Integrating heat pumps

in heat networks - 60/30

Energy trilemma
Design choices – 150 apartments
HP only HP + CHP + boiler
100% share 45% + 40% + 15%
HEAT PUMP

Work (electricity)
transfers heat

Energy absorbed Energy released

Heat in Heat Pump Heat out
 Electricity
Heat Pump

300%!!!

COLD WARM
 Temperature
difference is a
must for heat
transfer
AIR

7°C outdoor
temperature
 Heat transfer

High Low
Thermal energy flow
temperature Natural convection temperature
(warmer) (cooler)

How do we move heat from a cooler area to a warmer area?

 Example:
REFRIGERANT refrigerant R407C
transfers heat approximate temperatures
Boilingpoint-44°Catatmosphericpressure

35°C
LTHW flow

Heat REFRIGERANT Heat

AIR exchanger
for heat transfer exchanger WATER
30°C
LTHW return
7°C outdoor
temperature -5°C
Compressor - pressurizes
and circulates refrigerant
• compressorincreases thepressureof agas Low High
pressure pressure
• compressor is similar topump:
Compressor

✓ increase the pressure on afluid Heat Heat

exchanger exchanger

✓ can transport the fluid through apipe Expansion

valve
Heat pump relies on refrigerant
pressure / temperature relationship

• temperature and pressure of a gas are

proportionally related at a constant volume

• pressure is increased –temperature rises

 Example:
REFRIGERANT refrigerant R407C

Electricity for
compressor
transfers heat approximate temperatures

40°C

Compressor

Heat REFRIGERANT Heat

Energy absorbed exchanger exchanger Energy released
for heat transfer

Expansion valve

-5°C
REFRIGERANT Example:
refrigerant R407C

Electricity for
compressor
transfers heat approximate temperatures

40°C
35°C
Compressor LTHW flow

Heat REFRIGERANT Heat

AIR exchanger
for heat transfer exchanger WATER
30°C
Expansion valve
LTHW return
7°C outdoor
temperature -5°C
During During
evaporation condensation

Electricity for
compressor
heat is absorbed heat is released

GAS GAS
-5°C 40°C
condensation
Compressor

REFRIGERANT
Energy absorbed Evaporator Condenser Energy released
for heat transfer

Expansion valve

-5°C 35°C
LIQUID + GAS LIQUID
EVAPORATION CONDENSATION

Electricity for
compressor
GAS GAS
-5°C 40°C
35°C
Compressor LTHW flow

REFRIGERANT
AIR Evaporator
for heat transfer WATER
30°C
Expansion valve
LTHW return
7°C outdoor
temperature -5°C 35°C
LIQUID + GAS LIQUID
 Airflow: 22,000 m3/h

Fan
Evaporator AIR AIR
Fined tube coil
heat exchanger

AIR AIR
 energy out
COP =
energy in

Electricity 1 kW
3
COP = = 3.0
1

Compressor

Energy absorbed REFRIGERANT Energy released

Evaporator Condenser
2 kW for heat transfer 3 kW

Expansion valve
 COP – outdoor temperature
AIR WATER
Heat Pump

Outdoor temp. COP HP operating temp.

10°C 4.58 30/35°C
5°C 3.63 30/35°C
0°C 2.90 30/35°C
 COP – operating temperatures
AIR WATER
Heat Pump

Outdoor temp. COP HP operating temp.

5°C 3.63 30/35°C
5°C 3.06 40/45°C
5°C 2.49 50/55°C
 COP – temperature gap to bridge

40°C
35°C
Compressor LTHW flow

30°C
LTHW return
7°C outdoor
temperature -5°C

COP decreases with increasing temperature difference

 Monetarising return temperatures
43 kW HP
Outdoor HP operating COP Power input Energy cost Emissions
temp. temp.
£/h £/year kg CO2/h kg CO2/year

5°C 30/35°C 3.63 12 kW 1.6 6,400 6.2 24,800

5°C 40/45°C 3.06 14.2 kW 1.9 7,600 7.4 29,600
5°C 50/55°C 2.49 17.5 kW 2.3 9,200 9.1 36,400

• Electricityprice13.19p/kWh
• ElectricityCO2 0.519kg/kWh
• 4,000operatinghoursperyear
 COP – snapshot efficiency
SCOP – seasonal COP
SCOP
• HP’s average annual efficiency performance
• should be used in project assessment
• datasheet SCOP is based on 4,910 heating hours in Strasbourg
• ideally weather data from a project location should be used
 SCOP – seasonal COP
Demand vs Average Temperature Demand vs Average Temperature
90,000 20 700 12

80,000 18
600 10
70,000 16
500
14

Temperature °C
60,000 8

Temperature °C

Demand kW
Demand kWh

12 400
50,000
10 6
40,000 300
8
4
30,000 200
6
20,000 4 2
100
10,000 2
0 0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Demand kW Temperature °C
Demand kWh Average Temperature °C

• seasonal temperatures and volume weighted

• should be at least 2.8
 Sizing – loads & diversity
150 two bedroom apartments 60/30
DHW load 35 kW
Heating load 2 kW
DHW diversity factor 0.0756
Design temperatures DHW Heating
Heating diversity factor 0.6225
Heat Network Supply 60°C 60°C
Peak plant without buffer 584 kW (Primary) Return 17°C 32°C
Peak plant with buffer 256 kW
Apartment Supply 45°C 50°C
DHW buffer volume 2,000 l (Secondary) Return 10°C 30°C
DHW peak flow rate 2.2 l/s
Heating peak flow rate 1.6 l/s
Total peak flow rate 3.8 l/s
Plantroom pipe size 65 mm
Heat pump buffer and COP
150 two bedroom apartments 60/30
DHW peak flow rate 2.2 l/s
Heating peak flow rate 1.6 l/s
Total peak flow rate 3.8 l/s
constant
volume
2.1 l/s
 Heat pumps only design
60°C
60°C

30°C
55°C

• must achieve system flow temperature Outdoor temp. COP HP operating temp.
• poor COP (heat pump operating 55/60°C) 5°C 2.29 55/60°C
• SCOP below 2.8
 Heat pumps only design
55°C
55°C

30°C
50°C

• must achieve system flow temperature Outdoor temp. COP HP operating temp.
• poor COP (heat pump operating 50/55°C) 5°C 2.49 50/55°C
• SCOP below 2.8
Heat pump as preheat - buffer and COP
150 two bedroom apartments 60/30
DHW peak flow rate 2.2 l/s
Heating peak flow rate 1.6 l/s
Total peak flow rate 3.8 l/s

constant
volume
CHP
2.1 l/s
Heat pump as preheat - buffer and COP

CHP
Heat pump as preheat - buffer and COP

CHP
Heat pump as preheat - buffer and COP

CHP
 Plant selection (150 flats) - cost
HP only plant room
Type of plant Max. thermal output Thermal store/buffer Capital cost Cost per flat
Heat pumps (CAHV) 6 x 43 kW 2,200 l £22,700 each
Total 258 kW 2,200 l £136,000 £907

Hybrid plant room

Type of plant Max. thermal output Thermal store/buffer Capital cost Cost per flat
CHP (XRGI 20) 39 kW 500 l £42,000
Heat pump (CAHV) 43 kW 500 l £23,000
Boiler (gas or electric) 174 kW 2,000 l £16,000
Total 256 kW 3,000 l £81,000 £540
 Design choices
HP only HP + CHP + boiler
CAPEX £136,000 £81,000 El.13.19p/kWh
OPEX £42,000 £25,000 Gas 3.94p/kWh
SCOP 2.5 3.2
Security of supply x v
Sector coupling x v
SAP 2012 / el. grid marginal
CO2 (tonnes/year) 163 131
CO2 reduction 15% 31%
SAP 10 (used by GLA)
CO2 (tonnes/year) 73 118
CO2 reduction 56% 29%
Plant selection – peak capacity

HP

CHP
 Plant selection – 150 apartments
70,000

60,000

50,000
Boiler
40,000 88,752 CHP
15% 242,149
kWh/month

30,000 40%
20,000

10,000

-
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LoadTracker Heat Production Heat Pump Heat Production (kWh) Boiler Heat
Heat Pump
269,099
• 150apartments 45%

• annualDHWandheatingdemand600,000kWh
• annualelectricitydemand75,000kWh
HP + CHP + boiler parallel design
SAV office and warehouse
Summary - integrating heat pumps

• low return temperature HP + CHP + boiler

45% + 40% + 15%
• large delta T for efficient building
• COP / SCOP
• CO2 reduction
•
Boiler
CAPEX 15%
CHP
40%
• OPEX

Heat Pump
45%
 Follow on CPDs

1. Designing buildings to operate to 60/30

2. Commissioning to 60/30
 Thank you
for your attention
Beata Blachut - Head of Technical Strategic Business Development

Any feedback or questions: info@sav-systems.com

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