SpanishIsYourAmigoFinalDraft PDF

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 7
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ........................................................................ 8
CAPITALIZATION RULES ............................................................................. 9
HELPFUL GRAMMAR TERMS ..................................................................... 10

CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................. 14
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Helpful Words and Phrases ...........................................................................................................
THE SPANISH ALPHABET .................................................................................................................... 15
LETTER & WORD PRONUNCIATION ................................................................................................ 16
PRONUNCIATION TIPS ......................................................................................................................... 17
SYLLABIC STRESS ................................................................................................................................. 19
MORE WORD PRONUNCIATION ........................................................................................................ 20
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................. 23
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Helpful Words and Phrases ...........................................................................................................
NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................ 24
ORDINAL NUBMERS & COLORS ...................................................................................................... 25
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................. 28
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Time Terminology, Writing Dates ................................................................................................
WRITING DATES ..................................................................................................................................... 29
TELLING TIME......................................................................................................................................... 30
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................. 33
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
People and Family .............................................................................................................................
SUBJECT PRONOUNS .......................................................................................................................... 34
PRONOUNS USED AFTER PREPOSITIONS ...................................................................................... 35
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................. 38
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Regular Present Tense AR, ER, IR Verbs .................................................................................
HOW TO CONJUGATE REGULAR PRESENT TENSE VERBS ...................................................... 39
REGULAR PRESENT TENSE VERB EXAMPLES ................................................................................ 40
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................. 44
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
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CONJUGATED VERB + INFINITIVE VERB ......................................................................................... 45
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................. 49
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
QUERER & PODER ............................................................................................................................... 50
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 8 .................................................................................................. 54
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
School and Subjects, Classroom, Professions ......................................................................
NOUNS: MASCULINE & FEMININE ................................................................................................... 55
APPLYING THE LONERS & DIONZA RULE ..................................................................................... 56
EXCEPTIONS TO THE LONERS & DIONZA RULE ........................................................................ 57
MASCULINE & FEMININE NOUN EXCEPTIONS.............................................................................. 58
MASCULINE & FEMININE NOUN TIPS ............................................................................................ 59
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 9 .................................................................................................. 63
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Professions, Meals and Drinks, Vegetables, Fruit ................................................................
NOUNS: SINGULAR & PLURAL ......................................................................................................... 64
PLURAL & SINGULAR ODDITIES ....................................................................................................... 65
GAIN, LOSE, OR KEEP AN ACCENT MARK? ................................................................................. 66
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 10 ................................................................................................ 70
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Places, Adjectives ...............................................................................................................................
CREATING PHRASES WITH ADJECTIVES & NOUNS .................................................................... 71
EXAMPLES & EXCEPTIONS FOR ADJECTIVES ............................................................................... 72
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 73
CHAPTER 11 ................................................................................................ 75
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Prepositions and Conjunctions, Kitchen ...................................................................................
SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 76
HOW TO USE CONJUNCTIONS TO CREATE SENTENCES ....................................................... 77
CONJUNCTIONS: Y & O ................................................................................................................... 78
PREPOSITIONS: DE & EN .................................................................................................................. 79
PREPOSITION: A .................................................................................................................................... 80
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 12 ................................................................................................ 84
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Helpful Words .......................................................................................................................................
HOW TO CREATE NEGATIVE & AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES ...................................................... 85
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS ............................................................................................................. 87
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 89
CHAPTER 13 ................................................................................................ 91
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VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Helpful Questions, Adjectives, Question Words, Relative Pronouns ...........................
YES OR NO QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 92
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................. 93
EXCLAMATORY STATEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 94
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 95
CHAPTER 14 ................................................................................................ 97
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Countries, Nationalities, Religions, Places, Adjectives ........................................................
SER & ESTAR ........................................................................................................................................ 99
SER ........................................................................................................................................................... 99
ESTAR..................................................................................................................................................... 101
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 103
CHAPTER 15 ............................................................................................. 105
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Office ........................................................................................................................................................
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 106
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................. 107
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 108
CHAPTER 16 ............................................................................................. 110
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Food .........................................................................................................................................................
TOMAR & COMER.............................................................................................................................. 111
PROBAR & SABER .............................................................................................................................. 112
DESAYUNAR & ALMORZAR & CENAR .......................................................................................... 113
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 114
CHAPTER 17 ............................................................................................. 116
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Places, Activities ..................................................................................................................................
IR & VER .............................................................................................................................................. 117
CONTAR & JUGAR ............................................................................................................................ 118
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 119
CHAPTER 18 ............................................................................................. 121
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Activities, Countries, Nationalities ...............................................................................................
SABER & CONOCER .......................................................................................................................... 122
PONER & HACER ............................................................................................................................... 123
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 124
CHAPTER 19 ............................................................................................. 126

VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Household ..............................................................................................................................................
POR & PARA ....................................................................................................................................... 127
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 128
CHAPTER 20 ............................................................................................. 129
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
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Clothing and Shopping.....................................................................................................................
TENER .................................................................................................................................................... 130
COMPRAR, USAR, COSTAR.............................................................................................................. 131
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 132
CHAPTER 21 ............................................................................................. 134
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Adjectives ...............................................................................................................................................
COMPARISONS ..................................................................................................................................... 135
LO ........................................................................................................................................................... 137
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 138
CHAPTER 22 ............................................................................................. 140
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Location, Adjectives, Weather and Seasons ..........................................................................
DESCRIBING THE WEATHER.............................................................................................................. 141
LOCATIONS & DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES ............................................................................ 142
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 143
CHAPTER 23 ............................................................................................. 145
IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE VERBS ......................................................................................................
O > UE ................................................................................................................................................ 146
E > IE .................................................................................................................................................... 147
E > I ...................................................................................................................................................... 148
G > J ................................................................................................................................................... 149
C > ZC ............................................................................................................................................... 150
ADD A Y ............................................................................................................................................. 151
VERBS ENDING IN GUIR ................................................................................................................ 152
VERBS THAT TAKE ON AN ACCENT MARK .............................................................................. 153
YO CONJUGATION IRREGULARITIES ............................................................................................. 154
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER 24 ............................................................................................. 157

VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Computer and Internet, Adjectives, Business ........................................................................
DAR & DECIR ...................................................................................................................................... 158
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS .......................................................................................................... 159
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ....................................................................................................... 160
USING DIRECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS TOGETHER ................................................................. 161
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 162
CHAPTER 25 ............................................................................................. 165

VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Sickness and Injury, Body Parts ..................................................................................................
GUSTAR ................................................................................................................................................. 166
VERBS SIMILAR TO GUSTAR............................................................................................................ 167
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 168
CHAPTER 26 ............................................................................................. 170
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Adjectives, Toiletries ..........................................................................................................................
REFLEXIVE VERBS ................................................................................................................................ 171
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WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 173
CHAPTER 27 ............................................................................................. 175
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Animals ....................................................................................................................................................
GERUNDS & THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE .................................................................... 176
GERUND EXCEPTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 177
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 178
CHAPTER 28 ............................................................................................. 181
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Travel .......................................................................................................................................................
FUTURE TENSE .................................................................................................................................... 182
IRREGULAR FUTURE TENSE VERBS ................................................................................................ 183
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 184
CHAPTER 29 ............................................................................................. 185
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Preterite, Imperfect Trigger Phrases...........................................................................................
2 PAST TENSES: PRETERITE & IMPERFECT ................................................................................ 186
PRETERITE TENSE ............................................................................................................................... 187
IMPERFECT TENSE ............................................................................................................................... 188
PRETERITE VERSUS IMPERFECT TENSE EXAMPLES / PAST PROGRESSIVE......................... 189
IMPERFECT TENSE IRREGULAR VERBS ........................................................................................... 190
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 191
CHAPTER 30 ............................................................................................. 193
IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE VERBS....................................................................................................

CAR IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS............................................................................................... 194
GAR IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS............................................................................................... 195
ZAR IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS ............................................................................................... 196
Y IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS ..................................................................................................... 197
18 IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS .................................................................................................. 198
COMPLETELY IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS ............................................................................... 199
PRETERITE O > UE AND E > I CHANGES .................................................................................. 200
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 201
CHAPTER 31 ............................................................................................. 204
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Adjectives ...............................................................................................................................................
HACER TO EXPRESS TIME ............................................................................................................... 205
PASSIVE VOICE AND IMPERSONAL 'SE' ........................................................................................ 206
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 207
CHAPTER 32 ............................................................................................. 209

VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
World Geography, Environment ....................................................................................................
ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................... 210
IT HAPPENED UNEXPECTEDLY! ........................................................................................................ 211
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 212
CHAPTER 33 ............................................................................................. 214

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VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Events and Holidays, Abstract Vocabulary .............................................................................
CONDITIONAL TENSE......................................................................................................................... 215
IRREGULAR CONDITIONAL VERBS, VERBS LIKE GUSTAR IN THE CONDITIONAL .............. 216
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 217
CHAPTER 34 ............................................................................................. 220
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Politics and Government .................................................................................................................
REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES ........................................................................................................... 221
IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES ........................................................................................................ 222
HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE ............................................................................................................. 223
ESTAR + PAST PARTICIPLE, PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES ......................................... 225
SER + PAST PARTICIPLE .................................................................................................................. 226
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 227
CHAPTER 35 ............................................................................................. 229
VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Measures and Comparisons, Measures ....................................................................................
COMMANDS .......................................................................................................................................... 230
IRREGULAR COMMANDS .................................................................................................................... 232
COMMANDS WITH DIRECT & INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ............................................... 233
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 234
CHAPTER 36 ............................................................................................. 237

VOCABULARY ...............................................................................................................................................
Phrases: Doubt, Hypothetical or Unknown, Emotion, Persuasion ................................
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE ...................................................................................................... 238
IRREGULAR PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE VERBS, PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE . 239
WORKSHEET ......................................................................................................................................... 240
VERB REVIEW ........................................................................................... 242
ANSWER KEY ............................................................................................ 264

SPANISH > ENGLISH GLOSSARY ......................................................... 284
ENGLISH > SPANISH GLOSSARY ......................................................... 298
6

Introduction
Who am I?
I'm a native English speaker who took formal Spanish classes for ten years. I received a minor
in Spanish in 2010 and I am a Spanish tutor in my hometown of Houston, Texas.
I have a love of the Spanish language and know that having the right materials
makes all the difference in the learning process.
Why did I write 'Spanish Is Your Amigo'?
This is the Spanish textbook I wish I would have had while in school. I know that going forward it will be a
great wave of relief for many Spanish students. Its goal is to consolidate all the necessary
Spanish lessons, vocabulary, and practice inside one textbook. I wrote it while keeping
Ockham's razor in mind, as the simplest solution is often the best.
I hope that it serves to simplify your Spanish learning.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my friends and family who are a continuous support to me in this journey.
I have great respect and love for my friends who have graciously given me their time and been my
sounding board for the book's contents. They have answered my questions and
helped edit the book all the while with a smile on their faces.
And finally, I owe a great debt of gratitude to all the generous Kickstarter backers for believing in
this idea and supporting it financially. Without them this book would not have become what it is.
They have made my dream a reality.
I feel so fortunate to have been given this opportunity to pursue my passion

and it would not be possible without each of your support.
It has been extremely fulfilling and a true pleasure to write it.
If you have any questions, comments, edits, or love to send my way, please feel free to email me at
SpanishIsYourAmigo@gmail.com.
Kristen Williams
7

How To Use This Book
• Each chapter consists of 3 parts:

o Vocabulary
§ Before beginning each lesson, review and memorize the vocabulary terms.
§ Practice repeating the vocabulary words aloud.
§ Creating notecards for each term is recommended.
§ Once vocabulary is memorized, continue on to the chapter lesson.
o Lesson
§ Read through the lesson, take notes in the margins, and read the example sentences to
solidify the material.
§ While the formal form of speaking to one person (usted) is covered, this book focuses more
time on the tú form for speaking casually to one person.
§ The entire book focuses on learning Latin-American spanish. The vosotros form is not
covered.
§ Some tables are included for reference. It is not necessary to memorize their entire contents.
§ A line through an example sentence signifies that it is a common mistake. The incorrect
sentence illustrates what 'not to do.'
• This sentence is incorrect.
§ Once you feel confident in the lesson, continue to the practice worksheet behind the chapter.
o Practice
§ Answer the practice questions.
§ If not specified, use the masculine form for an answer.
§ Note that Spanish sentences are more flexible than English sentences, so there may be slight
variation in acceptable answers.
§ Note that multiple choice answers may feature incorrect spelling in order to learn and choose
the correct spelling.
§ Check your answers. Answers are located in the back of the book.
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Capitalization Rules
The following are NOT capitalized:
• Days of the week

o sábado - Saturday
• Months
o abril - April
• Seasons
o verano - summer
• Nationality/ Citizenship
o mexicano - Mexican
• Languages
o inglés - English
• Religions
o católico - Catholic
• Titles referring to people
o señor - sir
• Personal pronouns
o tú - you
• The Spanish word 'yo,' meaning 'I'
o yo - I
The following ARE capitalized:
• Cities
o Buenos Aires - Buenos Aires
• States
o Nueva York - New York
• Countries
o Perú - Peru
• Rivers
o Río Grande - Rio Grande
• Lakes
o Lago de Maracaibo - Lake Maracaibo
• Continents
o Sudamérica - South America
• Oceans
o océano Pacífico - Pacific Ocean (The word 'océano' is not capitalized.)
• Proper nouns (Names of people, places, things)
o Gabriel García Marquez - Gabriel Garcia Marquez
• Shortened versions of titles referring to people
o Sra. - Mrs.
• First words of sentences
o La ventana está abierta. - The window is open.
• ONLY the first words of book titles
o El amor en los tiempos del cólera - Love in the Time of Cholera
• Institutions
o Univerisidad Nacional Autónoma de México - National Autonomous University of Mexico
• Abbreviations, Acronyms
o EE. UU. - U.S.A (Translates to 'Estados Unidos.' The double E and U indicate plurality.)
9

Helpful Grammar Terms
• Noun: A person, place, thing, or animal
o La mujer - Woman
o El gimnasio - Gym
o La pelota - Ball
o El gato - Cat
• Infinitive Verbs: Simplest form of a verb in the ‘to + action’ format. They end in AR, ER, IR.
o Hablar - To talk
o Comer - To eat
o Vivir - To live
• Conjugation: The change a verb undergoes to fit the doer of the action
o Como - I eat
o Comes - You eat
o Come - He/she/usted/it eats
o Comemos - We eat
o Comen - They eat
• Regular Verbs: Follow regular conjugation rules
• Irregular Verbs: Don't follow regular conjugation rules
• Adjective: A descriptive word that modifies a noun
o Divertido - Fun
o Fácil - Easy
• Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, clause or sentence. An adverb answers 'How? Why? In what way? When?
Where? To what extent?' Most English adverbs end in LY and most Spanish adverbs end in MENTE.
o Suavemente - Softly
o Típicamente - Typically
o Duro - Hard
• Conjunction: A connecting word
o Y - And
o O - Or
o Pero - But
• Preposition: Shows the relationship between two words; includes anything you can do with a box.
o Al dentro - Inside
o Detrás de - Behind
o Sobre - About, on top of
• Gender - Masculine & Feminine: Assignment of gender to Spanish nouns
o El jugo - Juice [Masculine]
o La leche - Milk [Feminine]
• Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun
• Subject Pronouns: Take the place of the person who is doing the action or is the subject of the sentence
o Yo - I
o Tú - You [singular, informal, casual]
o Él - He
o Ella - She
o Usted - You [formal, singular]
o Nosotros - We [group of men/group of men and women]
10

o Nosotras - We [group of only women]
o Ellos - They [group of men/group of men and women]
o Ellas - They [group of only women]
o Ustedes - You all, you guys, y'all [plural, informal, casual]
• Prepositional Object Pronouns: Follow prepositions and take the place of the recipient of the action.
They are identical to subject pronouns except for 'mí' and 'ti' (me and you).
o Mí - Me
o Ti - You [singular, informal, casual]
o Él - Him
o Ella - Her
o Usted - You [formal, singular]
o Nosotros - Us [group of men/group of men and women]
o Nosotras - Us [group of only women]
o Ellos - Them [group of men/group of men and women]
o Ellas - Them [group of only women]
o Ustedes - You all, you guys, y'all [plural, informal, casual]
• Definite Articles: Singular and plural equivalents of ‘the.’ They are often attached to a noun and must
match its gender and number.
o El - The [masculine, singular]
o La - The [feminine, singular]
o Los - The [masculine, plural]
o Las - The [feminine, plural]
• Indefinite Articles: Equivalents of ‘a, an, one, a few, some.’ They are often attached to a noun and must
match its gender and number.
o Un - A, an, one [masculine, singular]
o Una - A, an, one [feminine, singular]
o Unos - A few, some [masculine, plural]
o Unas - A few, some [feminine, plural]
• Direct Object Pronouns: Name the direct recipient of the action; they answer 'What?' or 'Whom?'
o Me - Me
o Te - You
o Lo - It [masculine, singular]
o La - It [feminine, singular]
o Los - Them [masculine, plural]
o Las - Them [feminine, plural]
o Nos - Us
• Indirect Object Pronouns: Answer 'To who?' 'For whom?'
o Me - To me
o Te - To you
o Le - To him/her/usted/it
o Nos - To us
o Les (se) - To them/you all
• Possessive Adjectives: Signify ownership; they modifiy and precede nouns.
o Mi - My [singular]
o Mis - My [plural]
o Tu - Your [singular]
o Tus - Your [plural]
o Su - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/their [singular]
11

o Sus - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/their [plural]
o Nuestro - Our [singular, masculine]
o Nuestra - Our [singular, feminine]
o Nuestros - Our [plural, masculine]
o Nuestras - Our [plural, feminine]
• Possessive Pronouns: Signifiy ownership. They modify and follow nouns.
o Mío - Mine [singular, masculine]
o Mía - Mine [singular, feminine]
o Míos - Mine [plural, masculine]
o Mías - Mine [plural, feminine]
o Tuyo - Yours [singular, masculine]
o Tuya - Yours [singular, feminine]
o Tuyos - Yours [plural, masculine]
o Tuyas - Yours [plural, feminine]
o Suyo - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/theirs [singular, masculine]
o Suya - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/theirs [singular, feminine]
o Suyos - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/theirs [plural, masculine]
o Suyas - His/her/your (formal)/you all's/theirs [plural, feminine]
o Nuestro - Ours [singular, masculine]
o Nuestra - Ours [singular, feminine]
o Nuestros - Ours [plural, masculine]
o Nuestras - Ours [plural, feminine]
• Gerunds: Ongoing actions. In English, gerunds typically end in ING such as ‘flying.’ They typically end in
ANDO or IENDO in Spanish.
o Durmiendo - Sleeping
o Cocinando - Cooking
• Present Progressive Tense: Present Tense of 'Estar' + Gerund
o Estoy durmiendo. - I am sleeping.
o Estás cocinando. - You are cooking.
• Past Progressive Tense: Imperfect Tense of 'Estar' + Gerund
o Estabas caminando. - You were walking.
o Estábamos hablando. - We were talking.
• Past Participles: Describe completed actions. They are the equivalent of an English verb ending in ED. They
typically end in ADO or IDO in Spanish. They can be used with 'haber, estar, ser' or as adjectives.
o Temido - Feared
o Cocinado - Cooked
§ Haber + past participle: Hemos cocinado - We have cooked.
§ Estar + past participle: Estás aburrido. - You are bored.
§ Ser + past participle: Fueron publicado. - They were published
§ Past participle as adjective: Las llaves perdidas - Lost keys
• Reflexive Verbs: Describe actions the doer does to itself. Infinitive reflexive verbs end in SE and take on
the appropriate reflexive object pronoun when conjugated.
o Vestirse - To dress oneself
§ Me visto - I dress myself.
o Bañarse - To bathe oneself
§ Nos bañamos. - We bathe ourselves.
12

• Reflexive Object Pronouns: Used with reflexive verbs to tell 'to whom' the action is being done.
o Me - myself
o Te - yourself
o Se - himself/herself/itself/yourself (formal)/themselves/yourselves
o Nos - ourselves
• Tense and Mood: Indicates the manner and time period in which the action occurs
o Present Indicative - Current, present actions
o Preterite - Past actions completed in a specific time period
o Imperfect - Past actions that were ongoing or habitual
o Future - Actions that will happen in the future
o Conditional - Actions that 'would' happen
o Present Progressive - Present Tense 'Estar' + Gerund
o Past Progressive - Imperfect Tense 'Estar' + Gerund
o Imperative - Commands
o Present Subjunctive - Expresses a potential occurrence, wish, desire, emotion or uncertainty.
• Cognates: Words that are similar in appearance and meaning in two languages. You may be able
understand the definition of the word simply by looking at it.
o La ensalada - Salad
o La copia - Copy
o La organización - Organization
• False Cognates: Words that are similar in appearance in two languages but do not have the same
meaning. A false cognate proves that you can't judge a book by its cover.
o La carpeta - Folder [Carpet]
o Embarazada - Pregnant [Embarrassed]
• Auxilary/Helping verbs: Verbs whose sole purpose is to help shape the sentence. They have no meaning
on their own. English words like 'does, are, can' are examples of auxilary verbs. The verb ‘haber’ is the most
common auxilary verb in Spanish. 'Haber' means 'to have' in the sense of 'to have done something.'
o Hemos viajado a Hawaii. - We have traveled to Hawaii.
• Stem: The root of a verb. A stem consists of every letter that comes before AR, ER, IR in an infinitive verb.
o 'Habl' is the stem of 'Hablar - To talk'
o 'Com' is the stem of 'Comer - To eat'
• Derivative verb: A verb that is created by adding a prefix to an existing verb. Derivative verbs follow all
conjugation rules of the existing verb.
o Existing verb:
§ Tener - To have
o Derivative verbs:
§ Detener - To detain
§ Mantener - To maintain
§ Obtener - To obtain
§ Entretener - To entertain
• Cardinal Number: A number used for counting
o Uno - One
o Dos - Two
• Ordinal Number: A number that describes order
o Primero - First
o Segundo - Second
13

CHAPTER 1
Helpful Words and Phrases
Pronunciation Tips: Spanish Pronunciation English
1. Place syllabic emphasis Sí See Yes
on the bolded letters. No Noh No
2. When you see any Por favor pohr fah-vohr Please
of the following letter Si, por favor see pohr fah-vohr Yes, please
combinations in the Gracias grah-see-ahs Thank you
pronunciation column, No, gracias noh, grah-see-ahs No, thank you
pronounce them as in Muchas gracias moo-chahs grah-see-ahs Thank you very much
these sample words: De nada deh nah-thah You’re welcome
• 'th' as in 'the' Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh I’m sorry
• 'ah' as in 'father' Perdón, Perdódeme pehr-thohn Pardon me (forgiveness)
• 'eh' as in 'eggs' Disculpe deese-cool-peh Excuse me (to get attention)
• 'ee' as in 'feel' Con Permiso cohn pehr-mee-soh Excuse me (to move past)
• 'oh' as in 'orange' Hola oh-lah Hello/Hi
• 'oo' as in 'cool' ¿Qué pasa? keh pah-sah What’s happening?
¿Qué tal? keh tahl What's up?
Hints: Buenos días boo-eh-nohs dee-ahs Good morning
• Note that 'buenos' is Buenas tardes boo-eh-nahs tahr-thess Good afternoon
used with 'días' and Buenas noches boo-eh-nahs no-chess Good evening/night
'buenas' is used with Adiós ah-dee-ose Goodbye
Hasta luego ah-stah loo-eh-goh See you later
'tardes' and 'noches.
Hasta pronto ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon
• Note that questions
*¿Cómo estás? coh-moh eh-stahs How are you?
start with '¿' and
Estoy (muy) bien eh-stoy moo-ee bee-ehn I am (very) well
exclamations start with *¿Y tú? ee too And you?
'¡.' *Te presento a ___. teh prehs-ehn-toh ah I introduce you to ___.
• 'Sí' with an accent *¿Cómo te llamas? coh-moh teh yah-mahs What’s your name?
mark means 'yes', Me llamo ___. meh yah-moh My name is ___.
whereas 'si' without an Soy ___ soy I am __. (My name is __)
Mucho gusto moo-choh goo-stoh Nice to meet you
accent mark means 'if.'
Encantado ehn-cahn-tah-thoh Nice to meet you (to a man)
Encantada ehn-cahn-tah-thah Nice to meet you (to a woman)
Igualmente ee-gwahl-men-teh Me too/Same here
Hablo inglés. ahb-loh een-glehss I speak English.
Hablo español. ahb-loh ehs-pahn-yohl I speak Spanish.
¿Cómo se dice... coh-moh seh dee-seh... How do you say...
en español? ehn eh-spahn-yohl in Spanish?
*Que tengas buen día keh tehng-ahs Have a good day
bwehn dee-ah
Cuídate cwee-thah-teh Take care
No sé noh seh I don't know
Creo que si creh-oh keh see I think so
Creo que no creh-oh keh noh I don't think so
No entiendo noh ehn-tee-ehn-doh I don't understand
No comprendo noh cohm-prehn-doh I don't understand
Si see If
*Use when speaking casually or informally to 1 person.
14

The Spanish Alphabet
• The Spanish alphabet consists of 27 letters and their individual names.

• Pronunciation of letter names is different than the pronunciation of letters within words.
• The chart below details alphabet pronunciation. The next page details word pronunciation.
Spanish Letter Letter Name

Letter Name Pronunciation
A a ah
B be beh
C ce seh
D de deh
E e eh
F efe ehf-feh
G ge heh
H hache ach-eh
I i ee
J jota hoh-tah
K ka kah
L ele ehl-eh
M eme ehm-eh
N ene ehn-eh
Ñ eñe ehn-yeh
O o oh
P pe peh
Q cu koo
R erre ehr-reh
S ese ehs-eh
T te teh
U u oo
V uve oo-beh
W doble uve dough-bleh oo-beh
X equis ehk-eese
Y ye yeh
Z ceta set-ah
15

Letter & Word Pronunciation
• Spanish words are pronounced phonetically.

• Spanish vowels always keep the same sound.
• Pronunciation of Spanish letters is generally softer than English letters.
• Place syllabic stress on the bolded letters in the word columns.
• The letters B, C, D, G, T, V each have 2 sounds depending on their proximity to other
letters.
Letter Letter Pronunciation Spanish Word English

Word Pronunciation Translation
A ’ah’ as in 'father' arte ahr-teh art
VOWELS
E ’eh’ as in 'eggs' elefante ehl-eh-fahn-teh elephant

I 'ee' as in 'feel' idioma ee-thee-oh-mah language
O ‘oh’ as in 'orange' oro oh-roh gold
U 'oo' as in 'cool' uniforme oo-nee-fohr-meh uniform
B Hard B banco bahn-coh bank
CA/CO/CU K sound casa kah-sah house
CE/CI S sound cebolla seh-boh-yah onion
CC KS sound acción ahk-see-ohn action
C With a consonant: K sound clima klee-mah climate
D At start of word or after L, N: Hard D dónde dohn-deh where
D In other cases, between vowels: TH as in 'the' estudiar ess-too-thee-ahr to study
F F sound familia fah-meel-ee-ah family
CONSONANTS AND LETTER COMBINATION
GA/GO/GU Hard G sound gasolina gahs-oh-leen-ah gasoline

G With a consonant: Hard G sound globo gloh-boh balloon
GE/GI H sound gimnasio heem-nah-see-oh gymnasium
H The letter H is silent hola oh-lah hello
J H sound jugo hoo-goh juice
K K sound kilogramo kee-loh-grah-moh kilogram
L L sound leche leh-cheh milk
LL Y sound (J, ZH or SH sound in some regions) lluvia yoo-vee-ah rain
M M sound mesa meh-sah table
N N sound nada nah-thah nothing
Ñ NY as in 'Canyon' baño bahn-yoh bathroom
P P sound papel pahp-ell paper
Q K sound queso keh-soh cheese
RR Always rolled R carro cahr-roh car
R At start of word: Rolled R regla rrehg-lah rule
R Between vowels/end of word: TT like 'Matter' pero pe-ttoh but
S S sound salsa sahl-sah sauce
T Light, soft T sound trabajo trah-bah-hoh job, work
V Soft V ventana vehn-tah-nah window
W W sound waflera wahf-lehr-ah waffle iron
X X sound (H sound in a few words) examen ehx-ahm-ehn test
Y Y sound (J, ZH or SH sound in some regions) yogur yoh-goor yogurt
Z S sound zapato sahp-aht-oh shoe
16

Pronunciation Tips
• The letters B and V sound very similar. Create a Spanish B with closed lips. Create a Spanish
V by placing your teeth on your bottom lip. Note that a Spanish V is much softer than an
English V.
• In the letter combination CC, the first C is hard and the second C is soft. This makes a KS
sound.
§ Dirección [thee-rehk-see-ohn] - Address
§ Lección [lehk-see-ohn] - Lesson
• The letter D has two sounds.
o At the start of a word or after the letters L or N, it makes a hard D sound.
§ Dinero [dee-nehr-oh] - Money
§ Cuándo [kwahn-doh] - When
§ Falda [fahl-dah] - Skirt
§ Derecha [deh-reh-chah] - Right
• 'Derecha' isn't preceded by a vowel, so it begins with a hard D sound.
o In other cases, most often between vowels, it makes a TH sound (as in the word 'the').
§ Nada [nah-thah] - Nothing
§ Todo [toh-thoh] - Everything
§ Olvidar [ohl-vee-thahr] - To forget
§ La derecha [thee-rech-ah] - The right
• Becase the word 'la' places the D in between two vowels, it has a TH sound.
o Words can have both D sounds.
§ Divertido [dee-vehr-tee-thoh] - Fun
§ Delgado [del-gah-thoh] - Thin
• The only words which include the letter K are borrowed from other languages.
§ Ketchup
§ Kiwi
§ Kansas
• The word 'y' means 'and.' It is an exception to the rule below and is always pronounced ‘ee.’
• The pronunciation of Y and LL depends on regional dialect. There are 4 common sounds: Y,
J, ZH and SH. For simplicity, we will be using the Y pronunciation in this book.
§ Lluvia - Rain
• Y: yoo-vee-ah
• J: joo-vee-ah
• ZH: zhoo-vee-ah
• SH: shoo-vee-ah
§ Yogur - Yogurt
• Y: yoh-goor
• J: joh-goor
• ZH: zhoh-goor
• SH: shoh-goor
• You will only see the letter Q in two ways:
o QUE which sounds like 'keh'
§ Parque [pahr-keh] - Park
§ Querer [kehr-ehr] - To want
§ Quejarse [keh-hahr-seh] - To complain
o QUI which sounds like 'kee'
§ Esquina [ess-kee-nah] - Corner
§ Equipaje [eh-kee-pah-heh] - Luggage
§ Quince [keen-seh] - Fifteen
17

• The letter R has two sounds.
o At the start of a word, or in the letter combination RR it is always a rolled R.
§ Carro [cah-rroh] - Car
§ Perro [peh-rroh] - Dog
§ Torre [toh-rreh] - Tower
§ Radio [rrah-dee-oh] - Radio
§ Río [rree-oh] - River
o In other cases, most often between vowels or at the end of a word, it sounds like a soft D or the
combination TT in 'matter'
§ Celular [sell-oo-lahtt]/[sell-oo-lahd] - Cellular
§ Salario [sahl-ah-ttee-oh]/[sahl-ah-dee-oh] - Salary
§ Basura [bah-soo-ttah]/[bah-see-dah] - Trash
§ Pero [pett-oh]/[ped-oh] - But
§ Comer [coh-mehrtt]/[coh-mehd] - To eat
o Some words can have both sounds.
§ Reciclar [rreh-see-clahtt]/[rreh-see-clahd] - To recycle
§ Rentar [rrehn-tahtt]/[rrehn-tahd] - To rent
• The letter X can sound like an English H in certain words.
§ México [meh-hee-coh] - Mexico
§ Oaxaca [oh-ah-ha-cah] - Oaxaca (City in Mexico)
18

Syllabic Stress
In order to place stress on the correct syllable, follow these two simple rules:
1. In words ending in a vowel or the letters N or S, the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable.
Spanish Word Word Pronunciation English Translation

computadora cohm-poo-tah-dohr-ah computer
equipo eh-kee-poh team
examen ehx-ahm-ehn test
gratis grah-teese free
hombre ohm-breh man
inteligente een-tehl-ee-hen-teh intelligent
oficina oh-fee-see-nah office
prueba proo-eh-bah quiz
2. In words that end in any other consonant, the stress falls on the last syllable.

bistec bee-stek steak
cereal seh-reh-ahl cereal
congelador cohn-hel-ah-dohr freezer
español es-pahn-yohl spanish
gustar goo-stahr to like
hospital ohse-pee-tahl hospital
pared pahr-ehd wall
universidad oo-nee-vehr-see-thahd university
*When you see an accent mark above a vowel, it is a sign that the word
breaks one of the above rules. Stress the syllable in which the accent lies.

autobús oww-toh-boose bus
cartón cahr-tohn cardboard
cómoda coh-moh-dah dresser
estación ess-tah-see-ohn station
fábrica fah-bree-kah factory
jardín hahr-deen garden
periódico pehr-ee-ohd-ee-coh newspaper
teléfono teh-leh-foh-noh telephone
Hints:
• Accent marks only appear above vowels and are written as follows:
1. Capital: Á Í Ó Ú É
2. Lowercase: á, é, í, ó, ú
• Strong vowels are A, E, O and weak vowels are I, U, Y
• Dipthongs will be linked in the same syllable. Dipthongs are words with either:
o Two weak vowels next to each other
§ Ex. IU in the word 'ciudad' [see-oo-thahd]
o One weak and one strong vowel next to each other
§ Ex. AI in the word 'aire' [eye-reh]
19

More Word Pronunciation

acción ahk-see-ohn action
aceite ah-seh-ee-teh oil
aeropuerto ah-eh-roh-poo-ehr-toh airport
aniversario ah-nee-vehr-sah-ree-oh anniversary
autopista ah-oo-toh-pee-stah highway
bicicleta bee-see-cleht-ah bicycle
cacahuate ka-ka-oo-ah-teh peanut
cereza sehr-eh-sah cherry
chaqueta chah-keh-tah jacket
cocina koh-see-nah kitchen
corrupción coh-rroop-see-ohn corruption
crédito kreh-dee-toh credit
cultura cool-toor-ah culture
difícil dee-fee-seel difficult
esquina ess-kee-nah corner
europeo eh-oo-roh-peh-oh european
evidente eh-vee-dehn-teh evident
filete feel-et-eh fillet
gente hen-teh people
gracias grah-see-ahs thanks
guapo goo-ah-poh handsome
guitarra gui-tahrr-ah guitar
habilidad ah-beel-ee-thahd ability
hielo ee-ell-oh ice
hueco oo-ehk-oh hole
huella oo-eh-yah fingerprint
idea ee-theh-ah idea
jueves hoo-ehv-ehs thursday
luz loose light
maestro mah-ehs-troh teacher
mañana mahn-yahn-ah tomorrow
miércoles mee-ehr-coh-less wednesday
museo moo-seh-oh museum
nuevo noo-eh-voh new
paquete pah-keh-teh packet
perezoso pehr-eh-so-so lazy
pollo poh-yoh chicken
puerco poo-ehr-coh pork
quinto keen-toh fifth
refrigerador reh-free-hehr-ah-dohr refrigerator
salmón sahl-mohn salmon
suerte soo-ehr-teh luck
toalla toh-ah-yah towel
usted oo-stehd formal 'you'
valor vah-lohr value
zanahoria sahn-ah-oh-ree-ah carrot
20

Chapter 1 Worksheet
Circle the corresponding answer.
1. Which of the following is used to address 8. Can a Spanish vowel have multiple
a woman? sounds?
a. Encantado a. Yes
b. Encantada b. No
2. Which of the following means 'good 9. What English sound does a Z always
evening'? make?
a. Buenos días a. Z
b. Buenas noches b. T
c. Buenas tardes c. C
d. Buenos tardes d. S
3. Which of the following is the best answer 1 0. What English sound does a J always
to the question '¿cómo estás?' ? make?
a. No, gracias a. H
b. Mucho gusto b. J
c. Estoy muy bien c. G
d. Lo siento d. Y
4. Which of the following would you most 1 1 . What English sound does an H always
likely use to get somebody's attention? make?
a. Hasta luego a. H
b. Por favor b. J
c. Disculpe c. Silent
d. Igualmente d. G
5. Who is the phrase '¿cómo te llamas?' 1 2 . What English sound can LL make?
addressed to? a. I
a. One person to whom you would speak b. L
to casually c. Y
b. A group of people d. S
c. One person to whom you would speak
formally 1 3. Between vowels, what English sound does
d. Two people who you don't know a D make?
a. D
6. Which English sound does the letter G b. B
make when it is followed by an E or an I? c. TH (as in 'thin')
a. H d. TH (as in 'the')
b. J
c. G 1 4. When does the letter R make a rolled
d. Y sound?
a. In the letter combination RR
7. Which of the following letter combinations b. At the end of a word
using C will sound like an English S? c. At the beginning of a word
a. CA d. A & C
b. CU
c. CO
d. CE
21

20. On which letters does the stress fall in
1 5. What English sound does a G make when
the word 'corazón'?
followed by an A?
a. CO
a. J
b. RA
b. H
c. ZÓN
c. G
21 . On which letters does the stress fall in
the word 'libertad'?
1 6. On which letters does the stress fall in
a. LI
the word 'estadio'?
b. BER
a. ES
c. TAD
b. TA
c. DIO
22 . On which letters does the stress fall in
the word 'paraguas'?
a. PA
the word 'público'?
b. RA
a. PÚ
c. GUAS
b. BLI
c. CO
the word 'ventilador'?
a. VEN
the word 'cualquier'?
b. TI
a. CUAL
c. LA
b. QUI
d. DOR
c. ER

the word 'lavaplatos'?
the word 'amable'?
a. LA
a. A
b. VA
b. MA
c. PLA
c. BLE
d. TOS
22

CHAPTER 2
Hints: Helpful Words and Phrases
• The phrase 'no me Spanish Pronunciation English Translation
digas' literally ¡Claro que sí! clah-roh keh see Of course!
means 'don't tell ¡Claro que no! clah-roh keh noh Of course not!
me.' ¡Genial! hehn-ee-ahl Cool!
• Generally, 'te ¡Mira! mee-rah Look!
quiero' is used for ¡Muy bien! moo-ee bee-ehn Well done!
friends and family ¡No me digas! noh meh dee-gahs No way!
members. 'Te ¡Qué lástima! keh lass-tee-mah What a shame!
amo' is used in a ¡Salud! sah-lood Cheers!/Bless you!
romantic sense for ¡Vaya! vah-yah Wow!
your significant ¡Bienvenido! bee-ehn-ven-ee-thoh Welcome! (to male)
other. ¡Bienvenida! bee-ehn-ven-ee-thah Welcome! (to female)
• The ending of ¡Bienvenidos! bee-ehn-ven-ee-thohs Welcome! (to a group)
'bienvenido' ¡Bienvenidas! bee-ehn-ven-ee-thahs Welcome! (to female group)
changes depending (No) vale la pena. (No) vah-leh lah pehn-ah It's (not) worth it.
on the person or A ver… ah vehr Let’s see…
people you are Adelante. ah-deh-lahn-teh Go ahead.
addressing. Con gusto. cohn goo-stoh With pleasure.
Dime. dee-meh Tell me.
Es verdad. es vehr-thahd It's true.
Mi dirección es... mee dee-rehk-see-ohn ehs My address is...
No importa. noh eem-pohr-tah It doesn't matter.
No cuelgues por favor. noh koo-ehl-geh pohr fahv-ohr Please don't hang up.
No lo puedo creer./ noh loh poo-ehd-oh creh-ehr I can't believe it.
No puedo creerlo. noh poo-ehd-oh creh-ehr-loh
No problema. noh proh-blehm-ah No problem.
No tengo ni idea. noh tehn-goh nee ee-they-ah I have no idea.
No tiene razón. noh tee-ehn-eh rah-sohn It doesn't make sense.
Por supuesto. pohr soop-oo-ehs-toh Absolutely.
Soy americano. soy ah-mehr-ee-kahn-oh I'm American. (male)
Soy americana. soy ah-mehr-ee-kahn-ah I'm American. (female)
Soy de... soy deh I'm from...
Te extraño. teh ex-trahn-yoh I miss you.
Te quiero. teh kee-eh-roh I love you. (wider sense)
Te amo. teh ah-moh I love you. (narrow sense)
*¿Cuántos años tienes? coo-ahn-tose How old are you?
ahn-yohs tee-ehn-ehs
Tengo __ años tehngo __ ahn-yohs I am __ years old.
Un momento, por favor. oon moh-mehn-toh, One moment, please.
pohr fah-vohr
Ven conmigo. vehn cohn-mee-goh Come with me.
El número noo-meh-roh Number
El dinero el dee-neh-roh Money
23

Numbers
0-Cero 101-Ciento uno (one hundred one)

Spanish numbers follow a simple 1-Uno 102-Ciento dos
pattern. Just as in English, add 2-Dos 103-Ciento tres
the numbers you wish to 3-Tres 120-Ciento veinte
describe. One difference is that 4-Cuatro 121-Ciento veintiuno
the word 'and' comes after the 5-Cinco 122-Ciento veintidós
tens place. For example: 6-Seis
130-Ciento treinta
• English: Five thousand four 7-Siete
131-Ciento treinta y uno
hundred AND forty five 8-Ocho
(one hundred, thirty, and one)
• Spanish: Five thousand 9-Nueve
four hundred forty AND five 140-Ciento cuarenta
10-Diez
(Cinco mil cuatrocientos 150-Ciento cincuenta
11-Once
cuarenta Y cinco) 160-Ciento sesenta
12-Doce
170-Ciento setenta
13-Trece
Hints: 14-Catorce 180-Ciento ochenta
• The most often-used 15-Quince 190-Ciento noventa
numbers are bolded. 200-Doscientos
16-Dieciséis
• Commas and periods are 300-Trescientos
17-Diecisiete
reversed in many Spanish-
18-Dieciocho 400-Cuatrocientos
speaking countries. The
19-Diecinueve 473-Cuatrocientos setenta y tres
Spanish number format is
20-Veinte (four hundred, seventy, and three)
written in brackets.
21-Veintiuno 500-Quinientos
• 'Cien' is used for the
22-Veintidós 600-Seiscientos
number 100. After 100, use
'ciento.' After 199, use 23-Veintitrés 700-Setecientos
'cientos.' 24-Veinticuatro 800-Ochocientos
• In the upcoming chapters, 25-Veinticinco 800.25-Ochocientos coma veinticinco
you will also learn that 26-Veintiséis (eight hundred comma twenty-five) [800,25]
numbers used to modify 27-Veintisiete 900-Novecientos
nouns must match in 28-Veintiocho 1,000-Mil [1.000]
gender. 29-Veintinueve 2,000-Dos mil [2.000]
(ex. trescientas botellas). 30-Treinta
2,300-Dos mil trescientos
31-Treinta y uno
(two thousand three hundred) [2.300]
(thirty and one)
3,000-Tres mil [3.000]
32-Treinta y dos
4,000-Cuatro mil [4.000]
33-Treinta y tres
4,567.35-Cuatro mil quinientos sesenta y
34-Treinta y cuatro
siete coma treinta y cinco
35-Treinta y cinco
(four thousand, five hundred, seventy,
36-Treinta y seis
and seven comma thirty and five) [4.567,35]
37-Treinta y siete
38-Treinta y ocho 5,000-Cinco mil [5.000]
39-Treinta y nueve 6,000-Seis mil [6.000]
40-Cuarenta 7,000-Siete mil [7.000]
50-Cincuenta 8,000-Ocho mil [8.000]
60-Sesenta 9,000-Nueve mil [9.000]
70-Setenta 10,000-Diez mil [10.000]
80-Ochenta 100,000-Cien mil [100.000]
90-Noventa 1,000,000-Un millón [1.000.000]
100-Cien 1,000,000,000-Mil millones [1.000.000.000]
24

Ordinal Numbers & Colors
The concepts below will be explained thoroughly in upcoming chapters. At this point, simply note
that the underlined letters in the boxes on the right match.
Ordinal Numbers
1st-Primero/a, Primer
2nd-Segundo/a
3rd-Tercero/a, Tercer
4th-Cuarto/a • An ordinal number must agree in gender and number to the noun it
5th-Quinto/a modifies.
o Segundo grado - Second grade
6th-Sexto/a
o Ella es la quinta. - She is the fifth.
7th-Séptimo/a
o Primeras personas - First people
8th-Octavo/a
• Use primer and tercer as adjectives before singular masculine nouns.
9th-Noveno/a
o Primer lugar - First place
10th-Décimo/a
o Tercer nivel - Third level
20th-Veinteavo/a
• Use primero as a noun.
30th-Treintavo/a
o Primero, enciende el horno. - First, turn on the oven.
40th-Cuarentavo/a o Este hombre es el primero. - This man is the first.
50th-Cincuentavo/a
60th-Sesentavo/a
70th-Setentavo/a
80th-Ochentavo/a
90th-Noventavo/a
100th-Centavo/a
Colors
El color Color
Rojo/a Red • A color must agree in gender and number to the noun it
Anaranjado/a Orange modifies.
Amarillo/a Yellow o Carro blanco - White car
§ Masculine, singular
Verde Green
o Vestidos amarillos - Yellow dress
Azul Blue
§ Masculine, plural
Morado/a Purple
o Bandera roja - Red flag
Violeta Violet
§ Feminine, singular
Rosado/a Pink
o Cucharas plateadas - Silver forks
Blanco/a White
§ Feminine, plural
Marrón Brown

Café Brown
Negro/a Black
Gris Grey
Plateado/a Silver
Dorado/a Gold
25

Chapter 2 Worksheet
1. Which would you use to welcome a group 8. 26

of mixed men & women? a. Veinte y sies
a. Bienvenidos b. Veintiséis
b. Bienvenida c. Veintiseis
c. Bienvenidas d. Veinteseis
d. Bienvenido
9. 47
2. How would you tell one person that you a. Cuatro y siete
miss them? b. Cuarenta seite
a. Te amo c. Cuarenta y siete
b. Te quiero d. Cuatro y seite
c. Te extraño
d. Por supuesto 1 0. 632.87? [632,87]
a. Seis cientos treinta y dos coma
3. Which would not be a response to the ochenta y siete
question 'will you please help me?' ? b. Seis cien treinta y dos coma ochenta
a. Con gusto y siete
b. Qué lástima c. Sies ciento treinta y dos coma
c. Claro que sí ochenta y siete
d. Por supuesto d. Seis cien treinta y dos coma ochenta
y siete
4. Which of the following does not express
surprise? 1 1 . 7,500 [7.500]
a. Es verdad. a. Siete mil cinco cientos
b. ¡No me digas! b. Siete mil cinco cien
c. No lo puedo creer. c. Siete quinientos
d. ¡Vaya! d. Siete mil quinientos
5. Which would you use to tell someone 1 2 . 8,541.13? [8.541,13]

where you are from? a. Ocho millones quinientos cuarenta y
a. Ven conmigo uno coma trece
b. A ver... b. Ocho mil quinientos y uno coma trece
c. Soy de c. Ocho mil cinco cientos cuarenta y
d. Con gusto uno coma trece
d. Ocho mil cinco cientos cuarenta y un
6. 55 coma trece
a. Cincuenta y cincuenta
b. Cinco y cinco 1 3. 20,937.44 [20.937,44]
c. Cincuenta y cinco a. Veinte novecientos treinta siete coma
d. Cinco mil cincuenta cuarenta y cuarto
b. Veinte mil novecientos treinta y siete
7. 72 coma cuarenta y cuatro
a. Seventa y dos c. Veinte mil novicientos treinta y siete
b. Setenta y dos coma cuarenta y cuatro
c. Setenta dos d. Veinte mil novecientos treinta siete
d. Seventa dos coma cuarenta y cuatro
26

1 4. 1,300,000 [1.300.000] 20. Ninth
a. Un millón tres mil a. Novento
b. Un millón trescientos mil b. Novano
c. Un millones tresciento mil c. Noveno
d. Un millón trescientos d. Noventa
1 5. 406,046.02 [406.046,02] 21 . Orange

a. Cuatro cientos mil cuarenta y seis a. Verde
coma dos b. Anaranjado
b. Cuatro cien mil cuarenta y seis coma c. Rosado
dos d. Blanco
c. Cuatro cientos mil cuarenta y seis y
dos 22 . Yellow
d. Cuatro cientos mil cuarenta seis y dos a. Azul
b. Negro
1 6. Fourth c. Rojo
a. Primero d. Amarillo
b. Octavo
c. Quinto 23. Gold
d. Cuarto a. Gris
b. Morado
1 7. Fifth c. Dorado
a. Cinco d. Amarillo
b. Quinto
c. Cuarto 24. Blue
d. Séptimo a. Azul
b. Blanco
1 8. Second c. Verde
a. Segundo d. Rojo
b. Sexto
c. Séptimo 25. Green
d. Noveno a. Rosado
b. Anaranjado
1 9. One Hundredth c. Violeta
a. Cientavo d. Verde
b. Centavo
c. Ciento
d. Centavio
27

CHAPTER 3
Time Terminology Writing Dates

¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Los meses Months
El tiempo Time enero January
La hora Hour febrero February
El minuto Minute marzo March
El momento Moment abril April
El segundo Second mayo May
El reloj Clock junio June
Puntual On time julio July
El mediodía Noon agosto August
La medianoche Midnight septiembre September
En punto Sharp noviembre November
De la mañana In the morning/a.m. diciembre December
De la tarde In the afternoon/p.m. Los días de la semana Days of the week
De la noche At night/p.m. domingo / los domingos Sunday / on Sundays
Ahorita Right now lunes / los lunes Monday / on Mondays
Más tarde Later martes / los martes Tuesday / on Tuesdays
Más temprano Earlier miércoles / los miércoles Wednesday / on Wednesdays
Tarde Late jueves / los jueves Thursday / on Thursdays
Temprano Early viernes / los viernes Friday / on Fridays

sábado / los sábados Saturday / on Saturdays
¿Cuál es la fecha?/ What's today's date? /
¿Qué fecha es hoy? What date is it today?
¿Qué día es hoy? What day of the week is it?
Hoy es... Today is...
Es... It is...
El horario Schedule
El calendario Calendar
La fecha Date
El día Day
Ayer Yesterday
Mañana Tomorrow
La noche Night
El año Year
El fin de semana Weekend
La próxima semana Next week
La semana pasada Last week
28

Writing Dates
• Days of the week and months are NOT capitalized in Spanish. (except when starting a
sentence) Also, the article 'el' is rarely used with days of the week and months.
• When writing dates, numbers always come before the month. This is the opposite of the way
many English speakers write dates.
o 2-5-2018 - [5-2-2018]
o 2/5/2018 - [5/2/2018]
o El dos de mayo - [the second of May]
• Only on the first of the month, use 'el primero de' plus the month (the first of____).
o El primero de abril de 2018 - [April 1st, 2018]
o Domingo, el primero de abril de 2018 - [Sunday, April 1st, 2018]
• For every other day of the month, use 'el # de' plus the month (the # of ____).
o El 10 de noviembre de 2018 - [November 10th, 2018]
o El diez de noviembre de 2018 - [November 10th, 2018]
o Sábado, 10 de noviembre de 2018 - [Saturday, November 10th, 2018]
• When written in long format, years are written in the same way as numbers.
o El año dos mil dieciocho - [The year two thousand eighteen]
o Mil ochocientos - [Eighteen hundred]
o Mil novecientos noventa y nueve - [Nineteen ninety nine]
o Dos mil - [Two thousand]
Calendario enero de 2018
domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado

1 2 3 4 5 6
[el primero de [dos] [tres] [cuatro] [cinco] [seis]
enero]
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
[siete] [ocho] [nueve] [diez] [once] [doce] [trece]
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
[catorce] [quince] [dieciséis] [diecisiete] [dieciocho] [diecinueve] [veinte]
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
[veintiuno] [veintidós] [veintitrés] [veinticuatro] [veinticinco] [veintiséis] [veintisiete]
28 29 30 31
[veintiocho] [veintinueve] [treinta] [treinta y uno]
29

Telling Time
• For the one o'clock hour, tell time using 'es la una.'
o Es la una - It's one o'clock.
o Es la una y media. - It's one thirty.
• For all other times, use 'son las' plus the number.
o Son las tres. - It's three o'clock.
o Son las seis. - It's six o'clock.
o Son las doce. - It's twelve o'clock.
• For 15 and 30 minutes after the hour, use the following:
o Y cuarto - Fifteen
§ Son las dos y cuarto - It's 2:15.
o Y media - Thirty
§ Son las cinco y media. - It's 5:30.
• For all other minutes after the hour, use 'y' plus the number.
o Son las seis y cuarenta y cinco. - It's 6:45.
o Son las tres y veinte. - It's 3:20
• To be more specific, use one of the following:
o Son las ocho de la mañana. - It's 8:00 a.m.
o Son las cuatro de la tarde. - It's 4:00 p.m.
o Son las nueve de la noche. - It's 10:00 p.m.
o Son las siete en punto. - It's 7:00 sharp.
• To indicate 'in' a certain time period, use 'en' plus the amount of time:
o En una hora - In an hour
o En dos horas y media - In two and a half hours
Hint: In chapter 14, you will learn what 'son' means and its other uses.
30

Chapter 3 Worksheet
1. On Tuesdays 9. Week
a. los miércoles a. Semena
b. los viernes b. Samana
c. los jueves c. Samena
d. los martes d. Semana
2. Monday 1 0. Month
a. domingo a. Mes
b. lunes b. Ayer
c. sábado c. Año
d. miércoles d. Ayer
3. Saturday 1 1 . Year
a. sábado a. Ayer
b. viernes b. Año
c. domingo c. Mes
d. lunes d. Mañana
4. On Sundays 1 2 . Februrary 10th, 2016

a. los lunes a. Febrero diez, 2016
b. los domingos b. El diez de Febrero de 2016
c. los sábados c. El diez de febrero de 2016
d. los martes d. El febrero diez, 2016
5. January 1 3. March 1st, 2014

a. junio a. El uno de marzo de 2014
b. julio b. El uno de Marzo, 2014
c. enero c. Marzo uno, 2014
d. marzo d. El primero de marzo de 2014
6. December 1 4. September 25th, 2019

a. decembre a. 9/25/2019
b. diciembre b. 2019/25/9
c. dicembre c. 25/9/2019
d. deceimbre d. 25/2019/9
7. November 1 5. December 4th, 2020

a. noveimbre a. 4-4-2020
b. novembre b. 4-12-2020
c. noviembre c. 12-4-2020
d. novimbre d. 2020-4-12
8. April 1 6. The 8th of June

a. abril a. El ocho de junio
b. april b. El ocho de Junio
c. mayo c. El ocho de julio
d. junio d. El ocho de Julio
31

1 7. The year 2013 22 . It is 4:15
a. El año dos mil tres a. Son las cuarto y cuarto
b. El año dos mil diez y tres b. Son las cuatro y cuatro
c. El año veinte trece c. Son las cuatro y cuarto
d. El año dos mil trece d. Son las cuarto y cuatro
1 8. 1776 23. In 5 hours

a. Mil setecientos setenta y seis a. Son cinco hora
b. Mil setecien setenta y seis b. En cinco horas
c. Mil setecientos seventa y seis c. Son las cinco
d. Mil setecientos seis d. Es la cinco
1 9. 1492 24. It is 6 a.m.

a. Mil cuatrocientos noventa dos a. Son las seis a.m.
b. Mil cuatrocien noventa y dos b. Son las seis en la mañana
c. Mil cuatrocientos noventa y dos c. Son las seis por la mañana
d. Catorce noventa y dos d. Son las seis de la mañana
20. Which is a correct answer to the question 25. It is 3:30 p.m.

'¿qué hora es?' ? a. Son las tres y media de la
a. Son las una tarde
b. Son los dos b. Son las tres y treinta p.m.
c. Son las cuatro c. Son las tres y treinta
d. Es las seis d. Son las tres y media p.m.
21 . Which is a correct answer to the question

'¿qué día es hoy?' ?
a. Hoy es viernes
b. Es Jueves
c. Hoy es domingos
d. Es miercoles
32

CHAPTER 4
People and Family
Hints: El adulto Adult
• 'La gente' is a more abstract El caballero Gentleman
term for a group of people, El hombre Man
whereas 'persona' and 'personas' El padre Father
refer to specific individual or El bebé/La bebé Baby (male/female)
individuals. La familia Family
• The term 'amado' is more La gente People
narrowly used in a romantic La madre Mother
sense for your significant other. La mujer Woman
'Querido' is more widely used La persona Person
for friends and family. Las relaciones Relationships
• You may notice that many
Los hijos, Los niños Children
vocabulary terms ending in O
Los padres Parents
are male and those ending in A
Señor Sir
are female. This will be
Señora Ma'am
described further in chapter 8.
Señorita Miss
• Note that the articles el, la, los,
El amigo/La amiga Friend (male/female)
las are included in vocabulary
El abuelo/La abuela Grandfather/Grandmother
terms but in everyday speech
they are often omitted. El compañero/La compañera Companion, Mate, Partner (male/female)
El esposo/La esposa Husband/Wife
El hermano/La hermana Brother/Sister
El nieto/La nieta Grandson/Granddaughter
El niño/ La niña Boy/Girl
El novio/La novia Boyfriend/Girlfriend
El hijo/La hija Son/Daughter
El primo/La prima Cousin (male/female)
El tío/La tía Uncle/Aunt
Los gemelos/Las gemelas Twins (male/female)
Los parientes Relatives
La madrastra Stepmother
El padrastro Stepfather
El sobrino/La sobrina Nephew/Niece
El suegro/La suegra Father-in-law/Mother-in-law
El cuñado/La cuñada Brother-in-law/Sister-in-law
El hermanastro/La hermanastra Stepbrother/Stepsister
El medio-hermano/ Half-brother/Half-sister
La media-hermana
El muchacho/La muchacha Young man/Young woman
El chico/La chica Young man/Young woman
Soltero/Soltera Single, unmarried (male/female)
Todo el mundo Everybody
El amado/La amada Dear, beloved, sweetheart (male/female)
El hijo único/La hija única Only son/Only daughter
El prometido Fiancé
El querido/La querida Dear, beloved, sweetheart (male/female)
El vecino/La vecina Neighbor (male/female)
33

Subject Pronouns
• Subject pronouns take the place of the subject of the sentence.

• English equivalents are: I, you, he, she, us, they
• Note that Spanish has more options for subject pronouns than English.
• Choose the pronoun that corresponds to the appropriate:
o Gender of the subject(s)
o Plurality or singularity of subject(s)
o Level of formality with the subject
Subject Pronoun Specifically: Example Sentence English Translation

yo I -- Yo soy una mujer I am a woman
tú you informal, casual, singular Tú eres mi vecino You are my neighbor
él he -- Él es mi amigo. He is my friend.
ella she -- Ella es la dueña. She is the owner.
usted you formal, respectful, singular ¿Cómo está usted, señor? How are you, sir?
nosotros us mixed male/female OR all male group Nosotros somos adultos. We are adults.
nosotras us ALL female group Nosotras somos gemelas. We are twin girls.
ellos they mixed male/female OR all male group Ellos son extranjeros. They are foreigners.
ellas they ALL female group ¿Quiénes son ellas? Who are they (women)?
ustedes you informal, casual, plural (you all) ¿Ádonde van ustedes? Where are you all going?
Hints:
• Don't capitalize yo (unlike ‘I’ in English).
• Don't capitalize any subject pronouns, unless at the beginning of a sentence.
• Don’t forget accent marks on tú and él. ['El' without an accent mark means 'the.' 'Tu' without an accent mark
means 'your']
• Tú - Addresses a single person with whom are on first-name basis.
• Usted - Addresses a single person whom you respect, do not know personally, or is older than you (ex. boss).
• Ellas - An ALL female group. If even one male is in the group, use 'ellos.'
• Nosotras - An ALL female group to which you belong. If even one male is in the group, use 'nosotros.'
• Ellos - A mixed male/female or an all male group.
• Nosotros - A mixed male/female or an all male group to which you belong.
• Ustedes - Addresses a group of people, regardless of formality. English equivalents are 'you all, y'all, you guys.'
• There is another subject pronoun called 'vosotros.' It is not widely used among Spanish speakers, so this book
doesn't cover the vosotros form.
• Subject pronouns are often unnecessary as the verb typically indicates the subject. They are commonly omitted
from everyday language. When subject pronouns are used, they serve to clarify the subject. Most personal
pronouns will be included in all example sentences until chapter 11. In chapter 23, most will be omitted from
conjugation tables and sentences.
Pronunciation Tips:
• Ellos - 'eh-yohs'
• Ellas - 'eh-yahs'
• Nosotros - 'noh-soh-trohs'
• Nosotras - 'noh-soh-trahs'
• Usted - 'oo-stehd'
• Ustedes - 'oo-stehd-ehs'
34

Pronouns Used After Prepositions
• Prepositional object pronouns take the place of the recipient of the action..
• In English, nearly all pronouns change when used after a preposition:
o He is far from the office.
o The office is far from him.
• In Spanish, only two pronouns change when used after a preposition:
o mí - me
o ti - you
• The rest of the pronouns have essentially two meanings. For example:
o 'él' can mean either 'he' OR 'him'
o 'ella' can mean either 'she' OR 'her'
o 'nosotros' can mean either 'we' OR 'us'
Prepositional Specifically: Example Sentence English Translation

Object Pronoun
mí me -- El regalo es para mí. The gift is for me.
ti you informal, casual, singular El carro está lejos de ti. The car is far from you.
él him -- Ella gana en vez de él. She wins instead of him.
ella her -- El niño está junto a ella. The boy is next to her.
usted you formal, respectful, singular El avión está arriba de usted. The plane is above you.
nosotros us mixed male/female OR all male group Tú sales después de nosotros. You leave after us.
nosotras us ALL female group Ellos comen sin nosotras. They eat without us.
ellos them mixed male/female OR all male group El cuento es sobre ellos. The story is about them.
ellas them ALL female group Camino enfrente de ellas. I walk in front of them.
ustedes you informal, casual, plural (you all) Vivo cerca de ustedes. I live near you all.
35

Chapter 4 Worksheet
1. Person 9. Aunt
a. La person a. El tío
b. El person b. La abuela
c. El persono c. La tía
d. La persona d. La hermana
2. Father 1 0. Man
a. El padre a. El hombre
b. Los padres b. El sobrino
c. La padre c. El vecino
d. Señor d. El nieto
3. Parents 1 1 . Mother-in-law
a. Los parientes a. La madre
b. Los hijos b. La suegra
c. Los padres c. La esposa
d. Los primos d. La madrastra
4. Neighbor 1 2 . Everybody
a. El vecino a. Los demás
b. El nieto b. La gente
c. El sobrino c. La persona
d. La suegra d. Todo el mudo
5. Ma'am 1 3. Brother
a. Señor a. La hermana
b. Señorita b. El cuñado
c. Senora c. El hermano
d. Señora d. El primo
6. Girlfriend 1 4. Stepsister
a. La novio a. La hermana
b. La novia b. La mujer
c. El novio c. La madrastra
d. El novia d. La hermanastra
7. Husband 1 5. Granddaughter
a. El esposo a. La niña
b. La esposa b. La nieta
c. El compañero c. La hija
d. El hijo d. La hermana
8. Family 1 6. When are subject pronouns capitalized?

a. La family a. Always
b. La familia b. Only at the beginning of a sentence
c. El familio c. Never
d. El familia
36

1 7. With which pronoun would you describe 24. With which pronoun would you describe a
members of an all-male football team? group of women?
a. Ellas a. Ellas
b. Nosotros b. Ellos
c. Usted c. Nosotros
d. Ellos d. Nosotras
1 8. With which pronoun would you address a 25. With which pronoun would you describe a
group of people at a meeting? group consisting of men, women, and
a. Tú yourself?
b. Ustedes a. Ellos
c. Usted b. Nosotros
d. Nosotros c. Ustedes
d. Yo
1 9. With which pronoun would you likely
address your professor? 26. Which pronoun is used after a preposition
a. Usted to describe the word 'you'? [casual and/or
b. Yo formal]
c. Ella a. Tú
d. Ustedes b. Usted
c. Ti
20. With which pronoun would you describe d. Both B & C
one male?
a. Nosotras 27. Which pronoun is used after a preposition
b. Él to describe the word 'me'?
c. Ellos a. Me
d. Ustedes b. Mi
c. Yo
21 . With which pronoun would you speak to a d. Both B & C
close friend?
a. Nosotros 28. Which pronoun can mean either 'she' or
b. Usted 'her'?
c. Tú a. Ella
d. Él b. Ti
c. Usted
22 . With which pronoun would you describe d. Yo
one female?
a. Ella 29. Which pronoun can mean either 'he' or
b. Ellas 'him'?
c. Ellos a. Ellos
d. Nosotras b. Mí
c. Tú
23. With which pronoun would you describe d. Él
yourself?
a. Ella 30. Which of the following pronouns is spelled
b. Nosotras incorrectly?
c. Ellos a. Él
d. Yo b. Tú
c. Mí
d. Tí
37

CHAPTER 5
The verbs in the table to the right are all infinitive AR VERBS
verbs that will conjugate regularly in the present tense. Abrazar To hug
Andar/Caminar To walk
What does that mean? Bailar To dance
• A verb is an action word. Buscar To look for
• An infinitive verb is in the format 'To + verb' as in 'To run.' Cambiar To change
• Infinitive verbs end in either AR, ER, or IR Cantar To sing
• A stem is the root of a verb. It consists of every letter prior Cocinar To cook
to the final two letters.
Comprar To buy
o 'Corr' is the stem of 'Correr' - To run
Contestar To answer
• Regularly conjugated verbs don't undergo spelling changes in
Cortar To cut
their stem when conjugated. We will discuss irregular verbs
Cuidar To take care of
throughout upcoming chapters and in depth in chapter 23.
Descansar To rest
• The present tense may refer to actions that:
Doblar To fold
o Are happening right now
Enseñar To teach
§ Is running
o Happen frequently Escuchar To listen to
§ Runs/Does run Estudiar To study
o Will happen in the near future Hablar To speak, to talk
§ Is going to run soon Lavar To wash
Limpiar To clean
Manejar To drive
Hints: Mirar To watch, to look at
• Verbs have the ability to be conjugated many different
Pagar To pay for
tenses. We will discuss these in the chapters to come. For
Planchar To iron
example:
Platicar/Charlar To chat
o Future tense
Practicar To practice
§ Correré - I will run
Preguntar To ask (question)
o Conditional tense
Regresar To return (to a place)
§ Correría - I would run
Terminar To end, to finish
• Some verbs already include a preposition such as 'to, for,
Tomar To drink, to take
at, of.'
o Ella cuida los niños. - She takes care of the Trabajar To work
children. Visitar To visit
o Nosotros escuchamos la música. - We listen to the ER VERBS
music. Beber To drink
o Yo pago la cuenta. - I pay for the bill. Comer To eat
o Ellos buscan las llaves. - They look for the keys. Comprender To understand
o Correr To run
Leer To read
Vender To sell
Versus Vocab:
• Preguntar vs Pedir: IR VERBS
o Preguntar - To ask a question about Abrir To open
o Pedir - To ask for, To order food or beverage, to request Compartir To share
someone to do something Cubrir To cover
Descubrir To discover
Escribir To write
Vivir To live
38

How to Conjugate Regular Present Tense Verbs
• A verb is an action word.
• Infinitive verb = 'To + action' as in 'Hablar' - 'To speak'
• Spanish verbs are one word in the infinitive form.
• Each infinitive verb will end in one of these two letters: AR, ER, IR.
o Hablar - To speak
o Comer - To eat
o Vivir - To live
To conjugate regular present tense verbs:

1. Identify the verb ending (AR, ER, IR).
2. Remove the last two letters of the infinitive verb. This creates the stem.
3. Add the ending that corresponds to the subject of the action.
Subject of action AR verbs ER verbs IR verbs

yo I o o o
tú you as es es
él/ella/usted he/she/usted a e e
nosotros/nosotras we amos emos imos
ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you all an en en
Let's take a look at a present tense example for each of the 3 verb types:
Hablar - To speak (AR verb)

o yo hablo I speak
as tú hablas you speak
Habl + a = él/ella/usted habla he/she/usted speaks
amos nosotros/nosotras hablamos we speak
an ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan they/you all speak
Comer - To eat (ER verb)

o yo como I eat
es tú comes you eat
Com + e = él/ella/usted come he/she/usted eats
emos nosotros/nosotras comemos we eat
en ellos/ellas/ustedes comen they/you all eat
Vivir - To live (IR verb)

o yo vivo I live
es tú vives you live
Viv + e = él/ella/usted vive he/she/usted lives
imos nosotros/nosotras vivimos we live
en ellos/ellas/ustedes viven they/you all live
Hint: Note that the pronouns are not necessary, but we will practice using them. The sentences below have the
same meaning with or without the pronoun 'yo.'
o Yo vivo - I live
o Vivo - I live
39

Regular Present Tense Verb Examples
Lavar - To wash
yo lavo I wash
tú lavas you wash
él/ella/usted lava he/she/usted washes
nosotros/nosotras lavamos we wash
ellos/ellas/ustedes lavan they/you all wash
Let's take a look at some present tense example sentences for 'lavar':
• Yo lavo el plato. - I wash the plate.
• Tú lavas la ventana. - You wash the window.
• Él lava la botella. - He washes the bottle.
• Ella lava el perro. - She washes the dog.
• Usted lava el tenedor. - You (formal) wash the fork.
• Nosotros lavamos los platos. - We are washing the dishes.
• Nosotras lavamos las tazas. - We wash the cups.
• Ellos lavan el carro. - They are washing the car.
• Ellas lavan los vasos. - They wash the glasses.
• Ustedes lavan la ropa. - You all wash the clothes.
Now, let's substitute proper nouns in the above sentences:

• El hombre lava la botella. - The man washes the bottle.
• La niña lava el plato. - The girl washes the plate.
• Los parientes lavan el carro. - The relatives are washing the car.
• Las gemelas lavan los vasos. - The twins wash the glasses.
To say 'it (one object) washes,' use the él/ella/usted conjugation.

o La maquina lava la ropa. - The machine washes the clothes.
To say 'they (multiple objects) wash,' use tht ellos/ellas/ustedes conjugation.

o Las máquinas lavan la ropa. - The machines wash the clothes.
Sentences without pronouns can have mulitple meanings. Context will dictate which is correct.
• Lavan la ropa. - They wash the clothes.
o This sentence can refer to:
§ They (group of just women)
§ They (group of just men)
§ They (group of men and women)
§ They (multiple objects)
Hint: The use of the subject pronouns clarifies who the subject is.
40

Chapter 5 Worksheet
1. To practice 8. Which of the following is an infinitive verb?

a. Platicar a. I answer
b. Planchar b. To look at
c. Practicar c. Sing
d. Pagar d. Lives
2. To look for 9. Which of the following is an infinitive verb?

a. Cuidar a. We are cooking
b. Limpiar b. He reads
c. Leer c. To discover
d. Buscar d. Change
3. To listen to 1 0. What is the stem of the verb that means

a. Terminar 'to rest'?
b. Escuchar a. Descansar
c. Vivir b. Descans
d. Escribir c. Descan
d. Descansa
4. To walk
a. Caminar 1 1 . What is the stem of the verb that means
b. Cambiar 'to understand'?
c. Andar a. Comprend
d. A & C b. Comprender
c. Compren
5. To work d. Compre
a. Vender
b. Trabajar 1 2 . Which of the following does the present
c. Manejar tense refer to?
d. Doblar a. Actions that are currently happening
b. Actions that happen frequently
6. Which of the following is a verb? c. Actions that will happen in the near
a. Us future
b. Try d. All of the above
c. Bookshelf
d. And
7. Which of the following is a verb?

a. Table
b. However
c. Quickly
d. Finishes
41

13. AR Verb: Trabajar
yo _________________________ I work
tú _________________________ you work
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted works
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we work
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all work
14. ER Verb: Vender

yo _________________________ I sell
tú _________________________ you sell
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted sells
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we sell
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all sell
15. IR Verb: Escribir

yo _________________________ I write
tú _________________________ you write
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted writes
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we write
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all write
16. AR Verb: Escuchar

yo _________________________ I listen to
tú _________________________ you listen to
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted listens to
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we listen to
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all listen to
17. ER Verb: Leer

yo _________________________ I read
tú _________________________ you read
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted reads
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we read
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all read
18. IR Verb: Descubrir

yo _________________________ I discover
tú _________________________ you discover
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted discovers
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we discover
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all discover
42

Fill in the blanks below with the matching pronoun or vocabulary word and verb conjugation. The
notes in brackets clarify which pronoun to use. Unless otherwise specified, 'you' describes the
casual form.
19. I pay. - __________________________________________________
20. You share. - __________________________________________________
21. [Male & female] They open. - __________________________________________________
22. [Female] We visit. - __________________________________________________
23. [Female] They run. - __________________________________________________
24. You all open. - __________________________________________________
25. [Male] The neighbor looks. - __________________________________________________
26. She answers. - __________________________________________________
27. [Male & female] We iron. - __________________________________________________
28. [Formal] You drive. - __________________________________________________
29. I cover. - __________________________________________________
30. You practice. - __________________________________________________
31. [Male] We write. - __________________________________________________
32. The schedule changes. - __________________________________________________
33. He buys. - __________________________________________________
34. Everybody rests. - __________________________________________________
35. The daughter reads. - __________________________________________________
36. You all take care. - __________________________________________________
37. [Formal] You teach. - __________________________________________________
38. The parents return. - __________________________________________________
39. [Male & female] We hug. - __________________________________________________
40. The year ends. - __________________________________________________
43

CHAPTER 6
The verbs in the table below are all infinitive AR VERBS
verbs that will conjugate regularly in the Acabar de To have just finished something
present tense. Aceptar To accept
Apagar To turn off, to switch off
Versus Vocab: Apoyar To support
• Soportar vs Apoyar: Ayudar To help
o Apoyar - To support Besar To kiss
o Soportar - To stand something Brillar To shine, to sparkle
§ No puedo soportar las
Causar To cause
matemáticas. - I can't stand
Celebrar To celebrate
math.
Cobrar To charge
• Salir vs Dejar:
Colocar To place
o Salir - To go out
Comparar To compare
o Dejar - To stop doing something, to leave
Copiar To copy
someone or something alone
Dejar To leave, to allow
Dejar de To stop
Entrar en To go in/into
Escapar To escape
Estacionar To park (a car)
Explicar To explain
Festejar To celebrate, to party
Firmar To sign (one's name)
Intentar To try
Ladrar To bark
Llorar To cry
Luchar To fight, to struggle
Mezclar To mix
Necesitar To need
Olvidar To forget
Preparar To prepare
Tratar To treat, to try
Usar To use
ER VERBS
Deber To have to, to owe
Depender To depend
Prometer To promise
Romper To break
Sorprender To surprise
IR VERBS
Decidir To decide
Existir To exist
Interrumpir To interrupt
Partir To divide
Prohibir To prohibit
Sobrevivir To survive
Subir To climb/to go up
44

Conjugated Verb + Infinitive Verb
• Conjugated verb = Necesito [I need]

• Infinitive Verb = Comer [To eat]
• Conjugated verb + Infinitive verb = Necesito comer. [I need to eat.]
• Conjugate the first verb and leave the second verb in the infinitive form. Most verbs that
follow this formula in English will also follow it in Spanish.
• The table below is a reminder of the present tense endings learned in the last chapter.
Subject of action AR verbs ER verbs IR verbs

yo I o o o
tú you as es es
el/ella/usted he/she/you a e e
nosotros/nosotras we amos emos imos
ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you all an en en
Below are verbs that are commonly used before an infinitive verb. Each is regularly conjugated
in the present tense.
AR verbs
• Olvidar - To forget
o La mujer siempre olvida sus llaves. - The woman always forgets her keys.
• Intentar - To try to do something
o Nosotros intentamos explicar. - We try to explain.
• Necesitar - To need
o El bebé necesita descansar. - The baby needs to rest.
• Ayudar a - To help to
o El niño ayuda a planchar. - The child helps to iron.
• Acabar de - To just finish
o Yo acabo de llegar. - I just arrived.
§ Literally: 'Somebody finishes from to do something'
§ Figuratively: 'Somebody just did something'
• Dejar de - To stop
o La chica deja de llorar. - The young woman stops crying.
§ Literally: 'Somebody stops from to do something.'
§ Figuratively: 'Somebody stops (from) doing something.'
ER verbs
• Deber - To owe, should
o Ustedes deben celebrar. - You all should celebrate.
• Prometer - To promise
o Los adultos prometen ayudar. - The adults promise to help.
• Aprender a - To learn to
o Ella aprende a leer. - She learns to read.
IR verbs
• Decidir - To decide
o Los vecinos deciden visitar. - The neighbors decide to visit.
45

Chapter 6 Worksheet
1. Which of the following is a conjugated 8. To park

verb? a. Festejar
a. Ladrar b. Estacionar
b. Prometer c. Matar
c. Acepto d. Copiar
d. Cobrar 9. You depend
a. Dependemos
2. Which of the following is a conjugated b. Dependes
verb? c. Depender
a. Explicamos d. Dependo
b. Prohibir
c. Ayudar 1 0. To climb
d. Existir a. Llorar
b. Subir
3. Which of the following is an infinitive verb? c. Sobrevivir
a. Escapar d. Partir
b. Apoyan
c. Parto
d. Interrumpe
4. Which of the following is an infinitive verb?

a. Copia
b. Brillas
c. Romper
d. Decide
5. Which of the following is a correct

sentence and an example of a conjugated
verb + an infinitive verb?
a. Ella decidir comparar
b. Yo necesito estacionar
c. Intentar preparar
d. Olvidar lucha
6. To compare
a. Comprar
b. Comparar
c. Cambiar
d. Colocar
7. I turn off
a. Apaga
b. Apagamos
c. Apagar
d. Apago
46

Fill in each of the tables below with the correct present tense verb conjugations.
11. AR Verb: Necesitar

yo _________________________ I need
tú _________________________ you need
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted needs
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we need
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all need
12. ER Verb: Deber

yo _________________________ I should
tú _________________________ you should
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted should
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we should
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all should
13. IR Verb: Decidir

yo _________________________ I decide
tú _________________________ you decide
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted decides
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we decide
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all decide
14. AR Verb: Dejar de

yo _________________________ I stop
tú _________________________ you stop
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted stops
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we stop
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all stop
15. ER Verb: Aprender a

yo _________________________ I learn to
tú _________________________ you learn to
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted learns to
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we learn to
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all learn to
47

notes in brackets clarify which pronoun to use. Unless otherwise specified, 'you' describes the
casual form.
16. He promises to compare. - _________________________________________________________________
17. [Male & female] We stop climbing. - _________________________________________________________________
18. I support. - _________________________________________________________________
19. [Female] They should prepare. - _________________________________________________________________
20. [Formal] You need to sign. - _________________________________________________________________
21. [Male] The friend decides to interrupt. - _______________________________________________________________
22. You all help to explain. - _________________________________________________________________
23. She escapes. - _________________________________________________________________
24. [Male & female] They kiss. - _________________________________________________________________
25. [Male] We stop trying. - _________________________________________________________________
26. The grandfather should decide. - _________________________________________________________________
27. You exist. - _________________________________________________________________
28. I try to help. - _________________________________________________________________
29. You all need to divide. - _________________________________________________________________
30. You should charge. - _________________________________________________________________
48

CHAPTER 7
The verbs in this table are ER VERBS
infinitive verbs that conjugate Ahorrar To save (money, energy)
regularly in the present tense. Chiflar To whistle
Disculpar To forgive
Hints: Dibujar To draw
• The verb prestar is also used in Empujar To push
the phrase 'prestar atención' to Fumar To smoke
mean 'to pay attention.' Funcionar To function, work
• The verb tocar is also used in the Ganar To win, to earn
phrase 'tocarle a' meaning 'to be Gastar To spend (money)
one's turn.' Grabar To record, to tape
o Me toca a mí. - It's my
Gritar To yell
turn.
Guardar To keep, to put aside/away
o Te toca a ti. - It's your
Invitar To invite
turn.
Levantar To lift, to raise
• The verb cometer is also used in
Llegar To arrive
the phrase 'cometer un error'
meaning 'to make a mistake.' Llenar To fill
• The verb pasar is also used in the Llevar To carry, to take
phrase 'pasar la aspiradora' Pasar To pass, to come in, to happen, to spend (time)
meaning 'to vacuum.' Pegar To stick, to attach, to hit, to glue
Pelear To fight, to quarrel
Versus Vocab: Pintar To paint
• Ahorrar vs Guardar vs Salvar: Plantar To plant
o Ahorrar - To save money Prestar To lend, to loan
o Guardar - To keep, put away, Quedar To stay
set aside Quitar To remove
o Salvar - To save a life, to Renunciar (a) To quit (a job)
rescue Robar To steal
• Tomar vs Llevar vs Traer:
Salvar To save, to rescue (a life)
o Tomar - To take a pill, take
Tardar (en) To take time
the bus, take a train, to drink
Tocar To touch, to play an instrument
o Llevar - To carry, to take
something somewhere ER VERBS
o Traer - To bring something Aprender To learn
somewhere Cometer To commit (a mistake)
• Recordar vs Grabar: Creer To believe, to know
o Recordar - To remember, to Meter (en) To put (into)
remind Poseer To possess
o Grabar - To record/tape on Prender To turn on, to switch on
video or audio, to engrave, to
IR VERBS
carve, to save a document
Asistir a To attend (somewhere)
• Gastar vs Malgastar
Cumplir To accomplish, to carry out, to reach (an age)
o Gastar - To spend money,
effort Describir To describe
o Malgastar - To waste money Imprimir To print
or effort Ocurrir To occur, to happen
Permitir To permit
Recibir To receive
49

Querer & Poder
• At this point, you have learned how to conjugate regular present tense verbs.
• Now let's take a look at 2 irregular present tense verbs used in everyday conversation.
• These verbs are stem-changing, which means their spelling changes when conjugated.
• Note that present tense endings will stay the same.
Querer - To want
• Querer is irregularly conjugated in the present tense by removing the first E and changing it to an IE.
• The nosotros conjugation is not irregular.
Querer - To want
[E>IE]
yo quiero I want
tú quieres you want
el/ella/usted quiere he/she/usted wants
nosotros/nosotras queremos we want
ellos/ellas/ustedes quieren they want
Examples:
• Yo quiero plantar. - I want to plant.
• Tú quieres planchar. - You want to iron.
• Carlos quiere aprender. - Carlos wants to learn.
• Nosotros queremos terminar. - We want to finish.
• Ellos quieren pelear. - They want to fight.
Hint:
• As described previously, the verb querer is used to show love. This usage and its
construction will be discussed further in upcoming chapters.
o Te quiero. - I love you.
o Él me quiere. - He loves me.
Poder - To be able to
• Poder is irregularly conjugated in the present tense by removing the O and changing it to a UE.
• The nosotros conjugation is not irregular.
[O>UE]
yo puedo I can
tú puedes you can
el/ella/usted puede he/she/usted can
nosotros/nosotras podemos we can
ellos/ellas/ustedes pueden they can
Examples:
• Yo puedo chiflar. - I can whistle.
• Tú puedes ganar. - You can win.
• Marta puede pasar la aspiradora. - Marta can vacuum.
• Nosotras podemos gritar. - We can yell.
• Ustedes pueden quedar. - You all can stay.
50

Chapter 7 Worksheet
1. To stay 9. To describe
a. Aprender a. Descubrir
b. Quemar b. Desear
c. Gritar c. Describir
d. Quedar d. Escribir
2. To receive 1 0. She earns

a. Recivir a. Ganamos
b. Recibir b. Gana
c. Renunciar c. Ganan
d. Robar d. Ganar
3. We arrive 1 1 . To touch, to play an instrument

a. Llegar a. Tocar
b. Llega b. Tomar
c. Llegamos c. Ocurrir
d. Llegan d. Gritar
4. To attend 1 2 . To spend (money)

a. Atender a. Pasar
b. Asistir a b. Gastar
c. Invitar c. Levantar
d. Chiflar d. Tardar
5. He believes, he knows 1 3. To quit

a. Crea a. Quitar
b. Creo b. Renunciar a
c. Cree c. Chiflar
d. Crean d. Robar
6. To record 1 4. You (formal) fight

a. Recordar a. Peleo
b. Grabar b. Peleas
c. Gastar c. Pelea
d. Salvar d. Pelean
7. To glue 1 5. Which conjugation does not change

a. Pegar spelling in the verbs 'poder' and 'querer'?
b. Pagar a. Yo
c. Pelear b. Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
d. Pasar c. Usted
d. Nosotros/Nosotras
8. You all forgive
a. Disculpen
b. Disculpan
c. Disculpa
d. Disculpar
51

16. AR Verb: Llegar
yo _________________________ I arrive
tú _________________________ you arrive
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted arrives
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we arrive
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all arrive
17. ER Verb: Aprender

yo _________________________ I learn
tú _________________________ you learn
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted learns
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we learn
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all learn
18. IR Verb: Recibir

yo _________________________ I receive
tú _________________________ you receive
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted receive
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we receive
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all receive
19. AR Verb: Llevar

yo _________________________ I carry, wear
tú _________________________ you carry, wear
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted carries, wears
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we carry, wear
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all carry, wear
20. ER Verb: Creer

yo _________________________ I believe, know
tú _________________________ you believe, know
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted believes, knows
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we believe, know
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all believe, know
21. IR Verb: Asistir a

yo _________________________ I attend
tú _________________________ you attend
él/ella/usted _________________________ he/she/usted attends
nosotros/nosotras _________________________ we attend
ellos/ellas/ustedes _________________________ they/you all attend
52

notes in brackets clarify which pronoun to use.
22. The woman wants to learn. - _________________________________________________________________
23. [Male & female] They whistle. - _________________________________________________________________
24. I want to win. - _________________________________________________________________
25. [Female] We arrive. - _________________________________________________________________
26. You can yell. - _________________________________________________________________
27. [Formal] You want to stay. - _________________________________________________________________
28. The family records. - _________________________________________________________________
29. She can steal. - _________________________________________________________________
30. I commit. - _________________________________________________________________
31. You all want to fight. - _________________________________________________________________
32. The stepfather can plant. - _________________________________________________________________
33. You possess. - _________________________________________________________________
34. [Female] They forgive. - _________________________________________________________________
35. You all quit. - _________________________________________________________________
53

CHAPTER 8
School and Subjects Classroom

La escuela School El acento Accent
La escuela primaria Elementary school El apunte Note
La escuela secundaria Middle school/Junior high El capítulo Chapter
La escuela prepatoria, El High school El cuaderno Notebook
colegio El diccionario Dictionary
La universidad University/college El examen Test
La clase Class El imagen Image, picture
La materia Subject El lapicero Pen, Mechanical Pencil
El arte Art El lápiz Pencil
El español Spanish El libro Book
El idioma Language El libro de texto Textbook
El inglés English El marcador Marker
La ciencia Science El nivel Level
Las matemáticas Math El párrafo Paragraph
El poema Poem
Professions El proyecto Project
La carrera Career El sacapuntas Pencil sharpener
La profesión Profession El tema Theme
El abogado/La abogada Lawyer (male/female) El título Title
El actor/La actriz Actor/Actress El vocabulario Vocabulary
El bombero/La bombera Firefighter (male/female) La calificación, La nota Grade
El cajero/La cajera Cashier (male/female) La cultura Culture
El cocinero/La cocinera Cook (male/female) La definición Definition
El conductor/La conductora Driver (male/female) La literatura Literature
El enfermero/La enfermera Nurse (male/female) La metáfora Metaphor
El doctor/La doctora Doctor (male/female) La mochila Backpack
El dueño/La dueña Owner (male/female) La oración Sentence (words)
La palabra Word
Hint: The noun 'matemáticas' is always plural. La pizarra Chalkboard
La pluma, El bolígrafo Pen
Versus Vocab: La prueba Quiz
• Cuestión vs Pregunta: La regla Rule, Ruler
• Cuestión - Matter La pregunta Question
• Pregunta - Question La respuesta Answer
La tarea Homework, chore, task
Sacar buenas/malas notas To get good/bad grades
Tomar apuntes To take notes
54

Nouns: Masculine & Feminine
• A noun is a person, place, thing, or animal.

• Spanish nouns are assigned a gender, either masculine or feminine.
o Generally, nouns ending in O are masculine.
o Generally, nouns ending in A are feminine.
• Spanish nouns are attached to gender-specific articles.
o The definite article ‘el’ indicates that a noun is masculine.
o The definite article ‘la' indicates that a noun is feminine.
Nouns that are neither male nor female are assigned a gender. This gender assignment never changes.
• El banco - Bank (a bank is not male, but it is assigned a masculine gender. It will never be 'la banca')
• La mesa - Table (a table is not female, but it is assigned a feminine gender. It will never be ‘el meso')
Nouns referring to male and female nouns change to match the correct gender of the person or people. Nouns
referring to males will always keep the masculine article 'el.' Nouns referring to females will always keep the
feminine article 'la.'
• El abogado - Male lawyer
• La abogada - Female lawyer
Gender assignment can be confusing. Try not to think of inanimate nouns as male or female. Rather, memorize
the assignment of masculine or feminine gender. A helpful trick for memorizing gender is ‘LONERS & DIONZA.’
This rule works 98% of the time.
LONERS & DIONZA:

• Singular nouns ending in any of the letters L, O, N, E, R, S are likely to be masculine.
o El hotel - Hotel
o El banco - Bank
o El jardín - Garden/Yard
o El cine - Movie theater
o El mar - Sea
o El país - Country
• Singular nouns ending in any of the letters D, -IÓN, Z, A are likely to be feminine.
o La universidad - University
o La estación - Station
o La voz - Voice
o La biblioteca - Library
Hints:
• 'El' and 'la' technically mean 'the.' However, they can also be meaningless.
o Ella asiste a la escuela. - She attends school.
o La escuela es grande. - The school is large.
• Definite articles refer to specific nouns.
o Definite: I want the apple. (Refers to a specific apple)
• In the next chapter, you will learn about indefinite articles, which refer to non-specific nouns.
o Indefinite: I want an apple. (Refers to a non-specific apple)
55

Applying the LONERS & DIONZA Rule
Let's look at some vocabulary you learned in this chapter and apply the LONERS & DIONZA rule.
Masculine Nouns Ending in L, O, N, E, R, S Feminine Nouns Ending in D, -IÓN, Z, A

El arte Art La definición Definition
El capítulo Chapter La escuela School
El cuaderno Notebook La literatura Literature
El diccionario Dictionary La materia Subject
El español Spanish La metáfora Metaphor
El examen Test La mochila Backpack
El inglés English La oración Sentence
El libro Book La palabra Word
El marcador Marker La pizarra Chalkboard
El nivel Level La prueba Quiz
El párrafo Paragraph La regla Ruler
El sacapuntas Pencil sharpener La tarea Homework, chore, task
El título Title La universidad University/college
El vocabulario Vocabulary La calificación Grades
Hint: You may have noticed that some of the vocabulary does not fit inside the LONERS & DIONZA rule.
While this rule works 98% of the time, there are always exceptions. The next page will discuss those
exceptions.
56

Exceptions to the LONERS & DIONZA Rule
Review the following exceptions and learn to recognize them. The FEMININE
nouns listed on this page are practically the extent of exceptions to Words ending in O
the LONERS & DIONZA rule. They will become second-nature over time. • La foto - Photo
• Most nouns ending in the following are feminine: • La mano - Hand
o UMBRE • La moto - Motorcycle
o IE • La radio - Radio
o ITIS Words ending in UMBRE
o SIS • La certidumbre - Certainty
§ Exceptions • La costumbre - Custom, Habit
• El paréntesis - Parenthesis • La muchedumbre - Crowd
• El análisis - Analysis Words ending in IE
• Most nouns ending in the following are masculine: • La especie - Species
o PA • La serie - Series
o TA Words ending in ITIS
o MA • La tendonitits - Tendonitis
§ Exceptions: Words ending in SIS
• La crema - Cream • La crisis - Crisis
• La cama - Bed • La oasis - Oasis
• La pluma - Pen • La tesis - Thesis
• La goma - Eraser Others
• The following nouns are shortened versions of themselves. Because • La piel - Skin
the full word is feminine, the shortened version is feminine also. • La miel - Honey
o 'La foto' is short for 'la fotografía' • La sal - Salt
o 'La moto' is short for 'la motocicleta' • La razón - Reason
o 'La tele' is short for 'la televisión' • La flor - Flower
Words ending in E
• La calle - Street
MASCULINE
• La carne - Meat
Words ending in MA
• La clase - Class
• El sistema - System
• La fe - Faith
• El poema - Poem
• La gente - People
• El dilema - Dilemma
• La fiebre - Fever
• El fantasma - Ghost
• La fuente - Fountain
• El clima - Climate
• La hambre - Hunger
• El alma - Soul
• La llave - Key
• El idioma - Language
• La leche - Milk
• El problema - Problem
• La muerte - Death
• El programa - Program
• La nieve - Snow
• El tema - Theme
• La noche - Night
Words ending in PA
• La nube - Cloud
• El mapa - Map
• La mente - Mind
Words ending in TA
• La parte - Part
• El planeta - Planet
• La sangre - Blood
Words ending in A
• La serpiente - Snake
• El agua - Water
• La suerte - Luck
• El día - Day
• La torre - Tower
• El gorila - Gorilla
• La tele - Television
• El sofá - Couch
• La tarde - Afternoon
Others
• El arroz - Rice
• El camíon - Truck
57

Masculine & Feminine Noun Exceptions
Professions with Exceptions:

• Generally, professions that end in O are used for men and those ending in A are used for women.
• However, some professions do not change their spelling to fit the appropriate gender.
• The spelling of these professions is the same for both men and women.
• Only the article 'el' or 'la' will change to fit the appropriate gender.
Male Female English Exceptions

Professions Professions
El dentista La dentista Dentist Professions ending in ISTA never change their spelling.
El artista La artista Artist
El periodista La periodista Journalist
El policía La policía Police Officer These professions ending in A never change their
El atleta VS La atleta Athlete spelling.
El guía La guía Guide
El estudiante La estudiante Student Professions ending in E never change their spelling.
El agente La agente Agent
El cantante La cantante Singer
Article Changers:
• Note that while the spelling of these nouns stays the same, but changing the article alters their meaning.
Masculine Feminine
El cura (Priest) La cura (Cure)
El coma (Coma) La coma (Comma)
El Papa (Pope) VS La papa (Potato)
El frente (Front) La frente (Forehead)
El pendiente (Earring) La pendiente (Slope)
Spelling Similarities:
• Note that some words are spelled similarly but have different meanings.
Masculine Feminine
El cuento (Story) La cuenta (Check, bill)
El puerto (Port) VS La puerta (Door)
El cubierto (Cutlery) Cubierta (Covered)
El libro (Book) La libra (Pound)
El secador (Hair dryer) La secadora (Clothes dryer)
58

Masculine & Feminine Noun Tips
These examples are categorized as always feminine or always masculine. Although masculine and feminine
articles are included below for better understanding, they are not always used.
Always Feminine
• Hours in a day
o Son las cinco. - It's 5 o'clock.
• The letters of the Alphabet
o La m - M

Always Masculine
• Days of the week

o El lunes - Monday
• Months of the year
o El junio - June
• Languages
o El inglés - English
• Numbers
o El doce - Twelve
• Colors used as nouns
o El amarillo - Yellow
• The 4 cardinal directions
o El sur - South
• Names of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, mountains
o El océano Atlántico - Atlantic Ocean
• Infinitive verbs used as nouns
o El fumar es malo para la salud - Smoking is bad for your health.
• Compound nouns (combination of a verb plus a noun)
o El rascacielos - Skyscraper
59

Chapter 8 Worksheet
1. Word 9. Chapter
a. El tema a. El capítulo
b. El idioma b. El libro de texto
c. La palabra c. La literatura
d. El poema d. La metáfora
2. Backpack 1 0. Math
a. La mochila a. La matemática
b. El libro b. La ciencia
c. La pizarra c. La materia
d. El prueba d. Las matemáticas
3. High school 1 1 . Owner [Female]

a. La escuela primaria a. El actor
b. La escuela prepatoria b. La duena
c. La escuela secundaria c. El dueño
d. La escuela d. La dueña
4. Language 1 2 . Firefighter [Male]

a. La idioma a. El cajero
b. El idioma b. El conductor
c. El inglés c. El bombero
d. El español d. La bombera
5. Grades 1 3. Lawyer [Female]

a. Las reglas a. La cocinera
b. Las notas b. La enfermera
c. Las calificaciones c. La agobada
d. Both B & C d. La abogada
6. Sentence (words) 1 4. Nurse [Male]

a. La oración a. El enfermero
b. La sentencia b. La profesión
c. La definición c. La enfermera
d. El párrafo d. El cocinero
7. Class 1 5. Actress
a. El clase a. El conductor
b. La ciencia b. El actor
c. La clase c. La carrera
d. El nivel d. La actriz
8. Homework 1 6. I get good grades.

a. El examen a. Tú sacas buenas notas.
b. La matrícula b. Nosotros sacamos buenos grados.
c. El marcador c. Yo saco buenas notas.
d. La tarea d. Ellas sacan buenos notas.
60

1 7. A noun is not which of the following? 27. Which of the following is incorrect?
a. Person a. La calle
b. Action b. La planeta
c. Place c. La muerte
d. Thing d. La pluma
1 8. Does gender assignment mean that 28. Which of the following is incorrect?
objects are either male or female? a. La tema
a. Yes b. El libro
b. No c. La regla
d. El poema
1 9. Which gender does the definite article 'la'
indicate? 29. Which of the following is incorrect?
a. Masculine a. La definición
b. Feminine b. El imagen
c. El culturo
20. Which gender does the definite article 'el' d. La clase
indicate?
a. Masculine 30. Which of the following is correct?
b. Feminine a. El miel
b. El moto
21 . Typically, nouns ending in O are of which c. La razón
gender? d. El parte
a. Masculine
b. Feminine 31 . Which of the following is correct?
a. El gente
22 . Typically, nouns ending in A are of which b. La agua
gender? c. El mano
a. Masculine d. El idioma
b. Feminine
32 . Which of the following is correct?
23. Typically, nouns ending in the letters D, a. El mapa
IÓN, Z, A are of which gender? b. La clima
a. Masculine c. El crema
b. Feminine d. El foto
24. Typically, nouns ending in the letters L, O, 33. Are professions ending in the letters ISTA
N, E, R, S are of which gender? are used for men or women?
a. Masculine a. Men
b. Feminine b. Women
c. Both A & B
25. What percent of the time does the
'LONERS & DIONZA' rule work? 34. Are professions ending in the letter E are
a. 10% used for men or women?
b. 50% a. Men
c. 75% b. Women
d. 98% c. Both A & B
26. Definite articles refer to which of the 35. True or false? Only the article changes in
following? any profession ending in the letters ISTA
a. Specific nouns or E.
b. Non-specific, general nouns a. True
b. False
61

36. Which of the following is incorrect?
a. El policía
b. La atleta
c. El guío
d. El atleta
37. Which of the following means 'pound'?

a. El libro
b. La libra
38. Which of the following means 'forehead'?

a. El frente
b. La frente
39. Which of the following is always feminine?

a. Numbers
b. Compound nouns
c. Hours in a day
d. Languages
40. Which of the following is always feminine?

a. Days of the week
b. Names of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas,
mountains
c. Cardinal directions
d. Letters of the alphabet
62

CHAPTER 9
Professions Meals and Drinks

El ingeniero/La ingeniera Engineer La comida Food
El mesero/La mesera Waiter, server La cena Dinner
El camarero/La camarera Waiter, server El desayuno Breakfast
El profesor/La profesora Professor El almuerzo Lunch
El reportero/La reportera Reporter La bebida Drink
El secretario/La secretaria Secretary El agua Water
El veterinario/La veterinaria Veterinarian El café Coffee
El obrero/La obrera Worker, laborer El jugo Juice
El escritor/La escritora Writer El refresco Soda
El autor/La autora Author El té Tea
El granjero/La granjera Farmer La leche Milk
La limonada Lemonade or Limeade
Vegetables
La verdura, El vegetal Vegetable Fruit
El aguacate Avocado La fruta Fruit
El apio Celery El coco Coconut
El broccoli Broccoli El durazno Peach
El champiñón Mushroom El limón Lemon
El chícharo, El guisante Peas El limón verde Lime
El chile Chili pepper El melon Cantaloupe
El frijol Bean El plátano Banana
El jitomate Tomato La cereza Cherry
El maíz Corn La fresa Strawberry
El pepinillo Pickle La manzana Apple
El pepino Cucumber La naranja Orange
El pimiento rojo Red pepper La pasa Raisin
El pimiento verde Green pepper La pera Pear
El repollo/La col Cabbage La piña Pineapple
La calabaza Squash, pumpkin La sandía Watermelon
La cebolla Onion La uva Grape
La coliflor Cauliflower
La espinaca Spinach
La lechuga Lettuce
La zanahoria Carrot
Hint: You may hear also the word 'limón' or 'lima' to describe the 'lime' fruit.
63

Nouns: Singular & Plural
• Nouns and their articles must agree in gender (feminine or masculine) and number (singular
or plural).
• Definite articles refer to specific nouns.
o Yo quiero la manzana. - I want the apple. (Refers to a specific apple)
• Indefinite articles such as ‘a, an, one, a few, some’ refer to non-specific nouns.
o Yo quiero una manzana. - I want an apple. (Refers to a non-specific apple)
• In order to make a noun plural:
o Select the appropriate plural article (los, las, unos, unas).
o If the noun ends in a:
• Vowel (A, E, I, O, U): add an S to the end of the noun.
• Consonant (other than Z): add ES to the end of the noun.
• Z: change the Z to C and add ES to the end of the noun.
• É: add an S to the end of the noun.
• Á, Í, Ó, Ú: add ES to the end of the noun.
Definite Articles Indefinite Articles

El Singular, masculine Un Singular, masculine
'A or An, One'
La Singular, feminine Una Singular, feminine
'The'
Los Plural, masculine Unos Plural, masculine
'Some, A few'
Las Plural, feminine Unas Plural, feminine
Examples:
El coco Coconut / The coconut La naranja Orange / The orange

Los cocos Coconut / The coconut Las naranjas Oranges / The oranges
Un coco (Uno coco) A coconut / One coconut Una naranja An orange / One orange
Unos cocos Some coconuts / A few coconuts Unas naranja Some oranges /A few oranges
El melon Cantaloupe / The cantaloupe La voz Voice / The voice

Los melones Cantaloupe / The cantaloupe Las voces Voices / The voices
Un melon (Uno melon) A cantaloupe/ One cantaloupe Una voz A voice / One voice
Unos melones Some cantaloupes / A few cantaloupe Unas voces Some voices / A few voices
El café Café / The café El rubí Ruby / The ruby

Los cafés Café / The café Los rubíes Rubies / The rubies
Un café A café / One café Un rubí A ruby / One ruby
Unos cafés Some cafés /A few cafés Unos rubíes Some rubies /A few rubies
Hints:
• Don't use ‘uno’ as an article. ‘Uno’ only refers to the number ‘1.’
• ‘Él’ with an accent mark means 'he.' 'El' without an accent mark means 'the.'
64

Plural & Singular Oddities
4 EXCEPTIONS FOR NOUNS THAT END IN Á, Í, Ó, Ú

El sofá / Los sofás Sofa / Sofas
El papá / Los papás Dad / Dads
La mamá / Los mamás Mom / Moms
El dominó / Los dominós Domino / Dominoes
NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL

Las tijeras Scissors
Los anteojos/Las gafas Glasses
Los alrededores Outskirts
Las matemáticas Math
Las vacaciones Vacation
Never seen in the singular form
NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR

La gente People Never ‘las gentes.’ Instead, use ‘las personas’
La ropa Clothes In English, clothes is always plural.
Never seen in the plural form
NOUNS WITH THE SAME PLURAL AND SINGULAR FORMS

El arcoiris > Los arcoiris Rainbow > Rainbows
La crisis > Las crisis Crisis > Crises
El lunes > Los lunes Monday > Mondays
El martes > Los martes Tuesday > Tuesdays
El miércoles > Los miércoles Wednesday > Wednesdays
El jueves > Los jueves Thursday > Thursdays
El viernes > Los viernes Friday > Fridays
Only the article changes
COMPOUND WORDS ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME PLURAL AND SINGULAR FORMS
Spanish Compound Word English Word Literal Translation
El sacacorchos > Los sacacorchos Corkscrew > Corkscrews 'it takes out corks'
El abrelatas > Los abrelatas Can opener > Can openers 'it opens cans'
El lavaplatos > Los lavaplatos Dishwasher > Dishwashers 'it washes plates'
El guardarropa > Los guardarropas Closet > Closets 'it keeps clothes'
El rascacielos > Los rascacielos Skyscraper > Skyscrapers 'it scrapes skies'
El paraguas > Los paraguas Umbrella > Umbrellas 'it stops water'
El cumpleaños > Los cumpleaños Birthday > Birthdays 'it finishes the year'
El salvavidas > Los salvavidas Life preserver > Life preservers 'it saves lives'
El sacapuntas > Los sacapuntas Pencil sharpener > Pencil sharpeners 'it sharpens points'
Compound words = 'verb + noun'
Always masculine
Only the article changes
65

Gain, Lose, or Keep an Accent Mark?
Some nouns lose, gain, or keep an accent mark in the plural form. Often, they do this to keep
the stress on the same syllable as in the singular form.
Singular nouns with an accent mark on the last syllable

will typically lose the accent mark in the plural form.
El autobús > Los autobuses Bus > Buses
El avión > Los aviones Airplane > Airplanes
El botón > Los botones Button > Buttons
El calcetín > Los calcetines Sock > Socks
El cartón > Los cartones Carton > Cartons
El champiñón > Los champiñones Mushroom > Mushrooms
El corazón > Los corazones Heart > Hearts
El jamón > Los jamones Ham > Hams
El limón > Los limones Lemon > Lemons
El sillón > Los sillones Armchair > Armchairs
La canción > Las canciones Song > Songs
La definición > Las definiciones Defintion > Definitions
La habitación > Las habitaciones Room > Rooms (hotel, suite, guest)
La nación > Las naciones Nation > Nations
La oración > Las oraciones Sentence > Sentences
La razón > Las razones Reason > Reasons
Singular nouns with an accent mark on any other syllable than

the last will typically keep the accent mark in the plural form.
El árbol > Los árboles Tree > Trees
El lápiz > Los lápices Pencil > Pencils
El país > Los países Country > Countries
El párrafo > Los párrafos Paragraph > Paragraphs
El periódico > Los periódicos Newspaper > Newspapers
El plátano > Los plátanos Banana > Bananas
El título > Los títulos Title > Titles
La cómoda > Las cómodas Dresser > Dressers
La metáfora > Las metáforas Metaphor > Metaphors
La página > Las páginas Page > Pages
La sábana > Las sábanas Sheet > Sheets
A few singular nouns that don't have accent marks

in the singular will take on an accent in the plural form.
El examen > Los exámenes Test > Tests
El joven > Los jóvenes Young person > Young people
El orden > Los órdenes Order > Orders
El origen > Los orígenes Origin > Origins
66

Chapter 9 Worksheet
1. Avocado 9. Pear
a. El apio a. La pasa
b. El avocado b. La pera
c. El agua c. El melon
d. El aguacate d. El pera
2. Juice 1 0. Tea
a. El jugo a. El té
b. La bebida b. El café
c. La juga c. El agua
d. El refresco d. La bebida
3. Banana 1 1 . Secretary [Male]

a. La fruta a. La secretaria
b. El plátano b. El veterinario
c. La pasa c. El secretario
d. El banana d. El granjero
4. Water 1 2 . Reporter [Female]

a. La bebida a. La ingeniera
b. El agua b. La escritora
c. La agua c. La autora
d. La leche d. La reportera
5. Lettuce 1 3. Engineer [Male]

a. La uva a. El enginero
b. La espinaca b. El ingenero
c. La calabaza c. El inginero
d. La lechuga d. El ingeniero
6. Bean 1 4. Veterinarian [Female]

a. El café a. La vetrinario
b. El frijol b. La veterinario
c. La zanahoria c. La veterinaria
d. La naranja d. La vetrinaria
7. Food 1 5. Professor [Male]

a. La comida a. El professor
b. La cena b. El profesoro
c. El almuerzo c. El profesora
d. El desayuno d. El profesor
8. Corn 1 6. Which of the following is a definite article?

a. La cebolla a. Una
b. La cereza b. Las
c. El broccoli c. Unos
d. El maíz d. Lo
67

1 7. Which of the following is an indefinite 25. Which of the following is not always
article? singular?
a. Uno a. La gente
b. El b. La cebolla
c. Unas c. La ropa
d. Los
26. Compound words:
1 8. What does the article 'los' mean? a. Are always masculine
a. Singular, masculine 'the' b. Are 'a verb + a noun'
b. Masculine 'some' c. Have the same plural and singular
c. Plural, masculine 'the' forms except for the article
d. Feminine 'some' d. All of the above
1 9. What does the article 'un' mean? 27. Most singular nouns that have an accent
a. Feminine 'some' mark on the last syllable will:
b. Masculine 'one, a, an' a. Lose the accent mark in the plural
c. Singular, feminine 'the' b. Keep the accent mark in the plural
d. Singular, masculine 'the'
28. Most singular nouns that have an accent
20. What is the word 'uno' classified as? mark on any syllable than the last will:
a. An article a. Lose the accent mark in the plural
b. A number b. Keep the accent mark in the plural
21 . Which of the following means 'he'? 29. A few nouns that don't have accent marks
a. él in the singular may gain an accent mark
b. el in the plural form.
a. True
22 . Typically, if a singular noun ends in a b. False
vowel, how does it become plural?
a. By selecting the appropriate plural
article and adding ES to the end of
the noun
b. By selecting the appropriate plural
article and adding S to the end of the
noun
23. Typically, if a singular noun ends in a

consonant, how does it become plural?
a. By selecting the appropriate plural
article and adding ES to the end of
the noun
b. By selecting the appropriate plural
article and adding S to the end of the
noun
24. Which of the following is not always

plural?
a. Las vacaciones
b. Las matemáticas
c. Los chícharos
d. Las tijeras
68

Translate the phrases below.
30. The apple - __________________________________________________
31. Some onions - __________________________________________________
32. A cherry - __________________________________________________
33. The pineapples - __________________________________________________
34. A few beans - __________________________________________________
35. One cauliflower - __________________________________________________
36. A grape - __________________________________________________
37. The tomatoes - __________________________________________________
38. Some sodas - __________________________________________________
39. A drink - __________________________________________________
40. The carrots - __________________________________________________
41. The squash - __________________________________________________
42. A few peaches - __________________________________________________
43. One raisin - __________________________________________________
44. An avocado - __________________________________________________
45. The professors [Male & female] - __________________________________________________
46. The authors [Male] - __________________________________________________
47. Some farmers [Female] - __________________________________________________
48. One server [Female] - __________________________________________________
49. A laborer [Male] - __________________________________________________
50. A few writers [Male & female] - __________________________________________________
69

CHAPTER 10
Places Adjectives
El edificio Building Barato/a bah-rah-toh Cheap
El estado State Bastante bah-stahn-teh Enough, Sufficient
El hospital Hospital Bonito/a boh-nee-toh Pretty, good-looking
El hotel Hotel Bueno/a, Buen boo-eh-noh Good
El jardín Garden/yard Caliente cah-lee-ehn-teh Hot
El lugar Place Caro/a cah-ttoh Expensive
El mercado Market Delicioso/a deh-lee-see-oh-soh Delicious
El país Country Diferente dee-fehr-ehn-teh Different
El pueblo Town Difícil dee-fee-seel Difficult
El rascacielos Skyscraper Divertido/a dee-vehr-tee-thoh Fun
El restaurante Restaurant Excelente ex-sell-ehn-teh Excellent
El supermercado Supermarket Fácil fah-seel Easy
La biblioteca Library Famoso/a fah-moh-soh Famous
La calle Street Feliz feh-leese Happy
La ciudad City Frío/a free-oh Cold
La gasolinera Gas station Grande grahn-deh Large, Big
La librería Bookstore Gratis grah-teess Free (of charge)
La playa Beach Increíble een-creh-ee-bleh Incredible
La tienda Store Inteligente een-tehl-ee-hen-teh Intelligent
Interesante een-tehr-ess-ahn-teh Interesting
Largo/a lahr-goh Long
Versus Vocab: Libre lee-breh Free (of restriction)
• Largo vs Grande: Limpio/a leem-pee-oh Clean
o Largo - Long in length, Lleno/a yeh-noh Full
long time Malo/a, Mal mah-loh Bad
o Grande - Large Mejor meh-hohr Better
Mucho/a moo-choh A lot, Many
Nuevo/a noo-eh-voh New
Ocupado/a oh-coo-pah-thoh Busy
Pasado/a pah-sah-doh Last, previous
Peor peh-ohr Worst
Pobre poh-breh Poor, Pitiful
Poco/a poh-coh Few
Sucio/a soo-see-oh Dirty
Tanto/a tahn-toh So much, So many
Todo/a toh-doh All
Vacío/a vah-see-oh Empty
Viejo/a vee-eh-hoh Old, Longtime
Because many of the adjectives are English cognates, the

pronunciations are included as a reminder to use correct Spanish
pronunciation. Resist the urge to pronounce these words as you
would in English.
70

Creating Phrases with Adjectives & Nouns
• Adjectives describe nouns. English adjectives precede nouns as in ‘beautiful sunset.’ Typically,
Spanish adjectives follow nouns as in 'sunset beautiful.'
• Spanish adjectives describing number or quantity precede nouns and don't require an article.
• The article, noun, and adjective must all agree in gender and number.
• In order to use the correct gender for adjectives:
o Use adjectives ending in O to modify masculine nouns.
o Use adjectives ending in A to modify feminine nouns.
o Adjectives ending in any other letters or ISTA don't have separate masculine and feminine forms.
They can modify nouns of either gender.
• In order to make adjectives plural:
o If the adjective ends in a vowel, add an S to the end of the adjective.
o If the adjective ends in a consonant (other than Z), add an ES to the end of the adjective.
o If the adjective ends in Z, change the Z to C and add ES.
Feminine Adjective Ending in A

La chica ocupada Busy girl / The busy girl
Las chicas ocupadas Busy girls / The busy girls
Una chica ocupada A busy girl / One busy girl
Unas chicas ocupadas Some busy girls / A few busy girls
Masculine Adjective Ending in O

El libro caro Expensive book / The expensive book
Los libros caros Expensive books / The expensive books
Un libro caro An expensive book / One expensive book
Unos libros caros Some expensive books / A few expensive books
Gender Neutral Adjective Ending in E

La persona inteligente Intelligent person / The intelligent person
Las personas inteligentes Intelligent people / The intelligent people
Una persona inteligente An intelligent person / One intelligent person
Unas personas inteligentes Some intelligent people / A few intelligent people
Gender Neutral Adjective Ending in a Consonant

La prueba difícil Hard quiz / The hard quiz
Las pruebas difíciles Hard quizzes / The hard quizzes
Una prueba difícil A hard quiz / One hard quiz
Unas pruebas difíciles Some hard quizzes / A few hard quizzes
Gender Neutral Adjective Ending in Z

El niño feliz Happy boy / The happy boy
Los niños felices Happy children / The happy children
Un niño feliz A happy boy / One happy boy
Unos niños felices Some happy children / A few happy children
Adjective of Quantity
Mucho dinero A lot of money
Mucha tarea A lot of homework
Muchos reporteros A lot of reporters / Many reporters
Muchas verduras A lot of vegetables / Many vegetables
71

Examples & Exceptions for Adjectives
More Adjective Examples:

• Masculine and Feminine Adjectives
o La leche fría - Cold milk
o El desayuno delicioso - Delicious breakfast
o La clase divertida - Fun class
o La mochila nueva - New backpack
o El mercado pequeño - The small market.
• Gender Neutral Adjectives
o El poema excelente - Excellent poem
o La biblioteca interesante - Interesting library
o Los capítulos increíbles - Incredible chapters
o El té caliente - Hot tea
o La ciudad diferente - Different city
• Adjectives of Quantity
o Pocas cebollas - Few onions
o Tanto trabajo - So much work
o Bastante fruta - Enough fruit
o Todos refrescos - All sodas
o Muchas universidades - Many universities
Adjective Exceptions:
• Bueno and Malo
o Both can be placed either after the article or the noun. Placement has no effect on the meaning.
o Use the shortened versions 'mal' and 'buen' before singular masculine nouns.
§ El mal día / El día malo - Bad day
§ El buen día / El día bueno - Good day
§ Una buena persona / Una persona buena - A good person
§ Una mala persona / Una persona mala - A bad person
• Pobre, Grande, Viejo
o All three can be placed either after the article or the noun. Placement affects the meaning.
o Use the shortened version 'gran' before singular nouns.
§ La familia pobre - The poor family
§ La pobre familia - The pitiful family
§ Una fiesta grande - A large party
§ Una gran fiesta - A great party
§ Un amigo viejo - A longtime friend
§ Un viejo amigo - An elderly friend (old age)
• Peor and Mejor
o Both will always come in between the article and the noun.
§ El peor café del mundo - The worst coffee in the world
§ Las mejores margaritas - The best margaritas
72

Chapter 10 Worksheet
1. A library 8. Intelligent 1 5. Cheap

a. Una biblioteca a. Intelligent a. Barata
b. La biblioteca b. Intelligente b. Barate
c. Una librería c. Inteligento c. Barato
d. La librería d. Inteligente d. Both A & C
2. A store 9. Cold 1 6. Which of the following

a. El supermercado a. Frio is an adjective?
b. La tienda b. Fácil a. Around
c. Unas tiendas c. Frío b. Empty
d. Una tienda d. Facil c. When
d. Garden
3. The gas stations 1 0. Worst
a. La gasolinera a. Peore 1 7. Which of the following
b. La gasolina b. Mejor is an adjective?
c. Las gasolineras c. Pero a. Ocupado
d. Las gasolinas d. Peor b. Vender
c. Ellos
4. Some cities 1 1 . Free d. Comemos
a. Unas cuidades a. Gracias
b. Unas ciudades b. Gratis 1 8. True or false? Spanish
c. La ciudad c. Grates adjectives typically
d. La cuidad d. Gratís follow nouns.
a. True
5. A bookstore 1 2 . Good b. False
a. La biblioteca a. Buen
b. Una biblioteca b. Bueno 1 9. True or false? Spanish
c. La librería c. Buena adjectives describing
d. Una librería d. All of the above number or quantity
typically follow nouns.
6. Expensive 1 3. Different a. True
a. La cara a. Diferenta b. False
b. El carro b. Diferento
c. Caro c. Diferente 20. True or false? An article
d. Carro d. Both A & B and an adjective have
to agree in gender and
7. Hot 1 4. New number with the noun
a. Caliente a. Nuevo they modify.
b. La calienta b. Nueva a. True
c. El caliento c. Nueve b. False
d. Both B & C d. Both A & B
73

Translate the phrases below.
Phrases With Adjectives

21. The dirty gas stations - __________________________________________________
22. A cheap restaurant - __________________________________________________
23. The delicous coffee - __________________________________________________
24. So many hotels - __________________________________________________
25. Some difficult tests - __________________________________________________
26. An interesting class - __________________________________________________
27. The new schools - __________________________________________________
28. The hot water - __________________________________________________
29. Enough buildings - __________________________________________________
30. Some busy people - __________________________________________________
31. Three incredible cities - __________________________________________________
32. A different supermarket - __________________________________________________
33. Many skyscrapers - __________________________________________________
34. A happy day - __________________________________________________
35. The fun beach - __________________________________________________
36. The good year - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
37. A bad week - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
38. Some good days - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
39. The elderly writer - __________________________________________________
40. A great hospital - __________________________________________________
41. The poor town - __________________________________________________
42. The best place - __________________________________________________
43. The worst stores - __________________________________________________
44. Some large countries - __________________________________________________
45. Some longtime neighbors - __________________________________________________
74

CHAPTER 11
Prepositions and Conjunctions Kitchen
A To, at El cartón Cardboard, carton
Aunque Although El cartón de leche Milk carton
Con With El congelador Freezer
De Of, from El cubierto Cutlery
En In El cuchillo Knife
Entre Between El fregadero Kitchen sink
O Or El hielo Ice
Pero But El horno Oven
Porque Because El lavaplatos Dishwasher
Que That, because, what El microondas Microwave
Sin Without El papel de aluminio Aluminum foil
Y And El paquete Packet
El paquete de galletas Packet of cookies
Hints: El plato Plate
• At this point, the subject pronouns 'yo,' 'nosotros,' El refrigerador Fridge
'nosotras,' and 'tú' will be removed. Most of the El tenedor Fork
others will continue to be used for clarity until El tostador Toaster
chapter 23. This omission of subject pronouns is El vaso Glass
in alignment with everyday speech. Gabinetes de cocina Kitchen cabinets
• Many people shorten the word 'refrigerador' to
La basura Trash
'refri' for simplicity.
La botella Bottle
La botella de agua Water bottle
La cafetera Coffee Maker, Coffee Pot
La caja Box
La cocina Kitchen
La cuchara Spoon
La estufa Stove
La lata Can
La licuadora Blender
La mesa Table
La servilleta Napkin
La taza Mug, Coffee cup
Sacar la basura To take out the trash
75

Simple Sentence Structure
Read the tables from top to bottom, taking note of each word and its corresponding
grammatical term.
Simple English sentence:

English formula: Article adjective noun verb conjunction verb.
+ + + + +
English sentence: The famous woman paints and draws.
To translate this sentence into Spanish, switch the placement of the adjective and the noun:
Spanish formula: Article noun adjective verb conjunction verb.
Spanish sentence: La + mujer + famosa + pinta + y + dibuja.
Literal translation: The woman famous paints and draws.
Spanish & English: La mujer famosa pinta y dibuja. = The famous woman paints and draws.
Hints:
o The noun comes before the adjective.
o The article, noun, and adjective match in gender and number. (feminine & singular)
o Notice that both verbs 'pinta' and 'dibuja' are in the él/ella/usted conjugation.
Spanish sentences are more flexible than English sentences, so word placement may vary slightly.
Another way to arrange the sentence wording is to place the verbs at the beginning:
• Pinta y dibuja la mujer famosa. - The famous woman paints and draws.
2 more examples:
Spanish formula: Verb verb article noun adjective.
Spanish sentence: Quieres + comprar + las + manzanas + rojas.
Literal translation: You want to buy the apples reds.
Spanish & English: Quieres comprar las manzanas rojas. = You want to buy the red apples.
Hint:
• 'Rojas' is feminine and plural because it modifies 'manzanas' which is also feminine and plural.
Spanish formula: Article noun adjective verb noun.
Spanish sentence: Un + chico + inteligente + lee + libros.
Literal translation: An boy intelligent reads books.
Spanish & English: Un chico inteligente lee libros. = An intelligent boy reads books.
Hint:
• 'Inteligente' has neutral gender. It is singular because it modifies the masculine, singular noun 'chico.'
• Another acceptable sentence wording:
o Lee libros un chico inteligente. - An intelligent boy reads books.
76

How to Use Conjunctions to Create Sentences
Que - That
o Aceptamos que la vida es corta. - We accept that life is short.
o Elena cree que su novio es guapo. - Elena thinks that her boyfriend is handsome.
o Ella va a enviar la carta que escribió ayer. - She is going to mail the letter that she wrote yesterday.
o ¿Cuál es la cosa que buscas? - Which is the thing that you are looking for?
Con - With
o Él mezcla la harina con mantequilla. - He mixes the flour with butter.
o Vivo con mi amiga. - I live with my friend.
o Tomamos café con leche. - We drink coffee with milk. Fixed 'con' expressions
o Juan habla con el niño. - Juan talks to the child. o Contigo - With you
§ 'Hablar con' o Conmigo - With me
o Literally: To talk with
o Figuratively: To talk to
Sin - Without
o Quiero una hamburguesa sin lechuga. - I want a hamburger without lettuce.
o Tomo té sin azúcar. - I drink tea without sugar.
o Ella lee sin comprender las palabras. - She reads without understanding the words.
§ The infinitive verb 'comprender' is translated as an English gerund (ING word).
Entre - Between, Among

Fixed 'entre' expressions
o Entre amigos - Among friends
o Entre tú y yo - Between you and me
o El libro está entre mis favoritos. - The book is
§ This phrase is an exception to the
among my favorites.
prepositional object pronoun rule If it
o Un mensaje entre líneas. - A message between
followed that rule, the phrase would be
the lines.
"entre ti y mí."
Porque - Because
o Necesito estudiar porque quiero sacar buenas notas. - I need to study because I need to get good
grades.
o La niña canta porque puede. - The girl sings because she can.
o Trabajamos porque necesitamos dinero. - We work because we need money.
Pero - But
o Leo pero necesito limpiar la casa. - I am reading but I need to clean the house.
o Usted explica la regla pero ellos no comprenden. - You (formal) explain the rule but they don't
understand.
o Ellos hablan pero ella no escucha. - They speak but she doesn't listen.
Aunque - Although
o Aunque quiero manejar, yo camino. - Although I want to drive, I walk.
o Me gusta bailar aunque no bailo muy bien. - I like to dance although I don't dance well.
o Aunque ustedes estudian, no sacan buenas notas. - Although you all study, you all don't get good
grades.
Hint: Note that often if you can omit the article 'the' in English, it is typical to omit it also in Spanish.
77

Conjunctions: Y & O
Y - And
o Necesito un cuchillo y un tenedor. - I need a knife and a fork.
o Lápices y bolígrafos - Pencils and pens
o Naranjas y peras. - Oranges and pears
Exception - Y changes to E:
• Before words starting with the same ‘y’ sound.
o A la derecha e izquierda. A la derecha y izquierda. - To the right and left.
o El español e inglés - Spanish and English
o Aprendes ciencia e idiomas. - You learn science and languages.
o Es importante e interesante. - It is important and interesting.
• Exception: ‘Y’ does not change before words starting with ‘hie’
o Tenemos agua y hielo. - We have water and ice.
o Especias y hierbas. - Spices and herbs.
O - Or
o ¿Quieres un vaso o una taza? - Do you want a glass or a cup?
o Lápices o bolígrafos - Pencils or pens
o Naranjas o peras - Oranges or pears
Exception - O changes to U:
• Before words starting with the same ‘o’ sound.
• Son las siete u ocho. Son las siete o ocho. - It is seven or eight o'clock.
• Día u hora - Day or hour
• Para mañana u hoy - For tomorrow or today
• ¿Quieres esta cosa u otra? - Do you want thig thing or another?
Hint:
• Read the above sentences aloud.
o Note how difficult it is to say 'oh oh.' Instead change the first sound to ‘oo.'
o Note how difficult it is to say 'ee ee.' Instead change the first sound to ‘eh.'
78

Prepositions: De & En
De - Of, from
• Origin/Citizenship Fixed 'De' Expressions
o Shirley es de China. - Shirley is from China. o Estar de vacaciones - To be on vacation
o Soy de los Estados Unidos. - I'm from the United o Ir de vacaciones - To go on vacation
States. o Ir de compras - To go shopping
• Characteristics/Made Of o Estar de acuerdo con - To agree with
o De madera - Made of wood o En vez de - In place of
o De papel - Made of paper o Acerca de - About, concerning
o El traje de baño - Bathing suit o De hecho - In fact
o La tarjeta de crédito - Credit card o En caso de que - In case
• Possession o Más de - More than (amount)
o El carro es de mi padre. - The car is my father's. o Menos de - Less than (amount)
o El vestido es de Carla. - The dress is Carla's. o Abajo de - Below
• With specific verbs o Lejos de - Far from
o Ellos dejan de fumar. - They stop from smoking.
• 'De+el' always forms 'del' but 'de+él' stays separate.
o Del mar - From the sea (De+el mar)
o De él - From him
En - On, in Fixed 'en' expressions

• In, inside o En broma - In joke, jest
o Creo en el amor. - I believe in love. o En busca de - In search of
o ¿Qué metes en la maleta? - What do you put in the o En cambio - Instead
suitcase? o En casa - At home
o En el mundo. - In the world. o En clase - In class
• On o En español - In Spanish
o Alicia gasta dinero en los niños. - Alicia spends o En la radio - On the radio
money on the children. o En la televisión - On television
• In a specific time frame o En lugar de - In place of
o En dos semanas - In two weeks o En vez de - Instead of
o Lo haré en la tarde. - I will do it in the afternoon. o En punto - Promptly, precisely (time)
o Don't use ‘en’ with weekdays. o En secreto - In secret
o En seguida - Immediately, right away
o Trabajo los lunes. - I work on Mondays.
o En serio - Seriously
o Don't use 'en' to signify 'in the morning,' etc.
o En vista de - In view of
Instead, use 'por.'
o En voz alta - Loudly
o Por la mañana, hago ejercicio. - In the
o En voz baja - Quietly
morning, I exercise. o Música en vivo - Live music
o Don't use 'en' to signify 'a.m' etc. Instead, use 'de.'
o Son las ocho de la mañana. - It's 8 a.m.
• With specific verbs
o Tardamos en terminar la tarea. - We take time in finishing the homework.
79

Preposition: A
A, Al - To, at, upon

• To Fixed 'a' expressions
o Ellos van a su casa. - They go to their house. o ¿A qué hora? - At what time?
• At (Rarely used with location. 'En' typically denotes o A dieta - On a diet
location.) o A la carta - A la carte
o A la mesa - At the table o A la izquierda - To the left
• With specific verbs o A la derecha - To the right
o El hombre renuncia a su trabajo. - The man quits his job. o A la mesa - At the table
o Los estudiantes asisten a la escuela. - The students o A las tres - At three o'clock
attend school. o A mano - By hand
• 'A+el' always forms al but 'a+él' stays separate. o A pie - On foot
o Al museo - To the museum (A+el museo) o A tiempo - On time
o A él - To him o A veces - Sometimes
• Upon doing something - Al+infinitive o Al este - To the east
o Al escuchar la noticia, ella llora. - Upon hearing the news, o Al oeste - To the west
she cries. o Al norte - To the north
o Al sur - To the south
o Al evento - To the event
o Estamos a viernes - It's Friday
o Junto a-Next to
'Personal A' - The 'personal a' is a common concept in Spanish. It has no direct English
translation but is necessary in the following cases:
• The rule: Add an ‘a’ before a specific person who is the recipient of an action.
o Ves a Sandra. - You see Sandra.
o Visito a mi amiga. - I visit my friend.
o ¿A él le gusta este restaurante? - Does he like this restaurant?
• Exception #1 : Use the personal ‘a’ with ‘alguien, nadie, ninguno’ and ‘alguno’ when they
refer to people (even if not specific), and those people are the recipient of an action.
o No escuchamos a nadie, - We don't hear anybody.
o Él invita a alguien. - He invites somebody.
• Exception # 2: Use the personal ‘a’ before ‘quién’ and ‘quiénes’ if the answer to the
question would require the personal ‘a.’
o ¿A quién llamas? - Who are you calling?
o Llamo a Lucia. - I'm calling Lucia.
• Exception #3: Never use the personal ‘a’ after ‘tener’ or ‘hay.’
o Tengo tres hermanas. - I have three sisters.
• Exception #4: Some people use the personal ‘a’ to personify their pet or a place.
o Amo a Canadá. - I love Canada.
o Oigo a mi perro. - I hear my dog.
Hints:
• You will learn the vocabulary terms alguien (somebody), nadie (nobody), ninguno (none), alguno (some), quién
(who), quiénes (whom), hay (there are), and tener (to have) in chapters 12, 13, and 19.
• Some words have no direct English translation, however, they may be necessary in Spanish.
• In certain sentences, verbs may translate to an English '-ING' verb also known as a gerund.
• Don't get overwhelmed if you don't understand when or why to use these words. It will become more
apparent as you work through the book.
80

1. A clean spoon 8. Some dirty napkins

a. El cuchara limpio a. Las servilletas sucias
b. La cuchara limpia b. Unas servilletas sucias
c. Una cuchara limpia c. Las serviletas sucias
d. Una cuchara limpio d. Unas serviletas sucias
2. The best dishwashers 9. Cheap coffee cups

a. El mejores lavaplatos a. Unas tazas baratos
b. Un mejor lavaplatos b. Las tazas baratas
c. Unos lavaplatos mejores c. Las tazas baratos
d. Los mejores lavaplatos d. Unos tazas baratas
3. Some new freezers 1 0. So many cans

a. Un congelador nuevo a. Una tanta lata
b. Los congeladores nuevos b. Tantas latas
c. Unos congeladores nuevos c. Tanto latas
d. Unas congeladoras nuevas d. Las tantas latas
4. An excellent blender
a. Una botella excelente
b. Una licuadora excelente
c. La botella excelente
d. La licuadora excelente
5. Some expensive microwaves

a. El microondas caro
b. Los microondas caros
c. Unos microondas caros
d. Unas microondas caras
6. Good kitchens
a. Las cocinas buenas
b. Una cocina buena
c. Las buenas cocinas
d. Both A & C
7. Many toasters
a. Mucho tostador
b. Mucha tostador
c. Muchos tostadores
d. Muchas tostadores
81

Translate the sentences and phrases below.
Simple sentences
11. We clean the dirty kitchen. - __________________________________________________
12. The school opens at 6 a.m. - __________________________________________________
13. The engineer opens some boxes. - __________________________________________________
14. You all need aluminum foil. - __________________________________________________
15. The large oven prepares the food. - __________________________________________________
16. I look for the best toaster. - __________________________________________________
Conjunctions
17. He shares the packet of cookies with her. - _______________________________________________________________
18. We want juice without ice. - ______________________________________________________________________________
19. I understand that [formal] you need a knife. - _____________________________________________________________
20. Between you and me, we should decide the answer. - _____________________________________________________
21. The family cooks because they want to eat. - _____________________________________________________________
22. I want to rest, but I need to work. - ______________________________________________________________________
23. Although you all should drink water, you all drink sodas. - _________________________________________________
Conjunctions: Y & O
24. Intelligent and interesting - __________________________________________________
25. Lemonade and ice - __________________________________________________
26. Bottles and cans - __________________________________________________
27. Science and language - __________________________________________________
28. Stove or oven - __________________________________________________
29. Fridge or freezer - __________________________________________________
30. Word or sentence - __________________________________________________
82

Preposition: De
31. Can of corn - __________________________________________________
32. Orange juice - __________________________________________________
33. The glass is Ana's. - __________________________________________________
34. From the kitchen - __________________________________________________
35. From the fridge - __________________________________________________
Preposition: En
36. The cooks mix some fruits in a blender. - _________________________________________________________________
37. Grandmother cooks food on the stove. - __________________________________________________________________
38. In a month - _________________________
Preposition: A
39. I return to the hotel. - __________________________________________________
40. The grandson runs to the beach. - _____________________________________________________________
41. We wash the plates by hand. - ____________________________________________________________________
Personal A
42. I ask Tomas. - __________________________________________________
43. She surprises somebody. - _____________________________________________________
44. Who do we help? - ______________________________________________________
45. You all visit China. - ______________________________________________________
83

CHAPTER 12
Helpful Words
(Muy) bien Very (well)
(Por) Mucho tiempo (For) A long time
Acerca de About
Ambos/as Both of them
Así-así So-so
Bueno Ok
Cada uno/Cada una Each one
Contra Against
Cualquier Whichever
Cualquiera Anyone
De hecho In fact
Demasiado/a Too (much)
Depende It depends
Desde que Since
El fin The end
El otro Other, another, the other
El paso Step
En vez de... In place of.../Instead of...
Excepto Except
Hasta Until
La cosa Thing
Los/Las dos Both, the two of them
Más o menos More or less/So-so
Muy Very
Paso a paso Step-by-step
Por eso That’s why
Pues... Well/So
Según According to
Sólo/a Only
Un poco A bit
Varios/as Several
Versus Vocab:
• Cada vs Todos:
o Cada - Each
o Todos - Every, all
§ Todos los días - Every day
84

How to Create Negative & Affirmative Sentences
You have learned how to create affirmative Spanish sentences with the following format:
Spanish formula: Article noun adjective verb.
Spanish sentence: El + hombre + alto + corre.
Literal translation: The man tall runs.
Spanish & English: El hombre alto corre. = The tall man runs.
The most common way to create negative sentences is to use the word 'no.'
• Whereas the English 'no' has only one meaning, the Spanish 'no' is much more versatile.
• 'No' can mean don't / doesn't / aren't / isn't
• Simply add ‘no’ immediately before the conjugated verb.
Spanish formula: Article noun adjective no verb.
Spanish sentence: El + hombre + alto + no + corre.
Literal translation: The man tall doesn't run.
Spanish & English: El hombre alto corre. = The tall man doesn't run.
Examples Using 'No':

• No compramos ropa barata. - We don't buy cheap clothes.
• La maestra no explica las instrucciones. - The teacher doesn't explain the instructions.
• Los ideas no son buenas. - The ideas aren't good.
• El trabajo no es muy difícil. - The job isn't very difficult.
Hint: In chapter 14, you will learn the meaning and usage of 'son' and 'es.'
85

How to Create Negative & Affirmative Sentences
In English, double negatives are never used. However, it is common and normal to see two
negative words in Spanish sentences.
Negative Words Affirmative Words
There are two ways to use these negative words in Use these affirmative words as you would
sentences. normally.
• Negative word + verb
• 'No' + verb + negative word
Nada - None, nothing Algo - Something
• Nada cambia. • Algo cambia.
o Nothing changes. o Something changes.
• No cambia nada. • Cambia algo.
o Nothing changes. o Something changes.
Nunca - Never Siempre - Always
• Nunca estudio. • Siempre estudio.
o I never study. o I always study.
• No estudio nunca. • Estudio siempre.
o I never study. o I always study.
Jamás - Never • Siempre lloras.
• Jamás lloras. o You always cry.
o You never cry. VS • Lloras siempre.
• No lloras jamás. o You always cry.
o You never cry.
Tampoco - Neither También - Also, too
• Tampoco leen. • Leen también.
o They don't read either. o They read also.
• No leen tampoco. • También leen.
o They don't read either. o They read also.
Nadie - Nobody Alguien - Somebody
• Nadie limpia. • Alguien limpia.
o Nobody cleans. o Somebody cleans.
• No limpia nadie. • Limpia alguien.
o Nobody cleans. o Somebody cleans.
86

Frequently Used Words
No hay - There isn't, there aren't Hay - There is, there are
• No hay agua. • Hay agua.
o There is no water. o There is water.
• No hay leche. • Hay leche.
o There is milk.
o There is no milk.
'Todavía' and 'aún' may be placed either before or after the verb.
Todavía no - Not yet, Still not Todavía - Yet, still
• Todavía no sé. • Todavía corro.
o I don't know yet. o I am still running.
• No sé todavía. • Corro todavía.
o I don't know yet. o I am still running.
• Todavía no hay boletos. • Hay boletos todavía.
o There still aren't tickets.
o There are still tickets.
• No hay boletos todavía.
o There still aren't tickets. Aún - Yet, still
• Aún hay boletos.
• Hay boletos aún.
Sino - But rather

• La clase no es interesante, sino aburrida.
o The class is not interesting, but rather it is boring.
'Ya' and 'Ya no' typically come before a verb

Ya no - Not anymore, not yet Ya - Already, now
• Ya no necesito estudiar. • ¿Ya te vas?
o I don't need to study anymore. o You're leaving already?
• Ya no está. • Ya me voy.
o It's not here anymore. o I'm leaving now.
• Ya no te quiero. • ¡Levántate ya!
o I don't love you anymore. o Get up now!
• Ya es muy tarde.
o It's late now.
• Ya que te vas, me voy también.
o Now that you're leaving, I'm leaving
too.
87

Frequently Used Words
Menos - Less, fewer Más - More, else

• Quiero menos verduras. • ¿Necesitas algo más?
o I want fewer vegetables. o Do you need something else?
• Tenemos menos tiempo. • ¿Tienes más café?
o We have less time. o Do you have more coffee?
Alguno and Ninguno:

• 'Alguno' has 5 forms. It must agree in number and gender.
• 'Ninguno' has 3 forms. It must agree in gender.
• Note that 'Ninguno' is like the singular English word 'none.' It is never used in the plural form except
when describing nouns that are always in the plural form like 'tijeras' or 'vacaciones.'
• If used as adjectives, they both must precede the noun.
• Use 'Algún' and 'Ningún' only when preceding a singular masculine noun.
• They can be used as nouns. If so, place them after the verb.
• Note that alguno and ninguno are similar to 'un, una, unos, unas.'
Ningún/Ninguno/a - None, no Algún/Alguno/a/os/as - Some, any, one, a
• No hay ningún boleto para el concierto. • Hay algún boleto para el concierto.
o There are no tickets for the concert. o There is a ticket for the concert.
• No hay ninguno. • Hay alguno.
o There is none. o There is one.
• No hay ninguna razón. • ¿Hay algunos boletos?
o There is no reason. o Are there any tickets?
• Ninguno de los cocineros pueden cocinar la • Si, hay algunos.
langosta. o Yes, there are some.
o None of the cooks can cook lobster. • ¿Hay alguna razón?
• No queremos ningún abogado. o Is there some reason?
o We don't want a lawyer. / We don't • Algún día
want any lawyers. o Some day
88

1. Several tables 7. That's why I cry

a. Varios mesas a. Por eso ella llora
b. Unos varias mesas b. Por eso yo lloro
c. Las varias mesas c. Por eso lloro
d. Varias mesas d. Both B & C
2. More water 8. Something new

a. Más agua a. Nuevo algo
b. Menos agua b. Algo nuevo
c. El más agua c. Algo nueva
d. Muy agua d. Algo nueve
3. According to him 9. He reads for a long time.

a. Segun el a. Él lee por mucho tiempo
b. Según el b. El lee por mucho tiempo
c. Según él c. Lee por mucho tiempo
d. Segun él d. Both A & C
4. Instead of coffee 1 0. Since last week

a. En vez de cafe a. Desde que la semana pasada
b. El otro café b. Desde que ayer
c. Mas o menos café c. Desde que anoche
d. En vez de café d. Desde que el año pasado
5. Very delicious 1 1 . About the theme

a. Muy delicioso a. Acerca de la tema
b. Muy deliciose b. Acerca de el tema
c. Muy deliciosa c. Acerca del tema
d. Both A & C d. Acerca de un tema
6. Too much homework 1 2 . Both cultures

a. Demasiado tarea a. Ambos culturas
b. La demasiada tarea b. Ambas las culturas
c. Demasiada tarea c. Las ambos culturas
d. Demasiada la tarea d. Ambas culturas
Translate the sentences below.
'No' Examples
13. The students don't finish the quiz. - __________________________________________________
14. The dishwasher doesn't wash the glasses. - __________________________________________________
15. Several things don't change for a long time. - __________________________________________________
16. In fact, we don't rest in the evening. - __________________________________________________
17. You all don't understand. - __________________________________________________

89

Negative & Affirmative Words
18. Nothing happens. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
19. Nothing exists. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
20. Something shines. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
21. [Nunca] We never listen. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
22. [Jamás] He never forgets. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
23. You always win. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
24. She doesn't visit either. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
25. I also arrive. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
26. Nobody answers. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
27. Somebody sings. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
28. There is no time. - ___________________________________
29. There are some plates. ___________________________________
30. He still doesn't practice. - ___________________________________ / ___________________________________
31. I don't promise anymore. - ___________________________________
32. The hotel isn't clean, but rather dirty. - __________________________________________________
33. There is more ice. - __________________________________________________
Alguno & Ninguno

34. Not a single person learns the subject. - __________________________________________________
35. There are no firefighters. - __________________________________________________
36. No men eat the food. - __________________________________________________
37. Some friends celebrate. - __________________________________________________
38. An apple - __________________________________________________
39. I want a coffee. - __________________________________________________________________
40. Some languages - __________________________________________________
90

CHAPTER 13
Helpful Questions
Spanish Literal Translation English
¿De veras? [¿Of truth?] Really?
¿Puedo...? [¿I can...?] Can I...?
¿Qué es esto? [¿What is this?] What is this?
¿Verdad? [¿Truth?] Right?
¿A qué hora empieza/termina? [¿At what time it starts/ends?] What time does it start/end?
¿Cuánto tiempo dura? [¿How much time it lasts?] How long does it take?
¿De qué color es? [¿Of what color it is?] What color is it?
¿Hay...? [¿There are?] Are there...?
*¿Cuál es tu dirección? [¿Which is your address?] What's your address?
*¿De dónde eres? [¿Of where are you?] Where are you from?
*¿Hablas inglés/español? [¿You speak English/Spanish?] Do you speak English/Spanish?
*¿Qué te gusta hacer? [¿What pleases you to do?] What do you like to do?
*¿Me puedes ayudar?/ [¿Me you can help?/ Can you help me?
¿Puedes ayudarme? ¿You can help me?]
* These phrases are in the tú form, which is casual and informal.
Adjectives Question Words

Débil Weak ¿Cuánto?/¿Cuánta? How much?
Disponible Available ¿Cuántos?/¿Cuántas? How many?
Diverso/a Diverse ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? Which?
Jóven Young ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who? Whom?
Lento/a Slow ¿Cómo? How?
Loco/a Crazy ¿Cuándo? When?
Necesario/a Necessary ¿Dónde? Where?
Peligroso/a Dangerous ¿Por qué? Why?
Próximo/a Next ¿Por qué no? Why not?
Redondo/a Round ¿Qué? What?
Rico/a Rich, Delicious
Sano/a Healthy Relative Pronouns
Siguiente Next, following Cuanto/Cuanta How much
Tímido/a Shy Cuantos/Cuantas How many
Trabajador/a Hard-working Cual, Cuales Which
Travieso/a Mischievous Quien Who
Último/a Last, most recent Como As, since
Útil Useful Cuando When
Vacío/a Empty Donde Where
Porque Because
Hint: Que That
• Without accent marks, question words become En que About which
relative pronouns that serve to connect sentences. Por quien(es) For whom
o Ese el hombre quien trabaja con mi padre. - A quien(es) Whom (personal a)
That is the man who works with my dad. A quien(es) To who, whom
De quien(es) Whose
Con quien(es) With whom
91

Yes or No Questions
Simple English yes or no question:

English formula: Do/Does + article + adjective + noun + verb + conjunction + verb?
English sentence: Does the famous woman paint and draw?
How can we translate that question into Spanish? Simply create a statement and add question marks.
Spanish formula: ¿Article noun adjective verb conjunction verb?
Spanish sentence: ¿La + mujer + famosa + pinta + y + dibuja?
Literal translation: The woman famous paints and draws?
Spanish & English: ¿La mujer famosa pinta y dibuja? = Does the famous woman paint and draw?
4 noticeable differences:
1. An upside down question mark is required at the beginning of all questions. Think of it as an
immediate clue that the sentence is going to be a question.
2. This sentence has no translation for ‘do’ or ‘does.’
3. The noun ‘mujer’ comes before the adjective ‘famosa.’
4. The statement and question form are identical. The addition of the question marks changed the
sentences from statements to ‘yes or no’ questions. In a conversation, tone of voice will tell you
whether the sentence is a statement or a question.
Remember that Spanish sentences are much more flexible than English sentences. Here are 2
more ways to arrange the question above.
• Place the verb first:
o ¿Pinta y dibuja la mujer famosa?
• Create a statement, then add a questioning tag at the end:
o La mujer famosa pinta y dibuja, ¿no?
2 more examples:
Spanish formula: ¿Verb verb noun adjective?

Spanish sentence: ¿Quieres + comprar + manzanas + rojas?
Literal translation: You want to buy apples reds?
Spanish & English: ¿Quieres comprar manzanas rojas? = Do you want to buy red apples?
1 more way to arrange the question above:
• Quieres comprar manzanas rojas, ¿no?
Spanish formula: ¿Article noun adjective verb noun?

Spanish sentence: ¿Un + chico + inteligente + lee + libros?
Literal translation: An boy intelligent he reads books?
Spanish & English: ¿Un chico inteligente lee libros? = Does an intelligent boy read books?
2 more ways to arrange the question above:
• ¿Lee libros un chico inteligente?
• Un chico inteligente lee libros, ¿no?
92

Open-Ended Questions
The structure of open-ended questions in Spanish is slightly backwards compared to English.
Open-ended Spanish Question:
Spanish formula: ¿Trigger word verb article noun?

Spanish sentence: ¿Cuándo + abre + la + biblioteca?
Literal translation: When it opens the library?
Spanish & English: ¿Cuándo abre la biblioteca? = When does the library open?
As a general rule, open-ended questions follow this formula for word placement:
1st: Trigger word
2nd: Verb
3rd: Noun
4 noticeable differences:
1. A question mark will always come at the beginning and the end of the sentence.
2. The sentence has no translation for ‘do’ or ‘does.’
3. The conjugated verb 'abre' comes directly after the question word.
4. If a pronoun/noun is necessary, it often comes after the verb.
Let's look at a few more examples:
Spanish formula: ¿Trigger word noun adjective verb verb?

Spanish sentence: ¿Cuántas + manzanas + rojas + quieres + comprar?
Literal translation: How many apples reds you want to buy?
Spanish & English: ¿Cuántas manzanas rojas quieres comprar? = How many red apples do you want to buy?
Spanish formula: ¿Trigger word verb noun article noun adjective?

Spanish sentence: ¿Por qué + lee + libros + un + chico + inteligente?
Literal translation: Why he reads books a boy intelligent?
Spanish & English: ¿Por qué lee libros un chico inteligente? = Why does an intelligent boy read books?
93

Exclamatory Statements
Exclamatory statements are preceded by upside-down exclamation points. Here are common ways
to create exclamatory statements:
• ¡Qué + Adjective! - How ___/What a ___!

o ¡Qué rico! - How delicious!
o ¡Qué difícil! - How difficult!
o ¡Qué atleta! - What an athlete!
Hint: Note that 'qué' normally means 'what', but in this instance, it can also mean 'how.'
• ¡Cuánto + Noun/Verb! - How much ___!

o ¡Cuánto tiempo! - How much time! (It's been so long!)
o ¡Cuánto practicamos! - How much we practice! (We practice so much!)
• ¡Cuánta/Cuántos/Cuántas + Noun - How much/ many ___!

o ¡Cuánta ropa! - How many clothes! (So many clothes!)
o ¡Cuántos libros! - How many books! (So many books!)
o ¡Cuántas personas! - How many people there are! (So many people!)
Hint: Note that 'cuánto' is used with verbs as well as masculine singular nouns. The remaining three
forms are used with nouns that matches its gender and number.
• ¡Cómo + Verb! - How ___!

o ¡Cómo disfrutamos la vida! - We enjoy life so! (How we enjoy life!)
o ¡Cómo llora el bebé! - The baby cries so! (How the baby cries!)
• Other Interjections
o ¡Cuidado! - Watch out!/Be careful!
o ¡Dale!/¡Sale!/¡Vale! - OK!
o ¡Oye! - Listen!
o ¡Vaya! - Good! / Come on!
o ¡Mira! - Look!
o ¡Vamos! - Let's go!
o ¡Calla! - Be quiet!/Shut up!/Be still!
o ¡Claro! - Of course!
o ¡Cómo no! - Why not!
94

1. The shy twins 9. When

a. Tímidas gemelas a. Cúando
b. Unos tímidos gemelos b. Cuánto
c. Los gemelos tímidos c. Cuando
d. Unas gemelas tímidas d. Cuánta
2. Empty coffee pots 1 0. Why?

a. Unos cafeteras vacías a. Por qué
b. Las cafeteras vacías b. Por que
c. Las vacías cafeteras c. Porque
d. Vacías cafeteras d. Porqué
3. Some mischievous children 1 1 . Do you drive?

a. Unos niños traviesos a. Manejas
b. Unos niños traviesas b. ¿Manejas?
c. Unas niños traviesos c. ¿Manejas tú?
d. Unos niños travieso d. Both B & C
4. A dangerous place 1 2 . Do they fight?

a. Un lugar peligrosa a. ¿Ellos pelean?
b. Peligroso lugar b. ¿Pelean?
c. La lugar peligrosa c. ¿Pelean ellos?
d. Un lugar peligroso d. All of the above
5. The next day 1 3. Do we stay?

a. Día próxima a. ¿Quedan?
b. La próxima día b. ¿Quedamos?
c. El próximo día c. ¿Quedarmos nosotros?
d. El día próxima d. Both B & C
6. Diverse countries 1 4. Do you all believe?

a. Países diversas a. ¿Creen?
b. Diversos países b. ¿Ustedes creen?
c. Los diversos países c. ¿Creen ustedes?
d. Los países diversos d. All of the above
7. Some hardworking nurses 1 5. Does she dance?

a. Unos enfermeros trabajadores a. ¿Baila ella?
b. Unas enfermeras trabajador b. ¿Baila?
c. Unas trabajadoras enfermeras c. ¿Bailo?
d. Both A & B d. Both A & B
8. Who?
a. Quien
b. Quein
c. Quién
d. Quíen
95

Yes or No Questions - 3 blanks are available for each question because there are 3 possible answers.
16. Does he share? - _________________________ / _________________________ / _________________________
17. Do you study? - _________________________ / _________________________ / _________________________
18. Do we kiss? - _________________________ / _________________________ / _________________________
19. Do you all work? - _________________________ / _________________________ / _________________________
20. Do you teach useful things? - ___________________________________________________________________________
21. Does the restaurant prepare healthy food? - ______________________________________________________________
22. Do you all need to eat? - ______________________________________________________________
23. Do they want to visit the next town? - ______________________________________________________________
24. Does the shy actress read a lot? - ______________________________________________________________
25. Did they just finish dancing? - ______________________________________________________________
Open-Ended Questions
26. Who wants to rest? - _________________________________________________________________
27. Which of the authors writes in a notebook? - ___________________________________________________
28. How does a smart student study and get good grades? - _________________________________________________
29. Which available hotel prohibits smoking? - _____________________________________________________________
30. Why do so many people steal? - _____________________________________________________________________
31. How many people can attend the class? - ____________________________________________________________
32. How much homework do we have? - _________________________________________________________________
33. Where can the cook buy a new fridge? - ___________________________________________________
34. What do I need to sign? - _____________________________________________________________
Exclamatory Statements
35. How slow! - _______________________________
36. How dangerous! - __________________________________
37. They yell so much! - __________________________________
38. There are so many problems! - ________________________________________
39. There is so much food! - ________________________________________________
40. How they work so! - ___________________________________________

96

CHAPTER 14
These are the 21 countries that claim Spanish as an official language. Nationalities in Spanish
are not capitalized.
Countries Nationalities
Spanish English Spanish English
Argentina Argentina argentino Argentine
Bolivia Bolivia boliviano Bolivian
Chile Chile chileno Chilean
Colombia Colombia colombiano Colombian
Costa Rica Costa Rica costarriqueño, costarricense Costa Rican
Cuba Cuba cubano Cuban
Ecuador Ecuador ecuatoriano Ecuadorian
El Salvador El Salvador salvadoreño Salvadorian
Guatemala Guatemala guatemalteco Guatemalan
Honduras Honduras hondureño Hondurian
México Mexico mexicano Mexican
Nicaragua Nicaragua nicaragüense Nicaraguan
Panamá Panama panameño Panamanian
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico puertorriqueño Puerto Rican
Paraguay Paraguay paraguayo Paraguayan
Perú Peru peruano Peruvian
España Spain español Spanish
Uruguay Uruguay uruguayo Uruguayan
Venezuela Venezuela venezolano Venezuelan
Guinea Ecuatorial Ecuatorial Guinea guineano Guinean
La República Dominicana The Dominican Republic dominicano Dominican
Below are 6 widely followed religions. Names of religious followers are not capitalized in
Spanish.
Religions Names of Followers

Cristianismo Christianity cristiano Christian
Judaísmo Judaism judeo Jewish
Islamismo Islam musulmán Muslim
Hinduismo Hinduism hindú Hindu
Budismo Buddhism budista Buddhist
Catolicismo Catholicism católico Catholic
97

CHAPTER 14
Places Adjectives
El aeropuerto Airport Aburrido/a Boring
El banco Bank Alto/a Tall (height)
El cine Movie theater Antipático/a Mean
El gimnasio Gym Artístico/a Artistic
El museo Museum Bajo/a Short (height)
La esquina Corner Bilingüe Bilingual
La fábrica Factory Calvo/a Bald
La farmacia Pharmacy Canoso/a Gray-haired
La feria Fair Cansado/a Tired
Ciego/a Blind
Versus Vocab: Contaminado/a Contaminated
• Excitado vs Emocionado: Contento/a Happy
o Excitado - Agitated, aroused Delgado/a Thin
o Emocionado/a - Excited Deprimido/a Depressed
Enfermo/a Sick
Emocionado/a Excited
Feo/a Ugly
Flaco/a Thin, skinny
Gordo/a Fat
Guapo/a Handsome, very attractive
Listo/a Ready, Smart
Ordenado/a Organized
Pelirrojo/a Red-headed
Picante Spicy
Preocupado/a Worried
Rico/a Rich, delicious
Rubio/a Blonde
Tranquilo/a Calm, quiet
Triste Sad
98

Ser & Estar
• 'Ser' and 'Estar' are two of the most confusing verbs for English speakers.
• They both mean ‘to be,’ but they are used in different contexts.
• Both verbs are irregular, so they don't follow conjugations for regular present tense verbs.
• Their conjugations must be memorized.
Ser
First, let's look at the verb 'Ser.'
Ser - To be
yo soy I am
tú eres you are
él/ella/usted es he/she/usted is
nosotros/nosotras somos we are
ellos/ellas/ustedes son they/you all are
In general, 'Ser' is used to describe inherent or unchanging characteristics, such as:

• Relationships and people
o Somos amigas. - We are friends. (female)
o Ellos son estudiantes. - They are students.
• Physical appearance
o Ellos son altos. - They are tall.
o La chica es rubia. - The girl is blonde.
• Personality traits (the type of person someone inherently is)

o Ella es una persona feliz. - She is a happy person.
o Ellos son cariñosos. - They are caring.
• Professions
o Él es ingeniero. - He is an engineer.
o Soy supervisora. - I am a supervisor. (female)
§ Do not use an indefinite article like 'un' or 'una' with professions except when followed by
a modified noun.
• Ex. Yo soy una supervisora.
• Ex. Yo soy una supervisora inteligente. - I am an intelligent supervisor.
• Nationality/Citizenship
o Somos italianos. - We are Italian.
§ Do not capitalize nationalities.
§ Nationalities must follow singular and plural rules.
• Ex. Nosotros somos italiano.
o Somos de Italia. - We are from Italy.
§ 'De' can mean 'from' when talking about citizenship/nationality
99

Ser
• Religion
o Tú eres católico. - You are Catholic.
§ Do not use an indefinite article like 'un' or una' with religions except when followed by a
modified noun.
• Tú eres un católico.
• Tú eres un católico reformado. - You are a reformed Catholic.
• Time (although time is constantly changing, always use the verb 'ser' with time)
o Hoy es viernes, primero de junio. - Today is Friday, the first of June.
o Son las cuatro y media. - It is four thirty (o’clock).
• Inherent/Original characteristics
o La manzana es roja. - The apple is red.
o La mesa es de madera. - The table is made of wood.
§ 'De' means 'made of' when describing inherent characteristics.
• Possession
o El libro es de mi hermano. - The book is my brother's.
o Los libros son de mi hermano. - The books are my brother's.
§ 'De' can mean 'belongs to' when describing possession.
• Recipient
o Los regalos son para mi madre. - The gifts are for my mother.
o El regalo es para mi madre. - This gift is for my mother.
§ 'Para' means 'for' when describing recipients of objects.
• With general statements

o Es importante... - It's important...
o Es necesario... - It's necessary...
o Es posible... - It's possible...
• Events (the time and location of an event does not change)

o El concierto es en el estadio. - The concert is in the stadium.
o El concierto es a las siete de la noche. - The concert is at 7 p.m.
Hints:
• When describing professions, religions, and nationalities, do not use an indefinite article like 'un' or 'una'
unless it will be followed by a modified noun (noun+adjective).
o Ella es un escritora interesante. - She is an interesting author.
• Do not capitalize religions, nationalities, days of the week or months.
100

Estar
Now, let's look at the verb 'Estar.'
Estar - To be
yo estoy I am
tú estás you are
él/ella/usted está he/she/usted is
nosotros/nosotras estamos we are
ellos/ellas/ustedes están they/you all are
In general, 'estar' is used to describe situations, aspects, or traits that may change such as:
• Situations, aspects, or traits that may change. States of being, adjectives that describe
conditions
o La cocina está sucia. - The kitchen is dirty.
o Estás ocupado. - You are busy.
o Estamos bailando en la calle. - We are dancing in the street.
• Moods
o ¿Porque estás emocionado? - Why are you excited?
o Estoy triste. - I am sad.
• Progressive tenses : Estar + gerund (ongoing actions)

o Estoy caminando. - I am walking.
o Estamos hablando. - We are talking.
• Health
o Estamos enfermos. - We are sick.
o La mujer no está mala. - The woman is not ill.
• Locations
o La casa está lejos de aquí. - The house is far from here.
o El hombre está en el gimnasio.
§ Use 'estar + en' for locations.
Hint:
• It may seem like there are many rules and exceptions. Don't be afraid to make a
mistake when using 'ser' and 'estar.' It will make more sense over time.
101

Estar
Some common estar phrases include:

• Estar en camino - To be on the way
o Estoy en camino. - I'm on the way
• Estar disponible - To be available
o El hombre está disponible. - The man is available.
• Estar cansado/a - To be tired
o Estamos cansados. - We are tired.
• Estar listo/a - To be ready
o La chica está lista. - The girl is ready.
• Estar aburrido/a - To be bored
o Ellos están aburridos. - They are bored.
• Estar muerto/a - To be dead
o La mujer está muerta. - The woman is dead.
• Estar de acuerdo - To be in agreement.
o Estoy de acuerdo. - I agree.
Ser & Estar
Words whose meaning changes based on usage of ser or estar

Adjective Ser Estar
Aburrido/a Boring Bored
Bueno/a Good (in general) Well
Cómodo/a Comfortable (object) Comfortable (person)
Contento/a Happy (person) Happy (condition/feeling)
Cansado/a Tiresome Tired
Enfermo/a Sickly Sick
Guapo/a Handsome VS Looks handsome
Listo/a Clever/Smart Ready
Loco/a Insane (person) Crazy/Foolish (condition)
Maduro/a Mature Ripe
Malo/a Bad Ill
Rico/a Rich Delicious/Tasty
Seguro/a Safe Certain
Verde Green Unripe
Vivo/a Lively Alive
102

1. Are nationalities capitalized in Spanish? 8. Corner

a. Yes a. El banco
b. No b. El cine
c. La esquina
2. Are countries capitalized in Spanish? d. La feria
a. Yes
b. No 9. Thin
a. Flaco
3. Are names of religious followers b. Delgada
capitalized in Spanish? c. Gordo
a. Yes d. Both A & B
b. No
1 0. Happy
4. Are religions capitalized in Spanish? a. Contento
a. Yes b. Triste
b. No c. Feliz
d. Both A & C
5. Circle the correct sentence.
a. Soy Budista. 1 1 . Organized
b. Está de Guatemala. a. Aburrido
c. Son dominicanos. b. Ordenada
d. Están cubano. c. Ocupado
d. Both A & B
6. Circle the correct sentence.
a. Es enfermera. 1 2 . Listo/a
b. Estamos meseros. a. Ready
c. Está un abogada. b. Smart
d. Soy un conductor. c. List
d. Both A & B
7. Factory
a. La factoria
b. La fabrica
c. El factory
d. La fábrica
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of either ser or estar.
13. (Yo) ____________________ autora.
14. (Tú) ____________________ en el museo.
15. Mañana ____________________ miércoles.
16. (Ellos) ____________________ cansados ahora.
17. El aguacate ____________________ maduro.
103

18. (Nosotros) ____________________ amigos.
19. El evento ____________________ en la librería.
20. (Ustedes) ____________________ hindúes.
21. Ahora ____________________ las cinco de la tarde.
22. (Ella) ____________________ enferma hoy.
23. (Nosotros) ____________________ americanos.
24. Este poema ____________________ para ti.
25. (Ustedes) ____________________ lejos del hospital.
26. (Ellas) ____________________ en la escuela.
27. ¿(Usted) ____________________ cómodo?
28. (Tú) ____________________ una persona bonita.
29. (Yo) ____________________ emocionado.
30. (Usted) ____________________ de Perú.
31. (Él) ____________________ dentista.
32. (Nosotros) ____________________ en el centro comercial.
33. La guitarra ____________________ de mi tío.
34. (Tú) ____________________ estudiante.
35. Mi abuela ____________________ rica.
36. I am in the garden. - ____________________________________________________________
37. He is funny. - ____________________________________________________________
38. We are worried. - ____________________________________________________________
39. They are at the library. - ____________________________________________________________
40. She is short. - ____________________________________________________________
104

CHAPTER 15
Office
El calendario Calendar
El compromiso Obligation, agreement
El contacto Contact
El detalle Detail
El documento Document
El empleado Employee
El entrenamiento Drills, practice, physical
training
El escritorio Desk
El hecho Fact
El horario Schedule
El jefe/La jefa Boss
El mensaje Message
El objetivo Objective
El papel Paper
El pegamento Glue
El periódico Newspaper
El producto Product
El programa Program
El salario Salary
El sello Stamp
El servicio Service
El sobre Envelope
El teléfono Phone
El teléfono celular Cell phone
El trabajo Job, work
La calculadora Calculator
La capacitación Training
La carpeta Folder
La carta Letter
La cinta adhesiva Tape
La conferencia Conference, meeting
La copia Copy
La entrevista Interview
La firma Signature
La grapadora Stapler
La impresora Printer
La información Information
La lista List
La máquina Machine
La oficina Office
La página Page
La pieza Piece
La pila Battery
Los recursos humanos Human resources
105

Possessive Adjectives
Adjective & Meaning Use to describe Example Agreement

nouns that are:
mi: Singular mi amiga: Agree in number
• my • my friend
mis: Plural mis perros:
• my • my dogs
tu: Singular tu trabajo:
• your • your job
tus: Plural tus ideas:
• your • your ideas
su: Singular su casa
• his • his house
• her • her house
• your (formal) • your (formal) house
• you all's • you all's house
• their • their house
sus: Plural sus clases:
• his • his classes
• her • her classes
• your (formal) • your (formal) classes
• you all's • you all's classes
• their • their classes
nuestro: Singular, masculine nuestro almuerzo: Agree
• our • our lunch in number
nuestros: Plural, masculine nuestros documentos: & gender
• our • our documents
nuestra: Singular, feminine nuestra escuela:
• our • our school
nuestras: Plural, feminine nuestras carpetas:
• our • our folders
Hint: If a noun ends in an S, then the possessive adjective must do the same.
Examples:
• Mi amiga vive en Tejas. - My friend lives in Texas.
• Mis perros corren mucho. - My dogs run a lot.
• Tu trabajo es muy difícil. - Your job is very difficult.
• Tus ideas son buenas. - Your ideas are good.
• Ella asiste a sus classes. - She goes to her classes.
• Nuestros documentos están completos. - Our documents are complete.
• Nuestra escuela está en la calle Green. - Our school is on Green street.
You can also use ‘de + noun’ to indicate possession when one of these adjectives doesn't apply.
• La comida favorita de Veronica es la pizza. - Veronica's favorite food is pizza.
o Literal Translation: The favorite food of Veronica is pizza.
• Los carros de él son muy caros. - His cars are very expensive.
o Literal Translation: The cars of him are very expensive.
106

Possessive Pronouns
To signify ownership, use one of these possessive pronouns. The English equivalents are ‘mine,
yours, his, hers, you all's, theirs, ours.'
Article + Implied Use to describe

Pronoun English nouns that are:
Meaning
el mío Singular, masculine
los míos mine Plural, masculine
la mía Singular, feminine
las mías Plural, feminine
el tuyo Singular, masculine
los tuyos yours Plural, masculine
la tuya Singular, feminine
las tuyas Plural, feminine
el suyo his / her / its Singular, masculine
los suyos yours (formal) Plural, masculine
la suya you all's Singular, feminine
las suyas theirs Plural, feminine
el nuestro Singular, masculine
los nuestros ours Plural, masculine
la nuestra Singular, feminine
las nuestras Plural, feminine
You may use a possessive pronoun as a substitute for a noun.

Examples:
• Estoy en mi cuarto. Me gusta el mío. - I am in my room. I like mine.
• Mi casa es más grande que la tuya. - My house is bigger than yours.
• Estas son mis llaves, no las tuyas. - These are my keys, not yours.
• Aquí están mis cartas. ¿Dónde están las suyas? - Here are my letters. Where are yours?
• Ella tiene una piscina pero preferemos la nuestra. - She has a pool but we prefer ours.
You may also use a possessive pronoun like an adjective:

Examples:
• Ellos son primos míos. - They are my cousins.
• Estos son libros tuyos. - These are your books.
When using a possessive pronoun with the verb 'ser - to be,' remove the article.
Examples:
• El cuarto es mío. - The room is mine.
• Los niños son míos. - The children are mine.
• El trabajo es tuyo. - The job is yours.
• Las cartas son tuyas. - The letters are yours.
• El papel es suyo. - The paper is his/hers/you all's/theirs.
• Las listas son suyas. - The lists are his/hers/you all's/theirs.
• Los platos son nuestros. - The plates are ours.
• La caja es nuestra. - The box is ours.
107

1. Our employees 8. Diverse employees

a. Nuestras empleados a. Diverso empleado
b. Nuestro empleado b. Diversos empleados
c. Nuestros empleados c. Empleados diversos
d. Nuestros empleadas d. Empleado diverso
2. Your copy 9. Next conference

a. Tus copias a. Próxima conferencia
b. Tu copia b. Siguiente conferencia
c. Mi copia c. Última conferencia
d. Tuya copia d. Both A & B
3. My letters 1 0. A busy schedule

a. Mi carta a. Ocupado horario
b. Mí carta b. Un horario ocupado
c. Mío carta c. El horario ocupado
d. Mis cartas d. Los horarios ocupados
4. His salary
a. Tu salario
b. Su salario
c. Suyo salario
d. Sus salarios
5. Our office
a. Nuestra oficina
b. Nuestra officina
c. Nuestro oficina
d. Nuestras oficinas
6. A few details
a. Detalles pocos
b. Pocos detalles
c. Los pocos detalles
d. Los detalles pocos
7. Cheap batteries
a. Pilas baratas
b. Pila barata
c. Baratas pilas
d. Barata pila
108

Possessive Adjectives
11. We finish our interview. - ____________________________________________________________
12. You copy your list. - ____________________________________________________________
13. They prepare their program. - ____________________________________________________________
14. She opens her envelopes. - ____________________________________________________________
15. You (formal) receive your newspaper. - ____________________________________________________________
16. They understand their objective. - ____________________________________________________________
17. He writes his signature. - ____________________________________________________________
18. You all print your pages. - ____________________________________________________________
19. I answer my phone. - ____________________________________________________________
20. We should sell our printer. - ____________________________________________________________
21. He wants to use your stapler. - ____________________________________________________________
22. I need her stamp. - ____________________________________________________________
23. She interrupts their training. - ____________________________________________________________
24. You quit your job. - ____________________________________________________________
25. He steals her calculator. - ____________________________________________________________
Possessive Pronouns
26. The cell phone is yours. - ____________________________________________________________
27. The staplers are ours. - ____________________________________________________________
28. The message is his. - ____________________________________________________________
29. The signature is mine. - ____________________________________________________________
30. The desks are theirs. - ____________________________________________________________
109

CHAPTER 16
Food Food
Los mariscos Seafood Los comestibles, Groceries
El atún Tuna los abarrotes
El bistec Steak El cereal Cereal
El filete Fillet El huevo Egg
El camarón Shrimp Los huevos revueltos Scrambled eggs
La carne molida Ground beef La mermelada Jam
El cerdo Pork El miel Honey
El pavo Turkey La jalea Jelly
El pescado Fish El azúcar Sugar
El pollo Chicken La mantequilla Butter
El salmón Salmon El pan Bread
El jamón Ham (tostado/integral/blanco) (Toast/wheat/white)
El tocino Bacon El postre Dessert
El chorizo Sausage El dulce Candy
La hamburguesa Hamburger El pay Pie
La salchicha Hot dog El helado Ice cream
La pechuga de pollo/pavo Chicken/turkey breast El pastel Cake
Las costillas Ribs El chocolate (caliente) Chocolate (hot chocolate)
El queso Cheese El cacahuate Peanut
El arroz Rice La galleta Cookie
La pizza Pizza El vino Wine
Los espaguetis Spaghetti La cerveza Beer
La papa Potato A la plancha Grilled
Las papas fritas French fries La receta Recipe
El puré de papas Mashed potatoes El ingrediente Ingredient
Las palomitas Popcorn Las calorías Calories
Los totopos Chips La cafeína Caffeine
La ensalada Salad Asado/a Roasted
El sandwich (de jamón) (Ham) sandwich El sabor Flavor
La sopa Soup Las hierbas Herbs
(de verduras/ (vegetable/ Las especias Spices
de jitomate/de pollo) tomato/chicken) El ajo Garlic
La especialidad de la casa House special La salsa Salsa/Sauce
A la carta A la carte El aceite de oliva Olive oil
El plato del día Special of the day La mayonesa Mayo
La cuenta Check/Bill La mostaza Mustard
La propina Tip La canela Cinnamon
El menú Menu El sal Salt
¿Me puede traer Can you please La pimienta negra Black pepper
la cuenta por favor? bring the check? La harina Flour
¡Buen provecho! Bon appétit/ Vainilla Vanilla
Enjoy your meal La menta Mint
La dieta Diet
Estar a dieta To be on a diet
110

Tomar & Comer
Tomar - To drink, to take

• Tomar is a regularly conjugated present tense verb.
Tomar - To drink, take

Tomo I drink, take
Tomas you drink, take
Toma he/she/usted drinks, takes
Tomamos we drink, take
Toman they/you all drink, take
Examples:
• Tomo el jugo de coco. - I drink coconut juice.
• Mi abuela toma pastillas. - My grandmother takes pills.
• A veces toman café. - Sometimes they drink coffee.
• Tomamos vino y cerveza. - We drink wine and beer.
• Cada mañana, ella toma leche. - Every morning, she drinks milk.
Comer - To eat
• Comer is a regularly conjugated present tense verb.
Comer - To eat
Como I eat
Comes you eat
Come he/she/usted eat
Comemos we eat
Comen they/you all eat
Examples:
• Comen el desayuno. - They eat breakfast.
• Comemos el helado en el verano. - We eat ice cream in the summer.
• Ellos comen el pastel en la fiesta. - They eat the cate at the party.
• Marcos come el pan tostado con huevos. - Marcos eats toast with eggs.
• Todos los días como cereal. - Every day I eat cereal.
111

Probar & Saber
Probar - To try
• Probar is an irregular O > UE verb.
Probar - To try
[O > UE]
Pruebo I try
Pruebas you try
Prueba he/she/usted tries
Probamos we try
Prueban they/you all try
• Probamos los galletas. - We try the cookies.

• Prueban el helado. - You all try the ice cream.
• Pruebo la mermelada. - I try the jam.
• Mi abuela prueba el pastel. - My grandmother tries the cake.
• Pruebas la leche. - You try the milk.
Saber - To taste
• You have already learned that 'saber' means 'to know.'
• It also can be translated as 'to taste' as in 'the food tastes bad.'
Saber - To taste
Sabe It tastes
Saben They taste
• La comida sabe mal. - The food tastes bad.

• La limonada sabe amarga. - The lemonade tastes bitter.
• Los huevos revueltos saben deliciosos. - The scrambled eggs taste delicious.
• Las salsas saben picantes. - The sauces taste spicy.
• El miel sabe dulce. - The honey tastes sweet.
Versus Vocab:
• Tratar vs Intentar vs Probar:
o Tratar - To treat
o Intentar - To try to do something, to try something
o Probar - To taste a food or beverage
• El cuento vs La cuenta:
o El cuento - Story, short story, tale, lie
o La cuenta - Check, bill, account
o Cuento (verb) - I count
112

Desayunar & Almorzar & Cenar
These 3 verbs are typically used instead of saying 'como almuerzo' as we would in English to
mean 'I eat lunch.'
Desayunar - To eat breakfast

• Desayunar is a regularly conjugated present tense verb.
Desayunar - To eat breakfast

Desayuno I eat breakfast
Desayunas you eat breakfast
Desayuna he/she/usted eats breakfast
Desayunamos we eat breakfast
Desayunan they/you all eat breakfast
• ¿Cuándo desayunas? - When do you eat breakfast?

• Ella desayuna con su familia. - She eats breakfast with her family.
• Desayunamos a las siete de la mañana. - We eat breakfast at 7 a.m.
Almorzar - To eat lunch

• Almorzar is an O > UE verb.
Almorzar - To eat lunch

[O > UE]
Almuerzo I eat lunch
Almuerzas you eat lunch
Almuerza he/she/usted eats lunch
Almorzamos we eat lunch
Almuerzan they/you all eat lunch
• Almorzamos en casa. - We eat lunch at home.

• Ellos almuerzan en el restaurante nuevo. - They eat lunch in the new restaurant.
• ¿Cuándo almuerzas? - When do you eat lunch?
Cenar - To eat dinner

• Cenar is a regularly conjugated present tense verb
Cenar - To eat dinner

Ceno I eat dinner
Cenas you eat dinner
Cena he/she/usted eats dinner
Cenamos we eat dinner
Cenan they/you all eat dinner
• Ceno a las seis de la tarde. - I eat dinner at 6 p.m.

• Tú y yo cenamos juntos. - You and I eat dinner together.
• Mis amigos cenan conmigo. - My friends eat dinner with me.
113

Translate the phrases below using conjunctions 'Y, O, Con, & De.'
1. Chips and salsa - ____________________________________________________________
2. Cake and ice cream - ____________________________________________________________
3. Hamburgers and hot dogs - ____________________________________________________________
4. Toast with butter and jam - ____________________________________________________________
5. A turkey sandwich with cheese - ____________________________________________________________
6. Salt and pepper - ____________________________________________________________
7. Beer or wine - ____________________________________________________________
8. A steak with mashed potatoes - ____________________________________________________________
9. Apple pie - ____________________________________________________________
10. Strawberry jelly - ____________________________________________________________
11. Mayo and mustard - ____________________________________________________________
12. Popcorn and peanuts - ____________________________________________________________
13. Bread and butter - ____________________________________________________________
14. Herbs and spices - ____________________________________________________________
15. A grilled cheese sandwich with tomato soup - ____________________________________________________________
Translate the questions below using conjunctions 'Y, O, Con, & De.'
16. Do you drink tea with milk or sugar? - ____________________________________________________________
17. Does he eat pork and bacon? - ____________________________________________________________
18. Do you (formal) want to try the house special? - __________________________________________________________
19. How does the chicken soup taste? - ____________________________________________________________
20. Do they eat lunch early? - ____________________________________________________________
21. Do you want more scrambled eggs? - ____________________________________________________________
22. Can you please bring a menu? - ____________________________________________________________
23. Who is going to leave the tip? - ____________________________________________________________

114

Translate the sentences below using conjunctions 'Y, O, Con, Porque, En, & De.'
24. I need to eat a salad because I am on a diet.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. The boy eats breakfast and drinks a cup of grape juice.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. The woman drinks red wine.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27. They eat grilled fish and rice at the restaurant.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. We try the ribs and they taste delicious.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29. He wants to eat dinner at the Italian restuarant.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30. You all eat spaghetti with ground beef.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
115

CHAPTER 17
Places Activities
El bar Bar La actividad Activity
El café Coffee shop El equipo Team
El campo Countryside El partido Game, sporting event
El centro comercial Mall Jugar a To play
El estadio Stadium El baloncesto Basketball
El parque Park El disco compacto Compact disc (CD)
El público Public El fútbol Soccer
El puente Bridge El fútbol americano Football
El vecindario Neighborhood El pasatiempo Pastime
La cuadra Block El tenis Tennis
La estación Station Escuchar música To listen to music
(de policía/ (Police/ Estar con amigos To be with friends
de trén/ Train/ El videojuego Video game
de autobús) Bus) El juego de mesa Board game
La fuente Fountain Ir a la escuela To go to school
La iglesia Church Ir al cine To go to the movies
La lavandería Laundromat Ir de compras To go shopping
La parada de autobús Bus stop Ir al centro comercial To go to the mall
La piscina/La alberca Pool Ir de vacaciones To go on vacation
La torre Tower La película Movie
Contar un chiste To tell a joke (story)
Ver la television/un To watch television/a
Versus Vocab: video video
• Ver vs Mirar vs Buscar: Ver una película To watch a movie
o Ver - To see, to watch
o Mirar - To watch, to look at
o Buscar - To look for, to search for
116

Ir & Ver
Ir - To go
• It is an irregular verb and its conjugations must be memorized.
Ir - To go
[Completely Irregular]
yo voy I go
tú vas you go
él/ella/usted va he/she/usted goes
nosotros/nosotras vamos we go
ellos/ellas/ustedes van they/you all go
Examples:
1 . Use ‘ir + a + location’ to express that someone 'goes somewhere.'
o Vamos a la biblioteca para estudiar. - We go to the library to study.
o ¿Señora, va a la oficina? - Ma'am, are you going to the office?
o Voy al centro comercial los viernes. - I go to the mall on Fridays.
o Vas al bar en la calle Smith. - You go to the bar on Smith street.
2. Use ‘ir + a + infinitive’ to express things someone is ‘going to do.’

o Voy a probar la sopa de jitomate. - I'm going to try the tomato soup.
o Ella va a mirar una película. - She is going to watch a movie.
o Ustedes van a asistir a la clase. - You all are going to attend the class.
o Vamos a jugar al tenis. - We are going to play tennis.
Ver - To see
• The verb 'ver' is also irregular and its conjugations sound similar to the verb 'ir.'
• Make sure not to confuse the two.
Ver - To see
[Irregular Yo Conjugation]
yo veo I see
tú ves you see
él/ella/usted ve he/she/usted sees
nosotros/nosotras vemos we see
ellos/ellas/ustedes ven they/you all see
Examples:
• Veo la tienda. - I see the store.
• Ves el puente. - You see the bridge.
• El pasajero ve la parada de autobús. - The passenger sees the bus stop.
• Los estudiantes ven la biblioteca. - The students see the library.
• Ellos ven el rascacielos. - They see the skyscraper.
Hint: As a rule, 'a+el = al'
117

Contar & Jugar
Contar - To count, to tell (a story, joke)

• Contar is irregularly conjugated by removing the O and changing it to a UE.
• The nosotros conjugation is regular.
• 'To count' can mean:
o The literal act of counting numbers
o To count as in 'to matter.'
Contar - To count, to tell (a story, joke)

[O > UE]
yo cuento I count, tell
tú cuentas you count, tell
él/ella/usted cuenta he/she/usted counts, tells
nosotros/nosotras contamos we count, tell
ellos/ellas/ustedes cuentan they/you all count, tell
Examples:
• Cuento los cafés en mi ciudad. - I count the coffee shops in my city.
• Cuentas la historia de tu vida. - You tell the story of your life.
• Melanie cuenta un cuento a los niños. - Melanie tells a story to the children.
• Contamos. - We count/matter.
• Sergio cuenta las casas en su vecindario. - Sergio counts the houses in his neighborhood.
Jugar a - To play
• Jugar is irregularly conjugated by changing the U to a UE.
• The nosotros conjugation is regular.
Jugar a - To play
[U > UE]
yo juego a I play
tú juegas a you play
él/ella/usted juega a he/she/usted plays
nosotros/nosotras jugamos a we play
ellos/ellas/ustedes juegan a they/you all played
Examples:
• Juego al baloncesto en el parque. - I play basketball in the park.
• Juegas al fútbol con amigos. - You play soccer with friends.
• Usted juega al tenis. - You (formal) play tennis.
• Jugamos a un juego de mesa. - We play a board game.
• Ellos juegan el fútbol americano afuera. - They play football outside.
118

1. You see 5. You all go

a. Veo a. Ven
b. Vas b. Vas
c. Vemos c. Van
d. Ves d. Va
2. He goes 6. You count

a. Va a. Contas
b. Voy b. Cuentas
c. Veo c. Cuentan
d. Ve d. Contamos
3. You (formal) go 7. We count

a. Ve a. Contas
b. Va b. Contamos
c. Vas c. Cuentamos
d. Ves d. Cuento
4. We see 8. He plays
a. Vamos a. Juga
b. Vemos b. Juegas
c. Ven c. Jugo
d. Vimos d. Juega
9. They play
a. Jugan
b. Juega
c. Juegan
Fill in the tables below with present tense d. Jugamos
conjugations.
10.
Ver
yo _______________ I see
tú _______________ you see
él/ella/usted _______________ he/she/usted sees
nosotros/nosotras _______________ we see
ellos/ellas/ustedes _______________ they/you all see
11.
Ir
yo _______________ I go
tú _______________ you go
él/ella/usted _______________ he/she/usted goes
nosotros/nosotras _______________ we go
ellos/ellas/ustedes _______________ they/you all go
119

12. I am going to the coffee shop on the corner.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. You are going on vacation with your family.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. He is going to play soccer with his friends.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. We are going to wash the clothes in the laundromat.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. My children are going to the park with our neighbors.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Your grandmother goes to church on Sundays.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. When do you attend school? - ____________________________________________________________
19. You (formal) should pass the bridge and walk one block.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. They are going to see the football game in a large stadium.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. Do you see the tower? - ____________________________________________________________
22. She wants to see the countryside. - ____________________________________________________________
23. I see a fountain and a bus stop. - ____________________________________________________________
24. We go to the movies watch a movie. - ____________________________________________________________
25. He tells a joke. - ____________________________________________________________
26. They want to play basketball. - ____________________________________________________________
27. What do you all want to play? - ____________________________________________________________
28. Do you want to play a videogame with me? - ____________________________________________________________
29. She always listens to CDs. - ____________________________________________________________

120

CHAPTER 18
Activities
Hablar por teléfono To talk on the phone
Hacer ejercicio To exercise
Hacer la cama To make the bed
Hacer una broma To play a trick, to make
fun
La bicicleta Bicycle
La cámara Camera
Lavar la ropa To wash clothes
Leer una revista To read a magazine
Montar en bicicleta To ride a bicycle
Nadar To swim
Poner la mesa To set the table
Practicar deportes To play sports
Reciclar To recycle
Sacar fotos To take pictures
Tocar la guitarra To play guitar
Tomar el sol To sunbathe
Countries Nationalities
Alemania Germany alemán German
Australia Australia australiano Australian
Brasil Brazil brasileño Brazilian
Canadá Canada canadiense Canadian
China China chino Chinese
Los Estados Unidos United States estadounidense, norteamericano American
Filipinas Philippines filipino Filipino
Francia France francés French
Gran Bretaña Great Britain británico British
La India India indio Indian
Italia Italy italiano Italian
Japón Japan japonés Japanese
Rusia Russia ruso Russian
Vietnám Vietnam vietnamita Vietnamese
121

Saber & Conocer
'Saber' and 'Conocer ' both mean 'To know.' However, they are used in different contexts.
Saber - To know information
• Saber is only irregular in the yo conjugation.

• Saber + infinitive = To know how to do somthing.
o Sabes leer. - You know how to read.
Saber - To know (information)

yo sé I know
tú sabes you know
él/ella/usted sabe he/she/usted knows
nosotros/nosotras sabemos we know
ellos/ellas/ustedes saben they/you all know
Examples:
• Sé tu nombre. - I know your name.
• Sabes que Natasha es desordenada. - You know that Natasha is unorganized.
• Paula sabe cocinar. - Paula knows how to cook.
• Sabemos cuándo empieza la fiesta. - We know when the party starts.
• Ustedes saben dónde comprar muebles. - You all know where to buy furniture.
Conocer - To be acquainted or familiar with a person, place, or thing
• Conocer is only irregular in the yo conjugation. The second C changes to a ZC.

• Use 'conocer + personal a' when talking about a person.
• Use conocer without the 'personal a' when talking about a place someone is familiar with.
Conocer - To know (a person)

[Irregular Yo Conjugation, C > ZC]
yo conozco I know
tú conoces you know
él/ella/usted conoce he/she/usted knows
nosotros/nosotras conocemos we know
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocen they/you all know
Examples:
• Conozco a Lindsey. - I know Lindsey.
• Conoces Nueva York. - You are familiar with New York.
• Raul conoce a Sandra. - Raul knows Sandra.
• Conocemos el Palacio de Pizza. - We are familiar with Pizza Palace.
• Ellas conocen los libros de Thoreau. - They are familiar with Thoreau's books.
122

Poner & Hacer
Poner - To put
• Poner is only irregular in the yo conjugation.
Poner - To put
yo pongo I put
tú pones you put
él/ella/usted pone he/she/usted puts
nosotros/nosotras ponemos we put
ellos/ellas/ustedes ponen they/you all put
Examples:
• Pongo la mesa. - I set the table.
• Pones la revista en la cama. - You put the magazine on the bed.
• Usted pone la basura afuera. - You (formal) put the trash outside.
• Ponemos las bicicletas en la calle. - We put the bicycles on the street.
• Ponen las tazas en el lavaplatos. - You all put the cups in the dishwasher.
• Mis primos ponen las cuerdas en sus guitarras. - My cousins put strings on their guitars.
Hacer - To do, to make

• Hacer is only irregular in the yo conjugation.
Hacer - To do, to make

yo hago I do, make
tú haces you do, make
él/ella/usted hace he/she/usted does, makes
nosotros/nosotras hacemos we do, make
ellos/ellas/ustedes hacen they/you all do, make
Examples:
• Hago la cama. - I make the bed.
• Haces la tarea. - You do the homework.
• Lara hace ejercicio tres veces por semana. - Lara exercises 3 times per week.
• ¿Qué hacemos hoy? - What are we doing today?
• Los estudiantes hacen un proyecto en la clase. - The students do a project in class.
123

1. You know him. 5. He puts sheets on the bed.

a. Conozces a. Ponen
b. Conoces b. Pones
c. Sabes c. Pone
d. Sabe d. Pongo
2. I know how to play tennis. 6. We make a cake.

a. Sabe a. Hacemos
b. Se b. Hacen
c. Sé c. Hago
d. Conozco d. Haces
3. We know that class is difficult. 7. I put my backpack on the couch.

a. Conocen a. Pone
b. Conocemos b. Pones
c. Sabemos c. Pongo
d. Sabémos d. Pono
4. He knows that restaurant well. 8. I do my homework.

a. Conoce a. Hace
b. Conoces b. Hago
c. Sabes c. Hace
d. Sabe d. Hage
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of ser.
9. (Yo) _______________ de Gran Bretaña.
10. (Ella) _______________ brasileña.
11. (Usted) _______________ japonés.
12. (Nosotros) _______________ de Los Estados Unidos.
13. (Ellos) _______________ de Rusia.
124

Fill in the blanks with the correct verb conjugation of saber, conocer, poner, or hacer.
14. (Él) ____________________ la mesa.
15. (Nosotros) ____________________ sacar fotos.
16. (Tú) ____________________ Francia.
17. (Yo) ____________________ ejercicio.
18. (Ellos) ____________________ Lorena.
19. ¿(Usted) ____________________ nadar?
20. (Ella) ____________________ la cama.
21. We want to sunbathe. - ____________________________________________________________
22. Are you going to take out the trash? - ____________________________________________________________
23. You all play sports. - ____________________________________________________________
24. They should recycle. - ____________________________________________________________
25. He reads a magazine. - ____________________________________________________________
26. She plays guitar. - ____________________________________________________________
27. Do you want to talk on the phone with me? - ____________________________________________________________
28. He rides a bicycle. - ____________________________________________________________
29. Does she need to wash the clothes? - ____________________________________________________________
30. I make a cake. - ____________________________________________________________
125

CHAPTER 19
Household
La casa House
El departamento/apartamento Apartment
El domicilio Home, residence
El almohada Pillow
El cuarto, La habitación Bedroom
El despertador Alarm clock
El gancho, el colgador Hanger
El garaje Garage
El guardarropa, El armario, Closet
El ropero
El planchador Ironing board
El primer piso First floor
El secador Hair dryer
El sillón Armchair
El sófa Couch
El techo Ceiling, roof
El ventilador Fan
El vidrio Glass
La alfombra Carpet
La aspiradora Vacuum cleaner
La cama Bed
La cómoda Dresser
La escalera Staircase
La escoba Broom
La esponja Sponge
La lámpara Lamp
La lavadora Washing machine
La llave Key
La luz Light
La pared Wall
La plancha Iron
La plancha de pelo Hair straightening
iron
La puerta Door
La sala Living room
La secadora Dryer
La silla Chair
La televisión Television
La vela Candle
La ventana Window
Las sábanas Sheets
Los muebles Furniture
Pasar la aspiradora To vacuum
126

Por & Para
‘Por’ and ‘para’ have various meanings. Because both can mean ‘for,’ choosing the right word
can be a bit confusing. Let's look at how each is used in different contexts.
‘Para’ primarily indicates purpose. It means 'For, In order to, By'

• Purpose
o Este dinero es para la renta. - This money is for rent.
• To express ‘In order to’
o Para comprender - In order to understand
• Recipient
o Los regalos son para ellos. - The gifts are for them.
• Deadline
o Necesito terminarlo para el miércoles. - I need to finish it by Wednesday.
• Destination (‘a’ is interchangeable with ‘para’ when describing destination)
o Ellos van para México. - They are going to Mexico.
• Comparisons to other people, Opinions
o Para ella, la familia es importante. - For her, family is important. /In her opinion, family is important.
• Employment
o Trabajo para una compañía. - I work for a company.
‘Por’ primarily indicates method, time, or exchange. It can mean 'By, On, Along, During, In, For,
Per, On behalf of.'
• Transportation
Phrases that use ‘Por’:
o Por avión, tren, autobús - By plane, train, bus
Por ciento Percent
• Medium
Por ejemplo For example
o Por teléfono - By telephone
Por eso That's why
• Along/Through Por favor Please
o Caminar por la calle - To walk along the street Por fin At last, finally
• In, during a specific or general time Por hora Per hour
o Por la mañana - In, during the morning Por lo general Generally
• Duration & Frequency Por lo menos At least
o Manejo por una hora. - I drive for one hour. Por primera vez For the first time
Por última vez For the last time
o Tres veces por día - Three times per day
Por supuesto Of course
o Visito a mi abuelo por una semana. - I visit my grandfather
Por todas partes Everywhere
for a week.
Por todos lados All over, everywhere,
• Exchange on all sides
o Quince dólares por la camisa - Fifteen dollars for the shirt Por un lado On the one hand
• Gratitude or apology Por otro lado On the other hand
o Gracias por todo. - Thanks for everything. Por medio de By means of
• Incomplete Action (Estar + por + infinitive verb)
o Está por terminar. - It is about to be finished.
• For the sake of, on behalf of
o Ella habla por su jefe. - She speaks on behalf of her boss.
Hint: There are no idiomatic or typical phrases that use 'para.'

127

Por or Para?
1. El límite de velocidad es treinta y cinco millas ____________________ hora.
2. Lo siento ____________________ mentir.
3. ____________________ ser hombre, baila bien.
4. Pagan mucho ____________________ su libertad.
5. ¿Quieres correr ____________________ la playa?
6. Estoy noventa y nueve ____________________ ciento seguro.
7. ____________________ ejemplo, unos países prohiben besar en público.
8. Salieron ____________________ Alemania.
9. ____________________ eso no come cebollas.
10. El sello es ____________________ la carta.
11. Esta copia es ____________________ ella.
12. ____________________ lo menos hay agua y luz.
13. Las impresoras son ____________________ imprimir.
14. Siempre viajan ____________________ avión.
15. Vendemos el sófa ____________________ comprar otro.
16. Estoy ____________________ llamar a mi amiga.
17. ¿ ____________________ qué es el ventilador?
18. Pasamos la aspiradora ____________________ la alfombra ____________________ limpiarla.
19. Preparan el programa ____________________ el jueves.
20. ____________________ nosotros, el departamento es pequeño.
21. La llave es ____________________ ti.
22. Necesito unas sábanas ____________________ la cama.
23. Vendo sillón ____________________ cien dólares.
24. ____________________ fin termino el examen.
25. Descansan ____________________ la noche.

128

CHAPTER 20
Clothing and Shopping

Versus Vocab:
El abrigo Winter coat
• Éxito vs Suceso:
El algodón Cotton
o El éxito - Success
El bolso Handbag, Pocketbook
o El suceso - Event, incident,
El bolsillo Pocket
happening
• Talla vs Tamaño: El botón Button
o La talla - Clothing size El calcetín Sock
o El tamaño - Size in general El cinturón Belt
El collar Necklace
El disfraz Costume
El sombrero Hat
El suéter Sweater
El traje Suit
El traje de baño Swimsuit
El vestido Dress
El zapato Shoe
La blusa Blouse
La bolsa Purse, Bag, Sack,
Grocery Bag, Pocketbook, Pocket
La camisa Shirt
La camiseta T-shirt
La chaqueta Jacket
La falda Skirt
La pulsera Bracelet
La ropa Clothes
La ropa interior Underwear
La talla Size (clothing)
Las botas Boots
Las chanclas Flip-flops
Los anteojos del sol/ Sunglasses
Las gafas del sol
Los anteojos/Las gafas Glasses
Los aretes Earrings
Los jeans Jeans
Los pantalones Pants
Los pantalones cortos Shorts
Par Pair
Los zapatos de tacón alto High heels
De rayas/cuadros Striped/Plaid
Se ve bien. It looks good.
Me queda(n) bien. It (they fit) fits me well.
¡Que bonito! It’s so pretty!
Hecho a mano Hand-made
Hecho a máquina Machine-made
Mal/bien hecho Poorly-made
Bien hecho Well-made
¿Cuánto cuesta? How much does it cost?
129

Tener
The verb ‘tener’ means ‘to have.’ It is an irregular verb and its conjugations must be
memorized. Look at the table below:
Tener - To have Hint:

[Irregular Yo Conjugation, E > IE] • Any compound words of 'tener' will follow all
yo tengo I have its conjugation rules.
tú tienes you have o Detener - To detain
él/ella/usted tiene he/she/usted has o Obtener - To obtain
nosotros/nosotras tenemos we have o Mantener - To maintain
ellos/ellas/ustedes tienen they/you all have o Entretener - To entertain
There are 2 ways to use 'Tener.'

1. Use 'tener' to describe objects that someone 'has.'
• Tengo dos carros. - I have two cars.
• Tienes muchos amigos. - You have lots of friends.
• Tenemos una casa bonita. - We have a beautiful house.
2. Use ‘tener + que + infinitive’ for things someone 'has to do.’
• Alejandra tiene que llamar a su madre. - Alejandra has to call her mom.
• El equipo tiene que practicar. - The team has to practice.
• Ustedes tienen que cocinar la cena. - You all have to cook dinner.
There are also many phrases that use tener. These phrases in English are often ‘to be’ phrases,
but in Spanish are ‘to have’ phrases.
• Tener hambre - To be hungry • Tener suerte - To be lucky

o Tengo hambre. - I'm hungry. o Tengo suerte. - I am lucky.
• Tener sed - To be thirsty • Tener celos - To be jealous
o Tengo sed. - I'm thirsty o Mi novio tiene celos. - My boyfriend is
• Tener ___ años. - To be ___ years old. jealous.
o Tengo veinticinco años. - I am 25 years • Tener confianza - To have confidence
old. o El cantante tiene confianza. - The singer
• Tener calor - To be hot has confidence.
o Tenemos calor. - We are hot. • Tener cuidado - To be careful
• Tener frío - To be cold o La niña no tiene cuidado. - The girl is
o Ellos tienen frío. - They are cold. not careful.
• Tener miedo - To be scared • Tener la culpa - To be guilty
o Ella tiene miedo. - She is scared. o Los prisoneros tienen la culpa. - The
• Tener prisa - To be in a hurry prisoners are guilty.
o Tenemos prisa. - We're in a hurry. • Tener dolor de - To be in pain of
• Tener razón - To make sense o Tengo dolor del brazo. - My arm is in
o Usted tiene razón. - You (formal) make pain.
sense. • Tener en cuenta - To take into account
• Tener ganas de - To feel like (doing o Tenemos en cuenta el costo. - We take
something) the cost into account.
o Ustedes tienen ganas de nadar. - You all • Tener lugar - To take place
feel like swimming. o El evento tiene lugar en Francia. - The
• Tener éxito - To be successful event takes place in France.
o Ella tiene éxito. - She is successful. • Tener verguenza - To have shame
• Tener sueño - To be sleepy o El niño tiene verguenza. - The boy has
o Tenemos sueño. - We are sleepy. shame.
130

Comprar, Usar, Costar
Comprar - To buy
• Comprar is a regularly conjugated present tense verb.
• It is used in the same way as 'to buy' in English.
Comprar - To buy
yo compro I buy
tú compras you buy
él/ella/usted compra he/she/usted buys
nosotros/nosotras compramos we buy
ellos/ellas/ustedes compran they/you all buy
Examples:
• Compro un vestido largo. - I buy a long dress.
• Compras los zapatos cómodos. - You buy the comfortable shoes.
• Eva compra unos aretes bonitos. - Eva buys some pretty earrings.
• Compramos las chaquetas de cuero. - We buy the leather jackets.
• Ustedes compran botas de tacones altos. - You all buy the high-heeled boots.
Usar - To wear/use
• Usar is a regularly conjugated present tense verb.
Usar - To wear
yo uso I wear
tú usas you wear
él/ella/usted usa he/she/usted wears
nosotros/nosotras usamos we wear
ellos/ellas/ustedes usan they/you all wear
Examples:
• Uso un año en Costa Rica. - I've lived in Costa Rica for a year.
• Usas ropa cara. - You wear expensive clothes.
• Selene usa gafas del sol en la playa. - Selene wears sunglasses at the beach.
Costar - To cost
• Costar is irregularly conjugated by removing the O and changing it to a UE.
• The 'nosotros' conjugation is not irregular.
Costar - To cost [O >UE]

cuesta it costs
cuestan they cost
Examples:
• Un traje barato cuesta cien dólares. - A cheap suit costs 100 dollars.
• La blusa roja cuesta veinticinco dólares. - The red blouse costs 25 dollars.
• Los pantalones cortos cuestan cincuenta dólares. - The shorts cost 50 dollars.
131

1. You all have 5. I obtain

a. Tiene a. Obtengo
b. Tenen b. Obteno
c. Tienen c. Obtiene
d. Teinen d. Obtene
2. I have 6. She buys

a. Tengo a. Compres
b. Teno b. Compra
c. Tieno c. Compre
d. Tiengo d. Compren
7. He wears
3. We have a. Usa
a. Tienemos b. Uso
b. Tenimos c. Use
c. Tenemos d. Usas
d. Tienen
8. It costs
4. You maintain a. Coste
a. Mantene b. Cuestan
b. Mantenes c. Cuesta
c. Mantengo d. Costa
d. Mantienes
9. She wears white cotton blouses. - ____________________________________________________________
10. How old is he? - ____________________________________________________________
11. He buys a new jacket. - ____________________________________________________________
12. We have to fold the clothes. - ____________________________________________________________
13. Are you scared? - ____________________________________________________________
14. How much does a pair of flip-flops cost? - ____________________________________________________________
15. We aren't jealous. - ____________________________________________________________
16. When he wears suits, he is confident. - ____________________________________________________________
17. I am lucky because I have boots that fit me well.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
132

18. Yes. It makes sense. - ____________________________________________________________
19. Do you (formal) have high heels? - ____________________________________________________________
20. The woman has an expensive purse. - ____________________________________________________________
21. I want to be successful. - ____________________________________________________________
22. What size does he wear? - ____________________________________________________________
23. She has a necklace that sparkles. - ____________________________________________________________
24. Are you all hungry? - ____________________________________________________________
25. Do you save old buttons? - ____________________________________________________________
26. I need a pair of clean socks. - ____________________________________________________________
27. Are they are very sleepy? - ____________________________________________________________
28. The t-shirts are poorly made. - ____________________________________________________________
29. Do they have to wear costumes? - ____________________________________________________________
30. The events take place in Australia. - ____________________________________________________________
31. They have to iron some pants. - ____________________________________________________________
32. The sweater costs $60 because it is hand-made.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. I have to run because I am in a hurry. - ____________________________________________________________
34. He wears a coat because he is cold. - ____________________________________________________________
35. She buys a new dress, a necklace, and a pair of earrings.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
133

CHAPTER 21
Versus Vocab: Adjectives
• Embarazada vs Avergonzado: Amable Friendly
o Embarazada - Pregnant Atractivo/a Attractive
o Avergonzado/a - Embarrassed, ashamed Atrevido/a Bold, daring
• Pequeño vs Corto vs Chico: Avergonzado/a Embarrassed
o Pequeño - Small size Callado/a Quiet
o Corto - Short, brief Capaz Capable, able
o Chico/a (noun) - Boy/girl
Cariñoso/a Affectionate
o Chico/a (adjective) - small size, young
Deportista Athletic
Desordenado/a Messy, unorganized
Estudioso/a Studious
Generoso/a Generous
Gracioso/a Funny
Hermoso/a Gorgeous
Honesto/a Honest
Impaciente Impatient
Paciente Patient
Pequeño/a Small
Perezoso/a Lazy
Prudente Careful, cautious
Rápido/a Fast
Sabroso/a Tasty
Saludable Healthy
Sensible Sensitive
Simpático/a Nice, friendly
Sincero/a Sincere
Sociable Sociable
Tacaño/a Stingy, cheap
Tonto/a Stupid
134

Comparisons
Common comparisons:
• Menor(es) que - [younger/smaller than]
o Mi hermano es menor que yo. - My brother is younger/smaller than me.
o Mis hermanos son menores que yo. - My siblings are younger/smaller than me.
• Mayor(es) que - [older/bigger/greater than]
o El amor es mayor que el miedo. - Love is greater than fear.
o Mis abuelos son mayores que los tuyos. - My grandparents are older than yours.
• Mejor(es) que - [better than]
o El baloncesto es mejor que el fútbol. - Basketball is better than soccer.
o Los jugadores de baloncesto son mejores que los de fútbol. - Basketball players are better than
those of soccer.
• Peor(es) que - [worse than]
o El nadar es peor que el leer. - Swimming is worse than reading.
o Las piscinas son peores que las playas. - Pools are worse than beaches.
Comparisons with nouns, adjectives, adverbs:
• Más + adjective/adverb + que - [more ___ than]
o Steve Jobs es más famoso que Bill Gates. - Steve Jobs is more famous than Bill Gates.
• Menos + adjective/adverb + que - [less ___ than]
o Ir de compras es menos caro que ir de vacaciones. - Going shopping is cheaper than going on
vacation.
• Tan + adjective/adverb + como - [as ___ as]
o Mi jefe es tan difícil como el tuyo. - My boss is as difficult as your boss.
o El periódico es tan aburrido como la opera. - The newspaper is as boring as the opera.
• Tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + noun + como ___ - [as many, much + noun + as ___ ]
o Tengo tanto trabajo como la semana pasada. - I have as much work as last week.
o Hay tanta gente aquí hoy como ayer. - There are as many people here today as yesterday.
o Ofrecemos tantos servicios como los competidores. - We offer as many services as the competitors.
o Tenemos tantas máquinas como la fábrica. - We have as many machines as the factory.
135

Comparisons -Continued-
Comparisons with numbers:
• Más + DE + number - [more than ___]
o Quiero más de cincuenta discos compactos. - I want more than 50 compact discs.
• Menos + DE + number - [less than ___]
o Tienes menos de veinte videojuegos. - You have less than 20 video games.
• Más + QUE + number - [ONLY use in a negative sentence to mean ‘only.’]
o No hay más que treinta fotos en mi camera. - There are no more than 30 photos on my
camera./There are only 30 photos on my camera.
Superlatives:
• El/la/los/las + noun + más + adjective - [the most ___ ___]
o Esteban es el chico más cómico de la clase. - Esteban is the funniest kid in class.
• El/la/los/las + noun + menos + adjective - [the least ___ ___]
o Algebra es la clase menos difícil. - Algebra is the least difficult class.
• El/la/los/las + mayor(es) + noun - [the biggest, largest, greatest, oldest ___]
o La mayor persona del mundo tiene 127 años. - The oldest person in the world is 127 years old.
• El/la/los/las + menor(es) + noun - [the smallest, least, youngest ___]
o El menor presidente fue John F. Kennedy - The youngest president was John F. Kennedy.
• El/la/los/las + peor(es) + noun - [the worst ___]
o La oficina tiene la peor impresora. - The office has the worst printer.
• El/la/los/las + mejor(es) + noun - [the best ___]
o Es el mejor restaurante de la ciudad. - It is the best restaurant in the city.
• Adjective+ísimo/a - [very/extremely+adjective]
o Manejamos rapidísimo. - We drive very fast.
Superlatives ending in 'ísimo'
• To make 'ísimo' superlatives, remove the final letter in the adjective and add 'ísimo' to the ending.
• These superlatives must agree in number and gender to the noun they modify.
Exceptions:
If the adjective ends in a C, G, Z, or L after removing the final letter change according to the following:
C > QU - rico > riquísimo (very rich, delicious)
G > GU - largo > larguísimo (very long)
Z > C - feliz > felicísimo (very happy)
L - fácil > fácilísimo (very easy)
136

Lo
The Spanish word 'lo' has multiple uses. Later, we will learn that it can be used as a direct
object pronoun meaning 'him' or 'it.' Right now, let's learn some of its other uses.
Often, 'lo' is used in conjunction with 'que' to mean 'that which' or 'what.'
Lo que - That which, what

• Este es lo que quieres. - This is what you want.
• Lo que necesitamos es descansar. - That which we need is to rest.
• Hago lo que quiero. - I do what I want.
Here are other cases, where it may be used in certain expressions.

• Lo más importante - The most important thing
• Lo dicho - What has been said
• Lo escrito - What has been written
• Lo contrario - The opposite
• Lo más posible - As much as possible
• Lo único - The only one
• Lo mismo - The same (thing)
• Lo mejor - The best (thing)
• Lo peor - The worst (thing)
• Lo bueno - The good (thing)
• Lo malo - The bad (thing)
• Por lo menos - At least
Examples:
o Lo más importante es hacer lo que quieres. - The most important thing is to do what you love.
o Lo mejor de la vida es gratis. - The best of life is free.
o Lo peor es hacer nada. - The worst thing to do is nothing.
o Es lo único que debes saber. - It's the only thing you should know.
137

Translate the sentences and phrases below.
Comparisons
1. My stepsister is older than me. - ____________________________________________________________
2. His wife is younger than him. - ____________________________________________________________
3. Your friends are older than you. - ____________________________________________________________
4. Our kids are younger than theirs. - ____________________________________________________________
5. There is nothing worse than being lazy. - ____________________________________________________________
6. College is better than high school. - ____________________________________________________________
7. Celery is worse than broccoli. - ____________________________________________________________
8. Fruits are better than vegetables. - ____________________________________________________________
9. Video games are worse than board games.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. She is messier than me. - ____________________________________________________________
11. Bananas are less tasty than strawberries. - ____________________________________________________________
12. They are less studious than us. - ____________________________________________________________
13. I do as much homework as you. - ____________________________________________________________
14. Spinach is as healthy as lettuce. - ____________________________________________________________
15. There are more than 100 employees in the office.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. There are no more than 2 tomatoes in the fridge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. They are the most impatient people in the world.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. He is the least sociable of my friends. - ____________________________________________________________
19. ¿Which is the youngest of your brothers? - ____________________________________________________________
20. It is the worst place to live. - ____________________________________________________________

138

21. You (formal) have one of the best jobs. - ____________________________________________________________
22. Very gorgeous - ___________________________
23. Very small - ___________________________
24. Very fast - ___________________________
25. Very calm - ___________________________
26. Very ugly - ___________________________
27. Very skinny - ___________________________
28. What you should do is practice. - ____________________________________________________________
29. I look for what I need. - ____________________________________________________________
30. What he decides is to accept the job. - ____________________________________________________________
31. Everything said is said by someone. - ____________________________________________________________
32. The bad thing is that I don't have time. - ____________________________________________________________
33. The most important thing is to be happy. - ____________________________________________________________
34. At least you have a good salary. - ____________________________________________________________
35. It is the only one that I want. - ____________________________________________________________
139

CHAPTER 22
Location Weather and Seasons

A la derecha (de) To the right (of) ¿Cómo está el tiempo? What's the weather like?
A la izquierda (de) To the left (of) ¿Cómo está por afuera? What's it like outside?
Abajo (de) Below ¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like?
Adentro (de) Inside (of) El calor Heat, warmth
Afuera (de) Outside (of) El cielo Sky
Al este (de) To the east (of) El clima Climate (of a region)
Al lado (de) To the side (of) El frío Cold
Al norte (de) To the north (of) El granizo Hail
Al oeste (de) To the west (of) El huracán Hurricane
Al sur (de) To the south (of) El invierno Winter
Alrededor (de) Around El otoño Fall
Arriba (de) Above El paraguas Umbrella
Cerca (de) Close (to) El relámpago Lightning
Debajo (de) Under El termómetro Thermometer
Detrás (de) Behind El tiempo Weather (daily)
El espacio Space El trueno Thunder
En medio (de) In the middle (of) El verano Summer
Encima (de) On top (of) La humedad Humidity
Enfrente (de) In front (of) La inundación Flood
Junto (a) Next to La luna Moon
La distancia Distance La niebla Mist
Lejos (de) Far (from) La primavera Spring
Los alrededores Surroundings, outskirts La temperatura Temperature
Sobre On top of La tormenta Storm
Nevar > La nieve To snow > Snow
Llover > La lluvia > Lluvioso To rain > Rain > Rainy
Las nubes > Nublado Clouds > Cloudy
El viento > Ventoso Wind > Windy
Versus Vocab: La neblina > Neblinoso Fog > Foggy
• Derecha vs Derecho: El sol > Soleado Sun > Sunny
o Derecho (adjective) - straight
o El derecho (noun) - A law or legal right Adjectives
o Derecha - Right, to the right, right hand side
Claro/a Light, bright, clear
o Todo derecho - Straight forward
Inolvidable Unforgettable
• Sobre vs Sobre:
Magnífico/a Magnificent
o Sobre (preposition) - On top of
o El sobre - Envelope Mojado/a Wet
• Tiempo vs Tiempo Oscuro/a Dark
o El tiempo - Time Puro/a Clear
o El tiempo - Weather Ruidoso/a Noisy
• Estación vs Temporada Seco/a Dry
o Estación - Season (weather)
o Temporada - Season (baseball season, season premeire, etc.)
140

Describing the Weather
Hay - There is, there are

• Hay granizo. - There is hail.
• Hay humedad. - There is humidity.
• Hay luna. - The moon is out.
• Hay neblina. - There is fog.
• Hay niebla. - There is mist.
• Hay nubes. - There are clouds.
• Hay relámpagos. - There is lightning.
• Hay trueno. - There is thunder.
• Hay sol. - There is sun.
• Hay viento. - There is wind.
• Hay lluvia. - There is rain.
Hacer - To do, to make Literal Translation

• Hace (mucho) frío. - It's (very) cold. ['it makes cold']
• Hace (mucho) calor. - It's (very) hot. ['it makes hot']
• Hace (mucho) sol. - It's (very) sunny. ['it makes sun']
• Hace (mucho) fresco. - It's (very) fresh/chilly. ['it makes fresh/chilly.']
• Hace (mucho) viento. - It's (very) windy. ['it makes wind']
• Hace mal tiempo. - The weather is bad. ['it makes bad weather]
• Hace buen tiempo. - The weather is good. ['it makes good weather']
Va + a + infinitive verb - Going to ___.

• Va a llover. - It's going to rain.
• Va a nevar. - It's going to snow.
• Va a hacer frío. - It's going to be cold.
• Va a hacer calor. - It's going to be hot.
Estar - To be ___
• Está lloviendo. - It is raining.
• Está nublado. - It is cloudy.
• Está nevando. - It is snowing.
• Está lluvioso - It's rainy.
• Está soleado. - It's sunny.
• Está oscuro. - It is dark.
Es un día ___ - It's a ___ day

• Es un día ventoso. - It's a windy day.
• Es un día nublado. - It's a cloudy day.
• Es un día soleado. - It's a sunny day.
• Es un día lluvioso. - It's a rainy day.
Estamos a ___ grados (celsius). - It's ___ degrees (farenheit).

• Estamos a 35 grados - It's 95 degrees.
• Estamos a 27 grados. - It's 80 degrees. Hint:
• Estamos a 24 grados. - It's 75 degrees. • To convert degrees from Celsius to
• Estamos a 10 grados. - It's 50 degrees. Farenheit, use the formula:
˚C X 1.8 + 32 = ˚F
141

Locations & Demonstrative Adjectives
The words in the box below mean ‘this, that, these, those, here’ and 'there.' Unlike in English, Spanish uses
different words based on proximity. Imagine that you are the ‘speaker’ in the middle of the box. With each step
outside the box, the object you are describing is further away from you. Choose the corresponding word. As
always, these words must agree in gender and number to the noun they modify.
• Aquel, Aquella - That (far away from the speaker)

• Aquellos, Aquellas - Those (far away from the speaker)
• Ese, Esa - That (somewhere near the speaker)

• Esos, Esas - Those (somewhere near the speaker)
• Este, Esta - This (close to speaker)

• Estos, Estas - These (close to speaker)
SPEAKER
Aquí, Acá - Here (near)
Allí - There (farther)
Allá- There (even farther)
Examples:
Aquí, Acá [este, esta, estos, estas]

Este zapato está aquí/acá. This shoe is here.
Esta bolsa está aquí/acá. This purse is here.
Estos zapatos están aquí/acá. These shoes are here.
Estas bolsas están aquí/acá. These purses are here.
Allí [ese, esa, esos, esas]

Ese zapato está allí. That shoe is there.
Esa bolsa está allí. That purse is there.
Esos zapatos están allí. Those shoes are there.
Esas bolsas están allí Those purses are there.
Allá [aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas]

Aquel zapato está allá. That shoe is over there. (far away)
Aquella bolsa está allá. That purse is over there. (far away)
Aquellos zapatos están allá. Those shoes are over there. (far away)
Aquellas bolsas están allá. Those purses are over there. (far away)
142

1. Right 9. Hurricane
a. Izquierda a. El huracán
b. Derecho b. El hurácan
c. Arriba c. El huracan
d. Derecha d. El húracan
2. West 1 0. Summer
a. Este a. La primavera
b. Weste b. El invierno
c. Oeste c. El verano
d. Norte d. El otoño
3. Close 1 1 . Lightning
a. Cerca a. El relampágo
b. Lejos b. El rélampago
c. Junto a c. El relámpago
d. Adentro d. El relampagó
4. On top of 1 2 . Weather
a. Sobre a. El calor
b. Enfrente de b. El tiempo
c. Encima de c. El clima
d. Both A & C d. La temperatura
5. Outside 1 3. Flood
a. En medio a. La neblina
b. Debajo b. La lluvia
c. Alrededor c. La inundación
d. Afuera d. El granizo
6. Here 1 4. A rainy day

a. Aqui a. Una día lluviosa
b. Aquí b. El día lluvioso
c. Acá c. Un día lluvioso
d. Both B & C d. Un lluvioso día
7. This 1 5. An unforgettable storm

a. Este a. Una tormenta inolvidable
b. Esta b. Una inolvidable tormenta
c. Está c. Una tormenta inolvidabla
d. Both A & B d. La inolvidable tormenta
8. Those Circle the correct location for each item.

a. Estos
b. Esas 1 6. Esta silla
c. Estas a. Aquí
d. Both A & C b. Allí
c. Allá
143

1 7. Ese sofá 21 . Esas chanclas
a. Acá a. Acá
b. Allí b. Allí
c. Allá c. Allá
1 8. Aquellas casas 22 . Estas cajas

a. Aquí a. Aquí
b. Allí b. Allí
c. Allá c. Allá
1 9. Este sombrero 23. Esos cuchillos

a. Acá a. Acá
b. Allí b. Allí
c. Allá c. Allá
20. Aquel parque 24. Aquella calle

a. Aquí a. Aquí
b. Allí b. Allí
c. Allá c. Allá
25. There is hail outside. - ____________________________________________________________
26. Right now it's 75 degrees (farenheit). - ____________________________________________________________
27. It's going to snow tomorrow. - ____________________________________________________________
28. It is dark tonight. - ____________________________________________________________
29. What's it like outside? - ____________________________________________________________
30. It's very sunny. - ____________________________________________________________
31. It is raining. - ____________________________________________________________
32. It's a cloudy day. - ____________________________________________________________
33. The thunder is noisy. - ____________________________________________________________
34. The sky is clear. - ____________________________________________________________
35. This book is here. - ____________________________________________________________
36. That thing is over there (far away). - ____________________________________________________________
37. Those vegetables are there. - ____________________________________________________________
38. That university is over there (far away). - ____________________________________________________________
39. These socks are here. - ____________________________________________________________
40. That window is there. - ____________________________________________________________

144

CHAPTER 23
Irregular Present Tense Verbs
• There is no vocabulary section in this chapter. Instead, take mental notes of verbs with
irregular present tense changes. Read the conjugations aloud to help solidify them.
• As described previously, at this point subject pronouns will be removed from the tables and
continue to be omitted from most sentences. Also note that this chapter displays verb
conjugations horizontally. The next chapter will resume as normal.
• Irregular present tense verbs will go through one of the changes below. Most will keep
regular present tense endings. We will discuss each change further in the upcoming pages.
• The stem of a verb is every letter before AR, ER, IR. For example, 'cambi' is the stem of
'cambiar - to change.'
Irregular Present Tense Verb Changes:

• O > UE
o Change the O to UE in the stem of a verb like ‘mostrar - to show’ (exception: nosotros conjugation).
o If it were regular, ‘I show’ would be ‘yo mostro.’ The correct conjugation is ‘yo muestro.’
• E > IE
o Change the E to IE in the stem of a verb like ‘preferir - to prefer’ (exception: nosotros conjugation).
o If it were regular, ‘you prefer’ would be ‘tú preferes.’ The correct conjugation is ‘tú prefieres.’
• E > I
o Change the E to I in the stem of a verb like ‘repetir - to repeat’ (exception: nosotros conjugation).
o If it were regular, ‘he repeats’ would be ‘él repete.’ The correct conjugation is ‘él repite.’
• G > J
o Change the G to J only in the yo conjugation of a verb like ‘fingir - to pretend.’
o If it were regular, ‘I pretend’ would be ‘yo fingo.’ and it would sound like a hard ‘g.’ The correct
conjugation is ‘yo finjo.’ Now, the verb keeps its ‘h’ sound.
• C > ZC
o Change the C to ZC only in the yo conjugation of a verb like ‘merecer - to deserve.’
o If it were regular, ‘I deserve’ would be ‘yo mereco.’ The correct conjugation is ‘yo merezco.’
• Y
o Add a Y to verbs like ‘influir - to influence’ (exception: nosotros conjugation).
o If it were regular, ‘they influence’ would be ‘ellos influen.’ The correct conjugation is ‘ellos influyen.’
• GUIR
o Verbs ending in ‘guir’ like ‘distinguir - to distinguish’ follow a strange format in each conjugation. See
the examples on the next pages to clarify.
o If it were regular, ‘I distinguish’ would be ‘yo distinguo.’ The correct conjugation is ‘yo distingo.’
• Add an accent mark
o Add an accent mark to some verbs ending in IAR and UAR except in the nosotros conjugation.
o If 'it were regular, 'she raises' would be 'ella cria.' The correct conjugation is 'ella cría.'
• Only irregular in yo conjugation
o These verbs are only irregular in the yo conjugation. All other conjugations follow the regular
present tense format.
Hint: Any derivative verbs will follow the same irregular change as the original. For example, ‘posponer’ will
follow the same rules as ‘poner.’
Now, let's look closer at the effect each of these irregular changes have and which verbs follow these changes.
Once you finish this chapter, you will have learned the large majority irregular present tense verbs.
145

O > UE
Change the O to UE in the stem of these verbs.
Exception: Do not change the O to UE in the nosotros conjugation.
[O > UE]
Puedo I can
Puedes you can
Puede he/she/usted can
Podemos we can
Pueden they/you all can
O > UE Verbs
Almorzar To eat lunch almuerzo, almuerzas, almuerza, almorzamos, almorzan
Colgar To hang cuelgo, cuelgas, cuelga, colgamos, cuelgan
Contar To count cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, cuentan
Costar To cost cuesto, cuestas, cuesta, costamos, cuestan
Demostrar To demonstrate demuestro, demuestras, demuestra, demostramos, demuestran
Devolver To return an item devuelvo, devuelves, devuelve, devolvemos, devuelven
Doler To hurt duelo, dueles, duele, dolemos, duelen
Dormir To sleep duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, duermen
Encontrar To find, meet encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos, encuentran
Envolver To wrap envuelvo, envuelves, envuelve, envolvemos, envuelven
Forzar To force fuerzo, fuerzas, fuerza, forzamos, fuerzan
Jugar a To play juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, juegan
Llover To rain lluevo, llueves, llueve, llovemos, llueven
Morder To bite muerdo, muerdes, muerde, mordemos, muerden
Morir To die muero, mueres, muere, morimos, mueren
Mostrar To show muestro, muestras, muestra, mostramos, muestran
Mover To move an object muevo, mueves, mueve, movemos, mueven
Poder To be able to puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, pueden
Probar To taste, try pruebo, pruebas, prueba, probamos, prueban
Promover To promote promuevo, promueves, promueve, promovemos, promueven
Recordar To remind, remember recuerdo, recuerdas, recuerda, recordamos, recuerdan
Resolver To resolve resuelvo, resuelves, resuelve, resolvemos, resuelven
Revolver To mix, shake revuelvo, revuelves, revuelve, revolvemos, revuelven
Soler To usually do something suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, suelen
Soñar (con) To dream (about) sueño, sueñas, sueña, soñamos, sueñan
Sonar To sound sueno, suenas, suena, sonamos, suenan
Volar To fly vuelo, vuelas, vuela, volamos, vuelan
Volver To return, to revert vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, vuelven
*Oler To smell huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, huelen (note the addition of the 'h')
Examples:
• Almuerzo todos los días a las doce. - I eat lunch every day at noon.
• ¿Juegas a algún deporte? - Do you play any sport?
• Ella sueña con ser cantante. - She dreams of being a singer.
• Solemos viajar con amigos. - We usually travel with friends.
• Pueden ayudar con el evento. - You all can help with the event.
146

E > IE
Change the E > IE in the stem of these verbs.
Exception: Do not change the E to IE in the nosotros conjugation.
Comenzar - To start
[E > IE]
Comienzo I start
Comienzas you start
Comienza he/she/usted starts
Comenzamos we start
Comienzan they/you all start
E > IE Verbs
Atender To attend to atiendo, atiendes, atiende, atendemos, atienden
Calentar To heat caliento, calientas, calienta, calentamos, calientan
Cerrar To close cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cierran
Confesar To confess confieso, confiesas, confiesa, confesamos, confiesan
Convertir To convert convierto, conviertes, convierte, convertimos, convierten
Defender To defend defiendo, defiendes, defiende, defendemos, defienden
Empezar To begin empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empiezan
Encender To turn on, to light enciendo, enciendes, enciende, encendemos, encienden
Entender To understand entiento, entiendes, entiende, entendemos, entienden
Gobernar To govern gobierno, gobiernas, gobierna, gobernamos, gobiernan
Hervir To boil hiervo, hierves, hierve, hervimos, hierven
Mentir To lie miento, mientes, miente, mentimos, mienten
Negar To negate, deny niego, niegas, niega, negamos, niegan
Nevar To snow nievo, nievas, nieva, nevamos, nievan
Ofender To offend ofiendo, ofiendes, ofiende, ofendemos, ofienden
Pensar To think pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, piensan
Perder To lose pierdo, pierdes, pierde, perdemos, pierden
Preferir To prefer prefiero, prefieres, prefiere, preferimos, prefieren
Quebrar To break quiebro, quiebras, quiebra, quebramos, quiebran
Querer To want quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, quieren
Recomendar To recommend recomiendo, recomiendas, recomienda, recomendamos, recomiendan
Referir To refer refiero, refieres, refiere, referimos, refieren
Sugerir To suggest sugiero, sugieres, sugiere, sugerimos, sugieren
*Venir To come vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, vienen
Examples: Versus Vocab:

• Quiero comer el arroz con frijoles. - I want to eat rice with beans. o Pensar vs Creer:
• ¿Prefieres el verano o el invierno? - Do you prefer summer or winter? • Pensar - To think,
• Jorge siempre miente. - Jorge always lies. think about something
• Cerramos las ventanas en la noche. - We close the windows at night. • Creer - To believe, to
• Empiezan la película quince minutos tarde. - They start the movie think
fifteen minutes late. o Perder vs Pasar
• Perder - To waste
time, lose something
• Pasar - To spend
time
147

E > I
Change the E > I in the stem of these verbs.
Exception: Do not change the E to I in the nosotros conjugation.
Pedir - To ask for, request, order

[E > I]
Pido I ask for
Pides you ask for
Pide he/she/usted asks for
Pedimos we ask for
Piden they/you all ask for
E > I Verbs
Competir To compete compito, compites, compite, competimos, compiten
Freír To fry frío, fríes, fríe, freímos, fríen
Reír To laugh río, ríes, ríe, reímos, ríen
Repetir To repeat repito, repites, repite, repetimos, repiten
Servir To serve sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, sirven
**Decir To tell, say digo, dices, dice, decimos, dicen
**Bendecir To bless bendigo, bendices, bendice, bendecimos, bendicen
**Predecir To predict predigo, predices, predice, predecimos, predicen
*Note the accent marks

**Irregular. Note that compound words follow the same structure.
Examples:
• Sólo compito para el primer lugar. - I only compete for first place.
• ¿Qué sirves en un tus fiestas? - What do you serve at your parties?
• Francisco ríe con sus amigos. - Francisco laughs with his friends.
• Repetimos la pregunta. - We repeat the question.
• Fríen las papas en el restaurante. - They fry potatoes in the restaurant.
Versus Vocab:
• Asistir a vs Atender vs Servir:
o Asistir a - To attend a class or conference, etc.
o Atender - To attend to, to look after, to serve, to take care of
o Servir - To serve someone, To serve food or beverage, to serve in the armed forces
148

G > J
Change the G > J only in the yo conjugation in order to keep the English 'h' sound.
Escoger - To choose
[G > J]
Escojo I choose
Escoges you choose
Escoge he/she/usted chooses
Escogemos we choose
Escogen they/you all choose
G > J Verbs
Dirigir To direct dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigen
Exigir To demand exijo, exiges, exige, exigimos, exigen
Fingir To pretend finjo, finges, finge, fingimos, fingen
Proteger To protect protejo, proteges, protege, protegemos, protegen
Recoger To pick up recojo, recoges, recoge, recogemos, recogen
Elegir* To elect, choose elijo, eliges, elige, elegimos, eligen
Corregir* To correct corrijo, corriges, corrige, corregimos, corrigen
*Note the irregularity e>i also in these verbs.
Examples:
• Protejo a mi hermana menor. - I protect my younger sister.
• Diriges la organización. - You direct the organization.
• ¿Finges ser un superhéroe? - Do you pretend to be a superhero?
• Recogemos la ropa sucia. - We pick up the dirty clothes.
• Ellos escogen un candidato a presidente. - They pick a candidate for president.
Hints:
• The letters 'ge' makes the 'hey' sound
• The letter 'j' makes the 'h' sound
Versus Vocab:
• Pretender vs Fingir:
o Pretender - To try to do something, to aspire to do something, to attempt
o Fingir -To pretend, to feign
149

C > ZC
Change the C > ZC only in the yo conjugation.
Conducir - To drive
[C > ZC]
Conduzco I drive
Conduces you drive
Conduce he/she/usted drives
Conducimos we drive
Conducen they/you all drive
C > ZC Verbs
Agradecer To thank agradezco, agradeces, agradece, agradecemos, agradecen
Amanecer To dawn, sunrise amanezco, amaneces, amanece, amanecemos, amanecen
Aparecer To appear aparezco, apareces, aparece, aparecemos, aparecen
Complacer To satisfy complazco, complaces, complace, complacemos, complacen
Conocer To meet, to be conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen
acquainted with
a person, place, thing
Crecer To grow crezco, creces, crece, crecemos, crecen
Desaparecer To disappear desaparezco, desaparaces, desaparace, desaparecemos, desaparecen
Desobedecer To disobey desobedezco, desobedeces, desobedece, desobedecemos, desobedecen
Establecer To establish establezco, estableces, establece, establecemos, establecen
Inducir To induce induzco, induces, induce, inducimos, inducen
Introducir To insert introduzco, introduces, introduce, introducimos, introducen
Merecer To deserve merezco, mereces, merece, merecemos, merecen
Nacer To be born nazco, naces, nace, nacemos, nacen
Obedecer To obey obedezco, obedeces, obedece, obedecemos, obedecen
Ofrecer To offer ofrezco, ofreces, ofrece, ofrecemos, ofrecen
Parecer To seem, appear parezco, pareces, parece, parecemos, parecen
Pertenecer To belong to, pertain pertenezco, perteneces, pertenece, pertenecemos, pertenecen
Producir To produce produzco, produces, produce, producimos, producen
Reconocer To recognize reconozco, reconoces, reconoce, reconocemos, reconocen
Reducir To reduce reduzco, reduces, reduce, reducimos, reducen
Traducir To translate traduzco, traduces, traduce, traducimos, traducen
Examples: Versus Vocab:

• Pertenezco a un equipo de fútbol. - I belong to a soccer team. • Presentar vs Introducir:
• ¿Traduces unas frases en otros idiomas? - Do you translate o Presentar - To introduce
phrases into other languages? someone to somebody, to
• Ella obedece a sus padres. - She obeys her parents. present
• Agradecemos a todos nuestros clientes. - We thank all our o Introducir - To insert, to place
clients. inside
• Ellos producen tres mil cajas de galletas por día. - They • Parecer, Parecerse a, Aparecer
produce three thousand boxes of cookies per day. o Parecer - To seem
o Parecerse a - To look like,
resemble
o Aparecer - To appear
150

Add a Y
Verbs ending in UIR add a Y except in the nosotros conjugation.
Contribuir - To contribute
[Add a Y]
Contribuyo I contribute
Contribuyes you contribute
Contribuye he/she/usted contributes
Contribuimos we contribute
Contribuyen they/you all contribute
Verbs that add a Y

Concluir To conclude concluyo, concluyes, concluye, concluimos, concluyen
Constituir To constitute constituyo, constituyes, constituye, constituimos, constituyen
Construir To construct construyo, construyes, construye, construimos, construyen
Destruir To destroy destruyo, destruyes, destruye, destruimos, destruyen
Disminuir To diminish disminuyo, disminuyes, disminuye, disminuimos, disminuyen
Distribuir To distribute distribuyo, distribuyes, distribuye, distribuimos, distribuyen
Huir To run away huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huyen
Incluir To include incluyo, incluyes, incluye, incluimos, incluyen
Influir To influence influyo, influyes, influye, influimos, influyen
Instruir To instruct instruyo, instruyes, instruye, instruimos, instruyen
Obstruir To obstruct obstruyo, obstruyes, obstruye, obstruimos, obstruyen
Sustituir To substitute sustituyo, sustituyes, sustituye, sustituimos, sustituyen
*Oír To hear oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oyen
*Note the irregularities and accent mark.
Example:
• Instruyo a los niños. - I instruct the children.
• Distribuyes los exámenes a los estudiantes. - You distribute the tests to the students.
• El actor influye a mucha gente. - The actor influences many people.
• Concluimos que el hombre comete los crímenes. - We conclude that the man commits crimes.
• Sustituyen la marca cara. - They substitute the expensive brand.
151

Verbs Ending in GUIR
Verbs ending in GUIR must keep the hard G throughout their conjugations.
If these verbs were not changed, their endings would sound like ‘gwo’ or ‘gweh.’
Seguir - To follow
[GUIR]
Sigo ‘see-go’ I follow
Sigues ‘see-guess’ you follow
Sigue ‘see-geh’ he/she/usted follows
Seguimos ‘seg-ee-mos’ we follow
Siguen ‘see-gen’ they/you all follow
GUIR Verbs
Conseguir To obtain consigo, consigues, consigue, conseguimos, consiguen
Proseguir To proceed prosigo, prosigues, prosigue, proseguimos, prosiguen
Perseguir To pursue persigo, persigues, persigue, perseguimos, persiguen
Distinguir To distinguish distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos, distinguen
Extinguir To extinguish extingo, extingues, extingue, extinguimos, extinguen
Examples:
• Persigo mis sueños. - I pursue my dreams.
• ¿Distingues la diferencia entre las dos opciones? - Do you distinguish the difference between the two
options?
• ¿Qué tipo de seguro de vida consigue, señor? - What type of life insurance do you obtain, sir?
• Extinguimos el fuego con agua. - We extinguish the fire with water.
• Ustedes prosiguen con cuidado. - You all proceed with caution.
152

Verbs that Take on an Accent Mark
Some verbs ending in UAR and IAR take on an accent except in the nosotros conjugation.
Actuar - To act, perform

[Add an accent mark]
Actúo I act
Actúas you act
Actúa he/she/usted acts
Actuamos we act
Actúan they/you all act
Add an accent mark

UAR Verbs
Acentuar To accent, emphasize, stress acentúo, acentúas, acentúa, acentuamos, acentúan
Continuar To continue continúo, continúas, continúa, continuamos, continúan
Actuar To act, perform actúo, actúas, actúa, actuamos, actúan
Habituar To get used to habitúo, habitúas, habitúa, habituamos, habitúan
Situar To be placed, located sitúo, sitúas, sitúa, situamos, sitúan
Valuar To value valúo, valúas, valúa, valuamos, valúan
IAR Verbs
Ampliar To extend amplío, amplías, amplía, ampliamos, amplían
Confiar To trust confío, confías, confía, confiamos, confían
Criar To breed, raise crío, crías, cría, criamos, crían
Enviar To mail, send envío, envías, envía, enviamos, envían
Espiar To spy espío, espías, espía, espiamos, espían
Variar To change varío, varías, varía, variamos, varían
Examples:
• Continúo hasta el fin. - I continue until the end.
• Envías una carta a tu amigo. - You mail a letter to your friend.
• La madre cría su niño. - The mother raises her child.
• Habituamos dormir a las diez de la noche. - We get used to sleeping at 10 p.m.
• Confían en sus sueños. - You all believe in their dreams.
153

Yo Conjugation Irregularities
These verbs are only irregular in the yo conjugation and must be memorized.
Poner - To put
Pongo I put
Pones you put
Pone he/she/usted puts
Ponemos we put
Ponen they/you all put
Irregular Yo Conjugation
Atraer To attract atraigo, atraes, atrae, atraemos, atraen
Caber To fit, to fill quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, caben
Caer To fall caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caen
Dar To give doy, das, da, damos, dan
Hacer To do, to make hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
Posponer To postpone pospongo, pospone, pospone, posponemos, posponen
Saber To know information sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, saben
Salir To leave salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salen
Suponer To suppose supongo, supones, supone, suponemos, suponen
Traer To bring traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traen
Valer To be worth valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valen
Ver To see veo, ves, ve, vemos, ven
Examples:
• Atraigo los animales cuando tengo comida. - I attract animals when I have food.
• Quepo entre esta caja. - I fit inside this box.
• Sé que eres muy listo. - I know that you are very smart.
• Traigo un pastel a la fiesta. - I bring a cake to the party.
• Los fines de semana, salgo con mis amigos. - On the weekends, I go out with my friends.
Hint:
• The verb 'salir' must be used in conjunction with 'de' or 'con' to make sense
o Salimos de la clase. - We leave class.
o Salgo con mi novia. - I go out with my girlfriend.
154

Conjugate the irregular present tense verbs below.
O > UE E > I
1. I resolve. - __________________________ 1 9. They laugh. - __________________________
2. You find. - __________________________ 20. I tell. - __________________________
3. He hangs up. - __________________________ 21 . We say. - __________________________
4. It rains. - __________________________ 22 . You all serve. - __________________________
5. We fly. - __________________________ 23. He repeats. - __________________________
6. It smells good. - __________________________ 24. You compete. - __________________________
7. They show. - __________________________ G > J
8. We dream. - __________________________ 25. You (formal) protect. - _______________________
9. It bites. - __________________________ 26. I demand. - __________________________
1 0. It sounds. - __________________________ 27. We elect. - __________________________
E > IE 28. I pretend. - __________________________
1 1 . He heats. - __________________________ 29. She corrects. - __________________________
1 2 . I close. - __________________________ C > ZC
1 3. You turn on. - __________________________ 30. I offer. - __________________________
1 4. She thinks. - __________________________ 31 . We recognize. - __________________________
1 5. We prefer. - __________________________ 32 . It seems. - __________________________
1 6. They recommend. - __________________________ 33. I deserve. - __________________________
1 7. You all come. - __________________________ 34. I thank. - __________________________
1 8. You (formal) begin. - __________________________
155

Add a Y
35. We conclude. - __________________________
36. I hear. - __________________________
37. It includes. - __________________________
38. They distribute. - __________________________
39. He hears. - __________________________
Verbs Ending in GUIR
40. You pursue. - __________________________
41. He obtains. - __________________________
42. We proceed. - __________________________
43. I distinguish. - __________________________
44. They extinguish. - __________________________
Verbs that Take on an Accent Mark
45. They raise. - __________________________
46. She mails. - __________________________
47. I continue. - __________________________
48. We trust. - __________________________
49. You get used to. - __________________________
Yo Conjugation Irregularities
50. It fits. - __________________________
51. I fall. - __________________________
52. We suppose. - __________________________
53. He brings. - __________________________
54. I leave. - __________________________
55. It is worth. - __________________________
156

CHAPTER 24
Computer and Internet Business

El correo electrónico Email El billete Banknote
El inicio Home page El centavo Cent
El ratón Mouse El cheque Check
El sitio web Website El contrato Contract
El teclado Keyboard El dólar Dollar
Haz clic en... Click on... El efectivo Cash
La computadora Computer El fondo Fund
La contraseña Password El impuesto Tax
La internet inalámbrico Wireless Internet El ingreso Income
La página web Webpage El interés Interest
La pantalla Screen El negocio Business
Punto com Dot com (.com) El oro Gold
El pago Payment
El porcentaje Percentage
Adjectives El precio Price
(Des)Conocido/a (Not) Well-known El préstamo Loan
Entero/a Whole, entire El saldo Balance
Fiel Loyal La cadena Chain
Fijo/a Fixed, stable, permanent La cuenta Account
Moderno/a Modern La empresa Company
Parecido/a Similar, alike La factura Invoice
Posible Possible La marca Brand name
Privado/a Private La moneda Coin
Propio/a Own La oferta Offer
Realista Realistic La plata Silver
Reciente Recent La tarjeta de Credit card
Seguro/a Safe, sure, certain crédito
La venta Sale
157

Dar & Decir
Decir - To tell
• Decir is an irregular E > I verb
• Also, the yo form is completely irregular.
Decir - To tell
[Irregular Yo Conjugation, E > IE]
Digo I tell, say
Dices you tell, say
Dice he/she/usted tells, says
Decimos we tell, say
Dicen they/you all tell, say
Examples:
• Digo la verdad. - I tell the truth.
• Decimos que es importante hacer ejercicio. - We say that it's important to exercise.
• Ellos dicen que soy amable. - They say that I'm friendly.
Dar - To give
• The yo form of 'dar' is irregular.
• The rest of the conjuagations are regular.
Dar - To give
Doy I give
Das you give
Da he/she/usted gives
Damos we give
Dan they/you all give
Examples:
• Doy el poema a mi novia. - I give the poem to my girlfriend.
• La maesta da tarea a los estudiantes. - The teacher gives homework to the students.
• Das unos vasos de limonada a tus hijos. - You give glasses of lemonade to your children.
158

Direct Object Pronouns
• Direct object pronouns signify what or Direct Object What? Who?

who directly receives the action of a verb. Pronoun
• They serve to simplify sentences. Me - Me
• They allow you the ability to say "I give it Te You
to you" instead of "I give you the box." Lo It/Him/Usted
• To use direct object pronouns: La It/Her/Usted
1. First, choose a verb to signify who does the action. Nos Us
2. Then put a direct object pronoun in front of the verb Los Them/You all
to signify what or who is the subject of the sentence. Las Them/You all
Examples: [Full Sentence]

• Lo necesitan. - They need it. [Ellos necesitan el préstamo. - They need the loan.]
• Las encuentras. - You find them. [Tú encuentras las facturas. - You find the invoices.]
• La usamos. - We use it. [Usamos la tarjeta de crédito. - We use the credit card.]
• Nos sorprenden. - They surprise us. [Ellos sorprenden a nosotros. - They surprise us.]
• Lo compra. > She buys it. [Ella compra el collar. - She buys the necklace.]
• Las como. - I eat them. [Yo como las uvas. - I eat the grapes.]
• Los venden. - They sell them. [Ellos venden los productos. - They sell the products.]
• Me conoces. - You know me. [Tú me conoces a mí. - You know me.]
• Te quiero. - I love you. [Yo te quiero a tí. - I love you.]
• La quiere. - He loves her. [Él la quiere a ella. - He loves her.]
If the sentence is negative, place 'no' before the direct object pronoun. [Direct Object]
• No las encuentras. - They don't find them. [Las facturas]
• No te quiero. - I don't love you. [Tú]
• No lo compra. - She doesn't buy it. [El collar]
• No nos sorprenden. - They don't suprise us. [Nosotros]
If using two verbs in the sentence (conjugated verb + infinitive verb), you may either:
1. Attach the direct object pronoun to the infinitive verb.
• Necesito pagarla. - I need to pay it.
2. Put the direct object pronoun before the first verb.
• La necesito pagar. - I need to pay it.
Examples: [Direct Object]
• No debes plantarlas. / No las debes plantar - You shouldn't plant them. [Las plantas]
• Va a llamarte. / Te va a llamar. - He is going to call you. [Tú]
• Puede imprimirlo. / Lo puede imprimir. - She can print it. [El reporte]
• Deciden compartirlos. / Los deciden compartir. - They decide to share them. [Los chocolates]
• No quieren ayudarnos. / No nos quieren ayudar. - You all don't want to help us. [Nosotros]
• Debe enseñarme. / Me debe enseñar. - You (formal) should teach me. [Yo]
Hints:
• The direct object is bolded and the notes in brackets clarify the direct object of the sentence.
• If you wish to clarify who does the action in the sentence,, place a subject pronoun or proper noun before
the direct object pronoun.
o Ellos lo necesitan. - They need it.
o Mis amigos lo necesitan. - My friends need it.
159

Indirect Object Pronouns
• Indirect object pronouns signify who is Indirect Object To who? For who?
receiving the action indirectly. Pronoun
• They serve to simplify sentences. Me To me
• They allow you the ability to say "I give you Te - To you
the box" instead of "I give the box to you." Le To him/her/usted
• To use indirect object pronouns, Nos To us
1. First, choose the appropriate verb Les To them/you all
conjugation to signify who does the action.
2. Then place an indirect object pronoun in front
of the verb to signify to/for who the action is being done.
Examples:
• (Yo) te doy la caja. - I give you the box.
• (Ellos) me preparan una oferta. - They prepare me a offer.
• (Tú) me prestas un dólar. - You lend me a dollar.
• (Ellos) nos dicen el precio. - They tell us the price.
• (Ella) te da un cheque. - She gives you a check.
• (Él) les ofrece un contrato. - He offers them a contract.
• (Nosotros) te hacemos una factura. - We make you an invoice.
• Hector me dice que no tiene tiempo. - Hector tells me he doesn't have time.
• (Yo) le doy un regalo. - I give him a gift.
• Si, (yo) te digo la verdad. - Yes, I'm telling you the truth.
If the sentence is negative, place 'no' before the indirect object pronoun.
• No te doy la caja. - I don't give you the box.
• No me preparan una oferta. - They don't prepare me an offer.
• No me prestas un dólar. - You don't lend me a dollar.
If using two verbs in the sentence (conjugated verb + infinitive verb), you may either:
1. Attach the indirect object pronoun to the infinitive verb.
• Quiero preguntarle algo. - I want to ask him something.
2. Put the indirect object pronoun before the first verb.
• Le quiero preguntar algo. - I want to ask him something.
Examples:
• Va a enseñarles una lección. / Les va a enseñar una lección. - She is going to teach them a lesson.
• ¿Puedes vendernos un carro? / ¿Nos puedes vender un carro? - ¿Can you sell us a car?
• No puedes vendernos un carro. / No nos puedes vender un carro. - You can't sell us a car.
• Necesitamos leerte un cuento. / Te necesitamos leer un cuento. - We need to read you a story.
• Deben explicarme las reglas. / Me deben explicar las reglas. - They should explain the rules to me.
• No quiero preguntarle nada. / No le quiero preguntar nada. - I don't want to ask him anything.
Hints:
• The indirect object pronouns are underlined.
• Whereas the action statement is linked in English, it is separate in Spanish.
• The subject pronoun is not necessary if the subject is already implied.
• The direct object is the last word in each of the examples above.
160

Using Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns Together
• Using both direct and Indirect To who? For who? Direct What? Who?
indirect object pronouns Object Object
allow you to signify who is Pronoun Pronoun -
doing the action and who or Me - To me Me Me
what receives the action Te To you Te You
Le (Se) To him/her/usted Lo It/Him/Usted
without using proper nouns.
Nos To us La It/Her/Usted
• They allow you the ability to
Les (Se) To them/you all Nos Us
say "I give it to you" instead
Los Them/You all
of "I give the box to you." Las Them/You all
• In order to use both direct and indirect object pronouns:
1. The indirect object pronoun always comes first. It signifies to/for who the action is done.
2. Then place a direct object pronoun to signify what or who is the subject of the sentence.
3. Lastly, place the appropriate verb conjugation to signify who does the action.
When complete, you will have sentences like these:

• Te la digo. - I tell it to you. [La verdad]
• Nos lo dicen. - They tell it to us. [El precio]
• Te las hacemos. - We make them for you. [Las facturas]
• Te los damos. - We give them to you. [Los cheques]
• Me lo da. - She gives it to me. [El cheque] Double L Rule:
Le lo > Se lo
When using both an indirect and a direct pronoun, if both begin with the letter Le la > Se la
L, change the indirect object pronoun to 'se' and leave the direct object as is. Le los > Se los
For example:
Le las > Se las
• Se la digo. - I tell it to them. [La verdad]
Les lo > Se lo
• Se lo ofrece. - He offers it to them. [El contrato]
Les la > Se la
• Se los doy. - I give them to you. (formal) [Los regalo]
Les los > Se los
• Se lo dicen. - They tell it to her. [El precio]
Les las > Se las
• Se lo quiero preguntar. - I want to ask it to him. [Algo]
Place a negative word before the indirect pronoun in a sentence with 2 object pronouns.
• Nunca se lo doy. - I never give it to them.
• No te la digo. - I never tell it to you.
• Jamás nos la dicen. - They never tell it to us.
If you have two verbs and two object pronouns, you may either:
1. Attach both pronouns to the second verb and add an accent mark on the final syllable of
the infinitive verb.
• Necesito decírsela. - I need to tell it to him. [La verdad]
2. Write it out whole, without a written accent mark.
• Se la necesito decir. - I need to tell it to him. [La verdad]
Examples:
• Deben explicármelas. / Me las deben explicar. - They should explain them to me.
• Quiero preguntárselo. / Se lo quiero preguntar. - I want to ask it to him.
• Va a enseñárselo. / Se lo va a enseñar. - She is going to teach it to them.
• ¿No puedes vendérnoslo? / ¿No nos lo puedes vender? - You can't you sell it to us?
• Necesitamos leértelo. / Te lo necesitamos leer. - We need to read it to you.
• No necesitamos leértelo. - We don't need to read it to you.
161

Translate the sentences below. Notes in parenthesis serve to clarify the direct object.
1 Verb + 1 Direct Object Pronoun:
1. They don't tell me. - _____________________________________________________________
2. You count it (cash). - _____________________________________________________________
3. He calls you. - _____________________________________________________________
4. She doesn't need it (money). - _____________________________________________________________
5. He values it (brand). - _____________________________________________________________
6. You [formal] don't know us. - _____________________________________________________________
7. They destroy them (contracts). - _____________________________________________________________
8. The bank offers them (credit cards). - ____________________________________________________________
2 Verbs + 1 Direct object pronoun:
9. I just finished listening to it (music). - __________________________________ / ________________________________
10. He stops looking at her. - ____________________________________ / __________________________________
11. He wants to reduce it (interest). - ____________________________________ / __________________________________
12. They shouldn't interrupt you all. - ____________________________________ / __________________________________
13. We need to establish them (prices). - __________________________________ / ________________________________
14. She wants to kiss him. - ________________________________________ / _______________________________________
15. We have to insert them (coins). - ____________________________________ / __________________________________
16. They can't help us. - ________________________________________ / ________________________________________
1 Verb + 1 Indirect Object Pronoun:
17. The bank doesn't offer you a loan. - ____________________________________________________________
18. She tells me the balance. - ____________________________________________________________
19. They gift her a check. - ____________________________________________________________
20. He doesn't loan us the cash. - ____________________________________________________________
21. I ask them for the account number. - ____________________________________________________________
162

22. You [formal] don't write them an e-mail. - ____________________________________________________________
23. I send him the payment. - ____________________________________________________________
24. We send you all the funds. - ____________________________________________________________
25. You give me a percentage. - ____________________________________________________________
2 Verbs + 1 Indirect Object Pronoun:
26. I want to offer you a loan.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
27. We need ask her some questions.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
28. You don't have to give me an invoice.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
29. They should tell us the price.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
30. He can't write them a check.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
31. I should pay him the taxes.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
1 Verb + 1 Direct Object Pronoun + 1 Indirect Object Pronoun:
32. We tell it to her. (objective) - ______________________________________________________________
33. He offers it to me. (job) - ______________________________________________________________
34. I obtain it for you all. (income) - ______________________________________________________________
35. They send it to you. (letter) - ______________________________________________________________
36. You give it to him. (message) - ______________________________________________________________
37. He tells them to them. (prices) - ______________________________________________________________
38. She asks them to them. (questions) - ______________________________________________________________
39. They correct them for us. (errors) - ______________________________________________________________
40. We serve it to you all. (food) - ______________________________________________________________

163

41. I show it to him. (company) - ______________________________________________________________
2 Verbs + 1 Direct Object Pronoun + 1 Indirect Object Pronoun:
42. They want to give it to her. (computer)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
43. We decide to produce them for you all. (products)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
44. She should charge it to them. (interest)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
45. We can explain them to him. (offers)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
46. I am going to send them to you (e-mails)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
47. You should tell it to us (password)
____________________________________________________ / _______________________________________________
164

CHAPTER 25
Sickness and Injury Body Parts

El antibiótico Antibiotic El brazo Arm
El daño Damage El cerebro Brain
El dolor Pain El corazón Heart
El peligro Danger El cuello Neck
El riesgo Risk El cuerpo Body
Herido Injured El dedo (de pie) Finger (toe)
La emergencia Emergency El estómago Stomach
La farmacia Pharmacy El hombro Shoulder
La sala de espera Waiting room El hueso Bone
Tomar la medicina To take medicine El ojo Eye
Tomar las pastillas To take pills El pecho Chest
Tener dolor de ____. To have pain of ____. El pelo Hair
Tener calor To be hot El pie Foot
Tener fiebre To have a fever El piel Skin
Tener resfriado To have a cold La boca Mouth
Tener gripa/gripe To have the flu La cabeza Head
Tener sueño To be sleepy La cara Face
Tener tos To have a cough La espalda Back
Estar enfermo/a To be sick La garganta Throat
¿Que te duele? What hurts you? La huella Footprint
No me duele nada. Nothing hurts me. La lengua Tongue
La libra Pound
La mano Hand
La mente Mind
La nariz Nose
La oreja Ear
La parte Part
La pierna Leg
La rodilla Knee
La sangre Blood
La uña Fingernail
La voz Voice
Las huellas digitales Fingerprints
Las lágrimas Tears
Los dientes Teeth
Los labios Lips

165

Gustar
Gustar is a way to describe things you like. The verb ‘gustar’ can be confusing as it is
'backwards' compared to English. It literally means ‘to be pleasing.’ Because the noun receives
the action, gustar always agrees in number to the noun.
• To indicate liking 1 object, use 'Gusta' with the appropriate direct object pronoun.
• To indicate liking 2+ objects, use 'Gustan' with the appropriate direct object pronoun.
'A mí, a ti, a él, etc.' provide emphasis for the sentence's subject. If the subject is already
implied, it is not necessary to use one of these.
To indicate liking 1 object:

(A mí) me gusta I like
(A ti) te gusta you like
(A él, ella, usted) le gusta he/she/usted likes + 1 object/activity
(A nosotros) nos gusta we like
(A ellos, ustedes) les gusta they/you all like
To indicate liking 2 or more objects:

(A mí) me gustan I like
(A ti) te gustan you like
(A él, ella, usted) le gustan he/she/usted likes + 2 or more
(A nosotros) nos gustan we like objects
(A ellos, ustedes) les gustan they/you all like
Examples:
• (A mí) me gusta este chocolate. - I like this chocolate. [This chocolate pleases me.]
• (A ellos) les gusta ver las películas. - They like to watch movies. [Watching movies please them.]
• (A ti) te gustan esas cerezas. - You like those cherries. [Those cherries please you.]
• (A ella) le gusta este mercado. - She likes this market. [This market pleases her.]
• (A mí) me gusta contar los chistes. - I like to tell jokes. [Telling jokes pleases me.]
• ¿(A usted) le gusta el salmón, señor? - Do you like the salmon, sir? [The salmon pleases you?]
• (A nosotros) nos gustan las costillas. - We like ribs. [Ribs please us.]
• (A ellos) les gusta tu limonada. - They like your lemonade. [Your lemonade pleases them.]
• ¿(A ustedes) les gustan los camarones? - Do you all like shrimp? [Shrimp pleases you all?]
• ¿(A ti) te gusta ir al centro comercial? - Do you like to go to the mall? [Going to the mall pleases you?]
• (A nosotros) nos gustan las playas. - We like beaches. [Beaches pleases us.]
Hints:
• It helps to read the sentences backwards.
• The verb 'gustar' modifies the object or activity, not the person who likes that object or activitiy.
166

Verbs Similar to Gustar
These verbs are similar to gustar. They are ‘backwards,' with the noun receiving the action. The
verb agrees in number to the noun. Use the tables below to conjugate them.
For 'backwards' AR verbs

(A mí) me
(A ti) te End verb in A for 1 object/activity
(A él, ella, usted) le -OR-
(A nosotros) nos End verb in AN for 2 or more objects
(A ellos, ellas ustedes) les
For 'backwards' ER/IR verbs

(A mí) me
(A ti) te End verb in E for 1 object/activity
(A él, ella, usted) le -OR-
(A nosotros) nos End verb in EN for 2 or more objects
(A ellos, ellas ustedes) les
Examples:
• Encantar - To love something
o Te encantan las papas fritas. - You love french fries.
• Molestar - To bother
o Les molesta lavar la ropa. - Washing clothes bothers them.
• Importar - To matter
o No me importa el precio. - The price doesn't matter to me.
• Fascinar - To be fascinating to
o A Fernando le fascinan los deportes. - Fernando is fasinated by sports.
• Disgustar - To hate
o Nos dusgusta comer el coliflor. - We hate to eat cauliflower.
• Picar - To itch, to bite, to sting
o Les pican los mosquitos. - Mosquitos bite you all.
• Interesar - To be interesting
o Me interesa la geografía. - Geography interests me.
• Parecer - To seem/to appear
o Le parecen difíciles las clases. - Classes seem difficult to her.
• Hacer falta/Faltar- To lack
o Me hace falta un zapato. / Me falta un zapato. - I'm missing a shoe.
• Caer mal - Dislike, suit badly
o Nos cae mal el pescado. - We dislike fish.
• Caer bien - To like, suit well
o No me cae bien los duraznos. - I don't like peaches.
• Volver loco [O > UE] - To be crazy about (Volver > Vuelve/Vuelven)
o Te vuelven loco las chicas bonitas. - You are crazy about pretty girls.
• Doler [O > UE] - To be in pain of (Doler > Duele/Duelen)
o Me duele la mano. - My hand hurts.
o A Carmen le duelen los pies. - Carmen's feet hurt.
Hint:
• You may use a name in place of ‘a él, a ella, a ellos, ellos,’ such as ‘A Laura.'
• When talking about body parts or articles of clothing, do not use possessive adjectives 'mi, su, etc.'
Instead, use a definite article 'el, la, los, las.'
167

1. La oreja 7. El corazón
a. Eye a. Stomach
b. Nose b. Shoulder
c. Brain c. Heart
d. Ear d. Lips
2. La boca 8. El piel
a. Mouth a. Skin
b. Blood b. Eye
c. Chest c. Knee
d. Bone d. Foot
3. El cuerpo 9. El cerebro
a. Neck a. Head
b. Head b. Brain
c. Body c. Neck
d. Back d. Chest
4. La nariz 1 0. La libra
a. Throat a. Lip
b. Fingernail b. Tongue
c. Nose c. Pound
d. Footprint d. Tear
5. El hueso 1 1 . La mente
a. Bone a. Mint
b. Finger b. Mind
c. Toe c. Head
d. Leg d. Brain
6. La uña 1 2 . Las lágrimas

a. Heart a. Fingerprints
b. Arm b. Footprints
c. Neck c. Tears
d. Fingernail d. Lips
Gustar
13. You like to swim. - ______________________________________________________________
14. He likes vegetables. - ______________________________________________________________
15. They like art class. - ______________________________________________________________
16. We like videogames. - ______________________________________________________________
168

17. You all like to dance. - ______________________________________________________________
18. I like that dress. - ______________________________________________________________
19. You (formal) like hamburgers. - ______________________________________________________________
20. She likes museums. - ______________________________________________________________
21. I like to play guitar. - ______________________________________________________________
22. He likes his job. - ______________________________________________________________
Verbs Similar to Gustar

23. We love your house. - ______________________________________________________________
24. Mean people bother me. - ______________________________________________________________
25. Nothing matters to her. - ______________________________________________________________
26. She hates to cook. - ______________________________________________________________
27. My back itches. - ______________________________________________________________
28. Books interest him. - ______________________________________________________________
29. ¿Are you missing your keys? - ______________________________________________________________
30. He dislikes onions. - ______________________________________________________________
31. You all like Carmen. - ______________________________________________________________
32. She drives me crazy. - ______________________________________________________________
Doler
33. Her knees hurt. - ______________________________________________________________
34. My head hurts. - ______________________________________________________________
35. Your neck hurts. - ______________________________________________________________
36. His arms hurt. - ______________________________________________________________
Tener
37. She has a fever. - ______________________________________________________________
38. You all have the flu. - ______________________________________________________________
39. He is sick. - ______________________________________________________________
40. I have pain from my stomach. - ____________________________________________________________

169

CHAPTER 26
Adjectives Toiletries
Cómico/a Funny El baño Bathroom
Cómodo/a Comfortable El champú Shampoo
Completo/a Complete El espejo Mirror
Complicado/a Complicated El jabón (líquido) (Liquid) Soap
Correcto/a Correct El lavamanos/El lavabo Bathroom sink
Despacio/a Slow El maquillaje Makeup
Extra Extra El pañuelo Tissue
Extranjero/a Foreign La crema Lotion
Falso/a False La ducha, La regadera Shower
Fascinante Fascinating La pasta de dientes Toothpaste
Horrible Horrible La tina Bathtub
Incómodo/a Uncomfortable La toalla Towel
Incorrecto/a Incorrect Papel de baño Toilet paper
Perfecto/a Perfect ¿Cómo te sientes? How do you feel?
Me lastimé ____. I hurt my ______.
Versus Vocab:
• Sopa vs Jabón:
o La sopa - Soup
o El jabón - Soap
170

Reflexive Verbs
• A reflexive verb describes actions a person does to themselves such as 'brush one's hair.'
• To conjugate a reflexive verb:
o Move 'se' to the front of the verb and change it to the correct reflexive pronoun.
o Then select the correct conjugation of the verb you wish to express.
• Any notes in brackets on the next page describe a corresponding type of irregular verb.
Bañar(se) - To bathe (oneself)

me baño I bathe myself
te bañas you bathe yourself
se + baña = he/she/you(formal) bathes himself/herself/yourself
nos bañamos we bathe ourselves
se bañan they bathe themselves/you all bathe yourselves
Ways to use reflexive verbs:

• Conjugate regularly
o Charlie se peina el pelo. - Charlie brushes his hair.
o Te bañas por la mañana. - You bathe yourself in the morning.
o Angel se sonríe siempre. - Angel always smiles.
o Mi esposa y yo nos enamoramos de nuevo. - My wife and I fall in love again.
o ¿Me equivoco? - Am I wrong?
o Se sienten enfermos. - They feel sick.
o Nos sentamos en la mesa. - We sit ourselves at the table.
o Yasmin se lava con jabón. - Yasmin washes herself with soap.
• Pronoun + Conjugated verb + infinitive reflexive verb / Conjugated verb + infinitive
reflexive verb + attached pronoun
o Me acabo de despertar. / Acabo de despertarme. - I just woke up.
o Te vas a divertir. / Vas a divertirte. - You are going to have fun.
o Se quiere dormir. / Quiere dormirse. - He wants to fall asleep.
• Preposition + infinitive verb + attached pronoun
o Después de levantarte... - After waking up... (yourself)
o Antes de graduarnos... - Before graduating... (ourselves)
Reciprocity: Verbs that are often Reciprocal

• To describe reciprocal actions people do to each Abrazarse To hug
other, use the nosotros, ellos, or ustedes form. Ayudarse To help
o Se divorciaron.
Besarse To kiss
§ They divorced each other.
Casarse To marry
o Nos abrazamos.
Conocerse To meet
§ We hugged each other.
Despedirse To say goodbye
Divorciarse To divorce
Remember:
Hablar To talk
• When talking about body parts or articles of
Mirarse To watch, to look at
clothing, do not use 'mi, tu, etc.' Instead, use a
definite article 'el, la, los, las.' Pelearse To fight
o I wash my hands. = Me lavo las manos. Me lavo Querer To want, to love
mis manos. Reunirse To meet, reunite
Ver To see
171

Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs
Acostumbrar(se) a To get used to me acostumbro, te acostumbras, se acostumbra, nos acostumbramos, se
acostumbran
Afeitar(se) To shave me afeito, te afeitas, se afeita, nos afeitamos, se afeitan
Bañar(se) To bathe (oneself) me baño, te bañas, se baña, nos bañamos, se bañan
Callar(se) To quiet (oneself) me callo, te callas, se calla, nos callamos, se callan
Casar(se) con To marry me caso, te casas, se casa, nos casamos, se casan
Cepillar(se) To brush (oneself) me cepillo, te cepillas, se cepilla, nos cepillamos, se cepillan
Cuidar(se) To take care (of oneself) me cuido, te cuidas, se cuida, nos cuidamos, se cuidan
Dar(se) cuenta To realize me doy cuenta, te das cuenta, se da cuenta, nos damos cuenta, se dan
cuenta
Disculpar(se) To pardon oneself me disculpo, te disculpas, se disculpa, nos disculpamos, se disculpan
Duchar(se) To take a shower me ducho, te duchas, se ducha, nos duchamos, se duchan
Enamorar(se) To fall in love me enamoro, te enamoras, se enamora, nos enamoramos, se enamoran
Enfermar(se) To get sick me enfermo, te enfermas, se enferma, nos enfermamos, se enferman
Equivocar(se) To be wrong me equivoco, te equivocas, se equivoca, nos equivocamos, se equivocan
Graduar(se) To adjust, graduate, test me gradúo, te gradúas, se gradúa, nos graduamos, se gradúan
Lavar(se) To wash me lavo, te lavas, se lava, nos lavamos, se lavan
Levantar(se) To stand up, to get up me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos, se levantan
Mudar(se) To move (residence) me mudo, te mudas, se muda, nos mudamos, se mudan
Peinar(se) To comb one's hair me peino, te peinas, se peina, nos peinamos, se peinan
Poner(se) To put on me pongo, te pones, se pone, nos ponemos, se ponen
Preocupar(se) con To worry me preocupo, te preocupas, se preocupa, nos preocupamos, se preocupan
oneself about
Quedar(se) To stay me quedo, te quedas, se queda, nos quedamos, se quedan
Quitar(se) To take off (clothing) me quito, te quitas, se quita, nos quitamos, se quitan
Reír(se) [de] To laugh [at] me río, te ríes, se ríe, nos reímos, se ríen
Secar(se) To dry me seco, te secas, se seca, nos secamos, se secan
Sonreír(se) To smile me sonrío, te sonríes, se sonríe, nos sonreímos, se sonríen
Convertir(se) en To turn into me convierto, te conviertes, se convierte, nos convertimos, se convierten
[E>IE]
Despertar(se) [E>IE] To wake up me despierto, te despiertas, se despierta, nos despertamos, se despiertan
*Sentar(se) [E>IE] To sit me siento, te sientas, se sienta, nos sentamos, se sientan
*Sentir(se) [E>IE] To feel me siento, te sientes, se siente, nos sentimos, se sienten
Divertir(se) [E>IE] To have fun me divierto, te diviertes, se divierte, nos divertimos, se divierten
Acordar(se) [O>UE] To agree me acuerdo, te acuerdas, se acuerda, nos acordamos, se acuerden
Dormir(se) [O>UE] To fall asleep me duermo, te duermes, se duerme, nos dormimos, se duermen
Acostar(se) [O>UE] To go to bed, lie down me acuesto, te acuestas, se acuesta, nos acostamos, se acuestan
Volver(se) [O>UE] To become me vuelvo, te vuelves, se vuelve, nos volvamos, se vuelven
Despedir(se) [E>I] To leave, say goodbye me despido, te despides, se despide, nos despedimos, se despiden
Devestir(se) [E>I] To undress me devisto, te desvistes, se desviste, nos desvestimos, se desvisten
Vestir(se) [E>I] To dress me visto, te vistes, se viste, nos vestimos, se visten
Hacer(se) [Yo Irreg] To become, pretend me hago, te haces, se hace, nos hacemos, se hacen
Poner(se) [Yo Irreg] To move, put on, turn me pongo, te pones, se pone, nos ponemos, se ponen
*Sentarse and sentirse have the same yo form. Context will dictate which applies.
172

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
Toiletries
1. ¿Qué se usa para secarse el cuerpo? - _________________________
2. ¿Qué se pone una mujer en la cara? - _________________________
3. ¿Qué se usa para lavarse el pelo? - _________________________
4. ¿Qué se usa para cepillarse los dientes? - _________________________
5. ¿En qué se baña la gente? - _________________________
6. ¿Qué se pone para tener piel más suave? - _________________________
Reflexive Verbs
7. How do you feel? I hurt my foot but I feel fine. - ________________________________________________________
8. They get sick during their vacation. - ______________________________________________________________
9. He shaves his face. - ______________________________________________________________
10. She showers in the morning. - ______________________________________________________________
11. Mario and Catalina get married in Costa Rica. - __________________________________________________________
12. You excuse yourself. - ______________________________________________________________
13. They are wrong. - ______________________________________________________________
14. Cristiano graduates. - ______________________________________________________________
15. I get up from my chair. - ______________________________________________________________
16. She brushes her hair in the bathroom. - ______________________________________________________________
17. He realizes there is no soap to wash his hands. - ________________________________________________________
18. You all laugh at everything. - ______________________________________________________________
19. You (formal) smile because you are happy. - ______________________________________________________________
20. We wake up at 7 a.m. - ______________________________________________________________
21. She doesn't feel good. - ______________________________________________________________
22. You fall asleep at 10 p.m. - ______________________________________________________________
173

Reflexive Verbs
23. I want to stay with you.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
24. They should move to another house.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
25. He needs to brush his teeth.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
26. She is going to bathe herself.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
27. We stop worrying.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
Reflexive Verbs with Prepositions

28. I get dressed after showering myself. - ______________________________________________________________
29. We get undressed before falling asleep. - ______________________________________________________________
30. They leave instead of staying. - ______________________________________________________________
31. She wants to fall in love before she gets married.
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
Reciprocity
32. We talk to each other. - ______________________________________________________________
33. They meet one another. - ______________________________________________________________
34. We help each other. - ______________________________________________________________
35. They kiss each other. - ______________________________________________________________
36. We love each other. - ______________________________________________________________
37. They marry each other. - ______________________________________________________________
174

CHAPTER 27
Animals
El animal Animal
El burro Donkey
El caballo Horse
El cerdo Pig
El conejo Rabbit
El delfín Dolphin
El elefante Elephant
El gallo Rooster
El gato Cat
El león Lion
El lobo Wolf
El mono Monkey
El mosquito Mosquito
El oso Bear
El pájaro Bird
El perro Dog
El pez Fish
El pollo Chicken
El tiburón Shark
El tigre Tiger
El toro Bull
El zorro Fox
La abeja Bee
La araña Spider
La ave Bird, Fowl
La ballena Whale
La cabra Goat
La cebra Zebra
La hormiga Ant
La langosta Lobster
La mariposa Butterfly
La mascota Pet
La mosca Fly
La oveja Sheep
La serpiente Snake
La tortuga Turtle
La vaca Cow
175

Gerunds & The Present Progressive Tense
Gerunds describes actions like 'running' or 'sleeping.' In English, they typically end in ING. In
Spanish, they typically end in ANDO or IENDO.
To Create Gerunds:
• AR Verbs: drop the last two letters and add ANDO.
o Caminar > Caminando (To walk > Walking)
o Hablar > Hablando (To talk > Talking)
o Manejar > Manejando (To drive > Driving)
• ER Verbs: drop the last two letters and add IENDO.
o Correr > Corriendo (To run > Running)
o Cometer > Cometiendo (To commit > Committing)
o Sorprender > Sorprendiendo (To surprise > Surprising)
• IR Verbs: drop the last two letters and add IENDO.
o Vivir > Viviendo (To live > Living)
o Imprimir > Imprimiendo (To print > Printing)
o Escribir > Escribiendo (To write > Writing)
Present Progressive Tense:

• Use the present progressive formula ‘estar + present particple' to tell what someone ‘is doing.’
o Estar caminando (To be walking)
§ Estoy caminando - I am walking.
o Estar corriendo (To be running)
§ Estamos corriendo. - We are running.
o Estar viviendo (To be living)
§ Estás viviendo. - You are living.
Examples:
• Estamos sorprendiendo un amigo para su cumpleaños. - We are surprising a friend for his birthday.
• ¿Profesor, está escribiendo el exámen? - Professor, are you writing the test?
• Marcos está imprimiendo cincuenta copias del reporte. - Marcos is printing fifty copies of the report.
• Estás cometiendo un error. - You are committing an error/making a mistake.
• Están visitando su abuela. - They are visiting their grandmother.
• Sandra está manejando su coche. - Sandra is driving her car.
• Estoy quitando una mancha. - I am removing a stain.
Using Gerunds with pronouns:

• Place pronoun(s) before conjugated verb / Pronoun(s) attached to gerund, accent mark on
the next-to-last syllable of the verb.
o Los estoy consiguiendo. / Estoy consiguiéndolos. - I am getting them
o Lo está leyendo. / Está leyéndolo. - He is reading it.
o Se la estamos sirviendo. / Estamos sirviéndosela. - We are serving it to them.
o Me lo estoy peinándo. / Estoy peinándomelo. - I am brushing it. [Reflexive verb]
Hints:
• Just like in English, not all verbs can change into a gerund. If a verb in English doesn't end in ING,
most likely it won't change in Spanish either.
• Don't use a gerund as a noun. Instead, use an infinitive verb.
o Visitar a mi familia es divertido. - Visiting my family is fun.
o Tomar el alcohol es malo para la salud. - Drinking alcohol is bad for your health.
176

Gerund Exceptions
For ER or IR verbs ending in two vowels, drop the last two letters and add YENDO.
Irregular YENDO Gerunds

Atraer > Atrayendo To attract > attracting
Caer > Cayendo To fall > falling
Construir > Construyendo To construct > constructing
Contribuir > Contribuyendo To contribute > contributing
Creer > Creyendo To believe > believing
Destruir > Destruyendo To destroy > destroying
Huir > Huyendo To flee, run away > fleeing, running away
Incluir > Incluyendo To include > including
Influir > Influyendo To influence > influencing
Ir > Yendo To go > going
Leer > Leyendo To read > reading
Oír > Oyendo To hear > hearing
Poseer > Poseyendo To possess > possessing
Sustituir > Sustituyendo To substitute > substituting
Traer > Trayendo To bring > bringing
These gerunds keep their irregular present tense conjugations.
E > I Gerunds
Decir > Diciendo To tell > Telling
Pedir > Pidiendo To ask for, request > Asking for, Requesting
Servir > Sirviendo To serve > Serving
Seguir > Siguiendo To follow > Following
Preferir > Prefiriendo To prefer > Preferring
Venir > Viniendo To come > Coming
Convertir > Convirtiendo To convert > Converting
Hervir > Hirviendo To boil > Boiling
Competir > Compitiendo To compete > Competing
Repetir > Repitiendo To repeat > Repeating
Elegir > Eligiendo To elect > Electing
Mentir > Mintiendo To lie > Lying
Reír > Riendo To laugh > Laughing
Conseguir > Consiguiendo To get, to obtain > Getting, Obtaining
Sentir > Sintiendo To feel > Feeling
Referir > Refiriendo To refer > Referring
Sugerir > Sugiriendo To suggest > Suggesting
O > U Gerunds
Morir > Muriendo To die > dying
Dormir > Durmiendo To sleep > sleeping
Poder > Pudiendo To be able > being able
177

1. El burro 6. Fox
a. Fox a. El toro
b. Horse b. El burro
c. Donkey c. El gallo
d. Sheep d. El zorro
2. La mascota 7. Bird
a. Butterfly a. La ave
b. Fly b. El gato
c. Mosquito c. El pájaro
d. Pet d. Both A & C
3. La cabra 8. Horse
a. Cow a. La vaca
b. Goat b. El cabello
c. Zebra c. El caballo
d. Rooster d. La cebra
4. El conejo 9. Monkey
a. Wolf a. El mono
b. Bear b. La mano
c. Bird c. La hormiga
d. Rabbit d. La mariposa
5. La abeja 1 0. Lion
a. Shark a. La serpiente
b. Bee b. El león
c. Sheep c. El tiburón
d. Whale d. El leon
Gerunds
11. Promoting - __________________________________
12. Competing - __________________________________
13. Pretending - __________________________________
14. Protecting - __________________________________
15. Offering - __________________________________
16. Pursuing - __________________________________
17. Bringing - __________________________________
178

18. Falling - __________________________________
19. Telling - __________________________________
20. Reading - __________________________________
21. Mixing - __________________________________
Present Progressive Tense

22. We are preparing. - ____________________________________________________________________
23. My son is growing. - ____________________________________________________________________
24. I'm thinking. - ____________________________________________________________________
25. My friend and I are chatting. - ____________________________________________________________________
26. The dog is barking. - ____________________________________________________________________
27. The animals are living. - ____________________________________________________________________
28. You're all just dreaming. - ____________________________________________________________________
29. The birds are flying. - ____________________________________________________________________
30. He is sleeping. - ____________________________________________________________________
31. I'm laughing. - ____________________________________________________________________
Gerunds with Pronouns

32. I am brushing them. (teeth)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
33. She is resolving them. (problems)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
34. He is closing it. (door)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
35. We are singing them. (songs)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
36. They are offering it to us. (brand)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
37. You all are counting them. (coins)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
179

38. You (formal) are translating them. (sentences)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
39. We are repeating it to them. (answer)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
40. She is giving it to you. (gift)
____________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________
Infinitive Verbs as Nouns

41. Learning is important. - ____________________________________________________________________
42. In this city, driving is necessary. - ____________________________________________________________________
43. Fighting is dangerous. - ____________________________________________________________________
44. Dancing is fun. - ____________________________________________________________________
45. Doing math is difficult. - ____________________________________________________________________
180

CHAPTER 28
Travel
¡Buen viaje! Have a good trip!
A pie On foot
Automático Automatic
De ida y vuelta Round trip
El accidente Accident
El asiento Seat
El avión Airplane
El barco Boat, ship
El boleto Ticket
El camión/La camioneta Truck
El coche/El carro Car
El destino Destination
El equipaje Luggage
El extranjero/La extranjera Foreigner (male/female)
El parabrisas Windshield
El pasajero Passenger
El pasaporte Passport
El semáforo Traffic light, signal
El tanque de gasolina Gasoline tank
El transporte público Public transportation
El vuelo Flight
En autobús/carro/taxi... On a bus/In a car/In a taxi...
Estándar Standard
La autopista Highway
La aventura Adventure
La bicicleta Bicycle
La gasolina Gas
La llanta Tire
La maleta Suitcase
La mapa Map
La milla Mile
La moto Motorcycle
La rueda Wheel
La velocidad Speed
Las direcciones Directions
Las vacaciones Vacation
El próximo año Next year
El sigiuente jueves Next Thursday
Este martes This Tuesday
La semana que viene Next week
La próxima semana Next week
La próxima vez Next time
181

Future Tense
The future tense is one of the easiest tenses to learn. There are only few irregulars and the
endings are the same for all verbs, whether AR, ER, IR.
é I will
ás you will
Full infinitive verb + á = he/she/usted will
emos we will
án they/you all will
Cambiar - To change
é Cambiaré I will change
ás Cambiarás you will change
Cambiar á = Cambiará he/she/usted will change
emos Cambiaremos we will change
án Cambiarán they/you all will change
REGULAR Future Tense Examples

Comprar compraré, comprarás, comprará, compraremos, comprarán Will buy
Contestar contestaré, contestarás, contestará, contestaremos, contestarán Will answer
Enseñar enseñaré, enseñarás, ensañará, enseñaremos, enseñarán Will teach
Estudiar estudiaré, estudiarás, estudiará, estudiaremos, estudiarán Will study
Visitar visitaré, visitarás, visitará, visitaremos, visitarán Will visit
Trabajar trabajaré, trabajarás, trabajará, trabajaremos, trabajarán Will work
Buscar buscaré, buscarás, buscará, buscaremos, buscarán Will look for
Correr correré, correrás, correrá, correremos, correrán Will run
Leer leeré, leerás, leerá, leeremos, leerán Will read
Vender venderé, venderás, venderá, venderemos, venderán Will sell
Compartir compartiré, compartirás, compartirá, compartiremos, compartirán Will share
Escribir escribiré, escribirás, escribirá, escribiremos, escribirán Will write
Vivir viviré, vivirás, vivirá, viviremos, vivirán Will live
Examples:
• Mi maestra se comprará nuevos libros. - My teacher will buy new books.
• ¿Estudiarás en la biblioteca o en casa? - Will you study in the library or at home?
• Trabajaré en Wall Street en el futuro. - I will work on Wall Street in the future.
• Visitaremos nuestra familia. - We will visit our family.
• Buscarán las maletas cuando llegan. - They will look for the suitcases when they arrive.
182

Irregular Future Tense Verbs
There are only 12 common irregular future tense verbs.
12 IRREGULAR Future Tense Verbs

Caber cabr cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabrán Will fit
Poder podr podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podrán Will be able to
Querer querr querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querrán Will want
Saber sabr sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabrán Will know
Poner pondr pondré, pondrás, pondrá, pondremos, pondrán Will put
Salir saldr saldré, saldrás, saldrá, saldremos, saldrán Will go out, leave
Tener tendr tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendrán Will have
Valer valdr valdré, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdrán Will be worth
Venir vendr vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendrán Will come
Decir dir diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, dirán Will tell
Hacer har haré, harás, hará, haremos, harán Will do, make
*Haber habr habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán Will have (auxilary)
*Note that ‘habrá’ and 'habrán' express ‘there will be.’
Examples:
• Mi ropa no cabrá en la maleta. - My clothes won't fit in the suitcase.
• Las vacaciones valdrán el dinero que gastamos. - The vacation will be worth the money that we spend.
• Habrán muchas asientos en la avión. - There will be many seats on the plane.
• Podré comprar un boleto de ida y vuelta. - I will be able to buy a round trip ticket.
• Saldrás a las siete. - You will leave at 7 o'clock.
Hint: Any derivative verbs associated with these 12 irregular verbs will follow the same irregular conjugations.
Derivative Verb Examples

Detener tendr detendré, detendrás, detendrá, detentremos, detendrán Will detain
Deshacer har deharé, deharás, dehará, deharemos, deharán Will undo, unmake
183

1. He will fly the plane. - ____________________________________________________________________
2. She will ride a bike. - ____________________________________________________________________
3. You (formal) will arrive at your destination. - ______________________________________________________________
4. They will have an accident. - ____________________________________________________________________
5. You all will visit Bolivia. - ____________________________________________________________________
6. I will sit in a seat next to a window. - ____________________________________________________________________
7. She will need to bring a map. - ____________________________________________________________________
8. He will fill the gasoline tank. - ____________________________________________________________________
9. You will enjoy your adventure. - ____________________________________________________________________
10. She will take the ticket. - ____________________________________________________________________
11. I will travel to Chile. - ____________________________________________________________________
12. Who will drive the car? - ____________________________________________________________________
13. The luggage will not fit in the truck. - ____________________________________________________________________
14. Will you all buy round-trip tickets? - ____________________________________________________________________
15. They will take a taxi. - ____________________________________________________________________
16. We will go on vacation next week. - ____________________________________________________________________
17. He will be a foreigner. - ____________________________________________________________________
18. I will be able to follow the directions. - ____________________________________________________________________
19. I will need it. (map) - ____________________________________________________________________
20. The windshield will protect us. - ____________________________________________________________________
21. I will bring it. (passport) - ____________________________________________________________________
22. She will drive it. (car) - ____________________________________________________________________
23. You will buy it. (motorcycle) - ____________________________________________________________________
24. We will fill them with air. (tires) - ____________________________________________________________________
25. They will use it. (gas) - ____________________________________________________________________

184

CHAPTER 29
Preterite Trigger Phrases Imperfect Trigger Phrases

(Fixed Point in Time) (Ongoing or Habitual)
Alguna vez One time A veces Sometimes
Anoche Last night Cada año Every year
Antes de Before Casi (siempre/nunca) Almost (always/never)
Ayer Yesterday Con frequencia Often
De repente Suddenly Cuando era joven When I was younger
Después de After Cuando era niño/a When I was a child
El año pasado Last year Diario Daily
El lunes pasado Last Monday Durante During
Esta mañana This morning Generalmente Generally
Esta tarde This afternoon Los años sesenta, setenta In the 60's, 70's
Hace cuatro años... Four years ago... Los sábados... On Saturdays...
Hace dos días Two days ago Mensual Monthly
Hace un mes A month ago Mientras While
La semana pasada Last week Muchas veces Many times
Luego Later, then Por la mañana During the morning
Una vez One time Por la noche During the night
Ya Already Por la tarde During the evening
Siempre Always
Todo el tiempo All the time
Todos los días Every day
185

2 Past Tenses: Preterite and Imperfect
In English, we can express the past tense in a few ways. For the verb ‘to eat,’ you could say:
1. I ate [enclosed amount of time]
2. I was eating/I used to eat/would always eat [ongoing or habitual]
In Spanish, there are two forms of the simple past tense to describe the above. They are called
preterite and imperfect.
1. Yo comí - I ate [PRETERITE]
2. Yo comía - I was eating/I used to eat/would always eat [IMPERFECT]
When do you use Preterite past tense versus Imperfect past tense?
• PRETERITE describes:
o What happened at a fixed point in time
o A specific number of actions
• IMPERFECT describes:
o Continuous, habitual, or ongoing actions
o Emotions, wants, feelings, mental states, physical sensations
o Time
o Age
o Professions
The ‘trigger phrases’ from the vocabulary will often dictate which tense is appropriate but don't rely too
heavily on them as there are many exceptions.
Examples:
• PRETERITE: Anoche llamé mi amigo por telefono. - Last night I called my friend on the phone.
• IMPERFECT: Cuando era niño, jugaba afuera. - When I was a child, I used to play outside.
186

Preterite Tense
This section outlines verbs that are regular in the preterite tense. In the next chapter, you will
learn the preterite tense exceptions.
PRETERITE TENSE AR verbs ER/IR verbs

yo I é í
tú you aste iste
él/ella/usted he/she/usted ó ió
nosotros/nosotras we amos imos
ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you all aron ieron
Hablar - To talk Vivir - To live

Hablé I talked Viví I lived
Hablaste you talked Viviste you lived
Habló he/she/usted talked Vivió he/she/usted lived
Hablamos we talked Vivimos we lived
Hablaron they/you all talked Vivieron they/you all lived
REGULAR PRETERITE REGULAR PRETERITE

VERB EXAMPLES VERB EXAMPLES
AR ER/IR
Hablar To talk Comer To eat
Caminar To walk Conocer To know (a person)
Escuchar To listen to Correr To run
Comprar To buy Aprender To learn
Bailar To dance Abrir To open
Estudiar To study Escribir To write
Cocinar To cook Decidir To decide
Trabajar To work Recibir To receive
Lavar To wash Asistir a To attend
Tomar To drink/take Vivir To live
Terminar To finish
Necesitar To need Hint:
Ayudar To help • The 'nosotros' conjugations are the
Llevar To carry, to take same in both the preterite and
present tense. Context will dictate
which is being used.
Preterite Tense describes:
• What happened at a fixed point in time
o Ayer necesitaste trabajar. - Yesterday you needed to work.
o La semana pasada nos ayudaron. - Last week they helped us.
o Viví en California en el verano del año pasado. - I lived in California in the summer of last year.
o Conocí mi mejor amigo hace cuatro años. - I met my best friend four years ago.
o De repente decidió besarla. - Suddenly, he decided to kiss her.
o Anoche Leticia estudió para la prueba. - Last night Leticia studied for the quiz.
• A specific number of actions
o Mi primo y yo hablamos tres veces por teléfono. - My cousin and I spoke three times on the phone.
o Una vez corrimos siete millas. - One time, we ran 7 miles.
187

Imperfect Tense
There are only 3 verbs that don't follow imperfect conjugations. You will learn them in a few
pages. The conjugations below are used for all other verbs.
IMPERFECT TENSE AR verbs ER/IR verbs

yo I aba ía
tú you abas ías
él/ella/usted he/she/usted aba ía
nosotros/nosotras we ábamos íamos
ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you all aban ían
Hablar - To talk Vivir - To live

Hablaba I was talking, used to talk Vivía I was living, used to live
Hablabas you were talking, used to talk Vivías you were living, used to live
Hablaba he/she/usted was talking, used to talk Vivía he/she/usted was living, used to live
Hablábamos we were talking, used to talk Vivíamos we were living, used to live
Hablaban they/you all were talking, used to talk Vivían they/you all were living, used to live
Imperfect Tense describes:

• Continuous, habitual, or ongoing actions
o Cuando era niño, comía muchos dulces. - When he was a boy, he used to eat lots of candy.
o Todos los días caminaba a la escuela. - Every day I used to walk to school.
o Con frecuencia, hablaba por el teléfono. - Often, I used to talk on the phone.
• Emotions, wants, feelings, mental states, physical sensations
o Se amaban. - They loved each other.
o Creían que el mundo no era redondo. - They thought the world was not round.
o Estábamos aburridos. - We were bored.
o Querían ser famosos. -They wanted to be famous.
o Tenía hambre. - I was hungry.
o Teníamos calor. - We were hot.
o Me sentía enfermo. - I felt sick.
o Armando estaba cansado. - Armando was tired.
• Time
o Eran las tres y media. - It was 3:30.
o Era la una. - It was one o'clock.
• Age
o Rosana tenía treinta y cinco años. - Rosana was 35 years old.
o Miguel tenía veintidós años. - Miguel was 22 years old.
• Professions
o Sergio era ingeniero. - Sergio was an engineer.
o Mi tío era granjero. - My uncle was a farmer.
Hints:
• Remember that time and professions are always described using 'ser.' Take a look at the next page for
imperfect conjugations of 'ser.'
• Remember that age is always described using 'tener.'
188

Preterite Versus Imperfect Examples
Preterite Versus Imperfect Examples

Verb Definition Preterite Imperfect
Deber To ought to, should should should
Querer To want wanted was wanting, used to want
Poder To be able to could was able, used to be able
Necesitar To need needed was needing, used to need
Dejar To leave left was leaving, used to leave
Tener To have had was having, used to have
Dar To give gave was giving, used to give
Ser To be was was being, used to be
Estar To be was was being, used to be
Gustar To please pleased was pleasing, used to please
VS
Ir To go went was going, used to go
Hacer To do, to make did, made was doing, used to do
Creer To think, to believe thought, believed was thinking, used to think
Ver To see saw was seeing, used to see
Decir To say, to tell said, told was saying, used to say
Saber To know (information) knew was knowing, used to know
Conocer To know (a person or place) knew was knowing, used to know
Hablar To talk, to speak talked, spoke was talking, used to talk
Tomar To drink, to take drank, took was drinking, used to drink
Llevar To bring, to carry, to have (auxilary) brought, carried was bringing, used to bring
Past Progressive: Imperfect Tense + Gerund
Another way to express a habitual past action is to use the imperfect form of estar plus a
gerund. Use estar in the same way described previously. That is, when describing situations,
aspects, or traits that may change. This form expresses idea as an imperfect tense of a verb,
but it is less commonly used in Spanish.
Estaba I was
Estabas + Gerund you were + Gerund
Estaba (ANDO/IENDO) = he/she/usted was (ING)
Estábamos we were
Estaban they/you all were
Examples:
• Estábamos corriendo por la calle. - We were running along the street.
• Estaba aprendiendo dos idiomas. - She was learning two languages.
• Estaban lavando la ropa. - They were washing the clothes.
• Estaba viviendo en un departamento barato. - I was living in a cheap apartment.
• Estabas tocando la guitarra. - You were playing the guitar.
189

Imperfect Tense Irregular Verbs
There are only 3 irregular imperfect verbs: Ser, Ir, and Ver.
Ser - To be
Era I was, used to be
Eras you were, used to be
Era he/she/usted was, used to be
Éramos we were, used to be
Eran they/you all were, used to be
Examples:
• Yo era tímida. - I was shy. / I used to be shy.
• Tú eras flaco. - You were skinny. / You used to be skinny.
• Cuando era pequeño... - When I was young... / When I used to be young...
• Éramos amigos. - We were friends. / We used to be friends.
• Eran artistas. - They were artists. / They used to be artists.
Ir - To go
Iba I was going, used to go
Ibas you were going, used to go
Iba he/she/usted was going, used to go
Íbamos we were going, used to go
Iban they/you all were going, used to go
Examples:
• Iba a la farmacia. - I was going to the pharmacy. / I used to go to the pharmacy.
• Ibas a la gasolinera. - You were going to the gas station. / You used to go to the gas station.
• Iba a la feria. - He was going to the fair. / He used to go to the fair.
• Íbamos al gimnasio. - We were going to the gym. / We used to go to the gym.
• Iban al cine. - You all were going to the movie theater. / You all used to go to the movie theater.
Ver - To see
Veía I was seeing, used to see
Veías you were seeing, used to see
Veía he/she/usted was seeing, used to see
Veíamos we were seeing, used to see
Veían they/you all were seeing, used to see
Examples:
• Veías las películas. - You were watching movies. / You used to watch movies.
• Veía la televisión. - I was watching TV. / I used to watch TV.
• La veíamos con frecuencia. - We saw her often. / We used to see her often.
• Veían la salida del sol. - They were watching the sunrise. / They used to watch the sunrise.
190

1. "When I was younger" 1 3. "This afternoon it started to rain."

a. Preterite a. Preterite
b. Imperfect b. Imperfect
2. "Suddenly" 1 4. "They felt like going to the park."

3. "One time" 1 5. "I saw that movie two months ago."

4. "Every day" 1 6. "She already bought new clothes."

5. "Many times" 1 7. "I was so cold."

6. "Last night" 1 8. "Suddenly, we understood."

7. "This morning" 1 9. "They had been giving him advice."

8. "Last week" 20. "It was 4 p.m."

9. "On Mondays" 21 . "Did you send me three messages?"

1 0. "You were 5 years old in that photo." 22 . "They met at the coffee shop last week."
1 1 . "I thought it would be difficult." 23. "He had been very excited."
1 2 . "We used to go to the waterpark." 24. "Was she a dentist?"

191

Preterite & Imperfect
25. Sometimes I used to go to the mall. - ____________________________________________________________________
26. Last year you worked at that supermarket. - _______________________________________________________________
27. He didn't learned to play guitar. - ____________________________________________________________________
28. Often we used to be scared at night. - ____________________________________________________________________
29. One time they received a letter from China. - _____________________________________________________________
30. She used to exercise on Tuesdays. - ____________________________________________________________________
31. It was 7 p.m. - ____________________________________________________________________
32. Our dog used to bark all the time. - ____________________________________________________________________
33. I already studied for my test. - ____________________________________________________________________
34. In the 90s we used to listen to pop music. - ______________________________________________________________
35. He was a lawyer. - ____________________________________________________________________
36. Last night they finished the project. - ____________________________________________________________________
37. He was daring when he was a child. - __________________________________________________________________
38. She was 18 years old. - ____________________________________________________________________
39. Yesterday I bought the groceries. - ____________________________________________________________________
40. 10 years ago you all attended high school. - ______________________________________________________________
41. During the night I was cold. - ____________________________________________________________________
Past Progressive: Imperfect Estar + Gerund
42. You were establishing it. (company) - ____________________________________________________________________
43. It was snowing. - ____________________________________________________________________
44. They were thanking me. - ____________________________________________________________________
45. I was saving money. - ____________________________________________________________________
46. We were lying. - ____________________________________________________________________
192

CHAPTER 30
Irregular Preterite Tense Verbs
• There is no vocabulary section in this chapter. Instead, take mental notes of verbs with
irregular preterite tense changes. Read the conjugations aloud to help solidify them.
• Irregular preterite tense verbs will go through one of the changes below.
• We will discuss each change further in the upcoming pages.
Irregular Preterite Tense Verb Changes:

• CAR
o Verbs ending in CAR must change the C to QU in the yo conjugation.
• GAR
o Verbs ending in GAR must change the G to G in the yo conjugation.
• ZAR
o Verbs ending in ZAR must change the Z to C in the yo conjugation.
• Y
o They are irregular only in the he/she/usted and ellos/ustedes conjugations. A 'y' is added.
• 18 Irregulars
o These 18 irregular preterite verbs take on a specific conjugation.
• 4 Completely Irregulars
o These 4 verbs are completely irregular and must be memorized.
• E > I
o These IR verbs keep their E > I changes in the preterite él/ella/usted and ellos/ustedes conjugations.
The rest follow regular preterite conjugations.
• O > U
o These IR verbs keep their O > U changes in the preterite él/ella/usted and ellos/ustedes
conjugations. The rest follow regular preterite conjugations.
Hints:
• Any derivative verbs will follow the same irregular change as the original. For example, ‘posponer’ will follow
the same rules as ‘poner.’
• In the preterite, 'conocer' means 'to meet.'
o Conocí a mi compañero de cuarto ayer. - I met my roommate yesterday.
Now, let's look closer at the effect each of these irregular changes have and which verbs follow these changes.
Once you finish this chapter, you will have learned the large majority irregular present tense verbs.
193

CAR Irregular Preterite Verbs
As you've learned, some verbs change letters to keep the original sound of their consonants.
There are 3 types of preterite verbs that undergo these changes. Let's call them CAR, GAR, and
ZAR verbs according to their endings. These verbs ONLY change in the yo form; the rest follow
regular preterite conjugations.
CAR verbs - Verbs ending in CAR must change the C to QU in the yo conjugation.
Practicar - To practice
[CAR]
Practiqué I practiced
Practicaste you practiced
Practicó he/she/usted practiced
Practicamos we practiced
Practicaron they/you all practiced
CAR verbs
Arrancar Arranqué I pulled away, tore
Atacar Ataqué I attacked
Buscar Busqué I looked for, searched for
Colocar Coloqué I placed, set
Empacar Empaqué I packed
Enfocar Enfoqué I focused
Explicar Expliqué I explained
Pescar Pesqué I fished
Platicar Platiqué I chatted
Sacar Saqué I took out, obtained
Secar Sequé I dried
Tocar Toqué I touched, knocked, played
Examples:
• La semana pasada, un tiburón atacó a un hombre. - Last week, a shark attacked a man.
• Expliqué la razón a mi padre, pero no me escuchó. - I explained the reason to my father, but he didn't listen
to me.
• Ayer, platiqué por teléfono con mi prima. - Yesterday, I chatted on the phone with my cousin.
• Empaqué una caja. - I packed a box.
• Busqué mi vestido pero no lo encontré. - I looked for my dress, but I didn't find it.
• Hace un mes mis amigos pescaron en un lago famoso de Argentina. - A month ago my friends fished in a
famous lake in Argentina.
194

GAR Irregular Preterite Verbs
GAR verbs - Verbs ending in GAR must change the G to G in the yo conjugation.
Llegar - To arrive
[GAR]
Llegué I arrived
Llegaste you arrived
Llegó he/she/usted arrived
Llegamos we arrived
Llegaron they/you all arrived
GAR verbs
Apagar Apagué I turned off (the light, etc.)
Cargar Cargué I filled, loaded
Castigar Castigué I punished
Colgar Colgué I hung up
Encargar Encargué I entrusted
Investigar Investigué I investigated
Jugar a Jugué a I played
Juzgar Juzgué I judged
Negar Negué I negated, denied
Pagar Pagué I paid
Pegar Pegué I hit, glued, stuck
Rasgar Rasgué I scratched
Examples:
• Anoche apagué la luz antes de dormir. - Last night I turned off the light before going to sleep.
• Luego pagué la cuenta y salí del restaurante. - Then I paid the check and left the restaurant.
• Los padres castigaron a sus niños. - The parents punished their children.
• Colgué mi ropa en el armario. - I hung my clothes in the closet.
• El estudiante cargó su carro con cajas. - The student packed his car with boxes.
195

ZAR Irregular Preterite Verbs
ZAR verbs - Verbs ending in ZAR must change the Z to C in the yo conjugation.
Comenzar - To start
Comencé I started
Comenzaste you started
Comenzó he/she/usted started
Comenzamos we started
Comenzaron they/you all started
ZAR verbs
Abrazar Abracé I hugged
Actualizar Actualicé I updated, refreshed
Almorzar Almorcé I ate lunch
Avancar Avancé I advanced, moved forward
Bostezar Bostecé I yawned
Cruzar Crucé I crossed
Empezar Empecé I started
Forzar Forcé I forced
Organizar Organicé I organized
Realizar Realicé I achieved
Tropezar Tropecé I tripped
Utilizar Utilicé I used
Examples:
• Realicé mi sueño de ser actor. - I achieved my dream of being an actor.
• Hoy almorcé con mi novia a las dos de la tarde. - Today I ate lunch with my girlfriend at 2 p.m.
• ¿Ya organizaste una conferencia para los empleados? - Did you already organize a conference for the
employees?
• De repente, empezaron a bostezar. - Suddenly, they began to yawn.
• Crucé la calle y tropecé. - I crossed the street and tripped.
Versus Vocab:
• Realizar vs Darse cuenta
o Realizar - To acheive, accomplish, carry out
o Darse cuenta - To realize
196

Y Irregular Preterite Verbs
The verbs in this section have double vowels. They are irregular only in the he/she/usted
and ellos/ustedes conjugations. Let's call them Y verbs because a 'y' is added. They follow
the conjugations below.
Y verb endings
í
iste
yó
imos
yeron
Contribuir - To contribute
Contribuí I contributed
Contribuiste you contributed
Contribuyó he/she/usted contributed
Contribuimos we contributed
Contribuyeron they/you all contributed
Y verbs
Concluir concluí, concluiste, concluyó, concluimos, concluyeron Concluded
Construir construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construyeron Constructed
Contribuir contribuí, contribuiste, contribuyó, contribuimos, contribuyeron Contributed
Destruir destruí, destruiste, destruyó, destruimos, destruyeron Destroyed
Huir huí, huiste, huyó, huimos, huyeron Fled, ran away
Incluir incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluyeron Included
Influir influí, influiste, influyó, influimos, influyeron Influenced
Sustituir sustituí, sustituiste, sustituyó, sustituimos, sustiyeron Substituted
Obstruir obstruí, obstruiste, obstruyó, obstruimos, obstruyeron Obstructed
*Caer caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, cayeron Fell
*Creer creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron Believed, thought
*Leer leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron Read
*Oír oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oyeron Heard
*Poseer poseí, poseíste, poseyó, poseímos, poseyeron Possessed
*Proveer proveí, proveíste, proveyó, proveímos, proveyeron Provided
*Accent mark is necessary in tú and nosotros forms in order to keep vowels from becoming a dipthong.
Examples:
• El año pasado, contribuimos con dinero a la universidad. - Last year, we contributed money to the
university.
• Construyó ese edificio en el año mil novecientos noventa y tres. - He constructed that building in 1993.
• Leíste este libro hace dos años. - You read this book two years ago.
• Esta tarde oyeron la mala noticia. - This afternoon they heard the bad news.
• Destruyó unos documentos importantes. - She destroyed some important documents.
197

18 Irregular Preterite Verbs
These 18 irregular preterite verbs take on the conjugation in the table below. They are
categorized into 4 groups according to the change they make. Note that these endings take
no accent marks.
18 Irregulars
e
iste
o
imos
ieron (eron for J verbs)
UV verbs
Tener tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron Had
Andar anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron Walked
Estar estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron Was, were
U verbs
(note that some of these verbs take on a letter change)
Caber cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupieron Fit
Poder pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron Was, were able
Poner puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron Put
Saber supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron Knew
*Haber hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubieron Had (done something) [*infrequently used]
I verbs
Hacer hice, hiciste, *hizo, hicimos, hicieron (*Irregular conjugation) Did
Querer quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron Wanted
Venir vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron Came
J verbs
Producir produje, produjiste, produjo, produjimos, produjeron Produced
Traducir traduje, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, tradujeron Translated
Conducir conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron Drove
Reducir reduje, redujiste, redujo, redujimos, redujeron Reduced
Introducir introduje, introdujiste, introdujimos, introdujeron Inserted
Traer traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron Brought
Decir dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron Said, told
Examples:
• Traje un postre al evento. - I brought a dessert to the event.
• Pusimos los platos en la mesa. - We put plates on the table.
• ¿Ya hiciste tu tarea? - Did you already do your homework?
• Vinieron a mi casa. - They came to my house.
• Introdujo dinero en la máquina expendedora. - He inserted money into the vending machine.
198

Completely Irregular Preterite Verbs
These 4 verbs are completely irregular in the preterite tense. They must be memorized.
Dar - To give
Di I gave
Diste you gave
Dio he/she/usted gave
Dimos we gave
Dieron they/you all gave
Examples:
• Le dio un anillo a su novia. - He gave a ring to his girlfriend.
• Te di veinte dólares. - I gave you 20 dollars.
Ver - To see
Vi I saw
Viste you saw
Vio he/she/usted saw
Vimos we saw
Vieron they/you all saw
Examples:
• ¿Viste a Martín? - Did you see Martin?
• Vimos un accidente en la autopista. - We saw an accident on the highway.
Ser and Ir both have the same conjugations. Context will dictate which is being used.
Typically ser is not used in the preterite tense. Ser is much more often used in the imperfect
tense.
Ir - To go
&
Ser - To be
Fui I went / was
Fuiste you went / were
Fue he, she, usted went / was
Fuimos we went / were
Fueron they, you all went / were
Examples:
• Fuimos al supermercado. - We went to the supermarket.
• ¿Fueron a la playa? - Did you all go to the beach?
199

Preterite O > U and E > I Changes
Some IR verbs that change from O > U and E > I in the present tense also keep those
changes in the preterite él/ella/usted and ellos/ustedes conjugations. The rest follow regular
preterite conjugations. (Stem changing AR and IR verbs do not change in the preterite).
O > U
Dormir dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron Slept
Morir morí, moriste, murió, morimos, murieron Died
E > I
Advertir advertí, advertiste, advirtió, advertimos, advirtieron Advised
Competir competí, competiste, compitió, competimos, compitieron Competed
Conseguir conseguí, conseguiste, consiguió, conseguimos, consiguieron Obtained, got
Convertir convertí, convertiste, convirtió, convertimos, convirtieron Converted
Despedir despedí, despediste, despidió, despedimos, despidieron Fired, said goodbye
Divertir divertí, divertiste, divirtió, divertimos, divirtieron Had fun, enjoyed
Freír freí, freíste, *frio, freímos, frieron (*no accent mark) Fried
Hervir herví, herviste, hirvió, hervimos, hirvieron Boiled
Mentir mentí, mentiste, mintió, mentimos, mintieron Lied
Pedir pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron Asked for
Preferir preferí, preferiste, prefirió, preferimos, prefirieron Preferred
Reír reí, reíste, rio, reímos, rieron Laughed
Repetir repetí, repetiste, repitió, repetimos, repitieron Repeated
Seguir seguí, seguiste, siguió, seguimos, siguieron Followed
Sentir sentí, sentiste, sintió, sentimos, sintieron Felt
Servir serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, sirvieron Served
Sonreír sonreí, sonreíste, sonrió, sonreímos, sonrieron Smiled
Sugerir sugerí, sugeriste, sugirió, sugerimos, sugirieron Suggested
Vestir vestí, vestiste, vistió, vestimos, vistieron Dressed
Examples:
• Nos despidieron. - They said goodbye to us.
• Primero, hirvió unos huevos y después preparó una ensalada. - First she boiled some eggs and afterwards
she prepared a salad.
• Repetí la respuesta. - I repeated the answer.
• Durmieron hasta las diez de la mañana. - They slept until 10 a.m.
• Mintió y dijo que no lo hizo. - He lied and said he didn't do it.
• Pidió una ensalada con jitomate y aguacate. - You (formal) ordered a salad with tomato and avocado.
200

CAR Verbs
1. You explained. - ____________________________________________________
2. I chatted. - ____________________________________________________
3. He packed it. (suitcase) - ____________________________________________________
4. We focused. - ____________________________________________________
5. I dried it. (clothes) - ____________________________________________________
6. She knocked. - ____________________________________________________
7. I looked for you. - ____________________________________________________
8. They took it out. (money) - ____________________________________________________
GAR Verbs
9. I paid you. - ____________________________________________________
10. They denied. - ____________________________________________________
11. I scratched. - ____________________________________________________
12. You (formal) hung up. - ____________________________________________________
13. We investigated. - ____________________________________________________
14. I played. - ____________________________________________________
15. You glued. - ____________________________________________________
ZAR Verbs
16. It started. - ____________________________________________________
17. I tripped. - ____________________________________________________
18. We crossed it. (street) - ____________________________________________________
19. I yawned. - ____________________________________________________
20. He organized it. (conference) - ____________________________________________________
21. They hugged her. - ____________________________________________________
201

22. Did you all eat lunch? - ____________________________________________________
23. You achieved it. (dream) - ____________________________________________________
Y Irregular Preterite Verbs
24. He fell. - ____________________________________________________
25. They fled. - ____________________________________________________
26. I read them. (books) - ____________________________________________________
27. She heard. - ____________________________________________________
28. It included them. (batteries) - ____________________________________________________
29. We substituted. - ____________________________________________________
30. You provided. - ____________________________________________________
18 Irregular Preterite Verbs
31. I had. - ____________________________________________________
32. He drove. - ____________________________________________________
33. We brought. - ____________________________________________________
34. They told us. - ____________________________________________________
35. She did it. (homework) - ____________________________________________________
36. You all came. - ____________________________________________________
37. I put it on the table. (glass) - ____________________________________________________
Competely Irregular Preterite Verbs
38. Did you go? - ____________________________________________________
39. I already saw it. (movie) - ____________________________________________________
40. She gave me the key. - ____________________________________________________
O > U & E > I
41. He ordered it. (fish) - ____________________________________________________
42. They followed. - ____________________________________________________
43. Did you repeat it? (sentence) - ____________________________________________________
44. Did she compete? - ____________________________________________________

202

45. We smiled and laughed. - ____________________________________________________
46. I dressed myself. - ____________________________________________________
47. Did you all have fun? - ____________________________________________________
48. Did you sleep well? - ____________________________________________________
49. He advised them. - ____________________________________________________
203

CHAPTER 31
Adjectives
Amueblado/a Furnished
Antiguo/a Old, antique
Auténtico/a Authentic
Borracho/a Drunk
Cercano/a Nearby
Cierto/a True
Común Common
Confundido/a Confused
Corto/a Short (hair)
Duro/a Hard (material)
Embarazada Pregnant
Emocionante Moving, emotional
Equivocado/a Wrong, incorrect
Favorito/a Favorite
Fuerte Strong
Grasoso/a Greasy
Inútil Useless
Ligero/a Light (weight, flavor)
Maravilloso/a Marvelous
Obvio/a Obvious
Pesado/a Heavy
Precioso/a Precious
Raro/a, Extraño/a Strange, Weird
Romántico/a Romantic
Sencillo/a, Simple Simple
Separado/a Separate(d)
Serio/a Serious
Solo/a Only, alone
Suave Soft
Voluntario/a Voluntary
Versus Vocab:
• Extrañar vs Extraño:
o Extrañar (verb) - To miss someone or something
o Extraño (Yo conjugation of verb) - I miss someone or something
o Extraño (noun) - Strange, rare
204

Hacer to Express Time
Hace + Present Tense Verb

• It's been a specific amount of time that an action has been happening and is still happening.
1. ‘Hace’ + amount of time + que + present tense verb
§ Hace dos años que vivo en Tejas - For two years I've been living in Texas.
2. Present tense verb + 'hace' + amount of time
§ Vivo en Tejas hace dos años. - I have been living in Texas for two years.
Hace + Preterite Tense Verb

• Some time ago, an action happened in a fixed period of time.
1. ‘Hace’ + amount of time + que + preterite tense verb
§ Hace dos años que viví en Tejas. - Two years ago, I lived in Texas.
2. Preterite tense verb + 'hace' + amount of time
§ Viví en Tejas hace dos años. - I lived in Texas two years ago.
Hacía + Imperfect Tense Verb

• It had been a specific amount of time that an action had been happening.
1. ‘Hacía’ + amount of time + que + imperfect tense verb
§ Hacía dos años que vivía en Tejas. - For two years I had been living in Texas.
2. Imperfect tense verb + 'hacía' + amount of time
§ Vivía en Tejas hacía dos años. - I had been living in Texas for two years.
Examples:
• Hace un mes que trabaja en un restaurante. - For a month she has been working in a restaurant.
• Trabaja en un restaurante hace un mes. - She has worked in a restaurant for a month.
• Hace un mes que trabajó en un restaurante. - A month ago, she worked in a restaurant.
• Trabajó en un restaurante hace un mes. - She worked in a restaurant a month ago.
• Hacía un mes que trabajaba en un restaurante. - For a month she had been working in a restaurant.
• Trabajaba en un restaurante hacía un mes. - She had been working in a restaurant for a month.
205

Passive Voice & Impersonal 'Se'
PASSIVE: Passive voice formula: 'Se + él/ella/usted or ellos/ustedes verb.' Note that the verb
agrees with the direct object. Use a singular verb for a one object and a plural verb for a 2 or
more objects. For example:
• Para venta = For Sale
• Se vende = For Sale
Examples:
• Se habla(n) = Is spoken, Are spoken
o Se habla español. - Spanish is spoken (here).
• Se vende(n) = Is for sale, Are for sale
o No se vende - Not for sale
o Se vende carro - Car for sale
o Se venden carros - Cars for sale
o Se vende casa - House for sale
o Se venden casas - Houses for sale
• Se renta(n) = Is for rent, Are for rent
o Se renta departamento - Apartment for rent
o Se rentan departamentos - Apartments for rent
o Se renta cuarto - Room for rent
o Se rentan cuartos - Rooms for rent
• Se necesita(n) = Is needed, Are needed
o Se necesita personal - Personnel needed
o Se necesita abogado - Lawyer needed
o Se necesitan abogados - Lawyers needed
IMPERSONAL: Impersonal expressions are always in the singular él/ella/usted form. Using the
impersonal 'se', phrases are more formal, general, and less direct. The performer of the action
is not necessarily known. Rather, the performer is a general:
• They [They say...]
• One [One shouldn't...]
• You [You should...]
• People [People should...]
Examples:
• Se dice = They say, One says, People say
o Se dice que es importante estudiar. - They say it's important to study.
• Se puede = They can, One can, People can
o No se puede. - One cannot.
• Se debe = They should, One should, People should
o No se debe fumar. - One should not smoke.
• Se paga = One pays, They pay, People pay
o ¿Dónde se paga? - Where does one pay?
• Se come = One eats, They eat, People eat
o Se come bien. - One eats well.
• Se sale = One leaves, They leave, People leave
o ¿Cómo se sale? = How does one leave?
206

1. Soft 6. Embarrassed
a. Sencillo a. Embarazado
b. Duro b. Emocionante
c. Suave c. Equivocado
d. Ligero d. Avergonzado
2. True 7. Amueblado
a. Fuerte a. Heavy
b. Auténtico b. Conufsed
c. Común c. Furnished
d. Cierto d. Marvelous
3. Incorrect 8. Sencillo
a. Equivocado a. Sincere
b. Incorrecto b. Graceful
c. Cierto c. Serious
d. Both A & B d. Simple
4. Strange 9. Fuerte
a. Raro a. Strong
b. Cercano b. Light
c. Extraño c. Favorite
d. Both A & C d. Heavy
5. Serious 1 0. Pesado
a. Serioso a. Fishy
b. Serio b. Greasy
c. Sirio c. Heavy
d. Both A & B d. Short
Hacer to Express Time

11. For a week we have been studying for the test. / We have been studying for the test for a week.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. 3 months ago they bought a new car. / They bought a new car 3 months ago.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
207

13. For a year you had been traveling across the world. / You had been traveling across the world for a year.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. For 10 minutes I have been waiting. / I have been waiting for 10 minutes.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. An hour ago you all arrived. / You all arrived an hour ago.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. For 2 days it had been raining outside. / It had been raining outside for 2 days.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Passive Voice
17. Children are cared for. (Care for children) - ____________________________________________________
18. Languages are spoken. - ___________________________________________________
19. Boat for sale. - ____________________________________________________
20. Houses are cleaned. - ____________________________________________________
21. Pets are accepted. (allowed) - ____________________________________________________
22. Credit cards and checks are accepted. - ____________________________________________________
23. Teacher is needed. - ____________________________________________________
Impersonal 'Se'
24. One can not travel while pregnant. - ____________________________________________________
25. One's first love is never forgotten. - ____________________________________________________
26. People should eat before exercising. - ____________________________________________________
27. People should motivate their employees. - ____________________________________________________
28. One can earn money. - ____________________________________________________
208

CHAPTER 32
World Geography Environment

El continente Continent El aire Air
Norteamérica North America El árbol Tree
Sudamérica South America El arcoiris Rainbow
Europa Europe El bosque Woods
Asia Asia El fuego Fire
África Africa El humo Smoke
Oceanía Australia (Oceania) El lago Lake
Antártico Antarctic El mar Sea
El océano Ocean El medio ambiente Environment
Océano Pacífico Pacific Ocean El mundo World
Océano Atlántico Atlantic Ocean El planeta Planet
Océano Índio Indian Ocean El polvo Dust
Océano Ártico Arctic Ocean El río River
Océano Antártico Antarctic Ocean (Southern Ocean) El sol Sun
La arena Sand
Hint: The word 'océano' is not capitalized. La contaminación Contamination
La estrella Star
La flor Flower
La hoja Leaf
La isla Island
La luna Moon
La montaña Mountain
La naturaleza Nature
La piedra Rock, stone
La planta Plant
La selva Forest
La sombra Shadow
La Tierra Earth
209

Adverbs
Adverbs describe ‘when, how, how often, how much’ or 'why' something is done. English adverbs
often end in LY. Spanish adverbs often end in MENTE. Below are the most common adverbs with
this ending.
For adjectives ending in O use the feminine version (ending in A) and add MENTE
Lenta > Lentamente Slow > Slowly)
Ligera > Ligeramente Light > Lightly
Necesaria > Necesariamente Necessary > Necessarily
Rápida > Rápidamente Quick > Quickly
Rara > Raramente Rare > Rarely
Sincera > Sinceramente Sincere > Sincerely
Sola > Solamente Alone/Only > Just/Only
Tranquila > Tranquilamente Peaceful > Peacefully
Última > Últimamente Last > Lastly
For adjectives ending in E or a consonant add MENTE

Alegre > Alegremente Happy > Happily
Débil > Débilmente Weak > Weakly
Diligente > Diligentemente Diligent > Diligently
Dulce > Dulcemente Sweet > Sweetly
Fácil > Fácilmente Easy > Easily
Normal > Normalmente Normal > Normally
Pobre > Pobremente Poor > Poorly
Reciente > Recientemente Recent > Recently
Suave > Suavemente Soft > Softly
Triste > Tristemente Sad > Sadly
Of course, there are some adverbs that don't follow this pattern. Here are a few examples:
Don't follow a pattern

Despacio Slowly
Mal Badly
De repente Suddenly
Por suerte Luckily
Con cuidado Carefully
Con rapidez Quickly
Por desgracia Unfortunately
Con frecuencia Frequently
Examples:
• La tortuga camina lentamente. - The turtle walks slowly.
• Tristemente, la araña se murió. - Sadly, the spider died.
• El pájaro canta dulcemente. - The bird sings sweetly.
• La mariposa vuela tranquilamente. - The butterfly flies peacefully.
• Por desgracia, hay menos monos en el mundo como antes. - Unfortunately, there are fewer monkeys in the
world than before.
210

It Happened Unexpectedly!
• Spanish has an amusing way of describing events that happen unexpectedly.

• For example, rather than saying "I lost my keys," the Spanish translation is similar to "my
keys lost themselves" signifying that it was not your fault.
• Rather than placing the blame on the person, the blame is placed on the object or objects.
o Use the él/ella/usted preterite conjugation for 1 object.
o Use the ellos/ustedes preterite conjugation for 2 or more objects.
Let's use the formula with some common verbs.
olvidó (forgot)
acabó (ran out)
perdió (lost)
rompió (broke)
cayó (fell, dropped)
Se + indirect object pronoun + escapó (escaped) + 1 object
descompuso (broke down)
pasó, ocurrió (ocurred, happened)
resbaló (tripped)
quedó (stayed)
Examples:
• Se me olvidó tu cumpleaños. - I forgot your birthday. [Your birthday forgot itself to me.]
• Se me acabó el dinero. - I ran out of money. [Money ran out on me.]
• Se te perdió la llave. - You lost the key. [The key lost itself for you]
• Ella se le rompió la ventana. She broke the window. [The window broke itself for her.]
• Nunca se les ocurrió. - It never happened to them. [It never happened itself to them.]
olvidaron (forgot)
acabaron (ran out)
perdieron (lost)
rompieron (broke)
cayeron (fell, dropped)
Se + indirect object pronoun + escaparon (escaped) + 2 or more objects
descompusieron (broke down)
resbalaron (tripped)
pasaron, ocurrieron (ocurred, happened)
quedaron (stayed)
Examples:
• Se les descompusieron los carros. - Their cars broke down. [The cars broke down on them.]
• Se nos resbalaron por las escaleras. - We tripped on the stairs. [The stairs tripped us.]
• Se te perdieron las llaves. - You lost the keys. [The keys lost themselves for you.]
• Se le escaparon los ladrones. - The thieves escaped him. [The thieves escaped themselves from
him.]
211

Adverbs
1. Obviously - ______________________________
2. Patiently - ______________________________
3. Prudently, Wisely - ____________________________
4. Unfortunately - ______________________________
5. Honestly - ______________________________
6. Clearly - ______________________________
7. Loudly - ______________________________
8. Frequently - ______________________________
9. Possibly - ______________________________
10. Completely - ______________________________
11. Purely - ______________________________
12. Badly - ______________________________
13. Perfectly - ______________________________
Unexpected Ocurrences
14. His car broke down. - ____________________________________________________________________
15. The lights went out on us. - ____________________________________________________________________
16. Did you break the lamp? - ____________________________________________________________________
17. Your (formal) shoes tripped you. - ____________________________________________________________________
18. We ran out of milk. - ____________________________________________________________________
19. I dropped my cell phone. - ____________________________________________________________________
20. Did you all forget the tickets? - ____________________________________________________________________
21. The rock tripped her. - ____________________________________________________________________
212

22. Bad things happened to him. - ____________________________________________________________________
23. I forgot my wallet. - ____________________________________________________________________
24. They lost their jobs. - ____________________________________________________________________
Review
25. We have to plant the flowers today. - ____________________________________________________________________
26. One should protect the environment. - ____________________________________________________________________
27. There is a lot of smoke and dust. - ____________________________________________________________________
28. I love rainbows. - ____________________________________________________________________
29. Did you see the mountains? - ____________________________________________________________________
30. So much contamination! - ____________________________________________________________________
31. The stars are shining. - ____________________________________________________________________
32. The sun is larger than the earth. - ____________________________________________________________________
33. This is my shadow. - ____________________________________________________________________
34. The smallest continent is Australia. - ____________________________________________________________________
35. On the outskirts of the city there is a large lake. - ________________________________________________________
36. The Pacific ocean is to the west of North America. - _____________________________________________________
37. The sun heats the earth. - ____________________________________________________________________
38. Flowers grow in nature. - ____________________________________________________________________
39. The planets fascinate me. - ____________________________________________________________________
40. Some stars will fall. - ____________________________________________________________________
41. One time I fished in the Atlantic Ocean. - ________________________________________________________________
213

CHAPTER 33
Events and Holidays Abstract Vocabulary

¡Feliz Año Nuevo! Happy New Year! El amor Love
¡Feliz Cumpleaños! Happy Birthday! El concepto Concept
Día de Acción de Gracias Thanksgiving El conocimiento Knowledge
Día de la Independencia Independence Day El coraje Courage
Día del Año Nuevo New Year El lealtad Loyalty
El aniversario Anniversary El odio Hate
El baile Dance El pensamiento Thought
El concierto Concert El poder Power
El concurso Contest, competition El principio Beginning, principle
El cumpleaños Birthday El valor Bravery
El evento Event La (des)igualdad (In)Equality
El invitado Guest La acción Action
El nacimiento Birth La amistad Friendship
El premio Prize La ausencia Absence
El regalo Gift La belleza Beauty
El turno Turn La compasión Compassion
La gran apertura Grand opening La conciencia Conscience
La boda Wedding La confianza Trust
La canción Song La corrupción Corruption
La cola, La línea, La fila Line La energía Energy
La entrada Entrance La esperanza Hope
La fiesta Party La fe Faith
La Navidad Christmas La filosofía Philosophy
La salida Exit La fuerza Strength
La tarjeta (de cumpleaños) Card (Birthday card) La generosidad Generosity
La tradición Tradition La habilidad Skill, ability
Ver los fuegos artificiales To watch fireworks La idea Idea
Los globos Balloons La locura Madness, craziness
La mentira Lie
La paciencia Patience
La pasión Passion
La pobreza Poverty
La riqueza Wealth
La sabiduría Wisdom
La traición Betrayal
La vida Life
La paz Peace
El sentido Sense
214

Conditional Tense
The conditional tense expresses what 'would' happen if some other circumstance didn't prevent
it. It is very simple to conjugate. All AR, ER, IR verbs use the same conjugations below.
ía I would ___
ías you would ___
Full infinitive verb + ía he/she/usted would ___
íamos we would ___
ían they/you all would ___
REGULAR Conditional Tense Verb Examples

Llevar llevaría, llevarías, llevaría, llevaríamos, llevarían Would take, carry
Asistir a asistiría a, asistirías a, asistiría a, asistiríamos a, asistirían a Would attend
Quedar quedaría, quedarías, quedaría, quedaríamos, quedarían Would stay
Necesitar necesitaría, necesitarías, necesitaría, necesitaríamos, necesitarían Would need
Intentar intentaría, intentarías, intentaría, intentaríamos, intentarían Would try
Cocinar cocinaría, cocinarías, cocinaría, cocinaríamos, cocinarían Would cook
Deber debería, deberías, debería, deberíamos, deberían Would have to, owe
Prometer prometería, prometerías, prometería, prometeríamos, prometerían Would promise
Creer creería, creerías, creería, creeríamos, creerían Would believe,
know
Tomar tomaría, tomarías, tomaría, tomaríamos, tomarían Would drink
Decidir decidiría, decidirías, decidiría, decidiríamos, decidirían Would decide
Hablar hablaría, hablarías, hablaría, hablaríamos, hablarían Would talk
Bailar bailaría, bailarías, bailaría, bailaríamos, bailarían Would dance
Comprar compraría, comprarías, compraría, compraríamos, comprarían Would buy
Examples:
• Yo bailaría en la fiesta pero no sé como. - I would dance at the party but I don't know how.
• Él asistriría al concierto pero no tiene dinero. - He would attend the concert but he doesn't have money.
• Cocinaríamos pero no tenemos comida. - We would cook but we don't have food.
• Quedarían en la boda pero tienen que asistir otro evento. - They would stay at the wedding, but they have
to attand another event.
• Comprarías ropa nueva si había un centro comercial en tu pueblo. - You would buy new clothes if there was
a mall in your town.
215

Irregular Conditional Verbs / Verbs Like Gustar in the Conditional
IRREGULAR CONDITIONAL VERBS: There are only 12. Derivative verbs follow the same pattern.
12 IRREGULAR Conditional Tense Verbs

Caber To fit cabr cabría, cabrías, cabría, cabríamos, cabrían
Poder To be able to podr podría, podrías, podría, podríamos, podrían
Querer To want querr querría, querrías, querría, querríamos, querrían
Saber To know (info) sabr sabría, sabrías, sabría, sabríamos, sabrían
Poner To put pondr pondría, pondrías, pondría, pondríamos, pondrían
Salir To go out, leave saldr saldría, saldrías, saldría, saldríamos, saldrían
Tener To have tendr tendría, tendrías, tendría, tendríamos, tendrían
Valer To be worth valdr valdría, valdrías, valdría, valdríamos, valdrían
Venir To come vendr vendría, vendrías, vendría, vendríamos, vendrían
Decir To tell dir diría, dirías, diría, diríamos, dirían
Hacer To do, make har haría, harías, haría, haríamos, harían
*Haber To have (auxilary) habr habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habrían
*Note that ‘habría’ and 'habrían' means ‘there would be.'

Examples:
• La compañía valdría un millón dólares. - The company would be worth 1 million dollars.
• Vendrían pero no tienen tiempo. - They would come but they don't have time.
• Cabría la ropa en la maleta. - The clothes would fit in the suitcase.
• ¿Podríamos mejorar el mundo? - Could we better the world?
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR: Remember that the noun receives the action in verbs like gustar.
In order to indicate 1 thing that someone 'would like' use gustaría.

(A mí) me gustaría I would like
(A ti) te gustaría you would like
(A él, ella, usted) le gustaría he/she/usted would like + 1 object/activity
(A nosotros) nos gustaría we would like
(A ellos, ustedes) les gustaría they/you all wold like
Examples:
• Me gustaría mayonesa en mi sandwich. - I would like mayo on my sandwich.
• Nos gustaría una salsa con nuestros totopos. - We would like a salsa with our chips.
• Ella le gustaría comer los guisantes. - She would like to eat peas.
In order to indicate multiple things that someone 'would like' use gustarían.
(A mí) me gustarían I would like
(A ti) te gustarían you would like
(A él, ella, usted) le gustarían he/she/usted would like + 2 or more
(A nosotros) nos gustarían we would like objects/activities
(A ellos, ustedes) les gustarían they/you all wold like
Examples:
• ¿Te gustarían verduras?- Would you like vegetables?
• Les gustarían aguacates en sus ensaladas. - They would like avocados on their salads.
• Nos gustarían más bebidas. - We would like more drinks.
216

1. Power 6. Wealth
a. El valor a. La paz
b. El concepto b. La pasión
c. La fuerza c. La pobreza
d. El poder d. La riqueza
2. Hope 7. Friendship
a. La generosidad a. El lealtad
b. La fe b. La amistad
c. La esperanza c. El odio
d. La belleza d. La acción
3. Wisdom 8. Beauty
a. La sabiduría a. La belleza
b. La conciencia b. El principio
c. El pensamiento c. El valor
d. El conocimiento d. El coraje
4. Betrayal 9. Equality
a. La locura a. El concepto
b. La traición b. El lealtad
c. La corrupción c. La igualdad
d. La ausencia d. La compasión
5. Skill 1 0. Love
a. La abilidad a. La energía
b. La filosofía b. El sentido
c. La habilidad c. El amor
d. La confianza d. La vida
Conditional Tense
11. There would be fireworks at the party for Independence Day and it would be unforgettable.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. We would sing the song but we don't know it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. They would like to invite us to the wedding.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
217

14. The team would win games if they would practice more.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. You would like to bring many gifts.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. The store would have a grand opening this week but it is not ready yet.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. The concert would start at 8 p.m. but we are still in line.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Having more traditions would be better.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. I am sure that you would enjoy the event.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. They would like to gift us something for our anniversary.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. I would like to kiss you at midnight.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. Would you try to wrap the gifts?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. I would celebrate Christmas with you.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24. The stars would shine that night.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. We would send her a birthday card but we don't have her address.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. Would you like to help me with the balloons?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
218

27. He would be able to win the prize.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. She would know where the exit would be and she would leave.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29. Would you come?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30. The concert would be worth the money.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
31. They would surprise me and they would yell, "Happy Birthday!"
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
32. His birth would occur on Thanksgiving but he was born one day early.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. We would buy two tickets for the dance but we can't attend it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
34. They would like to have a contest.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
35. The guests would arrive at the entrance.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

219

CHAPTER 34
Politics and Government
Culpable Guilty
Demócrata Democrat
El candidato Candidate
El ciudadano Citizen
El derecho Right
El gobierno Government
El grupo Group
El líder/La líder Leader
(male/female)
El político Politician
Ilegal Illegal
La campaña Campaign
La culpa Guilt, fault
La elección Election
La independencia Independence
La justicia Justice
La libertad Freedom
La multa Fine/ticket
La población Population
La política Policy
La sentencia Court sentence
Las leyes Laws
Mayoria Majority
Minoría Minority
Republicano Republican
Votar To vote
220

Regular Past Participles
In English, past participles typically end in ED. They describe actions that have happened. They
must follow gender and number rules. In Spanish, past participles are typically created by the
following:
AR Verbs: Remove the last two letters and add ADO.

Aceptar > Aceptado To accept > Accepted
Apoyar > Apoyado To support > Supported
Ayudar > Ayudado To help > Helped
Bailar > Bailado To dance > Danced
Caminar > Caminado To walk > Walked
Cansar > Cansado To tire > Tired
Cerrar > Cerrado To close > Closed
Cocinar > Cocinado To cook > Cooked
Compar > Comprado To buy > Bought
Contestar > Contestado To answer > Answered
Enviar > Enviado To mail > Mailed
Escuchar > Escuchado To listen to > Listened to
Estudiar > Estudiado To study > Studied
Hablar > Hablado To talk > Talked
Invitar > Invitado To invite > Invited
Jugar > Jugado To play > Played
Lavar > Lavado To wash > Washed
Preocupar > Preocupado To worry > Worried
Publicar > Publicado To publish > Published
Terminar > Terminado To finish > Finished
Trabajar > Trabajado To work > Worked
ER/IR verbs: Remove the last two letters and add IDO.
Aburrir > Aburrido To bore > Bored
Aprender > Aprendido To learn > Learned
Comer > Comido To eat > Eaten
Correr > Corrido To run > Ran
Decidir > Decidido To decide > Decided
Depender > Dependido To depend > Depended
Ir > Ido To go > Went
Ocurrir > Ocurrido To occur > Ocurred
Perder > Perdido To lose > Lost
Permitir > Permitido To permit > Permitted
Prometer > Prometido To promise > Promised
Recibir > Recibido To receive > Received
Sufrir > Sufrido To suffer > Suffered
Temer > Temido To fear > Feared
Vivir > Vivido To live > Lived
221

Irregular Past Participles
These are the most common verbs don't follow the past participle rules on the last page.
Irregular past participles

Abrir > Abierto To open > Open, opened
Cubrir > Cubierto To cover > Covered
Decir > Dicho To say, tell > Said, Told
Describir > Descrito To describe > Described
Descubrir > Descubierto To discover > Discovered
Devolver > Devuelto To return > Returned (an object)
Escribir > Escrito To write > Written
Freír > Frito To fry > Fried
Hacer > Hecho To do, make > Done, Made
Morir > Muerto To die > Dead
Poner > Puesto To put > Put
Resolver > Resuelto To resolve > Resolved
Romper > Roto To break > Broken
Ver > Visto To see > Seen
Volver > Vuelto To return > Returned (a person to a place)
Envolver > Envuelto To wrap > Wrapped
Past participles that add accent marks

Caer > Caído To fall > Fallen
Creer > Creído To believe > Believed
Leer > Leído To read > Read
Oír > Oído To hear > Heard
Reír > Reído To laugh > Laughed
Traer > Traído To bring > Brought
222

Haber + Past Participle
• One way to use past participles is with the verb 'haber.' Haber is both irregular and an
auxilary/helping verb, meaning it has no significance on its own.
• The form of haber you have learned is ‘hay’ which expresses ‘there is’ and ‘there are.’
• Use a tense of haber with a past participle can express something someone:
o Has done, Have done, Had done, Would have done
Present Tense Haber

Present Perfect Indicative = 'Have Done'
He I have
Has you have
Ha + past participle = he/she/usted has + past particple
Hemos (ADO/IDO) we have (ED)
Han they/you all have
Examples:
• He hecho mi tarea. - I have done my homework.
• ¿Has ido a California? - Have you gone to California?
• Me ha permitido visitar. - He has allowed me to visit.
• Hemos contestado todos los correos electrónicos. - We have answered all the emails.
• Han publicado un diccionario. - They have published a dictionary.
Imperfect Tense Haber

Past Perfect Indicative = 'Had Done'
Había I had
Habías you had
Había + past participle = he/she/usted had + past particple
Habíamos (ADO/IDO) we had (ED)
Habían they/you all had
Examples:
• Había pagado la multa. - I had paid the fine.
• ¿Habías leído los libros escrito por ese autor? - Had you read books written by that author?
• Habíamos aprendido el alfabeto. - We had learned the alpabet.
• Habían escuchado a la radio durante su viaje. - They had listened to the radio during their trip.
• Habían bailado toda la noche. - They had danced all night.
223

Conditional Tense Haber

Conditional Perfect = 'Would Have Done'
Habría I would have
Habrías you would have
Habría + past participle = he/she/usted would have + past particple
Habríamos (ADO/IDO) we would have (ED)
Habrían they/you all would have
Examples:
• Habría apoyado la causa. - I would have supported the cause.
• Habrías resuelto el problema. - You would have resolved the problem.
• Habría visto la película pero no habían boletos. - She would have seen the movie but there were no
tickets.
• Habríamos votado para ese candidato. - We would have voted for that candidate.
• Habrían comprado los ingredientes. - They would have bought the ingredients.
Future Tense Haber

Future Perfect = 'Will Have Done'
Habré I will have
Habrás you will have
Habrá + past participle = he/she/usted will have + past particple
Habremos (ADO/IDO) we will have (ED)
Habrán they/you all will have
Examples:
• Él habrá recibido la carta en una semana. - He will have received the letter in a week.
• Habrán terminado el proyecto para el fin del año. - They will have finished the project by the end of the
year.
• Lo habrás hecho en un mes. - You will have done it in a month.
Hints:
21 . Había - There was, It was
22 . Habían - There were, It was
23. Habría - There would be, It would be
24. Habrían - There would be
25. While haber can be conjugated in the
preterite tense, it is extremely rare.
224

Estar + Past Participle / Past Participles as Adjectives
• Another way to use past participles is with the verb 'estar - to be.'
• Any use of the verb 'estar' must follow the rules previously d escribed. That is, to describe
changing characteristics, moods, temporary states of being, etc.
Estar + Past Participle

Estoy I am
Estás + past participle you are + past participle
Está (ADO/IDO) = he, she, usted is (ED)
Estamos we are
Están they, you all are
Examples:
• Estoy perdido/a. - I am lost.
• La puerta está abierta. - The door is open.
• Las papas están fritas. - The potatoes are fried.
• La mesa está puesta. - The table is set.
• Los regalos están envueltos. - The gifts are wrapped.
• Estás invitado a nuestra fiesta. - You are invited to our party.
• Estamos cansados. - We are tired.
Past participles can also be used as adjectives. They must agree in gender and number to the
noun they modify.
Examples:
• Puerta abierta - Open door
• Vaso roto - Broken glass
• Papas fritas. - Fried potatoes
• Mesa puesta - Set table
• Ropa lavada - Washed clothes
• Puertas cerradas - Closed doors
• Clases aburridas - Boring classes
• Documentos terminados - Finished documents
225

Ser + Past Participle
• Another way to use past participles is with the verb 'ser' meaning 'to be.'
• This use of 'ser' is in the passive voice and it is not very commonly used.
• Use ser + a past participle if the sentence answers:
o Who did it
o For whom was it done
o When it was done
• The subject receives the action of the verb in passive sentences.
• Place 'por' after the past participle if the action is physical, 'de' if it is mental, and 'en' to
denote location or time.
Present Tense Ser + Past Participle

Soy I am
Eres + past participle you are + past participle
Es (ADO/IDO) = he, she, usted is (ED)
Somos we are
Son they, you all are
Examples:
• La puerta es abierta por ella. - The door is opened by her.
• Las lámparas son rotas por los niños. - The lamps are broken by the children.
• Somos ayudados por el gobierno. - We are helped by the government.
Future Tense Ser + Past Participle

Será I will be
Serás + past participle you will be + past participle
Será (ADO/IDO) = he, she, usted will be (ED)
Serámos we will be
Serán they, you all will be
Examples:
• Será visto por millones de personas. - It will be seen by millions of people.
• Ellos serán invitados por tú. - They will be invited by you.
• La lección será aprendida por los niños. - The lesson will be learned by the children.
Past Tense Ser + Past Participle

Fui I was
Fuiste + past participle you were + past participle
Fue (ADO/IDO) = he, she, usted was (ED)
Fuimos we were
Fueron they, you all were
Examples:
• Los libros fueron escritos por él. - The books were written by him.
• El poema fue publicado en 1995. - The poem was published in 1995.
• Los reyes fueron temidos por sus ciudadanos. - The kings were feared by their citizens.
226

1. I have voted in this election. - ____________________________________________________________________
2. You (formal) had been a democrat. - ____________________________________________________________________
3. He would have paid the fine. - ____________________________________________________________________
4. She will have written the policy by tomorrow. - ____________________________________________________________
5. He would have been elected. - ____________________________________________________________________
6. We have decided to fight for justice. - ____________________________________________________________________
7. Had you done something illegal? - ____________________________________________________________________
8. You all will have heard the candidate by the end of the night. - ___________________________________________
Estar + Past Participle
9. I am worried about our rights. - ____________________________________________________________________
10. You (formal) are seen by the minority. - _________________________________________________________________
11. Our independence is established by the government. - ____________________________________________________
12. That candidate is supported by the majority. - ____________________________________________________________
13. She is punished for being guilty. - ____________________________________________________________________
14. The laws are obeyed by the population. - ________________________________________________________________
15. The new policy is made by that politician. - ______________________________________________________________
Past Participles as Adjectives
16. Fried eggs - ______________________________
17. Resolved problems - ___________________________
18. Wrapped gift - ______________________________
19. Open window - ______________________________
20. Fallen star - ______________________________
21. Tired people - ______________________________
227

22. Lost keys - ______________________________
23. Paid fine - ______________________________
24. Punished citizen - ____________________________
25. Daring candidate - ___________________________
Ser + Past Participle
26. The policy is published by the government. - ______________________________________________________________
27. Liberty will be promised to the people. - _________________________________________________________________
28. Those books were written by that leader. - _______________________________________________________________
228

CHAPTER 35
Measures and Comparisons Measures

El consejo Advice Doble Double
El consumo Consumption El centímetro Centimeter
El crecimiento Growth El círculo Circle
El tratamiento Treatment El cuadrado Square
Igual Equal, same El cubo Cube
La calidad Quality El gramo Gram
La cantidad Amount, quantity El litro Liter
La combinación Combination El pie Foot
La consecuencia Consequence La cuchara Tablespoon
La desventaja Disadvantage
La cucharadita Teaspoon
La diferencia Difference
La docena Dozen
La forma Form
La libra Pound
La mejor manera The best way
La milla Mile
La porción Portion
La mitad Half
La posibilidad Possibility
La pulgada Inch
La preferencia Preference
La taza Cup
La sugerencia Suggestion
La ventaja Advantage La yarda Yard
Máximo/a Maximum Media docena Half dozen
Mínimo/a Minimum Par Pair
Mismo/a Same
Sin límites Unlimited
229

Commands
Most often, commands will come in the ‘tú’ form. Affirmative tú commands are the same as the
present tense ‘él/ella/usted’ form. For other forms of commands, the letters are opposite to
normal present tense conjugations.
AR ER/IR
a (negative=es) tú you e (negative=as) tú you
e usted usted a usted usted
emos nosotros us amos nosotros us
en ustedes you all an ustedes you all
Hablar - To talk
Habla / No hables Talk! / Don't talk [you]
Hable Talk! [usted]
Hablemos Let's talk!
Hablen You all talk!
Comer - To eat
Come / No comas Eat! / Don't eat! [you]
Coma Eat! [usted]
Comamos Let's eat!
Coman You all eat!
Decidir - To decide
Decide / No decidas Decide! / Don't decide! [you]
Decida Decide! [usted]
Decidamos Let's decide!
Decidan You all decide!
Examples:
• Come la manzana. - Eat the apple. [tú]
• Ayudemos. - Let's help. [nosotros]
• Prepara. - Prepare. [tú]
• Trabajen. - Work. [ustedes]
• Escuchen. - Listen. [ustedes]
• Corramos. - Let's run. [nosotros]
• Comparte. - Share. [tú]
• Gane. - Win. [usted]
• No pelees. - Don't fight. [tú]
• Presten atención. - Pay attention. [ustedes]
• No olviden. - Don't forget. [ustedes]
• No comas la manzana. - Don't eat the apple. [tú]
• Empuje. - Push [usted]
230

Commands -Continued-
In the command form, verbs follow the present tense spelling changes. Here are some examples:
Verb Tocar Jugar Comenzar Repetir Encontrar

English Touch! Play! Start! Repeat! Find!
tú Toca Juega Comienza Repita Encuentra

negative tú No toques No jueges No comiences No repitas No encuentres
usted Toque Juegue Comience Repita Encuentre
nosotros Toquemos Juguemos Comencemos Repitamos Encontramos
ustedes Toquen Jueguen Comiencen Repitan Encuentren
Verb Obedecer Cerrar Huir Recoger

Translation Obey! Close! Run! Pick up!
tú Obedece Cierra Huye Recoge

negative tú No obedezcas No cierres No huyas No recojas
usted Obedezca Cierre Huya Recoja
nosotros Obedecemos Cerramos Huyamos Recojamos
ustedes Obedecen Cierren Huyan Recojan
Examples:
• Expliquemos. - Let's explain. [nosotros]
• No pagues. - Don't pay. [tú]
• Crucen la calle. - Cross the street. [ustedes]
• Duerme. - Sleep. [tú]
• No mientas. - Don't lie. [tú]
• Repitan. - Repeat. [ustedes]
• No desobedezcas. - Don't disobey. [tú]
• Busque. - Search. [usted]
231

Irregular Commands
Here are the most common irregular commands:
Verb Ser Salir Decir Ir Tener

Translation Be! Leave! Say! Go! Have!
tú Sé Sal Di Ve Ten
negative tú No seas No salgas No digas No vayas No tengas
usted Sea Salga Diga Vaya Tenga
nosotros Seamos Salgamos Digamos Vayamos Tengamos
ustedes Sean Salgan Digan Vayan Tengan
Verb Dar Estar Haber Saber Traer

Translation Give! Be! (auxilary 'have') Know! Bring!
tú Da Está He Sabe Trae

negative tú No des No estés No hayas No sepas No traigas
usted Dé Esté Haya Sepa Traiga
nosotros Demos Estemos Hayamos Sepamos Traigamos
ustedes Den Estén Hayan Sepan Traigan
Verb Hacer Poner Venir Oír Ver

Translation Do, Make! Put! Come! Hear! See!
tú Haz Pon Ven Oye Ve

negative tú No hagas No pongas No vengas No oigas No veas
usted Haga Ponga Venga Oiga Vea
nosotros Hagamos Pongamos Vengamos Oigamos Veamos
ustedes Hagan Pongan Vengan Oigan Vean
232

Commands with Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
When using commands, you may want to add a direct and/or an indirect object pronoun onto
your command.
When creating affirmative commands:

o Attach all pronouns to the end of the command.
o If using an indirect object pronoun, always attach it first.
o If using a direct object pronoun, attach it based on gender and number to the end of the command.
o The stress will land on the same syllable as in the original form. This may require adding an accent
mark. Don't add an accent mark to single-syllable commands with one pronoun attached.
Examples:
• Dímela. - Tell it to me. [tú, truth]
• Hazla. - Do it. [tú, homework]
• Plánchenlas. - Iron them. [ustedes, shirts]
• Hágalo. - Do it. [usted, work]
• Cómela. - Eat it. [tú, apple]
• Házmelo saber. - Let me know. [tú]
• Cómanlas. - Eat them. [ustedes, apples]
• Páguenla. - Pay it. [ustedes, bill]
When creating negative commands:

o Place all pronouns before the verb.
o If using an indirect object pronoun, always place it first.
o If using a direct object pronoun, place it directly before the verb based on gender and number.
Examples:
• No me la digas. - Don't tell it to me. [tú, answer]
• No las coman. - Don't eat them. [ustedes, apples]
• No lo hagas - Don't do it. [tú, work]
• No las planches. - Don't iron them. [tú, blouses]
• No la hagamos. - Let's not do it. [nosotros, homework]
• No la comas. - Don't eat it. [tú, apple]
Hints:
• Indirect object pronouns signify to/for who the action is being done.
• Direct object pronouns signify who or what is the subject of the sentence.
233

Measures and Comparisons
1. My suggestion - ______________________________
2. Your advantage - ______________________________
3. Some differences - ___________________________
4. Many consequences - __________________________
5. His disadvantage - ___________________________
6. My advice - ______________________________
7. An unlimited amount - _________________________
8. The best quality - ___________________________
9. Your preference - ____________________________
10. Three feet - ______________________________
11. Five miles - ______________________________
12. Ten inches - ______________________________
13. One cup - _______________________________
14. Twenty yards - ______________________________
15. 100 pounds - ______________________________
16. Two liters - ______________________________
17. Six centimeters - ______________________________
Translate the commands below. Notes in brackets clarify the subject.
Commands
18. [Tú] Think. - ______________________________________________________________
19. [Nosotros] Let's practice. - ______________________________________________________________
20. [Usted] Listen. - ______________________________________________________________
21. [Tú] Listen. - ______________________________________________________________
234

22. [Ustedes] Have fun. - ______________________________________________________________
23. [Tú] Don't be lazy. - ______________________________________________________________
24. [Usted] Don't trip. - ______________________________________________________________
25. [Nosotros] Let's play. - ______________________________________________________________
26. [Tú] Take care. - ______________________________________________________________
27. [Usted] Take care. - ______________________________________________________________
28. [Tú] Focus. - ______________________________________________________________
29. [Ustedes] Take care. - ______________________________________________________________
30. [Tú] Don't lie. - ______________________________________________________________
31. [Tú] Don't complain. - ______________________________________________________________
32. [Ustedes] Listen. - ______________________________________________________________
33. [Tú] Pack. - ______________________________________________________________
34. [Tú] Obey. - ______________________________________________________________
35. [Tú] Don't go. - ______________________________________________________________
36. [Tú] Don't yawn. - ______________________________________________________________
37. [Ustedes] Smile. - ______________________________________________________________
38. [Tú] Come here. - ______________________________________________________________
39. [Ustedes] Don't get sick. - ______________________________________________________________
40. [Tú] Get dressed. - ______________________________________________________________
Commands with Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
41. [Ustedes] Repeat it. - ______________________________________________________________
42. [Tú, homework] Don't do it right now. - ______________________________________________________________
43. [Tú, sun] Don't look at it. - ______________________________________________________________
44. [Usted, answer] Don't repeat it to me. - ______________________________________________________________
45. [Tú, books] Give them to me. - ______________________________________________________________
46. [Tú, truth] Tell it to me. - ______________________________________________________________
235

47. [Tú, teeth] Brush them. - ______________________________________________________________
48. [Ustedes, moon] Look at it. - ______________________________________________________________
49. [Usted, book] Read it. - ______________________________________________________________
50. [Ustedes, game] Don't lose it. - ______________________________________________________________
51. [Nosotros, rule] Let's not obey it. - ______________________________________________________________
52. [Tú, key] Don't give it to me. - ______________________________________________________________
236

CHAPTER 36
In this chapter you will learn the subjunctive tense. A way to recognize the need for subjunctive
is to learn some key phrases and verbs that introduce it. There are 4 categories that introduce
subjunctive; Doubt, emotion, persuasion, and hypothetical occurrences.
Subjunctive Trigger Phrases Subjunctive Trigger Phrases

Doubt Emotion
Dudar que... To doubt that... Es bueno que... It's good that...
Negar que... To deny that... Es horrible que... It's horrible that...
No creer que... To not think that... Es increíble que... It's incredible that...
No es cierto que... It's not true that... Es mejor que... It's better that...
No es evidente que... It's not evident that... Es terrible que... It's terrible that...
No es obvio que... It's not obvious that... Es triste que... It's sad that...
No estar seguro de que To not be certain that... Es una lástima que... It's a shame that...
No parecer que... To not seem that... Estar conento que... To be happy that...
No pensar que... To not think that... Estar triste que... To be sad that...
No puede ser que... It can't be that... Me enoja que... It angers me that...
No suponer que... To not suppose that... Me encanta que... I love that...
Es posible que... It's possible that... Me fascina que... I'm fascinated that...
Es probable que... It's probable that... Me gusta que... I like that...
Es imposible que... It's impossible that... Preocuparse que... To worry that...
Hypothetical or Unknown Esperar que... To hope that...
Mientras que... While... Ojalá que... I hope that...
En caso de que... In case of/that... Querer que... To want that...
Con tal que... Provided that... Sentir que... To feel that
Cuando... When... Temer que... To fear that...
Después de que... After... Desear To wish
A menos que... Unless... Odiar To hate
Antes de que... Before... Disfrutar To enjoy
Aunque... Although Amar To love
Quizás Maybe Sufrir To suffer
Sin que Without Aburrir To bore
Para que... So that... Persuasion
Tal vez Perhaps Es importante que... It's important that...
Tan pronto como... As soon as... Preferir que... To prefer that...
Imaginar To imagine Sugerir que... To suggest that...
Insistir que... To insist that
Permitir To permit
Prohibir To prohibit
Recomendar To recommend
Sugerir To suggest
Pedir To ask for
Decir To tell
237

Present Subjunctive Tense
The subjunctive tense is a tricky thing, because English doesn't have a subjunctive tense. So far,
we have learned the present indicative tense, which is used to indicate actual occurrences.
Subjunctive does the opposite. Subjunctive is still the equivalent of present tense, but it has
different triggers.
When do you use subjunctive? To express:

• Wishes and Desires
• Uncertainty
• Unfinished actions
• Potential occurrences
• Ignorance
• Emotions
• Opinions
• Vague needs
In English the indicative form of a verb is used for both of these sentences:
• Indicative: You will go on vacation soon. (certain)
• Subjunctive: I hope that you will go on vacation soon. (potential)
In Spanish, the verb that follows the phrase 'I hope that' must be changed to the present subjunctive tense
because the phrase describes an emotion. Present subjunctive verbs often translate to 'may.'
• Indicative: Vas en vacaciones pronto. - You will go on vacation soon.
• Subjunctive: Espero que vayas en vacaciones pronto. - I hope that you may go on vacation soon.
o You can see from the example above that the subjunctive tense requires 2 clauses, a connector,
and a change of subject.
Don't try too hard to rationalize why it is necessary to use the present subjunctive tense. Rather, get a feel for
the phrases learned in the vocabulary section. When you hear one, you will know that subjunctive must follow it.
To conjugate in the subjunctive tense, start with usted commands and change the endings to:
Present Subjuntive Tense AR verbs ER/IR verbs

yo I e a
tú you es as
él/ella/usted he/she/usted e a
nosotros/nosotras we emos amos
ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you all en an
Examples:
• Quizás puedas ayudarme. - Maybe you can help me.
• Tan pronto como llegue a mi casa, te llamaré. - As soon as I may reach my house, I will call you.
• Temo que no exista paz en este mundo. - I fear that peace may not exist in this world.
• Es importante que me digas lo que pasó. - It's important that you tell me what happened.
• Dudo que pueda realizarlo. - I doubt that they will achieve it.
238

Irregular Present Subjunctive Verbs / Present Perfect Subjunctive
IRREGULAR PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS
Only 6 Irregular Subjunctive Verbs

Dar Estar Haber Ir Saber Ser
[To give] [To be] [To have (aux.)] [To go] [To know] [To be]
yo Dé Esté Haya Vaya Sepa Sea
tú Des Estes Hayas Vayas Sepas Seas
él/ella/usted Dé Esté Haya Vaya Sepa Sea
nosotros/nosotras Demos Estemos Hayamos Vayamos Sepamos Seamos
ellos/ellas/ustedes Den Estén Hayan Vayan Sepan Sean
Examples:
• Dudo que estes enfermo. - I doubt that you're sick.
• Es importante que sepan las respuestas. - It's important that they know the answers.
• Desea que la riqueza no sea la cosa más importante. - He wishes wealth wasn't the most important thing.
• No parece que sepas lo que quieres. - It doesn't seem that you know what you want.
• Estoy contento que me des un regalo. - I am happy that you give me a gift.
PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Tense Ser + Past Participle

Haya I may have
Hayas + past participle you may have + past participle
Haya (ADO/IDO) = he, she, usted may have (ED)
Hayamos we may have
Hayan they, you all may have
Examples:
• Espero que hayas sentido el amor. - I hope you may have felt love.
• Ojalá que hayas aprendido una habilidad nueva. - I hope you may have learned a new skill.
• No suponemos que haya terminado su tarea. - We don't suppose that he may have finished his homework.
• Insiste que hayan resuelto el problema. - She insists that they may have resolved the problem.
• Recomendamos que hayas lavado las manos. - We recommend that you may have washed your hands.
239

Present Subjunctive Tense
1. I doubt that it rains soon. - ______________________________________________________________
2. He does not believe that you understand. - ______________________________________________________________
3. It does not seem that she remembers that day. - __________________________________________________________
4. We do not suppose that it is going to snow. - ___________________________________________________________
5. It is impossible that they know the answer. - ______________________________________________________________
6. It is possible that they work in the night. - ______________________________________________________________
7. They prepared yesterday so that the dinner is ready.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. I want you to leave me in front before you park the car.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Perhaps we travel more next year. - ______________________________________________________________
10. I will do it as soon as you (formal) answer me.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. We prepared the room so that you all can visit.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Don't leave before you finish. - ______________________________________________________________
13. Her boss wants the project as soon as possible. - ________________________________________________________
14. It is good that you all are happy. - ______________________________________________________________
15. I hope that you don't go. - ______________________________________________________________
16. I am sad that you are crying. - ______________________________________________________________
17. I hope that you all sleep well. - ______________________________________________________________
18. We wish that they are happy. - ______________________________________________________________
19. It is terrible that he does not dance. - ______________________________________________________________
240

20. It fascinates me that you don't know how to whistle. - ____________________________________________________
21. I want you to hug me. - ______________________________________________________________
22. It is important that you all bring your passports. - _______________________________________________________
23. You (formal) insist that we learn geography. - ____________________________________________________________
24. We prefer that you finish now. - ______________________________________________________________
25. I recommend that you all sleep early. - ______________________________________________________________
26. She asks me to come. - ______________________________________________________________
27. It is prohibited that we smoke. - ______________________________________________________________
28. We will not stay unless he promises to tell us the truth.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Present Perfect Subjunctive
29. I fear that you have forgotten me. - ______________________________________________________________
30. It doesn't seem that she has done it. - ______________________________________________________________
31. It is a shame that we have fallen down. - ______________________________________________________________
32. You (formal) worry that someone has stolen from you.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. I hope that you have been well. - ______________________________________________________________
34. It cannot be that they have married. - ______________________________________________________________
35. We will leave as soon as she pays the bill. - ______________________________________________________________
241

Verb Review
This serves as a review of all the tenses you have learned.
The first page outlines the compound tenses of 'haber' which you can add to a past participle.
The subsequent pages outline 20 of the most commonly used Spanish verbs and their respective
tenses.
20 Commonly Used Verbs Review

Deber To ought to, should
Querer To want
Poder To be able to
Necesitar To need
Dejar To leave
Tener To have
Dar To give
Ser To be
Estar To be
Gustar To please
Ir To go
Hacer To do, to make
Creer To think, to believe
Ver To see
Decir To say, to tell
Saber To know (information)
Conocer To know (to be familiar with a person or place)
Hablar To talk, to speak
Llevar To bring, to carry, to have (auxilary)
242

Haber - To have (auxilary verb)
[Don't forget that you often must add a past participle to create a logical sentence with 'haber.]
Present Indicative:
*yo he I have ___
*tú has you have ___
*él/ella/usted ha he/she/usted has ___
*nosotros/nosotras hemos we have ___
*ellos/ellas/ustedes han they/you all have ___
Imperfect:
yo había I had ___
tú habías you had ___
él/ella/usted había he/she/usted had ___
nosotros/nosotras habíamos we had ___
ellos/ellas/ustedes habían they/you all had ___
Preterite:
*yo hube I had ___
*tú hubiste you had ___
*él/ella/usted hubo he/she/usted had ___
*nosotros/nosotras hubimos we had ___
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hubieron they/you all had ___
Future:
*yo habré I will have ___
*tú habrás you will have ___
*él/ella/usted habrá he/she/usted will have ___
*nosotros/nosotras habremos we will have ___
*ellos/ellas/ustedes habrán they/you all will have ___
Conditional:
*yo habría I would have ___
*tú habrías you would have ___
*él/ella/usted habría he/she/usted would have ___
*nosotros/nosotras habríamos we would have ___
*ellos/ellas/ustedes habrían they/you all would have ___
Present Subjunctive:
*yo haya I may have
*tú hayas you may have
*él/ella/usted haya he/she/usted may have
*nosotros/nosotras hayamos we may have
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hayan they/you all may have
Imperfect Subjunctive:
*yo hubiera
*tú hubieras
*él/ella/usted hubiera
*nosotros/nosotras hubiéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hubieran
Gerund: habiendo having
Past Participle: habido had
243

Deber - To have to, Should, Owe
Present Indicative:
yo debo I should
tú debes you should
él/ella/usted debe he/she/usted should
nosotros/nosotras debemos we should
ellos/ellas/ustedes deben they/you all should
Imperfect:
yo debía I should have
tú debías you should have
él/ella/usted debía he/she/usted should have
nosotros/nosotras debíamos we should have
ellos/ellas/ustedes debían they/you all should have
Preterite:
yo debí I should have
tú debiste you should have
él/ella/usted debió he/she/usted should have
nosotros/nosotras debimos we should have
ellos/ellas/ustedes debieron they/you all should have
Future:
yo deberé I should
tú deberás you should
él/ella/usted deberá he/she/usted should
nosotros/nosotras deberemos we should
ellos/ellas/ustedes deberán they/you all should
Conditional:
yo debería I should
tú deberías you should
él/ella/usted debería he/she/usted should
nosotros/nosotros deberíamos we should
ellos/ellas/ustedes deberían they/you all should
Imperative:
tú debe you should!
tú no debas you shouldn't!
usted deba usted should!
nosotros/nosotras debamos let's ought to!
ustedes deban you all should!
yo deba perhaps I should
tú debas perhaps you should
él/ella/usted deba perhaps he/she/usted should
nosotros/nosotras debamos perhaps we should
ellos/ellas/ustedes deban perhaps they/you all should
yo debiera
tú debieras
él/ella/usted debiera
nosotros/nosotras debiéramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes debieran
Gerund: debiendo oughting to
Past Participle: debido should have
244

Querer - To want
Present Indicative:
*yo quiero I want
*tú quieres you want
*él/ella/usted quiere he/she/usted wants
nosotros/nosotras queremos we want
*ellos/ellas/ustedes quieren they/you all want
Imperfect:
yo quería I was wanting, used to want
tú querías you were wanting, used to want
él/ella/usted quería he/she/usted was wanting, used to want
nosotros/nosotras queríamos we were wanting, used to want
ellos/ellas/ustedes querían they/you all were wanting, used to want
Preterite:
*yo quise I wanted
*tú quisiste you wanted
*él/ella/usted quiso he/she/usted wanted
*nosotros/nosotras quisimos we wanted
*ellos/ellas/ustedes quisieron they/you all wanted
Future:
*yo querré I will want
*tú querrás you will want
*él/ella/usted querrá he/she/usted will want
*nosotros/nosotras querremos we will want
*ellos/ellas/ustedes querrán they/you all will want
Conditional:
*yo querría I would want
*tú querrías you would want
*él/ella/usted querría he/she/usted would want
*nosotros/nosotras querríamos we would want
*ellos/ellas/ustedes querrían they/you all would want
Imperative:
*tú quiere Want! (you)
*tú no quieras Don't wan't! (you)
*usted quiera Want! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras queramos Let's want! (us)
*ustedes quieran Want! (you all)
*yo quiera I may want
*tú quieras you may want
*él/ella/usted quiera he/she/usted may want
nosotros/nosotras queramos we may want
*ellos/ellas/ustedes quieran they/you all may want
*yo quisiera
*tú quisieras
*él/ella/usted quisiera
*nosotros/nosotras quisiéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes quisieran
Gerund: queriendo wanting
Past Participle: querido wanted
245

Poder - To be able to, Might
Present Indicative:
*yo puedo I can
*tú puedes you can
*él/ella/usted puede he/she/usted can
nosotros/nosotras podemos we can
*ellos/ellas/ustedes pueden they/you all can
Imperfect:
yo podía I was able
tú podías you were able
él/ella/usted podía he/she/usted was able
nosotros/nosotras podíamos we were able
ellos/ellas/ustedes podían they/you all were able
Preterite:
*yo pude I was able
*tú pudiste you were able
*él/ella/usted pudo he/she/usted was able
*nosotros/nosotras pudimos we were able
*ellos/ellas/ustedes pudieron they/you all were able
Future:
*yo podré I will be able
*tú podrás you will be able
*él/usted podrá he/she/usted will be able
*nosotros podremos we will be able
*ellos/ustedes podrán they/you all will be able
Conditional:
*yo podría I would be able
*tú podrías you would be able
*él/ella/usted podría he/she/usted would be able
*nosotros/nosotras podríamos we would be able
*ellos/ellas/ustedes podrían they/you all would be able
Imperative:
*tú puede Be able! (you)
*tú no puedas You can't! (you)
*usted pueda Be able! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras podamos Let's be able! (us)
*ustedes puedan Be able! (you all)
*yo pueda I may be able
*tú puedas you may be able
*él/ella/usted pueda he/she/usted may be able
nosotros/nosotras podamos we may be able
*ellos/ellas/ustedes puedan they/you all may be able
*yo pudiera
*tú pudieras
*él/ella/usted pudiera
*nosotros/nosotras pudiéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes pudieran
Gerund: *pudiendo being able
Past Participle: podido able
246

Necesitar - To need
Present Indicative:
yo necesito I need
tú necesitas you need
él/ella/usted necesita he/she/usted needs
nosotros/nosotras necesitamos we need
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitan they/you all need
Imperfect:
yo necesitaba I was needing, used to need
tú necesitabas you were needing, used to need
él/ella/usted necesitaba he/she/usted was needing, used to need
nosotros/nosotras necesitábamos we were needing, used to need
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitaban they/you all were needing, used to need
Preterite:
yo necesité I needed
tú necesitaste you needed
él/ella/usted necesitó he/she/usted needed
nosotros/nosotras necesitamos we needed
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitaron they/you all needed
Future:
yo necesitaré I will need
tú necesitarás you will need
él/ella/usted necesitará he/she/usted will need
nosotros/nosotras necesitaremos we will need
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitarán they/you all will need
Conditional:
yo necesitaría I would need
tú necesitarías you would need
él/ella/usted necesitaría he/she/usted would need
nosotros/nosotras necesitaríamos we would need
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitarían they/you all would need
Imperative:
tú necesita Need! (you)
tú no necesites Don't need! (you)
usted necesite Need! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras necesitemos Let's need! (us)
ustedes necesiten Need! (you all)
yo necesite I may need
tú necesites you may need
él/ella/usted necesite he/she/usted may need
nosotros/nosotras necesitemos we may need
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesiten they/you all may need
yo necesitara
tú necesitaras
él/ella/usted necesitara
nosotros/nosotras necesitáramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes necesitaran
Gerund: necesitando needing
Past Participle: necesitado needed
247

Dejar - To leave, To allow
Present Indicative:
yo dejo I leave
tú dejas you leave
él/ella/usted deja he/she/usted leaves
nosotros/nosotras dejamos we need leave
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejan they/you all leave
Imperfect:
yo dejaba I was leaving, used to leave
tú dejabas you were leaving, used to leave
él/ella/usted dejaba he/she/usted was leaving, used to leave
nosotros/nosotras dejábamos we were leaving, used to leave
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejaban they/you all were leaving, used to leave
Preterite:
yo dejé I left
tú dejaste you left
él/ella/usted dejó he/she/usted left
nosotros/nosotras dejamos we left
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejaron they/you all left
Future:
yo dejaré I will leave
tú dejarás you will leave
él/ella/usted dejará he/she/usted will leave
nosotros/nosotras dejaremos we will leave
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejarán they/you will leave
Conditional:
yo dejaría I would leave
tú dejarías you would leave
él/ella/usted dejaría he/she/usted would leave
nosotros/nosotras dejaríamos we would leave
ellos/ellos/ustedes dejarían they/you all would leave
Imperative:
tú deja Leave! (you)
tú no dejes Don't leave! (you)
usted deje Leave! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras dejemos Let's leave! (us)
ustedes dejen Leave! (you all)
yo deje I may leave
tú dejes you may leave
él/ella/usted deje he/she/usted may leave
nosotros/nosotras dejemos we may leave
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejen they/you all leave
yo dejara
tú dejaras
él/ella/usted dejara
nosotros/nosotras dejáramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes dejaran
Gerund: dejando leaving
Past Participle: dejado left
248

Tener - To have
Present Indicative:
*yo tengo I have
*tú tienes you have
*él/ella/usted tiene he/she/usted has
nosotros/nosotras tenemos we have
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tienen they/you all have
Imperfect:
yo tenía I was having, used to have
tú tenías you were having, used to have
él/ella/usted tenía he/she/usted was having, used to have
nosotros/nosotras teníamos we were having, used to have
ellos/ellas/ustedes tenían they/you all were having, used to have
Preterite:
*yo tuve I had
*tú tuviste you had
*él/ella/usted tuvo he/she/usted had
*nosotros/nosotras tuvimos we had
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tuvieron they/you all had
Future:
*yo tendré I will have
*tú tendrás you will have
*él/ella/usted tendrá he/she/usted will have
*nosotros/nosotras tendremos we will have
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tendrán they/you all will have
Conditional:
*yo tendría I would have
*tú tendrías you would have
*él/ella/usted tendría he/she/usted would have
*nosotros/nosotras tendríamos we would have
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tendrían they/you all would have
Imperative:
*tú ten Have! (you)
*tú no tengas Don't have! (you)
*usted tenga Have! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras tengamos Let's have (us)
*ustedes tengan Have! (you all)
*yo tenga I may have
*tú tengas you may have
*él/ella/usted tenga he/she/usted may have
*nosotros/nosotras tengamos we may have
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tengan they/you all may have
*yo tuviera
*tú tuvieras
*él/ella/usted tuviera
*nosotros/nosotras tuviéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes tuvieran
Gerund: teniendo having
Past Participle: tenido had
249

Dar - To give
Present Indicative:
*yo doy I give
tú das you give
él/ella/usted da he/she/usted gives
nosotros/nosotras damos we give
ellos/ellas/ustedes dan they/you all give
Imperfect:
yo daba I was giving, used to give
tú dabas you were giving, used to give
él/ella/usted daba he/she/usted was giving, used to give
nosotros/nosotras dábamos we were giving, used to give
ellos/ellas/ustedes daban they/you all were giving, used to give
Preterite:
*yo di I gave
*tú diste you gave
*él/ella/usted dio he/she/usted gave
*nosotros/nosotras dimos we gave
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dieron they/you all gave
Future:
yo daré I will give
tú darás you will give
él/ella/usted dará he/she/usted will give
nosotros/nosotras daremos we will give
ellos/ellas/ustedes darán they/you all will give
Conditional:
yo daría I would give
tú darías you would give
él/ella/usted daría he/she/usted would give
nosotros/nosotras daríamos we would give
ellos/ellas/ustedes darían they/you all would give
Imperative:
tú da Give! (you)
tú no des Don't give! (you)
*usted dé Give! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras demos Let's give! (us)
ustedes den Give! (you all)
*yo dé I may give
tú des you may give
*él/ella/usted dé he/she/usted may give
nosotros/nosotras demos we may give
ellos/ellas/ustedes den they/you all may give
*yo diera
*tú dieras
*él/ella/usted diera
*nosotros/nosotras diéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dieran
Gerund: dando giving
Past Participle: dado gave
250

Ser - To be
Present Indicative:
*yo soy I am
*tú eres you are
*él/ella/usted es he/she/usted is
*nosotros/nosotras somos we are
*ellos/ellas/ustedes son they/you all are
Imperfect:
*yo era I had been, used to be
*tú eras you had been, used to be
*él/ella/usted era he/she/usted had been, used to be
*nosotros/nosotras éramos we had been, used to be
*ellos/ellas/ustedes eran they/you all had been, used to be
Preterite:
*yo fui I was
*tú fuiste you were
*él/ella/usted fue he/she/usted was
*nosotros/nosotras fuimos we were
*ellos/ellas/ustedes fueron they/you all were
Future:
yo seré I will be
tú serás you will be
él/ella/usted será he/she/usted will be
nosotros/nosotras seremos we will be
ellos/ellas/ustedes serán they/you all will be
Conditional:
yo sería I would be
tú serías you would be
él/ella/usted sería he/she/usted would be
nosotros/nosotras seríamos we would be
ellos/ellas/ustedes serían they/you all would be
Imperative:
*tú sé Be! (you)
*tú no seas Don't be! (you)
*usted sea Be! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras seamos Let's be! (us)
*ustedes sean Be! (you all)
*yo sea I may be
*tú seas you may be
*él/ella/usted sea he/she/usted may be
*nosotros/nosotras seamos we may be
*ellos/ellas/ustedes sean they/you all may be
*yo fuera
*tú fueras
*él/ella/usted fuera
*nosotros/nosotras fuéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes fueran
Gerund: siendo being
Past Participle: sido been
251

Estar - To be
Present Indicative:
*yo estoy I am
*tú estás you are
*él/ella/usted está he/she/usted is
nosotros/nosotras estamos we are
*ellos/ellas/ustedes están they/you all are
Imperfect:
yo estaba I had been, used to be
tú estabas you had been, used to be
él/ella/usted estaba he/she/usted had been, used to be
nosotros/nosotras estábamos we had been, used to be
ellos/ellas/ustedes estaban they/you all had been, used to be
Preterite:
*yo estuve I was
*tú estuviste you were
*él/ella/usted estuvo he/she/usted was
*nosotros/nosotras estuvimos we were
*ellos/ellas/ustedes estuvieron they/you all were
Future:
yo estaré I will be
tú estarás you will be
él/ella/usted estará he/she/usted will be
nosotros/nosotras estaremos we will be
ellos/ustedes estarán they/you all will be
Conditional:
yo estaría I would be
tú estarías you would be
él/ella/usted estaría he/she/usted would be
nosotros/nosotras estaríamos we would be
ellos/ustedes estarían they/you all would be
Imperative:
*tú está Be! (you)
*tú no estés Don't be! (you)
*usted esté Be! (usted)
nosotros estemos Let's be! (us)
*ustedes estén Be! (you all)
*yo esté I may be
*tú estés you may be
*él/ella/usted esté he/she/usted may be
nosotros/nosotras estemos we may be
*ellos/ellas/ustedes estén they/you all may be
*yo estuviera
*tú estuvieras
*él/ella/usted estuviera
*nosotros/nosotras estuviéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes estuvieran
Gerund: estando being
Past Participle: estado been
252

Gustar - To please
Present Indicative:
yo gusto I please
tú gustas you please
él/ella/usted gusta he/she/usted pleases
nosotros/nosotras gustamos we please
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustan they/you all please
Imperfect:
yo gustaba I was pleasing, used to be pleasing
tú gustabas you were pleasing, used to be pleasing
él/ella/usted gustaba he/she/usted was pleasing, used to be pleasing
nosotros/nosotras gustábamos we were pleasing, used to be pleasing
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustaban they/you all were pleasing, used to be pleasing
Preterite:
yo gusté I was pleasing
tú gustaste you were pleasing
él/ella/usted gustó he/she/usted was pleasing
nosotros/nosotras gustamos we were pleasing
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustaron they/you all were pleasing
Future:
yo gustaré I will be pleasing
tú gustarás you will be pleasing
él/ella/usted gustará he/she/usted will be pleasing
nosotros/nosotras gustaremos we will be pleasing
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustarán they/you all will be pleasing
Conditional:
yo gustaría I would be pleasing
tú gustarías you would be pleasing
él/ella/usted gustaría he/she/usted would be pleasing
nosotros/nosotras gustaríamos we would be pleasing
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustarían they/you all would be pleasing
Imperative:
tú gusta Please! (you)
tú no gustas Don't please (you)
usted guste Please! (usted)
nosotros gustemos Let's please! (us)
ustedes gusten Please! (you all)
yo guste I may please
tú gustes you may please
él/ella/usted guste he/she/usted may please
nosotros/nosotras gustemos we may please
ellos/ellas/ustedes gusten they/you all may please
yo gustara
tú gustaras
él/ella/usted gustara
nosotros/nosotras gustáramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes gustaran
Gerund: gustando pleasing
Past Participle: gustado pleased
253

Ir - To go
Present Indicative:
*yo voy I go
*tú vas you go
*él/ella/usted va he/she/usted goes
*nosotros/nosotras vamos we go
*ellos/ellas/ustedes van they/you all go
Imperfect:
*yo iba I was going, used to go
*tú ibas you were going, used to go
*él/ella/usted iba he/she/usted was going, used to go
*nosotros/nosotras íbamos we were going, used to go
*ellos/ellas/ustedes iban they/you all were going, used to go
Preterite:
*yo fui I went
*tú fuiste you went
*él/ella/usted fue he/she/usted went
*nosotros/nosotras fuimos we went
*ellos/ellas/ustedes fueron they/you all went
Future:
yo iré I will go
tú irás you will go
él/ella/usted irá he/she/usted will go
nosotros/nosotras iremos we will go
ellos/ellas/ustedes irán they/you all will go
Conditional:
yo iría I would go
tú irías you would go
él/ella/usted iría he/she/usted would go
nosotros/nosotras iríamos we would go
ellos/ellas/ustedes irían they/you all would go
Imperative:
*tú ve Go! (you)
*tú no vayas Don't go! (you)
*usted vaya Go! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras vayamos Let's go! (us)
*ustedes vayan Go! (you all)
*yo vaya I may go
*tú vayas you may go
*él/ella/usted vaya he/she/usted may go
*nosotros/nosotras vayamos we may go
*ellos/ellas/ustedes vayan they/you all may go
*yo fuera
*tú fueras
*él/ella/usted fuera
*nosotros/nosotras fuéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes fueran
Gerund: *yendo going
Past Participle: ido went
254

Hacer - To do, To make
Present Indicative:
*yo hago I do
tú haces you do
él/ella/usted hace he/she/usted does
nosotros/nosotras hacemos we do
ellos/ellas/ustedes hacen they/you all do
Imperfect:
yo hacía I was doing, used to do
tú hacías you were doing, used to do
él/ella/usted hacía he/she/usted was doing, used to do
nosotros/nosotras hacíamos we were doing, used to do
ellos/ellas/ustedes hacían they/you all were doing, used to do
Preterite:
*yo hice I did
*tú hiciste you did
*él/ella/usted hizo he/she/usted did
*nosotros/nosotras hicimos we did
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hicieron they/you all did
Future:
*yo haré I will do
*tú harás you will do
*él/ella/usted hará he/she/usted will do
*nosotros/nosotras haremos we will do
*ellos/ellas/ustedes harán they/you all will do
Conditional:
*yo haría I would do
*tú harías you would do
*él/ella/usted haría he/she/usted would do
*nosotros/nosotras haríamos we would do
*ellos/ellas/ustedes harían they/you all would do
Imperative:
*tú haz Do! (you)
*tú no hagas Don't do! (you)
*usted haga Do! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras hagamos Let's do! (us)
*ustedes hagan Do! (you all)
*yo haga I may do
*tú hagas you may do
*él/ella/usted haga he/she/usted may do
*nosotros/nosotras hagamos we may do
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hagan they/you all may do
*yo hiciera
*tú hicieras
*él/ella/usted hiciera
*nosotros/nosotras hiciéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes hicieran
Gerund: haciendo doing
Past Participle: *hecho did
255

Creer - To think, to believe
Present Indicative:
yo creo I think
tú crees you think
él/ella/usted cree he/she/usted thinks
nosotros/nosotras creemos we think
ellos/ellas/ustedes creen they/you all think
Imperfect:
yo creía I was thinking, used to think
tú creías you were thinking, used to think
él/ella/usted creía he/she/usted was thinking, used to think
nosotros/nosotras creíamos we were thinking, used to think
ellos/ellas/ustedes creían they/you all were thinking, used to think
Preterite:
yo creí I thought
*tú creíste you thought
*él/ella/usted creyó he/she/usted thought
*nosotros/nosotras creímos we thought
*ellos/ellas/ustedes creyeron they/you all thought
Future:
yo creeré I will think
tú creerás you will think
él/ella/usted creerá he/she/usted will think
nosotros/nosotras creeremos we will think
ellos/ellas/ustedes creerán they/you all will think
Conditional:
yo creería I would think
tú creerías you would think
él/ella/usted creería he/she/usted would think
nosotros/nosotras creeríamos we would think
ellos/ellas/ustedes creerían they/you all would think
Imperative:
tú cree Think! (you)
tú no creas Don't think! (you)
usted crea Think! (usted)
nosotros creamos Let's think! (us)
ustedes crean Think! (you all)
yo crea I may think
tú creas you may think
él/ella/usted crea he/she/usted may think
nosotros/nosotras creamos we may think
ellos/ellas/ustedes crean they/you all may think
*yo creyera
*tú creyeras
*él/ella/usted creyera
*nosotros creyéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes creyeran
Gerund: *creyendo thinking
Past Participle: *creído thought
256

Ver - To see
Present Indicative:
*yo veo I see
tú ves you see
él/ella/usted ve he/she/usted sees
nosotros/nosotras vemos we see
ellos/ellas/ustedes ven they/you all see
Imperfect:
*yo veía I was seeing, used to see
*tú veías you were seeing, used to see
*él/ella/usted veía he/she/usted was seeing, used to see
*nosotros/nosotras veíamos we were seeing, used to see
*ellos/ellas/ustedes veían they/you all were seeing, used to see
Preterite:
yo ví I saw
tú viste you saw
él/ella/usted vió he/she/usted saw
nosotros/nosotras vimos we saw
ellos/ellas/ustedes vieron they/you all saw
Future:
yo veré I will see
tú verás you will see
él/ella/usted verá he/she/usted will see
nosotros veremos we will see
ellos/ellas/ustedes verán they/you all will see
Conditional:
yo vería I would see
tú verías you would see
él/ella/usted vería he/she/usted would see
nosotros/nosotras veríamos we would see
ellos/ellos/ustedes verían they/you all would see
Imperative:
tú ve See! (you)
*tú no veas Don't see! (you)
*usted vea See! (usted)
*nosotros veamos Let's see! (us)
*ustedes vean See! (you all)
*yo vea I may see
*tú veas you may see
*él/ella/usted vea he/she/usted may see
*nosotros/nosotras veamos we may see
*ellos/ellas/ustedes vean they/you all may see
*yo cupiera
*tú cupieras
*él/ella/usted cupiera
*nosotros/nosotras cupiéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes cupieran
Gerund: viendo seeing
Past Participle: *visto saw
257

Decir - To say, To tell
Present Indicative:
*yo digo I say, tell
*tú dices you say, tell
*él/ella/usted dice he/she/usted says, tells
nosotros/nosotras decimos we say, tell
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dicen they/you all say, tell
Imperfect:
yo decía I was saying, used to say
tú decías you were saying, used to say
él/ella/usted decía he/she/usted was saying, used to say
nosotros/nosotras decíamos we were saying, used to say
ellos/ellas/ustedes decían they/you all were saying, used to say
Preterite:
*yo dije I said, told
*tú dijiste you said, told
*él/ella/usted dijo he/she/usted said, told
*nosotros/nosotras dijimos we said, told
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dijeron they/you all said, told
Future:
*yo diré I will say, tell
*tú dirás you will say, tell
*él/ella/usted dirá he/she/usted will say, tell
*nosotros/nosotras diremos we will say, tell
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dirán they/you all will say, tell
Conditional:
*yo diría I would say, tell
*tú dirías you would say, tell
*él/ella/usted diría he/she/usted would say, tell
*nosotros/nosotras diríamos we would say, tell
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dirían they/you all would say, tell
Imperative:
*tú di Say! Tell! (you)
*tú no digas Don't say! Don't tell! (you)
*usted diga Say! Tell! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras digamos Let's say! Let's tell! (us)
*ustedes digan Say! Tell! (you all)
*yo diga I may say, tell
*tú digas you may say, tell
*él/ella/usted diga he/she/usted may say, tell
*nosotros/nosotras digamos we may say, tell
*ellos/ellas/ustedes digan they/you all may say, tell
*yo dijera
*tú dijeras
*él/ella/usted dijera
*nosotros/nosotras dijéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes dijeran
Gerund: *diciendo saying, telling
Past Participle: *dicho said, told
258

Saber - To know (information, how to)
Present Indicative:
*yo sé I know
tú sabes you know
él/ella/usted sabe he/she/usted knows
nosotros/nosotras sabemos we know
ellos/ellas/ustedes saben they/you all know
Imperfect:
yo sabía I was knowing, used to know
tú sabías you were knowing, used to know
él/ella/usted sabía he/she/usted was knowing, used to know
nosotros/nosotras sabíamos we were knowing, used to know
ellos/ellas/ustedes sabían they/you all were knowing, used to know
Preterite:
*yo supe I knew
*tú supiste you knew
*él/ella/usted supo he/she/usted knew
*nosotros/nosotras supimos we knew
*ellos/ellas/ustedes supieron they/you all knew
Future:
*yo sabré I will know
*tú sabrás you will know
*él/ella/usted sabrá he/she/usted will know
*nosotros/nosotras sabremos we will know
*ellos/ellas/ustedes sabrán they/you all will know
Conditional:
*yo sabría I would know
*tú sabrías you would know
*él/ella/usted sabría he/she/usted would know
*nosotros/nosotras sabríamos we would know
*ellos/ellas/ustedes sabrían they/you all would know
Imperative:
tú sabe Know! (you)
*tú no sepas Don't know! (you)
*usted sepa Know! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras sepamos Let's know! (us)
*ustedes sepan Know! (you all)
*yo sepa I may know
*tú sepas you may know
*él/ella/usted sepa he/she/usted may know
*nosotros/nosotras sepamos we may know
*ellos/ellas/ustedes sepan they/you all may know
*yo supiera
*tú supieras
*él/ella/usted supiera
*nosotros/nosotras supiéramos
*ellos/ellas/ustedes supieran
Gerund: sabiendo knowing
Past Participle: sabido knew
259

Conocer - To know or be familiar with (a person, place)
Present Indicative:
*yo conozco I know
tú conoces you know
él/ella/usted conoce he/she/usted knows
nosotros/nosotras conocemos we know
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocen they/you all know
Imperfect:
yo conocía I was knowing, used to know
tú conocías you were knowing, used to know
él/ella/usted conocía he/she/usted was knowing, used to know
nosotros/nosotras conocíamos we were knowing, used to know
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocían they/you all were knowing, used to know
Preterite:
yo conocí I knew
tú conociste you knew
él/ella/usted conoció he/she/usted knew
nosotros/nosotras conocimos we knew
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocieron they/you all knew
Future:
yo conoceré I will know
tú conocerás you will know
él/ella/usted conocerá he/she/usted will know
nosotros/nosotras conoceremos we will know
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocerán they/you all will know
Conditional:
yo conocería I would know
tú conocerías you would know
él/ella/usted conocería he/she/usted would know
nosotros/nosotras conoceríamos we would know
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocerían they/you all would know
Imperative:
tú conoce Know! (you)
*tú no conozcas Don't know! (you)
*usted conozca Know! (usted)
*nosotros/nosotras conozcamos Let's know! (us)
*ustedes conozcan Know! (you all)
*yo conozca I may know
*tú conozcas you may know
*él/ella/usted conozca he/she/usted may know
*nosotros/nosotras conozcamos we may know
*ellos/ellas/ustedes conozcan they/you all may know
yo conociera
tú conocieras
él/ella/usted conociera
nosotros/nosotras conociéramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes conocieran
Gerund: conociendo knowing
Past Participle: conocido knew
260

Hablar - To talk, To speak
Present Indicative:
yo hablo I talk
tú hablas you talk
él/ella/usted habla he/she/usted talks
nosotros/nosotras hablamos we talk
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan they/you all talk
Imperfect:
yo hablaba I was talking, used to talk
tú hablabas you were talking, used to talk
él/ella/usted hablaba he/she/usted was talking, used to talk
nosotros/nosotras hablábamos we were talking, used to talk
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablaban they/you all were talking, used to talk
Preterite:
yo hablé I talked
tú hablaste you talked
él/ella/usted habló he/she/usted talked
nosotros/nosotras hablamos we talked
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablaron they/you all talked
Future:
yo hablaré I will talk
tú hablarás you will talk
él/ella/usted hablará he/she/usted will talk
nosotros/nosotras hablaremos we will talk
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablarán they/you all will talk
Conditional:
yo hablaría I would talk
tú hablarías you would talk
él/ella/usted hablaría he/she/usted would talk
nosotros/nosotras hablaríamos we would talk
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablarían they/you all would talk
Imperative:
tú habla Talk! (you)
tú no hables Don't talk! (you)
usted hable Talk! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras hablemos Let's talk! (us)
ustedes hablen Talk! (you all)
yo hable I may talk
tú hables you may talk
él/ella/usted hable he/she/usted may talk
nosotros/nosotras hablemos we may talk
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablen they/you all may talk
yo hablara
tú hablaras
él/ella/usted hablara
nosotros/nosotras habláramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablaran
Gerund: hablando talking
Past Participle: hablado talked
261

Tomar - To drink, To take (medicine)
Present Indicative:
yo tomo I drink
tú tomas you drink
él/ella/usted toma he/she/usted drink
nosotros/nosotras tomamos we drink
ellos/ellas/ustedes toman they/you all drink
Imperfect:
yo tomaba I was drinking, used to drink
tú tomabas you were drinking, used to drink
él/ella/usted tomaba he/she/usted was drinking, used to drink
nosotros/nosotras tomábamos we were drinking, used to drink
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomaban they/you all were drinking, used to drink
Preterite:
yo tomé I drank
tú tomaste you drank
él/ella/usted tomó he/she/usted drank
nosotros/nosotras tomamos we drank
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomaron they/you all drank
Future:
yo tomaré I will drink
tú tomarás you will drink
él/ella/usted tomará he/she/usted will drink
nosotros/nosotras tomaremos we will drink
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomarán they/you all will drink
Conditional:
yo tomaría I would drink
tú tomarías you would drink
él/ella/usted tomaría he/she/usted would drink
nosotros/nosotras tomaríamos we would drink
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomarían they/you all would drink
Imperative:
tú toma Drink! (you)
tú no tomes Don't drink! (you)
usted tome Drink! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras tomemos Let's drink! (us)
ustedes tomen Drink! (you all)
yo tome I may drink
tú tomes you may drink
él/ella/usted tome he/she/usted may drink
nosotros/nosotras tomemos we may drink
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomen they/you all may drink
yo tomara
tú tomaras
él/ella/usted tomara
nosotros/nosotras tomáramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes tomaran
Gerund: tomando drinking
Past Participle: tomado drank
262

Llevar - To take, To carry, To have (auxilary)
Present Indicative:
yo llevo I take
tú llevas you take
él/ella/usted lleva he/she/usted takes
nosotros/nosotras llevamos we take
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevan they/you all take
Imperfect:
yo llevaba I was taking, used to take
tú llevabas you were taking, used to take
él/ella/usted llevaba he/she/usted was taking, used to take
nosotros/nosotras llevábamos we were taking, used to take
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevaban they/you all were taking, used to take
Preterite:
yo llevé I took
tú llevaste you took
él/ella/usted llevó he/she/usted took
nosotros/nosotras llevamos we took
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevaron they/you all took
Future:
yo llevaré I will take
tú llevarás you will take
él/ella/usted llevará he/she/usted will take
nosotros/nosotras llevaremos we will take
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevarán they/you all will take
Conditional:
yo llevaría I would take
tú llevarías you would take
él/ella/usted llevaría he/she/usted would take
nosotros/nosotras llevaríamos we would take
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevarían they/you all would take
Imperative:
tú lleva Take! (you)
tú no lleves Don't take! (you)
usted lleve Take! (usted)
nosotros/nosotras llevemos Let's take! (us)
ustedes lleven Take! (you all)
yo lleve I may take
tú lleves you may take
él/ella/usted lleve he/she/usted may take
nosotros/nosotras llevemos we may take
ellos/ellas/ustedes lleven they/you all may take
yo llevara
tú llevaras
él/ella/usted llevara
nosotros/nosotras lleváramos
ellos/ellas/ustedes llevaran
Gerund: llevando taking
Past Participle: llevado took
263

Answer Key
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

1) b 1) a 1) d 1) d
2) c 2) c 2) b 2) a
3) c 3) b 3) a 3) c
4) c 4) a 4) b 4) a
5) a 5) c 5) c 5) d
6) a 6) c 6) b 6) b
7) d 7) b 7) c 7) a
8) b 8) b 8) a 8) b
9) d 9) c 9) d 9) c
1 0) a 1 0) a 1 0) a 1 0) a
11)c 11)d 11)b 11)b
1 2) c 1 2) b 1 2) c 1 2) d
1 3) c 1 3) b 1 3) d 1 3) c
1 4) d 1 4) b 1 4) c 1 4) d
1 5) b 1 5) a 1 5) b 1 5) b
1 6) b 1 6) d 1 6) a 1 6) b
1 7) a 1 7) b 1 7) d 1 7) d
1 8) c 1 8) a 1 8) a 1 8) b
1 9) b 1 9) b 1 9) c 1 9) a
20) c 20) c 20) c 20) b
21 ) c 21 ) b 21 ) a 21 ) c
22 ) b 22 ) d 22 ) c 22 ) a
23) d 23) c 23) b 23) d
24) c 24) a 24) d 24) a
25) d 25) a 25) b
26) d
27) b
Chapter 5
28) a
1) c 2) d 3) d 4) d 5) b 6) b
29) d
7) d 8) b 9) c 10) b 11) a 12) d
30) d
13) trabajo, trabajas, trabaja, trabajamos, trabajan
14) vendo, vendes, vende, vendemos, venden
15) escribo, escribes, escribe, escribimos, escriben
16) escucho, escuchas, esucha, escuchamos, escuchan
17) leo, lees, lee, leemos, leen
18) descubro, descubres, descubre, descubrimos, descubren
19) Yo pago.
20) Tú compartes.
21) Ellos abren.
22) Nosotras visitamos.
23) Ellas corren.
24) Ustedes abren.
25) El vecino mira.
26) Ella contesta.
27) Nosotros planchamos.
28) Usted maneja.
29) Yo cubro.
30) Tú practicas.
264

31) Nosotros escribimos.
32) El horario cambia.
33) Él compra.
34) Todo el mundo descansa.
35) La hija lee.
36) Ustedes cuidan.
37) Usted enseña.
38) Los padres regresan.
39) Nosotros abrazamos.
40) El año termina.
Chapter 6
1) c 2) a 3) a 4) c 5) b 6) b 7) d 8) b 9) b 10) b
11) necesito, necesitas, necesita, necesitamos, necesitan
12) debo, debes, debe, debemos, deben
13) decido, decides, decide, decidimos, deciden
14) dejo de, dejas de, deja de, dejamos de, dejan de
15) aprendo a, aprendes a, aprende a, aprendemos a, aprenden a
16) Él promete ayudar.
17) Nosotros dejamos de subir.
18) Yo apoyo.
19) Ellas deben preparar.
20) Usted necesita firmar.
21) El amigo decide interrumpir.
22) Ustedes ayudan explicar.
23) Ella escapa.
24) Ellos besan.
25) Nosotros dejamos de intentar.
26) El abuelo debe decidir.
27) Tú existes.
28) Yo intento ayudar.
29) Ustedes necesitan partir.
30) Tú debes cobrar.
Chapter 7
1) d 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) b
9) c 10) b 11) a 12) b 13) b 14) c 15) d
16) llego, llegas, llega, llegamos, llegan
17) aprendo, aprendes, aprende, aprendemos, aprenden
18) recibo, recibes, recibe, recibimos, reciben
19) llevo, llevas, lleva, llevamos, llevan
20) creo, crees, cree, creemos, creen
21) asisto a, asistes a, asiste a, asistimos a, asisten a
22) La mujer quiere aprender.
23) Ellos chiflan.
24) Yo quiero ganar.
25) Nosotras llegamos.
26) Tú puedes gritar.
27) Usted quiere quedar.
28) La familia graba.
29) Ella puede robar.
30) Yo cometo.
31) Ustedes quieren pelear.
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32) El padrastro puede plantar.
33) Tú posees.
34) Ellas disculpan.
35) Ustedes renuncian.
Chapter 8
1) c 2) a 3) b 4) b 5) d 6) a 7) c 8) d 9) a 10) d 11) d 12) c 13) d 14) a
15) d 16) c 17) b 18) b 19) b 20) a 21) a 22) b 23) b 24) a 25) d 26) a 27) b 28) a
29) c 30) c 31) d 32) a 33) c 34) c 35) a 36) c 37) b 38) b 39) c 40) d
Chapter 9
1) d 2) a 3) b 4) b 5) d 6) b 7) a 8) d 9) b 10) a 11) c 12) d 13) d 14) c
15) d 16) b 17) c 18) c 19) b 20) b 21) a 22) b 23) a 24) c 25) b 26) d 27) a 28) b
29) a
30) La manzana
31) Unas cebollas
32) Una cereza
33) Las piñas
34) Unos frijoles
35) Una coliflor
36) Una uva
37) Los jitomates
38) Unos refrescos
39) Una bebida
40) Las zanahorias
41) La calabaza
42) Unos duraznos
43) Una pasa
44) Un aguacate
45) Los profesores
46) Los autores
47) Unos granjeros
48) Una mesera/ Una camarera
49) Un obrero
50) Unos escritores
Chapter 10
1) a 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) d 9) c 10) d 11) b 12) d 13) c 14) d
15) d 16) b 17) a 18) a 19) b 20) a
21) Las gasolineras sucias
22) Un restuarante barato
23) El café delicioso
24) Tantos hoteles
25) Unos exámenes difíciles
26) Una clase interesante
27) Unas escuelas nuevas
28) El agua caliente
29) Bastantes edificios
30) Unas personas ocupadas
31) Tres ciudades increíbles
32) Un supermercado diferente
33) Muchos rascacielos
34) Un día feliz
266

35) La playa divertida
36) El buen año/El año bueno
37) Una mala semana/Una semana mala
38) Unos buenos días/Unos días buenos
39) El viejo escritor
40) Un gran hospital
41) El pueblo pobre
42) El mejor lugar
43) Las peores tiendas
44) Unos países grandes
45) Unos vecinos viejos
Chapter 11
1) c 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) c 6) d 7) c 8) b 9) b 10) b
1) Limpiamos la cocina sucia.
2) La escuela abre a las seis de la mañana.
3) El ingeniero abre unas cajas.
4) Ustedes necesitan el papel de aluminio
5) El horno grande prepara la comida.
6) Busco el mejor tostador.
7) Él comparte el paquete de galletas con ella.
8) Queremos jugo sin hielo.
9) Comprendo que usted necesita un cuchillo.
10) Entre tu y yo, debemos decidir la respuesta.
11) La familia cocina porque quiere comer.
12) Quiero descansar pero necesito trabajar.
13) Aunque deben tomar agua, toman refrescos.
14) Inteligente e interesante
15) Limonada y hielo
16) Botellas y latas
17) Ciencia e idioma
18) Estufa u horno
19) Refrigerador o congelador
20) Palabra u oración
21) Lata de maíz
22) Jugo de naranja
23) El vaso es de Ana.
24) De la cocina
25) Del refrigerador
26) Los cocineros mezclan unas frutas en una licuadora.
27) Abuela cocina comida en la estufa.
28) En un mes
29) Regreso al hotel.
30) El nieto corre a la playa.
31) Lavamos los platos a mano.
32) Pregunto a Tomas.
33) Ella sorprende a alguien.
34) ¿A quién ayudamos?
35) Ustedes visitan a China.
Chapter 12
1) d 2) a 3) c 4) d 5) d 6) c 7) d 8) b 9) d 10) a 11) c 12) d
13) Los estudiantes no terminan la prueba.
267

14) El lavaplatos no lava los vasos.
15) Varias cosas no cambian por mucho tiempo.
16) De hecho, no descansamos por la tarde.
17) Ustedes no comprenden.
18) Nada ocurre./No ocurre nada.
19) Nada existe./No existe nada.
20) Algo brilla./Brilla algo.
21) Nunca escuchamos./No escuchamos nunca.
22) Jamás olvide./No olvide jamás.
23) Siempre ganas./Ganas siempre.
24) Tampoco visita./No visita tampoco.
25) También llego./Llego también.
26) Nadie contesta./No contesta nadie.
27) Alguien canta./Canta alguien.
28) No hay tiempo.
29) Hay unos platos.
30) Todavía no practica./No practica todavía.
14) Ya no prometo.
31) El hotel no está limpio sino sucio.
32) Hay más hielo.
33) Ninguna persona aprende la materia.
34) No hay ningún bombero.
35) Ningún hombre come la comida.
36) Algunos amigos celebran.
37) Alguna manzana
38) Quiero un café.
39) Algunos idiomas
Chapter 13
1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c 6) d 7) a 8) c 9) c
10) a 11) d 12) d 13) b 14) d 15) d
16) ¿Comparte?/¿Comparte él?/¿Él comparte?
17) ¿Estudias?/¿Estudias tú?/¿Tú estudias?
18) ¿Besamos?/¿Besamos nosotros?/¿Nosotros besamos?
19) ¿Trabajan?/¿Trabajan ustedes?/¿Ustedes trabajan?
20) ¿Enseñas cosas útiles?
21) ¿Prepara comida sana el restaurante?
22) ¿Necesitan comer?
23) ¿Quieren visitar el próximo pueblo?
24) ¿Lee mucho la actriz tímida?
25) ¿Acaban de bailar ellos?
26) ¿Quién quiere descansar?
27) ¿Cuáles de los autores escribe en un cuaderno?
28) ¿Cómo estudia y saca buenas notas un estudiante listo?
29) ¿Cuál hotel prohibe el fumar?
30) ¿Por qué roba tanta gente?
31) ¿Cuántas personas pueden asistir a la clase?
32) ¿Cuánta tarea tenemos?
33) ¿Dónde puede comprar un refrigerador nuevo el cocinero?
34) ¿Qué necesito firmar?
35) ¡Qué lento!
36) ¡Qué peligroso!
37) ¡Cuánto gritan!
268

38) ¡Cuántos problemas!
39) ¡Cuánta comida!
40) ¡Cómo trabajan!
Chapter 14
1) b 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) c 6) a 7) d 8) c 9) d 10) d 11) b 12) d
13) soy
14) estás
15) es
16) están
17) está
18) somos
19) es
20) son
21) son
22) está
23) somos
24) es
25) están
26) están
27) está
28) eres
29) estoy
30) es
31) es
32) estamos
33) es
34) eres
35) es
36) Estoy en el jardín.
37) Él es cómico.
38) Estamos preocupados.
39) Están en la biblioteca.
40) Ella es baja.
Chapter 15
1) c 2) b 3) d 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) c 9) d 10) b
11) Terminamos nuestra entrevista.
12) Copias tu lista.
13) Ellos preparan su programa.
14) Ella abre sus sobres.
15) Usted recibe su periódico.
16) Ellos comprenden su objetivo.
17) Él escribe su firma.
18) Ustedes imprimen sus páginas.
19) Contesto mi teléfono.
20) Debemos vender nuestra impresora.
21) Él quiere usar tu grapadora.
22) Necesito su sello.
23) Ella interrumpe su capacitación.
24) Renuncias a tu trabajo.
25) Él roba su calculadora.
26) El teléfono celular es tuyo.
269

27) Las grapadoras son nuestras.
28) El mensaje es suyo
29) La firma es mía.
30) Los escritorios son suyos.
Chapter 16
1) Totopos y salsa
2) Pastel y helado
3) Hamburguesas y salchichas
4) Pan tostado con mantequilla y mermelada
5) Un sandwich de pavo con queso
6) Sal y pimienta negra
7) Cerveza o vino
8) Un bistec con puré de papas
9) Pay de manzana
10) Jalea de fresa
11) Mayonesa y mostaza
12) Palomitas y cacahuates
13) Pan y mantequilla
14) Hierbas y especias
15) Un sandwich de queso a la plancha con sopa de jitomate
16) ¿Tomas té con leche o azucar?
17) ¿Come cerdo y tocino?
18) ¿Quiere probar la especialidad de la casa?
19) ¿Cómo sabe la sopa de pollo?
20) ¿Almuerzan temprano?
21) ¿Quieres más huevos revueltos?
22) ¿Me puede traer un menú?
23) ¿Quién va a dejar la propina?
24) Necesito comer una ensalada porque estoy a dieta.
25) El niño desayuna y toma una vaso de jugo de uva.
26) La mujer toma vino rojo.
27) Ellos comen pescado a la plancha en el restaurante.
28) Probamos las costillas y saben deliciosos.
29) Él quiere cenar en el restaurante italiano.
30) Ustedes comen espaguetis con carne molida.
Chapter 17
1) d 2) a 3) b 4) b 5) c 6) b 7) b 8) d 9) c
10) veo, ves, ve, vemos, ven
11) voy, vas, va, vamos, van
12) Voy al café en la esquina.
13) Vas en vacaciones con tu familia.
14) Él va a jugar al fútbol con sus amigos.
15) Vamos a lavar la ropa en la lavandería.
16) Mis hijos van al parque con nuestros vecinos.
17) Tu abuela va a la iglesia los domingos.
18) ¿Cuándo asistes a la escuela?
19) Usted debe pasar el puente y caminar una cuadra.
20) Ellos van a ver el partido de fútbol americano en el estadio grande.
21) ¿Ves la torre?
22) Ella quiere ver el campo.
23) Veo un fuente y una parada de autobús.
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24) Vamos al cine y vemos una película.
25) Él cuenta un chiste.
26) Ellos quieren jugar al baloncesto.
27) ¿Qué quieren jugar?
28) ¿Quieres jugar a un videojuego conmigo?
29) Siempre escucha a los discos compactos.
Chapter 18
1) b 2) c 3) c 4) a 5) c 6) a 7) c 8) b
9) soy
10) es
11) es
12) somos
13) son
14) pone
15) sabemos
16) conoces
17) hago
18) conocen a
19) sabes
20) hace
21) Queremos tomar el sol.
22) ¿Vas a sacar la basura?
23) Ustedes juegan a los deportes.
24) Ellos deben reciclar.
25) Él lee una revista.
26) Ella toca la guitarra.
27) ¿Quieres hablar por teléfono conmigo?
28) Monta en bicicleta.
29) ¿Ella necesita lavar la ropa?
30) Hago un postre.
Chapter 19
1) por
2) por
3) para
4) por
5) por
6) por
7) por
8) para
9) por
10) para
11) para
12) por
13) para
14) por
15) para
16) por
17) para
18) por, para
19) para
20) para
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21) para
22) para
23) por
24) por
25) por
26) por
Chapter 20
1) c 2) a 3) c 4) d 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) c
9) Ella usa blusas de algodón.
10) ¿Cuántos años tiene él?
11) Él compra una chaqueta nueva.
12) Tenemos que doblar la ropa.
13) ¿Tienes miedo?
14) ¿Cuánto cuesta un par de chanclas?
15) No tenemos celos.
16) Él tiene confianza cuando usa un traje.
17) Tengo suerte porque tengo botas que me quedan bien.
18) Sí. Tiene razón.
19) ¿Usted tiene zapatos de tacón alto?
20) La mujer tiene una bolsa cara.
21) Quiero tener éxito.
22) ¿Que talla usa él?
23) Ella tiene un collar que brilla.
24) ¿Ustedes tienen hambre?
25) ¿Guardas viejos botones?
26) Necesito un par de calcetines limpios.
27) ¿Ellos tienen mucho sueño?
28) Las camisetas son mal hechas.
29) ¿Ellos tienen que usar disfraces?
30) Los eventos tienen lugar en Australia.
31) Ellos necesitan planchar unos pantalones.
32) El suéter cuesta sesenta dólares porque es hecho a mano.
33) Tengo que correr porque tengo prisa.
34) Él usa un abrigo porque tiene frío.
35) Ella compra un vestido nuevo, un collar, y un par de aretes.
Chapter 21
1) Mi hermanastra es mayor que yo.
2) Su esposa es menor que él.
3) Tus amigos son mayores que tú.
4) Nuestros hijos son menores que los suyos.
5) No hay nada peor que ser perezoso.
6) La universidad es mejor que la escuela prepatoria/el colegio.
7) El apio es peor que el broccoli.
8) Las frutas son mejores que las verduras.
9) Los videojuegos son peores que los juegos de mesa.
10) Ella es más desordenada que yo.
11) Los plátanos son menos sabrosos que las fresas.
12) Ellos son menos estudiosos que nosotros.
13) Hago tanta tarea como tú.
14) La espinaca es tan saludable como la lechuga.
15) Hay más de cien empleados en la oficina.
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16) No hay más que dos jitomates en el refrigerador.
17) Ellos son las personas más impacientes del mundo.
18) Él es el menos sociable de mis amigos.
19) ¿Cuál es el menor que tus hermanos?
20) Es el peor lugar para vivir.
21) Usted tiene uno de los mejores trabajos.
22) Hermosísimo
23) Pequeñísimo
24) Rapidísimo
25) Tranquilísimo
26) Feísimo
27) Flaquísimo
28) Lo que debes hacer es practicar.
29) Busco lo que necesito.
30) Lo que él decide es aceptar el trabajo.
31) Todo lo dicho es dicho por alguien.
32) Lo malo es que no tengo tiempo.
33) Lo más importante es ser feliz.
34) Por lo menos tienes buen salario.
35) Es lo único que quiero.
Chapter 22
1) d 2) c 3) a 4) d 5) d 6) d 7) d 8) b 9) a 10) c 11) c 12) b 13) c 14) c
15) a 16) a 17) b 18) c 19) a 20) c 21) b 22) a 23) b 24) c
25) Hay granizo afuera.
26) Ahorita estamos a veinticuatro grados.
27) Va a nevar mañana.
28) Está oscuro afuera.
29) ¿Cómo está por afuera?
30) Hace mucho sol.
31) Está lloviendo.
32) Es un día nublado.
33) El trueno es ruidoso.
34) El cielo está claro.
35) Este libro está aquí/acá.
36) Aquella cosa está allá.
37) Esas verduras están allí.
38) Aquella universidad está allá.
39) Estos calcetines están aquí/acá.
40) Esa ventana está allí.
Chapter 23
1) Resuelvo.
2) Encuentras.
3) Él cuelga.
4) Llueve.
5) Volamos.
6) Huele bien.
7) Ellos muestran.
8) Soñamos.
9) Muerde.
10) Suena.
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11) Él calienta.
12) Cierro.
13) Enciendes.
14) Ella piensa.
15) Preferimos.
16) Ellos recomiendan.
17) Ustedes vienen.
18) Usted empieza.
19) Ellos ríen.
20) Digo.
21) Decimos.
22) Ustedes sirven.
23) Él repite.
24) Compites.
25) Usted protege.
26) Exijo.
27) Elegimos.
28) Finjo.
29) Ella corrige.
30) Ofrezco.
31) Reconocemos.
32) Parece.
33) Merezco.
34) Agradezco.
35) Concluimos.
36) Oigo.
37) Incluye.
38) Ellos distribuyen.
39) Él oye.
40) Persigues.
41) Él consigue.
42) Proseguimos.
43) Distingo.
44) Ellos extinguen.
45) Ellos crían.
46) Ella envía.
47) Continúo.
48) Confiamos.
49) Habitúas.
50) Cabe.
51) Caigo.
52) Suponemos.
53) Él trae.
54) Salgo.
55) Vale.
Chapter 24
1) (Ellos) no me dicen.
2) Lo cuentas.
3) (Él) te llama.
4) (Ella) no lo necesita.
5) (Él) la valúa.
6) (Usted) no nos conoce.
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7) (Ellos) los destruyen.
8) El banco las ofrece.
9) Acabo de escucharla. / La acabo de escuchar.
10) Él deja de mirarla. / Él la deja de mirar.
11) Él quiere recudirlo. / Él lo quiere reducir.
12) Ellos no deben interrumpirlos. / Ellos no los deben interrumpir.
13) Necesitamos establecerlos. / Los necesitamos establecer.
14) Ella quiere besarlo. / Ella lo quiere besar.
15) Tenemos que introducirlas. / Las tenemos que introducir.
16) No pueden ayudarnos. / No nos pueden ayudar.
17) El banco no te ofrece un préstamo.
18) Ella me dice el saldo.
19) Ellos le regalan un cheque.
20) Él no nos presta el efectivo.
21) Les pido el número de la cuenta.
22) Usted no les escribe un correo electrónico.
23) Le envío el pago.
24) Les enviamos los fondos.
25) Me das un porcentaje.
26) Quiero ofrecerte un préstamo. / Te quiero ofrecer un préstamo.
27) Necesitamos preguntarle unas preguntas. / Le necesitamos preguntar unas preguntas.
28) No tienes que darme una factura. / No me tienes que dar una factura.
29) Ellos deben decirnos el precio. / Ellos nos deben decir el precio.
30) Él no puede escribirles un cheque. / Él no les puede escribir un cheque.
31) Debo pagarle los impuestos. / Le debo pagar los impuestos.
32) Se lo decimos.
33) (Él) me lo ofrece.
34) Se lo consigo.
35) (Ellos) te la envían.
36) (Tú) se lo das.
37) (Él) se los dice.
38) (Ella) se las pregunta.
39) (Ellos) nos los corrigen.
40) Se la servimos.
41) Se la muestro.
42) Ellos quieren dársela. / Se la quieren dar.
43) Decidimos producírselos. / Se los decidimos producir.
44) Ella debe cobrárselo. / Ella se lo debe cobrar.
45) Podemos explicárselas. / Se las podemos explicar.
46) Voy a enviártelas. / Te las voy a enviar.
47) Debes decírnosla. / Nos la debes decir.
Chapter 25
1) d 2) a 3) c 4) c 5) a 6) d 7) c 8) a 9) b 10) c 11) b 12) c
13) (A ti) te gusta nadar.
14) (A él) le gustan las verduras.
15) (A ellos) les gusta la clase de arte.
16) (A nosotros) nos gustan los videojuegos.
17) (A ustedes) les gusta bailar.
18) (A mí) me gusta ese vestido.
19) (A usted) le gustan las hamburguesas.
20) (A ella) le gustan los museos.
21) (A mí) me gusta tocar la guitarra.
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22) (A él) le gusta su trabajo.
23) (A nosotros) nos encanta tu casa.
24) (A mí) me molestan las personas antipáticas. / (A mí) me molesta la gente antipática.
25) (A ella) no le importa nada.
26) (A ella) le disgusta cocinar.
27) (A mí) me pica la espalda.
28) (A él) le interesan los libros.
29) ¿(A ti) te hacen falta tus llaves? / ¿(A ti) te faltan tus llaves?
30) (A él) le caen mal las cebollas.
31) (A ustedes) les cae bien a Carmen.
32) (A mí) me vuelve loco ella. / (A mí) me vuelve loca ella.
33) (A ella) le duelen las rodillas.
34) (A mí) me duele la cabeza.
35) (A ti) te duele el cuello.
36) (A él) le duelen los brazos.
37) Ella tiene fiebre.
38) Ustedes tienen gripe/gripa.
39) Él está enfermo.
40) Tengo dolor del estómago.
Chapter 26
1) La/Una toalla
2) La maquillaje
3) El champú
4) La pasta de dientes
5) La/Una tina
6) La crema
7) ¿Cómo te sientes? Me lastimé el pie pero me siento bien.
8) Se enferman durante sus vacaciones.
9) Él se afeita la cara.
10) Ella se ducha por la mañana.
11) Mario y Catalina se casan en Costa Rica.
12) Te disculpas.
13) Ellos se equivocan.
14) Cristiano se gradúa.
15) Me levanto de la silla.
16) Ella se peina el pelo en el baño.
17) Él se da cuenta que no hay jabón para lavarse las manos.
18) Ustedes se ríen de todo.
19) Usted se sonríe porque está feliz.
20) Nos despertamos a las siete de la mañana.
21) Ella no se siente bien.
22) Te acuestas a las diez de la noche.
23) Quiero quedarme contigo. / Me quiero quedar contigo.
24) Ellos deben mudarse a otra casa. / Ellos se deben mudar a otra casa.
25) Él necesita cepillarse los dientes. / Él se necesita cepillar los dientes.
26) Ella va a bañarse. / Ella se va a bañar.
27) Dejamos de preocuparnos. / Nos dejamos de preocupar.
28) Me visto después de ducharme.
29) Nos desvestimos antes de acostarnos.
30) Se despiden en vez de quedarse.
31) Ella quiere enamorarse antes de casarse. / Ella se quiere enamorar antes de casarse.
32) Nos hablamos.
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33) Ellos se reúnen. / Ellos se conocen.
34) Nos ayudamos.
35) Se besan.
36) Nos amamos.
37) Se casan.
Chapter 27
1) c 2) d 3) b 4) d 5) b 6) d 7) d 8) c 9) a 10) b
11) Promoviendo
12) Compitiendo
13) Fingiendo
14) Protegiendo
15) Ofreciendo
16) Persiguiendo
17) Trayendo
18) Cayendo
19) Diciendo
20) Leyendo
21) Mezclando
22) Estamos preparando.
23) Mi hijo está creciendo.
24) Estoy pensando.
25) Mi amigo y yo estamos platicando/charlando.
26) El perro está ladrando.
27) Los animales están viviendo.
28) Ustedes sólo están soñando.
29) Los pájaros/Las aves están volando.
30) Él está durmiendo.
31) Estoy riendo.
32) Estoy cepillándomelos. / Me los estoy cepillando.
33) Ella está resolviéndolos. / Ella los está resolviendo.
34) Él está cerrandola. / Él la está cerrando.
35) Estamos cantándolas. / Las estamos cantando.
36) Ellos están ofreciéndonosla. / Ellos nos están ofreciendo.
37) Ustedes están contándolas. / Ustedes las están contando.
38) Usted está traduciéndolas. / Usted las está traduciendo.
39) Estamos repitiéndola. / La estamos repitiendo.
40) Ella está dándotela. / Ella te la está dando.
41) Aprender es importante.
42) En esta ciudad manejar es necesario.
43) Pelear es peligroso.
44) Bailar es divertido.
45) Hacer las matemáticas es difícil.
Chapter 28
1) Él volará el avión.
2) Ella montará en bicicleta.
3) Usted llegará a su destino.
4) Ellos tendrán un accidente.
5) Ustedes visitarán Bolivia.
6) Sentaré en un asiento al lado de una ventana.
7) Ella necesitará traer un mapa.
8) Él llenará el tanque de gasolina.
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9) Disfrutarás tu aventura.
10) Ella tomará/aceptará el boleto.
11) Viajaré a Chile.
12) ¿Quién manejará el carro?
13) El equipaje no cabrá en el camión/la camioneta.
14) ¿Ustedes comprarán boletos de ida y vuelta?
15) Tomarán un taxi.
16) Iremos en vacaciones la próxima semana.
17) Él será extranjero.
18) Podré seguir las direcciones.
19) Lo necesitaré.
20) El parabrisas nos protegerá.
21) Lo traeré.
22) Ella lo manejará.
23) La comprarás.
24) Las llenaremos con aire.
25) Ellos la usarán.
Chapter 29
1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) a 7) a 8) a 9) b 10) b 11) b 12) b 13) a 14) b
15) a 16) a 17) b 18) a 19) b 20) b 21) a 22) a 23) b 24) b
1) A veces yo iba al centro comerical.
2) El año pasado trabajaste en ese supermercado.
3) Él no aprendió tocar la guitarra.
4) Con frequencia teníamos miedo por la noche.
5) Una vez ellos recibieron una carta de China.
6) Ella hacía ejercicio los martes.
7) Eran las siete de la noche.
8) Nuestro perro ladraba todo el tiempo.
9) Ya estudié para mi examen.
10) Los años noventa escuchábamos la música pop.
11) Él era abogado.
12) Anoche ellos terminaron el proyecto.
13) Él era atrevido cuando era niño.
14) Ella tenía dieciocho años.
15) Ayer compré los comestibles/los abarrotes.
16) Hace diez años asististe a la escuela prepatoria/el colegio.
17) Durante la noche yo tenía frío.
18) Estabas estableciéndolo. / Tú lo estabas estableciendo.
19) Estaba nevando.
20) Ellos estaban agradeciéndome. / Ellos me estaban agradeciendo.
21) Yo estaba ahorrando dinero.
22) Estábamos mintiendo.
Chapter 30
1) Explicaste.
2) Platiqué.
3) La empacó.
4) Enfocamos.
5) La sequé.
6) Ella tocó.
7) Te busqué.
8) Ellos lo sacaron.
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9) Te pagué.
10) Ellos negaron.
11) Rasgué.
12) Usted colgó.
13) Investigamos.
14) Jugué.
15) Pegaste.
16) Empezó.
17) Tropecé.
18) La cruzamos.
19) Bostecé.
20) Él la organizó.
21) Ellos la abrazaron.
22) ¿Ustedes almorzaron?
23) Lo realizaste.
24) Él cayó.
25) Ellos huyeron.
26) Los leí.
27) Ella oyó.
28) Las incluyó.
29) Sustituimos.
30) Proveíste.
31) Tuve.
32) Él manejó.
33) Trajimos.
34) Nos dijeron.
35) Ella la hizo.
36) Ustedes vinieron.
37) Lo puse en la mesa.
38) ¿Fuiste?
39) Ya la vi.
40) Ella me dio la llave.
41) Él lo pidió.
42) Ellos siguieron.
43) ¿La repetiste?
44) ¿Ella compitió?
45) Sonreímos y reímos.
46) Me vestí.
47) ¿Divertieron ustedes?
48) ¿Dormiste bien?
49) Les advirtieron.
Chapter 31
1) c 2) d 3) d 4) d 5) b 6) d 7) c 8) d 9) a 10) c
11) Hace una semana estudiamos para el examen. / Estudiamos para el examen hace una
semana.
12) Hace tres meses ellos compraron un carro nuevo. / Ellos compraron un carro nuevo hace
tres meses.
13) Hacía un año viajabas por el mundo. / Viajabas por el mundo hacía un año.
14) Hace diez minutos espero. / Espero hace diez minutos.
15) Hace una hora ustedes llegaron. / Ustedes llegaron hace una hora.
16) Hacía dos días llovía afuera. / Llovía afuera hacía dos días.
17) Se cuidan niños.
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18) Se hablan idiomas.
19) Se vende barco.
20) Se limpian casas.
21) Se aceptan mascotas.
22) Se aceptan las tarjetas de crédito y los cheques.
23) Se necesita profesor.
24) No se puede viajar embarazada.
25) El primer amor nunca se olvida.
26) Se debe comer antes de hacer ejercicio.
27) Se debe motivar a los empleados.
28) Se puede ganar dinero.
Chapter 32
1) Obviamente
2) Pacientemente
3) Prudentemente
4) Por desgracia
5) Honestamente
6) Claramente
7) Ruidosamente
8) Con frequencia
9) Posiblemente
10) Completamente
11) Puramente
12) Mal
13) Perfectamente
14) Se le descompuso el carro.
15) Se nos apagaron las luces.
16) ¿Se te rompió la lámpara?
17) Se le resbalaron los zapatos.
18) Se nos acabó la leche.
19) Se me cayó el teléfono celular.
20) ¿Se les olvidaron los boletos?
21) Se le resbaló la piedra.
22) Se le pasaron/ocurrieron malas cosas/cosas malas.
23) Se me olvidó la cartera.
24) Se les perdieron los trabajos.
25) Tenemos que plantar las flores hoy.
26) Se debe proteger el medio ambiente.
27) Hay mucho humo y polvo.
28) Me encantan los arcoiris.
29) ¿Viste las montañas?
30) ¡Tanta contaminación!
31) Las estrellas están brillando. / Se brillan las estrellas.
32) El sol es más grande que la Tierra.
33) Esta es mi sombra.
34) El menor continente es Australia.
35) En los alrededores de la ciudad hay un lago grande.
36) El océano Pacífico está al oeste de Norteamérica.
37) El sol calienta la Tierra.
38) Las flores crecen en la naturaleza.
39) Me fascinan los planetas.
40) Algunas/Unas estrellas caerán.
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41) Una vez pesqué en el océano Atlántico.
Chapter 33
1) d 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) d 7) b 8) a 9) c 10) c
11) Habían los fuegos artificiales en la fiesta para el Día de la Independencia y sería inolvidable.
12) Cantaríamos la canción pero no lo sabemos.
13) Les gustaría invitarnos a la boda.
14) El equipo ganaría los partidos si practicarían más.
15) Te gustaría traer muchos regalos.
16) La tienda tendría una gran apertura esta semana pero todavía no está lista.
17) El concierto empezaría a las ocho de la tarde pero todavía estamos en la cola/fila/línea.
18) Tener mas tradiciones sería mejor.
19) Estoy seguro/a que disfrutarías el evento.
20) Ellos quieren regalarnos algo para nuestro aniversario. / Ellos nos quieren regalar algo para
nuestro aniversario.
21) Me gustaría besarte en la medianoche.
22) ¿Intentarías envolver los regalos?
23) Yo celebraría la Navidad contigo.
24) Brillarían las estrellas aquella noche.
25) Le enviaríamos una tarjeta de cumpleaños pero no tenemos su dirección.
26) ¿Te gustaría ayudarme con los globos?
27) Él podría ganar el premio.
28) Ella sabría donde estaría la salida y saldría.
29) ¿Vendrías?
30) El concierto valdría el dinero.
31) Me sorprenderían y gritarían "¡Feliz Cumpleaños!"
32) Su nacimiento ocurriría en el Día de Acción de Gracias pero nació un día temprano.
33) Compraríamos dos boletos para el baile pero no podemos asistirlo. / no lo podemos asistir.
34) Ellos les gustaría tener un concurso.
35) Los invitados llegarían en la entrada.
Chapter 34
1) He votado en esta elección.
2) Usted había sido un demócrata.
3) Él habría pagado la multa.
4) Ella habrá escrito la política para mañana.
5) Él habría sido elegido.
6) Hemos decidido luchar por la justicia.
7) ¿Habías hecho algo ilegal?
8) Ustedes habrán oído el candidato por el fin de la noche.
9) Estoy preocupado/a sobre nuestros derechos.
10) Usted está visto por la minoría.
11) Nuestra independencia está establecida por el gobierno.
12) Ese candidato está apoyado por la mayoria.
13) Ella está castigada por ser culpable.
14) Los derechos están obedecidos por la población.
15) La política nueva está hecha por ese político.
16) Huevos fritos
17) Problemas resueltos
18) Regalo envuelto
19) Ventana abierta
20) Estrella caída
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21) Personas cansadas
22) Llaves perdidas
23) Multa pagada
24) Ciudadano castigado
25) Candidato atrevido
26) La política es publicada por el gobierno.
27) La libertad será prometida a la gente.
28) Esos libros fueron escritos por ese líder.
Chapter 35
1) Mi sugerencia
2) Tu ventaja
3) Algunas/Unas diferencias
4) Muchas consecuencias
5) Su desventaja
6) Mi consejo
7) Una cantidad sin límites
8) La mejor calidad
9) Tu preferencia
10) Tres pies
11) Cinco millas
12) Diez pulgadas
13) Una taza
14) Veinte yardas
15) Cien libras
16) Dos litros
17) Seis centímetros
18) Piensa.
19) Practiquemos.
20) Escuche.
21) Escucha.
22) Diviertan.
23) No seas perezoso.
24) No tropece.
25) Juguemos.
26) Cuídate.
27) Cuídese.
28) Enfoca.
29) Cuídense.
30) No mientas.
31) No quejes.
32) Escuchen.
33) Empaca.
34) Obedece.
35) No te vayas.
36) No bosteces.
37) Sonrían.
38) Ven acá.
39) No se enfermen.
40) Vístete.
41) Repítanlo.
42) No lo hagas ahora.
43) No lo mires.
282

44) No me la repita.
45) Dámelos.
46) Dímela.
47) Cepíllatelos.
48) Mírenla.
49) Léalo.
50) No lo pierdan.
51) No la obedezcamos.
52) No me la des.
Chapter 36
1) Dudo que llueva pronto.
2) Él no cree que entiendas.
3) No parece que ella recuerde ese día.
4) No suponemos que vaya a nevar.
5) Es imposible que ellos sepan la respuesta.
6) Es posible que ellos trabajen por la noche.
7) Ellos prepararon ayer para que esté lista la cena.
8) Quiero que me dejes enfrente antes de que estaciones el carro.
9) Quizás viajemos más el próximo año.
10) Lo haré tan pronto como usted me conteste.
11) Preparamos la habitación para que ustedes puedan visitar.
12) No te vayas antes de que termines.
13) Su jefe quiere el proyecto tan pronto como sea posible.
14) Es bueno que ustedes sean feliz.
15) Ojalá que no te vayas.
16) Estoy triste que estes llorando.
17) Espero que ustedes duerman bien.
18) Deseamos que ellos sean feliz.
19) Es terrible que él no baile.
20) Me fascina que no sepas chiflar.
21) Quiero que me abrazes.
22) Es importante que ustedes traigan sus pasaportes.
23) Usted insiste que aprendamos la geografía.
24) Preferimos que termines ahora.
25) Recomiendo que ustedes duerman temprano.
26) Ella pide que yo venga.
27) Se prohibe que fumemos.
28) No quedaremos a menos que él nos prometa decir la verdad.
29) Temo que me hayas olvidado.
30) No parece que ella lo haya hecho.
31) Es una lástima que hayamos caído.
32) Usted se preocupa que alguien le haya robado.
33) Espero que hayas estado bien.
34) No puede ser que se hayan casado.
35) Saldremos tan pronto como ella pague la cuenta.
283

Spanish > English Glossary
¡Bienvenida! Welcome! (to a woman) A To, at

¡Bienvenidas! Welcome! (to group A la carta A la carte
of women) A la derecha (de) To the right (of)
¡Bienvenido! Welcome! (to a man) A la izquierda (de) To the left (of)
¡Bienvenidos! Welcome! (to a group) A la plancha Grilled
¡Buen provecho! Bon appétit/ A menos que... Unless...
Enjoy your meal A pie On foot
¡Buen viaje! Have a good trip! A quien(es) Whom (personal a)
¡Claro que no! Of course not! A quien(es) To who, whom
¡Claro que sí! Of course! A veces Sometimes
¡Feliz Año Nuevo! Happy New Year! A ver… Let’s see…
¡Feliz Cumpleaños! Happy Birthday! Abajo (de) Below
¡Genial! Cool! Abrazar To hug
¡Mira! Look! abril April
¡Muy bien! Well done! Abrir To open
¡No me digas! No way! Aburrido/a Boring
¡Que bonito! It’s so pretty! Aburrir To bore
¡Qué lástima! What a shame! Acabar de To have just finished something
¡Salud! Cheers!/Bless you! Aceptar To accept
¡Vaya! Wow! Acerca de About
¿Cómo está el tiempo? What's the weather like? Adelante. Go ahead.
¿Cómo está por afuera? What's it like outside? Adentro (de) Inside (of)
¿Cómo estás? How are you? Adiós Goodbye
¿Cómo se dice... How do you say... Afuera (de) Outside (of)
en español? in Spanish? agosto August
¿Cómo te llamas? What’s your name?
Ahorita Right now
¿Cómo te sientes? How do you feel?
Ahorrar To save (money, energy)
¿Cómo? How?
Al este (de) To the east (of)
¿Cuál es la fecha?/ What's today's date? /
Al lado (de) To the side (of)
¿Qué fecha es hoy? What date is it today?
Al norte (de) To the north (of)
¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? Which? Al oeste (de) To the west (of)
¿Cuándo? When? Al sur (de) To the south (of)
¿Cuánto cuesta? How much does it cost? Alguna vez One time
¿Cuánto?/¿Cuánta? How much? Alrededor (de) Around
¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you? Alto/a Tall (height)
¿Cuántos?/¿Cuántas? How many? Amable Friendly
¿Dónde? Where? Amar To love
¿Me puede traer Can you please Amarillo/a Yellow
la cuenta por favor? bring the check? Ambos/as Both of them
¿Por qué no? Why not? Amueblado/a Furnished
¿Por qué? Why? Anaranjado/a Orange (color)
¿Qué día es hoy? What day of the week is it? Andar/Caminar To walk
¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Anoche Last night
¿Qué pasa? What’s happening? Antes de Before
¿Qué tal? What's up? Antes de que... Before...
¿Que te duele? What hurts you? Antiguo/a Old, antique
¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like? Antipático/a Mean
¿Qué? What? Apagar To turn off, to switch off
¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who? Whom? Apoyar To support
¿Y tú? And you? Aprender To learn
(Des)Conocido/a (Not) Well-known Arriba (de) Above
(Muy) bien Very (well) Artístico/a Artistic
(Por) Mucho tiempo`` (For) A long time Asado/a Roasted
284

Así-así So-so Como As, since
Asistir a To attend (somewhere) Cómodo/a Comfortable
Atractivo/a Attractive Comparar To compare
Atrevido/a Bold, daring Compartir To share
Aunque Although Completo/a Complete
Auténtico/a Authentic Complicado/a Complicated
Automático Automatic Comprar To buy
Avergonzado/a Embarrassed Comprender To understand
Ayer Yesterday Común Common
Ayudar To help Con With
Azul Blue Con frequencia Often
Bailar To dance Con gusto. With pleasure.
Bajo/a Short (height) Con Permiso Excuse me (to move past)
Barato/a Cheap Con quien(es) With whom
Bastante Enough, Sufficient Con tal que... Provided that...
Beber To drink Confundido/a Confused
Besar To kiss Contaminado/a Contaminated
Bien hecho Well-made Contar un chiste To tell a joke (story)
Bilingüe Bilingual Contento/a Happy
Blanco/a White Contestar To answer
Bonito/a Pretty, good-looking Contra Against
Borracho/a Drunk Copiar To copy
Brillar To shine, to sparkle Correcto/a Correct
Buenas noches Good evening/night Correr To run
Buenas tardes Good afternoon Cortar To cut
Bueno Ok Corto/a Short (hair)
Bueno/a, Buen Good Creer To believe, to know
Buenos días Good morning Creo que no I don't think so
Buscar To look for Creo que si I think so
Cada año Every year Cual, Cuales Which
Cada uno/Cada una Each one Cualquier Whichever
Café Brown Cualquiera Anyone
Caliente Hot Cuando When
Callado/a Quiet Cuando era joven When I was younger
Calvo/a Bald Cuando era niño/a When I was a child
Cambiar To change Cuando... When...
Canoso/a Gray-haired Cuanto/Cuanta How much
Cansado/a Tired Cuantos/Cuantas How many
Cantar To sing Cubrir To cover
Capaz Capable, able Cuidar To take care of
Cariñoso/a Affectionate Cuídate Take care
Caro/a Expensive Culpable Guilty
Casi (siempre/nunca) Almost (always/never) Cumplir To accomplish, to carry out,
Causar To cause to reach (an age)
Celebrar To celebrate De Of, from
Cerca (de) Close (to) De hecho In fact
Cercano/a Nearby De ida y vuelta Round trip
Chiflar To whistle De la mañana In the morning/a.m.
Ciego/a Blind De la noche At night/p.m.
Cierto/a True De la tarde In the afternoon/p.m.
Claro/a Light, bright, clear De nada You’re welcome
Cobrar To charge De quien(es) Whose
Cocinar To cook De rayas/cuadros Striped/Plaid
Colocar To place De repente Suddenly
Comer To eat Debajo (de) Under
Cometer To commit (a mistake) Deber To have to, to owe
Cómico/a Funny Débil Weak
285

Decidir To decide El aguacate Avocado
Decir To tell El aire Air
Dejar To leave, to allow El ajo Garlic
Dejar de To stop El algodón Cotton
Delgado/a Thin El almohada Pillow
Delicioso/a Delicious El almuerzo Lunch
Demasiado/a Too (much) El amado/La amada Dear, beloved, sweetheart
Demócrata Democrat (male/female)
Depende It depends El amigo/La amiga Friend (male/female)
Depender To depend El amor Love
Deportista Athletic El animal Animal
Deprimido/a Depressed El aniversario Anniversary
Descansar To rest El año Year
Describir To describe El año pasado Last year
Desde que Since El antibiótico Antibiotic
Desear To wish El apio Celery
Desordenado/a Messy, unorganized El apunte Note
Despacio/a Slow El árbol Tree
Después de After El arcoiris Rainbow
Después de que... After... El arroz Rice
Detrás (de) Behind El arte Art
Día de Acción de Gracias Thanksgiving El asiento Seat
Día de la Independencia Independence Day El atún Tuna
Día del Año Nuevo New Year El autor/La autora Author
Diario Daily El avión Airplane
Dibujar To draw El azúcar Sugar
diciembre December El baile Dance
Diferente Different El baloncesto Basketball
Difícil Difficult El banco Bank
Dime. Tell me. El baño Bathroom
Descubrir To discover El bar Bar
Disculpar To forgive El barco Boat, ship
Disculpe Excuse me (to get attention) El bebé/La bebé Baby (male/female)
Disfrutar To enjoy El billete Banknote
Disponible Available El bistec Steak
Diverso/a Diverse El boleto Ticket
Divertido/a Fun El bolsillo Pocket
Doblar To fold El bolso Handbag, Pocketbook
Doble Double El bombero/La Firefighter (male/female)
domingo / los domingos Sunday / on Sundays bombera
Donde Where El bosque Woods
Dorado/a Gold El botón Button
Dudar que... To doubt that... El brazo Arm
Durante During El broccoli Broccoli
Duro/a Hard (material) El burro Donkey
El abogado/La abogada Lawyer (male/female) El caballero Gentleman
El abrigo Winter coat El caballo Horse
El abuelo/La abuela Grandfather/Grandmother El cacahuate Peanut
El accidente Accident El café Coffee
El aceite de oliva Olive oil El café Coffee shop
El acento Accent El cajero/La cajera Cashier (male/female)
El actor/La actriz Actor/Actress El calcetín Sock
El adulto Adult El calendario Calendar
El aeropuerto Airport El calendario Calendar
El agua Water El calor Heat, warmth
286

El camarero/La Waiter, server El cuadrado Square
camarera El cuarto, La habitación Bedroom
El camarón Shrimp El cubierto Cutlery
El camión/La Truck El cubo Cube
camioneta El cuchillo Knife
El campo Countryside El cuello Neck
El candidato Candidate El cuerpo Body
El capítulo Chapter El cumpleaños Birthday
El cartón Cardboard, carton El cuñado/La cuñada Brother-in-law/Sister-in-
El cartón de leche Milk carton law
El centavo Cent El daño Damage
El centímetro Centimeter El dedo (de pie) Finger (toe)
El centro comercial Mall El delfín Dolphin
El cerdo Pork, pig El Apartment
El cereal Cereal departamento/apartamento
El cerebro Brain El derecho Right
El champiñón Mushroom El desayuno Breakfast
El champú Shampoo El despertador Alarm clock
El cheque Check El destino Destination
El chícharo, El guisante Peas El detalle Detail
El chico/La chica Young man/Young woman El día Day
El chile Chili pepper El diccionario Dictionary
El chocolate (caliente) Chocolate (hot chocolate) El dinero Money
El chorizo Sausage El disco compacto Compact disc (CD)
El cielo Sky El disfraz Costume
El cine Movie theater El doctor/La doctora Doctor (male/female)
El cinturón Belt El documento Document
El círculo Circle El dólar Dollar
El ciudadano Citizen El dolor Pain
El clima Climate (of a region) El domicilio Home, residence
El coche/El carro Car El dueño/La dueña Owner (male/female)
El cocinero/La Cook (male/female) El dulce Candy
cocinera El durazno Peach
El coco Coconut El efectivo Cash
El collar Necklace El elefante Elephant
El color Color El empleado Employee
El compañero/La Companion, Mate, Partner El enfermero/La enfermera Nurse (male/female)
compañera (male/female) El entrenamiento Drills, practice, physical
El compromiso Obligation, agreement training
El concepto Concept El equipaje Luggage
El concierto Concert El equipo Team
El concurso Contest, competition El escritor/La escritora Writer
El conductor/La Driver (male/female) El escritorio Desk
conductora El espacio Space
El conejo Rabbit El español Spanish
El congelador Freezer El espejo Mirror
El conocimiento Knowledge El esposo/La esposa Husband/Wife
El consejo Advice El estadio Stadium
El consumo Consumption El estómago Stomach
El contacto Contact El evento Event
El contrato Contract El examen Test
El coraje Courage El extranjero/La extranjera Foreigner (male/female)
El corazón Heart El filete Fillet
El correo electrónico Email El fin The end
El crecimiento Growth El fin de semana Weekend
El cuaderno Notebook El fondo Fund
El fregadero Kitchen sink
287

El frijol Bean El león Lion
El frío Cold El libro Book
El fuego Fire El libro de texto Textbook
El fútbol Soccer El líder/La líder Leader (male/female)
El fútbol americano Football El limón Lemon
El gallo Rooster El limón verde Lime
El gancho, el colgador Hanger El litro Liter
El garaje Garage El lobo Wolf
El gato Cat El lunes pasado Last Monday
El gimnasio Gym El maíz Corn
El gobierno Government El maquillaje Makeup
El gramo Gram El mar Sea
El granizo Hail El marcador Marker
El granjero/La granjera Farmer El medio ambiente Environment
El grupo Group El medio-hermano/ Half-brother/Half-sister
El guardarropa, El armario, Closet La media-hermana
El ropero El mediodía Noon
El hecho Fact El melon Cantaloupe
El helado Ice cream El mensaje Message
El hermanastro/La Stepbrother/Stepsister El menú Menu
hermanastra El mesero/La mesera Waiter, server
El hermano/La hermana Brother/Sister El microondas Microwave
El hielo Ice El miel Honey
El hijo único/La hija única Only son/Only El minuto Minute
daughter El momento Moment
El hijo/La hija Son/Daughter
El mono Monkey
El hombre Man
El mosquito Mosquito
El hombro Shoulder
El muchacho/La muchacha Young man/Young woman
El horario Schedule
El mundo Earth
El horario Schedule El museo Museum
El horno Oven El nacimiento Birth
El hueso Bone El negocio Business
El huevo Egg El nieto/La nieta Grandson/Granddaughter
El humo Smoke El niño/ La niña Boy/Girl
El huracán Hurricane El nivel Level
El idioma Language El novio/La novia Boyfriend/Girlfriend
El imagen Image, picture El número Number
El impuesto Tax El objetivo Objective
El ingeniero/La ingeniera Engineer El obrero/La obrera Worker, laborer
El inglés English El odio Hate
El ingrediente Ingredient El ojo Eye
El ingreso Income El oro Gold
El inicio Home page El oso Bear
El interés Interest El otoño Fall
El invierno Winter El otro Other, another, the other
El invitado Guest El padrastro Stepfather
El jabón (líquido) (Liquid) Soap El padre Father
El jamón Ham El pago Payment
El jefe/La jefa Boss El pájaro Bird
El jitomate Tomato El pan Bread
El juego de mesa Board game (tostado/integral/blanco) (Toast/wheat/white)
El jugo Juice El pañuelo Tissue
El lago Lake El papel Paper
El lapicero Pen, Mechanical Pencil El papel de aluminio Aluminum foil
El lápiz Pencil El paquete Packet
El lavamanos/El lavabo Bathroom sink El paquete de galletas Packet of cookies
El lavaplatos Dishwasher El parabrisas Windshield
El lealtad Loyalty
288

El paquete de galletas Packet of cookies El puré de papas Mashed potatoes
El par Pair El querido/La querida Dear, beloved, sweetheart
El parabrisas Windshield (male/female)
El paraguas Umbrella El queso Cheese
El parque Park El ratón Mouse
El párrafo Paragraph El refresco Soda
El partido Game, sporting event El refrigerador Fridge
El pasajero Passenger El regalo Gift
El pasaporte Passport El relámpago Lightning
El pasatiempo Pastime El reloj Clock
El paso Step El repollo/La col Cabbage
El pastel Cake El reportero/La Reporter
El pavo Turkey reportera
El pay Pie El riesgo Risk
El pecho Chest El río River
El pegamento Glue El sabor Flavor
El peligro Danger El sacapuntas Pencil sharpener
El pelo Hair El sal Salt
El pensamiento Thought El salario Salary
El pepinillo Pickle El saldo Balance
El pepino Cucumber El salmón Salmon
El periódico Newspaper El sandwich (de (Ham) sandwich
El perro Dog jamón)
El pescado Fish (cooked) El secador Hair dryer
El pez Fish (in water) El secretario/La Secretary
El pie Foot (measure, body part) secretaria
El piel Skin El segundo Second
El pimiento rojo Red pepper El sello Stamp
El pimiento verde Green pepper El semáforo Traffic light, signal
El planchador Ironing board El sentido Sense
El planeta Planet El servicio Service
El plátano Banana El sigiuente jueves Next Thursday
El plato Plate El sillón Armchair
El plato del día Special of the day El sitio web Website
El poder Power El sobre Envelope
El poema Poem El sobrino/La sobrina Nephew/Niece
El político Politician El sófa Couch
El pollo Chicken El sol Sun
El polvo Dust El sol > Soleado Sun > Sunny
El porcentaje Percentage El sombrero Hat
El postre Dessert El suegro/La suegra Father-in-law/Mother-in-law
El precio Price El suéter Sweater
El premio Prize El tanque de gasolina Gasoline tank
El préstamo Loan El té Tea
El primer piso First floor El techo Ceiling, roof
El primo/La prima Cousin (male/female) El teclado Keyboard
El principio Beginning, principle El teléfono Phone
El producto Product El teléfono celular Cell phone
El profesor/La profesora Professor El tema Theme
El programa Program El tenedor Fork
El prometido Fiancé El tenis Tennis
El próximo año Next year El termómetro Thermometer
El proyecto Project El tiburón Shark
El público Public El tiempo Time
El puente Bridge El tiempo Weather (daily)
El tigre Tiger
El tío/La tía Uncle/Aunt
289

El título Title Es probable que... It's probable that...
El tocino Bacon Es terrible que... It's terrible that...
El toro Bull Es triste que... It's sad that...
El tostador Toaster Es una lástima que... It's a shame that...
El trabajo Job, work Es verdad. It's true.
El traje Suit Es... It is...
El traje de baño Swimsuit Escapar To escape
El transporte público Public transportation Escribir To write
El tratamiento Treatment Escuchar To listen to
El trueno Thunder Escuchar música To listen to music
El turno Turn Esperar que... To hope that...
El valor Bravery Esta mañana This morning
El vaso Glass Esta tarde This afternoon
El vecindario Neighborhood Estacionar To park (a car)
El vecino/La vecina Neighbor (male/female) Estándar Standard
El ventilador Fan Estar a dieta To be on a diet
El verano Summer Estar con amigos To be with friends
El vestido Dress Estar conento que... To be happy that...
El veterinario/La Veterinarian Estar enfermo/a To be sick
veterinaria Estar triste que... To be sad that...
El videojuego Video game Este martes This Tuesday
El vidrio Glass Estoy (muy) bien I am (very) well
El viento > Ventoso Wind > Windy Estudiar To study
El vino Wine Estudioso/a Studious
El vocabulario Vocabulary Excelente Excellent
El vuelo Flight Excepto Except
El zapato Shoe Existir To exist
El zorro Fox Explicar To explain
Embarazada Pregnant Extra Extra
Emocionado/a Excited Extranjero/a Foreign
Emocionante Moving, emotional Fácil Easy
Empujar To push Falso/a False
En In Famoso/a Famous
En autobús/carro/taxi... On a bus/In a car/In a Fascinante Fascinating
taxi... Favorito/a Favorite
En caso de que... In case of/that... febrero February
En medio (de) In the middle (of) Feliz Happy
En punto Sharp Feo/a Ugly
En que About which Festejar To celebrate, to party
En vez de... In place of.../Instead of... Fiel Loyal
Encantada Nice to meet you (to a Fijo/a Fixed, stable, permanent
woman) Firmar To sign (one's name)
Encantado Nice to meet you (to a Flaco/a Thin, skinny
man) Frío/a Cold
Encima (de) On top (of) Fuerte Strong
enero January Fumar To smoke
Enfermo/a Sick Funcionar To function, work
Enfrente (de) In front (of) Gabinetes de cocina Kitchen cabinets
Enseñar To teach Ganar To win, to earn
Entero/a Whole, entire Gastar To spend (money)
Entrar en To go in/into Generalmente Generally
Entre Between Generoso/a Generous
Equivocado/a Wrong, incorrect Gordo/a Fat
Es bueno que... It's good that... Grabar To record, to tape
Es horrible que... It's horrible that... Gracias Thank you
Es importante que... It's important that... Gracioso/a Funny
Es imposible que... It's impossible that... Grande Large, Big
Es increíble que... It's incredible that... Grasoso/a Greasy
Es mejor que... It's better that... Gratis Free (of charge)
Es posible que... It's possible that...
290

Gris Grey La amistad Friendship
Gritar To yell La araña Spider
Guapo/a Handsome, very attractive La arena Sand
Guardar To keep, to put aside/away La aspiradora Vacuum cleaner
Hablar To speak, to talk La ausencia Absence
Hablar por teléfono To talk on the phone La autopista Highway
Hablo español. I speak Spanish. La ave Bird, Fowl
Hablo inglés. I speak English. La aventura Adventure
Hace cuatro años... Four years ago... La ballena Whale
Hace dos días Two days ago La basura Trash
Hace un mes A month ago La bebida Drink
Hacer ejercicio To exercise La belleza Beauty
Hacer la cama To make the bed La bicicleta Bicycle
Hacer una broma To play a trick, to make fun La blusa Blouse
Hasta Until La boca Mouth
Hasta luego See you later La boda Wedding
Hasta pronto See you soon La bolsa Purse, Bag, Sack,
Haz clic en... Click on... Grocery Bag, Pocketbook,
Hecho a mano Hand-made Pocket
Hecho a máquina Machine-made La botella Bottle
Herido Injured La botella de agua Water bottle
Hermoso/a Gorgeous La cabeza Head
Hola Hello/Hi La cabra Goat
Honesto/a Honest La cadena Chain
Horrible Horrible La cafeína Caffeine
Hoy es... Today is... La cafetera Coffee Maker, Coffee Pot
Igual Equal, same La caja Box
Igualmente Me too/Same here La calabaza Squash, pumpkin
Ilegal Illegal La calculadora Calculator
Imaginar To imagine La calidad Quality
Impaciente Impatient La calificación, La Grade
Imprimir To print nota
Incómodo/a Uncomfortable La cama Bed
Incorrecto/a Incorrect La cámara Camera
Increíble Incredible La camisa Shirt
Inolvidable Unforgettable La camiseta T-shirt
Insistir que... To insist that La campaña Campaign
Inteligente Intelligent La canción Song
Intentar To try La canela Cinnamon
Interesante Interesting La cantidad Amount, quantity
Interrumpir To interrupt La capacitación Training
Inútil Useless La cara Face
Invitar To invite La carne molida Ground beef
Ir a la escuela To go to school La carpeta Folder
Ir al centro comercial To go to the mall La carrera Career
Ir al cine To go to the movies La carta Letter
Ir de compras To go shopping La casa House
Ir de vacaciones To go on vacation La cebolla Onion
Jóven Young La cebra Zebra
jueves / los jueves Thursday / on Thursdays La cena Dinner
La cereza Cherry
Jugar a To play
La cerveza Beer
julio July
La chaqueta Jacket
junio June
La ciencia Science
Junto (a) Next to
La cinta adhesiva Tape
La (des)igualdad (In)Equality La clase Class
La abeja Bee La cocina Kitchen
La acción Action
La actividad Activity
La alfombra Carpet
291

La cola, La línea, La fila Line La fábrica Factory
La coliflor Cauliflower La factura Invoice
La combinación Combination La falda Skirt
La comida Food La familia Family
La cómoda Dresser La farmacia Pharmacy
La compasión Compassion La farmacia Pharmacy
La computadora Computer La fe Faith
La conciencia Conscience La fecha Date
La conferencia Conference, meeting La feria Fair
La confianza Trust La fiesta Party
La consecuencia Consequence La filosofía Philosophy
La contaminación Contamination La firma Signature
La contraseña Password La flor Flower
La copia Copy La forma Form
La corrupción Corruption La fresa Strawberry
La cosa Thing La fruta Fruit
La crema Lotion La fuente Fountain
La cuadra Block La fuerza Strength
La cuchara Spoon La galleta Cookie
La cuchara Tablespoon La garganta Throat
La cucharadita Teaspoon La gasolina Gas
La cuenta Check/Bill La generosidad Generosity
La cuenta Account La gente People
La culpa Guilt, fault La gran apertura Grand opening
La cultura Culture La grapadora Stapler
La definición Definition La habilidad Skill, ability
La desventaja Disadvantage La hamburguesa Hamburger
La dieta Diet La harina Flour
La diferencia Difference La hoja Leaf
La distancia Distance La hora Hour
La docena Dozen La hormiga Ant
La ducha, La regadera Shower La huella Footprint
La elección Election La humedad Humidity
La emergencia Emergency La idea Idea
La empresa Company La iglesia Church
La energía Energy La impresora Printer
La ensalada Salad La independencia Independence
La entrada Entrance La información Information
La entrevista Interview La internet inalámbrico Wireless Internet
La escalera Staircase La inundación Flood
La escoba Broom La isla Island
La escuela School La jalea Jelly
La escuela prepatoria, El High school La justicia Justice
colegio La lámpara Lamp
La escuela primaria Elementary school La langosta Lobster
La escuela secundaria Middle school/Junior La lata Can
high La lavadora Washing machine
La espalda Back La lavandería Laundromat
La especialidad de la casa House special La leche Milk
La esperanza Hope La lechuga Lettuce
La espinaca Spinach La lengua Tongue
La esponja Sponge La libertad Freedom
La esquina Corner La libra Pound
La estación Station La licuadora Blender
(de policía/ (Police/ La limonada Lemonade or Limeade
de trén/ Train/
La lista List
de autobús) Bus)
La literatura Literature
La estrella Star
La llanta Tire
La estufa Stove
292

La llave Key La parte Part
La locura Madness, craziness La pasa Raisin
La luna Moon La pasión Passion
La luz Light La pasta de dientes Toothpaste
La madrastra Stepmother La paz Peace
La madre Mother La pechuga de pollo/pavo Chicken/turkey breast
La maleta Suitcase La película Movie
La mano Hand La pera Pear
La mantequilla Butter La persona Person
La manzana Apple La piedra Rock, stone
La mapa Map La pierna Leg
La máquina Machine La pieza Piece
La marca Brand name La pila Battery
La mariposa Butterfly La pimienta negra Black pepper
La mascota Pet La piña Pineapple
La materia Subject La piscina/La alberca Pool
La mayonesa Mayo La pizarra Chalkboard
La medianoche Midnight La pizza Pizza
La mejor manera The best way La plancha Iron
La menta Mint La plancha de pelo Hair straightening iron
La mente Mind La planta Plant
La mentira Lie La plata Silver
La mermelada Jam La pluma, El bolígrafo Pen
La mesa Table La población Population
La metáfora Metaphor La pobreza Poverty
La milla Mile La política Policy
La milla Mile La porción Portion
La mitad Half La posibilidad Possibility
La mochila Backpack La preferencia Preference
La moneda Coin La pregunta Question
La montaña Mountain La primavera Spring
La mosca Fly La profesión Profession
La mostaza Mustard La propina Tip
La moto Motorcycle La próxima semana Next week
La mujer Woman La próxima vez Next time
La multa Fine/ticket La prueba Quiz
La naranja Orange La puerta Door
La nariz Nose La pulgada Inch
La naturaleza Nature La pulsera Bracelet
La Navidad Christmas La receta Recipe
La neblina > Neblinoso Fog > Foggy La regla Rule, Ruler
La niebla Mist La respuesta Answer
La noche Night La riqueza Wealth
La oferta Offer La rodilla Knee
La oficina Office La ropa Clothes
La oración Sentence (words) La ropa interior Underwear
La oreja Ear La rueda Wheel
La oveja Sheep La sabiduría Wisdom
La paciencia Patience La sala Living room
La página Page La sala de espera Waiting room
La página web Webpage La salchicha Hot dog
La palabra Word La salida Exit
La pantalla Screen La salsa Salsa/Sauce
La papa Potato La sandía Watermelon
La parada de autobús Bus stop La sangre Blood
La pared Wall
293

La secadora Dryer Las matemáticas Math
La selva Forest Las nubes > Nublado Clouds > Cloudy
La semana pasada Last week Las palomitas Popcorn
La semana que viene Next week Las papas fritas French fries
La sentencia Court sentence Las relaciones Relationships
La serpiente Snake Las sábanas Sheets
La servilleta Napkin Las vacaciones Vacation
La silla Chair Lavar To wash
La sombra Shadow Lavar la ropa To wash clothes
La sopa Soup Leer To read
(de verduras/ (vegetable/ Leer una revista To read a magazine
de jitomate/de pollo) tomato/chicken) Lejos (de) Far (from)
La sugerencia Suggestion Lento/a Slow
La talla Size (clothing) Levantar To lift, to raise
La tarea Homework, chore, task Libre Free (of restriction)
La tarjeta (de cumpleaños) Card (Birthday card) Ligero/a Light (weight, flavor)
La tarjeta de crédito Credit card Limpiar To clean
La taza Mug, Coffee cup, Cup Limpio/a Clean
La televisión Television Listo/a Ready, Smart
La temperatura Temperature Llegar To arrive
La Tierra Earth Llenar To fill
La tina Bathtub Lleno/a Full
La toalla Towel Llevar To carry, to take
La tormenta Storm Llorar To cry
La torre Tower Llover > La lluvia > Lluvioso To rain > Rain > Rainy
La tortuga Turtle Lo siento I’m sorry
La tradición Tradition Loco/a Crazy
La traición Betrayal Los alrededores Surroundings, outskirts
La uña Fingernail Los años sesenta, setenta In the 60's, 70's
La universidad University/college Los anteojos del sol/ Sunglasses
La uva Grape Las gafas del sol
La vaca Cow Los anteojos/Las gafas Glasses
La vela Candle Los aretes Earrings
La velocidad Speed Los comestibles, Groceries
La venta Sale los abarrotes
La ventaja Advantage Los demás/Las demás The others, the rest
La ventana Window Los días de la semana Days of the week
La verdura, El vegetal Vegetable Los dientes Teeth
La vida Life Los espaguetis Spaghetti
La voz Voice Los gemelos/Las gemelas Twins (male/female)
La yarda Yard Los globos Balloons
La zanahoria Carrot Los hijos, Los niños Children
Ladrar To bark Los huevos revueltos Scrambled eggs
Largo/a Long Los jeans Jeans
Las botas Boots Los labios Lips
Las calorías Calories Los mariscos Seafood
Las chanclas Flip-flops Los meses Months
Las costillas Ribs Los muebles Furniture
Las direcciones Directions Los padres Parents
Las especias Spices Los pantalones Pants
Las hierbas Herbs Los pantalones cortos Shorts
Las huellas digitales Fingerprints Los parientes Relatives
Las lágrimas Tears Los recursos humanos Human resources
Las leyes Laws Los sábados... On Saturdays...
294

Los totopos Chips No comprendo I don't understand
Los zapatos de tacón alto High heels No creer que... To not think that...
Los/Las dos Both, the two of them No cuelgues por Please don't hang up.
Luchar To fight, to struggle favor.
Luego Later, then No entiendo I don't understand
lunes / los lunes Monday / on Mondays No es cierto que... It's not true that...
Magnífico/a Magnificent No es evidente It's not evident that...
Mal/bien hecho Poorly-made que...
Malo/a, Mal Bad No es obvio que... It's not obvious that...
Mañana Tomorrow No estar seguro To not be certain that...
de que
Manejar To drive
Maravilloso/a Marvelous No importa. It doesn't matter.
No lo puedo I can't believe it.
Marrón Brown
creer./
martes / los martes Tuesday / on Tuesdays
No puedo creerlo.
marzo March
No me duele nada. Nothing hurts me.
Más o menos More or less/So-so No parecer que... To not seem that...
Más tarde Later No pensar que... To not think that...
Más temprano Earlier No problema. No problem.
Matar To kill No puede ser que... It can't be that...
Máximo/a Maximum No sé I don't know
mayo May No suponer que... To not suppose that...
Mayoria Majority No tengo ni idea. I have no idea.
Me encanta que... I love that... No tiene razón. It doesn't make sense.
Me enoja que... It angers me that... No vale la pena. It's not worth it.
Me fascina que... I'm fascinated that... No, gracias No, thank you
Me gusta que... I like that... noviembre November
Me lastimé ____. I hurt my ______. Nuevo/a New
Me llamo ___. My name is ___. O Or
Me queda(n) bien. It (they fit) fits me well. Obvio/a Obvious
Media docena Half dozen Ocupado/a Busy
Mejor Better Ocurrir To occur, to happen
Mensual Monthly Odiar To hate
Meter (en) To put (into) Ojalá que... I hope that...
Mezclar To mix Olvidar To forget
Mi dirección es... My address is... Ordenado/a Organized
Mientras While Oscuro/a Dark
Mientras que... While... Paciente Patient
miércoles / los miércoles Wednesday / on Wednesdays Pagar To pay for
Mínimo/a Minimum Papel de baño Toilet paper
Minoría Minority Par Pair
Mirar To watch, to look at Para que... So that...
Mismo/a Same Parecido/a Similar, alike
Moderno/a Modern Partir To divide
Mojado/a Wet Pasado/a Last, previous
Montar en bicicleta To ride a bicycle Pasar To pass, to come in, to happen,
Morado/a Purple to spend (time)
Muchas gracias Thank you very much Pasar la aspiradora To vacuum
Muchas veces Many times Paso a paso Step-by-step
Mucho gusto Nice to meet you Pedir To ask for
Mucho/a A lot, Many Pegar To stick, to attach, to hit, to glue
Muy Very Pelear To fight, to quarrel
Nadar To swim Peligroso/a Dangerous
Necesario/a Necessary Pelirrojo/a Red-headed
Necesitar To need Peor Worst
Negar que... To deny that... Pequeño/a Small
Negro/a Black Perdón, Perdódeme Pardon me (forgiveness)
Nevar > La nieve To snow > Snow Perezoso/a Lazy
No No Perfecto/a Perfect
Permitir To permit
295

Pero But Rico/a Rich, delicious
Pesado/a Heavy Robar To steal
Picante Spicy Rojo/a Red
Pintar To paint Romántico/a Romantic
Planchar To iron Romper To break
Plantar To plant Rosado/a Pink
Plateado/a Silver Rubio/a Blonde
Platicar/Charlar To chat Ruidoso/a Noisy
Pobre Poor, Pitiful sábado / los sábados Saturday / on Saturdays
Poco/a Few Sabroso/a Tasty
Poner la mesa To set the table Sacar buenas/malas To get good/bad grades
Por eso That’s why notas
Por favor Please Sacar fotos To take pictures
Por la mañana During the morning Sacar la basura To take out the trash
Por la noche During the night Saludable Healthy
Por la tarde During the evening Salvar To save, to rescue (a life)
Por quien(es) For whom Sano/a Healthy
Por supuesto. Absolutely. Se ve bien. It looks good.
Porque Because Seco/a Dry
Poseer To possess Según According to
Posible Possible Seguro/a Safe, sure, certain
Practicar To practice Sencillo/a, Simple Simple
Practicar deportes To play sports Señor Sir
Precioso/a Precious Señora Ma'am
Preferir que... To prefer that... Señorita Miss
Preguntar To ask (question) Sensible Sensitive
Prender To turn on, to switch on Sentir que... To feel that
Preocupado/a Worried Separado/a Separate(d)
Preocuparse que... To worry that... septiembre September
Preparar To prepare Serio/a Serious
Prestar To lend, to loan Si If
Privado/a Private Sí Yes
Prohibir To prohibit Si, por favor Yes, please
Prometer To promise Siempre Always
Propio/a Own Siguiente Next, following
Próximo/a Next Simpático/a Nice, friendly
Prudente Careful, cautious Sin Without
Pues... Well/So Sin límites Unlimited
Punto com Dot com (.com) Sin que Without
Puntual On time Sincero/a Sincere
Puro/a Clear Sobre On top of
Que That, because, what Sobrevivir To survive
Que tengas buen día Have a good day Sociable Sociable
Quedar To stay Solo/a Only, alone
Quemar To burn Sólo/a Only
Querer que... To want that... Soltero/Soltera Single, unmarried
Quien Who (male/female)
Quitar To remove Sorprender To surprise
Quizás Maybe Soy ___ I am __. (My name is __)
Rápido/a Fast Soy americana. I'm American. (female)
Raro/a, Extraño/a Strange, Weird Soy americano. I'm American. (male)
Realista Realistic Soy de... I'm from...
Recibir To receive Suave Soft
Reciclar To recycle Subir To climb/to go up
Reciente Recent Sucio/a Dirty
Recomendar To recommend Sufrir To suffer
Redondo/a Round Sugerir To suggest
Regresar To return (to a place) Sugerir que... To suggest that...
Renunciar (a) To quit (a job) Tacaño/a Stingy, cheap
Republicano Republican Tal vez Perhaps
296

Tan pronto como... As soon as... viernes / los viernes Friday / on Fridays
Tanto/a So much, So many Violeta Violet
Tardar (en) To take time Visitar To visit
Tarde Late Vivir To live
Te amo. I love you. (narrow sense) Voluntario/a Voluntary
Te extraño. I miss you. Votar To vote
Te presento a ___. I introduce you to ___. Y And
Te quiero. I love you. (wider sense) Ya Already
Temer que... To fear that...
Temprano Early
Tener calor To be hot
Tener dolor de ____. To have pain of ____.
Tener fiebre To have a fever
Tener gripa/gripe To have the flu
Tener resfriado To have a cold
Tener sueño To be sleepy
Tener tos To have a cough
Tengo __ años I am __ years old.
Terminar To end, to finish
Tímido/a Shy
Tocar To touch, to play an
instrument
Tocar la guitarra To play guitar
Todo el mundo Everybody
Todo el tiempo All the time
Todo/a All
Todos los días Every day
Tomar apuntes To take notes
Tomar el sol To sunbathe
Tomar la medicina To take medicine
Tomar las pastillas To take pills
Tonto/a Stupid
Trabajador/a Hard-working
Trabajar To work
Tranquilo/a Calm, quiet
Tratar To treat, to try
Travieso/a Mischievous
Triste Sad
Último/a Last, most recent
Un momento, por favor. One moment, please.
Un poco A bit
Una vez One time
Usar To use
Útil Useful
Vacío/a Empty
Vacío/a Empty
Vainilla Vanilla
Vale la pena. It's worth it.
Varios/as Several
Ven conmigo. Come with me.
Vender To sell
Ver la television/un To watch television/a video
video
Ver los fuegos To watch fireworks
artificiales
Ver una película To watch a movie
Verde Green
Viejo/a Old, Longtime
297

English > Spanish Glossary
(For) A long time (Por) Mucho tiempo Around Alrededor (de)

(Ham) sandwich El sandwich (de jamón) Art El arte
(In)Equality La (des)igualdad Artistic Artístico/a
(Liquid) Soap El jabón (líquido) As soon as... Tan pronto como...
(Not) Well-known (Des)Conocido/a As, since Como
A bit Un poco At night/p.m. De la noche
A la carte A la carta Athletic Deportista
A lot, Many Mucho/a Attractive Atractivo/a
A month ago Hace un mes August agosto
About Acerca de Authentic Auténtico/a
About which En que Author El autor/La autora
Above Arriba (de) Automatic Automático
Absence La ausencia Available Disponible
Absolutely. Por supuesto. Avocado El aguacate
Accent El acento Baby (male/female) El bebé/La bebé
Accident El accidente Back La espalda
According to Según Backpack La mochila
Account La cuenta Bacon El tocino
Action La acción Bad Malo/a, Mal
Activity La actividad Balance El saldo
Actor/Actress El actor/La actriz Bald Calvo/a
Adult El adulto Balloons Los globos
Advantage La ventaja Banana El plátano
Adventure La aventura Bank El banco
Advice El consejo Banknote El billete
Affectionate Cariñoso/a Bar El bar
After Después de Basketball El baloncesto
After... Después de que... Bathroom El baño
Against Contra Bathroom sink El lavamanos/El lavabo
Air El aire Bathtub La tina
Airplane El avión Battery La pila
Airport El aeropuerto Bean El frijol
Alarm clock El despertador Bear El oso
All Todo/a Beauty La belleza
All the time Todo el tiempo Because Porque
Almost (always/never) Casi (siempre/nunca) Because Porque
Already Ya Bed La cama
Although Aunque Bedroom El cuarto, La habitación
Although Aunque... Bee La abeja
Aluminum foil El papel de aluminio Beer La cerveza
Always Siempre Before Antes de
Amount, quantity La cantidad Before... Antes de que...
And Y Beginning, principle El principio
And you? ¿Y tú? Behind Detrás (de)
Animal El animal Below Abajo (de)
Anniversary El aniversario Belt El cinturón
Answer La respuesta Betrayal La traición
Ant La hormiga Better Mejor
Antibiotic El antibiótico Between Entre
Anyone Cualquiera Bicycle La bicicleta
Apartment El Bilingual Bilingüe
departamento/apartamento Bird El pájaro
Apple La manzana Bird, Fowl La ave
April abril Birth El nacimiento
Arm El brazo Birthday El cumpleaños
Armchair El sillón
298

Black Negro/a Can you please ¿Me puede traer
Black pepper La pimienta negra bring the check? la cuenta por favor?
Blender La licuadora Candidate El candidato
Blind Ciego/a Candle La vela
Block La cuadra Candy El dulce
Blonde Rubio/a Cantaloupe El melon
Blood La sangre Capable, able Capaz
Blouse La blusa Car El coche/El carro
Blue Azul Card (Birthday card) La tarjeta (de cumpleaños)
Board game El juego de mesa Cardboard, carton El cartón
Boat, ship El barco Career La carrera
Body El cuerpo Careful, cautious Prudente
Bold, daring Atrevido/a Carpet La alfombra
Bon appétit/ ¡Buen provecho! Carrot La zanahoria
Enjoy your meal Cash El efectivo
Bone El hueso Cashier (male/female) El cajero/La cajera
Book El libro Cat El gato
Boots Las botas Cauliflower La coliflor
Boring Aburrido/a Ceiling, roof El techo
Boss El jefe/La jefa Celery El apio
Both of them Ambos/as Cell phone El teléfono celular
Both, the two of them Los/Las dos Cent El centavo
Bottle La botella Centimeter El centímetro
Box La caja Cereal El cereal
Boy/Girl El niño/ La niña Chain La cadena
Boyfriend/Girlfriend El novio/La novia Chair La silla
Bracelet La pulsera Chalkboard La pizarra
Brain El cerebro Chapter El capítulo
Brand name La marca Cheap Barato/a
Bravery El valor Check El cheque
Bread El pan Check/Bill La cuenta
(Toast/wheat/white) (tostado/integral/blanco) Cheers!/Bless you! ¡Salud!
Breakfast El desayuno Cheese El queso
Bridge El puente Cherry La cereza
Broccoli El broccoli Chest El pecho
Broom La escoba Chicken El pollo
Brother-in-law/Sister-in- El cuñado/La cuñada Chicken/turkey breast La pechuga de pollo/pavo
law Children Los hijos, Los niños
Brother/Sister El hermano/La hermana Chili pepper El chile
Brown Café Chips Los totopos
Brown Marrón Chocolate (hot chocolate) El chocolate (caliente)
Bull El toro Christmas La Navidad
Bus stop La parada de autobús Church La iglesia
Business El negocio Cinnamon La canela
Busy Ocupado/a Circle El círculo
But Pero Citizen El ciudadano
Butter La mantequilla Class La clase
Butterfly La mariposa Clean Limpio/a
Button El botón Clear Puro/a
Cabbage El repollo/La col Click on... Haz clic en...
Caffeine La cafeína Climate (of a region) El clima
Cake El pastel Clock El reloj
Calculator La calculadora Close (to) Cerca (de)
Calendar El calendario Closet El guardarropa, El armario,
Calendar El calendario El ropero
Calm, quiet Tranquilo/a Clothes La ropa
Calories Las calorías Clouds > Cloudy Las nubes > Nublado
Camera La cámara Coconut El coco
Campaign La campaña
Can La lata
299

Coffee El café Dark Oscuro/a
Coffee Maker, Coffee Pot La cafetera Date La fecha
Coffee shop El café Day El día
Coin La moneda Days of the week Los días de la semana
Cold El frío
Dear, beloved, sweetheart El amado/La amada
Cold Frío/a
(male/female)
Color El color
Dear, beloved, sweetheart El querido/La querida
Combination La combinación
(male/female)
Come with me. Ven conmigo.
December diciembre
Comfortable Cómodo/a
Definition La definición
Common Común
Delicious Delicioso/a
Compact disc (CD) El disco compacto
Democrat Demócrata
Companion, Mate, Partner El compañero/La
Depressed Deprimido/a
(male/female) compañera
Desk El escritorio
Company La empresa
Dessert El postre
Compassion La compasión
Destination El destino
Complete Completo/a
Detail El detalle
Complicated Complicado/a
Dictionary El diccionario
Computer La computadora
Diet La dieta
Concept El concepto
Difference La diferencia
Concert El concierto
Different Diferente
Conference, meeting La conferencia
Difficult Difícil
Confused Confundido/a
Dinner La cena
Conscience La conciencia
Directions Las direcciones
Consequence La consecuencia
Dirty Sucio/a
Consumption El consumo
Disadvantage La desventaja
Contact El contacto
Dishwasher El lavaplatos
Contaminated Contaminado/a
Distance La distancia
Contamination La contaminación
Diverse Diverso/a
Contest, competition El concurso
Doctor (male/female) El doctor/La doctora
Contract El contrato
Document El documento
Cook (male/female) El cocinero/La cocinera
Dog El perro
Cookie La galleta
Dollar El dólar
Cool! ¡Genial!
Dolphin El delfín
Copy La copia
Donkey El burro
Corn El maíz
Door La puerta
Corner La esquina
Dot com (.com) Punto com
Correct Correcto/a
Double Doble
Corruption La corrupción
Dozen La docena
Costume El disfraz
Dress El vestido
Cotton El algodón
Dresser La cómoda
Couch El sófa
Drills, practice, physical El entrenamiento
Countryside El campo
training
Courage El coraje
Drink La bebida
Court sentence La sentencia
Driver (male/female) El conductor/La conductora
Cousin (male/female) El primo/La prima
Drunk Borracho/a
Cow La vaca
Dry Seco/a
Crazy Loco/a
Dryer La secadora
Credit card La tarjeta de crédito
During Durante
Cube El cubo
During the evening Por la tarde
Cucumber El pepino
During the morning Por la mañana
Culture La cultura
During the night Por la noche
Cup La taza
Dust El polvo
Cutlery El cubierto
Each one Cada uno/Cada una
Daily Diario
Ear La oreja
Damage El daño
Earlier Más temprano
Dance El baile
Danger El peligro Early Temprano
Dangerous Peligroso/a Earrings Los aretes
300

World El mundo Fillet El filete
Earth La Tierra Fine/ticket La multa
Easy Fácil Finger (toe) El dedo (de pie)
Egg El huevo Fingernail La uña
Election La elección Fingerprints Las huellas digitales
Elementary school La escuela primaria Fire El fuego
Elephant El elefante Firefighter (male/female) El bombero/La bombera
Email El correo electrónico First floor El primer piso
Embarrassed Avergonzado/a Fish El pescado
Emergency La emergencia Fish El pez
Employee El empleado Fixed, stable, permanent Fijo/a
Empty Vacío/a Flavor El sabor
Empty Vacío/a Flight El vuelo
Energy La energía Flip-flops Las chanclas
Engineer El ingeniero/La ingeniera Flood La inundación
English El inglés Flour La harina
Enough, Sufficient Bastante Flower La flor
Entrance La entrada Fly La mosca
Envelope El sobre Fog > Foggy La neblina > Neblinoso
Environment El medio ambiente Folder La carpeta
Equal, same Igual Food La comida
Event El evento Foot (measure, body part) El pie
Every day Todos los días Football El fútbol americano
Every year Cada año Footprint La huella
Everybody Todo el mundo For whom Por quien(es)
Excellent Excelente Foreign Extranjero/a
Except Excepto Foreigner (male/female) El extranjero/La extranjera
Excited Emocionado/a Forest La selva
Excuse me (to get Disculpe Fork El tenedor
attention) Form La forma
Excuse me (to move past) Con Permiso Fountain La fuente
Exit La salida Four years ago... Hace cuatro años...
Expensive Caro/a Fox El zorro
Extra Extra Free (of charge) Gratis
Eye El ojo Free (of restriction) Libre
Face La cara Freedom La libertad
Fact El hecho Freezer El congelador
Factory La fábrica French fries Las papas fritas
Fair La feria Friday / on Fridays viernes / los viernes
Faith La fe Fridge El refrigerador
Fall El otoño Friend (male/female) El amigo/La amiga
False Falso/a Friendly Amable
Family La familia Friendship La amistad
Famous Famoso/a Fruit La fruta
Fan El ventilador Full Lleno/a
Far (from) Lejos (de) Fun Divertido/a
Farmer El granjero/La granjera Fund El fondo
Fascinating Fascinante Funny Cómico/a
Fast Rápido/a Funny Gracioso/a
Fat Gordo/a Furnished Amueblado/a
Father El padre Furniture Los muebles
Father-in-law/Mother-in- El suegro/La suegra Game, sporting event El partido
law Garage El garaje
Favorite Favorito/a Garlic El ajo
February febrero Gas La gasolina
Few Poco/a Gasoline tank El tanque de gasolina
Fiancé El prometido
301

Generally Generalmente Happy New Year! ¡Feliz Año Nuevo!
Generosity La generosidad Hard (material) Duro/a
Generous Generoso/a Hard-working Trabajador/a
Gentleman El caballero Hat El sombrero
Gift El regalo Hate El odio
Glass El vaso Have a good day Que tengas buen día
Glass El vidrio Have a good trip! ¡Buen viaje!
Glasses Los anteojos/Las gafas Head La cabeza
Glue El pegamento Healthy Saludable
Go ahead. Adelante. Healthy Sano/a
Goat La cabra Heart El corazón
Gold (color) Dorado/a Heat, warmth El calor
Gold (metal) El oro Heavy Pesado/a
Good Bueno/a, Buen Hello/Hi Hola
Good afternoon Buenas tardes Herbs Las hierbas
Good evening/night Buenas noches High heels Los zapatos de tacón alto
Good morning Buenos días High school La escuela prepatoria, El
Goodbye Adiós colegio
Gorgeous Hermoso/a Highway La autopista
Government El gobierno Home page El inicio
Grade La calificación, La nota Home, residence El domicilio
Gram El gramo Homework, chore, task La tarea
Grand opening La gran apertura Honest Honesto/a
Grandfather/Grandmother El abuelo/La abuela Honey El miel
Grandson/Granddaughter El nieto/La nieta Hope La esperanza
Grape La uva Horrible Horrible
Gray-haired Canoso/a Horse El caballo
Greasy Grasoso/a Hot Caliente
Green Verde Hot dog La salchicha
Green pepper El pimiento verde Hour La hora
Grey Gris House La casa
Grilled A la plancha House special La especialidad de la casa
Groceries Los comestibles, How are you? ¿Cómo estás?
los abarrotes How do you feel? ¿Cómo te sientes?
Ground beef La carne molida How do you say... ¿Cómo se dice...
Group El grupo in Spanish? en español?
Growth El crecimiento How many Cuantos/Cuantas
Guest El invitado How many? ¿Cuántos?/¿Cuántas?
Guilt, fault La culpa How much Cuanto/Cuanta
Guilty Culpable How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto cuesta?
Gym El gimnasio How much? ¿Cuánto?/¿Cuánta?
Hail El granizo How old are you? *¿Cuántos años tienes?
Hair El pelo How? ¿Cómo?
Hair dryer El secador Human resources Los recursos humanos
Hair straightening iron La plancha de pelo Humidity La humedad
Half La mitad Hurricane El huracán
Half dozen Media docena Husband/Wife El esposo/La esposa
Half-brother/Half-sister El medio-hermano/ I am __ years old. Tengo __ años
La media-hermana I am __. (My name is __) Soy ___
Ham El jamón I am (very) well Estoy (muy) bien
Hamburger La hamburguesa I can't believe it. No lo puedo creer./
Hand La mano No puedo creerlo.
Hand-made Hecho a mano I don't know No sé
Handbag, Pocketbook El bolso I don't think so Creo que no
Handsome, very attractive Guapo/a I don't understand No comprendo
Hanger El gancho, el colgador I don't understand No entiendo
Happy Contento/a I have no idea. No tengo ni idea.
Happy Feliz I hope that... Ojalá que...
Happy Birthday! ¡Feliz Cumpleaños! I hurt my ______. Me lastimé ____.
302

I introduce you to ___. Te presento a ___. It's better that... Es mejor que...
I like that... Me gusta que... It's good that... Es bueno que...
I love that... Me encanta que... It's horrible that... Es horrible que...
I love you. (narrow sense) Te amo. It's important that... Es importante que...
I love you. (wider sense) Te quiero. It's impossible that... Es imposible que...
I miss you. Te extraño. It's incredible that... Es increíble que...
I speak English. Hablo inglés. It's not evident that... No es evidente que...
I speak Spanish. Hablo español. It's not obvious that... No es obvio que...
I think so Creo que si It's not true that... No es cierto que...
I'm American. (female) Soy americana. It's not worth it. No vale la pena.
I'm American. (male) Soy americano. It's possible that... Es posible que...
I'm fascinated that... Me fascina que... It's probable that... Es probable que...
I'm from... Soy de... It's sad that... Es triste que...
I’m sorry Lo siento It's terrible that... Es terrible que...
Ice El hielo It's true. Es verdad.
Ice cream El helado It's worth it. Vale la pena.
Idea La idea It’s so pretty! ¡Que bonito!
If Si Jacket La chaqueta
Illegal Ilegal Jam La mermelada
Image, picture El imagen January enero
Impatient Impaciente Jeans Los jeans
In En Jelly La jalea
In case of/that... En caso de que... Job, work El trabajo
In fact De hecho Juice El jugo
In front (of) Enfrente (de) July julio
In place of.../Instead of... En vez de... June junio
In the 60's, 70's Los años sesenta, setenta
Justice La justicia
In the afternoon/p.m. De la tarde
Key La llave
In the middle (of) En medio (de) Keyboard El teclado
In the morning/a.m. De la mañana Kitchen La cocina
Inch La pulgada Kitchen cabinets Gabinetes de cocina
Income El ingreso Kitchen sink El fregadero
Incorrect Incorrecto/a Knee La rodilla
Incredible Increíble Knife El cuchillo
Independence La independencia Knowledge El conocimiento
Independence Day Día de la Independencia Lake El lago
Information La información Lamp La lámpara
Ingredient El ingrediente Language El idioma
Injured Herido Large, Big Grande
Inside (of) Adentro (de) Last Monday El lunes pasado
Intelligent Inteligente Last night Anoche
Interest El interés Last week La semana pasada
Interesting Interesante Last year El año pasado
Interview La entrevista Last, most recent Último/a
Invoice La factura Last, previous Pasado/a
Iron La plancha Late Tarde
Ironing board El planchador Later Más tarde
Island La isla
Later, then Luego
It (they fit) fits me well. Me queda(n) bien.
Laundromat La lavandería
It angers me that... Me enoja que...
Laws Las leyes
It can't be that... No puede ser que...
Lawyer (male/female) El abogado/La abogada
It depends Depende
Lazy Perezoso/a
It doesn't make sense. No tiene razón.
Leader (male/female) El líder/La líder
It doesn't matter. No importa.
Leaf La hoja
It is... Es...
Leg La pierna
It looks good. Se ve bien. Lemon El limón
It's a shame that... Es una lástima que... Lemonade or Limeade La limonada
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Let’s see… A ver… Milk carton El cartón de leche
Letter La carta Mind La mente
Lettuce La lechuga Minimum Mínimo/a
Level El nivel Minority Minoría
Lie La mentira Mint La menta
Life La vida Minute El minuto
Light La luz Mirror El espejo
Light (weight, flavor) Ligero/a Mischievous Travieso/a
Light, bright, clear Claro/a Miss Señorita
Lightning El relámpago Mist La niebla
Lime El limón verde Modern Moderno/a
Line La cola, La línea, La fila Moment El momento
Lion El león Monday / on Mondays lunes / los lunes
Lips Los labios
Money El dinero
List La lista
Monkey El mono
Liter El litro
Monthly Mensual
Literature La literatura
Months Los meses
Living room La sala
Moon La luna
Loan El préstamo
More or less/So-so Más o menos
Lobster La langosta
Mosquito El mosquito
Long Largo/a
Mother La madre
Look! ¡Mira!
Motorcycle La moto
Lotion La crema
Mountain La montaña
Love El amor
Mouse El ratón
Loyal Fiel
Mouth La boca
Loyalty El lealtad
Movie La película
Luggage El equipaje
Movie theater El cine
Lunch El almuerzo
Moving, emotional Emocionante
Ma'am Señora
Mug, Coffee cup La taza
Machine La máquina
Museum El museo
Machine-made Hecho a máquina
Mushroom El champiñón
Madness, craziness La locura
Mustard La mostaza
Magnificent Magnífico/a
My address is... Mi dirección es...
Majority Mayoria
My name is ___. Me llamo ___.
Makeup El maquillaje
Napkin La servilleta
Mall El centro comercial
Nature La naturaleza
Man El hombre
Nearby Cercano/a
Many times Muchas veces
Necessary Necesario/a
Map La mapa
Neck El cuello
March marzo
Necklace El collar
Marker El marcador
Neighbor (male/female) El vecino/La vecina
Marvelous Maravilloso/a
Neighborhood El vecindario
Mashed potatoes El puré de papas
Nephew/Niece El sobrino/La sobrina
Math Las matemáticas
New Nuevo/a
Maximum Máximo/a
New Year Día del Año Nuevo
May mayo
Newspaper El periódico
Maybe Quizás Next Próximo/a
Mayo La mayonesa Next Thursday El sigiuente jueves
Me too/Same here Igualmente Next time La próxima vez
Mean Antipático/a Next to Junto (a)
Menu El menú Next week La próxima semana
Message El mensaje
Next week La semana que viene
Messy, unorganized Desordenado/a
Next year El próximo año
Metaphor La metáfora
Next, following Siguiente
Microwave El microondas
Nice to meet you Mucho gusto
Middle school/Junior high La escuela secundaria
Nice to meet you (to a Encantado
Midnight La medianoche
man)
Mile La milla
Milk La leche
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Nice to meet you (to a Encantada Pair Par
woman) Pants Los pantalones
Nice, friendly Simpático/a Paper El papel
Night La noche Paragraph El párrafo
No No Pardon me (forgiveness) Perdón, Perdódeme
No problem. No problema. Parents Los padres
No way! ¡No me digas! Park El parque
No, thank you No, gracias Part La parte
Noisy Ruidoso/a Party La fiesta
Noon El mediodía Passenger El pasajero
Nose La nariz Passion La pasión
Note El apunte Passport El pasaporte
Notebook El cuaderno Password La contraseña
Nothing hurts me. No me duele nada. Pastime El pasatiempo
November noviembre Patience La paciencia
Patient Paciente
Number El número
Payment El pago
Nurse (male/female) El enfermero/La enfermera
Peace La paz
Objective El objetivo
Peach El durazno
Obligation, agreement El compromiso
Peanut El cacahuate
Obvious Obvio/a
Pear La pera
Of course not! ¡Claro que no!
Peas El chícharo, El guisante
Of course! ¡Claro que sí!
Pen La pluma, El bolígrafo
Of, from De
Pen, Mechanical Pencil El lapicero
Offer La oferta
Pencil El lápiz
Office La oficina
Pencil sharpener El sacapuntas
Often Con frequencia
People La gente
Ok Bueno
Percentage El porcentaje
Old, antique Antiguo/a
Perfect Perfecto/a
Old, Longtime Viejo/a
Perhaps Tal vez
Olive oil El aceite de oliva
Person La persona
On a bus/In a car/In a En autobús/carro/taxi...
Pet La mascota
taxi...
Pharmacy La farmacia
On foot A pie
Philosophy La filosofía
On Saturdays... Los sábados...
Phone El teléfono
On time Puntual
Pickle El pepinillo
On top (of) Encima (de)
Pie El pay
On top of Sobre
Piece La pieza
One moment, please. Un momento, por favor.
Pig El cerdo
One time Alguna vez
Pillow El almohada
One time Una vez
Pineapple La piña
Onion La cebolla
Pink Rosado/a
Only Sólo/a
Pizza La pizza
Only son/Only daughter El hijo único/La hija única
Planet El planeta
Only, alone Solo/a
Plant La planta
Or O
Plate El plato
Orange (color) Anaranjado/a
Please Por favor
Orange (fruit) La naranja
Please don't hang up. No cuelgues por favor.
Organized Ordenado/a
Pocket El bolsillo
Other, another, the other El otro
Poem El poema
Outside (of) Afuera (de)
Policy La política
Oven El horno
Politician El político
Own Propio/a
Pool La piscina/La alberca
Owner (male/female) El dueño/La dueña
Poor, Pitiful Pobre
Packet El paquete
Poorly-made Mal/bien hecho
Packet of cookies El paquete de galletas
Popcorn Las palomitas
Page La página
Pain El dolor
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Population La población Round trip De ida y vuelta
Pork El cerdo Rule, Ruler La regla
Portion La porción Sad Triste
Possibility La posibilidad Safe, sure, certain Seguro/a
Possible Posible Salad La ensalada
Potato La papa Salary El salario
Pound La libra Sale La venta
Poverty La pobreza Salmon El salmón
Power El poder Salsa/Sauce La salsa
Precious Precioso/a Salt El sal
Preference La preferencia Same Mismo/a
Pregnant Embarazada Sand La arena
Pretty, good-looking Bonito/a Saturday / on Saturdays sábado / los sábados
Price El precio Sausage El chorizo
Printer La impresora Schedule El horario
Private Privado/a Schedule El horario
Prize El premio School La escuela
Product El producto Science La ciencia
Profession La profesión Scrambled eggs Los huevos revueltos
Professor El profesor/La profesora Screen La pantalla
Program El programa Sea El mar
Project El proyecto Seafood Los mariscos
Provided that... Con tal que... Seat El asiento
Public El público Second El segundo
Public transportation El transporte público
Secretary El secretario/La secretaria
Purple Morado/a
See you later Hasta luego
Purse, Bag, Sack, La bolsa
See you soon Hasta pronto
Grocery Bag, Pocketbook,
Sense El sentido
Pocket
Sensitive Sensible
Quality La calidad
Sentence (words) La oración
Question La pregunta
Separate(d) Separado/a
Quiet Callado/a
September septiembre
Quiz La prueba
Serious Serio/a
Rabbit El conejo
Service El servicio
Rainbow El arcoiris
Several Varios/as
Raisin La pasa
Shadow La sombra
Ready, Smart Listo/a
Shampoo El champú
Realistic Realista
Shark El tiburón
Recent Reciente
Sharp En punto
Recipe La receta
Red Rojo/a Sheep La oveja
Red pepper El pimiento rojo Sheets Las sábanas
Red-headed Pelirrojo/a Shirt La camisa
Relationships Las relaciones Shoe El zapato
Relatives Los parientes Short (hair) Corto/a
Reporter El reportero/La reportera Short (height) Bajo/a
Republican Republicano Shorts Los pantalones cortos
Ribs Las costillas Shoulder El hombro
Rice El arroz Shower La ducha, La regadera
Rich, delicious Rico/a Shrimp El camarón
Right El derecho Shy Tímido/a
Right now Ahorita Sick Enfermo/a
Signature La firma
Risk El riesgo
Silver (metal) La plata
River El río
Silver (color) Plateado/a
Roasted Asado/a
Similar, alike Parecido/a
Rock, stone La piedra
Simple Sencillo/a, Simple
Romantic Romántico/a
Since Desde que
Rooster El gallo
Sincere Sincero/a
Round Redondo/a
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Single, unmarried Soltero/Soltera Storm La tormenta
(male/female) Stove La estufa
Sir Señor Strange, Weird Raro/a, Extraño/a
Size (clothing) La talla Strawberry La fresa
Skill, ability La habilidad Strength La fuerza
Skin El piel Striped/Plaid De rayas/cuadros
Skirt La falda Strong Fuerte
Sky El cielo Studious Estudioso/a
Slow Despacio/a Stupid Tonto/a
Slow Lento/a Subject La materia
Small Pequeño/a Suddenly De repente
Smoke El humo Sugar El azúcar
Snake La serpiente Suggestion La sugerencia
So much, So many Tanto/a Suit El traje
So that... Para que... Suitcase La maleta
So-so Así-así Summer El verano
Soccer El fútbol Sun El sol
Sociable Sociable Sun > Sunny El sol > Soleado
Sock El calcetín Sunday / on Sundays domingo / los domingos
Soda El refresco Sunglasses Los anteojos del sol/
Soft Suave Las gafas del sol
Sometimes A veces Surroundings, outskirts Los alrededores
Son/Daughter El hijo/La hija Sweater El suéter
Song La canción Swimsuit El traje de baño
Soup La sopa T-shirt La camiseta
(vegetable/ (de verduras/ Table La mesa
tomato/chicken) de jitomate/de pollo) Tablespoon La cuchara
Space El espacio Take care Cuídate
Spaghetti Los espaguetis Tall (height) Alto/a
Spanish El español Tape La cinta adhesiva
Special of the day El plato del día Tasty Sabroso/a
Speed La velocidad Tax El impuesto
Spices Las especias Tea El té
Spicy Picante Team El equipo
Spider La araña Tears Las lágrimas
Spinach La espinaca Teaspoon La cucharadita
Sponge La esponja Teeth Los dientes
Spoon La cuchara Television La televisión
Spring La primavera Tell me. Dime.
Square El cuadrado Temperature La temperatura
Squash, pumpkin La calabaza Tennis El tenis
Stadium El estadio Test El examen
Staircase La escalera Textbook El libro de texto
Stamp El sello Thank you Gracias
Standard Estándar Thank you very much Muchas gracias
Stapler La grapadora Thanksgiving Día de Acción de Gracias
Star La estrella That, because, what Que
Station La estación That’s why Por eso
(Police/ (de policía/ The best way La mejor manera
Train/ de trén/ The end El fin
Bus) de autobús) The others, the rest Los demás/Las demás
Steak El bistec Theme El tema
Step El paso Thermometer El termómetro
Step-by-step Paso a paso Thin Delgado/a
Stepbrother/Stepsister El hermanastro/La Thin, skinny Flaco/a
hermanastra Thing La cosa
Stepfather El padrastro This afternoon Esta tarde
Stepmother La madrastra This morning Esta mañana
Stingy, cheap Tacaño/a This Tuesday Este martes
Stomach El estómago Thought El pensamiento
307

Throat La garganta To drink, to take Tomar
Thunder El trueno To drive Manejar
Thursday / on Thursdays jueves / los jueves To eat Comer
Ticket El boleto To end, to finish Terminar
Tiger El tigre To enjoy Disfrutar
Time El tiempo To escape Escapar
Tip La propina To exercise Hacer ejercicio
Tire La llanta To exist Existir
Tired Cansado/a To explain Explicar
Tissue El pañuelo To fear that... Temer que...
Title El título To feel that Sentir que...
To accept Aceptar To fight, to quarrel Pelear
To accomplish, to carry Cumplir To fight, to struggle Luchar
out, to reach (an age) To fill Llenar
To answer Contestar To fold Doblar
To arrive Llegar To forget Olvidar
To ask (question) Preguntar To forgive Disculpar
To ask for Pedir To function, work Funcionar
To attend (somewhere) Asistir a To get good/bad grades Sacar buenas/malas notas
To bark Ladrar To go in/into Entrar en
To be happy that... Estar conento que... To go on vacation Ir de vacaciones
To be hot Tener calor To go shopping Ir de compras
To be on a diet Estar a dieta To go to school Ir a la escuela
To be sad that... Estar triste que... To go to the mall Ir al centro comercial
To be sick Estar enfermo/a To go to the movies Ir al cine
To be sleepy Tener sueño To hate Odiar
To be with friends Estar con amigos To have a cold Tener resfriado
To believe, to know Creer To have a cough Tener tos
To bore Aburrir To have a fever Tener fiebre
To break Romper To have just finished Acabar de
To burn Quemar something
To buy Comprar To have pain of ____. Tener dolor de ____.
To carry, to take Llevar To have the flu Tener gripa/gripe
To cause Causar To have to, to owe Deber
To celebrate Celebrar To help Ayudar
To celebrate, to party Festejar To hope that... Esperar que...
To change Cambiar To hug Abrazar
To charge Cobrar To imagine Imaginar
To chat Platicar/Charlar To insist that Insistir que...
To clean Limpiar To interrupt Interrumpir
To climb/to go up Subir To invite Invitar
To commit (a mistake) Cometer To iron Planchar
To compare Comparar To keep, to put Guardar
To cook Cocinar aside/away
To copy Copiar To kill Matar
To cover Cubrir To kiss Besar
To cry Llorar To learn Aprender
To cut Cortar To leave, to allow Dejar
To dance Bailar To lend, to loan Prestar
To decide Decidir To lift, to raise Levantar
To deny that... Negar que... To listen to Escuchar
To depend Depender To listen to music Escuchar música
To describe Describir To live Vivir
To discover Descubrir To look for Buscar
To divide Partir To love Amar
To doubt that... Dudar que... To make the bed Hacer la cama
To draw Dibujar To mix Mezclar
To drink Beber To need Necesitar
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To not be certain that... No estar seguro de que To stop Dejar de
To not seem that... No parecer que... To study Estudiar
To not suppose that... No suponer que... To suffer Sufrir
To not think that... No creer que... To suggest Sugerir
To not think that... No pensar que... To suggest that... Sugerir que...
To occur, to happen Ocurrir To sunbathe Tomar el sol
To open Abrir To support Apoyar
To paint Pintar To surprise Sorprender
To park (a car) Estacionar To survive Sobrevivir
To pass, to come in, to Pasar To swim Nadar
happen, to spend (time) To take care of Cuidar
To pay for Pagar To take medicine Tomar la medicina
To permit Permitir To take notes Tomar apuntes
To place Colocar To take out the trash Sacar la basura
To plant Plantar To take pictures Sacar fotos
To play Jugar a To take pills Tomar las pastillas
To play a trick, to make Hacer una broma To take time Tardar (en)
fun To talk on the phone Hablar por teléfono
To play guitar Tocar la guitarra To teach Enseñar
To play sports Practicar deportes To tell Decir
To possess Poseer To tell a joke (story) Contar un chiste
To practice Practicar To the east (of) Al este (de)
To prefer that... Preferir que... To the left (of) A la izquierda (de)
To prepare Preparar To the north (of) Al norte (de)
To print Imprimir To the right (of) A la derecha (de)
To prohibit Prohibir To the side (of) Al lado (de)
To promise Prometer To the south (of) Al sur (de)
To push Empujar To the west (of) Al oeste (de)
To put (into) Meter (en) To touch, to play an Tocar
To quit (a job) Renunciar (a) instrument
To rain > Rain > Rainy Llover > La lluvia > Lluvioso To treat, to try Tratar
To read Leer To try Intentar
To read a magazine Leer una revista To turn off, to switch off Apagar
To receive Recibir To turn on, to switch on Prender
To recommend Recomendar To understand Comprender
To record, to tape Grabar To use Usar
To recycle Reciclar To vacuum Pasar la aspiradora
To remove Quitar To visit Visitar
To rest Descansar To vote Votar
To return (to a place) Regresar To walk Andar/Caminar
To ride a bicycle Montar en bicicleta To want that... Querer que...
To run Correr To wash Lavar
To save (money, energy) Ahorrar To wash clothes Lavar la ropa
To save, to rescue (a Salvar To watch a movie Ver una película
life) To watch fireworks Ver los fuegos artificiales
To sell Vender To watch television/a Ver la television/un video
To set the table Poner la mesa video
To share Compartir To watch, to look at Mirar
To shine, to sparkle Brillar To whistle Chiflar
To sign (one's name) Firmar To who, whom A quien(es)
To sing Cantar To win, to earn Ganar
To smoke Fumar To wish Desear
To snow > Snow Nevar > La nieve To work Trabajar
To speak, to talk Hablar To worry that... Preocuparse que...
To spend (money) Gastar To write Escribir
To stay Quedar To yell Gritar
To steal Robar To, at A
To stick, to attach, to hit, Pegar Toaster El tostador
to glue Today is... Hoy es...
309

Toilet paper Papel de baño Webpage La página web
Tomato El jitomate Website El sitio web
Tomorrow Mañana Wedding La boda
Tongue La lengua Wednesday / on miércoles / los miércoles
Too (much) Demasiado/a Wednesdays
Toothpaste La pasta de dientes Weekend El fin de semana
Towel La toalla Welcome! (to a group) ¡Bienvenidos!
Tower La torre Welcome! (to a man) ¡Bienvenido!
Tradition La tradición Welcome! (to a woman) ¡Bienvenida!
Traffic light, signal El semáforo Welcome! (to group ¡Bienvenidas!
Training La capacitación of women)
Trash La basura Well done! ¡Muy bien!
Treatment El tratamiento Well-made Bien hecho
Tree El árbol Well/So Pues...
Truck El camión/La camioneta Wet Mojado/a
True Cierto/a Whale La ballena
Trust La confianza What a shame! ¡Qué lástima!
Tuesday / on Tuesdays martes / los martes What day of the week is ¿Qué día es hoy?
Tuna El atún it?
Turkey El pavo
What hurts you? ¿Que te duele?
Turn El turno
What time is it? ¿Qué hora es?
Turtle La tortuga
What? ¿Qué?
Twins (male/female) Los gemelos/Las gemelas
What's it like outside? ¿Cómo está por afuera?
Two days ago Hace dos días
What's the weather like? ¿Cómo está el tiempo?
Ugly Feo/a
What's the weather like? ¿Qué tiempo hace?
Umbrella El paraguas
What's today's date? / ¿Cuál es la fecha?/
Uncle/Aunt El tío/La tía
Uncomfortable Incómodo/a What date is it today? ¿Qué fecha es hoy?
Under Debajo (de) What's up? ¿Qué tal?
Underwear La ropa interior What’s happening? ¿Qué pasa?
Unforgettable Inolvidable What’s your name? ¿Cómo te llamas?
University/college La universidad Wheel La rueda
Unless... A menos que... When Cuando
Unlimited Sin límites When I was a child Cuando era niño/a
Until Hasta When I was younger Cuando era joven
Useful Útil When? ¿Cuándo?
Useless Inútil Where Donde
Vacation Las vacaciones Where? ¿Dónde?
Vacuum cleaner La aspiradora Which Cual, Cuales
Vanilla Vainilla Which? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles?
Vegetable La verdura, El vegetal Whichever Cualquier
Very Muy While Mientras
Very (well) (Muy) bien While... Mientras que...
Veterinarian El veterinario/La veterinaria White Blanco/a
Video game El videojuego Who Quien
Violet Violeta Who? Whom? ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes?
Vocabulary El vocabulario Whole, entire Entero/a
Voice La voz Whom (personal a) A quien(es)
Voluntary Voluntario/a Whose De quien(es)
Waiter, server El camarero/La camarera Why not? ¿Por qué no?
Waiter, server El mesero/La mesera Why? ¿Por qué?
Waiting room La sala de espera Wind > Windy El viento > Ventoso
Wall La pared Window La ventana
Washing machine La lavadora Windshield El parabrisas
Water El agua Wine El vino
Water bottle La botella de agua Winter El invierno
Watermelon La sandía Winter coat El abrigo
Weak Débil Wireless Internet La internet inalámbrico
Wealth La riqueza Wisdom La sabiduría
Weather (daily) El tiempo
310

With Con
With pleasure. Con gusto.
With whom Con quien(es)
Without Sin
Without Sin que
Wolf El lobo
Woman La mujer
Woods El bosque
Word La palabra
Worker, laborer El obrero/La obrera
Worried Preocupado/a
Worst Peor
Wow! ¡Vaya!
Writer El escritor/La escritora
Wrong, incorrect Equivocado/a
Yard La yarda
Year El año
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HELPFUL GRAMMAR TERMS ..................................................................... 10

CHAPTER 19 ............................................................................................. 126

CHAPTER 24 ............................................................................................. 157

CHAPTER 25 ............................................................................................. 165

IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE VERBS....................................................................................................

CHAPTER 32 ............................................................................................. 209

CHAPTER 33 ............................................................................................. 214

CHAPTER 34 ............................................................................................. 220

CHAPTER 36 ............................................................................................. 237

ANSWER KEY ............................................................................................ 264

Why did I write 'Spanish Is Your Amigo'?

I feel so fortunate to have been given this opportunity to pursue my passion

• Each chapter consists of 3 parts:

The following are NOT capitalized:

• Days of the week

The following ARE capitalized:

• The Spanish alphabet consists of 27 letters and their individual names.

Spanish Letter Letter Name

• Spanish words are pronounced phonetically.

Letter Letter Pronunciation Spanish Word English

E ’eh’ as in 'eggs' elefante ehl-eh-fahn-teh elephant

GA/GO/GU Hard G sound gasolina gahs-oh-leen-ah gasoline

Spanish Word Word Pronunciation English Translation

Spanish Word Word Pronunciation English Translation

Spanish Word Word Pronunciation English Translation

Spanish Word Word Pronunciation English Translation

Circle the corresponding answer.

24. On which letters does the stress fall in

0-Cero 101-Ciento uno (one hundred one)

Circle the corresponding answer.

1. Which would you use to welcome a group 8. 26

5. Which would you use to tell someone 1 2 . 8,541.13? [8.541,13]

1 5. 406,046.02 [406.046,02] 21 . Orange

Time Terminology Writing Dates

De la noche At night/p.m. domingo / los domingos Sunday / on Sundays

Ahorita Right now lunes / los lunes Monday / on Mondays

Más tarde Later martes / los martes Tuesday / on Tuesdays

Más temprano Earlier miércoles / los miércoles Wednesday / on Wednesdays

Tarde Late jueves / los jueves Thursday / on Thursdays

Temprano Early viernes / los viernes Friday / on Fridays

many English speakers write dates.

o El dos de mayo - [the second of May]

o El primero de abril de 2018 - [April 1st, 2018]

o Domingo, el primero de abril de 2018 - [Sunday, April 1st, 2018]

o El 10 de noviembre de 2018 - [November 10th, 2018]

o El diez de noviembre de 2018 - [November 10th, 2018]

o Sábado, 10 de noviembre de 2018 - [Saturday, November 10th, 2018]

o El año dos mil dieciocho - [The year two thousand eighteen]

o Mil ochocientos - [Eighteen hundred]

o Mil novecientos noventa y nueve - [Nineteen ninety nine]

o Dos mil - [Two thousand]

Calendario enero de 2018

domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado

Circle the corresponding answer.

4. On Sundays 1 2 . Februrary 10th, 2016

5. January 1 3. March 1st, 2014

6. December 1 4. September 25th, 2019

7. November 1 5. December 4th, 2020

8. April 1 6. The 8th of June

1 8. 1776 23. In 5 hours

1 9. 1492 24. It is 6 a.m.

20. Which is a correct answer to the question 25. It is 3:30 p.m.