rr3zl rr35l rr38 rr4olrr43 rr46 or I tt2 65
'56
i 548 35s6 3565 3573 3597 67
'06 r 148 r r5r I I53 rr50 rr59l rror I r164 tt67 ltt69 t t72 OI I tt2 222 .57
.joj .yr39 3648 3o56
I j6ll r 67 E
.07 1t7 5 tt78 r r8o rr83 r186l rr89l rrgr tt94ltt97 t r99 oI I rt2 22t .5E
37r5 3724 3733 3741
r 3tir9
3767 67 8
.08
1202 t2o5 tzo8 l2t I t2t3l t2t6l t2t9 1222 | t 225 r227 ot I tt2 223 3lioz 38r 3828 Jo) ) 67 8
'0s r 230 t233 rz36 1239 12421124511247 t25o 1t253 t256 OI I tt2 223
'5S 3tj9c 3899 3go8 3917 3945 67 E

'to 259 tz6z rz65 tz68 rzTr I rz74l rz76 tzTg I tzSz r 285 ot t tt2 223 ao J9E I 3q9o 1999 4oo9 40.16 6t 8
.ll t
r 288 t29t 1294 r297 rJool r3o3l r3oo
r3ool r306 r3o9 | r3rz r3r5 oIl t22 223 6l
'(i2
107 4 4o83 4o9j 4roz 4r3(, 7E 9
.12 r3r8 t32t r324 l 327 r33ol 13341 1337 r34o I r34l 1346 OI I 122 223 4r69 4I7ti 4rtill 4r93 *--/ 78 9
'03
.13 r349 r3s2 r 355 r 358 r36r I r3651 1368 r17t lry4 t377 OI I t22 233 'b+
tz66 4276,4235 4zg5 4325 78 9
li
.14 r33o r 384 r387 I 390 r393l1396lr4oo I4o3 | 14o6 r409 OI I 122 233 4 J65 437.5 i 438s 442(, 7E 9
.!5 I4I3 r 416 r4t9 t422 t4z6lt4zgl t43z t4is I | 439 r442 oll t22 233 65 q$7 +47?l 44sl
'bb 452() 78 9
.16 r44s t449 r 452 r 455 t4Sgl1462l t466 t469lr47z r476 ot I t22 233 1571 46J4 79 IO
,L7 | 479 r48l t 486 I4E9 r493l1496lt5oo l5o3 I r5o7 r 5ro OI I t22 23i 67 4tr77 47 42 E9 IO
.18 t5t4 r 5l7 rr5z8lr53rlr535
52r | 524 1538 | r54z t545 OI I 122 233
6E
'69
47 s6 4s5.1 E9 to
'19 r549 r552 r556 r5to r5631r567
lt57o t574 t578 l58r OI I 122 333 4|i98 4966 89 to
.20 r
585 r 589 | 592 r596 r6ool16oll 16o7 r6t8 o 122 333 70 50t 2
5o8z 89 II
-21 t6zz t6z6 t6z9 t633 rg7 lft4rlt644 t656 o 222 333 7T 5t29 52(n 8ro lt
.t2 t66o r663 t667 t67 r ro7slr0zslro8t r69+ o 222 333 5248 5J2 t 9ro II
'ls 73
.24
rtrtl | t7
r698 t702 r7c6 17 ro t7t4 rztSl tttz
t6l t722 t7 34 o 33{ 74
537c 5445 9ro II
r 738 17 42 1746 t 750 tzS+l tt s8l rt6z t774 o 334 5495 5Jt z 9ro t2
.25 t778 r78t r786 r79r r795 | r7991 r8o3 r8r6 o 75 562.] 9ro t2
33 4 76
5702
.2E 18zo rSz4 r E:8 183z r8:Zlr8+Ilr8+5 r856 o 223 33 4
57 54 5ti34 9 II t2
ii
'91 r86z r866 r87 r r 875 r8791r8841 r888 r90l 5888 59oz 59t6 5gz9 5970 IO II t2
.c8
o 33 4 76 6oz6 6o39 i 6e53 5o6t
.89
roze I loz8l rorz
t905 l9 ro 19t4 1919 t923119261t932 r945 o 223 34 4 .79
6t66 or8o'6r94 6zo9
6tog IO II r3
I 950 I954 r959 r963 ts68lry7zl ry77 r99 I o 223 34 1
6z5z tO II t3
'8(' q)5 2000 2OO4 2@g zot 4 ',zot8l zoz j ol I 223 80 63rc Qz4 fi39 6sgl ro ,2 r3
I zoz8 lzo3z 2o37 34 a .81
64s7 647t 6486
'31 2tJ42 zo46 2o5 r zo56 zo6r lzo6sl zolo 2o7 \l2o8o eoE4 OI I 223 34 4 .82
65+t' ll t2 t4
:o8q 2094 2099 2 to4 ztcxllzr rji zl r8 ztz3 zrz8 2t 33 OI I 34 4 .83
66o7 66221:6637 66gg tt t2 I4
's3 z r .jil 2t +3 :r48 2r5i zr;3lz163lz163 zr7 j zr78 zr83 ot I 223 34 1 .84
676r 6776 i 6792 6855 rr 13 I4
'84 zrti8 2r93 zr98 22O3 zzo9 | zzr jl, zzr8 zzzj zzzS 2234 tl2 233 44 5
69r3 69 j41,695o 70t 5 rr 13 r5
35 2239 2244 22tg 2254 zz59 i zz65l zzTo zz75 zz8o zz86 tt2 233 85 7079 7o961 Ttrz r78 t2 13 t5
44 5 7
23.J7 z3r z l4r7 l 4z j 428 2333 2339 l12
.86 86
229t zz96 2 3Ot 233 44 5 87
7214 7z6tt7z78 7 345 12 13 r5
'87 2344 2i50 ZJ)) z36o z j66 | zt7 t t, zq7 21d2 | 23db 2393 tt2
4821488 233 44 5 .88
74t3 743c) 7447 7 516 12 t4 r6
'3E 2399 2404 24to 24t 5 4zt I z4z7 | z4 jz 24812443 2449 tt2 233 44 5
75s6 76o.1 76z1 7618 769t 12 14 t6
.39 2455 z46o 2466 247 2 2477 | za\lzats 2495 25cD 2506 tt2 .5J 45
89 7762 773o',779E 78t6 78lo I3 I4 t6
40 25.^9 2s151 254t | 2547 2553 2559 2564 tt2 234 90 7943 7g6zi798o 7998 13 15 t7
.{1
25t 2 u5r8 2523 45 8rz8 8r47 8r66 8r8.5
Eo54
I3
257o 2576 z58z 2588 z5gal z6ool2tu6 2612 26rR z6z4 tt2 234 45
91
qo 8z4t I5 t7
.42 2b30 z(t j6 z64z 2649 2o5sl 26bt | 2667 2673) 2679 2685 tt2
26551 z66r 234 45 83r8 Ej37 I 8356 8375 8433 t4 r5 tI
'43 z69z 2698 2 t'04 271 z7 16lz74l zTzg 27 3Sl 27 42 27 18 tt2 334 45
03 E5r r 85jr'855r 85 E63o 14 16 rE
.& s4 87 rc873o 875o t1
27 51 z76r 2767 277 3 z78ol 27861 z793 2?99128t^5 zStz lr2 334 45 87 883 r 16 rE
45 :3r8 2,825 283 l 2838 z9aalz85r 12858 z86alz87t 2877 tt2 334 s5 e5 89r3 8933 i 895+ 8qZ+
'98 gtzo 9036 15 r7 r9
'46 29o4 2911129t712924 zqrlzq8 2944 lt2 334 9r4rl9r62l9r8j 15 l7 t9
.47
zSS.1
2g5l
z89 r
2953 2965
2897
2972 zg79lzg85l zggz zgggl l@6 30r 3 tt2 334
55
55
'9f sltl 935+l%7619J97
9247
9462 15 17
98 955o r6
'48 3020 3027 3034 3041 3o48l3o55l3o6z zo6gl So76 3083 tt2 344 56 ss 9772 957219594196r6 9683
16
rE
'49 3090 3097 3r05 3t t2 3rr9l3rz6l3r33 3r4r | 3r48 3r 5_q tl2 314 56 9795198r7198ao 990E 18
 E
SQUARE ROOTS. Fnou r ro ro. SQUARE ROOTS. Fnorrr r ro ro.
Mro Difference.
0 I a 3 4 6 6 7 E I ll I I
Meu Diflerencq.

I'l;
456 789 0
L2 2 4 5 6 7 E I
I
I

.o39
2 314 6 6 789
1'o @o .oo5 I.OIO 'or 5 o20 'o25 r.o3o 'o34 'o44 o 2 3 344 65i
l.r o49 o54 r'o58 .o63 068 .o72 ,'o77 o8z .o86 'o9r o 2 344 t'347 2 349 2.354 z'36olz.36zlz.36a tlr t tlr z z
L-2 095 .t@ r.r05 'r09 II4 .r r8 t.t 22 't27 .I3I .r 36 o 2
3
J 344
661 l:,
t'369 2 271
Iz', l''sz 2 375 z.3Er lz.j83 12.381 rlr r tlr z z
1'3 I40 'r 45 r'r 49 .r 53 r58 .t6z t.r66 't70 .17 -t79 o 334 I J90 i2'39 2'396 z.4ozlz.ao4lz.ao(
.2r2
5 3 68r r.4ro Ill I llt 2 2
1,4 r83 'r sz r.r92 .196 200 '2o1 r.zoE '2u .221 o 2 334 bel l:1
t.431
2'41 2 4r7 2'4r9 2.42t z
4z3Jz.4z5lz 4z tlr r rir z z
15 .229 r.233 '237 1.24t .245 t 249 '253 '257 .z6r o 2 334 Boi
J 2'437 2'439 2'44r 2.443
12.445 | 2.441 rlr r rlr z z
16 .265 '269 r-27 3 t z.8t 285 t 288 '292 '296 '300 o 333 6ril 2'47. l:t'47 2
t.4s2 + 2.451 2 458 2.46o. 2.462 2.464lz.a66l z.a6i
,1, , ,lr.
L'l 3o.1 308 r 3rr '3r5 I'3 l9 -tzJ | 327 .330 '334 ,338 o 2 333 6.2 2'490 '492
q
+ 2'471 2'478 lz.48o z 482 z.aSalz
asolz.a8S rlr r tlr z "z
1.t
l'9
342 '345 t'349 '353 r'3 56 .360I 364 367 '37 | .37
5 o 333 8si . )rt l,125'5t2 1

I 2
2 491 2.498 2 5oo 2'502 z.5o4lz.5o6lz
2 SrB 2 52o 2 522 z.Sz4 5o8 tlr r rlt z
373 3s2 r.3E6 '389 I'393 396 I 4qr '4o4 '407 '4r r c 333 8.4 z )-tr 25JJ' 2$8 2 12.526t,2.528 rlr r rlr z z"
2 53t
tlr r tlr z z
i

'4t4 .4r8 r.42r .425 r'428 .432 r 435 '439 ) 233 + 'tl 54o 2 542 2.544
'442 12 548
2.O '446 546
0 6ll 2 55c 2.5 lz
2'L '449 453 r.456 '459 r.463 .466 | 470 '47 3 .476 .480 c 233 '55 r
r;oj] 2 569 2557r t 2'55! 2 557 2'559 2.561 z.56jlz 56512.567 rlr t tl,
22 483 '467 I 490 493 r'497 '500 r 503 '507 '5 lo '5r3 o 233 {i7i z 25
1 5/: 2 577 2 579 2.58t 2
SEJI2 S8Sl2.S87 rlr r tl r "z "z
2'S '5t7 '520 1'523 526 r'530 '533 r 536 539 '543 '546 o 233 5s,3 '590
5t)l
ii 2 6r-. :,96 2'598 2 2 2.6@ z.6oz l z.6o4l z.6o6 rlr r rlr
tlt r rlr zz zz
B8l, z 6o8 2.6.6 ro
2.4 '549 '552 r'556 '559 r.562 '565 r 568 )l - '57 5 '578 o 233 09 2 627 z6
z615 2 6tz 6zr 12.641,2.625
z 619 z 6,z1 l z.6zzl 2..62 <
'6zg ) z-6 jt z'63t 2 634 2.636
6,E '58r 584 r'587 '59I r'594 's97 r 6oo '6o3 .ffi '6o9 o 233 1l

70r z 6q6 2.66.1s lz 65o

2.6j8 2 64c) 12.642I2.644 tlr t tlt z z
2B
27
6tz
.6+l
.6r6 t.6r9
6c6 | 619
.6zz t.625
6s2 r.65
628 r 63r
6s8 r 66t
'4+
'66+
'632
.667
'64o o
.67o o
223
223
osr z 65t 2.6s3 2.655
7ll z 665 z.6to6t, ) z2 6,63
6,65 z 67c z.o7z
iz oli
674
l
,'657 z.e 591,2.6fi
z 676
I2.663 rlr,,lr *
rlr r rlr r z
26 .68: r'685
5
r 69t '6sl 223 : 6li3 2.51sssz 6E7 2.68t
12
69t I2.693
.67
J 6t6 r.679
.16 I.7o9
688 '69+ '700
223 731 2 702 7o4 l z 7o6 2'70i
i z lz.691 2'694
z7o9lz.7rr rlr l rlr r z
rlr r rlr r z
1
29 .70J '7 t2 r'7t5 .7 t8 t 720 .723 .7 26 -729 o 2
i4 2709 2-7 r3
I 2 720 2.7:
722 2.7 24 2.72f z 7zS 2 729 2.7
3'O '735 r-738 .741 r'744 r.746 r'749 r-7 52 .7 '758 o 223 )
3r III I III I2
*I2
'732 55 2
lrl
71 2'1-3r)
3.1 '761 '764 r 766 '769 r'77 2 t.77 5 r.778 r.78o .783 '786 o 223 7401 2.7 42 2'714 t-7 46 2.748 2.7 50
,1,
s2
33
'789
.8r7
'792 | 794
8t9 t.8zz
'797 r.8oo r'8oJ r.8o6 r.8o8
825 t 8z8
r 83o r'833 r.836
.8r r
'8:8
'8 t4 o
'84I o
222
222
7(i 2 757
2 77'r
2.7759
) z,-(to 2 762 | 764 z 766
2 778 z 78o t 782 2.784
2.768
z 786
',lr
III I III
rlr r rlr
84 '8++ 8+t r'849 .8Sz r 855 I'857 r.860 r'863 '86s .868 o 2 22' ilJ z r-93 2 7(.
79\ 2 796 2 7gE l 8oo z8oz
|
2.8o4
rz
19 z 8r r 2.3r Srl z 8t4 z.8r ( III I III I2
:.8r8 z'8zo z.8zt
3'5 '87 t .873 r 876 .8zg r.88I r.884 r.887 r'889 '892 '895 o 22t ltllO zSzE z 83o 2.832 2 83+
rlr r rlr rc
86 .8gZ '900 r'903 905 1.9o8 r.9ro r'9t3 r'9r6 918 '921 o 222 lt I z6+6
n z 848 z t5o z 85r
r'835 2 837 z 83g
,1, ,,1,,,
37
3t
.924 926 | 929 93r r'934 r'936 r.939 r'942 944 '947 o 224 rt
ll 2564 z 8o5 2 867 z 86q
r'853 2 855 2 857
Ilr r rlr r "l
E.9
949 .952 | 954
977 r.98o
'957 r.9tu r'962 r.965 r'967
.982 r.985 r'987 r'990 r.gg2
.970
'995
.972
.997
o
o
2 224
224
It 3 z tSr
It z 88j z 884 z 88ti
',
r
E7t z 872 2 874 '876 2 877 2 879
888 z'89c z 89t -893 2.6e5 2 697
rlr r rlr r zl
975 llil I 2398 2 9OO 2 9o2 2'903 .905 2 | I lr I t lr | 2l
40 2.O@ 2@2 2.oo5 2.OO7 2-OtO 2.O12 2-OrS 2 or7 2.O20 2.O22 o 221 IlnI 5 I 2.915 907 2 9o9 'grol z.9rz 2 914 rlr r rlr r rl
4.r 2 o25 2.O27 2 o3o 2-O32 2 035 2 037 2-O40 2.O42 2.o.45 2 o47 o 22, lrN 0 2.91:l 2 9r7 | 2.919 2 92r .922 2.924 z rtz6 2'927 2
929 | 2.93t oo rf r t tlt t z
2 934 2 936 2 933
4.2
4.3
2 049 2.o52 2'o54 2 o57 2'os9
2 074 2.o76 2.o78 z.o8t 2.o83
z.o6z 2'cr.4 2of,6 2.69
z o86 2.o88 2.ry 2 o93
2'o7 t o
2'q5 o
222
224 lr
il7 2g1o 2.95r
I l! z.<-tt6 2: qrrs i2 953 2 95.S
939 2 g4r 2 913 2'944 z gqo 2.948 oorlr rtlrrz
|
95b 2 958 z 96o 2.96r 2.96112.961 oorlrrrlrrz
t4 2'o98 2 IOO 2.to2 2.to5 2.ro7 2.tto 2.tt2 2.rt4 2.rt7
e.6 2.t21 2.r24 z'tz6 2.r28 2 r3r 2'r33 2'r3s 2.t38 2.140
2.t t9 o
2 r42 o
224 tl
nlt ,isr t n.qr
221 lull O ooo
9t)> | 2.1)7o 2.97 2
r
^i'
. ^aa
i .97
3 2'97 5 2.977 2 978 z 98o z qE2 oorlrrrlrrz
'990 2.997 2.993 2.995 2 997 't" 998 o o r r r
f rlr r z
4.8 2.t 45 2.r47 2.r49 2.t52 2'r54 2.t 56 2'r 59 z.t6t 2.r63 2.r66 o 22t Il il .j oo7 3.oo8 i3.oro 3-Or2 3 o,.3
3.o,.5 o o olr r r lr r r
224 I [ ?t .jor7
|
i 3.o.;z o o olr r r lr r r
4.7 z t68 2.t7o 2.r7 3 2.17 5 2't77 2.r79 z.r8z 2.t84 2. t86 z tE9 o o23 3.o25 3.o27 3.o28 3.o5o
)
4r 2-t9r 2.r93 2.195 2.r98 2.2@ 2.202 2.205 2.2o7 2'249 2.2t I o I
rr
221 l',il3 ].o.;.3 040 3 04r 3 04.1 3.045 3.o46 3 o48 o o olr
| r r lr r r
{.0 2.2t4 z.zr6 z.zt8 2,223 2.225 2.227 2.229 2'232 2'234 o I 224 jrrP,1 -loi) ,o.56 r.o5tl
3.o.59 3.o6t 3o6j1jo64 o o olr r r lr r r
3o66
5'O z'236 248 2.241 2.243 2'245 2'247 2'249 2.252 2'254 2.256 o t 224 li ctz
072 3o7q|3o76 3'o77 3 o79 3.oSr o o olr l r r lr r r
6l 2.258 z z6t 2.261 2.265 2.267 2.269 2,274 2.276 2.278 o I 224 3
l; i o98 089 3 090 3 a92 1.09413.0,9513.097 o o o
r r rlr r r
6.2 z zSo z 283 z.zE5 z z87 z z89 2.29r 2-293 z'296 2.298 2'3@ o I 224 7 : lr4
o5 | 3.ro6 l:.ro8 3 rrol3.rrr
zr I z.rzzl j.tz4 1.t2613.r27 l3.rr3
ooo r r rlr r t
5.3 2.3o2 2'304 2'307 2'3a9 2.3r t 2'313 2.31 5 2'3r7 2'3r9 2.322 o I 221 ,l I r jo l3.r29 ooo r r rlr r r
5.4 2'324 z 326 z3z8 . 55v 2 335 2'337 2'339 2'34r 2'343 o I t za 11 i,16 3zl3 t38l: I+o l t4zl3 t4.1)j.r45 ooo r r rlr r r
3 53 13 r54i3.r.56 3.r5El3.r5el3.r6r ooo r l rlr r r

492
493

_1
 I
ro
SQUARE ROOTS. Fnou ro ro roo.
SQUARE ROOTS. Fnou ro too'

to t. 6z | 3' t78 j' t94 | 3'

zo,9 3 256 327r|3.286 3'302
4 5 617

23 sl 689lrrrz
r3 4l 6 7 gltorzt
8 I
66
50
0

7.4t6
7.483
1 2 3

7.430 7'436
7.497 7'5()J
l'l,l'l' 7
9
Mro Diffqrsc*
r 2 sl{ 6 cl? s g
7'457 7.463 7.470 7.477 t t 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
7.523 7'530 7'537 7'543 t t z 3 3 4 5 S 6
7.
| 61 7'550 7.563 7'570 7-569 7.sN 7.b3 7.6q t | 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
lr \. z,t I t' llz I l' 3+t t'soz 1
3'406 3.42r l3'435 3 450
3'5-50 3 564 I 3'578 3'592
r3 4l 678lIortt 6t 7.616 7'b2\) 7.qs
7-
7'6ss 7 662 7.68 7.67 5 tt2331S56
7'
13 i.ioa I t +t s I r'+ss I s'5"2 r3 4t 578ltotrt 60 7 68r t'@+ 7'70t 7'7 20 7.727 7'733 7'740 t.r2331156
i6o6ll6rqlr6:rilo+z 3 688 3.7oI I37r5 3'728 7'
ts
3'8zr t'Srl I s'8+z 3.8to r3 4l 5 7 8l 9 rI t ao 7.785 7.79r 7.797 7'8oc t12334456
1{ i t +, I s'z ss i t't 68 | ttaz r3 grou 6l
7.746 7.7 59 7.765 7.

l5 r.8zr I r'886 | 3'89 | 3'9tz 3.92413'917 3.96213'97 5 3.987 4l 568 grou

7.8ro 7'823 7'829 7 849 7.b55 7.66r 7.Et"8 tt2 334156
4'o5o l4.obz 4'o74 4o87 l+.os9 4.rIr
l2 4 567 82 7.87 4 7.8E7 7.&l 7.W6 7' 7.9t 2 7.9r8 7.925 7.931 tt2334456
18 i oi:o I +.oI z l4'o21 | 4'037 )a.;7rli.$t 4't9S 4.207 14.2t9 4'23r t2 4 S6? 8rorl 03 7 937 7-950 7.9 56 7.969 7.7.97 S 7.98t 7.987 7 991 tt2334456
t1 a,. tzt | +. r 35 | 4' | 47 | 4' | 52 t2 J 8.o3 r 8 oJ7 6 o44 E.o5o 8 o56 tt22344Sb
4.324 14.336 4'347 567 84 8 ooo 8.orz 8.or9
l8 i' zc1 I q' r s+ | 4 266 | +' z'; 6 4.290 l4'3ot, 4'3I3 4.+5o 4 46t t2 J 567 o5
l9 l.rrn 1 o.3zo I +.r82 | 4' 3e3 4.4o514'4t6 4'427 4 438 | 8 o6z 8'o7s 8.o8 r 8 og: 8 o99 8.ro6 8.rrz 8 r18 tt2234456
4.517 l+'528 4'539 4'572 t2 J 467 89 8ti 8 rz4 8.r36 8 r4z 8.r6r 8.167 8.173 8 t?g tt223445_5
8'r 55 8.
20 4.68o l2 J 456 89 87 8 t85 8 r98 8 lo{ 8.zzz 8.228 I zj4 8 z4o tt2234455
8 z16 ,8.
2L 4.62614'$7 4648 78
4.73314'743 4754 4.785 t2 3 456 68 8 246 8 258 8.264 E.283 8.289 8 295 8 jor rt2234455
8.276 18.
22
2t +'8rzI+ 8+8 4 858 4'889 l2 3 456 78 89 E .3o7 8 3'9 8 Jz5 8':+t 8'3+g 6 Jss 8 36r 1t2234455
8 tgz ls.
24 4'940 4 950 4'96a
1
4 990 t2 3 4 56 78 70 8 362 8'3tg 8 :8.s 8'rs6 I'8 4oz 84o8 84r4 3.42o t t 2,2 3 4 1 S 5
5.o4o I 5'o5o 5do 456
5.o7o I J o79 5'o89 t2 3 78 7l 8 426 s.+18 8 q++ 8'462 8.466 8.a73 E q7g r r zlz 3 4 4 5
8.+56 18.
25
5't67 | 5 t77 5.I E7
-;.r 38 i 5. r aS 5
r58 456 T2 3 't8 12 3.+85 8 49r 8 497 8 5o3 8 5r5 la
-5
8 5zr 8.-526 8 532 3 s:8 r r zlz 3 3 4 5 5
28
cl s'23s I 5'244 s'2s4 5.263 | S
27,3 5.282 456 T2 3 78 73 8 5c+ E'55o 8 556 8 562 E 523 i88 szs E.5E5 8 59r ti ssz t t 2tz 3 3 4 5 5
|

5'329 I 5'339 5'348 fi57 l5'367 5'376

456 t2 3 77 71 8.6o2 8 608 8 614 8.62o 8 63r IEE 6ll E6a3l86a9 E'65+ tt2233455
28
s'422 \ 5'43t 5'+4r 5.a5o | 5.a59 5'468 455 t2 3 67 75 S 660 8666 8 672 8'678 8 68q L8 695 s 7o, ls 7oo 8.7tz tt2233455
29
44s t23 6j 78 8 7r8 8 jz4 8 7rg 8'7 i.s 87s2 3 7.53 l8 76a 8 169 rt2233455
8752
80 s.477lS'4s6]|5'49.s I 5 505 5'5r4 I 5'523 5'532 5'54r I 5'.550 5'559 6+8 345 123 67 tl 8'77 s 8.73 r 8 786 8-792 8 8o9 8.8rs l8 8zo 8 tiz6 1t2233445
3l 5.6o4 5.6t z 5.62t 56.3o15639 5
|
67 8 8jz 8'8.lz 8 8,r3 8 8+q
.1!d ; :?: I l:;33 5.692l5.7ot 5 7ro S718|5'zz7 5 736 345 t23 76 8 86(' S.87r 1E877 8 883 tt2233445
E2 :

s.779 5 788 s 797 5.8o5 5 8I4 5.822 r23 345 67 70 8 8E8 8 6g+ 8 Egs 8 sos 8.9r 6 8 9zz 8.927 l89jj 8 g3g tt2233145
9S
94 ;:t1;i;u: I z":ral:'L"; 5 865 5.87a 5.882 5.89r | 5.899 5'90E
|
|
t23 345
1
67 80 8'9q+ 8 9-5o 8 gss 8.96r
I

8 g7z 8'sz8 898ji8989 8 99+ 112233445

"z"1ll
36 .s.9r61S.925 | 5'933 5 992 t22 345 6, 8l 9 Ooo 9 006 9Olr 9 0t7 9 oz8 I o.l3 9 019 9 044 9.o50 tt2233445
6.ooo l6 oo8 |6 ot7
5 950 15.958 s'967
6 o33 l6.o4z 6.o5o 6c.75 t22 345 6t 82 9 055 9c5t 9 c,66 9 072 9 ODJ 9 oE8 9094 9099 9'r05 tt2233145
90s
38
lsz 6.o8316o9I l6oq9 6.tr6 l6.rzq 6.t32 rio 6 ra8 6 t56 122 345 67 E3 9 rlo 9.r 16 9 t2t 9't 27 9.r 38 9.t 43 9.t19 9.t54 9.r60 tr2233415
lse i6.16.r l6.r7il6'rSt 6.ry7 16.zo5 6.zr 3 6-zzr l6.zz9 647 122 345
|
66 E4 9.r65 9-17 | 9't76 9 r8z 9t92! 9.I9E 9.2oj 9.2q 9'2t4 rt2233445
lse l6.zqsl6 zStl6'z6r 6'277 16.285 6.293 3or 6.3o9 6'3t7 r22 345
|
66 85 9.22O g 225 g 230 9.46 9.24r s.24719-252 g.tg7 9.263 9.268 1t2233445

lno c.325 le'332 | o jao o'3aS 6372 .j8o 16.387 6 :ss t22 345 66 86 9'271 9 2i9 9 2s4 9 290 9 295 9.301 9.36 9.3t r 9-3t7 9.322 tr2233445
6 4so 6.a58 16.a65 6.473 t22 345 S6 87 9'327 9Jii 9 3i8 9 l4-l 9 349 9'354 t9' 9 J59 9'365 9'37a 9'37 5 tt2233445
1

I
ler 6.403 6.4t It lb'4t9
6.4o3 6.4r 16'4t9 lo'427
i6'427
|
lEz 6.18r 16.488 I6.4q6 |6 5o4 6 s"7 6's3s\6'542 6 55o 122 345 56 8E 9.38 r 9 -lS() 9 391 9 l()7 g 402 s 4c7 )s'9+r3 9.418 9.423 9 429 tt22334,r5
llr o.isz o.ies I o'szr !'Sag 6 6oJ 66rr 16.618 6 626 t22 345 56 89 9'434 9 439 I 445 9 450 9 455 s.+tu 9 466 9 47l 9-476 9.482 t12233445
lu 6.633 l6.6at 6 648 6 650
I I
6.678 6.7ot 122 345 56 90 9.487 9'492 9 497 9 .50.1 9 508 9.5r319.
le
9.5 r8 9 5?4 9'529 9'534 tt2233445
| I
6.7 s3 6016.768 6'77 5 tt2 344 56 9l I 539 9.545 9'57 | 9.57rt 9.58r 9 586 1t2233445
9 5-55 9 .560 s-s66 ls.
lnu 6.to816.l t6 | 6 lzZ l6'7Sr 56 92
lre 6.282 6.tqo I 6'7
t.'t 8z l6.zgo ql | 66'804
6.t 97 8oa o.6r9 6 826 34 l6.8ar 6.E48 lt2 344 9'592 9 597 )'607 g 6rz 9 6r8 9 623 9 62S 9.633 9 6J8 1r2233445
I
l+r 6 8s6 16.863 1e.87o16877
| |
6 8gz 68rlg 9o7 16 914 6.gzt lt2 344 56 93
9{
I 644 9 649 16.59 q 66q 9 670 9'67 5 9.6lio 9.685 t12233445
llt 6.q28 l6.grs | 6 9a3 6 95o 6'6+ 6 97r e79 16 986 6 g93 ll2 344 S6 ).695 9 70t ).7 II 9716 g 72t 9 726 726 9'73t 9'737 tt22334,1 5
lle 7'cEn17 @7 17 or417'o2t
|
7.q6 7'o43 o5o 17.o57 7 c,64 lr2 344 56 96 ) 747 g752 1.762 s 767 9.772 9 778 9.783 s.788 rt2233445
Iro 7'o7 r l7'otl I t'oBs I t'osz 7.16 7.t r3 t20 17.t27 7.r34 lr2 341 g6 96 ) 798 s8o:] ) 8rJ 9 iir8 g'823 g9 829 9 834 9 8.39 tt2233445
llr 7. 1t 17't 46 7 r55 l7'to2 7.r76 7.t83 tgo |7 r97 7.2c4 ll2 344 56 97
08
) 849 s8s+l ).864 9 869 9 874 9 87s q.88+ q 88q ttt233445
t
lsc 7'zi r 17.zr8 | 7.225 |7 z3z
|
7.246 7.253 t 'zsg | 7.266 7.27 3 tt2 334 56 99
r.899 eeosl ) 915 9 920 9.925 9g 9-.lo
9to 9'9-15 9 940 orr223344
lsa 7.2% 17.287 l7'zo,+ lt'3or 7.314 7.32r 73281733s 7'342 tt2 334 s5 ).950 9955t ).965 9'970 9975 o.980 9.985 9'99o oIIt23344
llr 7.34E 17.355 | 7'302 | 7'3b9 7.382 7'389 7.396 l?'403 7.4o9 lt2 334 55
495

el
 il

COMMON UNITS
Prefixes of the Metric System
MultiPle Prefix Symbol
r ooo ooo (:ro6) mega M
r ooo (:ros) kilo k
roo (:ro2) hecto h
INDEX
ro (-ror) deca da
r The numbers refer to tht:
(:ro l) deci d P;1grjs
IO (See also Tabte of Contt,trts)
I (:'o-t1 ccntl c
roo Cube, r1, zr;1
root, t02
r (ro 3) milli m Cubes, srrrrr.rrrrrl rlillr.lr.rrr c of,
rooo Lul)tc c(lUiltir)ns, .t? s 396
Cyclic crp11.51,;,,,,.,. toX
mrcro p or<lcr,.1oti
r ooo ooo
Degrec, z:
Length f)epqn1lq111 r'rrrirrl,l,. ro
r megametre (NIm) rooo kilomctrcs (k-) f)est cntlrrrg 1,,,u,.r,'q,',i,1..r t,
l)etachc(l r ot.lllq ,..,,1... ,,, ,
:j
r kilometrc (k-) rooo metrcs (-) Difli.rcnt.c,:
r metre (-) roo ce nttmentrcs (.-) (irnrnrr'rr (rrl .r1 A.l, ),.11o
r centimetre (.-) ro millimetres (--) OI ctll't.\, lO(r
squ;rrt.r, r(,,r, rr)s
Base ol logarithms. r6z ^.of
lJrgtt, z
Area Binomial, r3 Dimension, z:
surd,357
r hectare (h") ro ooo square metres (*') Brackers, 44, 88
r sq. metre (*') ro ooo squarc centimetres (cmz)

Volume
r cubic metre (m3) rooo cubic decimetres (d-')
r litre (l) rooo cubic centimetres (.*t)

Mass
r tonne rooo kilogrammes (kg)
(g) 420
r kilogramme (kg) rooo grammes
r gramme (g) roo milligrammes (-e)
Time
r hour (h or hr) 6o minutes (min)
r minute (min) 6o seconds (s or sec)
r second (s or sec) rooo milliseconds ('"')
496
+91
 INDEX
INDEX 499
498 Point of inflexion, 469 Simple equat.ions, 25, 57r 98, rr8,
Inflexion, Point of, 469
Eouations in three unknowns' z8o Integral algebraic exPresslon' l3
Polynomial, r3 t7z, z69
irrational' 358 Positive number, 84 Simultaneous Iinear equations.
literal, 269 Powers, rz, r3 r35) z7z, z8o
ouadratic, zo6, zro, 274
l!ilrl,Lq
Interpolatiorr, graphicar, 68 Problems, 32, Sg, tzz, t43, zt6, quadratics, 277, z8z
Inverse variation, 4oo 33r Solidus, 3
r'eciprocal, +63 Invertendo, 39o
e8, r18, t7z'z6s Product, 2, t2, r7o Solution of equations, z5
"il;i",;i,5{
Expression, t3, r0o
Irrational equations' 358 ratic, zo7, 45o graphical, t53,
expressions, 14 metical, 4zo ^bquare, r3, r74 z2z, 477
Factor, rz numbers, 2to,3S2 root, ro2, t75, 194,3o2
theorem, 3o4 roots, 2ro, 449 Straight line graphs, r58
Factors. r78- r99, 3o4-3-r9 Irrelevant roots, 265 Substitution in tbrmulae, 3, 248
bv grouPing terms, rEo' 3o7 II notation, 316 Subtraction, 87,96
diffirence of two squares' I9I' Joint variation,4o6 of fractions, tt5, z36,3zo
ro< Laws. determination of linear, zzE Quadratic equations, ?o7, 2ro, of negatit'e numbers, 87
difference of rwo cubes' -l.tl.-i""tion of Y = ftxn' 38o 274 Sum, r
"ttti'o"d
ro6 Like terms' r7 functions,455 of cubes, 3o6
and sYmmetrical
Limit,44o surds,35z of roots of quadratic, 2o7, 456
"ttiii"ti"g
functions,3r5-317 Linear equation, r6o Quadratics, equations depending <rf series, 42S, 435
trinomial, r83, 3ro function, r -58 on, 462 to inlinitl', 44o
Formulue, 4, z4z Literal coefrcients' r2 roots of, zo7,4So Surds, 3-52
transformation of, :52 equations, 269, z7z' 274 simultaneous, 277, z8z Symbols, r-3
Fractions, r12' 232t 32o - Locus graPhs,68 theory of, 449-462 Symmetrical functions, 3 r 5
Fractional cquations' trE' 329 I-osarithms,
Loga 362-
LOgarrr[Irrs' JU4-
362-3.84 Quan.tity, irrational, 352 of roots of cluadratic, 452
indices, 346 n. r;
Long division, 176, 290 Quottent, 3, r70 z_ notatton, 3r6
Function, r48, 455, 468- m-ultiolication, 17 2, 17 4, 292
Functional notation, 298 Lowest Common MultiPle, r ro' 235 Ratio,385 Term, r3, 17, 89
Rational expressions, r4 dratics,449-462
Geometric means, 433 integral functions, r3, r4 I
Geometrical Progresston' 43 2.
Mantissa, 369 T n of formulae, z5z
Maxima and Minima' 469 numoers, 2Io T 16r
C."Ji.", of " straight line, r6r Nleans, 4zr, +24 427' 433 Ra-tionalising denominator, 3 55 T
of a curve, 465 Monomial, r3 factor,355
Graph of a functton' r4u 3ro
factor, r78 Real numbers, zr4 Turning points, 468
of y: ror, 36+ Multinomial, r3 roots, 2t4, 449
Grapiical solution of equatlons'
Multiplication,long, r7z, t7$ 292 Reciprocal, rr3 Uniform speed grrphs, r63
ts3,222,475 of fractions, r12' 233 equat.ions, 463 Units, 32, 34
Graphs, 6.1, r48' t63' zzz' 475 of negative numbers, 9z Recurring decinrals, 442 Unknolvn, z5
of powers, ror' ro3 Remainder, r77 Unlike terms, r7
I{armonic means' 427 theorem, 298
Harmonical Progresslon' 427 Unreal numbers (roots), zt3, 44g
Negative divisor, 9z Reversible steps, 264
iiGn"t, Common Factor, ro8,235' indices, 347 Roots of equations, z-5 Value of a letter, r
325 multiplier, 9z of expressions, ro2, 3o2 Variable, 7o
Ho--og""t"ou" equations, 386 numbers, 84 square, ro2, 3o2
expressions, zgz,366 Variation, 3g':-4tr
Non-reversible stePs' 264 of surds, 357 constant, 398
Numbers, directed, 84 Rule of cross-multiplication, 393 of functions, r48
Identity, 55 negative, 84
Imaeinary roots' 2I3' 449 ot srgns, 49, 88 Vinculum, 54
positive, 84 Rules for equations, 27
I ndelend'ent variable, 7o
sienless, 64
Indeierminate equatrons' r35 Nurierrcal coefficient, ra
Zero, 13, 93
Index, 13, 362 Scales, choice of,7o division by, 93
laws. r o'l Series,4rg-448 products, i3,93
Order, of surd, 352
Indices, fiactional and Ordinate, r 52
345 Origin, r5r
Infniry, sum to, 44o
ANS\\/ERS
 PART I
Exrncrsn r e (pp. +, S)
l. 3 times 5 equalsr5. 2. 9 is greater than 7. B. z| equals z.z.
4. r.3 is less than r$. 6. r is greater than 5. 0. y is less thaD 13.
7. s equals 7. E. z is not greater than r.g.
L rS'9S is approximately equal to 16.
10. r is identically equal to y. 11. c is not equal to d.
12. The difference between r5 and rr is 4.
13. / is not less than z. 14. .o is approximately equal to i,
15. D times a equals c.
16, r divided by s is identically equal to l. 17.9>s.
rE. O:8. 79. Y{q. N. rlg. 21. t+3.
22. p=q. 8' alb- !1. 3y : t., .'. y = +.
2:i.ZIa:3o, .'. Z=26. ilj. X -zo:19, .'. X:36.
2?. sq, y, 2Sc, zsc, t25, ry, xy. A. t,3-,2-r, c ,1,!.
tt nri.
8.3o"4=126. g0. correct. g1.'c.:rJ. tr3x7=lgt.
8ll. r times 5, zo. 84. .r plus 7, rr. 85. One half of r, z.
86. * minus r, 3. 87. One half of x, z. 88. 8 divided by x, z.
89. One quarter of three times r, 3. ,410. ro divided by x, 2tr.
41. One third of rwice r, zf. 42- z times * times z, 16.
llll. Twice z plus r, 8. 44. Twice * minus three times z, 2.
45. z times y times x, 24. 46. : divided bv y,3.
47. The difterence between y and z, r.
,lXE. * plus the product
of 1 and z, ro.

Exrncrsr r n (pp.S,6)
l. rr is greater than 9. 2. 5 is less than 6.
8. 4 times 6 equals 24. 4. 3f- equals 3.4. b. z 6 is less than zf.
6. v is not less than t.g. ?. y is less than rr. 8. s equals 14.
9. q is not equal to 5. 10. 8 divided by z equals 4.
iv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I
11, zr is approximately equal to z. 12. c is not less than d. fi, t -zs- 21. x- r, r+r. D. 5. 8. z+.
13. The difference between 8 and 5 is 3. 14. a is not equal tol. 24. tt,8 2ii. 4, tr. ill. rt. 21. t.
15. 2 is identically equal to q. 10. d times c equals/. 8. t6. n. r5. 30. 6. 31. 4o.
17. z*4. L8. X=7. 10. z<7. N. e*J. 32. 6. 83. I. &1. s. 35. e.
Zr=r, 36. z. 37. 24. 38. 4o. 89. 42.
21. q=7. D. s*o. 8. drd. *. :. Z=rz. 40. (i) z4o dollars, (ii) gooo dollars, (iii) 32 dollars, (iv) 9q dollars.
2j.. zX=r8, .'. X:9. AL Y-rz-8, .'. Y=zo. &t, (ii) 5N+3, (iii) rz {-u.
ar. 1;y -{, (iv;
!7. 5r, 5r,7, !^' 63, ps, ps. o. t,t'ua, md,|'to' 42, (l rz dollars, (ii) zc dollars. 4.3. (i) 8 km, (ii) 4-r km.
ii

8. rrz x 3 :336. 80. Correct. 81. Correct. 82. zox3=6o. Ce. (i) fA dollars, (ii) z.a dollars, (iii) 3c dollars, (iv) ra dollars,
&3. p times 4, 24. &{. p plus 5, rr. (v) nWb dollars.
35. One third of twicep, 4. 88. One half of p, 3. 45. (i) rrS' ; (r8o -r)' ; 79" ; (r8o -y)".
(ii) 6f' ; (r8o-p)' ; rroo, rroo, 7o' ; (r8o -z)", 2",(r8o -z)o.
8?. p minus 4, z. 88. r plus the product of'2 and 3, 19. (iii) SS', (rro -D)", (r8o -zr)', (r8o -c -y)'.
89. One-third of p, z. '10. One-fifth of three times p, 3'6.
Itl. Three times q plus twice r, 23. 119. r5 divided by p,'zt. 40. (i) sr, (ii) ssy. { d.y.. 42.T.
4{1. r times t, 24. 44. r times g times 3, 6o. {8. a6,
(i) (ii) ro?+q, (iii) zg7, $v) toop+roq+r.
45. r times g times t times z, z4o. 4$. Three times 2 minus twice q, 8.
47, g plus the product of z, P and r, 53. (Pp.9, ro, rr)
Exrncrss z g
48. Twice g minus r, all divided by p, r.
O U
1. (a) :, (b) z, G)IOOO, (O) 2.(a) 4ooo, (6) 6ooo, (c) roool
rooo
ExtncrsB z I 1Pp. 6, 7, 8, 9) 8. (a) s, (D) s, (c) ^ , @) - ..@).1.ryt;.
4. (a't z, (6) 8, (c) :' " ..7h
@)12'.
l. (a) 36, (D) 8+, (c) na, (d) rzr. 2.(a) 3ooo, (r) 7ooo, (c) roooa,(d) rooor,
rooo rooo t2

(")*, 5. (a) 6, (b) s, (") Z*'fal L*. 8. (a) 4ooo, (b) 7ooo, (c) roooh,
8. (a) z,(D) 8, (c)
fr, tal fi.
(d)
4. (a\ +,(D) s, @ *. 7. (a) 6oo, (b) zroo, (c) roos, (d) toow.
(d) 3ooop.
5. (a) z4o, (b) 4zo, (c) 6ob, 4zom.
0. (a) 8, (b) n, (c)
ft, Ul l*. 7. (a) z, (b) z, k) a, @
Y.
8. (a) +, (b) z.s, G)
*'u,2,"". 9. (s + t) km.
10. (i) rz, (ii) a +6. lL. (a) z m, (6) 4 m, (c) (5-6) m.
8. (a) 7oo, (b) 4oo, (c) rooq, (d) root.
z| m, (c) (3-a) m. t2. (al(jt-3) n, (b) (y-r) m, (c) (y-D) m.
9. (a) r m, (D)
(i) 16 m, r2 m2; (ii) 6z m, z4o rnz; (iii) ro8 m, zoo m2;
19.
r0. (a) (r-z) m, (D) (.r-f) m, (c) (r-a) m. (iv) (zm+zn\ m, mn m2; (v\ (zood+zc) cm, roocd crn2.
u. (i) a kg, (ii) 4 kg, (iii) (ro-.r) kg, (iv) (y-+) ks, (v) (a-6) kg,
(vi) (zP-3P) kg. 14. (i) 16, (ii) 9, (iii)'i,r*r
12. (r+q) l(m. 18. (i) r3, (iOt+{. 6.
15. (i) 36 dollars, (ii) zc dollars, (iii) 3d dollars, (iv) /z dollars.
L4. (1) 7, (ii) s -r. 15. (i) rr, (ii) * -y.
16. (i) rq, (;i) e -f. 17. (i) re, 6) d-c.
18. (a) :s, (b) s +7, (c) s - 8, (d) s - rz, <rl
)' Ul
|
.
18. (i) 8 days, (ii) ry d^y", (iii) 1 6""., (iv) ! days.
(i) s,1ig
c,1iii; sff,
17. fr"l i1 19. (i) r+ years, (ii) (r7 -zh) years, (t -3) years, (r -zA) years.
il). (i) zx - z, (ii) z.t + z. 27. l-m. 22.52.
13. (i) 7z km, (ii) 5A km, (iii) 3oN km, (iv) a6 km.
19. (i) (za-y) years, (ii) z3 years, (iii) (za-r) years; (z-9) yean, 8. tt,34. 2,/l. q, rz. 2l. t t. 26. 8.
(z- r) years, (z - r) years. til. z. 28. r. t9. 6o. 30, ro.
t'i ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I vtt
81. 6. 82. 15. 8. zz, 34. rr.
N. rz. 88. 4o. 87. 8. 88. 8+.
Exmcrsn 3c (P. 16)
l. 16. 2.7o. 8. 3. 4. soo. 5. S. 6. z16.
89. 4. {0. (D 84, (ii) 56s, g days. 7. r. E. r. 9. 9. 10. 36. 11. r9o. 12. 3zo.
ar. (i) $tz, (ii) $3i. 18. 16r. 14. r45. 15. 3o. 16. 78o. 17. o. 18. o.
I L9. z. m. +. 21. o. 22. 8o. 23. 24. 3o.
I
42. (1) zQ + rz, (ii) + z, (iii) aQ - 6, (iv) t8o - zQ. s5. +i*. 28. +&. 27. z. 28. i-. 20.
'l-.
30.
81. rz. 3il. o. 't. '1.
6. (i) z5oo dollars, (ii) ro ooo dollars, (iii) 5r dollars, 82. 6. 84. o.
(iv) r51 dollars.
U, (i) p dollars, (ii) 6t dollars, (iii) f- dollars, (iv) lX z dollars, Exencrsr 4e (P. r8)
il

(v) eZ dollars. l. a*. 2. sy. 3. 6.r. 4. 7p. 5. 6m. 8. 6m.

l

,. 360 48. (i) 36", r", zr", r".

d' 7. r5m. E. rzs. 0. tzz. 10. rol. 7L. zh. 12. 3X.
(ii) ro5" ; (r8o -r)" ; rzt"; (r8o -a)', zo, (r8o -z)o.
-' (iii) 4o", (65 -t)", r58', (36o -y -z)". n" t-Y. 14. tx. 15. roar. L8. rzts. Ll. 6t. 18. 8r.
3
47. (i) q, (ii) rorfy, (iii) 758' (iv) roo.rlroy*2. 1,.S. d. N. sd. 21. o. *. w. 8. 6x. !!. z.
48. (i) rz5 k-, (ii) z5o km.
*i. o. 2ll. zw. 27. 5x. 8. tb. 29. td. SO. 1e. 2
sL l. &. zh. 38.7r. 84. z+. 35. sd. 36. o.
(P.rs) 4
Exrncrsr 3l
2- z+s. 8. abc, acb, bca, bac, cab, cba. Exrncrsr 4n (P. r8)
4. (i) 6:, (ii) o, (iii) zs. 1.7t. 2. sp. 8, +*. 4. tol.
5. 8s. 6. 82.
5. (1)+xc,cxcxc xc; (ii) 3xcxc,2xcxcxc. 6. (i)i6, (ii)1. ?. 3". 8. rzh. 0. r5o. 70. zZ. l1-. rzu. 12, zts.
7. (i) Sxz, (ii) 7c'z, (iii) ga2, (iv) 863, (v) 323, (vi) 9s2, (vii) 4-t3.
8. (i) za, (ii) o. 9. rz. 10. rz. 11. rz. 12. o. $. +. 1{. 8c. 15. rr* 78. r4a. 17. t3l. 18. gd.
13. S+. L4. rz. 15. s. 18. s. 17. l. 18. o. 19. *. A). o. 21. 7d. n. d. 8. 4c. 2/1. o.
L9. zl. N. z. 21. t4. 22. o. &3. roo. 24. 7ocr:.
8ro. ll. s' o. 8. $. 25.6w. Al b. tt. +h. 23. 5j. Ag. 8d. 80. 7t.
25. 2lJ.4. 2E. 30. Zs. '2
31. r*. 32. +. 33. 3. 84. rz!. 35. 3' 86. 8L. +. 82. 3o. 3l|. o. 84. j"'. 35. 5lo. 86. r4s.
'*.
Exrncrsr 4 c (Pp. 18, r9)
Exercrse 3 n 16) (Pp. r5, l. +7o. 2. trx3. 8. Zlm- 4. 5ed. 5. o. 8. 7x,y.
l, tz4. 2. pqr, prq, qP/, qrp, r1q, ryP. 4. (i) 45, (ii) tF. 7. rrazb|. 8. tzCd. 9. gabcd. lO. gxyz, 11. 8*. 12. z4r.
(i) 5 x/, 13. $ga. 14. rr! hours. 15. 46x. 16. 9a km E.
5. dxd.xdxdxd; (ii) 4 xe xexe,3xexexexe.
6. (i) zr, (ii) zt, (iii) o.
Ll. $3on. 18. 948.r. 19. zracm. fl). $r.
7. (i) ayw, (ii) r6c8, (iii) 323, (iv) 91, (v) +t3, (vi) 27y3, (vii) rz5ts.
8. (D 6, (ii) 16z, (iii) o. 9. 8. 10. o. 11. o. 12. ro. Exrncrsr 5e (P.zo)
18. 6. 14. o. L5. 14. 16. +. 1?. 6. 18. 5oo. l. za+b. 2.4a+3b. 8. qr+g. 4. zx+3y. 5. c+3.
19. 96. 2D. 3ooo. 21.6a. 22. a8. 23. o. /1. rz. 8.4a+3b+r. 7. c+4d. 8. zl+m. 9. 3lm.
|5. o. Ai. 34. 27. rz5. 28. rz5o. 8. 6+. 30. 8o. 10, 11, 12. Not possible. L8. a -b. 74. za+b+g.
31. r|. 32. r8i-. 33. r. 34. s. 35. zi. 86. r|. 15. Not possible. L6. 7x+2. L2. 4d+7. 18. 3r. 10. 3A -3.
Viii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I
fr). 6s - t. 8. gb+4. /1. zt+3y.
2L. 3. M. 4m-2. Exncrss 6g (P.z+)
25. Not 21. zox - zoy. 8. gs I zt.
possible. AI zs + 3t. +zb.
2A. zc. 80. I +8m + r. 81. Not possible. 32, zxy + 3yz,
l. 4b2 2. y' +ztt +3t. 8. 3st +7s. 4. zdr +dd + 5a.
5. znz+6n+5. 8.4h3+3hr+h+2. ?.5s3+9s2-4.
33. gab. 34. Notpossiblc. 6. ab+gb. 88.5ab-ac.
8. m3+4m+5. 0. 5--4-r+3rt. 10. zz2+3zs+92r,
11,8+31+5t2-ts. 12. 3+6c+5c2. L3.7+3n+n3.
Exrncrsr5n (P.zo) 14. z+4lc+3r3+5rs. 15. 7 +5b-zb2 +6b3. L8. r +gh+4h2.
l. 3c + 3d. 2.5a+4. 8.32+o. 4.3r+++5.
5. 3l + 4m. 8. z*-l 4. ?. 3rs. 8. z +6o. ExrncrsB 6c (P.z+)
9. zl+zq. 10, 11, 12. Not possible. L8,6m+sn. l. ztl + 4tt - 3. 2. 6x2 +zx + 5. 8. toaz + rra +4.
14. Not possible. 15. roA+4. L6.4u+2o+9. L7. zx-y. {. {+ta +3t+2. 5. S+:y +royl +2y3. 8. 4.a+3as +a6.
18. s. 19. Not possible. 2D. :A - S. 2L, 8m - za. 2. (a) tr *s-zs:*4s',4s{ -zsl+s+rr;
22. 5n. 8. l+4m. 24. p. 2ii. 4zt - 42,s. (b) z + 5t+8r2 +13, f +8t2 + 5t +z ;
26. yntn. 27. Not possible. 8. 2s +2t. 29. Not possible. (c) r ar3r3 +xr, xa +r3*s+r ;
30. zcd + 4ad. 31. zz+82+3. 82. o. &t.4lm-k. (d) I - Ctc + tt)cz + x3, 13 + lrtr - 4t +3,
34. zcd+ 5c. #. 7o'. 86. Not possible. (e) 7 - 3c lzcz + 5c3, 5e3 + zc2 - 3c +7 i
U) I -zylly2I8y3,8ys13y" -zyI3;
Exrncrse 5 c (Pp. zo, zt, zz) k) 4| 3hs { zho, zho a 3h3 1 4 ;
(h) -Zx -zx2j3xr,3tcr -ztcz -7x]-S.
1. Not possible. 2. 7x'. 3. 6x2. 4. Not possiblc. S
8. (a) ; (c) 7, rr, r ; (d) o, o, 7 ; k) za,
3.t +,,.4 i_-(b) 12, o, 2 3at, 3
5. o. 6. o. ?. Notpossible. 8.ry. (f) 6b, sb',2; (d 4, rt, 3; (h) o, o, z.
3

s.3!. 10. :&. 11. Not possible. L2. st. Exrncrsn 7e (P.26)
4
13. rtA. 14. rrz3. 75, zx2y +zxy2, 1. :. 2. s. 8. 4. 4. 6. 5. :. 8. rr.
16. 5st + zs + 31. 17. o. 18. 5bc - 3ac - ab. L0.3bqtt. 7. t4. 8. 8. 9. ro. 10. 8. 11. 16. L2- z.
20. 3x2y2. 21. 5a+zb. 22. (za+3b) dollars. 18. o. 14. o. 15. t. 16. z. 1?. o. 18. 16.

28. (ttc *d) hours. *. (:+,a) r- n. 10. z. 20. *. 2L. z. 22, +. 8. z. 8.s3.
25. (81 + zrm + 36n) dollars. 2ll. (24 + z+m) dollars.
2?. (4x+21+zz) dollars. 8. 06r +3os) m' Exnncrsr 7u (P.zZ)
N. tgx months. 30. (zx +y+3) cm. 3L. (za+2b+4)cm. 1. a. 2. 5. 3. 4. 4. 8. 5. 6. 8. 5.
32. (X+zx) kg, S+ kg. 33. 28, tzx -7, r2z -t.
'1. tr. 8. 28. E, ,+. 10. rr. 11. 56. L2. 24.
AL. G +7) dollars. 35. (ze + 4d) dollars. 86. (rooo-8os) cents.
18. o. 14. +. 15. o. 16. o. t7. 4. 18. 15.
19. r. lX). o. 2L. z. 22. S. %. r. ?4. s.
Exnncrsr6a (P.z:)
Exrncrsr8r (P.so)
l. xr+zx2+4x. 2. t2 + 3t. 8. 3at +a. 1. (i) Subtract ze from each side, (ii) add 5e to each side, (iii) add zr to
4. ma+6m2+3m+4. 5. ca +3c2 +7c. B. zl2+31 +3. each side, (iv) subtract z.r from each side.
?. rr +3r +7. 8. 3ts - 512 +6t +5. 9,3x+zxz+5xt. 2. (i) Subtract zx from each side, (ii) add 5* to each side, (iii) add zt to
L0. 5+4m+6mz -m3. L7. 3 -zn+n3. 12.3+t+St2+3P. each side, (iv) subtract zy from each side.
13. 5 +9r +3r'?. L4.8+zr+f. 15. : +rod+sd:. 8. (i) Subtract l7 from each side, (ii) subtract 4 from each side, (iii) add
L6. l+zc-cz+4c3. r5 to each side, (iv) add 8 to each side.
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA PART I tl

r!- (i) Subtract 6 from each side, (ii) add.25. to each

side' (iii) add rz to Trsr Papms I (Pp. 38, 39, 40, 4r, 42, 43\
-- '-' --^t" .;.1. (i',
/iw\ srrhtract 2
z frorr
from each side'
srde.
;;;'"ia; subtract A. 1. (i) ro, (ii) 8, (iii) 4, (iv) 16.
5. z. 8. z. 7. +. E. ro. 0. 16. 10. o.
10. t*' 2. (i) 6a, (ii) o, (iii) 3b!7, $v) 3b,.(v) 3c, (vi) o, (vii) o, (viii) 5r,
11. s4. 12. 6s' 18. s. 14' 6' 15. r.z.
(ix') zt.
xy . ..-. x9
ExencIsP 8 s (PP' 3o' 3r) 8. (i) ra, (ii) a. 4.2 cm. s. ril --;-- days, (Il) _--
G-i") 20
B. l. za years, 4a years. 2, (i) r5xzy, (ii) 4a, (iir) 5af 3.
8. (i) +*, (ii) z. 4. 6'$*,$('"-::)
6.3goals,9tries.
C. 1. (i) 3, (ii) 3, (iii) a.
2. G)!,
v
(ii) c34 (iii) zsl, (iv) and (v) no change, 1vi) r',
(vii) axy +e +zy.
8. Right-angled. , a. (i) :, (ii) *. 5. 8.
ExBnctse 8c (P'fr) 0. Son $r75, daughter $525.

D. 1. (D
&,rtr? 2. z*za*7xll3x',7, zx. 8' r+i.
,1. 46', rr5", rg". 5. 4a2 square metres.
E. 1. (il 3a'Ialz, (ii) 3 -30. 2. (i) o, (ii) o.

8. (i) r8o -x, (ri){' 4. zzi. 6' $4ab.

6' $7o ooo.
Exnncrse 9 I (PP' 35' g6)
F. 1. (D r8y', (ii) roxly. 8. :. a. (i) 5, (ii) 5r.
L. 13.
24, 2. 8. 8' 72' 4' z+' 6' tz' 5, $ro. 6.+*.
o:. 4;:,4;. ?. s8, 6o. 8. rs. o' 16, 18' zo'
rr, rz. o. r. (i) 119{, 1it; Y16oy,". 2. (i) za'+zd +a +2, (ii) 595 z cm.
10. 9, ro,
Exenclsrga (P'g6) 8. (i) 8, (ii) 3o, (iii) 34, (iv) zr. 4. 6r', 68', 5ro.
1. 31, 16. 2. 6' 0. +s' 4' s6' 5' 15' 5. $s, $2. 6. $r'50.
S. :S, gs. 7. 52, 54' 8' lt,7z' 9' zr, zz' z3'
L0. zt,23,25,27.
E. r. $(.r+zy). 2. (i) yzb + 3a2 +2b, (ii) a + zaz + 3ar,

Exrncrsr I c (PP' lZ' 18) 3. 66. 4. (i) 62, (iit t. 5. (i) o, (ii) 3. 6. rr.
1.37. 2. g. 3. 13,26. 4. A$39,8$24,C$16' I. 1. (i) 25, (ii) roo, (iii) ro16. 2. (8a + 66) km.
5. A$zS, A $35, C $ZS' 6. t. 2.4$tg,B$+. 3. (i) 8#, (ii) r:. 4. (i) 6cr * Sc - 4, (i) zxz + 7x + 3.
8.rm. 9. ro. 10. I $+, B $6. 5. rs. 6. 15 cm , 6 cm, 90 sq. cm.
11. sz', 52",76". 12. sS', 55o, 7oo or 5oo, 65o, 65"'
L8. A:8+", B=68" C=28". 14. r5o', rrzo,98o. 15' z hours' L f. (il Gx+y) in., (ii) (x+y) ia.
17. rzkmperhour, gkmperhour. 18. 5o. 2. (i) 8++z -7n2 +3n8, (ii) z+7c +6c2. 8. (i) o, (ii) 6.
16, 4oo km away.
19.1$rr,B$48,C$35. 20. 8oo,8oo,2oo. 4 z5 km per hour. 5. $zoo ooo. 0. 65',65",5o" or 55" s5',7o'.
Xii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I xiii
E. 1. (i) z+, (ii) +, (iii) 6. 2. (i) Z, (ii) o. 8. 4so" sq. cm. 10. The sum of .* and twice z, divided by y ; 4.
4. b +c:a+2. 5. (i) zuo, (ii) 7lm+51+7m, (rii) Zyz - Sxz -rar 11. The result of taking six times a from rhree times x, divided by
6. 9o', 7o', 95', ro5'. twrce y; 2.
12. The sum of r and z, multiplied by the result of taking z from three
L. t. (sh+zt) doliars. 2. (i)
'2+: days, (ii) Q6a+4ob) m. ttmes y ; 70.
8. (i) 6, (ii) o. 5.z+jz. 6. 64 cm2. 13. 13. 14. 25. 75. zS. 16. r. 77. Z. 18. r.
r9. :t. N. a. 2t. 6t. 22. +?. 8. 6+. /t. too.
ExBncrsr ro.l (Pp. +5, +6) 25. z4q8jt36(n -t6). 2$. 5x+y+z(lo-*-y) dollars.
i. Three times the sum of D and z; z;. 27. (d-c)US,;a. %. sst+r5(r5 -r) km.
2. a times the sum of c and 3 ; 42.
3. 8 times the result of taking 4 from a ; 24. 8. 4r-x-! (4r-x) dollars. 30. 74+I fu-rz4) kg.
4. Twice the sum of 6 and 3 ; 16. 8L. (a) 3c (za - b). (b) E (X + 3n. k) ad 3! .
5. 6 times the result of taking 4 from twice c ; ro. 5-
6. 6 times the result of taking c from a ; zo. (d) (zd-c)'. (e) (5a-zc)-(x-tyl.
?. c times the result of taking b from a ; 6.
8. Exsnclsr rr e (P. so)
5 times the result of taking four times c from three times a ; 45.
9, The sum of a and D, divided by c; 4. 1. 6. 2. rc. 3. zz. 4. 26.
10. The result of taking twice c from three times a, divided by b ; y 5.a-b-c. 8.a-b+c. 7.a+zb-c. 8. a )-2b + 3c.
11. The result of taking twice c frotn a, divided by 6 ; *. 9. 8. 10. o. lt. t4. 72. 4.
12. The result of taking 6 from a, multiplied by the re.sult of taking L3. l+m-r-s. !4. l+m-r+s. 15. I-n+r-s. 16. l -m -r Is.
fromtwice6;14, 17' s. 18. s. 19. 3a+zb. %). 4d.
13. q. ro. 15. ro. 16. S.
14. 17. S. 18. z. 2L. zx+3y. 22. zp-q. 23. s+r. 2/t. 3h-h.
19. +. z.
2,t1.2L. z. 22. S. 8. z. 2J!.. 5. 2ii. zb+tr. %j. m+Sn. 2?. 4a-zb. a. 3x + 3y,
28. 3c - zd. 30. 5p + zq. 81. a - b.
125. 5t+z (tz t). 28. 24o-t(n rzo) kg. ,?. Lo-j cm.
83. 3a-zb-c. 84.7x-S -8z.35. y+62-3x. 38. 10 -
32. 4b - za.
s C-
8. g6 (x+y) z. 29. 4or+r8 (7-r) km.
P_O ExERcrsE rr B (Pp. 5o, 5r)
80. x(P-Q)tig,9,' 'ks. I l. .4. 2, 4o. B. ro. 4. 26. 5, a+b-c.
8t. (a)z@-b+zc), (6)(zR+,9) -(P+fl), @?#. 6. a-b-zc. ?. a+b+3c. g. a-3b+zc.
9.6. 10. e. 11. o. 72. rc. 13. r d+h-h.
(d)* - "o' (a) (z +s)r. 14. c-d-h+k. 75. c+d-h-h. L8. c+d-h+h.
7
17.8. 78.3x+zy. 19.84. N. l+3.
Exrncrsc ro s (Pp. +6, +Z) 21. zy. 22. h - 3l + zm. 2l. a. |A. 3x +6y.
l. z times the result of taking 5 from r ; 6. 2!5. 7u + zt. ?fi. Sx - Sy. 27. s +7b. 8. 9u - tz.
2. 7 times the result of taking z frcm y ; 7, 29. o. 8O.3a+zoz. 37.6c-4a. 32. za-5b. 3il. +S-zR.
3. 3 times the sum of z and 7 ; 27. M. x - 5y +32. 85. zx +zy -72. 36. rzx -8y -r.
4. x times the result of taking rz from five times y ; 24.
5. .e tjmes the result of taking z from y ; z. Exrnclsp rr c (P. Sr)
6, 5 times the sum of * and z ; 5o. L. z5-3h. 2.3a-zb. 3. zc-5d. 4. zx-3y. 5. zp+q.
?. ,a times the result of taking z from x i tz. B. zt-s. 7.8h-h. 8. 17 -4t. 9. ror- 17. L0. m-zn.
8. y times the result of taking seven times z from twice .r ; 6. ll-, zb-za. 72.3c-zd. L8.8a-5b. L4. gc-b. L5. za+6c.
9. The result of taking four times s from thrce times y, divided by, ; L6, 4b -4c. 17. za -4b. 78. 4b +6c. 19. o. 20. zx +y +z-
l.
 ? I
xiv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I xv
21. 4.
4a -'r3b 22. a.- 8. 6az + - rrc.
A\ zxz+zyz+3z2, 2ii. zx+zy+2, 2Il. zx-6y+72.
4bz
Exrncrsr 13 r (p. S6)
2?. zx+y+52. 8. zp-6q+5r. N.3a+4b+3c. 1. f" -s. 2. ryx + t6. 4. 3.4. zx +g.
362 +
80, x -y -32. 5. 4r + 18. 6. 13* +4. -3. g. ga _ r.
2. o
Exnncrsr rz I (P. S:)
9. za -l z, 10.a+36. 11.rra-4. I:p.fia_4.
l. 5a+5b. 2. 7c+zt. 8. zt -7b. 4. 3a+ab.
18. lx -zy. 14. 46-t. L5. z7 -r8x. L6. trzd_ryc.
17. tta - tob. 18. 3a-r4b. 19. Equation. 2(). Identity.
5. 8a -6. 8. xz -yz. ?. t5x+toy. 8. z4t-32s. 21. Iderrtity.
0. 3o -6b -3c. 10. 8a + tzb -8c. 11. r5a -zob +25c. 22. Equation. 28. Identity. p4. Equation.
72. sp' -pq -zpr. 73. zac +3bc. L4. ad -zbd+3cd.
L5, 4-tt - 31,t. 18. 5kl + 3km. 71. lx - g.
18. $r - jy + 4. 1'9. zxs - 6x2. N. r 5xy - zrx2.
Exnncrsn 13 c (p. S6)
l. -o.
3 2. 5b -zc. 8. zs -4t. 4. 8t -zs. 6. r5d _6c.
21. 5a + t3. 22. r3a + 18. 2ld.. 47a +36b. AL 7P +7Q. 8. z4c -t5d. 7. 3h+51. 8. 3a-rzb. g. roc2+4c. LO.
25.5s+5t+zst. 2Il.3xy+3x2. 21. zy2 +r3y+6. 28.612+r5*. ai_zl,
8. zx + to. 30. c + zd.
71. 3b -3a. 12. z. 18. cs+cdz. 74. xs-xyr. ]rE. zx-xr.
16. o. 77. az +4ab -a. 18, rrx2 +6x -4ry.
Exnncrsp rz s (P. S:)
1.8+4y. 2.3c-3d. 3. ro*zA. 4.4c-cd. 5. ad+cd. Exnncrsr 14 a (P. SZ)
6. tz -gl. 7. t5s -25t. 8. z8u+rzo. 9. 7x+t4y+ztz. 6.
L0. tzx - r8y -242. l1.. 4*'+xy - Sxz. 12, z8x -24y -2o2.
1. 2. a. 3. r. {. r. 5. 5. 0. 5.
18. + L4. 7au -6bu. 15. 4ms -3mu.
7. 3. E. 6. 9. 3. 10. z. 11. +. ].:Z. z.
4s'g -5sr. 13. r. 14. 6. 15. g. L6. z. 1?. rr. lE. f.
L6. zax 3ay + +az. 17. 3cx -6c2d. L8. Lx -2.
19. ry +a. tzag. 21. 5x +3r.
20. 8ac +8ab -
Exnncrsn 14 a (Pp. SZ, S8)
22. 43x +75. 23. 34b.
48a + A\ 34P +27Q. L. 7. 2. z. 3. z. 4. 8.
25. 6l+6nt+51m. 5. z. 6. 3.
26. 5c2+rocd. 2'1. rrtz+8t. 7- 8. 8. 3. 9. z.
28.43a2+42a. 29.gy+r. 30.6u'r6o. 13. :.
10. r. L1-. 4. 1A 15.
14. rr. 15. s' 16. +. 17. z. lE. r.
ExEncrsE rz c (P. S+)
l. tgt+gu. 2.5x+4y. 3, a-5b. 4. zx-5y. 5. Sa-b. ExERcrsr 14 c (Pp. S8, SS)
8. 8x - 4y. 7. tzaz + roa + ro. 8. zoa2 -6b2. t. ,i. 2. +. 3. +. 4. o. E. 8. .t.
tt. '*.
0. A+42. 10. 13 -r5rz. L7-. r4-r6x. 72. zg-3a,
L8, zaz -gab+b2. 14, zaz -3ab -b2. L5. z. 16. +.
7. t. 8. 8. 9. +. 10. :i. zI. Lz. +.
l.7. 8r. 18. zaz.
13. rf. L4. 63. t5. si. 16. 6. 1?. rt. 18. *.
19. zi. 20. 2f,. 21. o. 22. r2L. pB. :*. 24. ft.
e (Pp. SS, S6)
Exrncrsn 13 25. rf. 26.+. 27. ft.
81. r$.
28.
'8. ss. s*. s0. *.
l.4zx+23. 2.7-t.
3
8.3r+zo. 4. gc+2o. 5.5c+4. 32.t 33. :#. 34. el. 35. rif. Bo. ++.
8.4. 7.x+t. 8.r-r. 9.3r-r. 10.7*-r.
ll-, 4a + t5. 12. a -6. L8, 4 - r4x. 14. *c - zd. ExnRcrsn 15 a (P. 6o)
15. r8r - r ry. 16. ro - 8d. L?. 8u - roa. 18. r5o - 62. 1. rr. 2. rz 3. ro, rr, rz. 4. 24, rG
19. Identity. 20. Equation. 21. Equation. 22. Equation. 5. 9o, 6. B. 45 years- ?. 8 years. 8. 43 yeare.
23. Identity. 24. Identity. 9. 36 years. 10. 4e years.
 t
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I xvii
Exrncsn 15 n (P. 6r) ExsRcrsB 18 e (Pp. Zz,72,7+)

1. rr. 2. +, s,6. 8. n. 4. 44' z8- 1. (i) June and July, (ii) Nov. to Feb., (iii) Jan. and Dec., Feb. ano Nov.,
no.
5. 84,8. 6. 3z years. 7. 3o years. 8. r4 years.
2. (;) +, (ii) rqz8, (iii) re3z, 1933.
9. 3o years. 10. 48 years.
8. In millions approx. (1) zsz, (i;) 3r8|, (iii) 328.
ExEncrse r5 c (Pp.6t,62,61)
chickens. 3. rrz. a. (i) $7.25, (ii) $r3.25, (iii) $ze, (i") $:+.
l. 17. 2. rz turkeys, 38
5. (i) June, (ii) Feb.
4. 8. 5. z] hours. 6. t4, zz.
8. P:26.7 is wrong, P:28 is correct. Yes. $26, $3r, $36'5.
7. 5 km. 8. z] hours. 9. $5r. 10. $8; $6.
7. (i) June, July, Aug., (ii) Jan., Feb., Dec., (iii) Apr., Oct.
11. $16, $rz, $7. 12. tr6", r16o, t16o,96",96"- 8. P:(D s's, (ii) e'a, (iii) r4'8; E:(i) r8'6, (ii) 4'4, (ii) z4'8;
13. r4. 14. r| hours. 14t:(i) 56, (ii) 38.5.
15. r 16", :d/,8o, tr6", rz8o, r 16", r r6o. 16. 60A. Exrncrsr 18 s (Pp. l+,75,76,77)
17. $36. 18. z hr. 48 min. 19. z6 years' 20. zz' 1. (i) July, Aug., Sept., (ii) Apr., May, Oct., Nov. Below freezins
21. $ro. 22. 4o. 23.3f,hr. point. No.
24. r25", t4g", r25", 7t", rz5o, tz5" - 25. 45 years. 2. (i) Jan. and Mar., June ; (ii) June, July, Aug.
8. In millions approx. zo,45, rr1. 4. $r38, $r98, $z4z; rr.
26. Z. 27. zto. 28' $rS; $+S'
5. (i) $tS6, (ii) just over z8 years.
i9. ,25", r16o, rz5o, 58", r16o. 30. $2'5o. 6. Yes. P:rs.3 is *'rong, P:r5 is correct. $r2.8, $22.5, $36'5.
Exr.ncrsr 16l (P. Zr) ?. (i) Dec., (ii) April. 8. 968.6, $93.2, $168.
The independent variable is : TEsr Pepnns II (Pp. ll, 78, 7q, 8o,8r, 82, 83)
1. 'I'he date. 2. The number of marks' A. r. (i) :+, (ii) r8, (iii)
5. The salarY.
r6. 2. (i) r1*, (ii) 8.
3. The time of day. 4. The day of the month.
6. T'he age of the males. ?. The speed of the train. 3. 72",72", 36". 4.A$45,8tu5.
5,6cm,zcm'. 6. (i) a tb -sc, (ii) 6or -6y -ztz.
8. The day of the month.
B. r. (i) rz, (ii) 36, (iii) 3o. 2. (i) s, (ii) t. 3. +9.
Extncrsn 16 n (P.Zr) 4. (i) *r +*y, (ii) 8r +8y -32. 5. Cup is $5, saucer 94.
The independent variable is : 6. 42, tt3; rr9,34.
1, The date. 2. T'he time of daY' 3. The number of HK dollars. C. 1.3a{-r5a3-tzaz+3a,3,3a. 2. (lZ, (ii) 169. 3. o.
4. c.c. 5. The number of years. 4. 46". 5. $rz-25. 6. Yes; 37's,3o'g,2r years approx.
6. The day of the month. ?. The date. D. (i) :x + rry - r3z, (il) zrc +b, 2. (i) 3, (ii) +€.
8, The length of the pendulum. 4. rz km. 5. +S. B. (i) za years, (ii) fi(6a2+4a tz).
Exnnclsr r7 a (P. Zr) E. 1. (i) s*, (ii) r:, (i|i) z!. 2. (i) r7x -4y -rrz, (1i) zas -4a2+9.
Take r inch equal to : 8. (i) z*, (ii) z. 4. 16o'. 5. 7z years, 12 yearc.
1. z r:nits. 2. ro units. 8. zo units. 4. roo units. rf 6. gr8, $:S, $Zs.s.
5. t unit. 6. rio unit. 7. rooo units. 8. zo units, F. l. y. 2. 26. 8. (i) rz, (ii) r. 4. (i) r, (ii) +zi. 5. 3 m.
B. (i) Identity, (ii) *:6, (iii) x:5, (iv) Identity.
Exrnclse r7 n (P.lz)
G. 1. (i) and (iii). 2. (i) 13, (ii) z*. 3. $(9ac-36c).
Take : inch equal to :
1. ro units. 2. ro units. 3. 4o units. 4. 5o units.
4. (4-t{r4)cm, z, zz cmz.
6. tr unit. 7. 5oo units' 8. zo units. 5. z7r men,2r9 womeu, 56 children. 8. $5'7o, $4.9o, $4.7o.
5. i unit.

L
XVIii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I
E 1 z. qx-27,(ij 3rae. 8. (i) *, (ii) r.
2. (i) 5. Gained $ (+3o);lost g (-:o).
(+rO) km per hour, (-zo) km per hour, (-78) km per hour.
e. (i) $(s+-1), g) 27, zs,3r, 33, 3s. 6. re. d. rzo. !. (.;.1
!. ( - zo), (;i) ( - z), (iii) o, (iv) ( - +), (v) ( - a), (vi) ( - r8).
I. L. 35o2,735. 2. (i) rs, (i) o'67. 8. o:rz+r.rz 8. (i.) (+za), (ii) ( -zoa), (iii) (-4r), f*l'.,
i"l i'liO, f",l(_rzc),
4. ,+. 5. (i) sc - jp, Gi) 68 +3Br +s83. (ii) (-s), (iii) (-z), (iv)(-r+),i"1o,
1. !i]!*"1, (ii) i"il f -+t.
19. lil ! -z),
8. 8 years, 5 years, 2 years. ( _ rz), (iii) ( +o), (i")( _;t',
r7r),.(ii)
i"i( +'rz), (vi) o.
*. - (+7.x), (iu) ( -rr), (iv) <'-)ri,i"l (+r4t), (vi) (
J. l. (cr+dy1 k-, 9'+-4 ho,r... 2. (i) z'a, (ii) +. til (+ro),
1S. (i) J
(ii) o, (iii) (-zr), (iv) t+si, i"l -r).
<irl, trl,l < _:1.
3. (i) 16, (ii) 16. 4. C $r8, D $zz.
5. (i) 4p -eq, (iD 5hl-zh. 0. S'Z kg,8 kg, ro kg. Exmcrse zo g (pp. So, Sr)
K. 1. (i) 8c6, (ii) 34b +tsc -7a. 2. (i) Sb -za, (ii) 6xs +zoxyt.
3. (i) s, (i) z-a. 5. (i) *:2, (ii) Identity, (iii) Identity, (iv) t=2.
0. $4o, $zo, $r4.
ar+bs+ct
L. 1. L 2. (i) 4a - r4b + 5c, (ii) 3x - zy - zz.
a+b+c
8. 99', r4ro,99", r4r",99', r4r". 4. (i) z, (ii) o. 6. r4o m.
6. (i) 9.r m, (ii) r3'7 m.

Exencrs'E rg e (p. 8S)

1. (i,\ Take $e out of the bank, (ii) a rise in the temperature of ro,
(iii) r minutes before midnight.
2. (i) A rise in the temperature of p', (ii) put the clock back p minutes.
(iii) go on p m. ExrnclsB zo c (p. Sr)
8. (i) ( +6), (ii) ( -8), (iii) ( + ro), (iv) ( - ro). f. (i) , (iii) ( -3.ry), (iv) (+rr*y), (v) ( -5aD), (vi) o.
4. (i) ( +365o), (ii) ( - r3oo), (iii) ( +284o), (iv) ( -2863;. 2. (i) (i") -+,(") -+, iuil -r..
5. (i) Bradford is 16 km west of Leeds, (ii) the clock is 5 minutes 8. (i) -8, (iv) ro, (v) - ro, (vi) o.
slow, (iii) the barometer has fallen z mm. 4. (i) .r, (iii) zs-ar, 1tv;')r"- 4r, (v) 5r2-ror,
Exnncrse r9 n (Pp. 85, 86) 6. ..(i) 3.r'z -rotc-4, (i) -zxz -2x+5, (iii) _ro.xr+6.r_E,
1, (i) Put the clock on y minutes, (ii) go y km East, (iii) a decrease in (iv) - 3*, +2x - t3, (.rr) - 3rr - 5x2 +7x +2,
salary of $y. (vi) -3r3-3*r+rr.
2. (i) Put $t in the bank, (ii) sel f kg of sugar, (iii) my employer owes
0.
me $t. It -_t^f -sf', (\.)rr-rzx+x2
(rv)9-rox-zxz,
,,{lJ 6i) 5-zx+6x2,. (iii) -r t+7x-ttxz,
_gr, (vi) 3_4x2+3x3.
8. (i) ( +so), (ii) ( -zo), (iii) ( + rro), (iv) ( -az). _.
4. (i) (+ao), (ii) ( -8), (iii) (+za), (iv) ( -::6). 7. ln -"-2,(it) -d, (iii) -r, (v)a-zb+q, i"i 3-zz,(vi) _4t.
5. (i) The school is 4z m above sea-level. (ii) The price of tea has
&(i)_-.r'-a*, (ii) -4ll -3x-2, (iii)trr_r*, (iv) _as_fu_8,
(v) o, (vi) 3b - 5a -7c.
gone up $z per kg. (iii) The population of England has
increased by z per cent.
Exnncrsn zr I (p. s:)
Exrnctse zo A (Pp. 89, 9o) ( -2r1. ( + r8).
f' (+ro). 2. 8. ( - rs). 4. (+rz). 5. ( -z+).
1. (0 ( -6'), (ii) ( +a'), (iii) ( +zo'). ?. (-ro). 8. (+zl.
_!. 9. (+r+). 10. (-ao).
2. (i) ( + 6"), (ii) ( - :o'), (iii) ( - zo"), (iv) ( - +'). 12.(-3o). 18.(+6o).
8. (D $ (-o), $ (trza). 4. $ (-e). |!.(-rs).
(+6). ra.f_il. lb.o.
16. 1?. (-+). 18. (-r). 19. i+rrl. 20. (-s).
 n

tx ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I

2L. +2). 22. (-6). A. (-+). (-16). 25. (+6).
81.
Exmcrse zz a (pp. CZ, Sg)
28. -3). 27. (+6). 2E. ( -r8). 8. (-rz). 80. (++).
81. +8). 82. ( -6). 8il. (+t6). 84 o. 85. (+r).
86. - rz). 37. o. 88.(-z+). 80. (-8). {0.(-8).
{L +c). 42. (+s6).

Exrncrsn zr s (P. S+)

1. ( - z8). 2. (+zB). 3. (-28). 4. (+rz). 5. - t2\.
6. ( +28). 7. (-rz). 8. (+zo). 0. (-zo). 10. - 48).
u. ( - ss). 12. o. 13. (+rgz). 1{. (+r+). 15. +48).
16. ( - 8). tt. (+z). 18. ( -+). 19. (-+). m. + r6).
27. (-z). 22. (-6). 28. ( -8). 24. (+6). 25. + r5).
fi. ( + tz). t7. (-29. 28. ( -s). 20. ( -s). 80. ( + zo).
81. ( +4). 82. (-rr). 88. (+r3). &1. (-ro). 85. ( -s).
86. (+rs). 37. o. 8E. (-zo). 89. (-6+). 40. o.
Exrncrsr z3 e (p.
41. ( +e4). a. (-r). 1. -r 2. -2. 6. 4. -s. E. s.
8.
SS)
O. 6.
l. -o. E. -2. 9.4. 10. Z. ll. -rr. 12. o.
c (P. S+)
ExrncrsB zr 18. - r5. 14. -r. 15. -8. 10. g. L7. z. 18. -r.
1. ( +c). 2. ( -8). 8. -6o). 4. (-'). 6. o.
lo. +. 20. -2. 21. -6. *. o. B. -+. 04.. -a,
6. (*r+4). 7. (-t+). 8. -7). 0. (+z). 10. o. Exrncrsr z3 a (Pp. 99, roo)
11. ( -r). 12. (-z). 18. +zr). 14. o. 15. (+r).
l. -2.
16. o. 17. ( - a). 18. - r). 10. ( + r). 2ll. o. 3.2. 3. -r. 4.7. 5. -6. 8. t.
?. -3. 5.8. 9. - ro. 10. o. 12. -s.
2t. ( - z). 22. ( + r*). A. - 4. 2/1. ny - zx. 2!i. - zs - 2t' 18. -2.
11. r.
20.. 8a -9b. 22. 7s +t. 8. -s-7t. 8. t5b-3a. -24. L5. -tz. 16. +.
14. 1?. -8. 18. 25.
19. -+. 20. -8. 21. t6. 22. -fi. &3. o. %.8.
30. rrtl -rrs, 81. 5y-5*. 82, srt -4:r-3. N3. s"-sb.
Exrncrsn z3 c (P. roo)
ExEncrse zz e (Pp. s6, sZ) 1. -5. 2. -rt. 8. -r. 4. -4. 5. -3. 8. -7.
7. o. 8. -4. 9. z. 10. -:. l1-. -2. J:p. -2.
l.5a+4b+3c. 2. t1x+Sy-72. 3.3b-zc.
18. -2. 14. z. 15. 13. rG. -r*. lZ. :t. Lg. -zz.
4. t3l-trm-8n. 5. 7xy -yz. 8, SP-zq+z/+3s.
7, - I{ - +. 8. rot2 +6. e. zP +71 -2. 19. -+. m. 2. 2t. t 22. -t. gg. -+. ?,4. _"I.
10. 7xr+zx2 -8x. 71. -zxs -4x2y+4sc1tt. 12. -+-ztlztz+/+F. 25. -2. 28. 9. 27. r. 8. z. 29. - r. $0. - 16|.
13. (i) za - 5b. (ii) 3a - 6b. (iii) 5a + eD. (iv) a + 4b. 81. -s. 32. s. 8il. -5. 84. -:. 85. -qi. 86. o.
L4. (i) r - a. (ii) 4r + 6s. (iii) 5r - 5s. (iv) 6r - 8s.
15. (i) r. (ii) -3xfzy. (iii) -5*. (iv) -5r+r6y. Exrncrsr z4 I (pp. ro4, ro5)
16. (i) -:a+:4. (ii)c-ad. (iii) -3x+4y. 6v) -y-lz. L. (i) 9a.2, -(ii) 63, (iii) C'i, (i"){, (v) x6, (vi) x6, (vii) 2., iviii) 4n, (ix) 5x,
(x) t3, (xi) da - d, (xii) xty2.
L2. -x+3y-zz. L8, x-5y-32. 19. lp+7q-gr.
N. 6a+3b - 5c. 21. 6ry -Syz+Jzx. 22. x3 -xz -x -2.
2. (i) :',.(ii) a,, (iii) q7,.(iv)-6xy, (y) tzxzy, (vi) abzc, (vii) l, (viii),1,
(ix) aa, (x) p", (xi) zx2, (xii) Sxs.
8. x3 -x2 -x+2. M. l+zxt1-sx' -4*, 2li, -3a2b+3abz +zbt.
27.y+zz. 8. 8' (i) : zei
("! r;t 1 (,.i) 6r', (ii) za',
*1. 3+za-za2-2aa. 3o"-4b"+3c'. ii?,ii; iiil.j,j+ Y! iL)("Ju{
nii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART I
t.
+,t, ,ar,i, on, a",4. x.rd. (xtr) -32a5, (xvi) za., (xvii)4, (xziii) z5rlrr, (xix

o. *;, +"r, +i, *f;.+fi, +x,. (.*);, t**i) j.

l. (i) 1g6b',^(i1)- -sD"9l. (ii) 6ab6c, (iv) (a) z, (b\ s, e) 7, @) too,
s.64r, -"rt,E, -ln, -a, Bp".lr'. (v) :E8ae6t, *.za3ba, (vi) 4a.6bt, Izasbz.

7..o,!, -r", -ti, -K, K. Exrncrsr z5 r (Pp. ro7, ro8)

8. (i) .z4a6b'c, (li) r5atFm', (iii) tzd, (iv) -48ar, (v) -r8aJ'grz, t. 4a+r6b-tzc. 2. -t5a+356*roc. 8. z*2y*zesy, -z{yt.
(,vi) -atb_tV,. . (uii) zta1bsC, (viii) roat6U, (t4 Oanao' 4. -4azb+6ab2+roba.
(x) -z4atP, (xi) o.t, (xii) *15.
5. 3oas-t8ar-36a3+tzaz,
8. -tzlmg+glmrlzrlms, ?. -sr{+s!t6-zszrr.
E:cncrsr z4 r (P. roS) 8. -3dbtysbz-ry.zbs+3af,i. g. a-3b. 10. -a+5b.
1. (i) 5cr, (ii) 6A!, (iii) l, (iv) xG, (v\ {, (vi) ad}r, (vii) rf, (viii) C,
17.5lc-7. 12. - zr +9. 13. za - (fr. L4. za - 6b.
(ix) u', (x) abzc, (xi) 51,, (xii) a! - a3. L5. -3x8+7yt. L8. -a+b-c. Ll.7x-tt. 18. rr*-13.
2. (l) !:,(ii) P, (iii) zocd2, (iv) a5,_(v) azC, (vi) rostlr, (vii) *3, (viii) P, 19. zc' - 4.d2. N. a2 - 5ab.
(ix) /c, (x) 3C, (xi) 3d, (xii) fc5. 27. -db-ob4+a2br -aabr. *. -+o+6b+gc.
& (i) roC, (ii) zts, (iii) 8r:yt, (iv) f , (v) 6f , (vi) r *z*/, (vii) zif 5r!
(viii) 4, (ir) ror, (x) 4hr,(ri) 8rsr, (xii) get. Exnncrsr z5 a (P. ro8)
l, 6a+4zb -3oc. 2. -6a*r5b -gc. 3. 3a3 +6a2b+3abr.
o.
*r, '--,i, 2*, r,r,8t,,{, Po, a,b.c. 4. 6xy2 + gx2y3 - tzxdyt.
8. 4oxs - z5xa +zoxs - 35x,.
5. zarb + 3asb - 5aob.
7. -zaab + tzaxb2 - z4a2bx + t6abr.
o. *;,+s,, +::y,,+L, +n", +#. 8. -asb6+arb6-a7ba. 0. za-6b. L0. -3a+rzb.
11. - 9r +5. L2. 7x -8. 78. 3a - rzb. L4. - za +7b.
B. rz51, -t0", -#,
.!", -r-,z7rssa1. 15. r5.r -9. L6. -+I3b -c. Ll. ryx -23. L8. -zxz +7y2.
a 79. zx2 -7xy. 2D. -zd3 +3c2d.
7. -UV
- 3n, -a' -22",=i, -4M., IW. 21. - 3a +zb +4t. D. - x2 -yz +ey.
8. (i) z8a{y's2, (!,) Is.t, (iii) r35C, (iv) z4aib.c}, (v\ -abdd6, (vi) r8acD6c,
(vii) .,ra5Dcc', (viii) - roasb2ls, (ix) - r5ate, (x) qzaldbe, (xi) zr., z6l (Pp. tro, rrr)
Expncrsr
(xii) cro.
Exncrsr z4 c @. ro6) l. ab. 2. 3o'. ry. 4. zlmz. 5. 8.
8. 8. zab.
7. ab. 8. xy. 3o,. 10. xr.
0. 11. 3/. L2. c.
I. (i) +f, (ii).tro, (iii) 313, (iv) -2t2, (v) dytz, (i) -iyr", (vii) x\fz, 13. x2y. L4. xzyz. 75. zx|y. 18. 6azb2. L2. r5atbr. L8- rol2mn.
(viit) x2y.z, (ix) zbm, (') A, (*i) 2l), tza2b2.
ft, t*i;l *!4, t;itl rf,
(riv) j, 79. 6oxyz. 27. 8r2s2-
*. 6oasb3C. 8. tzotaf. 2t4.. zouaos.
1xv;
l,1xvi) -U,6u;i16arr', (xviii) rr'sble.
2. (i)5asb2c, (ii)3a'/, (iii) -1ro, gv)zKo, (v) -dy',.("0 -S, ExrncrsB z6s (P. rrr)
l. xy. 2. ab. 8. S"n. 4. zxyt, 5. S*1. B. rr.
(rri1 (viii) .ri. l. a'D. 8. zP. 0. 8c2. lO. z. LL. x2. LZ. ab.
q"rt,
L8, a3b2. 14. 3tsu2. 15. c&. 16. ztazbc. L7. zoxlyz.
8. (i) rzxl, (ii) 3rif4.t!, (ii| 3{'
(iv) 3r/ -+f, k) zlu, (vi) r, (vii) rr, L8. ztxzyo. L9. 3ol.mn. fi. z4a2b2c2. 2!. z4zzyz.
(viii) o, (ix) r3*?, (x) 4o*'., (d) t, (ni) 3*?, (xiii) 3zas,itjtt) -zai, D. 36a'. 2,?. tzatbs. AL z4ttyzl.
 t
xriv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART J rrv
z6c (P. rrr)
Exrncrsr
Exrnclse z8e (p.rr7)
l. a2l2m'. 2. 7l2mn8. 8. 5ab. 4. xnyn, 5. Z*. 6. 6oA.
?. 6ox2y2z2t. 8. zlmxn.
ll. ttxzz3.
9. 6oAs. lO. 6oaEb3c8. L c);'(ii) lg' (iii) a, $i#. z. (n:6, (ii);, (iii)
fr, rr"l f;.
L2. 7xyz2. 18. H.C.F. 5bc, L.C.M. 75abrA.
14. H.C.F. y, L.C.M. z8x'yszg. 15. H.C.F. az, L.C.M. asry'za. s. (D
;,1ii1f;, 14flj.
16. H.C.F, za2d2, L.C.M. tzoa6b3c2ds.
4. (i) (iii) q#, (iv) ql+s&.
;, (ii)
Exrncrsr z7 e (P. rr4) i. 1iy rI,6'y'f=sA, ,6:t!4:3,G,)!!!-4.
r. 3. s.YF. s. 3:. a. '!. i. t. 8.1. 4:e.
(i;1 4b-: g, <O
03 3b
6. (i) :, Gi)'A;3!
7. 2l3--. 8. r. s.
+. ,0.;; rr.:. t2.h. 7. 6
#, (ii) 4:t, 1;iiS
c!!!!J, (i,) 4l=.
Ls.fr. M.4. +. $. {. v. $.'4. i!, GD
+, (iiD !-lg, $ig!:]t!.
?Y..
4n3
LE.
DZ3Dd be e. rrl 3"
19. r. N. lm. 21. ?.
2'
22. zxy. 28. 3xz. ,A.:. s. (.r g-!+ it, 1i1 4::{ Jl, o;,,1 t_?zJ_t, 1;; 9rl i4{ i!.
ut. :.
e' s6. Q.
3a
,r.+. 8. x,y. r0. (i) s s, (iD
1t{, (ii1!9--}1, (i")
Ie#.
I. 11 ?L-? , 0l7t =5, liiiy 9-:1{, 6i + .
Exrncrsr z7 a (P. rr4)
ooz Lz. 1tS?-3!, O4'2-!t, (iil5-J!, (ii 31:y.
l.t. 2.-.9 B.r. 4.tn. 5.o.
42c 8.
+^.
r
+. "' .*y-.
o. 'v' -l-. tl. ,r.+. s
s
L g.6db. to. 2d2' '- 6r''
Exrncrsr z8 (p. rr8)
3m-
rs. *. Ls. Y. E. 1. (i) 1, (ii)
:r4.
Y3.
tc
16. 'jJ.
SOsrJo
r?. 18. 39.
4tz
ff,(iii) #, <i"t ?sa.

a2b2. r. D. 7bc. f 2. (t':.(ii) ?4, (iiD (t")B. (i) r, (ii) a, (iii)

19.
*. At. 21. 23.
yz
. 2/1. tyz, #,
#. !.
f z?.:. E. a. rir 'j , {i,1's-:3o, (iiD 5;-, ("),t!;2.
}ii. abs. Ut. . 28.
3x' oa'
5. (i)u, 1iiy 4114, (iii) 4ts, 19'-!jt!.
Exrncrsr z7 c (P. rrS) !9!-t, (;i t6nn;r*.
i9, ri1l!:E t;i;
e. rii ,
1. !.
c
z. t'Y.
5y
'
s. 3ctc 4. 4..
na"o
8.4!'-.
c"l
s. g.
lzx z. r;l 4F, t, 4-: t2!!--sba-,
1ti13!-!-
7. !#. Y9. s.7. to.#. ,r.'+.
B. .. .8',2 -zol -r
(tv)-.
tiiil

,r. *+,. ,t. :h. M.*. ,u.#. ,r.ffi.

4t
g. 1y2L- 3n, (iir 5, -a!,6ii\dz -tsd '25,1i;;1 !u''zc,+8
mn mn Sd ' \'tt) 2u' '
 t
ANSWERS. PART 1 xxvii
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
1. (i) -zr, (ii) -s, giil -ztz. Z. (il 3n, (ii) at, (iii) _|ry.
e. (t) 3I#, GD 4#, (ii1 t5 -J'", (iit-52-26x ' 8. (i) Z -+r-3rf, (ii) t2'* -y - z.
4. Yes; 4t.t,3r'g,24.8 years. 6. (i) -+, (ii) -t.
10. (D Iz*, (ti)ry,{;i;1:-{::, GiL,:f- 1. (i) 5*! +z6ry - rcf , (ii) zbr.
0. t km.
2. (i) 5 hours after leaving p he is r5o km N. of p.
rr. (D 9;? , 1;t'1"-1:J, {;t1'J--:4,1i"; 11115. l.-u*:
(ii) 3 hours after leaving p he is 9o km S.if p.
(iii) | hour before reaching p he is z5 km S. of p.
rz. o+,G0"*i1"8, (iii) -I , $i"!#. (iv) { hour before reaching f ne ls ,6 k- N. of p.
8. (i) - r, (ii) r3r. 4. $ (4a-r|b+zc).
Exrncrse z9e (P. rzr)
1. ro. 2. rs. 8. -r's. 4. -rz' 6' r' 0. -rr. 6. G)
r-5?;^7 x! x'
.
11' '2' 12.s. , (ii) y.- 0. (i) - 28, (ii) - re8, (iii)
?. -2. 8. rr. 0' 18. 10' +' sx'y 38.
18. tz. 14. z. 16. S. 16' -r' L7' -t6' 18. -2. D. 1. (D 8a, (ii) x -y -2. 2. (i) 6b, (ii) r3r _52.
8. (i) r:, (ii) rr, (iii) z8e. t. (i) *-, (iD _:.
r (PP. tzt, rzz)
Exnncrsn z9 5. 6o. 6. (a) No, (b) +zz kg.
1. r's. 9. +8. 8. -6. 4. -S. 5. -+' 8' tz' E.1. (il0a,(ii) -3,(iii) -r6ar. 2. (i)rr _6x_3rt,(ii)4y+6ry.
7. s. 8. -r. 0. -r. 10. -2. U. -s. L2' S' 8. (i) r4, (ii) -3r. a. (i) -+i, (ii) _9.
10. r's. 14. -8. 15. s. 16' -s. 17. -t7' 18' -c' 6. (i) - 9*t + 9r - e, (ii) - Srn - S, + 17 S. 431 km.
3o,r (PP. rz3, tz4\
Exncrse F. 1. (i)'J!, GD yr, (iii) !2. 2. (i) r, (ii) -+, (iii) r$.
1. 60. 2. 28. 8. +s. 4' 5 km' 5' 6'
8, 4o" - r4azb -6abt +tobs, -6bt, -6,6. 4. 5b -a -!y,.
i

\
C. 33 th. ?. 3'5 km. z's trn' < -tL
g. $iooo at 3| oer cent., $4ooo at .5 per cent. -9'
10' 36 km' s. 121. 0. 16.
Q. l. Oy.
ll. $75o at 6 percent., $rroo at 5 Per cent' L2' 96o' 2. H.C.F-:8ar6, L.C.M.:336asbzc..
8. (i) za -zx, (ii) z+h. 4. (i) l, (ii) - r5.-
Exmclsr 3o n (PP. rz4' rz5) 5. After 4| hours. 6. (i) 6'a5 m3, (ii) zt.7 kg per m2.
L. 72. 2.8+' 8. ss' 4' 33 km' 6' q' E. 1. (0 za-7b+zc,(ii)7pmn?. g. (i) 8+, (ii) qi, (iii) r5|, (iv) 6|.
0. io km. ?. $600 at 3 Per cent., $4oo at 5 Per cent' 8' z$ km' 8. H.C.F. 3axy2,L.C.M.36a2xsyt. 4. r| hours.
9.45 km. 10. 36o. 11. 4oo' 6. - 0. $.1rr,$(roo-4rs).
't.
12. $3zoo at 2I Per cent., $36oo at 4' per cent' L l. $(7oo+b+rzc),. 2. (t) +, (ii) - rzs2, (iii) -+, (iv) 246c6.
8. (i) rzy -3tc -2, (ii) 7 -7x -7xr. 4. (i) rf, (ii) o.
Exmcrsr 3o c (PP' rz5, tz6) 5. rz geese, g chickens. 6. (i) rr.5 cm, (ii) 3.7 litres.
1. 6 kg. 2. $r44. 8. rro 4' s6o' 6' 3z'
6. z6a. ?. $34 Per kg. 8' t3z' e' z4o' J. f.fO zea-5ob, (;i;-I, 1i;1 u. 2. r3y-48x.
LO. z5z. 11. +8. 12. $rzo' 8. zox+rzy +24:,. 4. (i) z, (ii) :si. 5. (i) _,, 1;iy ,3.
0. 4 km.
TBsr Plpnns III (Pp. rz6, tz7, tz8, r2g, t3o, r3t, r32, r33, r34)
2. (i) - z+, (;i) tz, (iii) - zz.
E. 1. (i) ganb,,4r2yn, (ii) -5*s -7xr+trx+g. p. (i) -:S, (ii) _rg.
A. 1. (i) o, (ii) P, (iii) r*1. g. til
8. H.C.F. 5ab2, L.C.M. 5z5asb8c2- 4. -zp + 44.
rl"r,fii) ar3.r,,
(iiD?5;6!.
5. (i) -+, (ii) -+. 0. 16.
 t
Ix\'iii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
r. (i) r6s, (ii) -rs, (iii) tf, (iv) #, (") -6s.
6. C $r8, D $zz. 6. (i) Z 8ZS kg, (ii) 63'5 km per hour.
D. t. (D
{^,rt, <tr1 -t.
""L,, (ii) nat - z\ab
2. (D H.C,F. ab, L.C.M. r4.atbzxz, + gbt, rt3.
8. (i) ra +3b +zc, (ii) -zab. ,{. 3} hours.
5. (i) -8, (ii) E+. o. 6s.
U. 1. Q-6P-aR,(ii)zc-d+3e.
(i) 1
PART II
2. H.C.F. 9zr, L.C.M. zz68mznr. 3. (i) abc, (ii) lz +3mt.
a. (i) o'67 m, (ii) o'87 m. 5. X$zo, Y$4, Z$rc. Exnncrsr 3r r (p. r38)
6. 4. (The values of the unknowns are given in alphabetical order)
t)
N. 1. (i) g6a-85b+6zc) months,,., (ii) (s -
\ zl "*. l. tt, r. 2. rz, tz. 8. z, z. 4. 3,
". E. z, c.
215.
_ 7. tz, 15. 8. -4, t. 9. t, z. 10, n.,4.
2. (i) 3st -22st+2tt, (ii) 6z -zx. 3. rzo. {. (i) -2, (ii) I. -8.
11. r|, r|.
5. (i) 7ry2za, (ii) rzxty'. 0. (i) -z+, (ii) 3 - z5z.
12. s, $.
i
P. 1. (D 2p+2q-8)(ii)g-zt-t'+f +{ *t5, -r. 2. za+y. Exrncrsr 3r n (P. r38) (See note at head of Ex. 3r a)
8. (i) z, (ii) *. 4. $44, $42. l. r4, 3. 2. 6, r. 8. Z, Z. 4. 2, 4. 5. +, :.
5. (i) -r', (ii) -3*ro, (iii) -z,asc'. 6. 255 cm2. 0. 5, t. 7. z, -4. 8. 9, r. 9. -5, r. 10. 8, z.
11. ri,:*. t2. 5, -2.
Q. l. za+3b+5c.
2. (i) -rr5, (ii) -3r', (iii)+. Exrncrsr 3z e (P. r+r) (See note at head of Ex. 3r a)
l.2,3. 2. -2, s. 8,7,2. 4. -2, -3. 5. -*,:.
8. (i) H.C.F. xy, L.C.M. 7za21fx'y', (ii) - 4atb', (iii) zo.
{. (i) -3, (ii) zr1\-. 5. Father 58 years, X 3o years, Y z8 yeara.
0.
1, -t. ?.
'*, r*. 8.
'*, -ro. g. rl, zt. 10.3, -rt.
Z#,(ii)
rr. 3, +. u. f, -*. 18. r, - r. 14. 25, s. t5. z3z, -g.
o. (i) a+430.
Exnncrsn 3z a (P. r4z) (See note at head of Ex. 3r a)
l. s.
+' 2. :*, s*. 8. 5, r. 4. -s, -.. b. rz, -r5.
0. s, -s. ?. -r|, rg. 8. -S, -'*. g. -3,2i.
10. +, -*. rr. -*, +. ta. +, -2. 18. rg, - 9. t4. z, -!.
15. r, -3.
c (Pp. 42, r43) (See note at head of Ex. 3r a)
Exrncrsr 3z
l.s, -s. 2. -",3. S. -*, :. 4. si. 5. B, z.
8. -", -s. 7. 6, -4. 8. 3, o. '3,
9. +, -+. 10. 15, 6!.
17. -3,2f,. 18. -8+, +. 18. r*, -*. 14. e+, *. tE. t.4, t.2.
18. s, z. 12. 2.t4,o.63. 18. r.9o, r.4r. lg. -4.25, -r.32.
N. 3'87, r.44. 21. -o.28, o.8r. 22. -24.7t, 24.t4. tE, 6.
95. o. 2Il. -g. 28. 3, r3. 80. z, -5,. -rr,
-7 ) 3, -16'",
S+.
88. 3,

L
 T

gx ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xxxi

Exmcrsn 33 r (Pp. r44, t45) Exnncrsr 34 a (Pp. r55, 156) (See note at head of Ex. 34 a)
l. 63, zg. 2. +5,16. 3. Book $r8; Magazine $5.
5. (i) 8, n,.73 (ii) o.3 and 7.7,2.6 and 5.4,8.3; (iii) rz5 m above
4. Table $75; Chair gr5. 5. $S.
ground, 4 seconds; (iv) 9 seconds; (v) g.a;lvi) z.g siconds.
6. Tea $3o; Coffee $24. 7. 16. 8. ,7. 9. 45.
8. (r) 4, -_o.95, r5 ; (ii) o, 3 ; (iii) - r| ; (iv) 2.86, o.t4; no solutions
L0. A 6 years, B 36 years. ll. 43 years, 8 years. ;
5.6 (Yes, - 2.6),
12. 43 years, 8 years, 6 years. fS. +. 14. +.
16. a=i, b --+t. 10. rz, r9o.

Exrncrsr 33 a (Pp. r45' 146)

l. 73, zz. 2. 55,4r. 3. Goose $25; Chicken $r4'
4. Tea gr8; Coffee $28. 5. $o'75.
6. Apples, $4; Plums $3. 7- g5. 8. 35: 9' z7' Exrnclsr 34 c (Pp. 156, r57) (See note at head of Er. 34 a)
IrO. A-;6 years, .B 5 years. ll. 43 years, 7 years. 12. 45 years.
f3. fd. f4. ++. 15. X ro5', Y 6o', Z t5".
16.1$zo,B$48.

Exrnctst 33 c (Pp. 146, t47)

1. I gr5, B $r8. 2. P rc5", Q 35", R +o".
3. rzgz coins,4$r coins. 4. I kg. 5. z] hours'
6.23,277. 7. l:35,m:tl. 8. $5. 9. $rz' 12. Negative betvr'een x= -2.67 and r:r.g7; _5.16.
10. 4] km per hour, 3f km per hour. ll. 4o apples, 20 pens. 13. 6.46, -o.46; n. 14. A:xz+(6-r;r; o.gg cm, 5.r2 cm.
12. 4z pears, Tz bananas. 13. r{ hours. 14. 36 eggs, 48 oranges. 16. 3.46 m.
15. $t, $S. 16. 8o. Exrnclsn 35 e (p. 16z)

Exnncrsr j4 e (Pp. r54, t55) 7.1.

4
s. -:.
5
o. o. 10.
-'5 1. 11. o. tz. -!.6
Some of the following answers have been obtained by calculation, r3.+. t4. -2. ls. *. 10. o. t7. -t. 18. _t.
and have been given to a degree of accuracy which cannot be expected
from the graphs.
Exnncrsr 35 a (p. rf:)
5.(i) 4oo, zoo, r33|, roo,8o, 662,"?km per hour; (iii) 76'9; (v) r'8;
(viii) (a) r'ery small, (b) very large. 2. -3.46
s. 5. e. -;. 10. o. 11. o. 12. !
0. (i) 653, r14; (ii) 2'3,4'6; (iii) 655,3'4; (iv) r'8, s'3. 13. *. 14. -9. 15. o. r0. -+. 17. -2. tE. -+.
7. (i) -s.3, o 42. - rs'z ; (ii) 3.6, -o.6 ; (iii) i; (iv) 2.8 or o.z,
4'46 (Yes, - r'46), no solutions (No).
8. (i) z'6 and o'4; (ii) 3'8 and -o'8; (iii) r'5 and r'5 ; (iv) 4'7 (-t'7 Exrncrsr 36 e (pp. 167, 16g)
is outside the range). l. 16$km from A, at 12.35 p.m.
9. (i)2.:and -o.8; (ii)iandf ; (iii)z.8and -r'3 ; (iv) r.qand -o.4. 2. 36 km from the starting point ar r.2+ p.m. 3. 54 km.
10. : :, - z'8. 11. No solutions' 12. z, - r'3. 4. After z] hours; after z! hours and again after z$ hours.
18. o'24, -o'84. 14. r'85, -r'35. 15. -3'4, -o'6. 5. (a) roo km, (b) 4.3 min., (c) 5.3 km, (d) Takm per hour.
 !
Kii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xxxrlt
6.rr5oC., r r3oF. 7, ro km per hour, 8 km per hour, rr.3o a.m. +2s.
10. nz - ton 11. 6xy-- gx+roy - r5. 1rZ. 6x2- r9r+r5.
8.3390 unlts. 9. ro km. 13. 4o,6r. 18.6x2 -r-r5. 14. tzc2 +7cd - rodz, 16.
35s, - rrs. _ rol2.
16. 612 -3rlm+r8m2. 1r7. 35sz -
{ km from A at tz.tN P.m.
14. 8| 39rl + ro/2. 78. tzcz - z3cd + tod2.
19. 35s2 + r rrt - rot2. %. 6P +4lm r8m2.
- 21. 6lt - z3lm - rgmz.
Exrncrst 36 r (Pp. 168, 169) 22.35s2+39st+ror2. A. rzcz
- todz. 24, 6at.f 5a2b2 -g[r.
1. rr km at tr.zzla.m. 2. 5o km. *i. zaa -Jazbc+5bzsz. 26. 6ar - -7cd
5azb2 -6bt. 27. 4ttr +4a2bc - t5b2c2.
3. (i) ro km from the start, (ii) 5 km per hour, (iii) z hours and again 8. 6ar - tta2bc - tob2c2. 8. -zaa+5azbc tz5b2e2,
3 hours after the start. 80. 6a{ -r3azbz +6[e.
4. 36 km. 5. (i) $ro4o, (ii) $329o.
6. r.4 m per sec, tr'2 m per sec; 7 km per hour, 35 km per hour.
Exrncrsn 38o (p. rZ:)
1. x2 +tox +zr. 2. #+3x-ro. 3. at +3a - 18.
7. (a) About 55 min., (6) about 4'6 km., (c) about r9 km' per hr- 4. !2 -3y -ro. 5. 12-3t-r8. 6. .tr - 5.r + 6.
8. roo,72. 9. zo km per hour. 13. 4r km. - t6-
u2 8. ab-ga+ro6-3o. g. m2-6nt+g.
a (Pp. r7o, r7t) 10. vzz,-gy+82-72.
Exrnctsr 37
18. 6a2-t3a-5, \\. 6"r+r3a-5. lp. 6td_zc- t5tl+5.
1. -8r'+6*r +t412-2x. 2. -4t' +rot+6. 74,
9a2 -34ab -8h2. 16, 7x! t xy -(tyz,
16. tzx2 +8xy - t5y2. 7?. gaz t34ab -tibz. lg. rz.r, -8xy _ t5y2.
8. 3asb - 5a2ba -zabs. 4. -6xj +gxsyz + rs*ryr -&t'.
19. gaz +g8ab a362. 20. 7x2 - r5/y - rfi1,:. 21. <1tt! _ 3gab +gbz.
5. 5x2 - 36x - 32. 8. z5tr - 4. 7. totz - 48x + S+. oo
10. 6-rtu+3uz. rzx2 - zSxy + t5y2. 23. zrxz
8. 3x2+zxy-y2. 0. gaz -7ab-6b'. - 3zxv 1- r t1,r.
24. 8x{-zzx2y2+t5ye.
11. a2 -b2c2. L2. zar - a2b2 - t&'. 13. 6x' - x2y2 - rzyt. 25. -6x2 I z<,tyz - 241,2s2.
aJ. gx2 +ztxyz -By"rr. 27. tl.tr -:.r11'r - 151,4.

Exrnctsta (P. tZr)

a. -6x2 +7xyz Iz4y2z2. 29. 8.rr l- z,r!,y! | 5.y{.
37 80. r5xz +46xyz + r6y2z2.
l. 8.r3-6.rr-ror. 2. -r5P+35r-5. 8. -2csd+ctd'-3r&.
4. -6cad+4c3dz -8c2dt +zcdr. 5. r5rr +r -6.
6. 3xz -z5x+28. l. 4t'-49. 8. sa'+?ab -6bt. Exrncrsn 3gc (pp. r73, r74f
0. zx2-5ry+3y2. 10. r5-r3u+zu'. LL. x'-4yzz2. \. -.6.
l-
2. -.s. B. 8. 4.6. b. _ro. B. zt.
t2. toxr - ttx2yz +3yt. 18. 3a' -7a2bc -6b2c2. +l' 8.6. 9. o.10. -r4a2. Ii.9.'- t6cr-gcz_r.
12, r -5A+roA2-roft3+5Aa-pr. 18.
L4. 3x7 +gx6 +zoxs - 3+x4 - 34xx - r,,,..-,
-fs t z:,-t_z3yr_toy3_3yr.
Exnnclsr 37 c (P. r7r) 4,i .o.
Lc. 4-rzx +9.r2-8r3 +tzxr+4t6. 16. 6.rr trr
1. x"-7x2+r3x-4. cs+27- 3. af-3rry+lxy"-f.
2. 7t]J rTgxz+79n_ro5.
-4.d8. 5. 98 -36str +47st2 -zots.
4. tScs -z7c2d+6cdz 11' '' 18. -s. le. ,.). 20. -i.
7. zar-7as +r5at-rra+ro. 2L. -3. zz. +. ps. 5.
6. 4-sx-23x2+6xr. ,!4. _+.
8. r5.r{ - r8rc3 - r6r'+3or: r5.
9. - t6t5 + z4tr - 3ots + zttz + 4t - 3. ExencrsE 39 n (p. rZs)
10. ztxr - z3xt - z3xz + r r, - ro. 11. 5rr +t7x2 -gr -36, l. a2+zatc+xz.
L2. +7ab +b2. 13. 3rr -8r + 15. 14. *3 +y8. 2.4!4x+xp. B.
cz+6c+g.
3a2 4. 4.tcz + rzx t g. S. x2 - 6tc + g. 6. b, _ ,6,
,, ,".
F r. 9. t6x2 _24x +g,
ExEnctsr 38 ,r (P. tZ:)
ab +zsb2. 12. gx2 - 4zxy +4gyz.
1. x2 + 5x +6. 2. +4t -zt.
t2 8. tr +31 - ro. xy +tooyz. 75. 4xn +zoxzyz +z5ya.
4. c? -4c -zt. 5. 12 - 3l - to.6. d2 - tod +zr.
'+9ro, 78. gcr +6c2/ ]-4z.
7. b2 -6b - 55. 8. bn+gh-8m-72. e. tu+5t-5w-25. *ry, +4yn. pl. +a, _zoabc +z5bzd.
b

L
xxxiv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II
22. 4ao +t2a3b3 +gbo. 23. t6xi -4oxa +25. 2/1.. 36 -6ox' +z5x'. Exrncrse 4r ,r (P. rZS)
't25. gdb - 4za2bc2 + 4ge'. 2ll. 8ta'+j2a5 +t6a6. l. zba +b). 2. zc(5c -6). 3. z(z - r). 4. No factors.
27. z5cz +6oc5 + 36cE. 8. z5cz - tzocdz * r44da, 8. 4o8o4. 6. 3c(c +d). 8. x(x +y). 7. r2(r - zx). 8. 6r(r +3_y).
30. 168roo. 31. 396or. 82. roroo'25. 3il. 99oo'25. 0. .r3(.t +z). L0. 5c2(t -ad). L1-. tza(t -3ab). t2, No factors.
M. rorooz5. 35. z5zo'o4. 88. z4go'ot. 18. No factors. L4. z(x - zy +z). L5. 6a(a2 - za + 4).
16. 35r. 17. ro 5oo. 18. 4z ooo. 19. 16 5oo. 20. 3*.
n (P. rzs)
Exrncrsr 39 91. 936.
l. b2+2bh+h2. 2. z5+toxlxz. 8. t2+r4t+49.
4. gt2+6t+r. 5. t6-8a+a2. 8.6+-t6t+t2. Exrncrsn 4r n (P. rZS)
7. s2 - zrs + r2. 8. +o' - r2a + g. 9. z5x2 - 2ox + +. 1. 3(6c -5d). 2. zt(7t - to). 3. /(r/ - r). 4. No factors,
10. r'z- 8xy+t6yt. 71. ga2-3oab+25b2. \2. +*'+28xy+49y'. 5. r(r + 5s). 6. x(x - zy). 7. 3gt2 - h) 8. sl(l - zm).
J',3. 6412 -8olm+25m2. L4. t6x2 +z4ty +9y2. L5. 4tn -4t'!'+yn. L r'(zs - r). L0. b2(z4az - 35b2). lI..7x2(.t +61,).
16. 9.r{ -6xa +x2. 7?. 4 -36x2 +8rxr. L8. z5cz - roed2 +dt. 12. t7t(r -4tw). 13. Z(e -!-+m). 14. No frct()rs.
L9. rr -zrzsz +sa. 20. z5a2 +zoabc+4bzc2. 21. c' -6cxd +gczdg. 15. No factors. 16. r9 5oo. L7. t4o4o. 18. rr ooo.
22. z5nd - Tonx + 49. 8. xo + 4xszs + 4z'. 2.4. 4*" - zox3ys + z5yc. L0. rz7 6oo, 2,0. 4oo. 21. gr8.
25. 4rzsr - 36zs2t3 + 8rt6. 2Il. g - 4zar + 49as.
22. z5l2 -7olm2 +4gmr. A. 4xr +zoxs +z5xG. Exrnctse 4r c (l'p r7r7, rfio)
29. qoz5. 30, 4rzog. 81. 98or. 82. 4zo'25.
L. 7x(xx -zx2 +3). 2. a(a2 -ab h") 3. 3r (56c -3b, -cr).
3il. 38o'25. 34. roozoor. 85. 1648'36. 80. r584'o4.
4. y'y(y - 3 -y2). 5. zxt1x2 - 3.r.,y -.v!). B. No lactors.
Exrncrsr 4o a (P. tZl)
7. 7c2d(c2 -zcd -7d2). 8. ax(ax -by - q'). 9. 7Qi - zbc -3ac).
10, a'z(a3 - 5a2b + toabz - robx). 11. No facrors.
l. -?a +&. 2. - zc2 + 3cd. 8. -7xs +2*. 4. 3lt - zm'. 12. r:'(6* - Sx' + 3y'). 18. 3a(a2 - 3a - 3o). 14. No factors.
5. t +7. B. a-tz. ?- x+r3. 8. A +4. L5. 7a3(za -b +4br).
9. a+ z, rem. z. L0. zx + t, rem. - 2. ll. zt - r, rem. 3.
L2. x -3. 73. -7c +5, rem. ro. L4. 5a -zb. Extncrse 4z e (P. r8z)
15. t'?+6, +5. L8. x2 + 4x - 2r, rem. - 5. 1. (c +d)(s +t). 2. (s+t)(a-b). 8. (a - b)Q - c).
4. (e - 3d)(za2 +7). 5. No factors. 6. (s + t)(xy - z).
Exrncrsn 4o n rl'l) (P. 7. (u +a)(a + b). g. 3@2 +yz)(r +za).
8. (x -y)(c - d).
l. -a+Zb. 2. -+c+zd. 8. -p-q+t. 4. - 5x2 +3x. 10, No factors. 11. (a - b)(h + I). 12. (d - +)(c -t).
5. d+3. 8. c-4. 7. t-13. E. 3x +2. 13. (r +y)(* +z). 14. (5/+3)(/+zr). 15. (s + t) (a - t).
9. 5.r+r, rem. -6. L0. 3a -2. 11. 5, +8. L6. (ac - r)(6 + r). L7. (c'+dz)(4c - 3). 18. (.r
-y) (z.r +z).
L2. zx + 3, rem. - 12. L8. 3c -7. L4. -za -7, 19. Qx -y)(xz +zyz). 2D. (.2x3 -.3) (3x - 5). 21. No factors.
L5. x2 - 5x * 6, rem. - 4. L6. gc2 + gc + 5, rem. 20. 22. (aa + z)(a - r). 23. (6 + x)(a - fl. 24. (z - 3x)(s - D.

Exrncrsn 4o c (P. ,lZ)

ExEncrso 4z n (P. r8z)
l. z:. - t. 2. t -3x. 8. 3a+5. 4. x2+gx+2.
7. (l -n)(x +y). 2. (c -dl(a -b). 3. (u+4o)gh2 -z).
5, 4zA +3x -2. 6. z2 -z +r. 2. t8+zt+3, rem. 3r, +15.
8.7a2+5a -3, rem. -3ga+rg. 9. 3r2+5r-r.
4. (r +y) (5 - t). 5. (d+ j(zab -g). 6. No factors.
70. 5c2+zc -3r rem. -roc+ro.
7. (u -a)(x +y). 8. (p+q)(c+t). 9. (t-z)(m-i.
L7-. 3x2-+r+r, rem. -2. 10. (lz + m2) (S + 4tc), 11. No factors 12. (y - z)(m +n).
L2. 8x2 + 3x + z.
2, rem. 2x + 1.3. 6a2 + jab - 5b2.
L3. (b +c)(b -d). L4. (bn + l) (hm + n). 75. (z - c) (d + c).
L4. ze2 + ztc, rem. - 9.t + 5. L5. 3a2 - 4b2, rem, 3abs - br.
 t
ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xxxvil
18. (b +d)(2b +c). 17. No factors. 18. (* +t)(t -ry).
Exrncrsr 44 n (Pp. r89, r9o)
le. Qa - b)(a2 +b1). $. Ql + 5n)gP -zmz).
27. (t- r)(zl3+3). 22. No factors. 23. (s -r)(r -y). 1. (3*+r)(*+r). 2. ht+2)(t+2). 3. (zc + r)(c + g.
A. (t +x)(z -y). 4. (zx - y) (x - 5fl. 5. (zc - t) (c - z'). 6. (za j(a - zJ.
-
7. b, - t)(t +z). 8. (s, - r) (l + 6). 9. Qa-zb)(a+b).
Exnncrsr 4z c (Pp. r8z, r83) l.O. (zd - 3) (d + r). 11. (r5s - z) (s + r). 72. (5a - b) Qa + zb).
2. (3x'-zx ++)by - Sz). 13. (z -3r)(r -zx). 14. (z +5r)(r +l).
1. (z*! -r +s) bf +7). 15. (z -5A)(r +A).
4. (+r - st + 7z) (l - 3m - zn). 16. (r + t)(x +fl. 1?. No factors. 18. ( -* +4)(r +5).
8. (xt - zx - 7)$a - zb + 4c).
0. (zr - s) (*r - z). 19. No factors. %L (zab - c)(ab + zc). 21. (zx2 - r) (.r, + r).
6. (.r + 7) (3r3 - 5). 7. (cl - Q@l - c).
8. (+ax - b) (br - aa). 0. No factors. 10. (tt +t r) (ar - 6)' D. (zxz - Sy) \cz - 3y2). 2J.. 7 @ + z)(x - 6). 24. No factors.
lJ-. (a + b) (al + bm + c). L2. (zc + r) (c - d + x). 18. (a - b) (al - bm + c).
%. +(o +8b)(a +7b). 28, (zc +7d)(c - ad). 22. (4a -7b)(a +zb).
14. (zc -t)(c+d+x). 15. No factors. LA. Qx-52)(x-y+). 8. (8 -p)G -D. 29. s@ -7d(p -8d. 30. (4a+7be)(a+zbc).
8L. (8 -7ab)g -ab). 32. (4 - 5zz)(t +zz2). 83.
l(r'-c -63).
Exrncrsr 43,r (Pp. r8S, 186)
1. s, r. 2.8,3. 8. tr,z. 4. -8, -S. 6. None, Exencrsu 44 c (p. r9o)
8. -tt, -2, 2. g, -2. 8. -2,6. 0. -c, s. 10. 7, 16. l. (za - r) (a - 8). 2. - g(c + 6). B. No factors.
ll. -s, z. 72. s, -s. 18. None. 14. ft,3. 16.8, -5. Qc
16. 16, -6. 17. r5,3. lE. f, -f. 10. 4, -r4. 90. rr,8.
27. -zz,-4. 8. rr, -6. 8.3, -6. U. -6, -5,%.3, -t6.
28. 6,6. 97. None. 8. r4,4.

Exrncrsr 43 n (P. 186)

l. g, z' 2.6,7. 8. 9, s. 4. -6, -2. 6. -s, -S.
a. -9, -7. ?. s, -s, 8. -:,8. 0. tt, -2. 10. 3, -8.
11. -rr, z. 19. s, -r. 13. 6,3. 14. 8,5. 15. 6, -16.
16. 5, -8. 17. g, r. 18. 3, -r5. 10. None. N. -t6, -3.
21. None. 8. -16,-6. 8. r, -9. 24. -s,6. Zii. 16, -9.
8. -3, -rs. 87. rr, -8. 8. r+, -+. 86. (s,t +zy)(x+7i. 87. 3gm+6)(zm-3). 88. Ska+z)(+a_i.
N. s(t+h + r)(& -z). 4O-. (qx" -3)(.t2 +ro). 41. 5ex _y)hx _zg.
,112. No factors.
Exrncrsr 44e (P. r89) *3. (7c +d)(c +7e. M. SGm _7n)(zm _n1.
1. (z*+r)(x+r). 2. (2d+r)(d+). 8. (3r+z)(r+r). 45. +(5, +7)@c -3). 116. No factors. 42, z(5x -y)(x _ zty).
4. (za-3)@-r). 5. (z*-31)@-zy). 8. (ga-z)(a-i. ,418. No factors.

7. (zc - r)(e +5). 8. (z*-Si@+y). 9. (tc-z)(c+s).

10. (32 ++)(z -z). 11. (sp +dbp -2d. L2. Qa +8)(a - r). Exrncne 45 a (pp. r9o, r9r)
L8. (z+3c)(r -zc). 14. Q -z)(r -32). 15. (t +r)(r -:r).
18. No factors. 17. (a+z)(a-). 18. (a+9@+z).
19. z(x -sy)(x - j9. 8). No factors. n. Qi +r)(xr -z).
22. (za+bc)(a -bcl. 8. z(h -8)(e+z). 2/t. t@-z)@+il.
25. (x - 5y1@+8y). %. sU-z)(t+6). 97. (4+5sr)(r -zst).
8. s@ -8b)(a +7b). 29. No factors. N. (a - 5xy)(r - zxfl.
81. No factors. W. (81 + Zmz)(l -m'). 8, (zx + Syz)(x - 3yz\,

L
rXX\Iiii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
8. (x -8)(x - tZ).
ANSWERS. PART II xxxl:r
D. (rr -t)(t +t). 94. No factorr.
25. (y -62)(y -tZz), 26. No factors. 9/. No factors. 21. 9,4a. D. 2,8cr.. 29. 57o,ooo. 94. 6o,8oo. 25. roo.
8. (a +se)(a - 5c). 8. Q + 5xyz)(t +7xyz). 80. (t - r3)(t +6). %1. t'6. t7. zo. 8. 2.874. E. 3.2. 30. o'557r.
81. 4a2 - bz + zbc - c'. 32. +o, - 9b2 - 6bc - c2.
B, z5a2 + zoab + 4ba - gct. 84. 9*n + rTxz + g.
Exrncrsr 45 r (P. r9r) 85. 4rt - I - rox - 25. fi. tr - zrt2 + 4.
1. (6+3)(D+r). 2. (n+$(n+z). 8. (d+6h)(d+lh).
4. (y-z)(y-i. 6. (r-s)(r-z). 8. (m-5n)(m-3n1. Exencrse 46 c (p. rS+)
7. (z-$(z+t). 8. (y-s)(y+s). 0. (r+3)(r-r). l. (a + zb +c +d)(a +zb - c - d).
10. (t+3)(t-z). 11. (r-6y)(r+3y). L2. (b- rs)(6+r). 2. (3n +zn +zx -y)(3m +2n - 2x +y\.
13. (r + 3) (.t + 7). 14. (d - 5)3. L5. (z - 6) (z + $. 3. (a -b +c -d)(a -b - c +d).
16. (.t + Sy) (r + 8y). 17. No factors. L8. (x +Zi@ - +y\. 4. (4b - 3c + zm +n)(4b - 3c - zm - n).
19. (7+xy)(z-xy). N. (cd+4)Qd+rr\. 2L. (c-rzd)(c-zA. 5. (5b - c +m - zn)(Sb - c - m + zn).
22. (a+4b)(a-3b). 28. No factors- 24. G +8h')lr -tZh). 8. (m + 4n + lx - y)(m + 4n - 3x + y).
25. (r - r3r2)(r +5r2). 20. No factors. 27. (c +27)Q -). 7. (a-b+c+d)(a-b-c-d). 8. (a+b+c-d)(a+b-c+d).
8. (x +ryyz)(x -7!z). 80. (/r+rr)(ft -8). 30. (rr+5)(tt -7).^ 9. (a +b +n\(a +b -n). 10. None.
l1.. (c +y +z)(c -y - z). 12. (a-b+x)(a-b-x').
Exrncrse 46 e (Pp. r9z, r93) L3. (4c -3d+z)(ac -3d -zt). 74. ea +b -c)fta -b +c).
L5. (3c +zd +41)gc +zd - 4I). 16. (9* -41)(3r - roy).
l. (a+)(a-$. 2. (cd+an)(cd-4tt). 8. (t+Zb)(z-Zbl. 17. (Sx +y - z)(5x -y + z\. L8. (4b - c)(zb -7c).
4. (7+5t)(7-5t). 5. (r+r)(r-r). 8. (2d+?)(2d-z). 19. (r5/ - Sm + 4r +8s)(r5/ - 5zr - 4r - 8s).
7. z5@+z)(t-z). 8. (rra+8Dr)(rra-808). 2D. (5c +4x+zy)(Sc - 4x -2y). 21. ex +4y +82)hx -4:u -Bz).
0. (rz + 5t2)(rz - 5t'). L0. (zx2yz + 3zd)(zxzy' - 3zt). 22. (zh +Zm - t4n) (2h - 7m + t4n).
U. (q/ + rcpq)(sl - rcpq). 12. (Saz + 3x) (5as - 3*). 2il. (rzl - i 6r - zs) (tzl - gm - 6r r zs).
gm
13. None. 14. :(A+5)(A -5). !5. (t3a +rrD)(r3a -rrD).
16. z(z + t)12 - t). 1?. None. 18. 5 (r + 4y2)(x - 4yt\.
24. (8t + ro.r + r5z) (8,- rox - r5.a). 15. (l* - r3i! - x).
Xl. (71 - t3m)(l +m). 2?. (8x +7y)Gx -?y). pA. 7d(rcc -7it).
19. 3r3. fl!. r53 zoo. 21. 68 4oo. D. 6 zoo. 8. g zoo, 8. (tx -sy)(n+sy). 3O,3d(8c-3d). BL. (4a-rtb)(7b-za).
24. 84 8oo. 25. +.'SS. 28. gs8 ooo. 2?. 94. 8. r'7. 32. (:r +y)(sr -y). 98. (sl +m)(l + Sm).
29. r75 ooo. 80. SS. 81. at -4bz +4bc -C. 34. - 3r (5* - 81) or 3.r (8y - sr). 95. (s, - 4) Ot + d.
82. ga2 +6ab +b'- 4f. &3. r6ar -b'-6bc -€, 88. Qjc - d)(sd - 4c).
84, z5{-e"-4n-4. #. C-gC*z4c-16. 58.4.{-zsf +t6,
Exnncrse 47 I (p. rsS)
Ercncrsr 46 r (P. rSf) l. a+2. 2. o-5. 3. za+1. 4. za-7.
l. (c +3)(c -3). 2. 0 +7n)(t -7n). 8. (r +6)(* -6). 6.3a-t. 8.3d+5. 7. y-+y. 8.4r-r.
4. (ro + xyz')(to - ryz). 5. (34 + 8) (34 - 8). 9. Not a square. 70. 5t+zm. 11. Not a square.
8. (6a+5bc)(6a-5bc). 7. b2(zab+3cg)(zab-3c'). 72. at+7y. 13.5m+3n. 14. Notasquare,
8. 36(za +b)(za - b). 9. (7,x2 + 3ys)(7x^ - 3y'). 15. 5tz -6. 18. zaz -rr. 12. Not a square.
L0. (6mn+7x2)(6ma-7x2). U. (q +-5p")(s -5p3). 18.5,:+rrd.
L2. (ttaz +r)(rrat - r). 18. 213.r + s1)hx - Sy).
L4.7fta+bz)ga-bt). 15.None. 18.S(f+zc)Q-zc).
Exrncrsr 47 n (P. rSS)
1?. None. 18. t(rD +c)(Sb -c). 19. ro zoo. 90. r 84o.
7. a)-4. 2.o-3. 3.za-3. 4.za+5.
5. 3.t - z. 8. 3, -7. 7. 3a +8b. 8. Not a square.
 u

xl ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II

0. 4rc+3. L0. p-Sy. l,l-.5c-d. 12. Notasquarc.
l.O.Ql-s)(zn-r). lt. za(alj(a_).
13. 5n -Bn. 14. Not a square. 15. 5r! -4- 12. (4t -r)(y+6). 13. 8mftt -zm). ]ra. 76 +zc)(t _zc).
16. 3a2+ro. Ll. qx-gy. lE. Notasquare. 16. (rr +a)(ro-a). 18. ea-4b)(a+b). lt. (cx-yd)(zc+3e.
18. (4r +y)(zx-3fi. lD. zya(yz -3yz+22). 20. (3 _|(r _r5l).
Exrncrsu 48 a (P. rS6) 21. 5x(4y2 +gey+x2), 22. gx+5)(* -z). p,3.
skr*ro)(aa _ro).
?Jl. Qa - 5b)2.
!. (x-y+z)(x-y-z). 2.(x+y+z)(x-y-z). 25. 13 (r *zz)(r - zz).
3. (*-y +s)(x-y-s). 4. (z+y-z)(z-y+z). 26, (5x +z)(r+3). 2?. x(rz +s)(r, -s). g. ga(az _ab+3bs\.
5. (r +A -3/,)(t -h+31). 8. (za+b +8)(za+6-8). 29. (r + r3x2)(r - 5x2). 30. (+ t3m)(l + zm). BL. (r, +sz)(lz _
c).
'1, (zl +3nr +q)(zl +zm -q). 8. (a +6 +z)(a -b -z). 32. $ -7a12. 33, ab2c(c - u). 84. zoy(5x +!)(sx -t),
9. (6+sy-z)(6-3y+z). L0. (c-4+3d)(c-+-td). 35. (s-9t)(s+5r). 86. (s*+6)(* -r). B?. (c -:4(r +zc)(t _zc).
11, No factors. L2. (x2 +x -4)@ -4-x"). 88. 3dgd - r). 89. (7a - z) b" - i. 40. (qt - 5) (.t + r).
18, (x +y+l+m)(x +y -l -m). L4. (r +zc*x -y)(t +zc -x+y). 4L. 4$a -b)(4a+b). 42. (zda +)2. 48. (c+l(cz +r).
15. (a -3b +b -zq)(a -3b -p +zq). 16. No factors. 44. (y+n)(y-). 45. Qox-Z)(r,s). 48. x(5x+r)(3r+7).
L7. (a - 7 + I - 3m) (a - 7 - I + 3m). 18. (zc - g + x + 3y) @c - I - x -lly). 4?. (rzt + 5)2.
t9. (zl -3m+x+y)(zl -3m -x -y). 48. (y + r) (r - r). 49. (z +7.y(zzz _ 3).
50. (l-n)(t-r). 5t. 3@+r)(a-r)(6+r)(6-r).
N. (zl+m+3y -42)(zl+m-3y+42). 2L. 7@-b+3c)(e-b-lc).
22. fta + 4x + zy)Qa - 4x - 2y). 52, (a -b +)(a -b -). 53. zftrz *zs2)(3rz _25a;.
23. (zc2 - 3dz + az - 5b2) (zc2 - 3dz - a2 + 54, atg -a)(z -a). EE. z(zx _il@ _ S).
Sbz).
24. (zm -jn + st)(zm -7n - St). 58. (zl -m +)(zt -m -). EZ. h, .t 2)(t _ r).
58. z(roc -zt)(c -1. 5g. +(+* -s)(r _z).
60. (4+a+3b)(a-a-3b). g].. (x+y)(x
Exencrse 48 s (Pp. 196, r97) -yj_2o).
62. (zx+z)(7x+!(7a +r). 6g. (a +b + t3c)(a+b +6c).
1. ("r +y + z)(x +y - z). 2. (x +y - z)(x -y +z).
3. (x+y+4@+y-a). 64. (x+y-4@-y+4. 6b. (3r, -toy - toz)(zxz+y+z\.
4.(z+y+z)(7-y-z).
5. (x+y+s)(x-y-s). 6. (5+A+:D(s-A-:I). 66. (5r +2s)(tc +s). 6?. (3x - t)(-jx +z)ftx _4).
7. (s+y+72)(5-y -72). 8. (za-b+t)(za-b-). 68. 3c3(3c€ - r). 6g. (5a - sc -t3t)(a,c +t).
9. (c+: +zd)(c+3 -zd). 10. (zy -3:,+6)(2y -32 -6). 70. (a-5x+sg@+)r-y). 21. (d+.t)(tt+r)(d_i@_t).
11. (x2 +x -3)(r'?-x +3). 12. No factors. 72. (x +z) (xz + 6tc + 4). 28. (x - 5l + 5ilr) (x - zt + znt).
13. (c -d +x -y)(e -d -x +y). L4. (la+zb -z)(7a -zb). 74. (x +y)(a +b - c). 2i. 4gxex - z). ?6. (t _ m)(a _ b _ r).
15. (r - S + 2c + 3d)(x - 5 - zc - 3d). '17. (l-n)(l-m-t). ?8. (;+3)(x -t)(xz-zx+3).
L6. (zl + m +p - 5fl Ql +m - p + Sq). 79. (x + y + z) (y + z - x) (x + y - z) (x - y + z). g0. (x + y) (x _ y)s.
I7. (p-q+a-b)@-q-a+b). 18. Nofactors. 87. (a - zb + I + 3n) (a - zb - I - 3n). 8p. (t + (t + z) (t _ z) (t _
19. (3.r'? +y - 3z)Qx2 -y +3:"). il). (xz +zy _ z)(xz -zy +z). | i.
21. (zx+7+6y)(2x+7-6y). 22. 8, (a2 +a -l(az -a*1. g4. (zx-r)(z*+ t)(zx _
5@-y+i@-y-;). 85. z(x +z)(x+4)@+). gB. 6lnm(61
5)ex+r).
23. Qe + zl - 4m) hc - zl + 4m). -gm+8n _3tmn).
24, (r" - y, + l2 + m2) (x2 - yz - l2 - az). 8?, (za +b -c)(za -b +c)(4a, +b2 -zbc +cz).
88. (a-5c -5d)(a-c-d). 89. -5(r +rr)(r
00. Qt-n+ah-egt-n-4h+e.
+ t)(7 - 5t).
Exancrsr 49 @p. r98, r99) 91. _r. 92, rc.
l. yz). 2. (3r + r)(r +z). 93. -:. 94. z. Di. +. 96. -:.
gx(zxz - B. (4a +7gea -7x).
Il8. 6, g, rz, 13. gg, z, 5.
9?. !2, !t4.
4. @-c)(y+j. 5. :(sr++)(sr-+). 6. (r+13)(r-6).
2. (za- r)(a-6). 8. t(4tz -r+r). 9. (zc+d+l-m)(zc+d-t+ml. lfl). +2, *7, *r4, *rg, *.26, +gi, +5g, +rrg.
 il

XIii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA

ANSWERS. PART II xliii
Trsr P,rrsRs IV (Pp. rgS, 2oo,2or,2o2' 2o3t zo4, zo5)
8. (i) r.+s, (ii) r = -s , -n =4 . 4. (i 3x' - - zz
le, (iD . 14 f:J, 1ii1 e! .
z. (i) - 3:, (ii)
' =;, t = ii;
15
A. 1. (D
T z(c-+
5. G) (" + b) (nz - ), (ii) @ - q\ hp - ros,), (iii) - (sp + c)b +
6. t.
sd.
- +a
8. (i) - 3Jr - :il)mz, (ii) 9f , (iii) '
v' 7 lh mh
4. (i\ 27 hD - z), (ii) (r - 6) + +),
(* (iii) (5c + 4Q$c - 4d). t. t+_u9, l*iuE. 2. (i) 13, (ii) r=o.6, r= -o.3.
6. 58 cm. 8. (i) 16rl -2*a -ztx, -& + tt,(ii) 6.tr +g*2 -9x - 12.
4. (i) (/ -m)(l
B. 1. (D rp4, riil $z (' +-{- 2. (i) t's, (ii) *: - 16'5' Y:3'5. ,-m -A), (ii) (z +,r)(r +r)(r -.r), (iii) (ztm+y)2.
5. 34 km per hour. 6. Loss of $3go.
-3m',(ii)?4|f
3. (i) 3z Lt. . (Pirq) uz 2. (i) s, (ii) I =8, /: - 15.
(s*+r)(3#-7).
4. (i) (l +n)(g+m\,(ii) 6.34kmperhour; zlhrs' 8. (i) I(l +6)U -7), Gi) (+ +:.t)(s - zr), (iii) 6(3az +zc)(3a2 _ zc).
0. 6'5 cm. 4. (i) zrK6, (ii) r. 5. gr8. 6. 5.6 km per hour.
/
c. 1. (0 4,.", ,ro s jq.*;. 2. G\#, (it -24!--23 -
t. ffia^v". 2. (i)
tu/ t
'onlm
- 7z ,
t;l l!-]!-l .

8. (i) :' (ii) *:r' t: - o's. 8. (i) -r'83, (ii) r=ro.s, y.: -2.
4. (i)zd(dl-zd-r), (ii) (c-r)(c'+r), (iii) (r -aD)(r -rcab)- 4. (i) (r +y)a(x -y), (ii) (a -6b)(toa - 3h). E. 6r.
6. 44 km per hour. 8. (l) 7azbcs, (ii) 6oas. 8. (i) zzyz, (it) z4x\yiz.
D. 1. (i) $(q-p), (ii) roo-r. B. t. yl!
"4*;
vr^n.
;;, (ii) r= -6, y: -o.2s.
2. (i)
2. (i) -#,(ii) x:t27, Y: -8. 8. (0 +rr2y3, **{y, (iii) rzolamsn .
8. (l)cz(cz -3), (ir) (5tc+rz)(x -r), (iii) (zx+y-z)(zx-!+z). 4. (i) rl(e+Z)(x -q), (it) (tx +my)(nr.t +/1), (iii) efic _4d)(4d _c).
4. (i) - rzs, (ii) ec -6a, (iiil 5. 48 m. 5. rrf; sec., rz sec. 6. rf;; t.62, -o.62.
?. too(B - A\
0. 44| min. from A,331km from A ,. t. --F per cent. per annum.

(i) 2"F; v . 2. (i) 5r, - rz* -43, (ii) 2. ts#, (ii) * =3, y = -ot.
E. 1.
i#; 6;1 o.
8. (i) tzar -t6a3b -z7a2b2 +46abs - 156., (ii) -e -
3. (i) Z, (ii) x: - r'25t ! : - r'
3xx 4.
4. s+. 4. (i) st-(r822), (ii) z56K - 5toL.
5. (i) (zd -y)(c +5a), (ii) (r -rb)(r +8r), (iii) (zxy -z)2. 5. (i) (al +g)(o+t)(a -r), (ii) (a+xy)(tm _A), (iii) (zx+z)(zy_52).
6. 2 i 3'4t, o'59. 0. ++.

- . (roo+r)(roo+t)(roo+z) y: - tz.
2. {D zi, gi) x:24, Exrncrsr 5o e (p. zog)
loooo
8. (i) 3*'y(*'z-2ry*3y\, (ii) (r-S)(ror-Z), (iii) z(x+rz)(x-rz). l. (i) ro, (ii) o, (iii) o. 2. (i) y=o, (ii) nothing, (iii)y=o.
4. (i) atc!, (ii) r4a - 13, 5. 3z lbs. 8. (i) Nothing, (ii) r:o if a+ S ; otherwise nothing, (iii) r=3 ;.t y++ :
6. (i) rgrzs3, (ii) rzx'y2zgtE. otherwise nothing.

/ | \2 ^ zooaelr
4. 2, s. 5. -r,6. 8. -6, -1. ?. o, s.
g.
-' 1. l4l-
-' \ tooe /
I m',tooa2ez
8. o, -2. 9. -t*, -rf. 10. rf,twice. 11. l, -rr.
2. (i\ zglt -16r+r4, (ii) -s+y+ff.
12. 8, -*. 13. r,2,3. twice.
14. o, 15. -2, -3, 4
10. o, -7,|,f. t7. si, -23,*. 18. -ritwice.
xliv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xlv
ExrncrsE 5o a (P. zo8) 18. +'+s, -o'+s. L4. r'47, -7.47. 75.2.87, -tz'87.
1. (i) 6:, (ii) o, (iii) o. 16. r4 83, 3'r7. L7. 14'89, -z'89. 18. -3.68, -ro'32.
2. (i) x :o, (ii) nothing, (iii) x:o. 19. 4'gz, -o.gz. 20. r.74, -3.o7. 2L. r.96, -o.32.
8. (i) Nothing, (ii) y:o if c* -6; otherwise nothing, (iii) y= -7 if 22. 3'36, -o.56. 23. o'66, -r-gg. 24. -r'7o, -o.55.
tc+ -2 i otherwise nothing. 25. t6,x-4. 26. g, x +3. 2?. 61^, c -8.
{. t,8. 5. -S, -S. 8. t, -2. 7. o, S. 28. nf, y +f,. 25. #, x -t. 30. r?, x +y!.
8. -+i, t. 9. o, -+. 10. - ri, t. 11. rz|-twice. 3L. 4a, y -?. 32. f,.
r1eo, 1, + 33. rji, : -fr.
12. +,'i. 18. -r,2, -3. L4.3,4, -s. 15. +*twice. !!'
34.'6,*+4. 95. , * *22 . 96. ll, * -?.
18. o, three timos. 17. o, -9, St, -r?s. L8. si, -zi,#. I2I I I 25593
3?. r5, -3. 38. -6, -2. 39. 3, -6.
,r (P. zoq)
Exnncrsr 5r 40. 14, -7. 4L. tr,
tt,
-2. 42. -i, s.
l. -r, -3. 2. -+,t. 3.8,8. 4. -+, -r. 5.4,S. 43. :1, -s. 44. -t. a5. t, - r!t.
0. €, t. 7. -2, - r]. 8. z, -l-. 0. ro,4. 10. *, ;S. 46. 3, - 42. -3?, za. 48. !9, -zc.
1r. :,3. L2. 3, -t 18. f;, -2. L4. +, -3. t5. 7, Lt. 43 '1. 23
r0. -9, -8. 17. &, -+. 18. +, -s. 19. 8, -5. 2o. -+, 49. 4'4r, r'59. 50. r'ro, -9'ro. 5L. 4.3o,o.7o.
-str. 52. o'3o, -3.3o. 53. z'69, -o'r9. 54. o.72, -r.tz.
2L. -2, -27. 22. i, -+. 2f. s, -t. 24..,8. 55. t'32, -o'57. 56. z'87, o'46. 5?. r.qo, -o'24.
25. +,2. 26. -+, -9. 27. t, -+. 23. 58. o'62, -o'32. 59. t'26, o'45. 60. o,27, -o'82.
",L.
29. +, -2. 30. t, -*. 8t. *, -2. 32. 3, f.
33. r, -f. 34. -r, -$. 85. *, -2. 36. 3, +. /
37. x2 -tox+2r=o. #. x2+4x-32:o. 3g. 3*r-z5r-18=o. ExtnclsE 5z n (Pp. zr5, zr6)
4O. +r' +rrr+6-o. 4L. x3+gxz -2ztc:o, 42.x3 -5x2 -4s+zo=o.
l. 't, z. 2. t, -r5. 3. -?t, -.. 4, z, r,
Exnncrsr 5r n (P. zo9) 5. rf-, rfr. 6. s3, :€. 7. #, -4. 8. 8i, -s*.
1. -r, -+. 2. z, -r. 3. z, -5. 4. z, z.
o ^! I 10. -*, -r*. 11. r*, *. 12. -#, -ril
5. -6, -t. 6. r5, r. 7. -",t. 8.s, -t. 13. rz'o9, -6'o9. 14. 5'fu, -7.fu. L5. r.sz, -s.sz.
9. 10. a,-6. 11. e,-ro. J:Z. z,!. 16, ro'45, 5'55. 77. -r4'zg, -3'7t. 18. ro.94, -6.94.
13. ",3.
-3, -t. 14. z,l. 15. r, -gr. 1S. -3, -+.
19. z'o6, - o'39. 20. r'o4, -z'24. 21. -o.35, -r.zr.
22. z'26, -o'55. 23. o'62, o'o6. 24. t'zg, -z'zg.
L7. tz, -3. 18. 3, f. liS. +, -2. pO. zr, -1. 25. z5,x+5. 26. 4, x - z. 27. zi, y -i. 28. zolr, z +2.
2t. r,fi. 22. -6, -7. 25. *,t. /t. fi, -4. 29.2r"tu,x+f6. 30. ',%, r - *. 31. i&, y +-fr. 32. -i%, , -,!.
2,5. -t, -?. 26. -ro, f;. 2?. #, -"L. a. X,Z.
2e. -2, -2. 80. 9,8. sl. t, +. sz. *, -+. 3g. !, 3-6. r-6.
94, IO9 ,*-3o. 86, too
BE.sol
ott,**3t.
33. -:, #. 34. 3, -+.
IOO "+9.
IO 13 497 ro
35. iad, -6. gS. t, -2. 6t. r2, -4. 38. -:, -s. 39. rz, -7. 40. -r3,4.
3?. *2-ror+9:o. 88. 12-r-20:o. 89, 3r" -r7x -6:o, 4L, ]r, z. 42. -?t, '2. 43. -si, +. 44. - tl', :.
40. 6xz +7n + z:o. 4L. xa - 4* =e. 42. xs - 6x2 :o. rj-a,
45. 1. -r. a.
its' s.
46. 47. 48. -ed, ad.
J
Exnncrsr 5z e (pp. zt4, zt5) 49. -o'27, 5 / 5. 50. 7'47, -r.47. 51. 7.53, -o'53.
L.7,-s. 2. -r, -r5. 8.., -&. 4. r, -2. 52. - o'23, - 8'zt. 53. o'37, -z'7o. 54. r.3o, -o'r3.
5. -ft, -zl. 6. +1, 7. zl, -ft. 8. 7+, -89. 55. z'28, o'zz. 56. r'.53, o rg. 57. o.4q, - o'57.
9. -*, -r. 10.
"1.
r,$. 11. r8,i. lp. -r*, -r*. 58. r'37, o'4o. 59. -o'36, -r'39. 60. o'rz, -o'82.
 T

xlu ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xlvii

Extncrsr 5z c (P. zt6) Exrnclsn 53 n (Pp. zzo, zzrl

1. -8, +. 2. 3.73, o.27. 3. s;, -:€. 4. -z's7, o'7o' 1. 8, s, 2, q, tg. 8. 4, t3 ; - 13, -4. 4.7.
5. 7, to;-4, -r. 6. +, -r1. 7. zgcm,zzcm.
5. -2.58, o.58. 0. 5.58, -r.o8. 7. -r,8. 8. t.27, -o'47.
8. r3 years. 9, r7 m, 6 m. 10. 25. ll. zr. 12.
9.8, -*. L0. t.26, -o.16. 11. -ti, -rt. 13. r. 14. rI sec., 5| sec. 15. 15 m.
S.

12. r.84, -o.4r. 18. s, -+. 14. ?, -t.

16. Each part 4 cm. 17. zz. 18. ro m. 19.9cm,4cm.
15. - t'rz, o'47. 10. 3, -i+. L7. 2.r4, -2.64.
20. rg.r cm, 16'r cm. 21. 6o m. 22. rc.
18. ri, z*. 19. +, -*. N. 3'o6, r'27. 2L. -*, -t. 23. 8 cm by 7 cm by 5 cm. 24. t4 m. 25. 7 m.
?2. o.27, -o.37. 23. 3.9r, o.95. A. ,, -3, 25. r.62, -o.62.
26. 3lkm per hour, 14 km pcr hour. znd solrrtion not valid.
%1. 2?. *, -zt. 28. -o.32, -r.r5.
",8. r (Pp. zz6, zzTl
80. rI, I.
ExEncrse 54
8. o'52, o'25.
44 l. (2, r). 2. (ri, +). 8. (2, - l). {. (+, l).
-2+"1 -2. u. "1ttt-7. 5. (2.5, -3'6). 0. ( -i, z).
8. (o, -+) ; ( -r*, -z-i').
2. (r,],); (rl, rl)
0. (2, - r) twicc.
-r+V-r+. -z+rC-S+. L0. 2.73, -o'73. Ll,. x2 - x - z and - t.
2:o i L2. +1, zt.
320
*. 18. +, -r'Si 2y-Sx=t2. 14. r'78, -o'28; zy -3r:r.
-z'4i Sy+2tc=2+. 16. -r'72, -r'28; 5y +r5t+rr
ee. '+Yrrrs. sr. "(4:E). ..'*fg'. L5. z,
Ll. r'6, - r'7 ; toy +x:27'2.
=o.

18, No solutions i rry- r8x+8=o. 19. -f, 6'84, -t'r7.

lr. -2s+v433.
3224
42.7}!=. $.3tvc. A). g'81, o'r3 ; except between *:r'38
"tt4
1=3'62.
21. (a) 3.13, -o.8o, (6) -r, ri..
q4.,+!-i. 4b.
"(rt$). *. -1*-S. 22. r, - t!. Find the values of r for which y: [.

n. -'*;7. 18.
-u-. Exnnclsn 54 a (lp. zz7, zz8l
Exrncrsn 53 e (Pp. zr8, zrg, zzo) 1. (3,:). 2. (r!t, -z). 8. ( -r, l). 4. (:, *).
l. rt; -rr, -7.
7, 2, 13, rr i -5, -7. 8. rr, t2, 6. (s.2, -2,+). 6, (t, -z). 7. (2.r, -o'os) ; ( -o'16' - r'28).
4. rzor -r. 5. t4. 6. rr, -rrf. 7.4zyeats. 8. (s,:) | (-2, -l).
8. 6. O. 4t. 10. ro. 0, (o, r) i (r, o) ; (o'7r, o'7r) ; ( -o'7r, -o'7t).
11. z6 m by 3o m. 12. z8 m and r3 m. 10. 3'3o, -o'3o. 11. z'38, -o'66. L2. -t, o,3.
13. zi sec. After 4] sec. t4. 13. -I'3r, -o'rgi 4y +6#+r:o. 14. S, r'61' 23x:24+Sy.
7z years. 15. r, -o'8 i Sy -x=4. 16. No solutions ; 4Y:x-r.
15. rr, tz, 13, 14, 15, 16. 16. 3.66 cm , 6'34 cm. 18' z' -*i sx+6:4!'
L7. -z,t*; zy+zx=8.
17. o mby 96 m or 48 m by z4lr'. 18. r8. 19. r8 m.
19. 6o'7. N. (r) zx2 - x - 12 =o, (2) +y2 - 33y +62:o'
20. g cm. 21.7mbyZmbyS*-. 22. 36o m. 21. o, o'6, 3'+ i tcs - 4x2 +zx =o.
23. 3o m. 24. 26. 22. Find the values of * u'here y =r | 2'6, -2't.
25. 3{ km per hour, ro} km per hour. znd solution not valid. 26. z. &3. z'8S, -o'35. An. r'68, -o'48; a= -r'E.
xlviii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II xlix
Exnncrsr 55 e (Pp. z3o, 4t) Extncrse 57 e (P. zZS)
l. y-z* +3. 2. zY:5x +t- 3. 23, + 3s:6. l, (x -z)(x +5)(3x - r). 2. 36 (r - z)2 (x + z).
4. y+3.t-8. 5.3Y:x+7. 6. zy +x:to, 3. (a +zb)(a -zb)(a +tb). 4. : (r +:) (* - t).
?. s:root -zst2. 8.s:z +2t-P- 5. (4t +3h)(4t -3h)(zt -3k). 6. 3x2(x +z)(x -z).
7. (x - rt)(x +l(x -z). 8. rz(x -7)Qx +t)(x +!.
Exencrsr 55 n (Pp. z3t) 9. (x -a)(x +a)(x -b)^. 70. zox2(x +4btc - r)(zr -3).
l. y=3x -r. 2.3y:4x. 3.4y+r:rr' 11. H.C.F. z(x-z); L.C.M. zox(x-z)2(x -S)(:r-r).
4. sr' -:l"t - 8. 5. 21, - 5x +3. 6. 7r +81' =5. 12. H.C.F. (* + r) ; L.C.M. tzx2(x + r)(3x - r)(5r -z)(zx +r).
7. y:5x2. 8. 1,=nr'?+S; (6'3, 16) is probably wrong.

Exrnctsn 57 a (Pp. 235, 46)

Exenctse 56 e
zz+)(P.
j 7. (zx+t)(x-4)Qx+z\. 2. 3o(7x - z)z(x +6)2.
1 2-- 2 a-. 3. ?*. 3a--
4-'2a+b
r. - 3. (r +3),(r +4). 4. (zx + 5)Qx - s) (r - s).
*y-r
- -. o 3y
5. a(a - r)'?(a +r). 8- z$c + 4d)gc - 4d).
- 4x+1v
c.
-- zx(4x - 31') ^o. 2x+7 - @-r)(arz)
2a - t 7. kx - i@ +t)(zx -6\.
2x -7 8. z4x (x + zy) (x - zy) (x - 6y) (x + yl.
9. 3o(zx-3)'z(.t+5)(r-5). L0. za(za+b)(a -3b)ea-b).
- azi.4 g . Y-Yr- .
o'^-
g. Lo. - z.
x+y 11. H.C.F. (za - sb) ; L.C.M. a ga - 5b) (a + zb) (za + 3b) (za - 3b).
1r. - f ,s *l\ . 3-.
tz. 25 B. ta,.
--'x+6 12. H.C.F. x(uc +r) ; L.C.M. 4x2(zx +t)(x- r)(x -:).
\4a+r/
(a 'Z)@ + t'). * r.
,n. a"+r 15. --
x-S 16. "!!
a-3
.
Exrncrsn 58 e (P. ml)
L?.'jz'+!.
t 19. "J-1.
c-5 L9. zcr. -2X
I.-.
\x +2)(x - 2)
*
o2
G +?)(r +t'
tnr
--' (zs - t)(s -t) 21. r +2. za-3b ? t3x +zoy
^"(a+6b)(a+3b1' "' Qic -3ihx +zr)'
ExEncrsE 56 r (Pp. 234, 45) t' 2A-r
A 8'
1"a3ya
=)' 6:##+a
L 4cd-5 2. !. a. !-32.
-1--. a ,c 10.
0 -iU -z)
lt'
c+#++)' t2' @+y)(#G=d
7 3a-zb 6. o-9 8. 4. -]--.
2A' 3a-r 4x' tB- 1:'+t7. .
o(zx ) -
14.6+#H*+?). 15. ##4.
g. .3f, J3). LO. -?. 72. -3.
2(y +4) x (* +:)
rE -3x(3n-S)("1) r
5 L6. --94-. 19. 2rc+r
zazb(a - 3) .
\r - 3ar ^"
13. -1. 14. r.

(zx +zl,- sz\z.

,U.
2a -3 19. o. eo'1*"ffi-4' 27 ,+
tl. tx-z. ,". lg. ^ :t.
\3x-2y-Sz/ v" oo @x +7)
e' -;@+iF'
N. r. 2L. xe(x2 +y')(c -O,
Pa.
*. ,/t.
#A,.

L
 ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
ANSWERS. PART IT

Exnncne 59 a (P. z4r)

3a+t3b
^6'G+2D1.-li6' .I.-. 3ah -c) z. 5v . s. _::.
bcl 4. 3r(t -8).
^ l+tzm 2b 7x 2(x +7)
-'
a4^
t
Gl-zm)(zl+sm)- 6. * -I.x 6. -3b-, 7. -3. 8. r.
. x-9 .o' 9x+roy v'
^
ja-b 2a+3D tc+12
" ;Qr])@x+3r' bx -7ibx+zi' GTq@-bf' z(x-z)
s.2-?E!. ro. x-e. lL . t2. x.
10. 11. r
, *,+rt ..
12.r(t-r)(r+r) 2a-3b -o 3lzx - t)
la -+)la -, 5r - r 3] 2v
--1-.
grt *r. 13. 3s-. 14. r +y. 15.
1g.
rr
?x -6
1l'i;G;+r1'+n' ro.6;fft;7. r96 3x +2y
.

10. r ---l-. p. s!))?9!:31. a(a -! +c)

r-E n.r9.
a-2o 18. _J-.
f+5 re. -1"-#-a.' 16.
70a - to) 6ta"+rosa+25 18.
e\arb+c)
.

tL 8d. a.'. 3c +2d 3x +2

36ab
Exnncrsp 6o I (Pp. 243, 244)
-6;=44k"+4116.r+z11'
L*. 2.ob. g."i. 4. {{ o'..k..
3 3c 3

E:cncrsn 5Q.c (Pp. 238, 239)

5. 1d"yr. o. { r.-. 7. zh(l+d) m2. 8. 93u
+5.
2

r.!f-r 2. o. 8. t -t4
-49 9. (i) (z+o) km per hour, (ii) (z-z) km per hour, '
u-n
horrr..
|
!' s. -.{.
r'-4 ?.
3c
.
ro. (i) (r-n ) (r-;) m,, (ii) to'\#-'
r ^,,
0. =;,'
o. lo. a+l ll. r.
(iii) $z (s:fz*:N'-r:)
tt' -cr;#+w'
u. (i) $319, (ii) $1391!11. 12. t6gz cm2.

ExncrsB 59
^ @. z4o) *. r(r-,i"), ,'""7, u. ?5 F?-9 .

2. x-zy. s. b9. 4.o+2. 3fl

a+s n'. Ur, nt Ur, n' kg.
15.x+y+z rc.
0.3"+t. -r' -zxr+9lc-t t. - x ty+z
x+t+z
3tc -t *;:l-' ,:" +d. "#;kc.
10. *r +6* +8. 11. r. p.*). L7. '+t. lE. ryzcents. 19, roo -'a-b-c;tooX,aX
4t -r alt cc
16.;. 20. roo ('-r";) 2r.?".". 22. x:3o,y:so,z:ts.
rg(/+,r).
18.
lt +1) n. n!:. 24. $P:.
A 2s. l?. 26. sB(c--!).
3m roo
I99
29. years. u. t=x+y. 30. (r8o -x-y)o,('*-l-r).
IiJ ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II [ii
ExnncrsB 6o s (Pp. z+s, 246,247) Exrncrss 6r e (Pp. z4g, z5o)

I weeks. 4. zb. 1. 88, zz'5. 2. tzo, rz'3. 3. r84o, 42. 4. s,24.

!.h 2. 3 . 8.
5. 8+. 6. o'6, fo'25. 7. 3'5,6 or 4'5. 8. zo.
+5t
_ d.
D. - hours. ,.+ 8.rorvzcms 9. t, zsffi, -6o.
u
9. (i) $6, (ii) $
"?:;l
$rz. It
(z+a), (iii) must be sent otherwise than by post'
10. (i) 9o km per hour, 432 km per hour, (ii) ro m per sec, 35 m per sec.
11. roo m3; rz cm.
x-2y 12. (i) ro4'F., 3z'F., r67'F., (ii) 5'C., -4o'C., roo" C.
10. IrtITI. u. 14. L2. 8ox2.
20f, 13. rz5,z5o i 24o2oo; roo. 14. r8496 | 4to7S.
- a. x(r--Y ). 15. 4 per cent. L6. 22.5. L7. $r7 64o, $ro ooo. 18. z6 cm.
\ t- roo
' )/ dollrrr, 'A dutl....
LB. h( \ rool
too
15.2p+3q+Sr. 16.
t +o.
a+l
fi. agllj4.
t
kg. Exrncrsr 6r g (Pp. z5o, z5r)
1. rs, -3'5. 2.38'8o8, r'4. 3.7o95, 19. 4. tzz,5.
,'.'#. le. r(:!#) ro ooo Y
m. (too-A)(roo-X) 5. z't, z. 6. ::r'5, +'s. l. r56, rz, 8, 35, rz or -9.
9. -s, -#.
,r. gQP,g'-""! zz. $'9?c. zs.
f;^i^. 11. r8 km, 9o km per hour.
10. 98'56 cm2,3.5 cm.
12. 75 m, 3o sec.
%.
b#. Zii. a+b..a:36o. aLZT. 13. Yes. Nearly rfi tonnes. 14. z87o; 12685. 15. 7'2.
16. $zro. 17. zl'S kg, 96oo kg. lE. r5 km.
n. sfuQ-!i) !N. x(c -x):b(a -b).
Exrncrse 6z e (Pp. zS+, zss)
OO. 2", (x -z)" [or (r8o -y -z)']. lv
Exrncrsc 6o c (Pp. z+1, z+8)
2. A=+ v;.
iz'zl2 8 o512
,. ?-O) ^ z. $,r(
' -t"), *. s. ;Gftt ho'o. 47" n"
o t-"JY.
n. $(:;*tl;), r#, (i:.'Jr) I

5. '/" to'n".. u. iTrkm per hour. 7. $NF

(o+1b). s. *fs'-"i1.
t T'r1

b:a-+, un*eff[*?f;?] ,n. rrr(z*+zy)@+q),rrrr6tv-zxq-tvq.

\"/ lB. 2 , t
B.
'"'". '-' \r' 6y 2x+3Y --'mt-Pt-ms'z5o
g. 'o*" ,.
+v)
3@
rc. o$("#-"),<ttl'"" (r--') w,..nt 14.
g(b" _p")
b'+c'-P" +
,!. $ @+:!,@:,@34-
z73b:-d\ .
t.'229.J2,999 "! m. t2.8oo
labc- ("-:.) (r-!r) (,-,..4) ] u* ta.
n. - ft2
L2.
ft,, .,,. s.;1,!ts;,.
Ls. tv! (, - te. ,:!--Ll :o -ft ; =i+itt; s - 66.
-:) "
M. Or:!!-3py-2pz dollars, (ii)a\-py dollars, (iii) nothing. w.11n:7v+uJ!', (ii) z.r m.
55
 F

liv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA 4NSWERS. PART II lv

E. f. (i) xftx +zy)gyzi' 6\ (sr -sv)(:v -r)'
Exrncrse 6z s (pp. 255, 256)
2. x (a-zx) (b'
'-2tc'1
cms; (ab-4x2) cmz'
,. . e. * = *,tt -a -b. s. (i) 4' (t) x:3?'v:2' (ii) o'6e' - r'26
^=T ,!,. B. c=zs , 6:f
;tq:t,'
nt=:. or=1,#. o.p=,e!. 5. 7o "."5
litres]7 srn. 8' ft' -34'

,.;1+". 8.e -e. ,.^li+ F. 1. e +Zy+2.

4. tz(zx - r)z(x +it,
2' -t'' -i'
5' rz km'
of r for whichy=3.
3' (i) z'67' (ii) +, -s'

3'84, -z'14.
,. ,1, - "-;. ,r. ot4{J!, r;,tfi!;}.
0. The roots are the valu..

n. !,--t!
^fi.{- 4g--n, n.
C. 1. (D @z+s)(z+)@-i,
(ii) (a+D)(a+zb)(a-*)'
(i)r:i't=
i 4:. u. 8' -i'riir2'3,
" (:.;);
1iy Gn -o'e'
'
,u.ffi-r,l,"l,our. ,
#iq. rz. t#3 c. r,r#-:)"1,6)?"' 5' r'7o,4'7o'
" (-o;i' -':)
,t. ;k*L, ,.,r. le.
a;Jl;.' <i't -:,-2"*,'
36. 2. o
m. <;i\!, ut?--32, (iii) 3yr +2y+t. ".r.8. l]?lo. 3' 4' I km'
(i) (o'e8, 2.38), (iD 8'
5. Qa - zb)2 ga i lza - sb)'
Tlsr Prpms V (pp. 256, 257, z5g, z5g, z6o, z6t, z6z) y Pos' if x)
6. a=r-i-, D=8r. ".6'1 -54'* pos' ifv>8r'
A. t. fix_(pJi!:,! oo,y,
50v r. 1. He
2. (i) zx Qx +8)(* -qi (ii) (s +r)(r +s)(r _
r). "p"na"g4J*,1!*9 ^o,r. (ii) (5c + 3d) (3c - 5d)'
2. (i) d(c + zd)1c + 3d)Gc + t3d)'
" -' (r,---i
8. (i) * -a, (ii)
+ 17)(*ll' {. (i) -3o, (ii) r, -rI.
3 3. (i) zs'rs, (ii) o.r8, -o'o9' 4' r cm' 5' 4 (r-r)' 6' $5roo'
o. 5, o,7.
0. They meet at ( -2, o) and (4, rg) - zl, x'- 2. 33 years.
; zr =8. J. 1. at-
too'Der cent. sain.
B. 2. (i) "-, ' , riil I f,r + I5r + 99 '
b "', s. (r 6\ @*oa*a'
5. 3r.* - r)(zr +5)(r + r).
1r - 3;1r + r2y
8. (i) .r = - o.s, y : 4, (ii) t, - r*. tl.9r8. ##*iA'
4. (i) ( -+, *), (ii) .- r'3r' o'sr' 5. $5o ooo. 6. o.r8.
8. (r, +); none.
G. l. r=r8o-zy. r)' (ii) (/ +m)(t -m)(d+c)(d -c)'
2. (i) (x - y) (x - y + t) (x - y
K. 1. (D @x+l(x+s)(x -' -
- r), (ii) (7 + p) (5 _ rs), (iii) z (7a _ s)r.
,.* o^*. 8' (i) (r' -o'8)' (ii) -"' -:'
27t"
s.
3c+2 ' . -er(r-lf '
(D '1s-- 9), (ii\'
(z 4' (i) 9'9' (ii) -o'27, 7'27.
5.4o cm, 4z cm, 58 cm.8. z, - r, - t.
5, 12 cm, 3 cm. 8. Between 7fr and ro km. 4. (r=,Gtr#Z!b-
o. t. s 4-. s4c 2. (i)x:r,y=-o.6, (ii)o.9, -r.9 -tJ. .L- a(roo -r\+b(rco'2. 2. -2, 8. rt.
c+r c+r
.
'
a+b
8.3 * 5' z5 cents'
x(zt - Z)
6. n(zx-3)i(r+r).
a'tli, $){#t
rr
0. roo km, z hr. min.
- 4. -3 or zf.
8. 6(z: +sy)z(28 -gfl(tc -Y)'
3z
 lvi ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
ANSWERS. PART II lvii
Exrncrsr 63 e (Pp.266,267)
1. ti. 2. -rs*. 3. -o.o6. 4. #. Exrnclse 64 a (p. z7t)
5. 4. 8. r'26. 7. 6.2o. 8. o.86. t. I+. zm z. p-3ll-
+6C
. 8- zc - zd. -. !s!o4
a. .
s. -3. 10. 3'3o, -o'3o. fL 3*. f2. s*. an_ bm-
18. i, r. M. ft, -a5. LE. -+t, -zi. 16. -r3, -f. 5.:;r.
' c+gd s. -+E' n m2-mn-nz. 8. o.
','
17. o, -zl. r8. -3,r*. le. -:i, -r3. 20. -+,+.
i' -;-
2L.4, -P. ?2. ?, ,L. 28. -o.8r, o.3r. 24.. No solutioo
s. :L.
jc+d n.'-4
--. a_b' ,'. - 5b
ri. tz. h',-^h-r.
R"_r
25. o.65, -o.8r. ar. #. 27. z. ,t.#u. L4. -+.
ca Li. +. L6. tmn.
28. Any value except *=o. 29. i-. 3o. -t'42, -z-58.
81. o.39, -o.r7. 82. t$, o. 33. : or 6i. 34. z. Lt. a-b. 19. 1.
4
35. - r.3o, o.5g. 88. 2fi. 3?. o.r3, -o.88. 38. 4, r$.
39. +, -3.40.
'#. Exrncrsr 64 c (P. z7t)
L. za. 2. zb. 3. -t. 4. - so.
Exrnclse 63 r (Pp. 268, 269)
E.?:4. e.Y-J. 7. 3t
l. 2. -.@*-. 8. -8/.
2124. 3. s.s. 4. z. 2
5. rg. B, S.tz. 7. -t.35. 8. g.gr. 0, rm+nl+la. LO. LL. nt - n.
9. -t*. 10. z. 11, 7.r5 oro.5r. Itp. t.zz, -o.72.
T. 12. 4@2 +ab +bz\.

13. z, -2. t4. -t, -uL. 15. rr'4, ro. 16. z$,4!5. Exrncrsr 65 a (p. zll\
12.#,t. 18. -+, +. ts. z*, -++. zo. zi'i. The values of * are placed 6rst and the values ofy second.
21. - r$. 22. No solution. 2f,. t.42, o.27. %. +3. 7. t, t. 2, P, zq. 3. 3l t-n, 3l - m. 4. o, o.
ztt t 26. zL trrice. 27. t, -lt.
5.a+b,a-b. 6.71 -+m, -Q!-t,,1
28. Any value except x: - r*. 29. o. 80. - e*. 33
2.r b,b-r.
66
,

r +a t +a
81. -2.28, -o.zz. 32. 2.69, -o.rg. Bil. -t*, 8..:t+P,+ff!) 0. 61, - 5i1. \0. -za, -za.
4. -., -++. 35. si. 86. r.46, -5.46. B?. 6.
38.I or -t. 39. +tr. ao. -s, -*. LL. a -b, a+b. 12. 5a,4b. L3. r4a, zzb.
L4.3"-_sb, _(sa+lpb). tb. p=1.
Exrncsn 64 e (p. z7o') 3a sb
t. 3t - zm + 5. z.
8"
P
IsPq . !-9.
s. a-3 4.,m.
l-4 Exm.crsr 65 a (pp. 273, 274,)
5.6c-t. 8. 2 . The values of *are placed first and the values of y second.
7. za. 8. - cd. l. -3b,za- 2. -zl-zm,4l+m. B.6d,c. 4. a+b,b_a,
3-a
g.2 -a+b. 10. 2m 3, ,r. ac+b2 -?bd.
I, t: - r.
8.3/+r,
6. 7v - 4u +3o, go - <u +3o. 7. a +b, b _a.
3c - sn -2m-r. 9.33a, -4oa. l0.4lm, _t.
t#f-zb
3a
,r. -"+0. n. ;!*. 14. 15. r. Lt.:=,ffi, t2. a+b, -#. 18. a2 -b2.zab.
16. p+zq. a-b. 1?. 18.5l-4m. o +t9,
L4. o -rb.
5
 ANSWERS. PART II
lviii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA t:3,t-t-.
-(;.:), -;, 24.
I m-l
ExencIsr 66 e (Pp.275,276) ".
8.st,!. 4.c,-(?) *. "*f =r'3s ot -o-72. *' - r +rJ zi
=- 2'.,g ot r'7g'

1,!!4. 8']a' -'' or. -o +"/.lt

d ----;- g.rt'/-7.
5. -a+{h. 6. 7- 4c,5d. =o'94 or - 2'r4,
5 4
lO. za, -!3 11.a+t,"-;-
0. 3l+m,m-31. o. -tt'lq7:o.55 or n, 7-+!t
-

-0.6g. =2.78 or o.72.

n. -!,!.
t3 rz L3. -z-+t/*t*P-' 14. -l-m-t, -r.
15. c, -c -za, 16. A-r (twice). l?. o,"t!. Exrncrse 67 e (Pp. 278, z7g)

!-!
l. (r,r),(z*, -+*). 2. (s, -+),(-r, -r). 3. (t, -z),(-zi,:i).
19. o,
I +A '
,r..", -9f. fr. o,nt-1. 4. (r, -*),('i, --l). 5. (-:,r),(,1, -i). B. (:,2), (-i, -r.
7. (3, -+), (+, -+). 8. (r, -5),
A. .!+l
tlb (4m!,5rt).
2!. o, - a+20r. ,zc -6 - 23. zl+m, -(l+zm).
33 0. (:, r), (rf, *). 10. (l-, - r), ('1, - r?). 11. ( -i, -+), (3,8).
ro+Vzo 12. (t, 4, ( - r, - z). 13. (-s, -t),(-t, -+).
4. -",?-"j-!. ?5-
- 8
= r'dr or o'bg' 14. (r, r), (i, *). 15. (r, z), ('3, .i).
16. (3, z), (zt, z#). 17. ( --i, ri), ( -*, rB).
m.
o=!;:l:r.rs or -o.48.
z+V8<
27. :6-:z'7o or -o'37' L8. (7, z), ( - 3fr, - r21+). 19. (r, [;, ( -'1, -fe).
2X). (- r, '), ( -*, '?). 2L. (2, z), ( -:, rz).
28' t*iu;tm :2'25 or -o'45' 29' -3+:-. 22. (4, - r), (r{-, z}). 28. (2, +), (+, z). 24. (+, il, ( - r*, r).
25. (o,o), (zo,z4). 26. (tL, z), ( -rl, -r). 27, (s,9, (-f;,f;).
8. (-o.oz, -o.38), ( -r.r4, -z-62).
*. '*;tD:3'56 or -o'56. 20. (r'lr, o'4r), (o'r9, - r.o8). 30- ( - r.7r, o.zz), ( -o.zg, t.zl).

Exrncrse 66 g (P. 276)

Exrncrsr 67 n (Pp. 279, z8o)
L !,
52-o-.
2. 7t,:' t.t!., -! 4. a,/3G-an l. z't.
(2, t), (2tr, 2. (6, z!), ( - s, - s).
a-b s. ( -6, -+), ( z*).
-3, 4. (s, z), ('i, -'il. 5. (2, -).
6'a,-("#) ^ a+b 0. (r, -*), (r*, -*).
8.
", -("=) 7. (+, - r), (.1, r?).

,.T, -u. D. ?, . 2. ,0. i *r.i1-r. 8. ( -8, -+), ( -

70. (2, z), (3, -:).'*, 'i).
e. ( -2, +), (8, *+).
11. (r, z), ( -++, -+).
5c 344
12. (r, - r), (s, -z). 18. (r, z), ('i-3, i*).
LL. m-3,m+3. t2. rcb,!. L3. za+r, -3b. 14. (r, r), ( -i, - r*). L5. (t, z), (2, al\.
za+F+b' t8.p,-(=)
16. (r*, G),ki, -zb. u. (r, r), (], rf).
,n. . 15. a, r. 18. (r, s), ( -s#, -+*). 19. ( - s, -ri), ( -+,
3 +).
(rz, - r), ( - r*, z). 21. (r, - r), (+, - s).
n. ?,,
3b -L.
3D
18. _0, +. 19. o,3a.
%).
22. Gi,4), ( -#, -3). pB. (r*, -s), ( - rt, - r).
24. (l'8g, o.s3), ( - 2.35, - 3.24). 2i5. (2, t), ( - r*, - +).
gg.llr,a--r. zz. -t,!-t.
a-t a+l ^."+."+.
lx ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II lxi
26. (2, - r), (61, rl). 27. (2,r), (-o.s, -').
28. (r, o), (o'7, -o'l). 29. (o'68, r'rr), ( -o'oz, -3'rt).
18. (r, _r),(_r, r,Gll;, J;),( _;ru;,_J;)
80. (o'45, -o'7o), ( -o'45, - r'3o). 14. (o,o),(:, -6),(o,o),(-r#, -s#). lb. (2, -3), (-2,i.
16. (r, -z), (-r,z), (ti,i), ( -3+, -+). L?. G, -il, ( -s, c).
18. (r, -z$), ( - r, zi), G4!t, - +), ( - r+i, i.
Exenclsn 68 e (P. z8t)
1. r=r, y:-1o,r:5. 2. x=z,y-3,2:-2.
3. a:9, y= -z,t=4. 4. x-r,y:o,z: -3. Exrncrsr 69 a (pp. 283, 284)
5. x- -r,y=2, z:3. 6, a: -4,6: -S, c: -6. 1. (3, r), (-e, -r),( -r, r), (r, -r). p. (2, -r),(-z,r),
7. x=8,y=$z: -r. 8. (zL, - +), ( - zi, 4, (r, -:), ( - r, r).
8. No solution. The equations are inconsistent. 4. (2,),(-2, -3),b -n),(-z,tz).
9. x:6, y: -9, z:t. 5. (s, -:), ( - s, r), 6t, - 2il, ( - 6*, z3).
10, .{ny number of solutions. The equatioos are not independent. 8. (z,t),(-2, -r),(r,:),(-r, -:).
11. .r-=r, y:3, z = - rE ; x:5, y = -t, z =o. 7. (6, +), ( - 6, - +), (ro, 6), ( - ro, - 6).
:4, z : tJz.
't, -r), -'i,
12. x:r, !=2, z=o I x:3, y 8. (s, r*), (s, -'*), ( - ( -r--1.
e. (r,,), (-:,- - n,(-!-, .r9-) ,( - s -, --g\.
" \Vsr7 J577/
Exsnctsp 68 s (Pp. z8r, z8z)
\ Jszt jsn/
10. ('i, :il, (r*, -:i), (ri, si), ( - 11. (5, z), (-s, -zl,
1. x-3,!:4,2:-2. 2, x:S,l:8,2=-6. t2. (o, o), (r, -2), (o, o), ( - r#, - '1,:t).
r*).
3. x=t,!=-2,2=o. 4.x=z,y:-r,z:o. 13. (", o), (i, z), (o, o), (t, &).
5. x=2,!: -ztz: -4. 6. x:rz,y: -rz,z:12. (*, - s), ( - *, s), (16, roi), ( - 16, - ro|).
14.
.r:3,y=-z,r:-i. 8.x:-rr,y-,6,2:-rS.
9. No solution. The equations are inconsistent.
10. x=12, y:ti, z: -2 i x=zi, !- -|, z:o.
15. (r
"1,
- z), ( - G, z), (*, rn), (-+, - n{).
11. .r:4, f, :t, z= - r ; x:z|, y:o, z =o. 18. (z*, -il, (-z*,s). t7. (i, -s1r), (-*,sll,(s,+),(-s, -4).
L2. Any number of solutions. The equations are not independent. 18. ( - z, - sil, (:, ri), (s, -!,), ( - t,
"t).

Exrncrsr 69 e (P. 283) Exrncrsn 69 c (pp. 284, zg5)

1. (r1, -r), ( -ri, r), (i, -g), ( -r'-, r).

t. (t,r),(#,G). 2. (t, -r), (6, -l). B.(-2,:), (r,1, -z*).
2.
8.
(t, z), ( - t, - z), (o, +), (o, - +).
(2, - r), ( - 2, r), (r, - z), ( - z, z).
4. kG,Ji,(-s^G, -"2i,(u;6, ( +) f t')
(-:, r), (s, -:). 8. (r, r), (-.i, -z|l. ?. e, -3),(-6,+il.
'o, -:).
4. (+, r), ( - +, - r), (to, 3), ( - D.

5. (ri, r), ( - - r), (*, s), ( - i, - r). 8. (r, -z),(-t,z), (r.4o, r'8r), (-r.4o, -r.8r).
6. (2, 'i,
-:), ( - z, z), k, - +), ( - r, +). 9. (8, -t), ('t, r#).
7. (2, *), (2, - .5), ( - t, 3), ( - r, -3). 3r!-, (- 3,1:fi\, e, z), ( _ 4, z).
8. (2, s), (2, -S), (2, - Sl, ( -2, -S).
10. ( -r,
9. (r, :), ( - r, -r), G, z), (-i, -z). 10. (6, z), (-6, -z). 11. (+, +), ( -,i, -#). 12. (:, o), ( - rr,-, r)
11. ( -4; s), ( -+*, si), ( -s, +), (- st, zl. 18. 3, -rt, -2. L4. -2, tt, -t. Li. z, -2, -ro.
12. (o, o), (r, r), (i8, *.), (o, 16. (1, -ro*), (-2, -33). 1?. (-r, g),(r,Z).
").
lxii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS PART II lxiii
ls. (i-, s), ( - 3, - r). L9. (a, -b), ( - zb - a, za +b).
(ri, g. l. x? +yq,xz +yz -!q ^ 1:=- Pt+mu VzPs+nu,
20. ( -6,t, s), (+1, rl). 21. (8, - 3), - s*). x+y x
. Z.
mm
n. G, - 2, r), ( -+, -3, +). 8. (zr, 17, ro), (32,28, - n).
S. ():, a ; (ii) (a,6), ( - r, -+). 4. yj".r-L.
24. 0, - s"L), ( -+,
-2+).
6. a: -t, [=$, c:a. x=J'=3.37 or -2.37. 0. 8,9, ro.
E. 1. (i) (a+b)(a+zb)(za -r), (ii) (a'+a+r)(a2 -a-r).
Trsr Peprns VI (Pp. 285, 286,287,288, z8g, zgo, zgr)
- roof b-a ,,., a+6b ,. "a? _;' .
s. L .
e. r;t (-:-,;-),
rlr (], 3) t*i"..
A. 1. $_. z' (i\ +o-) Oi);--du'
+t""-in'
roo-y 4V- 5. to'zzl a.m., rr km. 8. a= -o.68, x: -o.2.
3'+t' 4' (i) r*, (ii) (3,3), (r+, -rt). 6. zo.
q")
6. !4-"!.
L !. "ooo
IOO -A
2. (i) - +y, 1i1@ - Qr@':+ .
na -
,nc
3. 5. 4. (t) tt ; (ii) (2, -:), (+t, - ri).
B. 1. (i) l(l+rl)? -rz), (ii) (m-zn+3ln)(m'zn-3ln). 5. z.z cm,3.2 cm,3.93 cm, 4.5 cm, 5 cm. 6. 8.4 cm.
2. (c - b) of the rsr to (a - c) of the znd.
s- t');;'-'<ii) 1*L-1,1., I t. 1. (D:#b. Yes, <t'l(4,-e).
- g' i
2. (i) (56 -c+z)(5b-c-z), (ii) rz(r +a)(z+a)(r -a).
4. (i) 4, r3, (ii) ( -',
'),
(i3, *). 5. 7zkm. I
4' t'59. 5. (i) :, - 3, (ii) (r.7, o.4), (o.3, 2.6).
8. r.
6., -r'6too, 6 =-r-3-,, -* ; 2.77s.
6. 8o m, z5o m.
\a ..., ab(3a +zb) y=-a\6z
... -3,
U. r. (r)
abQb -za) .
ttK
tu).r =-"4br-' E. 1. .r __46 -
S . _7_: 3 t^=-2,x=-+,y=gi. 2
3l , n

2, r-u-*l
- roo s. (i) - r, z; (ii) ts, r); ( i, -"").
z. 1r1"j,*, r,rfi, ;), (-;,;)
4.a'-D'
!o',.. 5. 326, $4o. 6. z5o m, zoo m. g. (i)a(roo-A),(ii)rz. x-v
4. z-r-y 5.rlcm. 6. r,l,f .
Ioo ' 4624
D, L. a(a +b):c(c+d).
2. (i) (r +y+4)@-),-4), (ii) (r +a +b)Q -+a-ab). 1. 1. o:)-?!:4.
n
2. y=liEry; 2 cm.
B. (i)r =z,r:-3,2=4t (tDf"!#. 4.48,12,2. 8. (i) (rt+5*2 +t)(rs -5rt +r), (ii) (a + r)(a -z)(az -a -3r.
11.(i) r=3+, y: -rt, z:r1, (ii) (i7, as).
6.gf"jy-J! p.-tg.
q 6. +.SZ cm, 6.57 cm.
a. (i) ,;, Gt) (;,.)' ( *,;)
Extncrsn 7o e (Pp. zg4, zg5)
8. -4@2+4v2). 4. (i) +z'+; (ii):'s or -r'5' v:t+z"lx\r.
5. o-27, 2, 3'73.6. 44 cm' 40 cm- l. fix' + zx" + $?r'! - $* - {. 2. x. +fif -[x2 +x -1.
8. fir{+ffirz+fr. 4. r +ft -$]t2 -zts a!{.
F. 1. (i) (s+a-6)(s -a+b), (ii) (/+r)(/+3)(l'+4r-3). 5. rzxs - z5xr + r3rs +3orl - 83* +35.
z.;=:6 s.o:\,(D(T,#'f:";) 8. z+5x-zx2-7x3+zx{. ?, 5rs+5rr+ztrl -zxr -18*+to.
8. t4as + 5aa - zzas - 3a2 - 3a + g. 9. 35/6 - 34lr +25/8 + 8/ - ro.
4. 13, t7. 5. (i) -+, s+, (iD (ts, +2); (t4vt, +rVrl. 6, r4r3. LO. 8c5d+6crd'-33r"d"+gc2dr+rocds. 11. r -6* +rgx2 -rpt,
 lxiv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II lxv
1,'2.+-+, - r8,rs +29.f,'. 18. r -c -4c2 +4cs +ct.
+zrxz Erencrsr 7r n (Pp. zgl, zg8)
14. ro + t5I2 -4F +lr. 15. - r. 10. -f. L7. zz. 18. f+.
a2-zab-4b2.
1. 2. *x' -Exy++y,. 8. 912+!Im+|-mz.
79, a2 + 4b2 *gc2 - 4ab +6ac - tzbc.
4. to"-1. 5. c2+3c-5. 8.5a2+rtab+rrbz.
2Il. z5a2 +4b2 +c2 -zoab - roac *4bc,
2L. 4c'+3c -2. 8.5p2-3p+r.
4az + z5b2 + gcz + dz - zoab + t zac - 4ad - 3obc + robd - 6cd,
D, az + r6b2 + z5cz + gd2 +&ab - toac - 6ad - 4obc - z4bd + 3ocd.
9. 4y2 - 7y + 5, rem. 3y + S. 10. t2 - t. L1-. a+b -c.
23. t6xr - 3zxs + z4tc2 - 8x + r,
12. - c2 - gd'.- 4 - 3cd - zc + 6d. 13. 4*, + 1yz + g + 4n! - 6x + bl
AL 8t as + 54oarb2 + t35oaabr + r 5ooa2bs + 625b6.
14. ab-ac-bc+c2. 15. x5-xs +r{-rc3+.tr-l+r.
ZFi. as +bs +c3 -3abc.
16. 8t +z7a +gaz +gas +ar.
L7. 3zas - t6arb +8a3bz -4a2b' *zab. -b6.
oxl + xz (z8y - r gz) + x (r oyz
2,(1. r - r8y z - t gz2)-r zyi - 5y2 z + r 7 y z2 + t ozg.
r8. - [8rrf f r 35r3a + zz5Nzaz + 37 5xaz + 6z5atf.
Exrncrsr 7o a (P. 10. a. _atbz +azb{ _b6. 2.0. a2 -ab +b'.
zSS)
1.f.r{-5,r3+S*2+fr-r. 2.tx'-x'+tr--rt. Exencrsu 7z r (Pp. 3oo, 3or)
3. $a{ +yra"D +f4azb2 +fiaF +{rb.. 4. 16 -fft +%sl'?-ir'+*tl l. zt, 7, f;, r. 8. rs, - s!r-, 28, 3az - za - 5.
5. 8c5 - z6c{ + zgcs + 3zcz - rogc * 18. 8. 24, o, (4a+$fta -2), (4r', +r)(3t8 -5).
6. ro - 9x +ztxz -8xs +6xr. 7. 6xa - rScs - r3.rl +27x +6. 4. 465,rsfu-r)n,zr,n*r. 5. 6:, -L, z"{ -!,22n-r- 1
8. 3srt -43a3 -r4a2 -36a-8.
9. z4d" - t4dr - 3odt - 7dz + 5d + zo.
0. r9, o, a3 -bt, a3 -b, +3@2 -bt) +3@ -b). 7. 3. g. -zoz
10. rc*s - z5xty * ttxxy" - 2*'y" + z4eya - t8y3. 0. -rs. 10.
-2e5. 11. 8. L2. -fi.
Ll-. 16 - 4oa+r7az !34as. L2. z5 -zox+4xz -4oxs +16#. 18.15. -r5!.
14. L6. +t. 16. r.
13. 6t2-4tz-gt'-f, L4. z+5x-3tc2-zxs. L2. o, x -3 is a factor. 18. o, .r +3 is a factor.
15. r3. 78. zz. 17. r5. 18. 4r. 19. o, z.t -3 is a factor. N. o, zx *r is a factor.
L9. 4a2 +9bz +c2 - tzab +4ac -6bc. 2L. zs. 22. y 8. a. 84. -6s.
20. a2 + t6b2 + 4e2 - 8ab + 4ac - t6bc. 25.2*-5. 28. -3r+r. 81.a:-7,b--2.
21. a2 + gbz + 4ca + z5dz - 6ab - 4ac + toad. + tzbc - 3obd - zocd. 8. a=r, b=o.
22. z5az + b2 + c2 + 4gd' - toab + toac - Toad - zbc + r4bd - r 4cd. Exrncrse 7z a @p. 3or, 3oz)
8. t6xa - r6o.13 + 6oox2 - rooor + 625. l. go, 2,2, zb'-b - r. 2. +, t+, *,
24. t6a{ +g6a3b +zr6asb2 +2r6ab3 +8rbr. 8. 70, +2,o,Qa-7)$a-6).
'.
4. z,z6,3uo-r,3!*t-r.
25. 9a3 -t 3a2 (zc - Sb) + a kbz - 5bc + 7 c2) + zbs - 6b2 c - 6bcz + zoc?. 5. 95, s5, (3tt + r\(zn -7), (3n + fi)(zn + 3).
26. zl3 +12(7n -m) -zl(8m2 -3mn +2n2) - rSms - jmzn +4mn2. 6. g, 16, (x -y)., (za - gb)z. 7. q. 8. rr.
0. - 35' lo.
-s. U. c. le -8.
Exrncrsr 7r e (P. zSl) 18. - z!6. 14. -t&. L6. zt4- 16. - zo.
1. c2 -cd+3*. 2. lx2 +f,xy +y2. 3. !12 -ftlm +f,mz. 17. o, x +4 is a factor. o,*-3isafactor.18.
4. Nl +r +]. 5. z +6d +gd2. B. z2 - 3z - 5. 10. o, x +3 is a factor. fi. o, zx - r is a factor.
8 7x +x2. 8. y' +y -7, rerr.. -y - 3. 81. 3. N. -7. a. s. 24. -16. 25.x-s.
9. 3xz1-2 -4xy+t. 10. zcs -3c2 +4c - S. 71. x2 +zxy+2y". %. -5x+2. 27. a=t, b: - 13, 8. a=4,6= -8.
12. a2 +b2 +c2+ab -ac+bc. LB. 3a+4b -c.
L4. - a2 bz - 4c2 -ab +zac -2bc. 15. 8c3 - 4czd2 +zcdr -d6. Exnncrsr 73 e (P. got)
16. as +a1b2 +a2ba +bg 17. 3z + r6y + 8yz + 4ys + zy{ +7f, 1. +(d -zb+c). Z. *bx+4y-zz).
18. ca 5c2 +25. 19. r6ta -4ol3s*rootzsz -z5ots3+6z5sa. 8, +(21 -3m+4n). 4. +(53r -31: -zs).
20. t" - xuy' + tcaga - xzl,to + yE. rem. - 2]y10. 5. +.(za. -a+r). 6. +.(za.-3ab+4brr.
A.lli ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II lxvii
7. +(Sxs -x2 -x +3). 8. +(4# -5r: +3x -z). 12. (7x2 - rca)(4gxr tToaxz + rooa2).
S. I(7 -z*+xz). 10. + (4r8 -3x2y +zxyz -YE). 13. z(l+5m)(12 - 5lm+z5nf). 14. ro(7 +t)(4g-7t+t2).
rz. +("'-,-.i.t*)- 15. 4Qc - z)(4cz +zcz + zz). 16. (8ab + )(64a2b2 - 4oab +25).
11. * (rl3 - zlttn + 3lmt + zmx).
17. (cz +r)(ca -c2 +r). f8. (/-nt)(l +m)(/2 *ln)-nr2)(12 -lm+m2),
19. (3c2 -d2)(gcr +3c2d2 + da). 20. 8(1 -5rr)(r2 +5lrz +25r-{).
(P. rog)
D1 (.r + 51,)(37r'? - 5or1,+ z-51 r). 22. (71+ yn)(tglz +24lnr +gnt2).
Exrncne 73 a
23. (+r +ly)Oqx" +rrrxy t 391!). 24, (zox-y)(688;c'? -124x? +2r7y21.
1. + (a +tb 'c). 2- !$x -y -zz).
8. +(21 - sm -n). 4. I(zx2-4ya+52').
5. X@2 -3a+z). 0. !(P-lm+zmz). Exenctsr 7-5 a (I' to;)
?. +.(zxs -*r +3r - 5). 8. *(3x3 -zxz -r +4). l. (x-r)(r'?+x.t-r). 2. (zr+r)(.p'?-zr+r).
9. +(ra -4xzy*zxy2 -3yt). 10. a (5 + zx - +ra). 3. (r +r)(r -c+c2). 4. (-: -r)(a +zc+c21.
11. A(ar -3ab2 -7b3). L2. +(""'-r" +1). 5. (za - 3b)(4a2 + 6ah r 9b2). 6. (: I 3) (:r - 3! + 9).
?. (a-$(.a2 +4a+ t6). 8. (3rir br)(9a2 -3abc. b2c2).
9. (a + )(az - 5a +25). 10. (7 +:-r)(49 - r4x +4xz).
Exrnclsr 74 e (P' :os) 11. (::c + ro1,2) (9:c2 - 3or-r'2 r oo1,{).
12. (Sl" - ztnn)(z5lr + tol:ntn 4ut!rt2).
5. (.t-r)(r3+x-4). 0. (*+r)(*-2)(x-3).
(r+r)(3r2-3r+5). 8' (.t+z)(r+2)(r+3). L3. 31zu -b)(+ot-tzub. b!). 14. :(t r rr)(rx-.jr1, i9,rr).
9. (a+z)(a+3)(a-5). 10. (l+z\(zl -3)(/+6). 15. (8-3ry)(64 I z4r1' 9r'_1') 16. ro(r ' 1l)t,t!-4td+t6d2).
(c-z)(c+:)(c-+). 72. (l+t)(l+z)(12-zl+z). 17, (a + r)(a - r)(a: *a 1 t)(.ttz -a t r).
11.
(tt +4)@x - r)(xr -r + r). 14. (r +r)(Sr + r)(.r2 -.r - r). 18. (r2 +y'!) (r{ - r2l,r +l'1). 19. (p! r .sr ) (la -sp:r + z-5r-2).
1
13.
15. (x + zy) (z* - ry + y2). L8. (zt - r) (rl - r) (+r + t). 20. (zx" -51'')(4rnf Io.vl1,s t z51tr). 2I. 9r,, b)ltitt)+ytb+l)2).
$x + zy)
77. (zx+t)(3x -r)(Sr -r). lE. (3a -z)(za+Z)Ga-z)- 22. (S.r'+f,)(zS;! --3-5r,r, i r9t'!). 23. (ol r 1)(li4,rr - rozr.l' -37yzi.
24, - r (63 r.r! - STory r 3oo,1 !).
Extncrsr 74 n (Pp. 3o5, 3o6)
8. (r + r)(.r +z)(x +). Exoncrst 76 e (P. 3o9)
5. (r + r)(r +l(zx - r).
2. (x-z)(x+z)(r+3). 8. (x-r)(r'z+x-5). L. (x - r)(zax - 6o - S). 2. (x+r)(rb,r-sb-2).
9. (l+z)(l+2.)(zl -). 10. (c+t)(a+z')(a-4). 8. (z.r - t)Qar -za - r). 4. (r - :) (r.r - .1r 3).
Ll. (t+z)(l++)(f -zl+i. L2. (c-r)(c +3)(c+6). 5. (zx-t t)(zhx + 5b - 3). 6. (:r 2) (.ir.r' *+t' z).
t8. (2tc+r)(r-4)(rr -3r+r). 14. (.x+5)(a-r - r)(x2 -zx -t). l. -(a-b)(b-c\(c-o). 8. (a +b)(b +c)(c +a).
15. (, - r)(zr - r)(3r - r). L8. (x -y)hx +y)(x +3)Qx -zyl. 9. - (x +1,) (y -:) (z - r). 10. - (a - b)(b - c)(c -a).
L7, (ta-z)(5a+z)(za+5). 18. (zr+r)(tx+r)(5r-r). 11. -(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a2 +b2 + cz + ob + be + ca).
72. -(l -m)(m -n)(n - l)(lm +mn +n[).
13. (r + 3y) (r + zy + 5). 14. (r +,r) (r + -sy - 2).
Exrncrsr 75 €' soz)
^2. (za-r\(4a2+za+t). !5. (zx +y)(tc + 3y - r). 16. (5r -y)(x +y +z).
1. (a+t)(a2 -a*r). 17. (zx - 3)ftx +zy + 4). 18. (rr - 21')Qx - 3j, + r).
8. G -lm)(t +lm+12m2). 4. (t +zlm)(r - zlm + 4ltmz). 19. (:r - zy)(zx + 3y - 4. 20. (zx - S) (+rr, 5p' '2.r).
5. 0-iU'+3v+s). 8. (zy +3\@y2 -6y +g). 2L. (Sx - r) (3ry + zy - 3x). 22, (sx - 2l ) (3.1 - 5tt' z).
O -")GS+7r,+n2\. 8. (b - Sc)(b2 + 5bc + z5c|). 23. (:" -z)(5x-zy+4). ?Jl. (zx+3i0r -zy -3).
9. (zxt + 5yz) (4ea - roxzyz ! z5y2z2). 25. (tx+sy)@r- sJ-5), 26. (+r +
r ) (z + 31' - 4.t).
10. b(b +Q(b'z -4b +t6). LL. Ql -mn)(gP +3lmn +minz). 21. (lx-zl(zx -zy + 3). 28' (5e+3)(z1r-31-s).
lxviii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II
Exrncrsn 76 a (Pp. 3o9, 3ro) 6. (5x+4fl@5x+z4y). 8. G+* - 4sihr +sy).
t. (x+z)(sax-a-3). 2. (x - r)(4nr -5e 7. (t4l + )(ztl +z). t. (ac -sd)(z7c +7d).
- r).
8. (x-3)(zbx-7b+i. 4, (zt-j(5cx+2c-4r. 9. (6tc +z5j@r - rcy). 10. (9r-r6)(a*+5).
5. (sx + iQxy - 3y - zr. 6. (2e+1)kry -sy-r). LL. (zZx - Sy)bx +zsi. L2. (l8a+35b)ga+7b).
7. (a +b)(b +c)(c +a). 8. -(a -b)(b -c)(c -a). L8. (3zx +r5)(r6* -3). L4. (5az-7cd)(ftar -2ScO.
9. (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a + b + c). 10. (x - y) bt + z) (z + x). 16. (+r -gy)(+ox -zty). 18. (qr+z7y)@7x -/-t).
ll. (l - m) Qn - n) (n - D (lm t mn + nI). L2. (x - y) (y - z) (z - t). l?. ft4s +z5y)Qrx + ). 18. (5*r - 6) (35r'! + 4).
13. (.r - 3y)(* +t - i. 14. (x - 4fl@ + sr + 3). l.9.(8c +7d)(asc - tsd). %), (4ox +zry)(r6x -4gy).
15. (s.r -i@ +t - i. 10. (4r -y)(x + 5y - r). 21. Q6x -sy)(+r +tsr). 22. (3zx - 27)btc - i.
L7. (+r +3ikx +zy - r). 18. (z* - Si@r +3y + j). 28. (3zx +55)(r6a -33). ?.4.(t6x -7y)(4ox -zty).
10. (5r - 4)b'ct -y + 4x). N. (Sx +Sy)(sr +2y +2). i
2li. (aA +zab -b')(a' -zab -b2). 8. (xr +xy +4y)@t -x! +4y\.
27. (lx + zt)@x - 3y +3). 8. (sx +6)(5x + 5y -2ry). I
27. (xz +zxy +3yz)(x2 -2tcy +3yz). 8. (x2 + zx + z) (x2 - zr + z).
20. (at +zab +4b,)(a, -zab +4b2), 30. (xr + 3xy - 3!2) t.x2 - 3xl - 3y\,
2il. (s* +6y)gx - 4y +6). 24. (sx -7)Qr -6y +). 81. (zr - 3t - r)(x +2y - z).
25. (s" +7)@ - sy -s). il|. (tr -si@t +5r+5). 32. $x-y-3)ex+Sy+4).
($ 8. 3ll. (4r +3y -4)bx -2y - 9. 34. (s' 3t - 4)bx - sy - s,).
+
27. -z)(sx -ty -z), (Sy - 8t) (Zy + z* + r). N. (zx-7y-4)Qx+Sy-i). j +i@
30. (6.r - - sy -2).
37. (rr +y -z)(zx - Sy - 9. 38. (zr + 3y + r)(x - 2y - 2).
Exrnclsn 77 r (Pp. gr:, :r+)
80. (s*+3y-ilbe-sy-4.
1. (sr -s)(er -s). 2. (g*+ 16)(8r -7). 8. (4*+r)(8x+g).
40. Gx - 3y - 3) (3s +zy -6).
4. (5x + 27fi gox - sy). 5. Qx - zoy) (sx + 5y).
6. (zor -s)(zx-zr). 7. (qt-ziQSx-+). 8. 3@-5jgx-251v). ExrncrsE 78 e (p. SrZ)
9. (6r - tty)(5x +36y). LO. 3Qa +6b)(7a -8b). l. (a +b - c)(a2 +b2 * c2- ab + ac +bc\.
11. (6r - s) (er + 2s). 12. Gzx + Sy)(zx +z5y). 2. (zl-r -ikP +r +yr +zt+zty -y).
18. (roa -g)(zsa -zr). 14. (al -sn)(z7l -Zm). 3. (za - gb - c) (4a2 + gbz + c2 - 3bc -t zac + 6ob).
15. (sr'z - rty)(r6x2 +z5y). L6. (z+a -7b)(aa +35b). 4. g(a -gb)(b -zc)(6c -a). i. - 3a(zb +3c)(o +2b +3cr.
17. (zox -zr)(8r -49). 18. (35r -4)gx+6y). 8. tka-b)gb-c)Qc -a). ?. -(a-b)(b -c)(c -a).
19. (3o* + 4syl (tox - zry). N. (Sr - fty) (r6t - gy). 8. (a +6)(D +c)(c +a). e. -@ -b)(b -c)(c -a).
81. (sf, -za)lzSx -g). ?f,,. SGr -zy)(zrx +4y). 10. -(a -b)(b - c)(c - a)(a +b + c).
?8. (s2r +27)$x - ). 24.. (rfuc -w)(s - rs1). 11. -(r - y)(y - z)(z - x)(x, + y2 + z2 + xy +lz + zx).
25. (ar+ab -b2)(a2 -ab -b2). Ul. (* +3ry +3!2)(x2 -3x! +3y). t2. -(x -y)(y -z)(z -x)(xy+92+zx).
27. (az + ab + 5b2) (aa - ab + 5b2). 13. - z (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (c + b + c). L4. Soabc (a2 + b2 + ctr.
8. (zxg + zty -(z* - 2st - 3y2r.
3y2) 15. - s(a - b)(b - c\(c - a).
N. (c2 +4dz). 80. (az +4a +8)(a, -4a +8).
+gcd +4d2)(c2 -3cd 16. -(a -b)(b - c)(c -a)(aL +bz +c2 +3ab *3bc +3ca).
31. (zr-3y-2)(x+zy-t). 82. (Sx-y+4)@x+5y-3).
3il. (4i+3y -s)(3rc -2y -4). 84. (S* -3y+z)(zx +s, -3).
i}i. (zx-7y-iex+st-4. 88. (6* -y-2)(x -sy+3). Exrncrsn.TS u (pp. 3r7, 3rg)
37. (:r +y -)(zx - Sy -2). 88. (2.* +3y -2)(x -zy +r). t, (a+b*zc)(az +b, +43 -ab -zac -zbc).
39. (5* -$,-3)hx+5y+z). a$. @e -3t -6)3tc+z!-3). 2. $a - b + c) (9a2 + bz + c2 + bc - 3ac + 3ab).
8. (a - zb + 3)@2 + 4b2 + g + zab - 3a + 6b).
Exnncrsr 77 r (Pp. 3r4, 3r5) 4. - sGa -4b)(4b -3c)(5a - 3c). i. 6(a -b)(zb -c)(c -zal.
1. (3.t - E) (9r - 8). 2. (e* -8) (8r - e). 0. t(sa -zb -c)(5b-zc-a)(5c-za-b). ?. (a+b)(b+c)(c+a).
3. (ro* +zry)(r5* - r4y). 4. (gx +afiQ* +gy). 8. -(c-b)(b-c)(c-a). 9. (a -b)(b-c)(c -a)(a+b+c).
I.:q ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II l-ri
l,:O. (l - m) (m - n) (a - I) (lm + mn + rr[). 7L (zr+y\hx -+ille.x+ly). 72. Qx +z1t)(zx +2! - t).
11. s(r -y)(y -z)(z -x)(xz +v2 tzs -xv -vz -zx). L2' z+abc'
78.(6t -3y +7)hx+3y -8). ?4. (zx-3y)(3f, -4,1')(4t+3t).
r'8. S (a + b) (b + c)(c + a)(az + b2 + C + ab + bc + ca). 75. (sx + s) (sr - s). 76. (9*+ay)(ar-^f,I
L4. eabc(a t, +c), 15. o. ?8. (or+y-z)(x+5/-5).
10. : (D - c)(c - a)(a - b)(a - x) (b -r)(c -*).
?7. $x++1)!x -6y -6\.
7e. @a+zt)Q7a++). 80. (roc -3d2)(z5c -6td").
81. (x+7t-iex -5y-5). &. (zx-7r)$3c+3y-r).
Exrncrsr 79 @P. 3r8, 3t9) 81. (ry -3x -z)(x+y +z). 84. (zxy -4t -5)(3r -y +3).
t. (xz -y)$y +z). 2. 4a(e' +30)(at -3r). 8. (7a-tfi)(tu+5b)' 85. (6.r+y-s)(r +sy -z). 88. (,t* +$ftmx -n +8).
4. 5a(a - z)(a2 +za +4). 6. (o -rs)(at +s). 87. (xy +5r -3)(r +4, +r). 88, (rty -zx -4)(5x -2y -3r.
0. z (5x +:) (:* - S). 7. (3a' + I' zm) (3ar - I + zm). 80. 13. 00. (3r+s)(.t+3); 5.6r . ro3. 01. +.
8. (r -acr)(r +DrC). e. $a +4b)(za -sb). 02. -n, -65o. 8. a: -2, b=6. e4, P: -7,4=t.
10. :(r -y)(y -z)(z -x). lL. try@ +2t)@ -2t).
12. (.r + r) (c-t - c). 18. (*+r)(*-r)(*-z).
14. (r+r)2(x+z)r. 16. (ar ++)(D'+C). Exrncrse 8o e (Pp. 3zr,3zz)
18. (ry -x)(7x" -6ry+3yN). L7. (zc +zd - 5)@c -zd - 9. +ah +bz
t'n
a2
1E. (r7r - 3)(* + rz). L0. (a -b +r + r)(a -b -a - r). b-'
N. (2" - 3)(3# + r)(.r - z). 2L. (tx+41)$t'si.
*. - 4a + 5) Qa + t) (g - za). 8. z (za - r) (a + z) (za - i.
z (+a2 5. r.
24. (aa -9)(rza +5). 95. S(r -y)Qx'-ury+7Y).
8. (x+ r)(r+S)(rr -3e+g). tl. (a -zb)(a - r)(zD - r). g. 6"-+t .

28. (8r - s)(4-r +e). 8. (x + za)(r - 3D)(r + 3D). 4.t'-r

80. (6r+7)(r8.t-25). gL. (?x +t)(zt +cx -g). 11. -- -r+y)
(lx+y-z)Qx-y-r). 8il. (r +s)(r +a)(* -5)(r -4). 2(x, -..
82.
34. (y+:-:r)(y+I+rr). 86. (x -+y)(y +2y +2).
36. 36.r'z(9r-z). 37. (zx-y)(zx+y-t). $. (a-b)(za-b-c)'
t4. ;rfi,.
89. (sa - +b)(a - zb). 40. (a -b)(a +b - +). 4L. (a + r)(a +D - r)'
42. (m +n)(I +m -n). 48" (y - x)(ry +$.
44. 4r(x + r) (4.t + r) (44 + 3). $. (x - zy)(zx - 3i@t + 31).
48. (tx - t)$x +r +a). (a-b)(a+zb+r).
47. (.t - r)(.r -z)(r -l)
48. zaz(3a +z)$a -z)(4as +t). 40. 9(3.t -a)(lx +za)(x+a)(x+n\
50. (r -a)(r - r)(a - r)' 51. (a - zb)(a +b -c)' n. +
G -c)(b -c)'
52. (x +y +I +m)(x +y - I - m)(x -y + I - m)(x - v - I +m\. a(m -n) +b(tt - t) +c(l -m)
53. (zx-ibx-zy+i. 54. z(x2 +b){(x2 +b)E +3atxtl. 8. o. 2/t.
(m -n)(a - I)(l -m)
55. (7x +3)(7r+rr). 66. (b+c)(c+a)(a+b).
57. (x -3:.D@x -y)$x -y)(zx+y). tt. (4 -t -v)(t -x -v)'
59. (xal_),a -x - z)(xa -ya-x+z). 80. (*r+z.t+f)(d-z*+g)' Expncrsr 8o a (Pp. 322,34)
Bl. (a-b+r)(za-b+t). 02. (r -3)P+2+4Y)'
6il. (r -4i)'z(r +4c).
65. (x - z)gx - 7\Qx + j.
M. (x-si@+y+3a).
06. (*t +yr) (5*r + 4-xY - 57F\,
l. zs. 2. a. s'n;il-'t'
8?. -lU +z)(z +t)(x +y +22r. 8. (x -zv)(x -2v -3a)' 5. zc. g.y".
60. (y - z\(zv-sz)(2v+78r. 70. $a++b)(sa-3b-2)' 2r +y
lrdi ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II lxxiii
0.
x+2 ;i*t' tt'?' L2'
or-rT+n6+4| L
Exrncrst 8r g (P. lzS)

18. --xt
Ea

-;t'
u.6ffi;6' *'-,lz'
x2+zx+r. 2. 412 -z6l + 5.
8. x2 -3x+3.
3. x2 -zx -r.
nl. x2
4. 3, -
-zx -8
x'+ t
sy,

10. 5t tt.-ffi.
1D --.
sQ5xa -7' 0. 3a -2. L0. x2 -zx+t.
I
18.
itil'l' 10.
Exrncrsn 8z e (Pp. 329, 33o)
+4y 2x
2.8. 3.oor71. 4. -r1.
2L.
(x -y)(x -zy)(x + stD'
l-r. 5.+.
6. -ri, -zf. 7. +. 8. 61. 9. +, -+. 10. si. 11. o.
l-*
8. x'=-zxy+21'
^.
Exrncrse 8z a (P. f:o)
t.z. 2. -rr!. 3. r, -zrr. 4. 7.
Exercrse 8o c. (Pp. gz3,3z4) 5. -+, -+. 6. r"r. 7.
", -*t. 8. -1

l. . .
.. r8c
_)rtt_slt. o. I(IJIJ o, -11.1-'1. 10. -6. 11. r-.
zlc - t) 2lc - t) J

Exrncrsr 83 e (Pp. :::, 334, 335, 336)

l. Cloth $r5, Canvas $6 pcr metrc. 2. zo m, 14m. 3. 92.
& Ja' 4. 3oo m, roo m. 5. g6o. 6. 3.39 p.tt. 7. tz.3o p.m.
t. 5 km per hour, 16 km. 9. 6o m by 48 m or 66 m by 4z m.
r. eiq.
a-b 10. $r each. 11. 5o km per hour, z5 km per hour. 12. 165o.
13. z hr. z min. 14. zo m. 15. 36 min., 45 min.
14. z(a +6 +c).
16. z4 days. 17. 95.8. 18. 3o (7| should be rejected) km per hour.

17.
t'rl::. 19. r5. 20. 44 m, +z m. 21. r8o km per hour, 3oo km per hour.
t+z 22. r m, ro m. 23, 5o m. 24. rz. 25. 5 km per hour.
n'a;t l.
Exrncrse 83
Figs $ro, Currants 94.
s
(Pp. fS6, 337, 338)
2. n8.7,6435. 3. roo,96.
4. 95o km at 32 km per hour. 5. 16 m, rz m. 6. rz noon.
r (P.328)
Exrncrse 8r 7. 3.26 p.m. t. 4 km per hour, 14 km. 9. +. 10. 5,2.
t. xt+3x+2. 2.8xr-zx+3. 8. c2+3c+7. 4. "-S. u. $34 per kg. 12. $5o, $42'5o. 13. 3z m per min.
14. 48 km per hour. 15. 3o hr., 5o hr. 16. 15.
8. a(zar -3d-+). 17. 8ooo; gr'5o. 18. 36 km per hour and 48 km per hour.
19. r5o m, 8o m. 20. 83, 38.
0. zx -.3. 21. 5 and z, or -8f and -6fr. 22. 18 cm., S cm.,2+ cm., 5 cm.
23. A gl secs., B ro secs. 24. rz.3o p.m. 25. n km per hour.
kxiv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART II lxxv
Tpsr PrpEns VII (Pp. rr8, 33g, 34o, 3+r, 342, 3+3,344,) s. (i)9, -tf ,<tUx=2,y= -r; r= -i,r=,i.
A. 1. (i) (a2 -3b+x)(a2-:6 -r), (ii) (7x -8)(zx -7)'
(iit) (x + z)(zx - r) ({, + 5). 4. 5. ro km per hour.
n (+, + 5a)(zr -a) lix -,,.
-..!-- 2r
e' 8.
x+y o:2x
u:ja-, -
4@-+2a)l2x + 3el(x +a)' 0. Froma= -3 to x= -tlt ; -2.86, -o-r4 ; the line isy:!.
{. (i) - r, (ii) zt, L 5.4 km - per hour, 3$ km per hour. G. 1. (i) 45gl -m)(ryF -361m+zrm2), (ii) (r+a)(a.t -3)(rr -z* -r).
t-2+,
8, x2+5lr+51 -3'62, - r'38, each twice. 2..--::. g.a=a{[z,r*z,a:Jt1t+4. {.9o.
x+r
B. t. .?e_ 1{, ,r. 5. (i) r:2, y:3 ot x:o, y =o. 8. (b) az +ba +e.
a -0 5
2. (;) (qx+z)(r8x -s), (ii) .r(x +r)(r +z)(r +l), *
E. 1. (a) !, 3"!^, (b) o.
(i;i) (r -r)(t -4c+2cx). lr -ar
2. (i) (za2-7)0"' +8), (ii) (.t - r)(8a.t - roa - r),
s. eufl-"duys; Bgldavs. 4.O+,(ii)*:3, y=-r. (iii) (a - c)(c + a)(az + b2 + c2 + ab - bc - ca).
D) (6 +

5. z.t 3 i (2rc - r)(r +:)(r -z); (zx -i?x - r)(x -r) ; i.i,2, -3- 3. x2-zx+3. {. l. 5. $36.
6. 8 km per hour. 6, r7|- sec. and 5zl'sec. aftcr the start.
C, 1. (i) 9(r 3r)hx2 -rzxy+t3yt),(i1) (xz -lyz+zz2) (x2-3y2-zzz),
(iii) (rox -y)(r +Sr -:y). L 1. (a) +'f;, Ol a:3t, b ,2.
+ax 6xz) 2. (i)(za -50)(ro9ar -z3ab+7b2), (ii) (Zr-z\(zx-.6y+31,
o JU" '3r' - 4t + 2. 6. 3(za2g,*z _ 4.2+ cm, r6'5 m.
"z- (iii) (zc +d+3x -zy)(zc +d - 3x +zy).
5. 6. r:r, y: o.*:1,y:t. -t, 8. (i) +, -33, (ii) x :3!i, y : - z!t, or x :ri, y :r*.
D. l. (t) (x +7)$x +351), (ii) (* +z)(x +6)(* - z)(x -+),
(iii) +:) (rs +.r + r). 4. rr\ r9(A -3ro),45(.4 t;e--rro) cent'
Per ;
(.x
40
o (a) ros, (b) o. 8. @,
;Fy *, (b) r -za, z -za.
b) [g;4,
ts(A_ _zzo)
per cent. ; (3) o, o.
4. 12 -q(P +q), qt -rt:. 5. 45 km Per hour.
5. 4 km, r| hrs.
B. x-r, )' -3 ; *--3], y: -qn i x:r, y= -2. a+b cr
^ x=a-b *rp-a'1'Y:
v'
c2 -;-aG4"=1;4-;' C a-b
^K
E. l. $z c rr'
z
('*;;/ J. f. (D)a:q,b: -12i (:r-+)(4r+:).
2. (i) (6r + s) (4r - 5), (ii) (z: - t)(t +zbx - 5b), 2. 3xE - x' + 4e -7,,1 : -56.
(iii) (r +a+6-c)(r +a-b+c) 3. (i) (to* +7y)@ox -er), (iD z4ftx+7)Qx +:)(r-r)@-4),
3. r(3r -z). 4. (i) +, (ii) r=z$, y: -2or x--'z!,y:1. (iii) (4r -7)ft +6rj + 5).
5. :+,+tP.+# 6.r4 km per hour, z4 km per hour. 4' ("\ @ 4:' 5' tzo'
6;L*11, -1, + rl.'
F, l, z(cl -likx2 -6xy+95'2), (ii) (qr+zy)(6t -3!+4), E. 1. (i) (++c+zd)(+-c-2d), (ii) 8(3r -zyl(zt-y),
(iii) (zr - sy - z) (x + 6y + r). (iii) (e€ + 2) (sr - 3y + 2).
.a. *u -3r" +6x -4 n rzgrr -4ot -24
2x' -'5.15:Tlli[f]'
-.
-

I
bowi ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA
s. (") ; -'i,-# -#.# - L*.
*,
(b) c' + c(z - a +b) +a' +bt +ab - a +b + r.
{. (i)
#,f , tiil
'= -!, !: -t,ot r:z,y=t.
6. (a) gaE *3a't3ga -26, (b) a:6, b=n. 8. z4
L. 1. 5e-3.
PART III
2. (i) zQt+zt)(*+r), $i) (z*+r)(zr - r)(d+3c+r), Exrncrse 84 (Pp. :+8, :+S)
(iii) (gr +2t - 4r(+E - 3y - 9.
8. ar +ab - gb'. 4. zo, 16 or +, *. t. "&, fi, "t, ,, hE, L2, m5, n, ,t, yi, oi, bs, c, d', p-t, yt, n6, r-e,
x-r, y-, .
0. (i)a+b,a-c3 (ii)r=ro,y- -7,otE= -rt,y=*t. A.2.69. 2, The cube root of a5, the ath root of rD, the square root of ct, the
seventh root of ys, the sixth root of br$, i.e. bz, the sth root of
z3s, i.e. 23.
g. d, al, a', b, x&, y,, d-r, l-., &-t, a-E, a., a-2, b-t, *fo, ,t, yu,
fli,l-7, x-d. "-t,
t. "i, &, +,+,+,+ .
cI xE ti zTd
6. irar,w,*_,i,lr,
\c"
-;,+, \, \.f'
w, j,.
\z*
6. :, i , a,cr.' bi.'at!, "i#.
ar te
7,8, 32,1fu, f,, o'oo8, *, 8, ri, rs€, *, -#, #, o.s, r, #, rlr, 32, r,
-7, rooo,9, o.2, +f., 2f,,8, r,zS, s,to;, zz,rt, t, +, I.
a. 4.
yt
o. +.
CL
to. 723. tt. f . L2. ?:.
J

18.
4
2
.7
:-. L4. 4xt. 15.+. ls.+. v. t. a

tc2 &2
I
,r..i!#;. 19- r-:-.
^,n-n
20. +. 2L. !' . D. ,*1. ,
x. 66 +

!.
6

%. e
a-.
u. 3x' at.4.
x' 8. +.
2tc2
27. 3!:.
4
2
28. x?. N. ry! so. +. 8L.27y3. s2. \.
ab

ss. -.
A2
s4. -+.
t6aE
N. z7*2. s6. j-.
3v"
8?. zr3.

88. 4.
v'
8e. +. N.:. aL t. A.:-.
#"
t

5c2
$. u3 si, 8o, 8-*, 8t, g! 44. ?t, 1 7
- ii,6t
16
--i-'
kxvii

I
 lxxviii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III
Exrncrsr 85 (Pp. 35o, 3Sr,352) E:cncrsr 86 (Pp.gSS, lS6)
L 6x* - t+xt +t+35x-* -4si-+. g. o?6 -o-i6i -za-rb-*. l.'3,6 2s, Vlt',':l +s, Y V Y

8. ." +"i +r"* *r. 4. at +a1ut +#. E. 8o-* +7a-* +6. P. (i) vt !i,:/A, (ii)
"*,
v., "-, "ry-.
V6, v3.
1l
?. xv +t-a- -2Le-2 -t-7
6. -1.
8. (D'Ve V"'l tiil :/"", e?J, (iii) X/d6, '{6;, (i") Plas, V:r, {e.
4. n.ti, s"/i, t,/i, a./i, ali, -zli.
0. +(3r -z+x-r). 10. +(z-tf -a+sr-'8-). tt. .(?+r -36+) 5. z "/., tr ^[i, n.[j, ,t A, - 5r l 3y, 8o {.
a
8. zx./y, tx'ytxt", -xy'iI.F, @ +\Ji, r5csd{lc.
rs. +(r'f -.-*-t). 18. rfym. 14.+.
yz
t5. 50"b.
2 7. ,/162,./6os,:137s, ti, ^188;, l3zo.

18. 8rrfy. lf. *--E

2! m.'-.
q
ll
AIt ..a,{i_,
8. ^^o,
LL. z+"ti. 12. -roJrr.
c,lt 9. t+Vi
L8. ryli.
L0. n,17.
L4. zal3.
llL. r -*. %. r. 2a.J.
4
*.lbxl-.
9
I
L9. 6x2y"li. 8, (3*,y - 5y,z +62\li. 2L.35V-=es.so.
2n.
oub
, 27. p. 8. az+t. s. !. 80. I.
3 x D. zo,li:28.28. 8. zrJj=36.37. 2A. z,li:2.8t.
I
6L' M. ar-b'. S8.;. g. *nz-n a*zn. 85' 25. rc,/6 -CV3:8.Cr. 25. 6a,l- -6o^,/3 +z5Vl:42.+g.
4,.E' 5rzz
.L t|. rS"16:36.74. 8. ao^J3:69.18,. 29.7o"J)=98.99.
36. 6. s?.4.
sE
3s. 91,", o. sg. q. 40. 80. 60Vt:ro3.e3. 81. rroVo :z6s'44s. 92.
bv Aa fnua,o. {=r..o.
.3 35 16
4t.-e. 42. h. s, *--!J, y=+. *. .=#,t:F. la.{:+'es. u. 5J-=7'o7. s5.39!i:r,.ro.
bTT alT
3o.
tf =o'5a. nJ5=26'83. 88.8V2:rr':r.
48. -=b:, y=o*86znt. 48. 5. 41. -+. a3. 3. 9 -' 87.

s. J; ,Ji
Ab 5

49. x +xt -zo. 50. pa-*G-t. 51. r++t*+16. ;i =o'or. 4s.

i: -o.6t.
52. r-5c-z+zgc-r. 8. of -o +s'-t.
Exrncrsn 87 ep. SSs, 36o, 36r)
54. *+8.t* +24+32tc-+ +r6x-r n.t-.
*3 x2
l. - e,li.
zox 2. rzx/t+ztl. 3. 7o -zor4E.
! 4. 6x +7"liy -zoy. 5. 18 +rgJio. 6. - 17.
57. sg.
"3 -""ty*. 59. {. oo. *B+l+g. 7. rrr +6o{. 8. 3zo -7or/4. 9. x +zy -l-z utt
v
a 5
^![ LO.4-2./-4-9. 11. zV35 -8. lp. n+nr/i.
81. xayn. 62.'"t .
hE
68. " s4.
q1".
2 a 27y, $. s.Lal6. 14. rsVg +18Vz. $. V! -r.
*. f#.
.L I
33
66.4_l;. s?.4-. 88. r. 16.
r:{' Lg.24+t4"{4.
4as 3tf L7. z^/Z -2"/i. J
6e. +r'
xagt
w. F. 77. +. 72. 3zat+u. 19. zz"/i +zz^Jg. fi. a +./az -tz- ,r. r" *", _UO* .
l:g ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III lxxxi

ee. a, t
ll. r'46o. {12. z.Eoo. 48. 8.52o. A. 2.564.
n. z -+",/i. a. r. %. 2.82. n. r.3+. 10. 7'9o8 or 7.909. 48. 3.So+. 47. +'g6s.
27. o'25. 28. r9'8o. 20. o'5o. 80. Z'r5. 81. o'o4. 18, 6'7r5 ot 6.716. 40. r'o53. 50. r.784 or r.783.
9. t'zg. 85. (i) z, (ii) z+, (iii) S68. 87. -r. 8E. -z+.
39. r. rO. o. r[. 4+r. A2.'lj+'l-s. tlll. z6-2. Exnncrsr 9o (p. f68)
'l'he answers are, for convenience, given to Ggures. Ifantilog.
44..16-^li. $. s^/i-z.li. 8. z,li-". Qil. s,l-s+z^'/i. 4 tables
rre used the answers so obtained may difler slighily in the last fi[ure.
a8. Jg+v{. 41s.
"/6+x-rGi, ffi. ^l3x=;+.t-1.
l. e 333 (or z). 2. 9.o56 (or 7 or 5). 8. 8.35r (or z).
51. Jz-+r. 52. ,,/7 +t. tl' 7'2fu (or 4). 5. l's+r (or z or 3). 6. 7.glo.
In Nos. 53-8o,93-roo, roots which must be rejccted are givcn in brackctr 7. r'3or. E. r.5Sg. 9. r.or9. 10. r'6r8. 11. r.454.
6t|. 15. 64. S. 66. zz. 68. n6. 67. z. 68. t?. le. r'526. 18. 2.395. L4. 7-fu5 (o16). 16. 7.62t (or z).
10, 5'696 (or 7). L7, 3.zrg. 18. r.lg7.
50. ro. 60. 5. 61. s. *. '.,(-";).
05. E. 00. 6, (rt!').
". O.
0?. 8, (:-). Exnnclsa 9r (P. fZo)
l. r'53r5, 2. 3.68t2. 3. i.77o9. 4. C'7924. 6. 2.845r.
00. (rr). to. (-':) . 2L. o,2, -2. 0. j.45r8.
', 7. +.gSS:-. 8. r.9763. 9. 7.8274. 10. 3.8639.
ll. r.5337. 12. i.6883. 18. 2'7733, 74. 5'7s65, L6. z'8478.
78.44r. 74. +. ?6. rI.
2 L0.2.4527. 17. T.95a5. 18. j.g767.
10. 2.8275. 20. r.864o.
lll. i'8539. ?2. z.s87o. &3. -.53o8. A\ 7.gzs7. 26. 4.6442.
?8. J, n,(o). w.6,r,(.F) ?8. r,9, twicc. W. i.8o5z. 2?. T.8578. 28. 2.989o. 20. 3'ro58. 30. 5'fzr8.
Bl. r44. 32. 28.5. 8tl. o.o858. 81. o'oo2654. 36. 7o9o,
79. z, -8, (o, -6). 80. z+2,J2, i.e.4'83, -o'83, (6, -z). S0. 34o9o. 87. o.ooo4999. 88, 6147oo. , 39. ro45. lO. o'r798.
8L. o'zz- 82. zz'r8. 88. o'3g. UL o'z+. 86. o'rr. 80. s'8o.
{1. r+'6. 42. o.oz8. 1l{l. 852o. tlJ,. o.2564.
87. o'27. 88. o'38. 00. (i) r, (ii) 34, (iii) r98. gL. z. 02. o.
06. o:oo79o9 (or 8). 46. 39o4o. 47, 496'9.
98. rs. 91. -r. 05. z, (3). 90. c, ( -+).07. zi
lE. o'6716 (or 5). 49. o'oro53. 50. 1784 (or 3).
98. g. 89. -2,o. lfi). -3, s, ( - tD.
Exnncrsn9z (P.SZz)
Exrncpr 88 (P.362) l- i'4r. 2. 4.6r. 8. z'lS. 4. o.z. 5. i.z. 8. z.
1.3, -2,6, -3, -r,o. 2. 2,4, -3, o'5, -2'5, r'5. 7. 7'o3. 8. l.Zr. 9. z'87. 10. 5.98. 11. 6.r. L2. o'74.
8. ,, 6, -8, *, t, - t. L z, o'5, - r, t'5, 3, 2'S. 18. t'8. 14. 1.26. 16. i'94. 18. 2.72. ll. 7.a. 18. 9's.
10. ji'e. 20. 5.8. 21. 7'47. 22. 2.29. ?3, z's7, al.1.Q.
Exnlcrsr 89 (P.f6Z) 26. z.sl. Nl. T.Sg. 27. 1's7. 28. 3'86. 29. t.+2. 30. i.676.
81. r.6r. 82. i.58. 88. g's. 84. z's. 35. i'r. 86. o'4.
1. o'53r5. 2. o'6812. 8. o.77og. 4. o'7924. 6. o'845r.
6. o'45r8. 7. o.s55z. 8. o.9763. 9. o.8274. 10. o'8639.
11. o'5337. 12. o.6883. 18. o.773s. L4. o.7e65. 16. o'847E.
Exrnclsr 93 (Pp. SZS, 374, 375)
16. o'4527. 17. o'9545. 7t. o's767. 10. o'8275. 2Xl. o'864o. (See note at head of Ex. 9o.)
tl. o'8539. 8, o.s87o. 98. o'53o8. 21. o.gzg7. 26. o'6442. 1. 98r'o. 2. rc64o. 3. sqgr (or z). 4. z5r8oo.
26. o'8o52. 27. o'8578. 98. o.989o. 20. o'ro58. 80. o'3238. 6. z'675 (or 6). 0. 3o'73 (or 4). 7. :oo.3. 8. r.8r9. 0. rE75.
81. r'44o. 82. 2.85o. &9. 8.58o. t4. z'654. N. 7'e,9. 10. ZSr6oo (or 75r7oo). U. S.SSS. L2. 7'87o. L8. z69.
88. 3'+os. 87. +'scs. 8& 6'147. 80. t'o4s. 10. r'zs& 14. 9'o78 (or 7 or 9). 16. r9.4o (or 19.39). 16. 13r.6.
 IT
lr
\r
I

ESSENTIALS OF SCH9OL ALGEBRA ANSWIlRS. III PART Ixxxiii

17. 13'78 (or 9). 1t. Zr+'S. le. +'t32. f0. 3. 8. r.7r. 21. o.llo. 22. o.6s. 23. r. 24.. z.st.
20. r'337 (or 8). 8).
21. 342'9 (or 8. r4'or- *i. x:z,y:t. 2Il. r'7.23,y:r.Sz. 27. x:2.76,y:2.28
23. o'r9r7 (or 6). 24. o'rg34. 2I!. o'o463. 8- 16'57, 8. tr:7, y:3. 29. o.4l or o.68. 80. :. Bl, 6.34.
97. o'o5zo7 (or 8). 2E. o'o685r (or z). 80. o'2r83 (or 4). 82. t3'5. 8ll. 3. 84. .r.r. 35. 28.4. 36. 6.6. 82. 2.86272.
&0. l'g26. 81. 178'5. 82. 6og'o. &9. o'o3582. 88. 1'7ogz7. 30. o.5r865tt. 40. t.2o775. 41. o'625r8.
&1. r3'o7 (or 6). 85. zr'24 (or 3). 88. 3r'8o' 42. o'gto7s6. 48. i.8r259. 44. t.1t467s. 45. o.23754. 48.7.9736o6.
87. o'4zgo. 88. o'rzrz. 89. o'9242 (or 3). tLO. o'o5zz4
47. -'953o. (18. 2'43389-5. 40. xy'=7. 50. xz:ttyt,
41. o'o6163. ,42. o'oo696o. lll9. o'4775 (or 6). 5L. xJy =e. 52. xn:y". 63. zxya :5.
tl4. o'68rr (or z). 45. 352'o. 110. +'zo7 (or 8).
54.5r:3$t (or62v). 55. r 3.2u. 58. x2:roo.5?.
47. o'oo6354 (or 5). 48. o'16o6. 4e. ng'r.
52. y --zxt't, 5E. zr t by. 59. x2:ggy',
50. r'gSl (or +). 51. 6z'18 (or g). 52. 34'+z (or Z)-
ffi. (x +y)2:rooo(* -y). 61. r'26. 62. r.o5. 88. g-24.
53. roo: (or+). F4. o'1869 (oro'r87o). 56. o'3ro4.
84. - t'32. 65, y : jr3. 88. r1," zt6o. 87. x21,3 :312.5.
60. S':rs. 57. 17'88. 58' o'2o64. 59, 6'16o. 60. 5'236.
68, yro'66 :4r'4. 60. .l (r.1 rr'?8. 70. Y.tt's = 48o.
01. 5'568 (or 7). 62. (i) 35'62 (or 3)' (ii) 353'o.
63. (i\ 45'7 (or 8), (ii) 6'654 (or s). 64. (i) +'lSr (or a), (ii) 8'838 (or 9).
65. (i) 57a'6 (or 7), 3'782. 66. (i\ 3'grz (or ), (ii) z7'52. Exenctstt ,;.1 <: (Pp. 383, 38a)
67. (i) 46.s, (ii) o.z613. 68. (i) $s73'5 (or 6), (ii) $317'6 (or 7). L. .1t. 2. -tt". B. r. 4. o.oo398r. 5. tl.
6. 3. 8. o.r77o. 0. o rlil-so. 10. ro.
E:cnclsn 93 c
(Pp. gZS, 376,377)
Ll. e:4 -f logz =z-39i y I kru:: o.to 12. x -r.t7,y: -o'4r.
(See note at head of Ex. 9o.) y:4.
Lg. tc:S, 14. ,2.1. 16. (i) r.z, (ii) 5.7. 16. 16.
1. r'4rr. 2. o'ro34. 8. o'oo9o6. 4. o'o999o (or r). ll. tz. L8. 46. 10. (i) r zk4q z k,g 3, (ii) zlog3 +logz -3.
5. 3'244. 0. o'o6576 (or 7). 7. z'r93. 8. r'86o.
0. o'ztgg. 10. rr'57. 11. o'oo4325. L2. o'ft34' 2/,.ha-r). 21. (i) los ''t, (ii) ;s.
2tl
22. 3o.
L3. o 7667. L4. lg'66. 15. o'5878 (or 9), say o'59' 25. (i) ro0'1m3, (ii) ror'tor. 27. 4.6t. 28. 8.66.
L8. z'g62. Ll. V'2772. 18. 6'415. 19. r'375. 20. o'3r83. 29. (i) r.9965, (ii) 3.883. 30. :.r.5eo. 31. o.585. 32. -s'S.
21. r'r45. ?2. o'zzy (or z). 8. z'452. 3{1. o'693. 84. 2.r5. 36. r zr. ffi. -+.15. 37. 5-82.
21. 4'536 (or 5). 25. z'rzs. %. z8'73. 88. r'24. 30. * =i*, y ll. tN. x tti, y -#. 41. r or o'63.
27. o'5958 (or 9). 8. r'634. N. g'o67 (or 8);rorr. 8{1. a3'68. 42. 4. t1l,. ,Ji.yr:t. 44. xr:t3j. N. xy,Ji:rco.
81. r'68r (or z)=ro{. 32. o'Zz+8 (or q).
48. xx=y6. 47. 3" llv (or z8v). 48. 5x:2y2.
8il. (i) 66'24 (or 5) c.c., (ii) rz'o3 cm. &1. o'r545... .
85. o.3962. 88. zz'gg. 87. r'353. 38. o'53ro (or r). 49. ro . 4e :ya. 5t0. r : Vr,. 6L. yr (x2 - !2):x2,
89. 19'97 (or 8). 40. o'998o. t{L. 9z6'4 (or 5), say 93o. 52. f :gyt. 58. 2.8r. 64. o.67. 55. o.69. 56. r.ooz.
tI2. zoz't (or z). s'r6r. M. 7'og (or 4).
49. 45. o'o44o4.
41}.. z6'54. 47. ro4. 1l8. ro't? (or 8). 49. rott x 9'88o (or r). Exnctse 9.5 (l'p. :88, :89)
50. ,+7'g+ (or 5 or 6). 51. z6o'o. 52. 955'3 (or 4).
1. (i) z : C, (ii) S : 16oo, (iii) 6r : eo, (iv) 13 : z7o, (v) az : gzbz,(vi) r : 8.
53. z'815-ro6. 64. 3.72r, fi. +2.8+. 6t8. 35o'8.
2. (i) +: 45, (i) rz: r75, (iii) ro : 3, (iv) z :7, Q) Z : S, (vi) z8 :45.
8. (i) +:5, (ii) 9 :+, (iii) 5 :4or -5 : 4, (v) 4 i20 i roo+, : roo.
Exnnclst 94 (Pp. 382, 383)
4. (i)z+i41:2o, (ii)q:6:8. 6. (i) r:3, (ii) 5:rt, (iii)z:23.
L. z. 2. z. 8. s. 4. z. 6. 3. 8. r'2. 8. (i) 6: rr, (ii) - rr:. 17, (ii) ze:74.
7. -3. E. o. 0. r. L0. z. 11. o. L2. z. 7. (Za+i:Qn+z\; a:13.
18. r. l{. r. 15. 2.5. 10. o.75. L7. c, IE. -o'3 10. 5 :6. 11. z'r.
Ixxxiv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III lmorv
12. (D, (ii), (1v), (vii) are unaltered ; (iii), (v) incrersed in ratio z: t;
(vi), (viii) decreased in ratio r : z. Exrncrse 98 (pp.+o:, 4o4,4oS)
1. 8r, +*. 2. s.ts. B. 6y=5x,3.7s,3. 4. +1. 5, .7.
13. -r:zo. L4.4. 15. z4 yare,32 y6anl. 6. z+. 7. a:r : 6. 8. :.6. g.5o ms. 10. 6 sec.
16. 39,7r. 17. ro days. 18. 3j:7. LS. ?t,1. 8). z'3r4tor. 11. At a distance of 1/1 m. lp. rorfls = ror.9 cm approx.
18. rz'8 kg. 14. $525o. lb.3okmperhour, 12.
16. 1382.4 litres. 1?. o.z:5 sec. lg. rS6il lb. rz years.
Ercncrsr 96 (Pp. ec+, scS) A). r'8. 2L. 25. D. 4ooo x*!L km.'
8. t9z, zo m. 24. E sec.
(ii) a6, (iii) 14.
1. (i) za, (ii)
f, ft'l{. 2. (i) 6a,

8. (i) +ro, (ii) +a3rs, (iii) !t5ab2. 5. zi, r, ri. Exencrsr 99 @. ao8)
d,- L. AC=hB. 2. X=hYZ,. 8, zy2:psz. 4. z-hr +lxt.
6. (i) 16, r3 ; 6i) +, +. LL.
"= a-b 5. tytz=k. 6. a=h +tb +\. 2. E:n+!.
c' ,t
8. HR:htl/,. 0'P=Po'l' lO. h=havr.
Exrncrsr 95 c (Pp. fsS, fs6) I
lL. C=hA+:-. t2. tJE=a. 18. z:htyz.
t, u:y:a-t: -26: -rg. 2. x:y:z:Si -t7:.t+
8. xtyiz-7irgi -27. 4. xzy.z- -g:.z:7. L4. C=hb. L6. a:hctr,/b. tA. t^li:U.
5. x:y:t:9:rt: -5. LI. RA=LL. L8. z =hx +l*..
8. x : y' s :(br - cq) : (cp - ar)': (aq - bp).
7. x: !2, y=++, z: *r. 8. r:r5, y.-41, z: -t. Exrncrse roo (pp. 4og, 4og,4ro,4rr)
g. t:22,y: -S,z: -zt+. 10. c:3, y:4,s: -i.
bc ca ab
LL- x =G=D v : _ c)(b _ a), z = _
@ c)'
_
@ G dGA'
!z.x:b-c,n="-o,"=o-b.
r5-r5153 13.o. -2. L4. -?.
15. o, - 7. 10. o,3, -3. ml
Ai. The sign of the inequalities must be reversed, unless 6 *r is also
negattve.
Trsr Pepens VIII (pp. 4rr, 4r2,4t3,4r4,4r5,416,4r7,4tg)
Exencrsr 97 (Pp. 4oz, 4o3) A. L "(b:').
2 +bc 2. f +zxr *3r? ; Srt +9f, +ro.
l. a=h.b. 2. c=hil, z=ky'.
8. 4. ab=h. 6. c&=h,
6. r'yt -ft. 7. (a +b)C:h. 8. rll=h. e. c-hr. s. G,
rq-;'
GD!14,L,2+.
LO. at=ht. 11. (F+nt)nr=h. L8. i=bt.
Fr6=ft. 12. 4. (i) o.ozzr3, gi) 6.766, (iii)
L4. po=h. 15. x:htf.
tyr*=h. L7. h:ktf.
L8.
2.185. 6. (ii) 8 and - r|.
0. 15 min. 20 sec, appaox.
18. t:hJ|. L9. tr:hip. fr. y=5x i r=7, -2.5, -1; y=2o, 45. (z-r+9,
21. po=4o; p:4, z5 ; o=t31, 6. D. y=Ix' ; x= !g, y=g. B. 1. g2ot rzot
(z-x+g l,
r+! 2. (D (ii) r.
23. x2y =288: *:+Si y -18, z'88. r+y
U|. cd: roo ; c= ro ; d= 163, 8i'. s. 11 31I-3, 1iiy o. l. o'j, 5. (i) rl, (r); (ii) -I.
Ixxxvi ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III lxxxvii
Exnncrst rot (Pp. 4r9,4zo)
c. 1. r. 2.0++.5, (i0 .t,-.t;. ^
O.
t4,
-.
ab IIII
1. (i) r, 4, 7, 22, 3r - z ; (1i) tr, r+, t7, 32, 3r +8; (iii) r,
i's'G'Vt
a. 0 xt!L,,r,rr'"!.u'.
1!r J
6. (i) r'Zt+, (ii) r16'2, (iii) o'tq7. (te '
; * '+":t'ffi' <"t o, z, 6, 56, r -t ;

6. A =s. IIII :,,

(vi) r, I , x
D. L. z-', (ii) zo7z. 2. Zr{-s2.6,<iil V5. 3 5 t5 zt-t' ; &ii) 7, r+, 28, 896, 7 zr-r i
.-, 1_
2-r'5, 22'5, 3,-t. 8. (i)
(viii) - r, r, - r, r, ( - r)'; (ix) r4, ro, 6, - l'4, 18 - 4r ;
4. (i) r8. 5. x:2o-42. 0. (i) s, ( -+*); (ii) tor -*.
(x) o, ri,8f,2r87T+3.,3' 'r -( --L)r-r.
E. 1. (DI:+, (ii) Si3ot -7 t2. rf__16 2. (i) ro, r3, 16, rg, ro+3(z-r); (ii) to,6,z, -z,ro-4(n-r)i
g (iii) 256, r28,64, 32, zs6+2n-r ; (iv) #, -+,+, - r,#
(i) rg *.r7 -uI -r*-1 **-uo, QI 4T. "( -3)"-r.
3. (i) -2, r ; (ii) ro, 8; (iii) *, il; (iv) ro x 13, 12 x rs.
8. (i) rooo, (ii) rz, (iii) fr. 4. 45 m. 4. (i) +s, (ii) r8, (iii) $ (or f), (iv) 36.
5. (i) o.6os:, (ii) r'o6e-ro6. 6. (i) r*, (ii) +3, +5*, +2.
5. (i) r9 +:2, (ii) +#, (ii1 I ( (iv) z=ron.
" ' - z)a-r,
F. z.
rffi;6. s. tD E,tii)
Ja -zb '. 6. (i) (a) Yes, the rzth, (6) No ; (ii) the Sth.
4. (i) z'672 (or:), (ii) o'eer4 (or ?. (i) 5, (ii) ao. E. (i) :, (ii) r.
5). 5. (i) r8, (ii) +.
8. a:r'zs, n:o'7.
G. l. z. 8. (i) r*, (ii) r; P=a-Y. ExERcrsn roz (P. +zf)
4. (i) o'r346, (ii) o'8oe4 (or 5). 6. g16o8.
1. (i) +; (ii) -: ; (v) 3.x; (vi) -z; (vil) c -d.
g. y =rc**, 243o. 2. (i)Ss, gg,8n+3; (ii)zz, -43, r13-r3n; (iii) -35, -?o,14-7tt1;
(iv) -l+, -r54,38 -r6n; (v) zsp, -SSp,t7p-6np;
II. 2. (i) a, (i1277 +l'/-s.-66./i -
(vi) z5D'l - Saz, 4Sb2 - toaz, b2 (4n - 3) - a2 (n - zl ;
ll I 1 I I Z (vii) zoy -35r, 3oy -7ox, zy(n +3) -7x(n -z);
8. (i) atba ! 4i6-t 1 $E6-t, (ii) x + zxzy't - 3yi . lL roo cm.
8. (i) o'8o, -o's6; (ii) o, (viii) r8rz - 31, 33m -81, 3m(n - t) -l(n - g.
5. t9' -r. 8. (i) -12, -44,t6-tzn; (ii) rz, tS,t2n-4Si
I. 1. $8, $rz, $rr 5zo each time. 2. 3oo. 8. (i) zZoo, (ir) -a (iii) 6p'z, zgp2, (6n - r)p'z ; (iv) 4:. + 2y, r6x + 5y, 4(n - r)x +(za - 5ly.
4. (i) o'tszt, (ii) :'28s. 5. (i) r, (ii) r, -z -Vr. 4. (i)s+,6r,68; (ii)s2,87,82; (iii) -7o, -66, -62;
J. 2. zxl -, -r-*. 8. - r. {. r'5 per cent. decreasc. (iv) -32, -3S, -38.
5. (i) 3'zz, (ii) z'63. 8. 6 : 5 : z. 5. (i) 26, (ii) 16, (iii) zr, (iv) 4r, (v) 13, (vi) 7r.
6. (i) 235, (ii) -8.S, (iii) 3a'z -4b'?, (iv) o. ?. 14, 17, zo, 23, 26.
K. l. z. 3. (i) r, -rl,,tiO oi +*i -o-t- 8. 3t,27,...-29, -33. 9. -Ss, -36,... -zr, -t8.
(or7). 10. a - b, a - zb, ... a - zkb. 11. 3z+r9. 72, 14,zza+zo,
4. (i) o'ooo8o67 (or 8), (ii) o.5756 5. +3, +2, +r.
8. a=26'S,n= -r.32.
L. 1. (') ab +bc +ca, (ii) f"? +rrri +6. & 4t'ijs, r..o. ExnncrsB roz c (P. +z+)
1. (i) ar, (ii) 23, (iii) gg, (iv) rs. 2. -s, z. 8. 2,8, 14,zo.
5. 8'8 tonnes.
4. 25, -o.6. 6. t.
o. t=273 ("#,*-,),,0'2. E. 4o - 3b, ga - b, za +b, a + 3b. e. -2,2,6, ro, r4.
 lxsviii ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III lr:odx
lo. :s, -g. It. o+b
-- _, a+bt
_.
t+r t+r Exrncrse ro4 (pp.4lg, +3+)
f2. (i) 8, 14, 17, (ii) -3, r,9r (iii) 5, r, -7, -rS,(iv) z4,zo, t6,g,4. f. (ii) ar; (vi) -j;.
L4. *, Sl,6z,7t,8o. Li. t5,27, 39. L8. 3, 5,7, g.
t') l; -1. (v)

Exrncrsr ro3 (Pp. +zZ,4z8,4zg)

z. ol, *, ,J"=";
(ri) sj, -t:, (:-')";--t-l,
6tD
1,
,1,*:
l. 52, 567. 2. z5o, ro54r. B. +ti, stri. 4. gi, zz6l.
(r")
;' -* ' -'J;l'" ; (
t"l j' -i' r (-v;z-t ,..xri
lvt) 7'
o n14 n(n+9\ x[ xzn+a ""--;
5. -4, 9.-
20 40 "-'|JF-"'
8. -278o. 0. zro. 10. z6ZS. l1-. ryzl. g.(i) -1, --l!, (-r)n-r.rr,",(u) -'r r r I I
,n n(gn - 37) 3 243 3'-r-, [' ;;"-' 1iiil - xt, -F'
^o.-_T-_. \8. na+(nt-n)t. 1{. 48d+48o. (iv) -r', -x!'o, (-r)n-r{y.a-t.
*P'
15. 6 or 7. 10. fS. ll. ZS.
18. 13 or zo. {. (i) 5rz, z56,rz8: (ii) -*, a1-, -+; (iii) s,3,
19.
r, or -9, 3, -r.
-e64oo. 20. Sr35 96o. 21. z6 (+gs must bc rejected). rr.
5. (i) 9, (ii) 0. (i) rz, (ii) roV6, (iii) *ryr.
22. 3! 7a 6x + 4) - b gzx - z4)1. El.
r4
24.. zrog.
7. +s,8, +t, t, +*. 8. - rn, ip, -r"e, #,e.
33'
25. t).
g. +7a, r4o, {28o. 10. 3.2n-r. 11.
1;t-., .. t;;l::.
lGn - 2e. - z'4, 2764.8. 16 years old.
L2. +fr'.
8.zrz.5 m. 29. ry32. 80. z. gZ. n(o +b\ . Exrncrse ro4 c (Pp. +f+, +fS)
4
L. 2,3. O lO21 r z-r-A.
-.2t47. o. -lo {. r5,45.
rs. (D+1,(iD -4*,$iD-?-. -,,;,;,,'o:r,;,;.
84. (i) 5. +.z7xlt, ga2x1, I3ar1: , arx-r,
1!ot"-s. 6. z! or 6r.
7. a=4, r=rt, or a=z1, r= -?. g. r, o.z.
t5. s, sf , t,i:. $s. (i)
*,#,,'o ':,#E;. t .*. 0. rz, -8, 5l-, or rz, -4, r*. fO.
i, -e. 11. r7l-.
88. +. N.7o. tl0. t,4, -2, -i,
12. r35, -|. tt. ;.
c (pp.42g,43o,43r)
Exsncrsr ro3
l. q,76,3268. 2. fi,54s. ltl. 4o, *zo, ro, +S, 2.5, ta&en in either ordcr. $. +;.
B. 116. 4. t6tt.
5. ro, 165. 0. r45, t5 and 16. 8. 5oo ; 21,2so. 10. C.R. =I/i=r.4r. T.=rt. L7- +.
e. 17258. 10. r, rt. ll. 35oo. Ul. $g6z 5oo. 18. 19. 18. 3, rz, zt, or 63, 12, -3g. 20. rz, ro8.
15. 49 10. 46r m, nearly. 17. zr. 18. rzo. lg. 36.
"or".
flt. $176 4oo, $169 5oo, the first makes the better bargain by $t t'*n' in Exrncrsa ro5 (Pp. +g6,4SZ)
z years. 2
21. 4, y5.8,65g.2. N. 57o m. B. rz. 24. zo. t. zz7r.. z. ,# t. r*. 4. ,"93] . E. 6r.t.
2ii. 4n - r, n(zn + r), z5oth term is r 11264 Er
u. ,,,(, -;). 7.
lessthan rooo,
%. (za + r) (a + nb) ; the (22
g. o: 3uY ,s- 3ut .
+ zz + r )th term is zero.
"of;. e. 2a,fi. o.
$rr-l-t)"J.
u +2y 2u +y n. *(, -#). lL 6. 18. s. 18. s. L4.6.
tC ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III xci
3ll. (i) $rr97'5 (+-fig.), $rzoo (7-fig.); (ii) $rzo3 (4-fig. and 7-fig.).
tr. s!.
UI 18. 116{.
54
L?. zo4s. o.!., n, t (t -iJ. 84. a=42, 7 =l or a =7, r =1, 85. 8 (z + Vr) =zs'86.
t).
,s.';,r (' -iil. 86. za(n* rr) -l'-(n"
(a-r). 8?. $75o ooo. 88. 386r.

80, z4r ft.,67. 40, 2687o. 41. 3

_";l ,,
Ex.mcrsr ro6 (Pp. Cat 4a, 445) {,
9. ,!'- r9z +l3o ; !1
-7-(l =-rz must be rejected). 48. r.o5 m2.
l. zo[r'o5' - rl, 47. 2. j, o'olao. 8. ro[r'zr - r], 30. 44. $zt5g (+-fig.); $2r58 (7-fig.).
45. $1786o (+-6g.); gr785o (Z-fig.).
l. The rsth. 6. zg'778, r4't34.
?. gro4r (+-fig.), gto+z (l-fie.). 8. 5e6r (+-fig.), $s6z (z-fie.). f. $zt4 (+-fig.);
tl8, z, t5, O-fig). 47. $66t (+-fig.); $66o (7-fig.).
$26o7
9. $s8z (+-6g.), $sE6 (z-fie.). 10. 51833 (+-6g.)' $r8:z (z-fie.). Exrncrss ro7 (Pp. +Sf, 4S+,1ss)
11. zoo m. 12. 244 o3o. 18. s. 14. rr*. 16. 6'+'
1 and 2, Rational and unequal. S. Real, but irrational.
18. ry| L7. :'5. 18. 28, -*. 10. -64[r -(-*)"]' 16.
4. Rational and equal. 5. Imaginary
20. +. 21, 5sec.,aninfinitetime. 22. $r 5o3 16o, $zoooooo. 8. Equal in magnitude but opposite in sign ; irrational.
23.8.
27
sa.a!. w.sl.
o
%.3q2.
9go
27.5. 7. Real and irrational, (ii) unreal.
495 9
14, (ii) +ra, (iii) ?, r , (iv) 1, - 3.
g0. zb"-t) n(;n+t).
8. 1i;
8. .!]. 6.3n-znrr+r. 2+357
s55 232 3I , (iii) *' . (ir') 10. b
g. (i) h:1 4at. 11. j6
61 tiil - 47 l"
or 16 (42n - r) 3z (z + 5) -cr) -dn) ' -.n , :/. o ur
U. n _zcft ba-2 '
oI.
15 2 | -c *c"(rr -C 13. S3; 3.r!-z6x+3=q. 14. 35 z. 15. r'?-r8.:c+54=q.
Exnncrsn ro6 c (Pp. 44S, 446, 447' 448)
L6.7*- 3o.r+3r=o. Ll. 5z,z7oz. 18, z5r2 +234t+676=o.
- Ls. (t!"-
2!9,1;1:9;'), (ii)lb: \el ,1i1!b|:+ii,
L f,*. 2. rs years; gro6 4oo. ,.
ffi. , br - a.ab2t . za2c2 br tabzt - zu2t2
tL g, zn +7, A.P. with C.D. z. 6. !2-n(n + r), tn(a - r) + r. \"-r{trr-.
a- a-L'
A. 25,28,3t,..' i 32, -24, 18, ... ; 48S. 21, qx2 -p(q + r)r +(q * r)2 -q,
8. z+, zL; 34th term:g81, zoZ8i. 9. -I. 22. acx2 r zb (zc + a'1x + (zc + a)L :6 .o a8 +Ds +cs - 3abc
3 ^.-o"
10. C.D. =6, :1 , zoth term of 4.p. =4th term of G.P. 24. h =a (c - a), I =c(a - zc). 25. Xz. 26. t7.5.
".*. 2?. (i) 4, (ii) - rz$. 28. f 3. 2$. h -8, I =t. 30, r5o, - 5r4r.
,r.'r,i, a G.P. with ..*.
;. ,r.akn+r).
2 13. H:t+4.
3-A' 81. r'z+S2r+r:o. 32. x2 +3px+zpz+q:s. 88. p:1, C=6i+.
ll. t. 18. a =8o, r:i. 10. f log l, * l. log t-;
84. 3x2 - r4t + S =o. #. (i) ac, (ii) cz, (iii)
&3. From 27 ta rr3 inclusive.
24., $(8ooo -6ooz) ; 44oo(3)"-c ; the r3th._ Exrncrse ro8 (Pp. 46t,462)
25. a:r,r-- -2; a:g,r=!; a: -,J*2./6,r=3(+V6-r).
1, Betrveen - 5 and 4. 2. Between zl and 6. 8. None.
21. ry^ - t.
4. Between -z and 5. 5. None. 8. Between -7 and $,
28. rr3, an A.P., C.R. ro, with the exception of the rst term.
2e. n+ r. 80. -t o, 4; -8t3, lll*. +#.
7. (i) :t, (ii) 8. (i) 6$, (ii) r. e. (i) -s#, (ii) -+3.
10. ros. ll. -tt. L2. #. 16. i and -i.
BL. na. *."b" (-).b,c (?#). tz. 27. 17. -r and 3. 18. (r, r); (r3, -r). 19. z and -3.
 T

xcll ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III xclll

E:cncrsr ro9 P. +6+) t5. 6a2+4a+g. lB. rza+r2a-s. l'1. - r6a +7 - 5a-z
gaz
18. 8ta2+S4a+9. 19. r6oae. 20. -6a-r +z8a-5.
t. ,, -3, l+J- ,3a+t=r. e. t+, ts, B. 4g. *+. 2L. (8, l). 22. (2,8) and (3, 7) ; (r, 3) and (+, e). p4, t, _3, z.

4. *2, *3. E. *2, *o.5. 0. r,3,

=F,3(-r+v-). rrz (pp.+22,473, +71)
ExrRcrse
7. q or3. 8. 18 or 11. 0. 42n or 5.^. 10. * or -1. 1. Min. - z. 2, Max. 9rr.,.
B. Max. 7. 4. No max. ; no min.
5. Max.o;min. -r.
l1'. 1t5-at&. LZ. qnot3,. Lg.4, -z,raVzt. 6. Nlin. 9 ; max. ro; min. 9,
32 27 7. Max. 14 ; min. - r3. 8. N4ax. 3l ; min. - rzj.
9. Max, z-r4r ; min. z.
!4. -2, -., -4+"''/i . 15. - r, -2, -3+:/t4 . 10. Max. 53 ; min. -72.
11. Max. 14, -i.r. o. 12. N4ax. 3456 ; min. o.
r8. 3, -4:; =+C L?. -s, ], -g+!Fn. 13. rz5cm8. 14. AP:PB:4cm. 15. t/t-3-o.577. 17. x:g,y:4.
18. ll'l cm from point of suspension. 19. 614 cms. 20. 2.5 cmz.
18. 6, - to, -z+2;/ 4. 19. r, r,
=# 21.9cm,4.5 cm,6cm. 22.4cm. 23. 20cm,20cm, rocm. 24. z.
rr.
20.3,:, -'{v_35.
25. 26. ro cm, ro cm, rr cm. 27. z ms;2.55 ms.
zr. r, t,r*V:rs. g. '2 r!, ?.
4 ".!, 2 3 28.o.86m. 29, t56.z5cmz. 3l.r-,3cm,i 6.5cm. 32. rz.6kmper hour.
_t+?",/:2.
8. 3,:, ?A. zr.,/s, -ttV=. Exsncrsn I rz c (l'p. 474, 4-lS)
26. -r, -r, -r, r, r. 2ll. z, -t, +, -I. 27. z, -1,5, -f,. 1. r.z5 cm., cm. p. Mict-point of ,48.
3.25
8. x2 +a2 +(x -b)2."'l (: ,.). r
=#. g. z!,t-,1!"!1 ,
28. -r, t, r, 6. 1a r b.tr).
10. Ma-x.-D + 4as ; n.in. b - 4a6. ll. (i) At C, (ii) 2.5 m from B.
90. o, -4, -z1V-ro 8r.3,2,*F. sz.:,-:,+. 12. m 4 from the position of lesser powcr.

98. -3, -3. &4. -r, -4. 86. o,3a, -F,7a. g0. o, t760.
o5 Exnncrsr rr3 (pp. +Zg, 479, 4go)

rro (P, a66)

Exrncrsr
1. 19. 2. r. 8. -+2. 4. t3. 5. 16. 8. 17.
?.3a". 8. jha'.
9. (i) rzaz, (ii) 6a, (iii) 5,(iv) rzar+6a+S; (iv)=1;y+(iD+(iii).
10. (i) aa,(ii) - s, (iii) o, (iv) 4e - s t (iv):(i) +(ii) +(iii). lO. 0.06 to r.89. 17. z.s. 18. ro, r'4.
19. t (rs - 4x -8), 2.6s.
20. (r).x.= lz give the same.min. r,alue _41. (z) About
Exrncrst rrr (Pp. a67, a68) (:) r: tr, t+. (g (a\ +, (b) +. axis of y.
l. 5at. 2. 8a?. 8. roa. 4. 48a6. 5. gaz -2. 0. 8a-r. ?1.
M*. x:o,y:6; min. c: LJz:S,y= -o.25.
7. t6as. 8.8a-4. g. ztt. L0. za+3a-t. 11. o-r. 22. (2, -+),(-'3,+il. pB. (r, -:),
i-?g,r;nr).
L2. - rca-s -6a-t. 18. got -S. !L Ea! +6a. 24- (o, g), (rta, - zf).
xciv ESSENTIALS OF SCHOOL ALGEBRA ANSWERS. PART III xcv

Trsr IX (Pp.+8o, 48r,482, +81, +8+, +8S, +86)

Pepnns 1. ,:6:*"-fc ; y:o.4g8 i z=rz'6,
2. 8 hens per week and 48 during the laet week. 8. 642o.
A. s. (,) za+3b, (10 (T-)3. & (i) o.6?+, (ii) 16'r. n+l
4, z a the r5th. 6. Max. (5 |); min. (1, rrl). 0. 2.8.
q. ,,
"t;.
5. 16#. e.\"^, ("*'+?5!1 "^". 1. No pt. on znd graph liee between the linec y= -3az,Jzi no
such restriction in rst gruph.
B. 1. -8o. 2. -r9o. 8. (i) 18 kg' (ii) z'4 {.
'tt, r1t, ... , (ii) l{z - (l)" -(l).).
crn. 8. (i) r, km pcr hour.
+s
4. p+q,t-p,gp+q,r!5. 5. ab m2. 6. (i) r, -r'32, (ii) o.4S57 or -o'8614. 0. (i) r.z+S ; 3 to z.
s. O7=!i,i.e. 4'62, z'38. (fhe other roots must be rejected.),
(il):rlo to 3 sig. figs.
c. r. ;.i-1. 2. (i):' r, (ii) -I, r. 8. r'42. tL n(to-nl.
5. $46 855'9; $roo ooo. 0. S8'+ p€r oent.
D. l. zr''z+i.; (i, -3) "'(-*, -8); t*o.
2. b'Zpc; a has the same sign as c, but D has the opposite sign'
8. (i) z'5o. {. (i) rr, (ii) $4to. 6. 19'83.
6. tl. The graphs touch.

t.(Dee++,<"t##ffi. 2.4. 27
s. 49'37'

4. (i) -2, -2, -2|l/i(i.e. - s'82, r'87) ; (ii) r3'4. 5. 686a. 6. 6t.
F. l.,t! -ic - 20 =o, x2 - tzx +46:o, rt +rot +35 :o.
2. (i) 4o4,25o. 8. $r72. 4, o'5224.
5. o'6. 6. 3r2-8*-+5; r, I3.
L. 6 +4:c. 2. (i) zz7zz, (ii) rz years. 8. r'983.
4. o'ooz too small ; r'8o9; o'69r.
L. d= - r, z= -! or d= -t3,r=zl.
2. s:2ery*sl, y=rt*-+rf t ,.nt. 4. f -z7x+5r =o.
6. O 3JJ! (i.e. 3.56, -o.56), (ii) 3. 6. Rad. z m, Ht. r m.

Ll. ,. '?#l;i'. B. .' (i,'+).

4. (i) o'3357, (ii) z'r57. 6. ?.
3

1. (ii) r:f, y: +5 or +3, s=+3, +5. 2. (i) z'7t8, (ii) 9.

8. r5or i 7s2,ooo. 4. acrx +zb(a+c)x+(a f cf =e.
6. $62'g ; nearly 33 years.
\\