1.

Which of the following sinuses drain/s its/their secretions at the MIDDLE

meatus?
A. frontal, maxillary, posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses
B. nasolacrimal duct
C. maxillary, anterior ethmoid, and frontal sinuses
D. maxillary, posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses

2. Which nerve gives sensation to the tip of the nose?

A. Ophthalmic nerve V1 C. Maxillary nerve V2
B. Mandibular nerve V3 D. Facial nerve

3. What muscle is responsible for opening the pharyngotympanic tube?

A. tensor veli palatine C. levator veli palatini
B. palatopharyngeus D. palatoglossus

4. This is the muscle of the pharyngeal wall that is innervated by the

glossopharyngeal nerve:
A. middle and inferior constrictors
B. superior constrictors
C. salphingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
D. stylopharyngeus

5. Accumulation of lymph within the pleural cavity is termed as:

A. Hydrothorax C. hemothorax
B. Chylothorax D. pneumothorax

6. This nerve innervates the bronchial muscles and glands and are
bronchoconstrictor and secretomotor:
A. sympathetic fibers C. cranial nerve IX
B. phrenic nerve D. cranial nerve X

7. This is a small pyramidal nasal muscle that lies close to, and is often partially
blended with, the medial side of the frontal part of the occipitofrontalis muscle:
A. dilator naris anterior C. nasalis
B. alaequae nasi D. procerus

8. The pulmonary pleura (visceral) is inseparably adherent to the lung over all its
surfaces including those in the fissures, except where?
A. diaphragmatic portion of the lungs C. hilum of the lungs
B. anterior surface of the lungs D. apices of the lungs

9. During the dissection of the cadaver, you were asked to state the relations of the
trachea. At the cervical level, this/these structure/s is/are “laterally” related to the trachea:
A. common carotid arteries C. thyroid gland-isthmus
B. pretracheal fascia D. arch of the aorta

10. Occlusion of these arteries will compromise the blood supply to the costal margins f
the diaphragm:
A. lower fiveintercostal and subcostal arteries
B. arteries branching out from the descending aorta
C. esophageal arteries
D. phrenic arteries

11. This corresponds to the medial wall of the nasal cavity:

A. nasal septum C. cribriform plate
 B. alae nasi D. philtrum

12. The nasopharynx is located behind the posterior nares and above this
structure:
A. larynx C. floor of the mouth
B. vocal cords D. soft palate

13. If there is a large tumor located within the pterygopalatine fossa, there is a
possibility that this nerve may be affected:
A. facial nerve C. ophthalmic nerve
B. mandibular nerve D. maxillary nerve

14. Where is the Broyles’ ligament located?

A. trachea C. nasal cavity
B. larynx D. pharynx

15. What is the largest among the paranasal sinuses?

A. maxillary sinuses C. frontal sinuses
B. ethmoidal sinuses D. sphenoidal sinuses

16. The largest among the laryngeal cartilages is the:

A. Cricoid cartilage C. arythenoid cartilage
B. cricoarythenoid cartilage D. Thyroid cartilage

17. This is the characteristic normal breath sounds that is heard along over most lung
fields, with longer inspiration duration than in expiration.
A. brocho-vesicular
B. vesicular
C. bronchial
D. ronchi

18. This is the vibrations felt on the chest wall (during the physical examination) that
is produced by the bronchopulmonary tree:
A. egophony C. bronchophony
B. tactile fremitus D. resonance

19. The oblique fissure divides the lung into an upper and lower lobes. In the surface
anatomy of the lungs, posteriorly, the fissure can be approximated at the level of this
structure:
A. scapular spine C. spine of third thoracic vertebrae
B. urth thoracic vertebrae D. inferior border of the scapula

20. Which of the statements below is true regarding diaphragmatic excursion?

A. During maximal expiration and inspiration, diaphragmatic excursion is
approximately 5 or 6 cm
B. Percussion of the location of diaphragm reveals dullness approximately at the level
of T10
C. An abnormally high diaphragm level may reveal pnemothorax or pleural effusion
D. an asymmetrical diaphragmatic curvatures in the Chest Xray films is always
pathological

21. Tracheal breath sounds can be heard on the neck until the trachea bifurcates into
mainstem bronchi. Tracheal bifurcation can be located approximately at this level:
A. sternal angle of Louie C. sixth thoracic vertebrae
B. xiphosternal junction D. level of sternal notch

22. The transmitted voice sounds heard during auscultation in lobar pneumonia,
wherein aa sounds like ee is known as:
A. bronchophony C. fremitus
B. egophony D. rhonchus
 23. Which is true regarding the surface anatomy of the lungs?
A. the apex rises approximately 2-4cm above the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
B. posteriorly, the inferior border of the lungs extends up to level of T10
C. anteriorly, the inferior border of the lungs is approximately at the 8th rib mid-
clavicular line
D. a horizontal fissure divides the left lungs into two lobes

24. What is the characteristic sound that will be heard during percussion of the
normal lung?
A. resonance
B. dull
C. tympanitic
D. hyperresonance

25. During auscultation of the chest, which is true with broncho-vesicular breath
sounds?
A. inspiratory sounds last longer than expiratory sound
B. breath sounds heard on the 2nd-3rd intercostal space anteriorly and between the
scapula posteriorly
C. breath sounds characteristically loud in intensity and high-pitched
D. the sound is classified as an adventitious sound

26. The proper sequence of examination of the chest and lungs is:
A. inspection, percussion, palpation, auscultation
B. inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
C. inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion
D. all are correct whatever the physician prefers

27. Which layer of the pleura completely covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and
extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures?
A. Parietal pleura
B. Costal pleura
C. Visceral pleura
D. Diaphragmatic pleura

28. A loose fold of pleurtal cuff that hangs down on the hilum which allow
movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration.
A. pulmonary ligament
B. Parietal pleura
C. Visceral pleura
D. Mediastinal pleura

29. Which of the following is true of the cervical pleura:

A. The cervical pleura is a continuation of the costovertebral pleura over the
pulmonary hilum.
B. As a result of the obliquity of the first rib, the cervical pleura extends 3-4 cm
above the first costal cartilage, but not above the neck of the first rib.
C. The cervical pleura is strengthened by a fascial suprapleural membrane, which is
attached in front to the internal border of the first rib, and behind to the anterior
border of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra.
D. The cervical pleura (like the pulmonary apex) reaches the level of the sixth
cervical spine 2.5 cm from the midline.

30. Which of the following statement is true:

A. The visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous with each other around the hilar
structures, and they remain in close, though sliding, contact at all phases of
respiration.
B. The potential space between them is the thoracic cavity, which is maintained at a
negative pressure by the inward elastic recoil of the lung and the outward pull of
the chest wall.
 C. The right pleural cavity is the smaller of the two because the liver extends further to
the left. The upper and lower limits of the pleurae are about the same on the two
sides, but the left sometimes descends lower in the midaxillary line.
D. Any breach of the chest wall and parietal pleura or visceral pleura consequently
leads to the accumulation of air within the pleural cavity called
pneumohydrothorax.

31. This is the vertical sequence at the left hilum;

A. pulmonary artery, lower pulmonary vein and principal bronchus
B. pulmonary artery, principal bronchus, and lower pulmonary vein
C. principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and upper pulmonary vein
D. principal bronchus, upper pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery

32. Which of the following is true of the trachae:

A. The trachea is tube formed completely by cartilage and fibromuscular
membrane, lined internally by mucosa.
B. It is 10-11 cm long, and descends from the larynx from the level of the
seventh cervical vertebra.
C. Its external transverse diameter is 2 cm in adult males, and 1.5 cm in adult
females.
D. The trachea is a rigid tube and ends in the carina.

33. What is the main blood supply of the trachea?

A. Superior thyroid artery
B. Middle thyroid artery
C. Inferior thyroid artery
D. Bronchial artery

34. In a patient presenting with dyspnea, wherein you are suspecting a pulmonary
mass, the best ancillary procedure to visualize the parenchyma of the lungs is :
A. spirometry C. plain chest XR
B. arterial blood gas determination D. Chest CT scan

35. This is a diagnostic procedure which measures the volume of air

inspired or expired as a function of time:
A. chest radiograph (XR) C. Spirometry
B. CT scan of the chest D. arterial blood gases determination

36. Which of the ff. statements below will be the manifestation/s of a patient with
a lesion involving the phrenic nerve at the level of the “neck”?
A. complete paralysis of the diaphragm, patient will have profound dyspnea
B. there will be paralysis of the corresponding half of the diaphragm
C. there will be no clinical manifestations
D. paralysis of the intercostal muscles

37. Which of the ff. is TRUE regarding the relations of the phrenic arteries?
A. the phrenic arteries arise separately from the aorta, just above its coeliac trunk
B. each artery ascends laterally anterior to a crus of the diaphragm, near the
medial border of the suprarenal gland
C. the left passes in front of the esophagus and thoracic aorta and forwards on the
left side of its diaphragmatic opening
D. the right phrenic artery passes posterior to the inferior vena cava, and then
along the right side of its opening

38. Where do the bronchial arteries originate?

A. internal thoracic arteries C. pulmonary arteries
B. arch of the aorta D. descending aorta
 39. The potential space between the visceral and the parietal pleurae is termed as:
A. thoracic cavity C. pleural cavity
B. costovertebral angle D. cervical pleura

40. Which is NOT TRUE reagarding spirometry?

A. the procedure can not be done on patients 40 years old and above
B. it is an extremely safe procedure
C. it is devoid of any serious complication/s
D. the most common errors are failure to exhale as fast as possible and failure to
continue exhalation as long as possible

41. Which of the ff. CAN NOT be detected in the routine Chest roentgenogram?
A. presence of pulmonary edema
B. dislocation of a joint in the chest wall skeletal structures
C. the tidal volume/capacity
D. hyperaeration or hyperinflation of the lungs

42. If the patient has tracheal deviation caused by pneumothorax affecting the right
lung and the medical staff advised you to do needle thoracostomy, what site would you use
for the access?
A. 2nd ICS right midclavicular line C. 5th ICS right paravertebral line
B. 2 ICS left midclavicular line
nd
D. 5th ICS right paravertebral line

43. When reading a chest x –ray film of a patient, which of the structures/objects
listred below will appear as “hypoluscent”?
A. Air C. Cartilage
B. Bones D. Metal object

44. In the normal chest X-ray film, the diaphragm is elevated on the right side
because of:
A. Lungs is elongated on the right
B. The stomach is on the right side
C. The liver is present on the right
D. Intestines are on the right side

45. When there is hyper resonance (upon percussion) of the chest wall on a given
subject, you can expect this condition:
A. Pleural effusion C. Bronchitis
B. Pneumothorax D. lung cancer

46. This is the amount of pleural fluid that will produce “blunting” of the
costophrenic sulcus:
A. 50 – 100 cc C. 300 – 500 cc
B. 100 – 200 cc D. 1000 cc

II. Matching type.

A. Below are lettered causes of dyspnea and numbered situations that present with dyspnea.
Match the numbered items with the lettered causes of dyspnea.

A. diseases of the lung parenchyma

B. immobilization of the diaphragm
C. restriction of chest volume
D. obstruction of the upper airways
E. obstructive lung disease
A 47. an elementary student who has been bedridden due to fever and
productive cough for almost a week already; brought to the ER due to
severe difficulty of breathing

E 48. prominent wheezing, cough, and tightness of chest; the timing is

always episodic with symptom-free periods; mechanism is bronchial
hyperresponsiveness involving release of inflammatory mediators, and
bronchoconstriction

E 49. aggravated by exertion; relieved by expectoration and rest; associated

with chronic productive cough and recurrent infections; seen in settings such as
chronic smoking, exposure to air pollutants; mechanisms include excessive
production of mucus in bronchi followed by chronic obstruction
D 50. a child complaining of dyspnea because of aspiration of a piece of toy that
have lodged into the right main bronchus

E 51. a chronically heavy smoker elderly male patient who initially was seen at
the ER due to dyspnea

C 52. a young adult male who was stabbed at the chest wall after a riot; subsequently
was seen at the hospital due to dyspnea; chest Xray revealed pneumothorax

B. Where can one find the following structures? Match the numbered structures with the
lettered items:

A 53. fossa of Rossenmuller A. nasopharynx

A 54. bursa of Luschka B. oropharynx
D 55. “cartilago triticea” C. layngopharynx
C 56. Laimer’s triangle D. larynx
E. none of the choices

III. Label the drawing. Please make use of the lettered choices. Write the letter of your
choice on to your answer sheet. No erasure will be allowed.
 57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

Choices:
A 57. A. epiglottis F. arythenoid
C 58. B. cricoid cartlage G. thyrohyoid membrane
H 59. C. thyroid cartilage H. none of the choices
B 60. D. tracheal cartilage
D 61. E. cricothyroid ligament

IV. Modified Multiple Choice/Multiple True or False. Use the boxed statements as the
basis/bases for your answers. The “guide box” will appear on the subsequent pages. No
erasure nor any alteration will be honored.

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

B 62. Which of the ff. statements is/are TRUE regarding the cervical pleura?
I. the cervical pleura is a continuation of the costovertebral pleura over the
pulmonary apex
II. the cervical pleura ascends medially from the internal border of the 3 rd
rib to the apex of the lung
 III. it descends lateral to the trachea to become the mediastinal pleura
IV. as a result of the obliquity of the first rib, the cervical pleura extends 5-6
cm above the first costal cartilage

E 63. Which of the ff. items is TRUE regarding the “impressions” seen on the
surface of the lungs?
I. on the left lung the cardiac impression is related to the anterior and
lateral surfaces of the left ventricle and auricle
II. the anterior infundibular surface and adjoining part of the right
ventricle is also related to the lung
III. a large groove arches over the hilum, and descends behind it and the
pulmonary ligament, corresponding to the aortic arch and descending
aorta
IV. from the summit of the left lung, a narrow groove ascends to the
apex for the left subclavian artery

E 64. Which of the ff. is/are affirmative regarding the pulmonary fissures and
lobes of the right lung?
I. the right lung is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by an
oblique and a horizontal fissure
II. the upper, oblique fissure of the right lung separates the inferior
from the middle and upper lobes
III. on the posterior border, the oblique fissure is either level with the
spine of the fourth thoracic vertebra or slightly lower
IV. the short horizontal fissure passes from the oblique fissure, near the
midaxillary line, horizontally forwards to the anterior border of the lung

A 65. Which of the ff. is TRUE regarding the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
I. The pulmonary lymphatic vessels originate in a superficial
subpleural plexus
II. In peripheral parts of the lungs small channels connect superficial
and deep lymphatic vessels, and are capable of dilatation to direct
lymph from the deep to the superficial channels when outflow from
deep vessels is obstructed by pulmonary disease
III. A deep plexus accompanies the branches of the pulmonary vessels
and bronchi
IV. There are extensive anastomoses between the superficial and deep
lymphatics

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

B 66. A 5-year old boy was seen at the ER because of difficulty of breathing. There are
wheezes on the right lung field. Chest XRay revealed a coin that has lodged into the right
primary bronchus of the child’s lung. The reason why foreign objects are likely to lodge in the
right primary bonchus is/are:
I. the right is wider than the left
II. the right is longer than the left
III. the left is longer than the right
IV. the left is oriented more horizontal than the right

A 67. The costovertebral pleura lines which of the following structure/s?

 I. inner side of the sternum
II. inner portion of the ribs
III. tranversus thoracis muscle
IV. upper surface of the diaphragm

E 68. Which of the ff. is TRUE regarding the vascularity of the lungs?
I. the pulmonary artery bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries,
which pass to the hila of the lungs
II. on entering the lung tissue, both pulmonary arteries divide into branches
that accompany segmental and subsegmental bronchi and lie mostly
dorsolateral to them
III. the pulmonary veins, two from each lung, drain the pulmonary capillaries
IV. the radicles of the pulmonary veins coalesce into larger branches which
traverse the lung independently of the pulmonary arteries and bronchi

E 69. Which of the ff. is TRUE regarding the structures and relations of the nasal
cavity?
I. the nasal cavity is an irregular space between the roof of the mouth and
the cranial base
II. the nasal cavity is divided by a vertical osseocartilaginous septum that
is approximately median in position
III. the bony septum of the nasal cavity reaches the posterior limit of the
cavity, which leads into the nasopharynx through a pair of posterior
nasal apertures, or choanae
IV. the medial border of the choanae is formed by the posterior edge of the
vomer

B 70. When an clinician stimulated the soft palate with a light touch (from a
tongue depressor), the following nerve/s may be stimulated:
I. lesser palatine nerves (branch of the maxillary nerves)
II. greater petrosal nerve (branch of the facial nerve)
III. pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve
IV. branches of the vagus nerve

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

A 71. Which of the ff. statements is TRUE regarding the extent and boundaries of the
nasal vestibule?
I. the nasal vestibule is a slightly expanded anterior part of the air passage
just inside the naris
II. the vestibule extends as a small recess towards the apex of the nose
III. medially, the nasal vestibule is bounded by the medial crus or septal
process of the major alar cartilage.
IV. the vestibule is bounded medially by the ala

A 72. Which of the ff. is/are TRUE regarding the frontal sinus/sinuses?
I. there are 2 frontal sinuses
 II. the frontal sinus/sinuseses lie/lies between the outer and inner
tables of the frontal bone
III. the frontal sinus/sinuses underly/underlies a triangular area on the
surface, its angles formed by the nasion, a point 3 cm above the nasion
and the junction of the medial third and lateral two-thirds of the
supraorbital margin
IV. the frontal sinus/sinuses is/are found at lateral to the external nares

A 73. Which of the ff. is TRUE regarding the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
I. the nasopharynx lies above the soft palate and behind the posterior nares
II. the walls of the nasopharynx are rigid (except for the soft palate) and its
cavity is therefore never obliterated, unlike the cavities of the oro- and
laryngopharynx
III. the nasal and oral parts of the pharynx communicate through the
pharyngeal isthmus which lies between the posterior border of the soft
palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall
IV. the roof and posterior wall form a continuous concave slope that leads
down from the nasal septum to the trachea

E 74. Which of the ff. staements is/aare TRUE regarding the boundaries of the
laryngophraynx?
I. the laryngopharynx is also known as the hypopharynx
II. the laryngopharynx extends from the superior border of the epiglottis,
where it is delineated from the oropharynx by the lateral glossoepiglottic
folds
III. it extends inferiorly to the border of the cricoid cartilage, where it
becomes continuous with the oesophagus
IV. the laryngeal inlet lies in its incomplete anterior wall, and the posterior
surfaces of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages lie below this opening

D 75. Which of the following statement is/are true regarding the relations and
structures of the lungs?
I. The right lung has 3 lobes, namely the superior, middle and the
posterior lobes
II. The left oblique fissure separates the inferior from the middle and upper
lobes, and corresponds closely to the left oblique fissure
III. The short horizontal fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the
left lung
IV. The left lung has 2 lobes

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

D 76. Which is/are true regarding the blood supply of the palatine tonsils?

I. the internal carotid artery contributes greatly to the blood supply of the
palatine tonsils
II. the palatine tonsils receive its blood supply from branches of the external carotid
artery namely: facial, internal maxillary, lingual, ascending pharyngeal and
superficial temporal arteries
III. the descending palatine artery from the internal maxillary provides the blood
supply at inferior pole
IV. the tonsillar branch of the facial artery provides the main blood supply of the
palatine tonsils
A 77. Which of the following statement is/are true regarding the skeletal
support of the nose?
I. the ethmoid bone forms the posterior and superior framework of the nasal
cavity
II. the quadragular cartilage forms the septum together with perpendicular plate of
ethmoid, vomer, maxilla crest and palatine bone
III. the upper and lower lateral cartilages are the major components of the nasal
dorsum
IV. the nose has no skeletal support

A 78. A post thyroidectomy patient was noted to have episodes of choking and
coughing after the operation, there was no hoarseness but the voice was low-pitch.
Which of the following statement describes the patient’s condition?
I. the recurrent laryngeal nerve was injured hence the patient loss its sensation at
the glottic area
II. the internal branch superior laryngeal nerve is injured hence the patient is
unable to increase its pitch
III. the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is injured hence the patient lost
its sensation at the supraglottic area
IV. the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves have been injured during the
surgical operation

D 79. Which of the following is/are true regarding the intrinsic muscles of the
larynx?
I. the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is an ADductor muscle
II. the thyroarytenoid ABductors the vocal cords and its medial aspect is formed by
the vocalis muscle
III. the posterior cricoarythenois muscle is relaxed during vocalization
IV. the inter-arytenoid muscle is the only unpaired muscle and receives bilateral
innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A 80. Which is/are true with the innervation of the larynx?

I. the vagus nerve provides innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx as well
as its sensory innervation
II. the recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensation to the glottic and infraglottic
region
III. the left recurrent laryngeal nerve anchors to the arch of the aorta before it
ascends to the neck at the tracheo-esophageal groove while the right recurrent
laryngeal nerve anchors to the right subclavian artery before it ascends to the
neck
IV. the glossopharyngeal nerve is the sole nerve that innervates the larynx

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

D 81. Other than the larynx, this/these appear/s to be the most sensitive area/s of the
airways for the cough reflex:
I. distal bronchioles
II. lung parenchyma
III. proximal trachea
IV. carina

E _ 82. The best site for insertion of a tube thoracostomy procedure would be the safe
triangle. The following are the anatomical landmarks for this site. Sellect all that applies:
I.Anterior border of the latissimus dorsi
 II. Lateral border of the pectoralis ,ajor muscle
III. A line superior to the horizontal level of the nipple
IV.Apex below the axilla

A 83. What structure/s would you pierce thru when you are doing thoracentesis?
I.Innermost intercostals muscle III. Superficial fascia
II. Skin IV. Neurovascular bundle

A 84. Which of the ff. statements is/are TRUE redarding the description of the
visceral layer of the pleura?
I.Covers the outer surface of the lungs
II. Extends into the interlobular fissures of the lungs
III. Sensitive to stretch
IV.Sensitive to temperature

B 85. Which of the ff. will be the manifestation/s of a patient with pneumothorax?
I.Difficulty of breathing
II. Coughing up of pink, frothy sputum
III. No breath sounds in affected area
IV.Bradycardia

D 86. Asymetrical chest expansion may be due to:

I.Collapse of both lung
II. Accumulation of the air inside the affected lung
III. Lung collapse caused by too much fluid pressure
IV.Deeper inspiration in the affected lung

D 87. Hyperresonance in the patient’s chest means that there is:

I.Tumor under the percussed area
II. Lung infection
III. Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
IV.Too much air!!!

C 88. In pneumothorax, a bulla forms because of:

I.Air in the pleural cavity
II. Very high pressure inside the lung
III. Assymetric chest expansion
IV.Weak spot in the lung wall

If I, II, and III are correct If only IV is correct

If I and III are correct If all are correct
If II and IV are correct

B 89. Productive cough will be seen in patients with the ff. condition/s:
I. pneumonia
II. pulmonary mass/tumor
III. brochial asthma
IV. pleural effusion

B 90. Which of the ff. statement/s concerning the root of the lungs is/are
affirmative?
I. the right phrenic nerve passes anterior to the right lung root
 II. the left phrenic nerve passes posterior to the left lung root
III. the azygos vein arches over the superior margin of the lung root
IV. the right pulmonary artery lies posterior to the principal bronchus

E 91. Which of the ff. statements is/are TRUE regarding the pleurae?
I. the visceral or pulmonary pleura adheres closely to the pulmonary
surface and its interlobar fissures
II. the continuation of the visceral pleura, the parietal pleura, lines the
corresponding half of the thoracic wall
III. the parietal pleura covers much of the diaphragm and structures
occupying the middle region of the thorax
IV. The visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous with each other around
the hilar structures, and they remain in close, though sliding, contact at
all phases of respiration

V. Essay. Please write your answer/s on a separate sheet of paper.

A. (For # 92 to 94)
Briefly explain the anatomy or “mechanism” of coughing.

(deep initial respiration, tight closure of the glottis, quick and forceful contraction of the expiratory
muscles, sudden opening of the glottis while the expi. Muscles contract continuously)

B. (For # 95 to 97)
Define or describe briefly the so-called “Little’s area” in the nasal cavity.

C. (For # 98 to 10)
What is the Waldeyer’s ring?

( Waldeyer's ring is a circumpharyngeal ring of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which surrounds the
openings into the digestive and respiratory tracts. It is made up anteroinferiorly by the lingual tonsil, laterally
by the palatine and tubal tonsils, and posterosuperiorly by the nasopharyngeal tonsil and smaller collections of
lymphoid tissue in the inter-tonsillar intervals.)