Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
7-8-2layer.tex
Refs:
Csandy: Circulation in the Coastal Ocean
Cushman-Rosin, Intro to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Let h be the mean depth and U, V be the depth-integrated fluxes in the upper layer, and
h0 , U 0 , V 0 be the corresponding quantities in the lower layer. Let ζ and ζ 0 be the vertical
displacements of the free surface and interface respectively. Then
Z 0 Z −h
0 0
(U, V ) = (u, v)dz, (U , V ) = (u0 , v 0 )dz, (7.8.1)
−h −h−h0
p = ρg(ζ − z) (7.8.2)
On the interface, z = −h + ζ 0 ,
p = ρg(ζ + h − ζ 0 ) (7.8.3)
2
In order that pressure is continuous on the interface we must have in the lower layer
p0 = ρg(ζ + h − ζ 0 ) + ρ0 g(−h + ζ 0 − z) (7.8.4)
Thus
∂p ∂ζ
= ρg (7.8.5)
!
∂x ∂x
∂p 0
∂ζ ∂ζ 0
∂ζ 0 ∂ζ ∂ζ 0
= ρg − + ρ0 g = ρg + (ρ0 − ρ)g (7.8.6)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
The depth-integrated momentum equations in the upper layer are
∂U 1 ∂p ∂ζ τS
− fV = − = −gh + x (7.8.7)
∂t ρ ∂x ∂x ρ
∂V 1 ∂p ∂ζ τyS
+ fU = − = −gh + (7.8.8)
∂t ρ ∂y ∂y ρ
∂(ζ − ζ 0 ) ∂U ∂V
+ + =0 (7.8.9)
∂t ∂x ∂y
after using (7.8.2). Ignoring shear stresses on the interface and at the bottom, we have, for
the lower layer,
∂U 0 1 ∂p0 ρ ∂ζ ∂ζ 0
− fV 0 = − 0 = −gh0 0 − gh0 (7.8.10)
∂t ρ ∂x ρ ∂x ∂x
∂V 0 0 1 ∂p0 0 ρ ∂ζ 0 ∂ζ
0
+ fU = − 0 = −gh 0 − gh (7.8.11)
∂t ρ ∂y ρ ∂y ∂y
∂ζ 0 ∂U 0 ∂V 0
+ + =0 (7.8.12)
∂t ∂x ∂y
where (7.8.2) has been used. The density contrast
ρ0 − ρ
= (7.8.13)
ρ0
is usually small in oceans.
There six equations for six unknowns : ζ, U, V, ζ 0, U 0 , and V 0 . As in the last section we can
eliminate some unknowns and reduce the number of equations. For example, by eliminating
U, V in the upper layer, we can get
∂τxS ∂τ S ∂τyS ∂τ S
! ! !
∂ ∂2 ∂ζ 1∂ f
+ f 2 (ζ − ζ 0 ) − gh∇2 =− + y − − x (7.8.14)
∂t ∂t 2 ∂t ρ ∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y
Similarly by eliminating U 0 , V 0 in the lower layer we get,
!
∂ ∂2 2 0 0ρ 2 ∂ζ 0 2 ∂ζ
0
+ f ζ − gh ∇ − gh ∇ =0 (7.8.15)
∂t ∂t2 ρ0 ∂t ∂t
These two govern the coupled behavior of ζ and ζ 0 , in terms of which the no-flux boundary
conditons on the velocity can also be expressed.
We shall however introduce an alternate approach which has some advantages.
3
aτxS
!
∂ 0 0 ∂ h0 ρ h0 0
(aU + U ) − f (aV + V ) = −gh aζ + 0 ζ + ζ + (7.8.16)
∂t ∂x hρ h ρ
aτyS
!
∂ 0 0 ∂ h0 ρ h0 0
(aV + V ) + f (aU + U ) = −gh aζ + 0 ζ + ζ + (7.8.17)
∂t ∂y hρ h ρ
∂ ∂ ∂
(aζ − aζ 0 + ζ 0 ) + (aU + U 0 ) + (aV + V 0 ) = 0 (7.8.18)
∂t ∂x ∂y
from the continuity equations.
Now if we take
h0 ρ h0 0
aζ + ζ + ζ = β ζ̄ (7.8.19)
hρ0 h
and
aζ − aζ 0 + ζ 0 = aζ + (1 − a)ζ 0 = ζ̄ (7.8.20)
Then (7.8.16)-(7.8.18) become
∂ Ū ∂ ζ̄ τ̄ S
− f V̄ = −gβh +a x (7.8.21)
∂t ∂x ρ
∂ V̄ ∂ ζ̄ τ̄yS
+ f Ū = −gβh +a (7.8.22)
∂t ∂y ρ
∂ ζ̄ ∂ Ū ∂ V̄
+ + =0 (7.8.23)
∂t ∂x ∂y
and take on the appearance of the governing equations for a single layer fluid.
For this reduction to be possible, conditions (7.8.19) and (7.8.20) imply that
h0 ρ h0 0
aζ + ζ + ζ = β (aζ − aζ 0 + ζ 0 ) (7.8.24)
hρ0 h
h0 ρ
βa = a + , (7.8.25)
hρ0
4
h0
β(−a + 1) = (7.8.26)
h
A quadratic equation is found for β by eliminating a
!
2 h0 h0 ρ h0
β −β 1+ + 0 + =0
h hρ h
i.e., !
h0
2 h0
β − +1 β+ =0 (7.8.27)
h h
There are two solutions for β
( ) " s #
β1 h + h0 4hh0
= 1± 1− , (7.8.28)
β2 2h (h + h0 )2
to be refered to as two normal modes. The solutions corresonding to β1 and β2 will be refered
to as Mode 1 and Mode 2, respectively.
Let us see what the corresponding a’s are. Using (7.8.26), we have
h0
a=1− . (7.8.29)
hβ
Since from (7.8.27),
h0
β1 β2 =
h
it follows that
β1 β2
a=1− .
β
Therefore,
a1 = 1 − β 2 , a2 = 1 − β 1 (7.8.30)
Let us summarize the normal form equations for Mode k with k = 1, 2. Defining,
then
∂ Ūk ∂ ζ̄k (τ̄x )k
− f V̄k = −gβk h + (7.8.34)
∂t ∂x ρ
∂ V̄k ∂ ζ̄k (τ̄y )k
+ f Ūk = −gβk h + (7.8.35)
∂t ∂y ρ
∂ ζ̄k ∂ Ūk ∂ V̄k
+ + =0 (7.8.36)
∂t ∂x ∂y
5
Note that for mode k the effective gravity is gβk , and the effective forcing stresses are ak τxS
and ak τyS . Solution for the set of three equations is obviouly a simpler task. For a general
wind stress field (τxS , τyS ), we first solve for (Ū1 , V̄1 , ζ̄1 ) and (Ū2 V̄2 , ζ̄2 ) separately from (7.8.34)
to (7.8.36). Afterwards (U, V, ζ) and (U 0 , V 0 , ζ 0 ) can be solved from the algebraic equations
(7.8.31) and (7.8.32). For example, From
ζ̄1 = a1 ζ + (1 − a1 )ζ 0 , ζ̄2 = a2 ζ + (1 − a2 )ζ 0 (7.8.37)
Similarly, from
Ū1 = a1 U + U 0 , Ū2 = a2 U + U 0 (7.8.40)
we get, for the upper layer
Ū1 1
Ū2 1 Ū1 − Ū2
U= = (7.8.41)
a1 1
a1 − a 2
a2 1
h0
β2 = + O(2 ) (7.8.44)
h+h 0
6
or
h0
a1 = 1 − + O(2 ), (7.8.45)
h + h0
h0 h0
a2 = − + + O(2 ) (7.8.46)
h h+h 0
h0
a1 = 1, a2 = − . (7.8.47)
h
From (7.8.43)
h + h0 h0
β1 = , β2 = (7.8.48)
h h + h0
We also get from (7.8.41) and (7.8.42)
Ū1 = U + U 0 V̄1 = V + V 0
ζ̄1 = ζ, (τ̄x )1 = τxS (τ̄y )1 = τyS . (7.8.53)
Let H = h + h0 denote the total depth, the normal mode equations are
h0 h0
a2 = − + O(), β2 = (7.8.57)
h h + h0
h0 h0
Ū2 = − U + U 0, V̄2 = − V + V 0
h ! h
h0 h0 0
ζ̄2 = − ζ + 1+ ζ (7.8.58)
h h
and
h0
β2 = (7.8.59)
h + h0
from (7.8.44). The normal form equations are
h0 S h0 S
− τ , − τ (7.8.64)
h x h y
hence are oppposite to the surface wind stresses.
then
hence
h0 h0 h0
U0 = U V0 =V , ζ0 = ζ. (7.8.68)
h h h + h0
Again the depth-averaged velocities in both layers are in phase and are numerically the same.
The interface displacement is in phase with and smaller than the free surface displacement
in proportion to the vertical distance above the seabed.
Moreover, (7.8.54) to (7.8.56) become for the upper layer:
! !
∂ h + h0 h + h0 ∂ζ
U −f V = −g(h + h0 ) (7.8.69)
∂t h h ∂x
! !
∂ h + h0 h + h0 ∂ζ
V +f U = −g(h + h0 ) (7.8.70)
∂t h h ∂y
!
∂ζ h + h0 ∂U ∂V
+ + = 0. (7.8.71)
∂t h ∂x ∂y
or
∂U ∂ζ
− f V = −gh (7.8.72)
∂t ∂x
∂V ∂ζ
+ f U = −gh (7.8.73)
∂t ∂y
!
∂ζ h + h0 ∂U ∂V
+ + = 0. (7.8.74)
∂t h ∂x ∂y
It is easy to get the equations for the lower layer.
∂U 0 ∂ζ 0
− f V 0 = −gh0 (7.8.75)
∂t ∂x
∂V 0 ∂ζ 0
+ f U 0 = −gh0 (7.8.76)
∂t ∂y
!
∂ζ 0 h + h0 ∂U 0 ∂V 0
+ + = 0. (7.8.77)
∂t h0 ∂x ∂y
9
Consider sinusidodal waves and the equations for the upper layer,
−iωU − f V = −ghikx ζ
−iωV − f U = −ghiky ζ
h + h0
−iωζ + (ikx U + iky V ) = 0
h
For nontrivbil solution th eeigenvalue condition is easily found to be
ω 2 = f 2 + g(h + h0 )k 2 (7.8.78)
This is the dispersion relation for the barotropic (surface wave) mode, and is plotted in
Figure 7.8.2
Since
a1 = 1 (7.8.81)
we have, from (7.8.31) to (7.8.33)
U + U 0 = 0, V + V 0 = 0. (7.8.82)
h0 0
ζ=− ζ (7.8.83)
h + h0
Note that the horizontal velocities in the two layers are oppositive in phase, so are the free
surface and the interface. The last result implies the free surface behaves like a rigid lid; the
interface oscillates with much greater vigor.
Using these results, we get
!
h0 h0
U2 = − U + U0 = 1 + U0 (7.8.84)
h h
!
h0
V2 = 1+ V0 (7.8.85)
h
!
h0 0
ζ2 = 1+ ζ (7.8.86)
h
10
Figure 7.8.2: Dispersion relation for the barotropic mode in a two-layered sea of contant
depth.
hence,
∂ζ 0 ∂U 0 ∂V 0
+ + = 0. (7.8.91)
∂t ∂x ∂y
We can also write the equations for the upper layer,
∂U h0 h ∂ζ 0
− fV = g . (7.8.92)
∂t h + h0 ∂x
’
∂V gh0 h ∂ζ 0
+ fU = (7.8.93)
∂t h + h0 ∂y
and
∂ζ 0 ∂U ∂V
− − = 0. (7.8.94)
∂t ∂x ∂y
Note the sign changes in the momentum and mass conservation equations.
For sinusoical waves we have
−iωU − f V = g 0 hikx ζ 0
−iωV − f U = g 0 hiky ζ 0
−iωζ 0 − (ikx U + iky V ) = 0
with
h0
g 0 = g (7.8.95)
h + h0
The eigenvalue condition acan be easily found to be
ω 2 = f 2 + g 0 hk 2 (7.8.96)
This dispersion relation is similar to Figure 7.8.2. Since the reduced gravity, i svery small.
The baroclinic mode has a much longer natural period.
Mode 2 is called the barolinic (internal wave) mode.