Base Equipment 257 496

Pipe
Parameter Dft Dft Eq Arr

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
using Colebrook equation. Default
value corresponds to commercial steel.
Geometric specification option
Allowable options are:
0 = BASIC
1 = DERIVED DERIV
GeomSpec KI ED
No
If equal to BASIC, Volume, Metal Mass, and Area will
be calculated from Diameter, Length, and Thickness.
If equal to DERIVED, Volume, Metal Mass, and Area
must be specified.
Pipe length
Len Length of the Pipe. Must be specified if GeomSpec is KD 50 Yes m
set to BASIC.
Metal mass
Metal mass is used to determine thermal capacitance
Mm of metal walls. This value must be specified if KD 1220 Yes kg
GeomSpec is DERIVED. If GeomSpec is BASIC, metal
mass is calculated.
Metal density
Rm Metal density. The default value is typical of carbon KD 7760 Yes kg/m3
steel.
Pipe wall Thickness.
Thk Metal thickness used to calculate metal mass. Only KD 0.006 Yes m
used if GeomSpec is set to BASIC.
Dynamic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid. If this value is not
specified, a fully turbulent Reynold's number
Visc KD Yes CP
will be used to calculate the friction factor. Future
development will allow viscosity calculation using
thermo system..
Volume
Fluid volume of Pipe. This value must be specified if
Vol KD 1 Yes m3
GeomSpec is DERIVED. If GeomSpec is BASIC,
volume is calculated.
Elevation
E KD Yes m
Elevation relative to local ground level.
Number of segments
NHoldup KI 1 No
Total number of segments
Base Equipment Version 5.3.2, December 2016 251

Pipe
Pipeline Profile
Parameter Dft Eq Arr
Description Dft Cls UOM
Name Val Ok Siz
Pipeline Profile flag
Pipeline Profile Flag
PipeProfileFlag KB 0 No
0 - No Pipeline Profile (default).
1 - Pipeline Profile enabled.
Pipe segment length
This length overrides the pipe
length entered in the GEOMETRY tab.
The data requested here is not the
LenData KD 0 Yes
cumulative length from the inlet
of the pipeline, but the length
of a section of pipe associated
with an outlet elevation change.
Pipe segment outlet elevation change
The Elevation change can be a positive
total or a negative number, as long
as its magnitude is less than or equal
to the pipe segment length associated
ElevData KD 0 Yes
with it. A positive number indicates
an elevation increase.
A negative number indicates an
elevation decrease.
The default elevation increase is zero.
Fittings
Parameter Description Dft Dft Eq Arr UO
Name Cls Val Ok Siz M
Num90Stan Number of 90 degree elbows KI 0 No
dardDegElb This number is used for the calculation of
ow resistance because of 90 degree elbows present in
the pipeline. The resistance coefficient for 90
degree elbows is 30.
Num45Stan Number of 45 degree elbows KI 0 No
dardDegElb This number is used for the calculation of
ow resistance because of 45 degree elbows present in
the pipeline. The resistance coefficient for 45
degree elbows is 16.
NumBranch Number of Branch Tees KI 0 No
Tee This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of branch tees present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for branch tee
is 60.
NumRunTee Number of Run Tees KI 0 No
This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of run tees present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for run tee is
20.
NumGateVa Number of Gate Valves KI 0 No

Pipe
lves This number is used for the calculation of

resistance because of gate valves present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for gate valves
is 8.
NumGlobeV Number of Globe Valves KI 0 No
alves This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of globe valves present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for globe
valves is 340.
NumBallVal Number of Ball Valves KI 0 No
ves This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of ball valves present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for ball valves
is 3.
NumCheck Number of Check Valves KI 0 No
Valves This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of check valves present in the
pipeline. The resistance coefficient for check
valves is 400 (varies with the type of check
valve).
NumExit Number of exits KI 0 No
This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of pipe exits. The resistance
coefficient for exit effects is 1.
NumEntranc Number of entrance KI 0 No
e This number is used for the calculation of
resistance because of pipe entrance. The
resistance coefficient for entrance effects is 0.78.
AddLen Additional equivalent length KD 0 Yes m
Additional equivalent length will be added to the
straight pipe length for the calculation of the
resistance coefficient.
AddK Additional K-factor (fL/D) KD 0 Yes
K-factor to model pipe fittings and pressure loss
not associated with straight pipe. K-factor is
equivalent to fL/D where f is moody friction
factor, L is length, and D is diameter of Pipe.
Heat Transfer
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Forced convection heat transfer coefficient.
kW/m2-
Uf Forced convection heat transfer coefficient (film) scaled KD 0.1 Yes
K
by flow rate (Sum of all inlet mass flows / Wref ) ^0.8.
Ambient loss heat transfer coefficient. kW/m2-
Ul KD 0.01 Yes
Heat transfer coefficient from metal to ambient. K
Natural convection heat transfer coefficient kW/m2-
Un KD 0.1 Yes
Natural convection heat transfer (film) coefficient for K

Pipe
heat transfer from fluid to metal.

Reference flow rate
Reference mass flow to calculate forced convection heat
Wref KD 5000000 Yes kg/sec
transfer. The forced convection heat transfer coefficient
is scaled by (Sum of all inlet mass flows / Wref) ^0.8.
Exponent for heat transfer coefficient.
Exponent for heat transfer (film) coefficient with flow
UExp KF 0.8 Yes m3
rate. The forced convection heat transfer coefficient (Uf)
is scaled by (mass flow / Wref)^UExp.
Reactions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Reaction flag
RxnFlag This flag turns on or off the all of the reactions in the reactor. KB false No
The default value is no reactions (0).
External Inputs
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Imposed heat to fluid
Qimp DD 0 Yes kJ/sec
External heat imposed on the fluid.
Ambient temperature
Tamb Ambient temperature. Normally associated with DD TAMBIENT Yes K
global standalone point TAMBIENT.
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Liquid filled threshold.
Fraction used to determine if pipe holdup is liquid
KLf filled. If holdup’s liquid volume fraction is greater KI 0.99 Yes fraction
than specified value, it is changed to liquid filled
mode.
Debug Flags
DebugFlags This parameter is a collection of binary flags. Each KI 0 No
equipment model interprets the flags its own way.
Implicit energy holdup flag
This parameter is used to enable
the implicit energy holdup calculation.
ImplicitEnergyFlag KI 0 No
Valid entries are.
0 - disabled
1 - enabled (default)
Integrating composition and enthalpy.
SpecificStates Set when integrating composition and enthalpy DI 0 Yes
rather than moles and energy.

Pipe
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Moody friction factor
Calculated from Reynolds number and roughness
Ff using the Colebrook Equation. If Viscosity is not DD 0.015 No
specified, this is the friction factor in the zone of
complete turbulence.
Sonic pressure
Ps Calculated sonic tip pressure when flow DD 101.325 No kPa
calculation type is Darcy with sonic.
Heat loss fluid to metal
Qf Heat loss from fluid to metal. A negative value DD 0 No kJ/sec
indicates that the fluid is losing heat to the metal.
Heat loss metal to ambient
Heat loss from metal to ambient. A negative
Ql DD 0 No kJ/sec
value indicates that the metal is losing heat to the
surroundings.
Reynolds number
Reynolds number. If viscosity is not specified,
Re DD 1.0E8 No
this value is
set to 10^8 for the zone of complete turbulence.
Fluid Velocity
Vel The average velocity of the fluid. Calculated when DD 0 No m/sec
the Basic geometry is specified.
Secondary flow rate
kg-
FSecondary Secondary flow rate is equal to the change in the DD No
mol/sec
feed molar flow rate due to reaction.
DP Pressure drop across flow device DD 0 No kPa
Pressure difference due to static head
This is the pressure difference due to
DPHead static head based on inlet minus DD 0 No kPa
outlet. It is calculated by the pressure
flow solver.
Pressure difference due to forward static head
DPHeadFSeg DI 0 No
forward static head based on inlet minus
outlet.
Pressure difference due to reverse static head
DPHeadRSeg DI 0 No
reverse static head based on inlet minus
outlet.
Pressure difference due to static head
DPHeadSeg static head based on inlet minus DI 0 No
outlet. It is calculated by the pressure
flow solver.
DPSeg Pressure drop across flow device DD 0 No
Fi Inlet flow rate DD 0 No Kg-

Pipe
mol/sec
FiSeg Inlet flow rate DD 0 No
Kg-
Fx Exit flow rate DD 0 No
mol/sec
FxSeg Exit flow rate DD 0 No
Total holdup
Total holdup moles in the pipe. This
Mt DD 0 No Kg-mol
is approximate unless HoldupFlag or
FlashFlag are turned ON.
Total holdup
Total holdup moles in the pipe. This
MtSeg DD 0 No
is approximate unless HoldupFlag or
FlashFlag are turned ON.
Simultaneous solver pressure offset
POffSeg Pressure offset due to internal volume change of DI 0 No
contents.
Pressure
Pressure of pipe segment. This is only
a state for EXPLICIT solution with
PSeg DD 101.325 No
INCOMPRESSIBLE dynamics to break
large flow networks. Use KDPS to
tune dynamics.
Sonic tip pressure of the segment
PsSeg Calculated sonic tip pressure when flow DD 101.325 No
calculation type is Darcy with sonic.
Heat loss fluid to heatstream
Heat loss from fluid to heatstream.
QfH A negative value indicates that DD 0 No kJ/sec
the fluid is losing heat to the
heatstream.
Heat loss fluid to metal
Heat loss from fluid to metal.
QfSeg A negative value indicates that DD 0 No
the fluid is losing heat to the
metal.
Heat loss metal to ambient
Heat loss from metal to ambient.
QlSeg A negative value indicates that DD 0 No
the metal is losing heat to the
surroundings.
Heat loss metal to heatstream
Heat loss from metal to heatstream.
QmH A negative value indicates that DD 0 No kJ/sec
the metal is losing heat to the
heatstream.
Fluid Velocity
VelSeg The average velocity of the fluid. Calculated DD 0 No
when the Basic geometry is specified.
FlowPatternSeg Flow pattern across flow device DD 0 No

Pipe
FlowPattern contains the flow regimes

encountered during multiphase flow.
For BBHV:
0 - No flow pattern
1 - Segregated
2 - Intermittent
3 - Distributed
4 - Transition
5 - Single phase gas
6 - Single phase liquid
Cumulative Pipe Segment Length
The length of each segment depends on
LenSeg the number of holdups. The more holdups, DD 0 No
the less the segment lengths. Please
note that all segments have equal length.
Cumulative Pipe Segment Elevation
If the number of rows in the elevation
profile table are the same as the
ElevSeg number of conductances (holdups -1), DD 0 No
then these values will be the same
as the cumulative elevation change
in the elevation profile table.
Slip holdup from correlation across flow
This value is calculated when using
hydraulic correlations like BBMHV.
It is calculated for each
HlsSeg flow conductance and is defined DD 0 No
as the fraction of an element of the
pipe that is occupied by liquid at
a given instant of time.
A value of -1 indicates 'Not calculated'.
Derivatives
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Size
dHSeg Specific enthalpy derivative DD 0 No 0
Metal temperature derivative
dTmSeg Derivative of metal temperature. A positive value indicates DD 0 No 0
that the metal is getting hotter.
Total Internal Energy derivative.
Derivative of header internal energy calculated from the
flowing enthalpy of all streams connected to the header, fluid
dUtSeg DD 0 No 0
heat stream duty, and heat loss to metal. Only used for
COMPRESSIBLE dynamics. Will be zero for
INCOMPRESSIBLE where dH is used instead.

Pipe
States
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Specific enthalpy state
H DD 0 No kJ/kg-mol
Energy state used for fluid holdup.
Metal temperature
Tm DD 298 No K
Metal temperature
Total Internal Energy state.
UtSeg Total internal energy state for COMPRESSIBLE DD 0 No 0
dynamics.
Specific enthalpy state
HSeg DD 0 No 0
Energy state used for fluid holdup.
Metal temperature
TmSeg DD 0 No 0
Metal temperature
Solution Options
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Dynamics Option
For INCOMPRESSIBLE, pressure is
calculated by solving a flow balance.
For COMPRESSIBLE, pressure is
calculated by integration of mass and
energy derivatives. INCOMPRESSIBLE is
DynamicsOption KB false No
recommended even for vapor systems when
the header volume is small.
0 - INCOMPRESSIBLE
1 -COMPRESSIBLE
2-DEFAULT_INCOMPRESSIBLE
3-NOHOLDUP
Flow calculations option.
Darcy’s Law is used for normal flow. Sonic flow
calculations are done for the last segment if
DARCYSONICLASTSEGONLY is selected and
for all segments if DARCYSONICEACHSEG is
selected. Darcy equation with Fluid Inertia is used
FlowCalcOptions if INERTIA is selected. KB false No
0 - DARCY
1 - DARCYSONICLASTSEGONLY
2- DARCYSONICEACHSEG
3- INERTIA
4- BEGGSBRILLHV
5-DEFAULT_DARCY
Solution Option.
Allowable options are Simultaneous and Explicit.
SolutionOption KB false No
0- SIMULTANEOUS
1- EXPLICIT

Pipe
Calculate kinetic energy change flag

When true, kinetic energy changes will be
calculated
CalcKEFlag from the conductances before and after KB 0 No
the current holdup. Once calculated,
this term is added to the energy balance equation
in the holdup calculations.
Legend:
Dfl Cls Default parameter class:
KB - Static Boolean SB - State Boolean DB - Dynamic Boolean
KI - Static Integer SI - State Integer DI - Dynamic Integer
KF - Static Float SF - State Float DF - Dynamic Float
KD - Static Double SD - State Double DD - Dynamic Double
Dft Val A value here indicates the parameter’s default value. If the parameter is static, no
value indicates that the parameter is optional unless otherwise noted.
Eq Ok An equation can be attached to the parameter if the corresponding value is Yes.
Arr Siz A value here if indicates the size of the array. No value indicates that the parameter is
not a vector.
UOM Internal units of measure.
Please refer to the Base Equipment Fundamentals section for pressure node base
parameters, flow device base parameters, and parameters associated with the flash or
reaction submodel.

Pipe
FAQ
Q. My flow calculation does not seem correct for the conductance that I calculated.
A. The sonic flow or fluid inertia calculations may have been turned on. Also, if the pressure
drop is very low, the flow is calculated as a linear function of delta pressure rather than as the
square root of delta pressure. This will be the case if the delta pressure is less than the value of
the flow path first stream parameter DPLin. DPLin can be increased to avoid flow instability
around zero flow conditions.
Q. How do I tune the heat loss to ambient?
A. The heat loss to ambient default values is set for common heat transfer coefficients that
should work in most cases. The default value for ambient natural convection is usually good for
bare pipe. A lower value should be used if there is insulation. The default value for fluid natural
convection is good for liquids. The user may improve the default value for vapor systems.
Please use the Basic geometry flag option for Pipe and Header. If you use Derived, be sure that
the volume, mass, and area are consistent for reasonable heat loss to ambient calculations.
An effective way to tune heat loss is to first make the metal mass very small by specifying a very
low metal wall thickness. Thickness cannot be too small or dynamic results will be unstable.
Now, if the equipment model has a forced convection film coefficient, set the Wref parameter to
the typical mass flow rate and set Uf, Un, and Ul to appropriate values. Since the metal mass is
small, the heat loss Ql and Qf and metal temperature Tm should come to equilibrium very
quickly. Observe the Tm, Ql and Qf values and adjust the heat transfer coefficients as necessary.
Note that Un will have no affect except at zero or very low flow. Once the heat transfer
coefficients are tuned, and then reset thickness Thk to the correct value to restore proper
dynamics.
Q. How do I model long gas pipelines?
A. The Pipe can be divided into multiple segments for the simulation of a long gas pipeline. The
number of segments depends on the pressure drop across the pipeline. For high pressure drop,
consider that each section should not have more than 10% of the inlet pressure drop per section.
Use Compressible DynamicsOption for gas pipelines.
Q. Can I model water hammer in long liquid pipelines?
A. Yes. Use FlowCalcOption as Darcy with Fluid Inertia, DynamicsOption as Incompressible

and a multi segmented Pipe model to model water hammer in long liquid pipelines.
Q. What strategy should be adapted to model pipes with large frictional pressure drop?
A. Pipes having large frictional pressure drops should be discretized, especially when using sonic
velocity limiting algorithm. The pipe that has choking limit should have a modest frictional
pressure drop. If the pipe is choking and (Pi-ps)/Pi > 0.5 the flow prediction should be carefully
validated.

Pipe
Q. How do I avoid residence time warning message?
A. The residence time warning message is displayed when the pipe segment fluid residence time
is less than 5 time steps. You can decrease the number of segments, increase the volume, or
reduce the size of time step.

Pump
Pump
Introduction
Pump is a flow device that is used to model a centrifugal pump. The Pump calculates the
available head based on the pressure differential across it. The volumetric flow rate is
interpolated from the user provided performance curve based on the calculated head. Power is
calculated from the user provided efficiency curve. Reverse flow through a shut down Pump is
allowed.
Pump performance is characterized by a cubic spline or linear curve fit and may be specified by
either entering three or more points from the manufacturer characteristic curve (head vs.
volumetric flow) or entering one design point (head and volumetric flow) using a default curve.
The parameters DHScale and QScale are used to scale the Pump performance. The fan laws scale
the Pump curve with speed.
There are three operating regions for a Pump:
• Normal Pump operation where the head is always positive
• Hydraulic turbine or wind milling region where the suction pressure is higher than
discharge pressure
• Reverse flow region when the head developed is not sufficient enough to pump the fluid
against the discharge pressure.
Pump calculates the shaft power, fluid flow, and fluid enthalpy rise. The speed is calculated
externally from a Shaft or Motor and is transferred to the Pump by a mechanical stream. The
Pump sets the required power in the mechanical stream. Alternatively, speed can be fixed.
Pump does not include either fluid or metal thermal holdup.

Pump
Fundamentals
Head Calculations
The available Head is calculated based on the differential pressure across the Pump.
1000 ⋅ ∆P
DH =
9.81 ⋅ R f ⋅ MW
where:
DH - Head (m)
MW - Molecular weight (kg/kg-mol)
Rf - Inlet stream density (kg-mol/m3)
∆P - Pressure difference across the Pump (kPa)
Power Calculation
The mechanical shaft power required for any Pump is determined by using the following
relationship
Hi − H x
∆H =
ETA
Power = ∆H ⋅ F
where:
ETA - Isentropic efficiency of the Pump
F - Flow (kg-mol/sec)
Hi - Inlet enthalpy (kJ/k-mol)
Hx - Exit enthalpy (kJ/k-mol)
Power - Power consumed by the Pump (kW)
∆H - Change in enthalpy (kJ/k-mol)
Since power is consumed to drive the Pump, it has a negative value. In case of wind milling
power will be generated by the Pump and will be positive.

Pump
Flow Calculations
The performance curve is used to interpolate the values of volumetric flow (Q) based on the head
(DH) using a cubic spline or linear interpolation method. Prior to interpolation the Q and DH
data are adjusted by corresponding scaling factors and speed.
Q= AdjustedPerformanceCurve(DH )
where:
DH - Head at operating speed (kJ/kg)
Q - Flow rate at operating speed (m3/sec)
Default Performance Curve
The Pump has a default normalized performance curve that can be modified by the scaling
parameters to suit the users’ requirement. There are a total of 10 points in the default curve. The
user has to specify the design flow and head with the parameters QScale and DHScale
respectively. These values are used to scale the default performance curve, with the 5th point
representing the design point at the reference speed.
QData DHData
0.6 1.187
0.7 1.147
0.8 1.114
0.9 1.0625
1.0 1.0
1.1 0.9279
1.2 0.8474
1.3 0.75
1.4 0.62
1.6 0.24
The following example shows how two sets of values can vary the shape of the curve for QScale
and DHScale.

Pump
Default performance curve
300
Qscale - 2, DHScale : 200
250 QScale - 3, DHScale - 150
200
Head
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volumetric flow
User Defined Performance Curve
The user can input the Pump curve data (Q vs. DH) if available. The minimum number of data
points that the user has to provide is three. DYNSIM model ensures that the performance curve is
monotonic. If user has provided non-monotonic performance curves, then the curve is modified
to a monotonic curve based on the parameters KHMin and KHMax. The end points will be
automatically generated if not provided.
User defined performance curve
1.4 Entered Data

1.2 Adjusted Data
0.8
Head
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Volumetric Flow
Performance Curve Adjustments
The parameters QScale and DHScale adjust the performance curve accordingly. When using the
user defined curve, either the curve data can include the actual curve values and the scale
parameters can be one, or the curve can be normalized and the scale data can include design or

Pump
operating conditions. What is important is that the product of the curve data and the scale
parameters equal the user desired curve.
Both the default curves and the user entered curve can be adjusted for speed. Since the
performance curve data QData and DHData are dimensionless, the UOM of the performance
curves are solely specified by the Scale parameters QScale and DHScale. Also the performance
curves are adjusted for different speeds based on the reference speed and the performance curves
for speed change is based on the fan laws by default.
QSExp
 Speed 
AdjustedQData = QScale ⋅ QData ⋅  
 Speed 
 ref 
HSExp
 Speed 
AdjustedDHData = DHScale ⋅ DHData ⋅  
 Speed 
 ref 
AdjustedETAData = ETAScale ⋅ ETAData
where:
DHData - Performance curve head data (dimensionless)
DHScale - Head scaling factor (m)
ETAData - Performance curve efficiency data (dimensionless)
ETAScale - Performance curve efficiency data (fraction)
HSExp - Exponent of head for speed
QData - Performance curve flow data (dimensionless)
QScale - Flow scaling factor (m3/sec)
QSExp - Exponent of flow for speed
Speed - Pump operating speed (rpm)
Speedref - Pump reference speed (rpm)
The defaults value for HSExp is 2 and for QSExp is 1. The user can change these coefficients if
they are not suitable for their case.
Wind milling and Reverse Flow
Wind milling
Forward flow through the Pump when the suction pressure is greater than discharge pressure is
termed as wind milling. Wind milling and forward flow through non operating Pump are
modeled as simple flow through a conductance,
F0 = R f ⋅ Q0
∆P ⋅ R f ⋅ MW
F = F0 + J ⋅
MW

Pump
where:
F0 - Flow at zero head (kg-mol/sec)
Rf - Inlet stream density (kg-mol/m3)
Q0 - Flow at zero head obtained from Pump curve (m3/sec)
F - Flow rate (kg-mol/sec)
J - Flow conductance ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
The power calculated by the Pump during wind milling will take into account the force applied by
the fluid being flowing through the Pump.
Reverse Flow
Reverse flow through the Pump occurs when the Pump is off and the discharge line pressure is
much higher than the suction line pressure or when the Pump is operating and the head developed
is not sufficient enough for forward flow against the discharge pressure.
The shutoff head is calculated from the performance curve at zero flow.
9.81 ⋅ DH 0 ⋅ R f ⋅ MW
∆P0 =
1000
P0 = Pi + ∆P0
The reverse flow is calculated assuming the Pump behaves like any other flow device. The
conductance equation is used to calculate the flow under these conditions.
∆P = Pi − Px + ∆P0
∆P⋅ R f ⋅ MW
F = J ⋅ KJ r
MW
where:
DH0 - Maximum Pump head at zero flow (m)
J - Flow conductance (kg-mol/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
KJr - Reverse flow conductance factor
Pi - Pipe suction pressure (kPa)
Px - Pipe discharge pressure (kPa)
Rf - Inlet density (kg-mol/m3)
∆P0 - Shutoff pressure drop (kPa)
Reverse flow through a non-operating Pump is adjusted using the KJr factor. If no reverse flow
is desired, set KJr to 0.

Pump
Flash Calculations
Pump has an optional flash calculation called Flash. By default, the flash is turned off so that
outlet properties are not calculated. Stream properties Temperature, Density, and Vapor Fraction
will be copied from the inlet stream to the exit stream in the case of forward flow and exit stream
to inlet stream in the case of reverse flow. If the flash is turned on, these stream properties will be
calculated at the downstream pressure.
NPSH Calculations
Pump has an optional NPSH calculation for cavitation prediction. By default, the flag is false.
When this flag is turned on, user has an option to select Vapor pressure calculation method out of
SIMPLE and RIGOROUS options. SIMPLE option requires user input of Fluid vapor pressure
and when RIGOROUS option is selected, Pump model does a bubble point flash at the pump inlet
to predict the vapor pressure of the fluid when there is no vapor in inlet stream. NPSH
requirement needs to be supplied by the user. Default value of NPSHR is zero.
NPSH available is calculated by the equation below:
1000 ⋅ ( Pi + StHead − Pvap )

NPSHA =
g ⋅ R f ⋅ MW f
(iStrmEi − iStrmEx ) × g × Rf × MWf

StHead =
1000
where:
NPSHR – Net Positive Suction Head Required (m)
NPSHA – Net Positive Suction Head Available (m)
Pi – Inlet Pressure (kPa)
StHead – Static Head acting at pump suction (kPa)
Pvap – Vapor pressure of fluid at pump inlet (kPa)
g – Acceleration due to gravity (9.80665m/sec2)
Rf – Forward Density of inlet fluid (kg-mol/m3)
MWf – Forward Molecular weight of inlet fluid (kg/kg-mol)
iStrmEi –Inlet Stream elevation connected to upstream flow or pressure node Ei (m)
iStrmEx –Inlet Stream elevation connected to pump Ex (m)
If NPSHA < NPSHR, the fluid is vaporizing at pump inlet and pump is cavitating. The Cavitating
Flag of Pump is set to True.
Otherwise if NPSHA > NPSHR, the fluid is all liquid and there is no problem of Cavitation in
pump and hence Cavitating Flag is set to False.

Pump
Example
The following example shows the configuration of a Pump with default operating curve. A
centrifugal Pump (P1) is used to Pump water flowing at the rate of 36 m3/hr from 110 kPa to
936.5 kPa. The suction pressure of the Pump is maintained at 110 kPa using a pressure PID
controller (PC1).
Since a default performance curve is used only one design point needs to be specified which is set
through the scaling parameters. Therefore QScale is 36 m3/hr and DHScale is 84.5 m. It is
assumed that the Pump has a uniform efficiency of 0.8. The reference speed of the Pump is set at
3600 rpm. The Motor sets the speed of the Pump. The Motor is connected to pump via a
mechanical stream. Reverse flow is expected to occur when the head across the Pump exceeds
the shutoff head; so reverse flow conductance is set at 1. The suction and discharge Valves have
Cv of 100.
SOURCE: WATER
Parameter Assignment UOM Description
OProdStream[0] S1 Source product stream connecting to Valve XV1
Mb[H2O] 1 fraction Boundary composition
Spec PT Boundary condition specification
Pb 120 kPa Boundary pressure
Tb 300 K Boundary temperature
VALVE: XV1
OFeedStream S1 Valve feed stream connecting from Source WATER
OProdStream S2 Valve product stream connecting to Header H2
Cv 100 Valve Cv
Op PC1.OUT fraction Pressure PID controller output connected to Valve
open command
HEADER: H2
OFeedStream[0] S2 Header feed stream connecting from Valve XV1
OProdStream[0] S3 Header product stream connecting to Pump P1
Vol 6 m3 Header volume

Pump
PID: PC1
Header pressure attached to the PV
PV H2.P kPa
of pressure PID controller
Set point of the pressure PID
SP 110 kPa
controller
Action SP-PV PID controller action
KP 1 PID controller proportional gain
KI 0.025 1/sec PID controller integral gain
Hi_In 500 kPa High limit on PID controller input
Lo_In 0 kPa Low limit on PID controller input
Hi_Out 1 High limit on PID controller output
Lo_Out 0 Low limit on PID controller output
PUMP: P1
OFeedStream S3 Pump feed stream connecting from Header H2
OProdStream S4 Pump product stream connecting to Valve
XV2
Interpolation LINEAR Performance curve interpolation method
Method
QScale 36 m3/hr Scale factor for flow
DHScale 84.5 m Scale factor for head
ETAScale 0.8 fraction Scale factor for efficiency
SpeedRef 3600 rpm Reference speed
J 0.05 (kg/sec)/sqrt Wind milling flow conductance
(kPa-kg/m3)
KJr 1 fraction Reverse flow factor
OMechStream MS1 Mechanical stream attached to the Pump
MOTOR: MS1
Mechanical stream attached to the
OMechStream MS1
Pump
SpeedRef 3600 rpm Full speed reference
VALVE: XV2
OFeedStream S4 Valve feed stream connecting from Pump P1
OProdStream S6 Valve product stream connecting to Sink SNK1
Cv 100 Valve Cv
Op 1 fraction Valve open command
SINK: SNK1
Sink feed stream connecting from
OFeedStream[0] S6
Valve XV2

Pump
Data Entry Window Usage
Basic Tab
Pump Design Conditions
The flow curve scale corresponds to the QScale parameter. To configure the default performance
curve, set the design flow using this parameter. It is also used for scaling user defined
performance curve if one is provided.
The head curve scale corresponds to the DHScale parameter. To configure the default
performance curve, set the design head value with parameter. It is also used for scaling user
defined performance curve if one is provided.

Pump
The efficiency curve scale corresponds to the ETAScale parameter. The default efficiency curve
assumes a uniform efficiency of 1. It can be used to scale the default curve or user defined
efficiency curve.
The reference Shaft speed corresponds to the SpeedRef parameter. The design speed of the
Pump is set here. It is used to adjust the Pump curves based on fan laws. The actual value is only
required if speed is set by a Motor or Shaft using a mechanical stream.
Wind milling and Reverse Flow
The flow conductance corresponds to the J parameter. The Pump performs like any simple flow
device when operating at zero speed or when wind milling. The default value can be used if flow
at zero speed or wind milling is not important.
The reverse flow factor corresponds to the KJr parameter. If there is a check valve in line with
the Pump, use the default value of zero.
Other Parameters
Calculate Outlet Properties corresponds to the FlashFlag parameter. Check this box to calculate
outlet stream parameters such as temperature, density, and vapor fraction rather than pass them
down from the upstream conditions. This selection will not have any impact on the overall energy
balance, but may impact the pressure profile since the density to the downstream flow device, if
there is one, will be calculated.
Predict Cavitation by NPSHA corresponds to the CalcNPSH parameter. Check this box to
calculate Net Positive Suction Head Available and predict cavitation of pump. When this flag is
turned on, user has an option to select Vapor pressure calculation method out of SIMPLE and
RIGOROUS options. SIMPLE option requires user input of Fluid vapor pressure and when
RIGOROUS option is selected, Pump model does a bubble point flash at the pump inlet to predict
the vapor pressure of the fluid when there is no vapor in inlet stream.

Pump
Curves Tab
Use default curve corresponds to the UseDefaultCurve parameter. Check this box to use the
default performance curve. The design flow and head can be set through the parameters QScale
and DHScale when default curve is used.
When the check box to use default performance curve is not checked, the user specified
performance curve can be set. The flow rate, head and efficiency correspond to the parameters
QData, DHData and ETAData respectively. A minimum of three data points should be
specified. The user can add more points by adding new rows to the existing table. It is not
possible to specify the UOM of the QData, DHData, and ETAData curves because the curve
UOM is defined by the scale parameters on the Basic tab.
The parameters QScale, DHScale, and ETAScale adjust both the default curve or the user
specified curve. Either the curve data can be normalized or the scale values can be normalized.
What is important is that the product of the data and the scale parameters equal the user desired
curve.

Pump
Solution Options Tab
The interpolation method corresponds to the InterpolationMethod parameter. If the number of

user defined points is less than five, Cubic Spline should be preferred over Linear.

Pump
External Inputs Tab
The External Inputs Tab is used to set dynamic parameters. Only the initial value of these
parameters can be set through the Data Entry Window. Parameter references and equations can
be attached to these parameters. The numerical value of these parameters cannot be changed in
the running engine through Data Entry Window and will have no affect on the running model.
External Speed Calculations
Shaft speed corresponds to the Speed parameter. No entry is required if the Pump is connected
with a mechanical stream.

Pump
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
Component slate corresponds to the CompSlate parameter, Method Slate to the MethodSlate
parameter, Local thermo options to the LocalThermoOption parameter, and Local flash options
to the LocalFlashOption. To avoid having set these parameters for each new equipment on the
flowsheet, specify the defaults in the SIM4ME thermo GUI.
Phase Options
Internal Phases corresponds to the InternalPhases parameter. Use this to specify the kind of
flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. The default value is VLE. However, Pump execution
speed should be faster if this parameter is changed to Liquid.

Pump
Notes Tab

Pump
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Scale factor for head curve
DHScale multiplied by the DHData array define
DHScale the performance curve head data. If DHData and
KD 1 Yes m
QData are not specified, DHScale defines the
normal operating head using the default internal
performance curve.
Scale factor for efficiency curve
ETAScale multiplied by the ETAData array define
the efficiency curve data. If QData and ETAData
ETAScale DD 1 Yes fraction
are not specified, ETAScale defines the normal
operating efficiency using the default internal
performance curve.
Flash flag
Flag to perform a flash on the outlet stream to
calculate properties for the downstream equipment.
FlashFlag If false, outlet density, temperature, and vapor KI 0 No
fraction will be assumed the same as the upstream
conditions. Setting to true increases computation
time.
Interpolation method
0 = CUBICSPLINE
Interpolation
1 = LINEAR KI 0
Method
If the number of user defined points is less than
five, CUBICSPLINE should be preferred over
LINEAR..
Flow Conductance
(kg-sec)/
Flow conductance defined by the equation W = J *
J KD 0.05 Yes sqrt(kPa-
sqrt (∆P * R) where W is mass flow, ∆P is pressure
kg/m3)
drop, and R is mass density in internal units.
Reverse flow factor
This factor represents the fraction of the forward
KJr flow conductance available for reverse flow. A KD 0 Yes fraction
value of zero will make the conductance device act
like a check valve.
Scale factor for volumetric flow curve
QScale multiplied by the QData array define the
performance curve volumetric data. If DHData
QScale and KD 0.000277 Yes m3/sec
QData are not specified, QScale defines the normal
operating flow using the default internal
performance curve.
Shaft speed reference
SpeedRef KD 3600 Yes rpm
This is the reference speed used by the performance

Pump

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
curve. Performance at other speeds is predicted
using the fan laws.
Curves
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Head curve
DHScale multiplied by the DHData array define the
performance curve head data. If DHData and User
DHData KD 0 Yes
QData are not specified, DHScale defines the Defined
normal operating head using the default internal
curve.
Efficiency curve
ETAScale multiplied by the ETAData curve
User
ETAData represents the efficiency points of the performance KD 1 Yes
Defined
curve. If ETAData is not specified, ETAScale
defines a constant efficiency.
Volumetric flow curve
QScale multiplied by the QData curve represents the
flow portion of the performance curve. If DHData User
QData KD 0 Yes
and QData are not specified, QScale represents the Defined
reference flow using the default internal
performance curve.
Use default curve
Flag to use default performance curve. The user
can use the built in performance curve by specifying
UseDefaultCurve KI 1 No
the operating point against the flow and head
scaling parameters. If this flag is not checked, the
user should set the performances curve.
External Inputs
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Pump speed
When no mechanical stream is connected the user can set the
Speed speed directly or through parameter referencing. This value DD 3600 Yes rpm
is set by a Shaft or Motor if a mechanical stream is connected
to the Pump.

Pump
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Exponent of head for speed
HSExp KD 2 Yes
Exponent for speed on Head, defaults to fan law value of 2.0
Maximum slope of the curve
The performance curve may be adjusted by this value to ensure
KHMax that the actual curve used by the model is monotonic. A higher KD 3 Yes
value leads to a steeper curve near the zero head range that
can lead to potential pressure flow convergence problems.
Minimum slope of the curve
The performance curve may be adjusted by this value to ensure
KHMin that the actual curve used by the model is monotonic. A lower KD 0.2 Yes
value defines a flatter curve near the zero flow range that can
lead to potential pressure flow convergence problems.
Exponent of flow for speed
QSExp KD 1 Yes
Exponent for speed on flow, defaults to fan law value of 1.0
Calculated values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Actual head
DH DD 0 No m
Pump head defined in length units.
Pump efficiency
ETA DD 1 No fraction
Pump isentropic efficiency
Pump power demand
Power required by the Pump. This value is negative. The
Power DD 0 No kW
power required to drive a Pump can be obtained from a
Expander, Motor connected via a mechanical stream.
Actual volumetric flow
Q DD 0 No m3/sec
Actual volumetric flow through the Pump.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed Stream
Pump feed stream. Identifies the feed, or inlet,
stream and its associated fluid properties. This entry
must be unique to all other feed streams in the
OFeedStream flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same as a STREAM
product stream identifier from another unit.
OFeedStream and OProdStream cannot be the same.
Only one feed stream can be connected to the flow
devices.
Mechanical stream connection
OMechStream Identifies the mechanical stream and associated STREAM
mechanical properties. This entry can be same as

Pump

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
mechanical stream identifier to another unit. When a
mechanical stream is connected to the Shaft, the Shaft
sets the speed of the Pump. Only one mechanical
stream can be connected from an Pump.
Product Stream
Pump product stream. Identifies the product, or
outlet, stream and its associated fluid properties.
Enter up to twelve alphanumeric characters. This
entry must be unique to all other product streams in
OProdStream STREAM
the flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same
as a feed stream identifier to another unit.
OFeedStream and OProdStream can not be the same.
Only one product stream can be connected from the
flow devices.
NPSH
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Indication that pump is Cavitating. Calculated by DB 0 No
NPSH calculations from suction fluid vapor pressure
Cavitating
and inlet stream pressure. This value is for display
only and does not affect the solution.
CalcNPSH If set to true, NPSH calculations are enabled to KB 0 No
predict pump cavitation.
NPSHR NPSH Required needs to be supplied for performing KD 0 No m
NPSH calculations.
NPSHA NPSH available is calculated by pump model to DD 0 No m
predict cavitation condition
Pvap Vapor pressure of fluid at pump inlet conditions. It DD 0 Yes kPa
will be predicted by bubble point flash at pump inlet.
PvapUser Vapor pressure of fluid at pump inlet conditions. DD 0 Yes kPa
Needs to be supplied if VPCalcMethod is SIMPLE.
VPCalcMethod Vapor pressure calculations for NPSH calculations. KI SIMPLE No
Options include:
0 – SIMPLE
1 – RIGOROUS
NPSHFlashFreq Frequency of NPSH bubble point flash calculation. KI 1 No
At this user specified time interval, a T-VF(Bubble
Point) flash will be performed on the inlet fluid
conditions with VF = 0.0 to predict vapor pressure
of the fluid.
FlashTime Elapsed time steps when VPCalcMethod is KI No
RIGOROUS. For internal viewing only.

Pump
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Pump
FAQ
Q. What are the Pump and Compressor scale parameters for?
A. If you do not have a performance curve, use the scale parameters to set the design conditions
to use the default built in curve. If you do have a Pump curve, use the scale parameter to adjust
the performance curve without having to reenter all the performance curve data. When you enter
your own curve, you have the option of either normalizing the curve and inputting the design
parameters in the scale values, or putting the curve in as it is and making the scale values one.
Either way, it is the product of the scale parameter and the performance curve that defines the
actual curve used by DYNSIM model.
Q. How do I start a Compressor or Pump?
A. You must attach a driver. The simplest way is to place a Motor on the canvas. Connect the
Motor to the Compressor or Pump with a mechanical stream. Specify the maximum Motor
speed. When you start the simulation, double-click on the Motor to bring up its operator panel.
Then press start button.
Q. How do I add more rows to my Pump curve table?
A. Refer to the FAQ section under Compressor for details on inserting rows in a user defined
curve table.

Shaft
Shaft
Introduction
Shaft is a mechanical torque coupling for Pumps, Compressors, Expanders and Motors. When a
Motor is not connected, the Shaft models the rotational inertia of all the rotating equipment on the
Shaft to calculate the angular acceleration. When connected to a Motor, the Motor sets the Shaft
speed.
When multiple speed setting devices are connected to the shaft, the last connected driver
will set the speed of the shaft and rest are ignored.

Shaft
Fundamentals
Power Balance Algorithm
The rotational net power balance equation determines the net rotational power on the Shaft.
Mechanical NJapply NJload

J Net = ∑
Streams
Power + ∑ J Apply −
i =1
∑J Load − J Friction
Speed
R=
Speed Re f
J Friction = J Friction Re f ⋅ [ KA + KB * (R ) + KC * (R ) + KD * (R ) + KE * (R )
2 3 FExp
]
where:
FExp - Exponent of the KE term
JApply - Additional power applied to the Shaft (kJ/sec)
JFrictionRef - Reference power loss due to friction (kJ/sec)
JLoad - Additional power load on Shaft (kJ/sec)
JNet - Net shaft power (kJ/sec)
KA, KB, KC, KD, and KE - Friction coefficients
NJapply - Number of additional powers apply to the Shaft
NJload - Number of additional powers load to the Shaft
Power - Power transmitted from Expander/Pump/Compressor/Motor to Shaft (kJ/sec)
Speed - Shaft speed (rpm)
Speed Ref - Reference Shaft speed (rpm)
The rate of change of speed is given by the following equation
d J Net
Speed = KACNV ⋅
dt I ⋅ Speed
When Speed is below a user specified threshold value (SpeedLin) the following equation is used
d J Net
Speed = KACNV ⋅
dt I ⋅ SpeedLin
where:
10 3
KACNV - Conversion factor =
(2π / 60)2
I - Inertia of the Shaft (kg-m2)
Speed - Current Shaft speed (rpm)
SpeedLin - Linearized Shaft speed (rpm)

Shaft
Speed set by Motor
If a Motor object is attached to the Shaft, the Motor will set the speed of the Shaft and the
rotational inertia will not be used. The dynamics will be determined by the Motor ramp time.

Shaft
Example
The following example shows the application of a Shaft (SHAFT1) to drive two pumps (P1,P2).
Motor (M1) supports only one mechanical stream, so if it has to be connected to more than one
Pump then a Shaft must be used. A Motor is connected to the Shaft via a mechanical stream. So
Motor sets the speed of the Shaft. The Shaft is connected to the two pumps via two different
mechanical streams. So the Shaft sets the speed of the pumps.
MOTOR: M1
OMechStream[0] MS1 Mechanical stream connecting
Motor to the Shaft SHAFT1
SHAFT: SHAFT1
Motor M1 to the Shaft
Shaft to the Pump P1
Shaft to the Pump P2
SOURCE: SCR1
OProdStream[0] S1 Source product stream connecting to Pump P1
OProdStream[1] S3 Source product stream connecting to Pump P2
Mb[H2O] 1 fraction Boundary composition

Shaft
PUMP: P1
Shaft SHAFT1 to the Pump
OFeedStream S1 Pump feed stream connecting from
Source SCR1
OProdStream S2 Pump product stream connecting to
Sink SNK1
DHScale 25 m Scale factor for head
PUMP: P2
Shaft SHAFT1 to the Pump
OFeedStream S3 Pump feed stream connecting from
Source SCR1
OProdStream S4 Pump product stream connecting to
Sink SNK1
DHScale 25 m Scale factor for head
SINK: SNK1
OFeedStream[0] S2
Pump P1
OFeedStream[0] S4
Pump P2

Shaft
Basic Tab
Shaft Inertia
Inertia of rotor and all components correspond to the Inertia parameter. It affects the speed
dynamics of the Shaft. For faster dynamics lower value of inertia should be used. The user
should use manufacturer supplied data. If data is not available adjust this value for desired speed
dynamics.
Power required to start roll corresponds to the JBreak parameter. The default value can be used
in most of the cases.

Shaft
Friction Loss Tab
Shaft Friction
Power loss at reference speed corresponds to the JFrictionRef parameter. The user may change
this value to account for friction losses. The power loss due to friction is usually negligible when
default setting is used.
Reference Shaft speed corresponds to the SpeedRef parameter. It is used in the power loss due to
friction calculations.
Friction loss coefficients correspond to the KA, KB, KC, KD, and KE parameters. User defined
exponent of KE term corresponds to the FExp.

Shaft
External Inputs Tab
Only parameter references can be entered on this Data Entry Window.
Power Applied
Other power applied to Shaft corresponds to the JApply parameter. Any number of other powers
can be applied on the Shaft.
External Loads
Other power loads on the Shaft corresponds to the JLoad parameter. Any number of external
power loads can be applied on the Shaft.

Shaft
Notes Tab

Shaft
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Moment of inertia for the Shaft
Inertia A large value makes the Shaft respond more slowly. A value KD 15000 Yes kg-m2
too, small can lead to numerical instability.
Power to start roll
JBreak The Shaft will not start turning until this minimum power is KD 0.1 No kJ/sec
applied.
Friction Loss
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Exponent of KE term 1
FExp KD Yes
Friction exponent term
Frictional power loss at ref speed
The Shaft loses this much power due to friction at the
JFrictionRef KD 0.001 No kJ/sec
reference speed. Friction loss is a function of the speed
squared.
Friction coefficient
KA KD 0 Yes
KB KD 0 Yes
KC KD 1 Yes
KD KD 0 Yes
KE KD 0 Yes
Reference Shaft speed
SpeedRef KD 3600 No rpm
Reference speed for friction loss.
External Inputs
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Other power applied to Shaft
User-
JApply Additional power to applied to Shaft. A positive value DD Yes kJ/sec
Defined
will increase Shaft speed
Other power loads on Shaft
User-
JLoad Additional power load on Shaft A positive value will DD Yes kJ/sec
Defined
decrease Shaft speed.

Shaft
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Linearization Speed
Derivative of Shaft speed is linear with JNet when speed is
SpeedLin KD 60 No rpm
below SpeedLin and linear with Jnet /Speed when speed is
above SpeedLin.
Critical coast down speed
SpeedZero Speed will be instantly set to zero when the speed drops KD 2 No rpm
below this value.
Speed derivative limit
This value limits the derivative of shaft speed (DSPEED).
DSpeed Max KD 500 No rpm/sec
Mathematically,
-DSPEEDMAX=<DSPEED<=DSPEEDMAX

Shaft
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Speed Derivative
Derivative of Shaft speed. This value is calculated from the
dSpeed work balance of all the components connected to the Shaft DD 0 No rpm/sec
(JNet). A positive value of Net Power (Jnet) indicates that
the Shaft is speeding up.
Net shaft power
JNet DD 0 No kJ/sec
Sum of all power applied to Shaft and loads on Shaft.
Gross shaft power
JGross DD 0 No kJ/sec
Sum of all power applied
Power loss due to friction
JFriction DD 0 No kJ/sec
Friction loss is a function of the speed squared.
Shaft speed
Speed Speed of the Shaft. Sets the speed of all devices connected to SD 0 No rpm
it other than a Motor. A Motor can set the Shaft speed.
Derivatives
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Speed Derivative
Derivative of Shaft speed. This value is calculated from the
dSpeed work balance of all the components connected to the Shaft DD 0 No rpm/sec
(JNet). A positive value of Net Power (Jnet) indicates that
the Shaft is speeding up.
States
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Shaft speed
Speed Speed of the Shaft. Sets the speed of all devices connected to it SD 0 No rpm
other than a Motor. A Motor can set the Shaft speed.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Mechanical Streams
MECH
OMechStream Mechanical stream connected to Motor or other
STREAM
devices like Expander with the Shaft.

Shaft
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Sink
Sink
Introduction
Sink is a pressure node that sets the outlet boundary conditions for any simulation. It can take
any number of feed streams. Sink does not perform any flash calculations.
Sink should be used only when reverse flow is not expected. Upstream flow devices should
include a check valve. If reverse flow to the Sink is to be allowed, use a Source model instead
which can set the composition and energy for the reversing stream.

Sink
Fundamentals
Boundary Specifications
The Sink is used for setting outlet boundary pressure in any simulation. The boundary value sets
the pressure for all streams connected to it.
Feed Streams
The Sink can be used only for setting the outlet boundary conditions. It can take only feed
streams. No product stream can be connected to Sink. It can take any number of feed streams.
Reverse flow
Sink should not be used when reverse flow is expected since the user cannot set composition and
energy content during reverse flow. If reverse flow does occur, the Sink reflects the feed stream’s
composition and enthalpy. For predictable reverse flow calculations, use a Source model with
feed streams connected to it. If it is not required to model reverse flow, set the KJr parameter for
a flow device in each flow path entering the Sink zero.
Elevation
Elevation can be specified for a Sink relative to a reference common to all pressure nodes. The
specified elevation impacts the pressure drop calculations in the network, which in turn influences
the flow calculations in the associated flow devices.

Sink
Example
The following example shows use of a Sink unit in specifying a pressure boundary and elevation
settings. The Sink is used for setting boundary pressures for a Valve (XV1), Stream Set (SS1)
and Pump (P1). The Source unit SRC1 supplies water at 250 kPa and 300 K. The pressure drop
across the valve and Stream Set is 140 kPa and the Sink boundary pressure is set at 110 kPa. The
Pump delivers water to a unit at the same pressure as the Source but over an elevation head of
8m. The Sink pressure and elevation are set at 250 kPa and 8 m, respectively.
SOURCE: SRC1
Source product stream connecting to
OProdStream[0] S1
the Valve XV1
OProdStream[1] S3
the Stream Set SS1
OProdStream[2] S5
the Pump P1
Mb[H20] 1 kg-mol Boundary composition
VALVE: XV1
Valve feed stream connecting from
OFeedStream S1
Source SRC1
Valve product stream connecting to
OProdStream S2
Sink SNK1
Cv 100 Cv Valve Cv
Op 1 fraction Valve opening command

Sink
STREAM SET: SS1

Stream Set feed stream connecting
OFeedStream S3
from Source SRC1
Stream Set product stream
OProdStream S4
connecting to Sink SNK1
kg-sec/sqrt(kPa-
J 0.01 Stream Set flow conductance
kg/m3)
SINK: SNK1
OFeedStream[0] S2
Valve XV1
OFeedStream[1] S4
Stream Set SS1
PUMP: P1
Pump feed stream connecting from
OFeedStream S5
Source SRC1
Pump product stream connecting to
OProdStream S6
Sink SNK2
QScale 0.01 m3/sec Pump flow scale curve parameter
DHScale 10 m Pump head scale curve parameter
SINK: SNK1
OFeedStream[0] S6
Pump P1
Elevation 8 m Sink elevation

Sink
Basic Tab
Boundary Conditions
The boundary pressure corresponds to the Pb parameter.
Pressure Node Elevation
Relative elevation corresponds to the E parameter. It is the elevation of the Sink with respect to
other pressure nodes. If no elevation effects are required, the default value can be left in place.

Sink
Notes Tab

Sink
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Elevation
E Elevation relative to local KD 0 No m
ground level.
Boundary Conditions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Boundary pressure
Pb Boundary pressure in the Sink. KD Yes kPa
Must be specified.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed streams
Sink feed stream. Can be connected only from
flow devices. Identifies the feed, or inlet, stream
and its associated fluid properties. This entry
must be unique to all other feed streams in the User
OFeedStream STREAM No
flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same Specified
as a product stream identifier from another unit.
OFeedStream and OProdStream cannot be the
same. Any number of feed streams can be
connected to the Sink.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Sink
FAQ
Q. How do I model the correct reverse flow properties from a Sink?
A. A Sink model cannot effectively model reverse flow. It is recommended that you either
prevent reverse flow to the Sink by setting one of the flow device KJr parameters to zero, or
replace the Sink with a Source model. If you use a Source, you can specify the composition and
energy content of the fluid used for reverse flow, as you would specify it in any other Source
model.

Source
Source
Introduction
Source is pressure node that sets the inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the simulation
model. It is the starting point for all the flowsheets. Any number of feed and product streams can
be connected to it.
Source can also be used to model a Sink where reverse flow may occur. For this case the Source
accepts feed streams. When the feed stream flow reverses, the Source will set the feed stream
composition and energy content.
Source cannot model a flow boundary. A Stream Set must be used to force the flow at the
beginning of a simulation. The user should provide a Source followed by a Stream Set followed
by a pressure node for this configuration.
Source can be used to initialize the holdup in other equipment models. Please refer to Holdup
Initialization in the Base Equipment Fundamentals.

Source
Fundamentals
Boundary specifications
The Source is the starting point for all simulations. The user sets the inlet composition and
specifies the boundary conditions. There are three different boundary specification conditions
that can be set in the Source. They are Pressure-Temperature, Pressure-Enthalpy, and Pressure-
Vapor Fraction. Source does appropriate flash calculations based on the type of specification and
sets all the properties of the connected streams accordingly.
Pressure-Temperature specification is used for most cases. Pressure-Enthalpy specification can

be used when the enthalpy values are known, used typically with single component slates such as
steam. Pressure-VaporFraction specification is used when the feed temperature is at the bubble
point, dew point, or between these two points.
Feed and Product Streams
Source is infinite source of inventory. Any number of product streams can be connected to it.
Source can also act as a Sink, such that it can act as an end point in the Flowsheet. It can take any
number of feed streams. Since Source is a pressure node, only flow devices can be directly
connected to it.
Flash
The type of flash performed depends on the type of boundary specification selected. Product
stream properties are updated based on the flash in forward flow while it sets only the pressure in
case of reverse flow. Similarly, feed stream properties are updated based on the flash for reverse
flow and only the pressure is set in the case of forward flow.
Reverse Flow
Source should be used as Sink when reverse flow is expected. It sets the user defined
composition and temperature in the inlet stream.
Initialization of Equipment Holdups
Any equipment model with holdup, like Header, Pipe, Heat Exchanger, Drum or Separator, can
be initialized with the conditions of a Source model. The Source can be standalone or part of the
model. Usually Source close to the upstream of the holdup device is used for initialization. This
will help the system get initialized to conditions close to the steady state when the model is
loaded. When there is no Source with conditions close to desired steady state, a standalone
Source without any stream connections can be used for initialization of the holdup device. The
component, method slates, and other thermodynamic conditions and the flash options should be
same for the holdup device and the Source to which it is initialized.

Source
Elevation
Elevation can be specified for a Source relative to a reference common to all pressure nodes. The
specified elevation impacts the pressure drop calculations in the network, which in turn influences
the flow calculations in the associated flow devices.

Source
Basic Tab
Boundary Conditions
Flash specification corresponds to the Spec parameter. Pressure-Temperature specification is

used for most cases. Pressure-Enthalpy specification can be used when the enthalpy values are
known, used typically with single component slates. Pressure-VaporFraction specification is
typically used when the feed temperature is between the bubble point and dew point.
Boundary Pressure, Temperature, Enthalpy and Vapor fraction correspond to Pb, Tb, Hb and
VFb parameters. Pb should be set for all cases. The other parameters should be set, based on the
boundary specification type.

Source
Unnormalized Composition
Composition basis corresponds to the CompBasis parameter.
Unnormalized composition corresponds to the Mb parameter. The composition can be set in

terms of mole fractions or component moles. The user should set these values.
Pressure Node Elevation
Relative elevation corresponds to the E parameter. It is the elevation of the pressure node with
respect to the reference ground level. If no elevation effects are required, the default value can be
left in place.

Source
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
to the LocalFlashOption To avoid having to set this parameter for each new equipment on the
flowsheet, specify the defaults in the SIM4ME thermo GUI.
Phase Options
flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. External Phases correspond to the ExternalPhases
parameter.

Source
Notes Tab

Source
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Elevation
E KD 0 No m
Boundary Conditions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Name of assay
This entry specifies the name of the assay used for the
AssayName initialization of composition. This should be a specified KI None No
if the composition basis is ASSAY. Should be consistent
with the component slate.
Composition basis specification
Allowable options are Mole, Mass and Assay. When
the option Mole is selected, the composition is specified
in terms of mole fraction or actual component moles.
CompBasis KI MOLE No
When the option Mass is used, the composition is
specified in terms of mass fraction or actual component
mass. When the option Assay is selected, the
composition is initialized from the specified assay.
Boundary enthalpy
kJ/kg-
Hb Boundary enthalpy specification. Must be specified if KD Yes
mol
the Spec is PH.
Boundary composition
Mole numbers for each component. These values are Comp
Mb KD 0 No kg-mol
normalized to calculate the exit stream mole fractions Slate
Z.
Boundary pressure
Pb KD Yes kPa
Boundary pressure in the Source. Must be specified.
Boundary specification
0 = PT
1 = PH
2 = PVF
Spec KI PT No
3 = PS
4 = PU
5 = RU
Use PT for most applications. Use PH or PVF when
specifying a two phase single component system.
Boundary temperature
Tb Boundary temperature specification. Must be specified KD Yes K
if the Spec is PT.
VFb Boundary vapor fraction KD Yes fraction
WB Unnormalized mass composition KD 0 No Comp kg

Source
Slate
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed streams
Source feed stream. Can be connected only from
flow devices. Identifies the feed, or inlet, stream
and its associated fluid properties. This entry
must be unique to all other feed streams in the User
OFeedStream STREAM No
flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same Specified
as a product stream identifier from another unit.
OFeedStream and OProdStream cannot be the
same. Any number of feed streams can be
connected to the Source.
Product streams
Source product stream. Can be connected to
only flow devices. Identifies the product, or
This entry must be unique to all other product
User
OProdStream streams in the flowsheet. However, this entry STREAM No
Specified
can be the same as a feed stream identifier to
another flow device. OFeedStream and
OProdStream cannot be the same. Any number
of product streams can be connected to the
Source.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Source
FAQ
Q. The Source model requires input in total moles, but I have data in mole fractions. How
do I convert my input to total moles?
A. There is no need to convert your input. Just enter the composition as it is. DYNSIM
application will normalize the composition for you. You may wish to check that the parameter
MT is one, and that the molecular weight is correct.
Q. How do I initialize the source composition from an Assay?
A. The Assay need to be configured in Thermo GUI and should be added to the component slate
used in the source. Now select the “CompBasis” as Assay and select the name of the assay from
the dropdown list for “AssayName.” The source composition gets initialized from the selected
assay.
Q. When do we use Pressure-VaporFraction option in Source?
A. Use Pressure-VaporFraction to specify a Source at the dew point by making VFb equal to1
and at the bubble point by making VFb equal to 0. Intermediate vapor fractions can also be
specified.
Q. What is a standalone Source? Where do I use it?
A Source with no feed or product streams connected to it is a standalone Source. It can be used
in the initialization of holdup of an equipment model. The instance name of the Source should be
set in "Source object" in the "Initialization Tab" of a holdup device. "ReInitFlag" should be
checked if the holdup has to be initialized during Load full. Do not forget to uncheck the
ReInitFlag after the LF.

StreamSend
StreamSend
Introduction
The StreamSend model, when used with the StreamReceive model, allows connection of process
streams across flowsheet boundaries. If the flowsheets are in the same engine, the StreamSend /
StreamReceive pair extends the same pressure flow network without a break. If the flowsheets are
in different DYNSIM engines, the StreamSend / StreamReceive pair will link the two different
networks using an internal transfer of the stream properties between the engines. A transfer of
pressure flow sensitivities is also used to preserve stability at the network break point.
The StreamSend model by itself may be configured as a fixed pressure node to allow easier
management of sub-models for later integration.
The StreamSend model also has a boundary option that includes all the options available in the
Source model.

StreamSend
Fundamentals
The StreamSend model should be configured in a manner similar to a pressure node in the
pressure-flow network. The adjacent upstream model must be a flow device. If a connection is
made between engines, the upstream flow device should be chosen to have a large pressure
difference across it, as this will improve dynamic accuracy across the connection.
When the engines are loaded and the StreamSend model is connected to a StreamReceive model,
double clicking on the StreamSend model will bring the StreamReceive and its associated
flowsheet to the foreground. When engines are not loaded, double-clicking on the StreamSend
model will bring its Data Entry Window or Object Editor Viewer to the foreground depending on
the Edit / Run environment.
The StreamSend object colors indicate the connection status. These colors are updated during a
Load Full (LF) or during loading of DYNSIM engines. The following table shows the stream
connector colors and their meaning.
Icon Color Meaning
Blue Successful connection to flow

sheet in remote engine.
Red Unsuccessful connection to

target.
Green Successful connection to flow

sheet in same engine.
Engine running and no

Magenta Connection configured
Brown Engine not running.
Yellow Boundary mode enabled
Use as a Boundary
When a StreamSend model is not connected to a StreamReceive model or when

ENABLEBOUNDARYMODE is ON, StreamSend model acts as a network boundary, as a
Source or Sink model does. In this case the boundary pressure is set by the PB parameter.
However, unlike in a Source or a Sink model, the PB parameter here is dynamic, and saved and
loaded with the initial conditions. The elevation may also be specified and used when a
connection to StreamReceive does not exist.

StreamSend
Two Initialization options are available in the StreamSend model. The first option is initialization
from the Source. It provides the stream composition and other properties for the reverse flow out
of the StreamSend. The second option is initialization through the Specifications. It includes all
the properties available in the Source model, including Thermo. The StreamSend model itself
provides the stream composition and other properties for reverse flow out of it.
It is recommended to use either Specifications option or Source option for initialization

when StreamSend is used for local termination prior to the sub-model integration.
Making Connections within the Same Engine
If a StreamReceive model is connected to a StreamSend model and exists within the same engine,
when the engine is launched, the StreamSend/StreamReceive pair will act as invisible connection
joining the sent and received streams together. The flow device upstream of the StreamSend will
become directly attached to the pressure node downstream of the StreamReceive. In this case
none of the StreamSend parameters such as PB or the initialization Source will have any effect.
When a StreamSend is connected to a StreamReceive, the StreamReceive will be

automatically connected to the StreamSend. Any previous connections to that StreamReceive will
be undone.
Making Connections between Different Engines
If a StreamReceive model is connected to a StreamSend model and exists within a different

DYNSIM engine, when the simulation is launched, a special network connection between the
engines will be set up. The StreamSend will act as a network boundary, but its boundary pressure
will be dynamically adjusted to correspond to the remote network state. Likewise, the
StreamReceive will have its boundary flow dynamically adjusted to correspond to the flow
entering the StreamSend. Additionally, a calculation involving the transfer of pressure and flow
sensitivities will be made to preserve stability across the interface. The sensitivity calculation may
lead to some transient time lags in the transmission of pressure and flow through the interface; the
effects of which may be reduced by selecting the largest available pressure difference upstream of
the StreamSend, and the largest available pressure node (compressible, preferably) downstream
of the StreamReceive.
When connecting engines, the stream properties in the forward and reverse direction will be
communicated automatically at each time step without the need to configure any entries in the
cross-reference table.
In this mode, the StreamSend elevation will reflect the elevation of the remote pressure node in
the other engine, and the elevation parameter will have no effect.
Pressure Node Equations
StreamSend is a pressure node object and implements a dynamic pressure calculation in the
pressure-flow network. The details of this calculation depend on the configuration of the
StreamSend object.

StreamSend
If StreamSend has no connection configured to a StreamReceive object, then the pressure

equation applied is:
P = Pb
where:
P - Inlet stream pressure (kPa)
Pb - Boundary pressure (kPa)
If the StreamSend does have a connection configured to a StreamReceive object, and that
StreamReceive object is not present in the same engine, then the pressure node equation is this:
∂Premote
P = Pb + (F − F0 )
∂Flocal
where:
P - Inlet stream
pressure (kPa)
Pb - Boundary
pressure received from pressure node in remote engine (kPa)
F - Inlet flow
from upstream flow device (kg-mol/sec)
F0 - Balancing
flow fed back from remote engine (kg-mol/sec)
Premote - Pressure of node
attached to StreamReceive in remote engine (kPa)
Flocal - Local flow
transmitted to pressure node in remote engine (kg-mol/sec)
∂Premote /∂Flocal - Pressure sensitivity of remote node received
from remote engine (kPa-sec/kg-mol)
F0 is the flow most recently computed by the StreamReceive in the remote engine. By feeding
back this flow from the remote engine, flow mismatches between the local and remote engines
are reduced.
Note that even if the connection to a remote engine is not active (the StreamSend icon is red), the
same equation is applied. In this case the values of Pb, F0, and ∂Premote /∂Flocal are taken from the
current snapshot or IC. This allows a simulation to be continued from a saved IC without a bump.
However, the values of these parameters should not be manipulated by hand other than perhaps to
set the dPdF parameter to zero.
If StreamSend has an active connection to a StreamReceive in the same engine, then the
StreamSend / StreamReceive pair is eliminated from the pressure-flow network and no pressure
equation exists.
Data Transfer
If a StreamSend is connected to a StreamReceive in a remote engine, then at each time step the
following parameter values are transferred by internal cross-reference from the local engine to the
remote engine:

StreamSend
StreamSend StreamReceive
F → Fb
dFdP → dFdP
Hf → Hf
Tf → Tf
Rf → Rf
MWf → MWf
VFf → VFf
Zf → Zf
The following parameters are transferred from the remote engine to the local engine:
Pb ← P
F0 ← Fx
E ← Ei
dPdF ← dPdF
Hr ← Hr
Tr ← Tr
Rr ← Rr
MWr ← MWr
VFr ← VFr
Zr ← Zr
Where any of the parameters listed are not contained in the StreamSend or StreamReceive models
themselves, they are located in the inlet or exit streams.
If a StreamSend is connected to a StreamReceive in the same engine, then all stream properties
are mirrored between the inlet stream and the exit stream so that the contents of both streams
remain the same before and after network solution.
In reverse flow, the StreamSend model acts as a Source model, if the Initialization option is
Specifications and no connections are configured. It has the same Boundary Specifications as the
Source model.
Flash
The type of flash performed depends on the type of boundary specification selected. All the feed
stream properties are updated based on the flash during the reverse flow, whereas only the
pressure is set during the forward flow.

StreamSend
Example
The following example shows a connection made between two flowsheets. The StreamSend
named SS1 has its Stream Receive connection set to SR1, and the StreamReceive object SR1 has
its Stream Send connection set to SS1 (note that this symmetrical connection will normally
happen automatically).
If both flowsheets are in the same engine, when the simulation is launched, the valve XV1 is
connected directly to the header H1 and they will form a part of the same network.
If the flowsheets are in different engines, when the simulation is launched, SS1 becomes a
network boundary with the pressure adjusted to match H1, while SR1 becomes a network
boundary with the flow adjusted to match the flow through XV1.
StreamSend: SS1
OStreamReceive SR1 StreamReceive object reference
OFeedStream S2 Feed stream object reference
StreamReceive: SR1
OStreamSend SS1 StreamSend object reference
OProdStream S3 Product stream object reference

StreamSend
Basic Tab
Remote Connection
The StreamReceive object is the destination object to receive the stream sent by this object. Leave
the entry blank if this object will be a stream termination.

StreamSend
Boundary Conditions Tab
Boundary Conditions
Selecting the EnableBoundaryMode check box breaks the connection between StreamSend and
StreamReceive, even though they are connected through Remote Connection. When
EnableBoundaryMode is selected, the StreamSend model acts as a boundary.
The value of the PB parameter is updated by the remote StreamReceive if it is connected to the
StreamReceive model, by flash if it is not connected to the Stream Receive model and
Specifications is selected as the Initialization option, or by Source model if is not connected to the
Stream Receive model and Source is selected as the Initialization option.
Relative elevation corresponds to the E parameter and allows an elevation to be specified for
those cases that do not have StreamSend connected to StreamReceive.
Initialization
Select one of the Initialization options, SOURCE or SPECIFICATIONS, from the

InitializationOption drop-down list.

StreamSend
The Source initialization option corresponds to OInitSource parameter. It allows an optional

reference to a Source object to provide the reverse stream properties for the feed stream.
The SPECIFICATIONS option enables all properties available in the Source model, such as
Boundary Specifications and Composition.
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
The Component slate corresponds to the CompSlate parameter, Method Slate to the
MethodSlate parameter, Local thermo options to the LocalThermoOption parameter, and Local
flash options to the LocalFlashOption parameter. To avoid setting the parameter for each new
equipment on the flowsheet, specify the defaults in the SIM4ME Thermo GUI.
Phase Options
Internal Phases correspond to the InternalPhases parameter. Use the InternalPhases parameter
to specify the kind of flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. External Phases correspond to the
ExternalPhases parameter.

StreamSend
Notes Tab

StreamSend
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Elevation
Elevation to be used if this is a stream
E DD 0 No m
termination. It will have no effect if a
connection is being made to another stream.
Network sensitivity method
0 - NODERIVS
1 – LOCAL
2 - NETWORK
When set to NETWORK (the default),
network sensitivity is calculated and sent to
the other engine to stabilize pressure and
flow calculations. If this is changed to
SensitivityMode LOCAL, a local network sensitivity will be KI 2 No
calculated and sent to the other engine to
stabilize pressure and flow calculations. If
this is changed to NODERIVS then no
sensitivity calculations will be used. The
pressures and flows will match exactly each
time step but oscillations and instability
may occur. Matching values should be set at
each end of a connection.
Enable boundary mode
Flag to enable the boundary mode. In
boundary mode, Stream Send/Receive
EnableBoundaryMode KI 0 No
model works as a boundary node.
Stream Send/Receive should be initialized
to use them as a boundary.
Boundary Conditions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
AssayName Assay Name
Assay Name specifies the name of
the assay used for the initialization
of the composition. kPa/(kg-
DD 0 Yes
This should be specified if the mol/sec)
composition basis is ASSAY. This
should be consistent with the
component slate

StreamSend

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Composition basis specification.
Allowable values include:
0 - MOLE
1 - MASS
2 - ASSAY
When the option Mole is selected,
the composition is specified in
CompBasis terms of mole fraction or actual KI MOLE No
component moles. When the option
Mass is used, the composition is
specified in terms of mass fraction
or actual component mass. When
the option Assay is selected, the
composition is initialized from the
specified Assay.
DPDF Back pressure sensitivity
DPDF is the change in boundary
pressure when feed flow changes. It DD 0 Yes kPa/kg-mol
is used to stabilize the connection
between the networks.
DPDT Back pressure rate
DPDT is the rate of change of
pressure in the remote system. It is DD 0 Yes kPa/kg-mol
used to stabilize the connection
Boundary enthalpy
Hb is the enthalpy specification
Hb given by the user. This must be KD Yes kJ/kg-mol
specified if flash specification
includes Enthalpy.
Initialization option
Allowable options include
0 - SOURCE
1 - SPECIFICATION.
InitializationOption KI SOURCE No
User can specify SOURCE to have
source as the initialization object
or SPECIFICATION to specify
flash specifications in the model.
Mole numbers for each component.
Comp
Mb These values are normalized to KD 0 No kg-mol
Slate
calculate the exit stream mole
fractions Z.

StreamSend

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Source initialization object
Defines default reverse stream
properties when StreamSend is not
linked with a StreamReceive. OBJEC
OinitSource No
Defines composition and other T
properties of exit stream when
StreamReceive is not linked with a
StreamSend.
Boundary pressure
Boundary node pressure must be
used if there is a stream
Pb termination. Note that unlike a KD Yes kPa
Source or Sink Pb is a dynamic
parameter. It is also used for flash
calculation.
Flash specification
0 = PT
1 = PH
2 = PVF
3 = PS
Spec KI PT No
4 = PU
5 = RU
Use PT for most of the
applications. Use PH or PVF when
specifying a two phase single
component system.
Temperature specification
Temperature specification given by
Tb the user in stream send. Tb must KD Yes K
be specified if flash specification
includes Temperature.
Vapor fraction specification
Vapor fraction specification given
by the user in stream send. This
VFb KD Yes fraction
must be specified if flash
specification
includes vapor fraction.
Unnormalized mass composition
Mass numbers for each component.
Comp
Wb These values are normalized to KD 0 No kg
Slate
calculate the exit stream mole
fractions Z.

StreamSend
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Connection Status
0 - No connection configured
ConnectionStatus 1 - Connection in same engine DI 0 No
2 - Connection in different engine
3 - Attempted connection failed
Calculated flow sensitivity
Sensitivity of upstream flow to
(kg-
DFDP changes in this pressure. Sent to DD 0 No
mol/sec)/kPa
connected StreamReceive to stabilize
network.
Calculated pressure
P DD 101.325 No kPa
Pressure calculated by solver.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed Stream
OFeedStream Incoming stream to be transferred STREAM
to StreamReceive object.
StreamReceive object reference
OStreamReceive Remote StreamReceive object to be STREAMRECEIVE
linked with this StreamSend object.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

StreamSend
FAQ
Q. Why is the PB parameter dynamic and not static as in other models?
A. When a StreamSend model is connected with a StreamReceive model, the boundary pressure
is continually updated with the latest value taken from the remote end of the connection. The
parameter is dynamic so that if the StreamSend is disconnected for any reason (for example,
deleting the remote engine), then an initial condition can still be loaded and run without a bump.
If the parameter were static, then the current value would also be reset when performing an LF
which would be undesirable.
Q. Why is the pressure in the feed stream not equal to the value of PB?
A. When connecting different engines, an automatic stabilization is performed using the

transmitted dPdF and dFdP sensitivities. The result of this stabilization is that there may be
transient differences between the stream pressure and the boundary pressure. If this “slack” were
not permitted, then unstable pressures and flows would occur. To minimize the effect, make the
pressure difference across the upstream flow device as large as is practical (for example, break
the network at a control valve rather than at an isolation valve).
Q. While loading a multiple engine simulation with StreamSend/StreamReceive models, I

am observing an “Error(s) found in loading internal cross references” message. Why?
A. The stream properties across the engines are cross-referenced internally by the simulation
engine. The internal cross reference most often fails because of missing thermo components
between source and target engines. An error log file called internal_xref_errors.txt will be created
in the \SIMSCI TM \DSSxx\Simulations\<simulation name> folder, which can be used to identify
the missing component(s).
Q. How do I overcome mass imbalance issues across a StreamSend/StreamReceive pair?
A. StreamSend / StreamReceive pairs operating between different engines cause a break in the
pressure-flow network. Care must be taken when configuring such connections between engines
in order to minimize any differences in pressure and flow across the connection. The StreamSend
must be directly attached to a flow device that has a strong effect on the network flow (i.e. a
restrictive conductance). The StreamReceive should be directly attached to a vessel with
significant holdup. StreamSend and StreamReceive are also designed to operate only between
engines having same time increments. If the time step is different between the sending and
receiving engine, this can also lead to mass imbalances.
Starting with DYNSIM model 4.3, there is a new parameter in the StreamSend and Receive
models called SENSITIVITYMODE. If this is changed from LOCAL to NODERIVS (it must be
changed equally at both ends of a connection), then no stabilizing calculations will be performed
between networks and the boundary pressure and flow will be transmitted unchanged between
engines. However, if the stability conditions of large pressure drop and large holdup are not
satisfied in the adjacent flow device and vessel then unstable calculations may result.

StreamSend
Q. How do I overcome flow instability issues across a StreamSend and StreamReceive pair?
A. Flow instability will not normally occur when the SENSITIVITYMODE is set to LOCAL.
However, if SENSITIVITYMODE has been set to NODERIVS and calculations become
unstable, then it will be necessary either to increase the residence time in the vessel attached to
the StreamReceive or to increase the pressure difference in the flow path upstream of the
StreamSend.

StreamReceive
StreamReceive
Introduction
The StreamReceive model, when used with the StreamSend model, allows the process streams to
be connected across flowsheet boundaries. If the flowsheets are in the same engine, the
StreamSend/StreamReceive pair extends the same pressure flow network without a break. If the
flowsheets are in different DYNSIM engines, the StreamSend/StreamReceive pair will link the
two different networks using an internal transfer of the stream properties between the engines. A
transfer of pressure flow sensitivities is also used to preserve stability at the network break.
The StreamReceive model by itself may be configured as a fixed flow source to allow easier
management of sub-models for later integration.
The StreamReceive model has a boundary option that includes all the options available in the
Source model.

StreamReceive
Fundamentals
The StreamReceive model should be configured as a flow device feeding directly into a pressure
node such as a Drum or a Header. If a connection is made between engines, the downstream
pressure node should be chosen to have the largest available capacity as this will improve
dynamic accuracy across the connection. A large compressible volume will generally give better
results than a small incompressible volume.
For further general information, refer to the StreamSend model documentation.
Use as a Boundary
If a StreamReceive model is not connected to a StreamSend model, it acts as a network boundary

and its behavior is similar to that of a StreamSet with a boundary flow specification. In this case,
the boundary flow is set by the Boundary Flow Specification options. Note that the FB, MB or
flow conductance parameters are dynamic and they are saved and loaded with the initial
conditions. The elevation may also be specified when connection to a StreamReceive does not
exist and it is used when Flow Conductance option is selected as the Boundary Flow
Specification.
Two Initialization options are available in the StreamReceive model, as they are there in the
StreamSend model.
Since a fixed boundary flow is often inconvenient, the KF parameter may be attached to the POS
parameter of a standalone Valve object in order to provide flow adjustment between zero and FB.
Making Connections within the Same Engine and Different Engines
Please refer to the StreamSend model documentation for a description of the

StreamSend/StreamReceive connections.
Flow Device Equations
StreamReceive is a flow device object and implements a dynamic flow calculation in the
pressure-flow network. The details of this calculation depend on the configuration of the
StreamReceive object.
Mole Rate:
If StreamReceive has no connection configured to a StreamSend object and the boundary flow
specification is Mole Rate, then the flow equation applied is:
F = k F ⋅ Fb
where:
F – Outlet stream flow (kg-mol/sec)
Fb – Boundary molar flow rate (kg-mol/sec)
kF – Outlet flow control factor (0 – 1)

StreamReceive
Mass Rate:
specification is Mass Rate, then the flow equation applied is:
F = k F ⋅ Wb / MW
where:
Wb – Boundary mass flow rate (kg/sec)
MW – Molecular weight
Flow Conductance:
specification is Mass Rate, then the flow equation applied is:
∆P ⋅ R
F = k F .J
MW
where:
J – Forward flow conductance ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
MW – Molecular weight (kg/kg-mol)
∆P – Pressure drop across the flow device (kPa)
R – Mole density (kg-mol/m3)
The outlet flow control factor (parameter KF) allows for adjustment of the stream flow at the
boundary prior to model integration. A recommended configuration is to place a Valve object on
the flowsheet near to the StreamReceive and connect the POS parameter of the Valve to the KF
parameter of the StreamReceive. Then the valve can be used to adjust the outlet flow of the
StreamReceive as a fraction of FB, WB, or flow conductance.
If the StreamReceive does have a connection configured to a StreamSend object, and that
StreamSend object is not present in the same engine, then the flow device equation is this:
∂Fremote
Fx = Fb + (P − P0 )
∂Plocal
where:
Fx – Exit stream flow (kg-mol/sec)
Fb – Boundary flow received from flow device in remote engine (kg-mol/sec)
P – Pressure of attached pressure node (kPa)
P0 – Pressure of attached pressure node at end of previous time step (kPa)
Fremote – Flow through flow device attached to StreamSend in remote engine (kg-mol/sec)
Plocal – Local pressure transmitted to flow device in remote engine (kPa)
∂Fremote /∂Plocal – Flow sensitivity of flow device received from remote engine (kg-mol/sec/kPa)

StreamReceive
Note that even if the connection to a remote engine is not active (the StreamReceive icon is red),
the same equation is applied. In this case the values of Fb and ∂Premote /∂Flocal are taken from the
current snapshot or IC. This allows a simulation to be continued from a saved IC without a bump.
However, the values of these parameters should not be manipulated by hand other than perhaps to
set the dFdP parameter to zero.
If the StreamReceive has an active connection to a StreamSend in the same engine, then the
StreamSend/StreamReceive pair is eliminated from the pressure-flow network and no flow
equation exists.
Data Transfer
If a StreamReceive is connected to a StreamSend in a remote engine, then at each time step the
following parameter values are transferred by internal cross-reference from the local engine to the
remote engine:
Pb ← P
F0 ← Fx
E ← Ei
dPdF ← dPdF
Hr ← Hr
Tr ← Tr
Rr ← Rr
MWr ← MWr
VFr ← VFr
Zr ← Zr
The following parameters are transferred from the remote engine to the local engine:
F → Fb
dFdP → dFdP
Hf → Hf
Tf → Tf
Rf → Rf
MWf → MWf
VFf → VFf
Zf → Zf
Where any of the parameters listed are not contained in the StreamReceive or StreamSend
models, they are located in the inlet or exit streams.
If a StreamReceive is connected to a StreamSend in the same engine, then all stream properties
are mirrored between the inlet stream and the exit stream so that the contents of both streams
remain the same before and after network solution.

StreamReceive
In reverse flow, the StreamSend model acts as a Source model, if the Initialization option is
Specifications and no connections are configured. It has the same Boundary Specifications as the
Source model.
Flash
The type of flash performed depends on the type of boundary specification selected. All the
product stream properties are updated based on the flash during the forward flow, whereas only
the pressure is set during the reverse flow.
Example
Please refer to the example provided in the StreamSend model documentation which describes
both StreamSend and StreamReceive.

StreamReceive

Basic Tab
Remote Connection
The StreamSend object is the remote object sending the stream received by this object. Leave the
entry blank if this object will be a stream termination.

StreamReceive
Boundary Conditions
Selecting the EnableBoundaryMode check box breaks the connection between StreamSend and
StreamReceive, even though they are connected through a Remote Connection. When
EnableBoundaryMode is selected, the StreamReceive model acts as a boundary.
Relative elevation corresponds to the E parameter. It allows an elevation to be specified for the
cases that do not have StreamReceive connected to StreamSend.
Pressure corresponds to the PB parameter. Its value can be updated by by flash if it is not
connected to the StreamSend model and Specifications is selected as the Initialization option or
by the Source model if it is not connected to the StreamSend model and Source is selected as the
Initialization option. The PB parameter is used for flow calculations when the Boundary flow
specification is Flow Conductance.
Boundary flow specification corresponds to the BoundaryFlowSpecification parameter. It has

three options: Mole Rate, Mass Rate, and Flow Conductance.

StreamReceive
Initialization
Select one of the two Initialization options, SOURCE or SPECIFICATIONS, from the
InitializationOption drop-down list.
Source initialization object corresponds to the OInitSource parameter. It allows an optional

reference to a Source object to provide the reverse stream properties for the feed stream.
The SPECIFICATIONS option enables all the properties available in the Source model, such as
Boundary Specifications and Composition.

StreamReceive
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
to the LocalFlashOption parameter. To avoid setting these parameters for each new equipment
on the flowsheet, specify the default parameters in the SIM4ME Thermo GUI.
Phase Options
Internal Phases correspond to the InternalPhases parameter. Use InternalPhases to specify the
kind of flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. External Phases correspond to the
ExternalPhases parameter.

StreamReceive
Notes Tab

StreamReceive
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Network sensitivity method
0 - NODERIVS
1 – LOCAL
2 – NETWORK
When set to NETWORK (the default),
network sensitivity is calculated and sent to
other engine to stabilize pressure and flow
calculations. If this is changed to LOCAL, a
SensitivityMode local network sensitivity will be calculated KI 2 No
and sent to the other engine to stabilize
pressure and flow calculations. If this is
changed to NODERIVS then no sensitivity
calculations will be used. The pressures and
flows will match exactly each time step but
oscillations and instability may occur.
Matching values should be set at each end of
a connection.
Enable boundary mode
It’s a flag to enable the boundary mode.
In boundary mode, the Stream Send/Receive
EnableBoundaryMode KI 0 No
model works as a boundary node.
Stream Send/Receive models should be
initialized to use them as a boundary.
Elevation
E Elevation related to the other pressure DD 0 No m
nodes in the simulation.
Boundary Conditions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
AssayName Assay Name
AssayName specifies the
name of the assay used for
the initialization of the
composition. It should be DD 0 Yes kPa/(kg-mol/sec)
specified if the composition
basis is ASSAY. It should be
consistent with the
component slate.

StreamReceive

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
BoundaryFlowSpec Flow specification option
Allowable values are:
MOLE_RATE, MASS_RATE,
and CONDUCTANCE. If
CONDUCTANCE is
selected, flow is calculated KI 0 No
from Conductance J and
FlowCalcPressure
0 - MOLE_RATE
1 - MASS_RATE
2 - CONDUCTANCE
Composition basis
specification.
Allowable values include:
0 - MOLE
1 - MASS
2 - ASSAY
When the option Mole is
selected, the composition is
specified in terms of mole
CompBasis KI MOLE No
fraction or actual component
moles. When the option Mass
is used,the composition is
specified in terms of mass
fraction or actual component
mass. When the option Assay
is selected, the composition
is initialized from the
specified Assay.
DPDP Flow sensitivity
Change in calculated flow
when downstream node
DD 0 Yes (kg-mol/sec)/kPa
pressure changes. It is used
to stabilize the connection
FB Boundary flow
Forced flow rate
specification.
DD 0 Yes kg-mol/sec
It is used when
BoundaryFlowSpec equals
MOLE_RATE
Boundary enthalpy
Enthalpy specification given
by the user. It must be
Hb KD Yes kJ/kg-mol
specified if the flash
specification includes
Enthalpy.

StreamReceive

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Initialization option
Allowable options include
0 - SOURCE
1 - SPECIFICATION.
You can specify SOURCE to
InitializationOption KI SOURCE No
have source as the
initialization object
or SPECIFICATION to
specify flash specifications in
the model.
Flow conductance
Flow conductance
(kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-
J specification is used if KD 0.01 Yes
kg/m3)
Boundaryflowspec equals
CONDUCTANCE
Fraction of boundary flow
Fraction of Fb set to outlet
stream when used
Kf DD 1 Yes fraction
standalone. It is used for
temporary flow control
before system integration.
Mole numbers for each
Comp
Mb component. These values are KD 0 No kg-mol
Slate
normalized to calculate the
exit stream mole fractions Z.
Defines the default reverse
stream properties when
StreamSend is not linked
with a StreamReceive and
OBJ
OinitSource defines composition and No
ECT
other properties of the exit
stream when StreamReceive
is not linked with a
StreamSend.
Boundary pressure
Boundary node pressure
must be used if there is a
stream termination. Note that
Pb KD Yes kPa
unlike a Source or Sink, Pb is
a dynamic parameter. It is
also used for flash
calculation.

StreamReceive

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Flash specification
0 = PT
1 = PH
2 = PVF
3 = PS
Spec KI PT No
4 = PU
5 = RU
Use PT for most of the
applications. Use PH or PVF
when specifying a two-phase
single component system.
given by the user in
Tb StreamSend. It must be KD Yes K
specified if flash
specification includes
Temperature.
given by the user in
VFb StreamSend. It must be KD Yes fraction
specified if flash
specification
includes vapor fraction.
Unnormalized mass
composition
Mass numbers for each Comp
Wb KD 0 No kg
component. These values are Slate
normalized to calculate the
exit stream mole fractions Z.
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Connection Status
0 - No connection configured
ConnectionStatus 1 - Connection in same engine DI 0 No
2 - Connection in different engine
3 - Attempted connection failed
Pressure sensitivity
Sensitivity of connected node pressure to changes kPa/(kg-
DPDF DD 0 No
in this flow. Sent to StreamSend in other engine to mol/sec)
stabilize network.

StreamReceive

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Calculated exit flow
Fx DD 0 No kg-mol/sec
Exit flow calculated by solver.
Initialization
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Defines default forward stream
OInitSource SOURCE
properties when this StreamReceive is
not linked with a StreamSend.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Product Stream
OProdStream Outgoing stream, which must be connected to a STREAM
pressure node.
StreamSend object reference
OStreamSend Remote StreamSend object to be linked with STREAMSEND
this StreamReceive object.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

StreamReceive
FAQ
Q. Why is the FB parameter dynamic and not static as in other models?
A. When a StreamReceive model is connected with a StreamSend model, the boundary flow is
continually updated with the latest value taken from the remote end of the connection. The
parameter is dynamic so that if the StreamReceive is disconnected for any reason (for example,
deleting the remote engine), then an initial condition can still be loaded and run without a bump.
If the parameter were static, then the current value would also be reset when performing an LF
which would be undesirable.
Q. Why is the flow in the product stream not equal to the value of FB?
A. When connecting different engines, an automatic stabilization is performed using the

transmitted dPdF and dFdP sensitivities. The result of this stabilization is that there may be
transient differences between the stream flow and the boundary flow. If this “slack” were not
permitted, then unstable pressures and flows would occur. To minimize the effect, make the
capacity of the downstream pressure node as large as is practical (for example, select a flash drum
with a reasonable residence time).
Q. Why is there no elevation parameter in the StreamReceive object?
A. A StreamReceive does not have an elevation. It acts as a "flow source" at the same elevation
as the receiving pressure node. You may consider its inlet elevation to be identical to the
associated StreamSend objects’ and its downstream elevation to be defined by the downstream
pressure node.
See also FAQ in StreamSend.

Stream Set
Stream Set
Introduction
Stream Set is a flow device that provides various functions to operate on streams, such as
imposing specified boundary values for temperature, enthalpy, mole flow, mass flow, or
volumetric flow.
Stream Set can alter the exit mole composition by specifying pass-through fractions for individual
components. This provides a simple way to specify the removal of certain components from the
stream (e.g. removal of a fraction of H2S from the stream). If one of the component fraction is set
to less than one, Stream Set maintains the individual component balance but not the overall mass
balance. To ensure overall mass and energy balance stream set can be configured to have two exit
streams.
Stream Set has a flow multiplication feature to simplify modeling of parallel equipment trains
with a single train in the model.
Stream Set can be used to force the flow at the beginning of a simulation. The user should
provide a Source followed by a Stream Set followed by a pressure node for this configuration.
The operations supported by Stream Set may not have basis in physical or engineering
relationships. Thus, it is expected that the user will use his discretion in employing this model.

Stream Set
Fundamentals
Flow Calculation
Stream Set flow calculations are based on the inlet stream density. Please refer to Base
Equipment Fundamentals section on Flow Conductance for more details on forward and reverse
flow calculations
Flow Boundary Specification
The flow boundary specifications can be given in terms of mole, mass or actual volumetric flows.
When a boundary flow is specified, the Stream Set bypasses the conductivity calculations and
sets the user specified flow. This flow is forced for the entire flow path containing the Stream
Set. If no flow boundary specification has to be set, then the parameter FlowSpec should be set to
None.
Flash
The Stream Set has an optional flash calculation with single exit stream. By default, the flash is
turned off. When the flash is turned off, Stream properties, Temperature, Density, and Vapor
Fraction will be copied from the inlet stream to the exit stream in the case of forward flow and
exit stream to inlet stream in the case of reverse flow. If the flash is turned on, these stream
properties will be calculated at the downstream pressure.
If a temperature or enthalpy boundary is set, or if component removal specification is used, the

flash is automatically activated.
In case of two exit streams two flashes will be performed on both exit streams.
Flow Multiplier
The flow multiplier parameter (FlowMult) allows Stream Set to multiply its calculated flow rate
by a given number. This allows the user to model parallel equipment trains with just one train.
When there are two or more similar units, the output of which is going to a common point, only
one unit needs to be simulated and the output flow can be scaled by an appropriate scaling factor.
Thus, resources to simulate similar units can be saved. When the flow multiplier parameter is
specified the Stream Set acts as a non-simple flow conductance device.
Fx = Fi ⋅ FlowMult
where:
Fx - Exit flow (kg-mol/sec)
F - Inlet flow as calculated by conductance or boundary (kg-mol/sec)
FlowMult - Flow multiplier (dimensionless)
The modified flow corresponds to the exit stream for forward flow, and to the inlet stream in case
of the reverse flow. Therefore, in the case of reverse flow, the following equation is used.
Fx
Fi =
FlowMult

Stream Set
Boundary Specification
There are two different boundary conditions that can be set in Stream Set; they are exit
temperature and enthalpy. The exit stream properties are calculated by doing a PT flash if
temperature is specified, and by a pressure-enthalpy flash if the enthalpy is specified. Since
Stream Set is a flow device, it does not allow the boundary pressures to be set. When the
boundary conditions are set, the energy balance will not be satisfied. These boundary conditions
should be used only for simulation tuning and debugging. If no boundary specification has to be
set, then the parameter BoundarySpec should be set to None.
Pass-through Fraction
The pass-through fraction parameter array (XF) allows the user to specify the component removal
in Stream Set. This comes in handy when one wishes to model the removal of certain
components, such as H2S from a stream. The array XF specifies the fraction of each component
that is removed from the feed.
Fx ⋅ Z x = Fi ⋅ Z i ⋅ XF
where:
Fi - Inlet flow (kg-mol/sec)
Zi - Feed mole fraction component vector (fraction)
Fx - Exit flow (kg-mol/sec)
Zx - Product mole fraction component vector (fraction)
XF - Pass-through component fractions (fraction)
When the pass-through fraction specification parameter is initialized the Stream Set acts a non-
simple flow conductance device.
As an example, consider the removal of H2S from a gas stream. The stream compositions are as
given below.
Mole
Component Mole Flow In XF Mole Flow Out Mole Fraction
Fraction
H2S 20 0.131579 0.05 1 0.007519
H2 11 0.072368 1 11 0.082707
CH4 98 0.644737 1 98 0.736842
C2H6 23 0.151316 1 23 0.172932
Total 152 1 133 1
It may be noted that this operation alters only the overall mass/mole flow rate. There is no
facility in this model to change the component slate (e.g. lumping or de-lumping of components).
Such changes can be accomplished using Slate Change model.

Stream Set
Example
The following example shows how two identical parallel trains of equipment can be modeled as
single train of equipment using Stream Set. When the user simulates parallel train of equipment,
without using Stream Set he has to enter the data for all equipment. Instead, by using a Stream
Set, a single train of equipment can be simulated which has the same effect of simulating parallel
trains.
In this example there are two parallel identical trains of air coolers with gas streams coming from
a common Source at 400 K and 300 kPa and the flow through each of the air cooler is 14.7
kg/sec. The output is going to a common Sink at a pressure of 200 kPa. Air at a maximum flow
of 200 kg/sec cools down the gas stream by 46 K. The area for heat transfer is 50 m2.
This problem can be simplified by having two Stream Sets. One Stream Set is located upstream
of the air coolers. It has a flow multiplier of 0.5, which corresponds to one over the number of
parallel trains. The output of this Stream Set corresponds to the flow through one air cooler. The
Stream Set located downstream has a flow multiplier of 2, which corresponds to the number of
parallel trains of air coolers.
SOURCE: SRC2
OProdStream[0] S5 Source product stream connecting to
Stream Set SS1
Mb[H20] 0.25 fraction Source boundary composition specification
Mb[METHANE] 0.25 fraction Source boundary composition specification
Mb[ETHANE] 0.25 fraction Source boundary composition specification
Mb[PROPANE] 0.25 fraction Source boundary composition specification
Spec PT Source boundary specification
Pb 300 kPa Source boundary pressure
Tb 400 K Source boundary temperature

Stream Set
STREAM SET: SS1

OFeedStream S5 Stream Set feed stream connecting from
Source SRC2
OProdStream S6 Stream Set product stream connecting to
Utility Exchanger E1AB
J 100 (kg-sec)/ Flow conductance
sqrt(kPa-
kg/m3).
FlowMult 0.5 Factor by which inlet flow is multiplied
UTILITY EXCHANGER: E1AB

OFeedStream S6 Utility Exchanger feed stream connection
from Stream Set SS1
OProdStream S7 Utility Exchanger feed stream connection
to Stream Set SS2
UtilityOption AIR Utility option selected
sqrt(kPa-
kg/m3).
Area 50 m2 Area of heat transfer
U 0.05 kW/m2-K Overall heat transfer coefficient
Wmax 200 kg/sec Maximum air flow
STREAM SET: SS2

OFeedStream S7 Stream Set feed stream connecting from
Utility Exchanger E1AB
OProdStream S8 Stream Set product stream connecting to
Sink SNK2
sqrt(kPa-
kg/m3).
FlowMult 2 Factor by which inlet flow is multiplied
SINK: SNK2
OFeedStream[0] S8 Sink feed stream connecting from
Stream Set SS2

Stream Set
Configuration Dialog
Option to configure two exit streams corresponds to the Twoexitstreamsflag parameter. Enable
this flag to configure two exit streams. Severe error will be thrown while loading the model if
only one exit stream is configure with this flag enabled.

Stream Set
Basic Tab
Flow Calculations
The flow conductance corresponds to the J parameter. This value can be calculated from the
desired steady state flow and the pressure drop. The user may have to adjust this value based on
an initial trial to obtain the desired results.
The reverse flow conductance factor corresponds to the KJr parameter. If no reverse flow is
desired, then set this value to 0, otherwise leave it at the default value of 1.
Flow Multiplier corresponds to the FlowMult parameter. A value of 2 sets the outlet flow equal
to twice the inlet flow.

Stream Set
Two Exit Streams
Option to configure two exit streams corresponds to the Twoexitstreamsflag parameter. Enable
this flag to configure two exit streams. Severe error will be thrown while loading the model if
only one exit stream is configure with this flag enabled.
Component Pass-through Fractions
Pass-through fractions corresponds to the XF parameter. A value of 1 passes the entire

component to the exit stream. A value of 0 results in the complete removal of the component
from the stream.
Other Parameters
outlet stream parameters such as temperature, density, and vapor fraction rather than passing
them down from the upstream conditions. This selection will not have any impact on the overall
energy balance, but may impact the pressure profile since the density to the downstream flow
device, if there is one, will be calculated.

Stream Set
The Boundary Conditions Tab is used for setting boundary conditions in Stream Set. They
should be used only for simulation tuning and debugging, and should not be left in place.
Flow Specification
Flow specification option corresponds to the FlowSpec parameter. Mole, Mass or Vol boundary
conditions can be set. The default value of None should be used after model tuning.
Boundary Mole flow rate, Mass flow rate and Volumetric flow rate correspond to the parameters
Fb, Wb and Vb respectively. Appropriate value should be set based on the selection of flow
specification option.
Energy Specification
The energy specification option corresponds to BoundarySpec. Temperature or enthalpy

boundary conditions can be set for the stream thermal condition. The default value of None
should be used after model tuning.
Boundary Temperature and Enthalpy correspond to the parameters Tb and Hb respectively.

Appropriate value should be set based on the selection of energy specification option.
Thermo Tab

Stream Set
Thermo Options
to the LocalFlashOption To avoid having to set this parameters for each new equipment on the
flowsheet, specify the default in the SIM4ME thermo GUI.
Phase Options
flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. No flash will be performed unless "Calculate Outlet
properties:" is checked on the Basic tab.
Notes Tab

Stream Set
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Flash flag
Flag to perform a flash on the outlet stream to
calculate properties for the downstream
FlashFlag equipment. If false, outlet density, temperature, KB 0 No
and vapor fraction will be assumed the same as
the upstream conditions. Setting FlashFlag to
true increases computation time.
Flow multiplier
FlowMult The inlet flow is multiplied by this factor and KD Yes
the resultant flow is set in the outlet.
Flow Conductance
kg/sec-
Flow conductance defined by the equation W =
sqrt
J J * sqrt (∆P * R) where W is mass flow, ∆P is KD 0.01 Yes
(kPa-
pressure drop, and R is mass density in internal
kg/m3)
units.
Reverse flow conductance factor
This factor represents the fraction of the
KJr forward flow conductance available for reverse KD 1 Yes fraction
flow. A value of zero will make the conductance
device act like a check valve.
Twoexitstreamsflag
Twoexitstreamsflag KB 0 No
Flag to configure two exit streams
Pass-through fraction
A value of 0 completely removes the component Comp
XF KD 1 Yes fraction
from the feed, while value of 1 passes all of the Slate
component through..
Boundary Condition
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
BoundarySpec Boundary Specification Option
Boundary specifications for tuning a simulation.
KI NONE No
-999 = NONE
1=T
2=H
Fb Mole flow rate
kg-
Forced flow rate specification used if FlowSpec KD Yes
mol/sec
equals MOLE.
FlowSpec Flow Specification Option
KI NONE No
-999 = NONE
1 = MOLE

Stream Set

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
2 = MASS
3 = VOL
If NONE, flow is calculated from Conductance J.
Hb Boundary enthalpy
kJ/kg-
Boundary enthalpy is applied if BoundarySpec is KD Yes
mol
equal to H. Applied in either direction of flow.
Tb Boundary temperature
Boundary temperature is applied if BoundarySpec is KD Yes K
equal to T. Applied in either direction of flow.
Vb Volumetric flow rate
Forced flow rate specification used if FlowSpec KD Yes m3/sec
equals VOL.
Wb Mass flow rate
Forced flow rate specification used if FlowSpec KD Yes kg/sec
equals MASS.
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Minimum inlet pressure
Minimum inlet pressure below which forceflow will not be
PIMIN KD 10 Yes kPa
maintained. It will ramp to zero when the inlet pressure
falls below this value.
Maximum exit pressure
Maximum exit pressure above which forceflow will not be
PXMAX KD 30,000 Yes kPa
maintained. It will ramp to zero when the exit pressure goes
above this value.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed Stream
Stream Set feed stream. Identifies the feed, or inlet,
stream and its associated fluid properties. This entry
must be unique to all other feed streams in the
OFeedStream flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same as a STREAM
product stream identifier from another unit.
Only one feed stream can be connected to the Stream
Set.
Product2 Stream
Stream Set product2 stream. Identifies the product,
OProd2Stream or outlet, stream and its associated fluid properties STREAM
This entry must be unique to all other product
streams in the flow sheet.

Stream Set
Product Stream
Stream Set product stream. Identifies the product, or
OProdStream This entry must be unique to all other product STREAM
streams in the flowsheet. However, this entry can be
the same as a feed stream identifier to another unit.

Stream Set
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Stream Set
FAQ
Q. How do I force a flow rate?
A. The Stream Set model allows either mass, mole, or actual volumetric flows to be set.
However, it is not common in pressure-driven dynamic simulation to force flow rates. Flows are
typically calculated from pressures and the simulation boundaries where Source and Sink models,
specify the boundary pressures for the simulation. Forcing flows can lead to unpredictable results
such that the pressure in the surrounding pressure nodes can increase or decrease beyond physical
limits since the forced flow rate will not respond to changes in pressure. If you use a Stream Set
to force a flow rate, all of the flow devices in the flow path will no longer participate in the
calculation of flow.
All flow devices other than stream set, that are in the flow path participate in the calculation of
forced flow rate driven by the respective pressure drops of flow devices. Only the flow through
the streamset becomes independent of the pressure drop for force flow.
Q. The actual flow rate shows a value lower than the set boundary (force) flow. Why?
A. The Stream Set model maintains the forceflow till the upstream pressure is above PIMIN and
downstream pressure is below PXMAX values. Beyond these limits, the set flow is scaled to a
lower value to avoid creating either very low or very high pressures in the upstream/downstream
units. In extreme cases where the inlet pressure drops below 0.01 kPa or exit pressure exceeds
50,000 kPa , the flow is completely stopped. To meet the specified flow rate, ensure the operating
upstream and downstream pressures are within the limits or make appropriate changes to these
parameters.

Three Way Valve
Three-way Valve
Introduction
A three-way Valve is required to regulate the flow across three ports and is therefore modeled as
combination of three flow devices connected to a single pressure node. All three ports can be
connected to either a flow device or pressure nodes.
The Three-way Valve has a single open input command that sets the stem position, which in turn
determines the fraction of area open for flow based on the trim of each port.
It supports reverse flow and can act as diverting or mixing valve as depicted in the examples
below:
Three-way valve as diverting valve

Three Way Valve
Three-way valve as mixing valve
Three-way valve flow calculations are based on a Darcy’s law equation applicable for subcritical
flow.
Fundamentals
The following figure illustrates the sequence of calculations required to calculate flow, including
Three-way Valve position (Pos), lift (L), fractional area ports (A1, A2, A3) and conductance of
each flow device (J1, J2, J3).
Actuator
The actuator type is diaphragm and actuator travel is linear. The following equation is used to
calculate the position based on opening command.
where:
Pos - Position (fraction)
OP - Open command (fraction)
TimeFullTravel - Time for full travel (sec)
LIMV - Function to limit a value between minimum and maximum
The Three-way Valve operation sets lift (L) equal to position (Pos).

Three Way Valve
Trim
The user defined trim data or the default trim data is used for calculating area fraction at each
port. Fractional areas – A1, A2 and A3 are calculated based on the interpolation of L v/s A1, L
v/s A2 and L v/s A3 respectively. A minimum of four data points are required to define a
customized trim. Otherwise the following default data is used.
Default Trim
The Three-way Valve possesses four distinct regimes with the default trim. In the beginning, all
the ports are closed (Lift = 0). When lift is increased to 0.3, PORT 1and PORT 2 are completely
open while PORT 3 is still closed. When it reaches 0.6, PORT 3 and PORT 1 are now completely
open while PORT 2 is closed. At 100% Lift, PORT 1 is closed and, PORT 2 and PORT 3 are
completely open.
Lift A1 A2 A3
0 0 0 0
0.2 0.8 0.8 0
0.3 1 1 0
0.4 1 0.8 0.2
0.5 1 0.2 0.8
0.6 1 0 1
0.7 0.8 0.2 1
0.8 0.2 0.8 1
1 0 1 1
Flow Calculation
The following equations are used for calculating the conductance of three flow devices.
J 1 = 0.00075943 ⋅ C . A1
v1
J 2 = 0.00075943 ⋅ C . A2
v2
J 3 = 0.00075943 ⋅ C . A3
v3
where:
Ji - Conductance of ith flow device ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
Cvi - Cv of PORTi (Cv)
Ai - Area fraction of PORTi (fraction)
The following equation is simplified form of the Darcy flow equation, assuming constant
density based on the upstream density.
( P1 − P ) ⋅ R1
F1 = J 1
MW1

Three Way Valve
( P − P2 ) ⋅ R2
F2 = J 2
MW2
( P − P3 ) ⋅ R3
F3 = J 3
MW3
where:
Fi - Flow through ith flow device (kg-mol/sec)
Cvi - Cv of ith port (Cv)
Pi - Pressure of external pressure node connected to ith port (kPa)
Reverse flow conductance is computed as per the following equation using reverse flow
stream properties.
J r = KJ r ⋅ J
where:
Jr - Reverse flow conductance ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
KJr - Reverse flow conductance factor (fraction)
Malfunctions
The Three-way Valve model supports three different malfunctions, which are divided into two
categories: Analog and Discrete. Analog malfunctions can take on any numerical value between
the high and low limit. Discrete malfunctions have either one or two states.
Analog Malfunctions
Three-way Valve blockage
This malfunction creates a blockage in the Three-way Valve. It results in a decrease in the flow
across each port, as per the following equation . The allowable value range is from 0 to 100%
valve position.
where:
KJBlocki - Blockage factor across PORTi (fraction)

MVBlockage - Mature value of Three-way valve blockage malfunction (fraction)
MVBlock - Mature value of PORTi blockage (fraction)
JMi - Conductance of ith flow device when malfunction is activated ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-
kg/m3))

Three Way Valve
Three-way Valve leakage
This malfunction creates a leakage in the Three-way Valve. It results in an increase of flow
through each port when the opening is small or zero. At higher valve openings, leakage does not
have any effect in flow. Allowable values range is from 0 to 100% of valve position.
where:
JMi - Conductance of ith flow device when malfunction is activated ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-

kg/m3))
MVLeakage - Mature value of Three-way Valve leakage malfunction (fraction)
MAX(A,B) - Maximum of A and B
Discrete Malfunctions
Broken Valve Stem
This malfunction decouples the lift from the stem position. When triggered, flow through the
Three-way Valve will not change with change in position.
Example
Example 1
This example shows a Three–way Valve (TXV1) used as flow diversion valve. TXV1 is
configured with default trim. A mixture of hydrocarbon is fed to SNK2 at 90 kPa through TXV1
at a lift of 30 %. It is desired to divert the flow to SNK1 at 90 kPa by changing the opening
command to 60 %.

Three Way Valve
SOURCE: SRC1
Components are H2, N2, CO, CO2, H2O, H2S, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, NC4, and NC5

Source product stream to the Three-
OProdStream[0] S1
way Valve TXV1
Mb of each
1 kg-mol Boundary composition
component
Spec PVF Boundary condition specification.
VFb 0.5 fraction Boundary vapor fraction
THREE WAY VALVE: TXV1

OPort1Stream S1 Feed stream from Source SRC1
Product stream from PORT2 of the
OPort2Stream S2 Three-way Valve TXV1 to Sink
SNK2
OPort3Stream S3 Three-way Valve TXV1 to Sink
SNK1
Op 0.3 fraction Open command
SINK: SNK2

Sink feed stream from PORT2 of
OFeedStream[0] S2
Three-way Valve TXV1
SINK: SNK3

Sink feed stream from PORT3 of
OFeedStream[0] S3
Three-way valve TXV1
Example 2
In this example, the Three-way Valve (TXV1) is configured with a customized trim to replicate
the L-type three-way ball valves. The L-valve can connect any pair of ports, but it cannot
connect all of the ports.

Three Way Valve
Position Rotation (degree) LData A1Data A2Data A3Data

( )
st
1 0 0 1 1 0
2nd 90 0.25 1 0 1
3rd 180 0.5 0 0 1
4th 270 0.75 0 1 0
1st 360 1 1 1 0
Three-way valve – 1st and 2nd positions connect a pair of ports – PORT1 and PORT2, PORT2 and
PORT3 and PORT1 and PORT3, respectively. The 3rd and 4th position disconnects all the ports.
These positions are consecutively achieved by rotating the ball of the valve by 90 degree as
indicated in the table by cumulative rotation w.r.t. zero degree. To model it in DYNSIM, it is
converted to Lift (fraction).
The configuration of SRC1, SNK1 and SNK2 is the same as in Example 1.

OPort2Stream S2
Three-way Valve to Sink SNK2
OPort3Stream S3
Three-way Valve to Sink SNK1

Three Way Valve
Example 3
In this example, the Three-way Valve (TXV1) is used as mixing valve. It is configured with a
customized trim to replicate the T-type three-way ball valves. A T-valve can connect any pair of
ports, or all three ports as explained in the table below.
Position Rotation (degree) LData A1Data A2Data A3Data

( )
st
1 0 0 1 1 0
2nd 90 0.25 0 1 1
3rd 180 0.5 1 0 1
4th 270 0.75 1 1 1
1st 360 1 1 1 0
Three-way Valve – 1st, 2nd and 4th positions connect a pair of ports – PORT1 and PORT2, PORT2
and PORT3 and PORT1 and PORT3, respectively. The 3rd position connects all of the ports.
These positions are consecutively achieved by rotating the ball of the valve by 90 degree as
indicated in the table by cumulative rotation w.r.t. zero degree. To model it in DYNSIM it is
converted to Lift (fraction).

Three Way Valve
SOURCE: SRC1

Source product stream to the Three-
OProdStream[0] S1
way Valve TXV1
Mb of each
1 kg-mol Boundary composition
component
Spec PT Boundary condition specification.
VFb 298 K Boundary temperature

OPort2Stream S2
Three-way Valve to Source SRC2
OPort3Stream S3
Three-way Valve to Source SRC3
SOURCE: SRC2

Feed stream from PORT3 of the
OProdStream[0] S3
Mb of each 1, 1, 1, 1,1, 1,
kg-mol Boundary composition
component 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
SOURCE: SRC3

Feed stream from PORT2 of the
OFeedStream[0] S2
Mb of each 1, 1, 1, 1,1, 1,
kg-mol Boundary composition
component 1, 1, 1, 1, 1

Three Way Valve

Basic Tab
Cv of feed PORT1, Cv of product PORT2 and Cv of product PORT3 correspond to parameters

Cv1, Cv2 and Cv3 respectively.
The Reverse flow factor corresponds to the KJr parameter. If no reverse flow is desired, then
set this value to 0, otherwise leave it at the default value of 1.
Time for full travel corresponds to TimeFullTravel parameter. It is time taken for Three-way
Valve position to travel from 0 % to 100 % or vice-versa

Three Way Valve
Trim Tab
The Trim Data option refers to the parameter TrimDataOption. You may use the default data
or customize the trim by defining data.
In the table of Trim Data – Lift, PORT1 Area Fraction, PORT2 Area Fraction and PORT3
Area Fraction correspond to parameters LData, A1Data, A2Data and A3Data, respectively.

Three Way Valve
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
parameter, Local thermo options to the LocalThermoOption parameter, and Local flash
options to the LocalFlashOption.
Phase Options
Internal phases corresponds to the InternalPhases parameter. Use this to specify the kind of
flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo.

Three Way Valve
Notes Tab

Three Way Valve
Parameter Table
Basic

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Cv of PORT1
Cv1 KD 100 Yes Cv
Cv provided by valve manufacturer.
Cv of PORT2
Cv2 KD 100 Yes Cv
Cv of PORT3
Cv3 KD 100 Yes Cv
Elevation
E Elevation relative to other pressure nodes in the KD 0 No m
simulation.
Blockage factor of PORT1
This factor represents blockage of PORT1. This is used
KJBlock1 DD 1 Yes fraction
in calculation only when blockage malfunction is
activated.
KJBlock2 This factor represents blockage of PORT2. This is used
DD 1 Yes fraction
activated.
KJBlock3 This factor represents blockage of PORT3. This is used
DD 1 Yes fraction
activated.
Leak factor
KJLEAK This factor represents the fraction of the leak flow KD 0 Yes fraction
through each port.
This factor represents the fraction of the forward flow
KJR conductance available for reverse flow. A value of zero KD 1 Yes fraction
will make the conductance device act like a check valve.
It is applied to each port.
Time for full travel
TimeFullTravel KD 30 Yes sec
Time from full closed to full open or vice-versa.
Trim data option
If Default is selected then the built-in data will be used
TrimDataOption KB 0 No
to calculate area fraction of each port at specific
position.
External Inputs

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Op Open command SD 0 Yes fraction

Three Way Valve
Open command is the input signal for the model.

When Open command is equal to one, the Lift will
start increasing and Area fraction of ports will change
as per customized trim.
Advanced

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Over travel @ 0% position
Ks0s KD 0.001 No
Closed position travel limit = 0.0 - Ks0s.
Ks1s KD 0.001 No
Open position travel limit = 1.0 + Ks0s.
Calculated Values

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Normalized area of PORT1
A1 Normalized area calculated from valve lift L and custom DD 0 No fraction
trim
trim
trim
Flow Conductance of PORT1
(kg/sec)/
Flow conductance defined by the equation W = J * sqrt
J1 DD 0 No sqrt(kPa-
(∆P * R) where W is mass flow, ∆P is pressure drop, and
m3)
R is mass density in internal units.
(kg/sec)/
m3)
(kg/sec)/
m3)
Three way valve lift
L DD 0 No fraction
Lift is equal to POS.
Mature value of PORT1 blockage
MVBlock1 This factor represents the blockage of PORT1. This is DD 0 No fraction
updated only when Blockage Malfunction is activated.
Mature value of Port 2 blockage

Three Way Valve
Mature value of PORT3 blockage

Three way valve stem position
POS This corresponds to the measured stem position and SD 0 No fraction
should be used for control cross referencing
Derivatives

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Three way valve stem position derivative
dPos Derivative of Valve position. A positive value indicates DD 0 No fraction/sec
that the Valve is opening.
Trim

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
A1ADJDATA Adjusted data for PORT1 area fraction
The user entered A1DATA is adjusted to ensure fraction
monotonicity of the curve. The terminal points are also DD 0 No LData
added if not entered by the user. This is the curve data
used for finding the operating point
A1DATA User-defined data of PORT1 area fraction
A1Data is specified by the user. LData vs AreaFraction fraction
KD 0 Yes 0
is used to find out the area fraction at each port at
particular position.
monotonicity of the curve. The terminal points are also DD 0 No LData
DD 0 Yes 0
monotonicity of the curve. The terminal points are also KD 0 No LData
KD 0 Yes 0
LADJDATA Lift adjusted data fraction
KD 0 No LData
The user entered LData is adjusted to ensure

Three Way Valve
monotonicity of the curve. The terminal points are also

LDATA Lift data fraction
LData is specified by the user. LData vs AreaFraction
KD 0 Yes 0
Topology

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Stream connected to PORT1
OPort1Stream STREAM
Stream connected to PORT1.
OPort2Stream STREAM
OPort3Stream STREAM
Legend:
Arr Siz A value here indicates the size of the array. No value indicates that the parameter is
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Transmitter
Transmitter
Introduction
Transmitter can be used to model a variety of instrumentation devices. It includes the following
configuration options:
1. Generic transmitter represents a measurement device in the field that displays the actual
value and the normalized output of the measured variable bounded by a minimum and
maximum range. The Transmitter model is built with a feature to emulate various types of
malfunctions normally encountered in such devices (activated by the user). Generic
transmitter may also be used to simulate the sample and hold functionality of an analyzer
or to model a process dead time.
2. Temperature element that includes the effect of thermocouple lag.
3. Flow element that can turn a simulated flow to an “uncompensated” pressure drop
measurement. This pressure drop will be the input to the flow calculation block of the
DCS.
4. Differential pressure transmitter.
5. Pressure transmitter that gives a place to specify pressure tap elevation.

Transmitter
Fundamentals
Generic Transmitter/Analyzer
Generic transmitters can be used for cases where an instructor may want to introduce either a first
order lag, dead time, scale output to a fraction, or introduce malfunctions. The Transmitter output
calculations are performed as shown below.
OldMV = MV (4)
MV (1) = K _ in ⋅ In +B _ in
MV (2) = AnalyzerDeadTime( MV (1), Sample, Hold )
d MV (2) − MVLag
MVLag =
dt Tau
MV (4) = LIMV ( MVlag , Lo _ MV , Hi _ MV )
d MV (4) − MVDrift
MVDrift = malfunction _ flag * fail _ mvdrift _ flag *
dt TauDrift
MV (6) = MVstiction
ifMV (4) > MVstiction,
MV (6) = MV (4)
MV (5) = (1 − malfunction _ flag ) * MV (4) +
 fail _ pv _ flag * failMV 
 fail _ max_ flag * Hi _ MV 
 
 fail _ min_ flag * Lo _ MV 
 
malfunction _ flag *  fail _ static _ flag * oldMV +
 fail _ pvbias _ flag * (bias + MV (4)) 
 
 fail _ pvdrift _ flag * MVDrift 
 fail _ pvnoise _ flag * MV (4) + randomnumber (magnitude)
 
malfunction _ flag * { fail _ pvstiction _ flag * MV (6)}
MV (5) − Lo _ MV
Out =
Hi _ MV − Lo _ MV

Transmitter
where:
In - Input
parameter reference
Hi_MV - High limit on input (DYNSIM internal units)
Lo_MV - Low limit on input (DYNSIM internal units)
Sample - Analyzer sample time or process dead time (sec)
Hold - Analyzer hold time (sec)
Tau - Transmitter time constant (sec)
MVDrift - Value to which the transmitter will drift (DYNSIM
internal units)
TauDrift - Drift time constant (sec)
MV - Transmitter process variable
output (DYNSIM internal units)
MVstiction - Stiction value for the transmitter (DYNSIM internal units)
Out - Normalized transmitter output
(fraction)
There is only one measured variable (MV). The MV indexing in the equations above are only
used to indicate the relative order of calculation. Each calculation in this sequence is optional. If
parameters are not included, then the calculation will not be performed.
A transmitter has two outputs:

• Display MV (in engineering units.)
 If Actual PV > Hi_MV; display MV = Hi_MV
 If Actual PV < Lo_MV; display MV = Lo_MV
 Displays the calculated MV if there is an active malfunction.
• Normalized output, Out (fraction).
If Out is used, please set the connected PID UOM to “fraction” since Out is not a
dimensional parameter.
• If Lo_MV and Hi_MV are not specified then input limiting and Out calculation will not
occur. The MV from the gain and bias calculation will be passed to the analyzer.
• If Sample and Hold are not specified, analyzer calculations will not be performed. The
MV from the MV limit calculation will be passed to the first order lag.
• If TauDrift is not specified, first order drift calculations will not be performed. The MV
from first order lag calculations will be passed to the Out calculation.
• If Tau is not specified, first order lag calculations will not be performed. The MV from
analyzer calculation will be passed to the Out calculation.
Typically, analyzers are not considered as transmitters. However, analyzer functionality is

provided in the DYNSIM Transmitter model that allows the user to simulate an analyzer and
process dead time as well. To model a dead time, specify the sample as the desired dead time, and
specify the hold as zero. To model discrete analyzer, switch discrete analyzer mode to 1, specify
the desired hold time and specify dead time and time constant as zero.

Transmitter
Temperature Element
A temperature transmitter, models a typical thermocouple with a first order lag. With the
following form of equation, it heats up fast but cools down slowly.
W exp
d  W  In − Out In − Out Tamb − Out
MV (3) =   ⋅ + +
dt W  Tau ZTau ATau
 ref 
where:
In - Input parameter reference to temperature (K)
MV - Transmitter output (K)
W - Fluid mass flow rate (kg/sec)
Wref - Reference mass flow rate (kg/sec)
Wexp - Mass flow exponent
Tau - Thermocouple time constant with flow (sec)
ZTau - Thermocouple time constant with no flow with respect to process
temperature (sec)
ATau - Thermocouple time constant with no flow with respect to ambient (sec)
Flow (DP) Element
A flow transmitter is used to “uncompensate” an actual simulated flow to provide a differential

pressure measurement to a simulated DCS.
2
 In   Rmass ref 
MV (0) = DPref ⋅    
W   R 
 ref   mass 
where:
In - Input parameter reference to mass flow
(kg/sec)
Wref - Reference mass flow rate (kg/sec)
Rmass - Fluid mass density (kg/m3)
Rmassref - Reference mass density (kg/m3)
DPref - Reference pressure drop (kPa)
MV - Transmitter output (kPa)
Pressure Transmitter
A pressure transmitter provides a way of specifying the exact elevation of a pressure tap. This is
useful when connecting pressure measurements to streams, which do not include an elevation.
Streams connect equipment models and may have a starting and ending elevation. Pressure
transmitters are typically not required for pressure nodes since they include a pressure elevation
and perform their own static head calculations. The pressure transmitter provides a way of
specifying the exact elevation of the pressure tap.

Transmitter
MV (0) = In + Rmass ⋅ G ⋅ ( E obj − E ) ⋅ 10 −3

where:
In - Input parameter reference to Pressure -
specified by stream or other model object (kPa)
Rmass - Fluid mass density (kg/m3)
G - Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
E - Absolute transmitter elevation (m)
Eobj - Stream or other model object elevation (m)
Differential Pressure Transmitter
A differential pressure transmitter provides a way of specifying a differential pressure without

using control blocks or equations. It also provides a way to specify the elevation of the pressure
taps.
[ ] [
MV (0) = In + Rmass ⋅ G ⋅ ( E obj − E ) ⋅ 10 −3 − In2 + Rmass 2 ⋅ G ⋅ ( E obj 2 − E 2 ) ⋅ 10 −3 ]
where:
In - Input parameter reference to first
pressure tap (kPa)
In2 - Input parameter reference to second pressure
tap (kPa)
Rmass - First pressure tap fluid mass density (kg/m3)
Rmass2 - Second pressure tap fluid mass density (kg/m3)
G - Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
E - First pressure tap absolute elevation
(m)
Eobj - First stream or other model object elevation (m)
E2 - Second pressure tap absolute elevation (m)
Eobj2 - Second stream or other model object elevation (m)

Transmitter
Malfunctions
All transmitters will be configured to have the following malfunctions:
• Fail to Value - MV fails to a specified value
• Fail in place (Stick) - MV stops changing
• Fail to Maximum - MV fails to Hi_MV
• Fail to Minimum - MV fails to Lo_MV
• Bias Output - MV is biased by a value
• Stiction (Sticky + Friction) - Stiction is a minimum value (number within the Lo_MV
and Hi_MV) that is required for the transmitter to respond to changes. The term is usually
observed and used for valves. For example, a temperature transmitter with a range of 50
to 4000C might not show any changes in the value from 50 to 1000C and then behave
normally above 1000C.
• Drift - This is similar to the Fail to Value. However, this failure occurs over a period of
time.
• Noise - The MV is biased by random noise. The magnitude of the noise may be selected.
Malfunction uses selected Plant UOM and Time UOM.
Alarms
You can set Low Low, Low, High and High High alarm limits to the transmitter. To enter Low
Low and High High alarm limit values, select Enable LL limit and Enable HH limit check
boxes on the Alarms tab of the Data Entry Window (DEW). Enter alarm limit values to ensure
that:
• L_ALM < H_ALM

• LL_ALM < L_ALM
• H_ALM < HH_ALM
• L_ALM > LO_MV
• H_ALM<HI_MV
Where
L_ALM: Low alarm limit for MV

LL_ALM: Low low alarm limit for MV
H_ALM: High alarm limit for MV
HH_ALM: High high alarm limit for MV

Transmitter
If you set L_ALM and H_ALM, it is optional to enter values for LL_ALM and HH_ALM.
However, if you set LL_ALM and HH_ALM, it is mandatory to enter the values for L_ALM and
H_ALM.
Ensure that all the alarm limits you set are between LO_MV and HI_MV values.
Alarms are indicated with four flags:

• L_ALM _FLAG: Alarm for MV below L_ALM
• LL_ ALM_FLAG: Alarm for MV below LL_ALM
• H_ ALM_FLAG: Alarm for MV above H_ALM
• HH_ ALM_FLAG: Alarm for MV above HH_ALM
The Alarm flags turn ON or OFF based on the following conditions:

• When the value of Process variable (MV) in transmitter is below L_ALM but above
LL_ALM, the L_ALM_FLAG will be ON.
• When the value of Process variable (MV) in transmitter is below LL_ALM, the
L_ALM_FLAG and LL_ALM_FLAG will be ON.
• When the value of Process variable (MV) in transmitter is above H_ALM but below
HH_ALM, the H_ ALM_FLAG will be ON.
• When the value of Process variable (MV) in transmitter is above HH_ALM, the H_
ALM_FLAG and HH_ ALM_FLAG will be ON.
Alarms reset is based on the percentage of tolerance specified in the Reset Tolerance
parameter and the controller span (Hi_MV – Lo_MV). For example, if you have
specified 400 K as the LL_ALM limit and 1% as the Reset Tolerance value for a
controller span of 0-500K, the LL_ALM_FLAG will stay True even if the MV goes 5K
above or below 400K. Therefore, the alarm will not be reset as long as the MV remains
below 405K.

Transmitter
Example
The following is a typical flow transmitter. It is not necessary to provide an uncompensated

differential pressure (dp) value, so the flow (dp) element is not required. Use the generic
transmitter. The output (MV) from the transmitter goes to the flow controller FC101.
Transmitter: TR1
Parameter Assignment Unit Description
TransUOM VolRate
In S1.Q m3/hr
Hi_MV 200 m3/hr
Lo_MV 0 m3/hr

Transmitter
Configuration Tab
The Configuration Tab is used for selecting the Transmitter type and input UOM for the Generic
Transmitter.

Transmitter
Basic Tab
The Data Entry Window below is for the Generic configuration. The DEW differs based on the
configuration selected.
Generic
Sample or dead time corresponds to the Sample parameter. This parameter should be initialized
to include a dead time in the Transmitter output calculations.
Hold time corresponds to the Hold parameter. A default of zero indicates that values are updated
continuously. Leave hold as zero to model a process dead time. Specify the appropriate Hold time
for an analyzer.
Time constant corresponds to the Tau parameter. This parameter should be initialized to include
a first order lag in the Transmitter output calculations.

Transmitter
Temperature
Reference mass flow rate corresponds to the WRef parameter. It is used to normalize the actual
mass flow. A default value of 5E06 kg/sec is used.
Mass flow exponent corresponds to the WExp parameter. It is used to calculate the temperature
rate of change as a function of mass flow. A default value of 0.3 is used.
Flow time constant corresponds to the Tau parameter. A default value of 30 sec is used.
Zero flow time constant corresponds to the ZTau parameter. A default value of 1800 sec is used.
Zero flow time constant to ambient corresponds to the ATau parameter. A default value of 300
sec is used.
Pressure
Absolute elevation corresponds to the E parameter.
Differential Pressure
Elevation of primary tap corresponds to the E parameter.
Elevation of secondary tap corresponds to the E2 parameter.
Flow Element
Reference mass flow rate corresponds to the WRef parameter.
Reference mass density corresponds to the RMassRef parameter.
Reference flow device pressure drop corresponds to the DPRef parameter.

Transmitter
Alarms Tab
The Alarm Tab is used to specify the alarm limit values.

The DEW differs based on the configuration selected. The following DEW is for the Generic
Configuration.
High alarm limit corresponds to H_ALM parameter.

Enable HH limit corresponds to HH_ENABLE_FLAG parameter.
High high alarm limit corresponds to HH_ALM parameter.
Low alarm limit corresponds to L_ALM parameter.
Enable LL limit corresponds to LL_ENABLE_FLAG parameter.
Low low alarm limit corresponds to LL_ALM parameter.
Reset tolerance corresponds to Reset_Tol parameter.
External Inputs Tab

Transmitter
The External Inputs Tab is used for specifying process variable parameter reference. The Data
Entry Window below is for the Generic configuration. The DEW differs based on the
configuration selected.
Generic
Input parameter reference corresponds to the In parameter. The input (process variable reference)
is specified here.
Input gain corresponds to the K_In parameter. The default value can be left in place if a gain on
the input value is not required.
Input bias corresponds to the B_In parameter. The default value can be left in place if a bias on
the input value is not required.
Output high limit corresponds to Hi_MV parameter.
Output low limit corresponds to Lo_MV parameter.

Temperature
Temperature parameter reference corresponds to the In parameter. The input (process variable
reference) is specified here.
Mass flow parameter reference corresponds to the W parameter.

Transmitter
Flow Element
Mass flow parameter reference corresponds to the In parameter. The input (process variable
Mass density parameter reference corresponds to the RMass parameter.
Pressure
Pressure parameter reference corresponds to the In parameter. The input (process variable
Mass density parameter reference corresponds to the RMass parameter.
Connecting object elevation reference corresponds to EObj parameter.
Differential Pressure
Pressure parameter reference for first tap corresponds to the In parameter. The input (process
variable reference) is specified here.
Mass density parameter reference for first tap corresponds to the RMass parameter.
Connecting object elevation reference for first tap corresponds to EObj parameter.
Pressure parameter reference for second tap corresponds to the In2 parameter.
Mass density parameter reference for second tap corresponds to the RMass2 parameter.
Connecting object elevation reference for second tap corresponds to EObj2 parameter.

Transmitter
Xref Output UOM
Plant UOM corresponds to the PlantUOM parameter. The user can specify the UOM for
Transmitter output (MVPlant).
Time UOM corresponds to the TimeUOM parameter. This parameter is used only with Mass
Rate, Moler Rate, Volume Rate and Vapor, and Volume Rate Generic transmitters.

Transmitter
Malfunction UOM
Malfunction UOM corresponds to the MalfUOM parameter. Malfunction UOM is exclusively

used for calculating and displaying values other than the global UOM in Malfunction window.
Malfunction UOM is used only if PlantUOM is set to Default.
By specifying the Malfunction UOM, it changes the values to the corresponding UOM only for
Mature Value, Low Limit, and High Limit in Malfunction window.

Transmitter
Notes Tab

Transmitter
Parameter Table
Basic
Name Description Dft Dft Eq Arr UOM
Cls Val OK Size
TransUOM Input UOM.
Used for UOM display
purpose only.
TransType Transmitter type. 0
0 - GENERIC
1 - TEMPERATURE
2 - FLOW(DP)ELEMENT
3 - PRESSURE
4 - DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
Hi_MV Output high limit KD Yes TransUOM
Limits the high value of
output. If not initialized
range will not be used.
Lo_MV Output low limit KD Yes TransUOM
Limits the low value of
output. If not initialized
range will not be used. .
POWERUOM Power UOM Flag KI 0
FLAG Set to 1 when using Power
Library models.
Set to 0 when using
DYNSIM Base equipment
models.
DISCRETEFL Discrete sampling mode KI 0 No
AG (Analyzer)
Alarms
Cls Val OK Size
L_Alm Low alarm limit for KD 0 Yes TransU
measurement value OM
This is low alarm
limit for MV specified
by the user. If MV
value goes below this
limit, low alarm
indicator will be ON.
LL_Alm Low low alarm limit KD 0 Yes TransU
for measurement OM
value
This is low low alarm

Transmitter
by the user. This

value should be less
than L_ALM. If MV
value goes below this
limit, low low alarm
H_Alm High alarm limit for KD 0 Yes TransU

measurement value OM
This is high alarm
by the user. If MV
value goes beyond
this limit, high alarm
HH_Alm High high alarm limit KD 0 Yes TransU
for measurement OM
value
This is high high
alarm limit for MV
specified by the user.
This value should be
greater than H_ALM.
If MV value goes
beyond this limit,
high alarm indicator
will be ON.
LL_Enable_Flag Flag to enable KI 0 No
LL_ALM
Enables LL_ALM to
be specified by the
user. If LL_ALM is
specified, it is
mandatory to specify
the corresponding
L_ALM limit.
HH_Enable_Flag Flag to enable KI 0 No
HH_ALM
Enables HH_ALM to
be specified by the
user. If HH_ALM is
specified, it is
mandatory to specify
the corresponding
H_ALM limit.
Reset_Tol Reset tolerance for KD 0.01 Yes fraction

Transmitter
alarms
It is used to reset the
alarm as per the
percentage of
tolerance given by
the user.
L_Alm_Flag Low alarm indicator DI 0 No
If MV value goes
below L_ALM or
LL_ALM, this flag
will be ON.
LL_Alm_Flag Low alarm indicator DI 0 No
If MV value goes
below LL_ALM, this
flag will be ON.
H_Alm_Flag High alarm indicator DI 0 No
If MV value goes
beyond H_ALM or
HH_ALM, this flag
will be ON.
HH_Alm_Flag High high alarm DI 0 No
indicator
If MV value goes
beyond HH_ALM,
this flag will be ON.
Derivatives
Cls Val OK Size
dMVDrift Measurement drift DD 0 No TransUOM /sec
derivative
dMVLag Measurement lag derivative DD 0 No TransUOM /sec
Differential Pressure Transmitter

Name Description Dft Dft Eqt Arr UOM
Cls Val OK Size
In2 Second pressure tap parameter DD No kPa
reference
RMass2 Second stream or model object KD No kg/m3
fluid density
E2 Second pressure tap elevation KD
m
EObj2 Second Stream or other model KD No m
object elevation

Transmitter
Dynamics
Cls Val OK Size
Sample Analyzer sample or dead time KD No sec
Default is zero dead time
Hold Analyzer hold time. KD 0 No sec
The value will be held for this time.
Specify zero for modeling a dead
time.
Tau First order lag time constant KD Yes sec
If not initialized, first order lag will
not be applied.
Flow DP Element
Cls Val OK Size
DPRef Reference pressure drop KD No kPa
RMassRef Reference mass density KD No kg/m3
RMass Fluid mass density KD No kg/m3
Flows
Cls Val OK Size
W Mass flow DD 0 Yes kg/sec
Mass flow across the temperature
element. It is used to scale rate of
temperature change by (W/Wref) ^
wexp for temperature element.
Wref Reference mass flow KD 5E6 Yes kg/sec
Reference mass flow is used to
normalize actual mass flow.
Wexp Mass flow exponent. KD 0.3 Yes
Mass flow exponent used to
calculate rate of change of
temperature as a function of mass
flow.

Transmitter
Inputs
Cls Val OK Size
B_In Process variable Bias. KD 0 Yes TransUOM
Bias for process variable.
Gain and biaswill be
applied to the process
variable before
measurement lag is
calculated.
In Process variable DD 0 Yes TransUOM
Process variable parameter
reference.
K_In Process variable gain KD 1 Yes
Gain and bias will be
applied to the process
variable before
measurement lag
calculations are performed.
Outputs
Cls Val OK Size
Out Normalized output. DD 0 No fraction
Normalized measured
variable between the
range defined by Hi_MV
and Lo_MV.
MV Measured variable DD 0 No TransUOM
Final output of
transmitter in
engineering units.
MVPlant Process variable DD 0 No PlantUOM
measurement
Transmitter Output in
user specified
(PlantUOM) units.
PlantUOM Plant output UOM Default No
The UOM for MVPlant is
specified using
PlantUOM. UOM list is
generated for a selected
Transmitter type.For
example, a Temperature
transmitter has the
following PlantUOM list:
0 - Default
1-K
2-C
3-R

Transmitter
4-F
TimeUOM Time UOM sec No
TimeUOM is used for
specifying Time units for
Transmitter with
MOLERATE, MASSRATE
and VOLUMERATE
UOM type.
The options are:
0 - sec,
1 - min,
2 - hr,
3 - day,
4 - wk,
5 - mon,
6 - yr
MalfUOM Malfunction UOM Default No
MalfUOM is used for
changing values only for
MatureValue,Low
limit,and High limit.
UOM list is
generated for a selected
Transmitter type.For
example, a Temperature
transmitter has the
following MalfUOM list:
0 - Default
1-K
2-C
3-R
4-F
Pressure Transmitter
Cls Val OK Size
RMass Fluid mass density KD No kg/m3
E Absolute transmitter elevation KD No m
EObj Stream or other model object KD No m

elevation
Temperature Transmitter
Cls Val OK Size
Ztau Zero flow time constant KD 1800 Yes sec
Time constant used to calculate
rate of change of fluid
temperature with zero mass flow.
Atau Zero flow time constant to KD 600 Yes sec

Transmitter
ambient
Time constant used to calculate
rate of fluid temperature change
to ambient temperature with zero
mass flow.
Tamb Ambient temperature reference DD TAM Yes K
Normally associated with global BIE
standalone point TAMBIENT. NT

Transmitter
Advanced
Cls Val OK Size
MVLag Measurement lag SD 0 No TransUOM
MVDrift Measurement drift SD 0 No TransUOM
Legend:
not a vector.

Transmitter
FAQ
Q. How do I use Plant UOM and Time UOM?
A. Plant UOM and Time UOM are used to get the transmitter output in user specified units. The
malfunction and face plate of the PID controller connected to this transmitter will display the
Plant UOM and Time UOM irrespective of the global UOM. The controller connected to
transmitter should be of type “Other”.
Q. What is the difference between Plant UOM and Malfunction UOM?
A. If Plant UOM is selected, then the transmitter failure mode values i.e., Mature value, High
limit, and Low limit are displayed in Plant UOM. If the user requires to configure the malfunction
in a specific UOM, then it should be specified in “Malfunction UOM” tab. To configure a
Malfunction UOM, the Plant UOM should be set to “default”.
Q. How to configure time UOM for Malfunction UOM?
A. For rate transmitter like Volume Rate, Mole Rate, and Mass Rate, the Time UOM has to be set
in “Xref Output UOM” tab in DEW. This Time UOM will be used for configuring the
Malfunction UOM.

Utility Exchanger
Utility Exchanger
Introduction
Utility Exchanger is a heat exchanger in which a simple utility fluid passes through one of the
sides and a process streams on the other side. It can be configured as countercurrent or cocurrent.
Utility exchanger can model submerged tubes in a kettle reboiler where a Drum or Separator
models the shell side.
The two sides of Utility Exchanger are the Process side and the Utility side. The Process side is a
flow device and is the same model (HeatSide) that is used by the Shell and Tube sides of the Heat
Exchanger model. The Utility side is not a flow device and has no stream connections.
Like Heat Exchanger, Utility Exchanger uses the LMTD approach to calculate temperature.
The user can configure the Utility side with different utility options like Water, Air, Other Fluids,
Constant temperature and Heat Stream. Please refer to the Heat Exchanger model
documentation for details on the Process side.
For Water, Air, and Other Fluids there are four nodes in the Utility Exchanger with each side
containing two nodes (inlet and exit nodes). For Constant Temperature and Heat Stream, there is
only one side modeled, and the other side is assumed to be at a constant temperature. For Heat
Stream, the constant temperature can be provided by a Drum or Separator model to simulate
submerged tubes.
Utility Exchanger options for Water and Other Fluids allow the utility flow to be modeled with a
graphical valve.
Utility Exchanger can model a fin fan air cooler that includes fans and louvers. It is also possible
to model temperature-driven natural convection in an air cooler.
Bypass flow around the process side can be modeled. A graphical valve must be used to control
the bypass flow.

Utility Exchanger
Fundamentals
Utility Options
There are five different options with which the user can configure the Utility side. They are
Water, Air, Other Fluids, Constant metal temperature and Heat Stream.
Water
The Water option is used to simulate heat exchangers with water on one side. The user has to
specify the utility fluid inlet temperature, fluid flow rate, metal mass, mass of fluid holdup and
the heat transfer coefficients. The fluid specific heat is hard-coded at 4.18 kJ/kg-K.
Air
This option is used to simulate air coolers. The configuration is similar to the Water option.
However the air flow is limited by the fraction of fans operating. Additionally, there is also air
flow due to temperature driven natural circulation. Even if no fans are operating, there may be air
flow due to natural circulation. The fluid holdup mass is considered to be negligible and need not
be specified. The fluid specific heat is hard-coded at 1.0 kJ/kg-K.
Other Fluids
This option is used to simulate heat exchangers with other fluids on utility side. The
configuration is similar to the Water option. The user has to specify the specific heat for the
fluid.
Constant metal temperature
The constant metal temperature option is used when there is no appreciable change in the utility
side temperature. Both the nodes in the Utility side will be maintained at the user-specified
constant temperature.
This option does not take into account the heat transfer coefficient and fouling resistance on the
utility side.
Heat Stream
The Heat Stream option is used to simulate special cases like cooling/heating coils inside vessels.
The Utility Exchanger must be connected, using a HeatStream, with another model like Drum,
Header or Separator. The liquid and vapor heat transfer coefficients are the user inputs to the
Utility side. The other model sets the temperature in the heat stream. The nodes in the Utility
Exchanger are maintained at this temperature. The Utility Exchanger computes the heat duty Q
and sets it in the heat stream, which is then used by the other model’s energy balance.

Utility Exchanger
Flow Calculations
Process Side
The flow calculations in the Process side are same as those for the Shell and Tube sides in the
Heat Exchanger model. Please refer to the Heat Exchanger Model documentation.
Utility Side
The utility fluid flow rate is calculated if the utility option is Water, Air or Other Fluids. It is not
calculated if the utility option is Heat stream. The fluid flow rate is used in the energy balance
equations and in the calculation of the heat transfer coefficients.
When the utility option is Water or Others Fluids, the flow is calculated as follows:
W = Pos ⋅ Wmax
where:
Wmax - Maximum utility fluid flow rate (kg/sec)
Pos - Utility fluid flow command (fraction)
W - Utility mass flow rate (kg/sec)
When the utility option is Air, the flow is calculated as follows:
Wnc = J nc ⋅ (TPr ocess ,i − TUtility ,i )

W = Pos ⋅ MAX (Wnc , Fans ⋅ Wmax )
where:
Fans - Fraction of fans operating (fraction)
Jnc - Temperature-driven air flow conductance (kg/sec-K)
Pos - Utility fluid flow louver position command (fraction)
TProcess, i - Process side inlet node temperature (K)
TUility, i - Utility side inlet node temperature (K)
W - Utility fluid flow rate (kg/sec )
Wmax - Maximum utility fluid flow rate (kg/sec)
Wnc - Temperature-driven air flow rate (kg/sec)
The user has to specify the maximum utility fluid flow rate (Wmax) and adjust the utility fluid flow
command to obtain the desired flow (Pos). If the utility option is Air, the fluid flow rate is also
limited by the fraction of the fans operating.

Utility Exchanger
Holdup Calculations
The process side mass and energy holdup calculations are the same as those for the Shell and tube
sides in the Heat Exchanger model. Please refer to the Heat Exchanger model documentation.
PROCESS
Bypass
Inlet Exit
stream Inlet Exit stream
node node
Ambient heat loss Ambient heat loss
Heat transfer (LMTD & Natural Convection)
Ambient heat loss Ambient heat loss

Exit Inlet
node Utility fluid flow node
UTILITY
Schematic of Utility Exchanger model
Energy Balance
Since temperature is the only state option, the energy balances are written in terms of temperature
derivatives. The metal mass is lumped with the fluid mass for the energy calculations. The metal
and the fluid are therefore, always at the same temperature.
If utility option is Water, Air or Other Fluids,
d
dt
Ti =
Mf
1
MM
[W ⋅ Cp f ⋅ (Tin − Tx ) − Qni + Qli − Qi ]
⋅ Cp f + ⋅ Cp m
2 2
d
dt
Tx =
Mf
1
MM
[W ⋅ Cp f ⋅ (Ti − Tx ) − Qx − Qnx + Qlx ]
⋅ Cp f + ⋅ Cp m
2 2
where:
Cpf - Fluid specific heat capacity (kJ/kg/K)
Cpm - Metal specific heat capacity (kJ/kg/K)
Mm - Metal mass of the side (kg)
Mf - Utility fluid mass in the side (kg)

Utility Exchanger
Ti - Inlet node temperature (K)

Tx - Exit node temperature (K)
Tin - Utility inlet temperature (K)
Qli - Ambient heat loss from inlet node (kJ/sec)
Qi - Inlet node LMTD duty (kJ/sec)
Qlx - Ambient heat loss from exit node (kJ/sec)
Qni - Inlet node natural convection duty (kJ/sec)
Qnx - Exit node natural convection duty (kJ/sec)
Qx – Exit node LMTD duty (kJ/sec)
W - Utility fluid flow rate (kg/sec)
Please refer to the section on Heat Transfer for details on the calculation of the heat transfer
duties. Note that the LMTD duty is applied only to the exit node, while the natural convection
duty and ambient heat loss are applied to both the inlet and exit nodes.
Countercurrent / Cocurrent Configurations
The default configuration is countercurrent. Set the CoCurrentFlag to ON if cocurrent

configuration is desired. The LMTD calculations are impacted by the configuration.
Heat Transfer
The Utility Exchanger heat transfer calculations are identical to the Heat Exchanger model.
Please review the Heat Exchanger model documentation.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Please refer to Heat Exchanger documentation for process side overall heat transfer coefficient
calculations.
When the utility option is “Water” or “Others,” the utility side heat transfer coefficient is
calculated as follows:
hExp ,Utility
 WUtility 
hUtility = href ,Utility ⋅ 
W 
 ref ,Utility 
When the utility option is “Heat stream,” the utility side heat transfer coefficient is calculated as
follows
hUtility = AreaFrac ⋅ hLiq + (1 − AreaFrac) ⋅ hVap
The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated as follows
processFoul Re sis tan ce = Foul Re s Pr ocess .FoulFactorPr ocess
1
U=
FoulResUtility + FoulResProcess + (1 / hUtility ) + (1 / h Process )

Utility Exchanger
where:
AreaFrac - Fraction of heat transfer area in the Utility side that is covered by liquid phase
(from HeatStream)
processFoulResistance - Process side calculated Fouling resistance (m2-K/kW)
FoulFactorProcess – Process side Fouling faction
FoulResUtility - Utility side fouling resistance (m2-K/kW)
hExp, Utility - Utility side exponent for heat transfer
coefficient (kW/m2-K)
hLiq - Liquid heat transfer
coefficient from Drum or Separator (kW/m2-K)
hProcess - Process side heat transfer coefficient
(kW/m2-K)
href, Utility - Utility side heat transfer coefficient at
reference flow (kW/m2-K)
hUtility - Utility side heat transfer
coefficient (kW/m2-K)
hVap - Vapor heat transfer
coefficient from Drum or Separator (kW/m2-K)
U -
Overall heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2-K)
Wref, Utility - Utility side mass flow reference for heat
transfer (kg/sec)
WUtility - Utility side mass flow (kg/sec)
If a constant U is desired, the user should set the ConstUFlag to ON and specify a value for U.
The above calculations will be skipped in that case. The malfunction option is not available if
this flag is set TRUE. This option is not recommended, as it could over calculate heat transfer and
possibly be unstable at low flow rates.
A variable WHTLIN is available in Utility Exchangers only for constant heat transfer coefficient.
This controls the low flow transition to no heat transfer. The default value of WHTLIN i.e.,
1 kg/sec may result in reduction in Q from the expected U * A * LMTD result even at normal
operating conditions of industrial scale processes, where the flow rates are less than 1 kg/sec.
Making this value smaller may be required for very small heat exchangers when its value is large
compared to normal design flow. Making this value larger increases the stability of the heat
transfer calculations as the flow approaches zero.
Flash Objects
Please refer to the Heat Exchanger model documentation for the process side flash objects
description. The Utility side has no flash objects associated with it.
Holdup Initialization
Only the process side of the Utility Exchanger is appropriate for holdup initialization. Please
refer to Base Equipment Fundamentals section on Holdup Initialization.
Boundary Conditions

Utility Exchanger
Boundary conditions may be set only for the Process side. Temperature or enthalpy boundary
conditions can be set for the inlet and exit nodes of the Process side. An overall energy balance
on the Utility Exchanger will not be maintained when any of the boundary conditions are set.
The boundary conditions should be used only for tuning and setting-up/debugging the simulation.
Please refer to the Heat Exchanger Model documentation for HeatSide boundary conditions.

Utility Exchanger
Malfunctions
The Utility Exchanger model supports one malfunction, which is fouling malfunction for Process
side.
Process Side Fouling malfunction
The Process side fouling malfunction results in the complete fouling of the Process side. The
malfunction manipulates the value of the parameter Process.FoulFactor. A default mature value
of 1.0 for Process.FoulFactor is used. This value should be set to 1.0 for old simulations.

Utility Exchanger
Example
The following example shows the configuration of an air-cooled condenser. The vapors from a
benzene-toluene distillation column are condensed to 350 K in an air cooler. The vapor stream
from the column is at a temperature of 375 K and a pressure of 150 kPa and has a mole
composition of 95% benzene and 5% toluene.
The vapor stream passes through the Process side of the Utility Exchanger. The Process side
volume and metal mass can be obtained from heat exchanger design specification sheet. The
process side of the Utility Exchanger is sized for 3.3 kg/sec flow and 11.5 kPa pressure drop and
therefore has a conductance of 0.05 (kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3).
Reverse flow is expected when the downstream pressure is more than upstream pressure. The
reverse flow conductance factor is set at 1. No bypass is configured on process side. The bypass
flag is not checked.
It is assumed that air is at a room temperature of 298.15 K. The Utility inlet temperature is set at
this value. The Area of heat transfer is 200 m2 as specified in the equipment datasheet. With all
the fans operating the airflow is expected to be at 400 kg/sec. Maximum airflow is set to this
value.
The mass flow references for heat transfer coefficients calculations are set at the steady state flow
rates of the vapor and air streams (3.33 kg/sec and 254 kg/sec, respectively). The default value is
used for the exponents for heat transfer coefficients. The heat transfer coefficients at the
reference flows for process and utility side are calculated based on heat balance.
Since there is phase change for a fairly narrow boiling range process side fluid, Enthalpy solution
option is used. A temperature PID controller (TC1) is used to manipulate the airflow by
controlling the utility fluid flow command. The process side exit temperature
(E1.PROCESS.TX) is the process variable (TC1.PV) for the temperature PID controller. The
output of the PID controller (TC1.OUT) is given as the input to the utility fluid flow command
(E1.UTILITY.POS) parameter. The Valve XV1 at the downstream of the Utility Exchanger has a
Cv of 50.
SOURCE: SRC1
Source product stream connecting
OProdStream[0] S1 to the Process side of the Utility
Exchanger E1
Mb[BENZENE] 0.95 fraction Boundary composition

Utility Exchanger

Mb[TOLUENE] 0.05 fraction Boundary composition
UTILITY EXCHANGER: E1
Utility Exchanger Process side feed
OFeedStream S1 stream connecting from Source
SRC1
Utility Exchanger Process side
OProdStream S2 product stream connecting to Valve
XV1
Process.Vol 3 m3 Process side volume
(kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-
Process.J 0.05 Process side flow conductance
kg/m3)
Utility.Tin 298.15 K Utility inlet temperature
Temperature PID controller (TC1)
Utility.Pos TC1.OUT fraction output is connected to the utility
fluid flow command parameter
Area 200 m2 Heat transfer area
Process side mass flow reference
Process.Wref 3.3 kg/sec
for heat transfer coefficient
Process side heat transfer
Process.Href 0.233 kW/m2-K
coefficient at reference flow
Utility side mass flow reference for
Utility.Wref 254 kg/sec
heat transfer coefficient
Utility side heat transfer coefficient
Utility.Href 0.233 kW/m2-K
at reference flow
Process.
ENTHALPY Process side state option
StateOption
Utility.Wmax 400 kg/sec Maximum air flow
PID: TC1
Utility Exchanger Process side exit
PV E1.Process.Tx K
node temperature
Set point for temperature PID
SP 350 K
controller
Action PV-SP PID controller action
KP 0.5 PID controller proportional gain
KI 0.5 1/sec PID controller integral gain
VALVE: XV1
Valve feed stream connecting from
OFeedStream S2
Process side of Utility Exchanger E1
Valve product stream connecting to
OProdStream S3
Sink SNK1

Utility Exchanger

Cv 50 Cv Valve Cv
Op 0.6 fraction Valve opening
SINK: SNK1
OFeedStream[0] S3
Valve XV1

Utility Exchanger
Configuration Dialog
Utility option corresponds to the Utility.UtilityOption parameter. By default the Water utility
option will be selected. Select Air option to configure an air cooler. Select Other Fluids to
configure utility side with any other fluid whose specific heat is known. Select constant
temperature option if the utility side temperature is not expected to change significantly. Select
Heat stream option to configure utility coils in Drum, Separator, etc.

Utility Exchanger
Basic Tab
Process Side
Process side metal mass corresponds to the Process.Mm parameter. It can be taken from
mechanical design datasheet for the exchanger. Unrealistically small values can result in
numerical instability.
Process side volume corresponds to the Process.Vol parameter. This value can be obtained from
data specification sheet for the equipment or set based on the desired residence time in the
exchanger. Small values can result in numerical instability. The user should set appropriate
values to model desired temperature dynamics.
Process side flow conductance corresponds to the Process.J parameter. This value can be
calculated from the desired steady state flow and the pressure drop. The user may have to adjust
this value based on trial and error to obtain the desired flow.
Process side reverse flow conductance factor corresponds to the Process.KJr parameter. If no
reverse flow is desired, then set this value to 0, otherwise leave it at default value of 1.

Utility Exchanger
Process side bypass corresponds to the Process.BypassFlag parameter. Check this box to set
bypass for the Process side.
Process side bypass flow conductance corresponds to Process.Jbyp parameter. This is used only
if Process.BypassFlag is checked. This value can be calculated from the desired steady state flow
and the pressure drop. The user may have to adjust this value based on trial and error to obtain
the desired flow.
Process side reverse bypass flow conductance factor corresponds to the Process.KJBypr
parameter. This is used only if Process.BypassFlag is checked. If no reverse bypass flow is
desired, then set this value to 0, otherwise leave it at default value of 1.
Utility Side
The parameters that need to be specified for the utility side will change based on the Utility
Option selected.
Utility side inlet temperature corresponds to the Utility.Tin parameter. The default value is set at
298.15 K. The user should set this value if the Utility option is Water, Air, Other Fluids or
Constant Temperature.
Utility side metal mass corresponds to the Utility.Mm parameter. It can be taken from
mechanical design datasheet for the exchanger. Unrealistically small values can result in
numerical instability. Default value can be used if the data is not available. The user should set
this value if the Utility option is Water, Air or Other Fluids.
Utility side fluid mass corresponds to the Utility.Mf parameter. The user may have to calculate
this value based on the density of the utility fluid and volume of utility side. Small values can
result in numerical instability. The user may have to set this value for desired temperature
dynamics if the Utility option is Water or Other Fluids.
Maximum utility fluid flow rate corresponds to the Utility.W parameter. The user should set this
value to obtain desired heat duty. The user should set this value for all Utility options.
Utility mass specific heat corresponds to the Utility.Cp parameter. The user should set this value
if the Utility option is Other Fluids.
Cocurrent flag
Cocurrent flag corresponds to the CocurrentFlag parameter. Check this flag to set cocurrent
configuration in the heat exchanger. If unchecked, countercurrent configuration will be used.

Utility Exchanger
Heat Transfer Tab
Overall Heat Transfer Parameters
Heat transfer area corresponds to the Area parameter. This value can be obtained from the
exchanger design datasheet. With the default value, the heat transfer will be negligible. The user
should set this value as part of the exchanger configuration.
Constant overall heat transfer coefficient corresponds to ConstUFlag. Check this flag to set
constant overall heat transfer coefficient. Fouling Malfunction is not available when this flag is

Utility Exchanger
checked. If unchecked, overall heat transfer coefficient will be computed based on Process and
Utility side reference mass and heat transfer coefficients.
Overall heat transfer coefficient corresponds to the U parameter. This value can be set only when
the ConstUFlag is checked. Setting this value will not give accurate dynamic behavior with
change in flow rates. It can be used for tuning the model for desired heat duty.
Natural convection heat transfer coefficient corresponds to the Un parameter. It results in all the
four nodes of the exchanger going to the same temperature when there is no flow. Default value
is acceptable in most cases.
Process Side Heat Transfer Parameters
Process side mass flow reference for heat transfer corresponds to the Process.Wref parameter.
This value can be obtained from heat exchanger design datasheet. With the default value, the
heat transfer will be negligible. The user should set this value for accurate overall heat transfer
coefficient calculation. If data is not available, use the steady state mass flow rate.
Process side heat transfer coefficient at reference flow corresponds to the Process.Href
parameter. This value can be calculated based on the desired overall heat transfer coefficient.
The user must adjust this value to get the desired heat duty.
Process side exponent for heat transfer coefficient corresponds to the Process.Hexp parameter.
Usually use a value of 0.8 for tube side fluids and a value of 0.3 to 0.6 for shell side fluids.
Process side Design Fouling resistance corresponds to the Process.FoulRes parameter. The
actual fouling resistance, processFoulResistance, is the product of Process.FoulRes and
Process.FoulFactor.
Process side fouling factor corresponds to Process.FoulFactor. It is used in the calculation of

Process side fouling resistance. The default value of this parameter is 1.0. This parameter should
be set to 1.0 for old simulations.
Process side heat transfer coefficient to ambient corresponds to Process.Ul parameter. It is used
in the heat loss calculations to the ambient. Default value can be left in place for most cases.
Utility Side Heat Transfer Parameters
Utility side mass flow reference for heat transfer corresponds to the Utility.Wref parameter. This
value can be obtained from heat exchanger design datasheet. With the default value, the heat
transfer will be negligible. The user should set this value for accurate overall heat transfer
coefficient calculation. If data is not available, use the steady state mass flow rate.
Utility side heat transfer coefficient at reference flow corresponds to the Utility.Href parameter.
This value can be calculated based on the desired overall heat transfer coefficient. The user must
adjust this value to get the desired heat duty.
Utility side exponent for heat transfer coefficient corresponds to the Utility.HExp parameter.
Usually use a value of 0.8 for tube side fluids and a value of 0.3 to 0.6 for shell side fluids.

Utility Exchanger
Utility side fouling resistance corresponds to the Utility.FoulRes parameter. Set this value if
fouling effect is desired in the exchanger. There will be no fouling effect when the default value
is used.
Utility side heat transfer coefficient to ambient corresponds to Utility.Ul parameter. It is used in
the heat loss calculations to the ambient. Default value can be left in place for most cases.
Heat Stream
The following parameters are used instead of the above parameters if the utility option is Heat
Stream.
Liquid heat transfer coefficient corresponds to Utility.Hliq parameter. Hliq corresponds to the
heat transfer coefficient for the tubes below the liquid level in an attached Drum or Separator.
The user must set this value to get desired heat duty.
Vapor heat transfer coefficient corresponds to Utility.Hvap parameter. Hvap corresponds to the
heat transfer coefficient for the tubes above the liquid level in an attached Drum or Separator.
The user must set this value to get desired heat duty.

Utility Exchanger
Air Cooler Tab
The Air Cooler Tab is used for configuring heat transfer parameters associated only with Air
coolers.
Air Cooler
Temperature-driven natural circulation conductance corresponds to the Utility.Un parameter. It

drives air flow based on a temperature difference when no fans are operating. Default value is no
natural circulation.

Utility Exchanger
Solution Options Tab
Process Side State Option
Process side state option corresponds to the Process.StateOption parameter. Use Temperature
option for multi-component fluid when phase change is not expected. Use Enthalpy option for
narrow boiling range fluids, especially single component fluids. Avoid using Enthalpy option
when sudden composition changes are expected.

Utility Exchanger
The Boundary Conditions Tab is used for setting boundary conditions in Utility Exchanger. It
should be noted that selection of the boundary conditions may result in energy imbalance. Only
the process side boundary conditions can be set. They should be used only for simulation tuning
and debugging, and should not be left in place.
Process Inlet Boundary Specification
Process side inlet boundary specification corresponds to the Process.InletBoundarySpec

parameter. Temperature and Enthalpy boundary conditions can be set. The default value of
None should be used after model tuning.
Process side inlet boundary Temperature and Enthalpy correspond to Process.Tib and
Process.Hib parameters, respectively. The user is expected to set the boundary value upon
selection of a boundary condition; else default values will be used.
Process Outlet Boundary Specification
Process side outlet boundary specification corresponds to the Process.OutletBoundarySpec

parameter. Temperature and Enthalpy boundary conditions can be set. The default value of
None should be used after model tuning.

Utility Exchanger
Process side outlet boundary Temperature and Enthalpy corresponds to Process.Txb and
Process.Hxb parameter, respectively. The user is expected to set the boundary value upon
selection of a boundary condition, else default values will be used.

Utility Exchanger
Initialization Tab
The Initialization Tab is used for initializing the temperature, pressure and composition of the
Process side holdups to a Source.
Process - Initialize Holdup Contents
Source initialization object corresponds to the Process.OInitSource parameter. The instance of

the Source object from which the process side holdup is initialized should be specified here.
Reinitialize holdup during Load Full corresponds to the Process.ReInitFlag parameter. Check
this flag to perform holdup initialization during Load Full.
If no Source object is specified and ReInitFlag is checked, process side holdup will be initialized
to equimolar composition, standard temperature and pressure.
For more information, see Easy Holdup Initialization in the “Fundamentals” section.

Utility Exchanger
External Inputs Tab
be attached to these parameters. The numerical value of these parameters can not be changed in
the running engine through Data Entry Window.
If the Utility option is Air:
Fraction of fans operating corresponds to the Fans parameter. The user can attach parameter,
which sets the air flow for multi-bag air coolers. The default is 1 for all fans operating.
Louvers open fraction corresponds to the Utility.Pos parameter. Default value corresponds to
maximum flow. The user could attach valve actuator through parameter reference to alter this
value during run time. The utility fluid flow is scaled by this parameter.
Ambient temperature corresponds to the Tamb parameter. It is normally associated with a global
standalone point TAMBIENT. The default value can be used in most cases.

Utility Exchanger
Air Cooler
The following external parameter is configured only if the utility option is Air.
Fraction of fans operating corresponds to the Utility.Fans parameter. Default value corresponds
to all fans operating. The user may have to attach valve actuator through parameter reference to
alter this value during run time.

Utility Exchanger
Thermo Tab
Process Side Thermo Options
Component slate corresponds to the Process.CompSlate parameter, Method slate to the

Process.MethodSlate parameter, Local thermo options to the Process.LocalThermoOptions
parameter, and Local flash option to the Process.LocalFlashOptions. To avoid having to set
these parameters for each new equipment on the flowsheet, specify the defaults in the SIM4ME
Thermo GUI.
Process Side Phase Options
Internal Phases corresponds to the Process.InternalPhases parameter. Use this to specify the
kind of flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo.

Utility Exchanger
Notes Tab

Utility Exchanger
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Co-Current Flag
CoCurrentFlag Set it to 1 if flow is cocurrent and 0 if KB 0 No
countercurrent.
Metal specific heat
Process.Cpm Metal specific heat. The default value KD 0.5 Yes kJ/kg K
is typical of carbon steel.
Metal mass
Metal mass for this side of the
exchanger. Can be taken from
Process.Mm mechanical design for exchanger. KD 1000 Yes kg
Typical values are very large.
Unrealistically small values may result
in numerical instability.
Volume
Fluid volume of this side of the
Process.Vol exchanger. Unrealistically small KD 1 Yes m3
values may result in numerical
instability.
Flow Conductance
Flow conductance defined by the
(kg/sec)/
Process.J equation W = J * sqrt (∆P * R) where KD 1 Yes
sqrt(kPa-kg/m3)
W is mass flow, ∆P is pressure drop,
and R is mass density in internal units.
Fraction of the forward flow
conductance available for reverse flow.
Process.KJr A value of zero will make the KD 1 Yes fraction
conductance device act like a check
valve. If there is a bypass line, set
KJbypr as well.
Bypass flag
Process.BypassFlag Set it to 1 to configure bypass and 0 if KB 0 No
there is no bypass.
Bypass flow conductance
To control the bypass flow, the user
may use an equation to attach Jbyp to (kg/sec)/
Process.Jbyp KD 0 Yes
a graphical valve's J to model valve sqrt(kPa-kg/m3)
dynamics. The graphical valve should
not have any stream connections.
Reverse bypass flow conductance
factor
PROCESS KJbypr Fraction of the forward bypass flow KD 1 Yes fraction
conductance available for reverse
bypass flow. Make this value zero if

Utility Exchanger

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
there is a check valve on the bypass
line.
Utility inlet temperature
Utility.Tin The inlet temperature of the utility KD 298.15 Yes K
fluid.
Metal mass
Metal mass for this side of the
exchanger. Can be taken from
Utility.Mm mechanical design for exchanger. KD 1000 Yes kg
Typical values are very large.
Unrealistically small values may result
in numerical instability.
Utility fluid mass
Utility fluid mass holdup in this side of
Utility.Mf the exchanger. Unrealistically small KD 1 Yes kg
values may result in numerical
instability.
Maximum utility fluid flow rate
Maximum utility fluid flow rate. Adjust
Utility.Wmax Pos to control actual fluid flow rate. KD 1 No kg/sec
Please see extended description for W
and Pos.
Utility mass specific heat
Automatically set for WATER and AIR
UtilityOptions. Must be specified for
Utility.Cpf KD 4.18 Yes kJ/kg-K
OTHER UtilityOption. Not used for,
CONSTANT TEMPERATURE and
HEATSTREAM UtilityOptions.
Heat Transfer
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Heat transfer area
Area KD 50 Yes m2
Total heat transfer surface area
Constant overall heat transfer coefficient
Set it to 1 to use a constant overall heat transfer
ConstUFlag coefficient. This option is not recommended, as it KB 0 No
will over calculate heat transfer and possibly be
unstable at low flow rates.
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Overall heat transfer coefficient calculated from
kW/m2-
U the individual heat transfer (film) coefficients of KD 0.5 Yes
K
the two sides. Specify this value if ConstUFlag is
set to 1.
Mass flow reference for heat transfer
Process.Wref KD 1 Yes kg/sec
Reference flow rate for heat transfer (film)

Utility Exchanger

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
coefficient calculation. Heat transfer coefficient
for this side of the exchanger is calculated by
Href*(mass flow/Wref)^HExp.
Heat transfer coefficient at reference flow
kW/m2-
Process.Href Heat transfer (film) coefficient at reference flow KD 0.5 Yes
K
rate Wref.
Exponent for heat transfer coefficient
Exponent for tuning heat transfer (film) coefficient
Process.HExp with flow rate. Heat transfer coefficient for this KD 0.8 Yes fraction
side of the exchanger is calculated by href*(mass
flow/Wref)^hExp.
Fouling Factor
Process.FoulFactor Malfunction fouling resistance multiplier for the KD 1.0 No
process side of the utility exchanger
Design Fouling resistance
m2-
Process.FoulRes Fouling for this side of the exchanger in units of KD 0 Yes
K/kW
reciprocal heat transfer coefficient.
Heat transfer coefficient to ambient
Heat transfer coefficient from metal to ambient. kW/m2-
Process.Ul KD 0.001 Yes
Used to determine ambient heat loss Ql. Please K
see extended description for Ql.
Mass flow reference for heat transfer
Reference flow rate for heat transfer (film)
Utility.Wref coefficient calculation. Heat transfer coefficient KD 1 Yes kg/sec
for this side of the exchanger is calculated by
Href*(mass flow/Wref)^HExp.
Heat transfer coefficient at reference flow
kW/m2-
Utility.Href Heat transfer (film) coefficient at reference flow KD 0.5 Yes
K
rate Wref.
Exponent for heat transfer coefficient
Exponent for tuning heat transfer (film) coefficient
Utility.HExp with flow rate. Heat transfer coefficient for this KD 0.6 Yes fraction
side of the exchanger is calculated by Href*(mass
flow/Wref)^HExp.
Fouling resistance
m2-
Utility.FoulRes Fouling for this side of the exchanger in units of KD 0 Yes
K/kW
reciprocal heat transfer coefficient.
Heat transfer coefficient to ambient
Heat transfer coefficient from metal to ambient. kW/m2-
Utility.Ul KD 0.001 Yes
Used to determine ambient heat loss Ql. Please K
see extended description for Ql.
Liquid heat transfer coefficient
Used only for HEATSTREAM option. The heat kW/m2-
Utility.HLiq KD 1 Yes
transfer coefficient for the liquid phase for this side K
of the exchanger.
Vapor heat transfer coefficient
Utility.HVap KD 1 Yes fraction
Used only for HEATSTREAM option. The heat

Utility Exchanger

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
transfer coefficient for the vapor phase for this side
of the exchanger.
Natural convection heat transfer coefficient
Natural convection heat transfer coefficient. Used
to determine natural convection duty Qn. Please
kW/m2-
Un see extended description for Qn. Increasing this KD 0.001 Yes
K
value brings all four nodes to the same
temperature more quickly during no flow
conditions.
Low flow transition to no heat transfer
Low flow transition to no heat transfer. Used only
for constant overall heat transfer option. Making
this value larger increases the stability of the heat
WHTLIN KD 1 Yes kg/sec
transfer calculations as the flow approaches zero.
Making this value smaller may be required for very
small heat exchangers when its value is large
compared to normal design flow.
Solution Options
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
State option
0 = TEMPERATURE
1 = ENTHALPY
2 = AUTOMATIC
Use TEMPERATURE for most multi-
component fluids or fluids that will never
Process. change phase. Use ENTHALPY for phase
KI TEMPERATURE No
StateOption changing fluids with a narrow boiling range
especially single component fluids. Use
caution when using ENTHALPY when there
is a possibility of sudden composition change
due to reverse flow. AUTOMATIC will use
ENTHALPY for single component systems
with Internal Phases set to VLE and
TEMPERATURE everywhere else.
Holdup balance option
Balance Option for Holdup Dynamics
0 - MOLE
Process. 1 – MASS
KI MOLE
BalanceOption With MASS balance option, exchanger outlet
molar flow is calculated such that inlet mass
flow and outlet mass flow matches. This
option gives better results compared to

Utility Exchanger
MOLE balance option when inlet flow

composition is different from holdup
composition
Default is MOLE balance
Boundary Conditions
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Inlet boundary specification
For simulation tuning. Allowable options are:
0 = NONE
Process. 1= T
KI NONE No
InletBoundarySpec 2 = H
An overall energy balance on the heat,
exchanger will not be maintained. Set inlet
temperatures to tune heat transfer coefficients.
Inlet temperature
For simulation tuning. The equipment will not
maintain an energy balance if a boundary
temperature is set. This specification is on the
Process.Tib KD 298.15 Yes K
inlet node. If flow is reversed and there is also
reverse bypass flow the OFeedStream
temperature may not be same as this boundary
temperature.
Inlet enthalpy
kJ/kg-
Process.Hib enthalpy is set. This specification is on the inlet KD 0 Yes
mol
node. If flow is reversed and there is also
reverse bypass flow the OFeedStream enthalpy
may not be same as this boundary enthalpy.
Inlet boundary specification
For simulation tuning. Allowable options are:
0 = NONE
Process. 1= T
KI NONE No
OutletBoundarySpec 2 = H
An overall energy balance on the heat,
exchanger will not be maintained. Set inlet
temperatures to tune heat transfer coefficients.
Exit temperature
Process.Txb temperature is set. This specification is on the KD 298.15 Yes K
outlet node. If there is bypass flow the
OProdStream temperature may not be same as
this boundary temperature.

Utility Exchanger

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Exit enthalpy
kJ/kg-
Process.Hxb enthalpy is set. This specification is on the outlet KD 0 Yes
mol
node. If there is bypass flow the OProdStream
enthalpy may not be same as this boundary
enthalpy.
Initialization
Parameter Dft Dft Eq Arr UO
Description
Name Cls Val Ok Siz M
Initialization Source
If OInitSource is specified, the holdups in this side of the
exchanger will be initialized from the flash in the specified
Source the first time the model is loaded into the run
Process.
engine. The side and the Source should have the same OBJECT No
OInitSource
component slate specification. If OInitSource is not
specified, the holdups will be initialized to standard
temperature, pressure and equimolar composition.
Please see extended description for ReInitFlag.
Reinitialize holdup during LoadFull
If ReInitFlag is set to 1, the holdups in this side of the
exchanger will be reinitialized during LoadFull. If an
Process.
initialization Source is specified, that will be used for the KB 0 No
ReInitFlag
reinitialization. Do not leave the REINITFLAG
permanently ON or the holdups will be reinitialized every
time you load model changes.
External Inputs
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Utility fluid flow command
The actual utility fluid flow rate W is limited by
Utility.Pos Pos. Takes values between 0 and 1. A value of 0 DD 1 No fraction
will stop all fluid flow. Please see extended
description for W.
Fraction of fans operating
Fraction of total number of fans operating.
Utility.Fans Stopping fans stops fan induced flow but not DD 1 No fraction
natural circulation induced flow. Also see
extended description for W.
Process side Ambient temperature reference
Process.Tamb Ambient temperature. Normally associated with DD TAMBIENT No K
Utility side Ambient temperature reference
Utility.Tamb DD TAMBIENT No K
Ambient temperature. Normally associated with

Utility Exchanger
Configuration
Ar
Parameter Dft Dft Eq
Description r UOM
Name Cls Val Ok
Siz
Utility options
Allowable values are WATER, AIR, OTHER,
CONTANT_T, and HEAT STREAM.
0 = WATER
Utility.
1 = AIR KI WATER No
UtilityOption
2 = OTHER FLUIDS
3 = CONSTANT METAL TEMPERATURE
4 = HEAT STREAM
Air Cooler
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Temperature driven air flow conductance
Temperature driven airflow conductance for natural
circulation. Tune this value to drive the correct airflow
kg/sec-
Utility.Jnc through air cooler after loss of fans, Temperature driven air KD 0 Yes
K
flow = Jnc *
(Process side inlet node temperature -Utility side inlet node
temperature).
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
LMTD linearization
Delta temperature for linearizing LMTD calculations.
DTLin Increasing this value may lead to more stable operation for KD 2 No K
heat exchangers with very close temperature approaches.
Dynamic response lag

Used to dampen dynamic response. Can result in the loss
Process.KLag KD 1 Yes
or creation of mass and energy. Should not be used for
engineering studies.
Thermal time constant factor
Model may become unstable if the thermal time constant is
smaller than or of the order of the time step of integration.
Process.
User may increase/adjust this factor to make model stable. KD 4 No
TTauFactor
The thermal time constant (thermal inertia) would be scaled
by this factor. Could result in energy imbalances.

Utility Exchanger
Composition time constant factor

Model may become unstable if the mass time constant is
smaller than or of the order of the time step of integration.
Process.
User may increase/adjust this factor to make model stable. KD 1 No sec
ZTauFactor
The mass time constant (mass inertia) would be scaled by
this factor. Could result in mass imbalances.
Dynamic response lag

Used to dampen dynamic response. Can result in the loss
Utility.KLag KD 1 Yes
or creation of mass and energy. Should not be used for
engineering studies.
Thermal time constant factor
Model may become unstable if the thermal time constant is
Utility. smaller than or of the order of the time step of integration.
KD 4 No
TTauFactor User may increase/adjust this factor to make model stable.
The thermal time constant (thermal inertia) would be scaled
by this factor. Could result in energy imbalances.
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
LMTD Log mean temperature difference
Log mean temperature difference calculated from the four
holdup node temperatures. The LMTD will go to zero if a
temperature crossover is present so that the heat exchanger DD 0 No K
self-corrects its temperatures. A positive LMTD implies heat
flow from PROCESS (hotside) to UTILITY (coldside).
Total holdup kg-

Process.MT DD 0 No
Total holdup moles in this side of the exchanger. mol
Ambient heat loss
Heat loss from metal (both nodes) on this side of the
exchanger to ambient. A negative value indicates that the
Process.Ql DD 0 No kJ/sec
metal is losing heat to the surroundings. Ql = - Ul * Area/4 *
(Ti - Tamb) - Ul * Area/4 * (Tx - Tamb) where Area is the
exchanger heat transfer surface area.
LMTD duty
Heat transfer duty calculated from the log mean temperature
difference. Q = U*Area*LMTD The total heat transferred
between the two sides is the sum of Q and Qn. At no flow
Q DD 0 No kJ/sec
conditions (and ConstUFlag = 0), the individual heat transfer
coefficient of a side may become zero. In that case, U = 0 and
therefore Q = 0.A positive Q implies heat flow from
PROCESS (hotside) to UTILITY (coldside).

Utility Exchanger

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Natural convection duty
Natural convection heat transfer duty.Qn = Un * Area/2 *
[Ti - Tave] + Un * Area/2 * [Tx - Tave] where Ti is the
PROCESS (or UTILITY) inlet node temperature, Tx is the
PROCESS (or UTILITY) exit node temperature, and Tave is
Qn average of all four node temperatures. The total heat DD 0 No kJ/sec
transferred between the two sides is the sum of Q and Qn.
Under no flow conditions, if U = 0, all four nodes will go to
the same temperature at steady state because of this duty. A
positive Qn implies heat flow from PROCESS (hotside) to
UTILITY (coldside).
Ambient heat loss
Heat loss from metal (both nodes) on this side of the
exchanger to ambient. A negative value indicates that the
Utility.Ql DD 0 No kJ/sec
metal is losing heat to the surroundings. Ql = - Ul * Area/4 *
(Ti - Tamb) - Ul * Area/4 * (Tx - Tamb) where Area is the
exchanger heat transfer surface area.
Utility fluid flow rate
Actual utility fluid flow rate. Calculated for WATER and
Other Fluids using W = Pos * Wmax Calculated for AIR using
Utility.W W = Pos * MAX (Wnc, Fans * Wmax) where Wnc is the DD 1 No kg/sec
natural circulation air flow. Not used for CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE and HEATSTREAM UtilityOptions. Please
see extended description for Pos, Wmax, Jnc and Fans.
Derivatives
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Inlet node enthalpy derivative
kJ/kg-mol
Process.dHi Specific enthalpy derivative for inlet node. Will be DD 0 No
/sec
zero if State Option is TEMPERATURE.
Exit node enthalpy derivative
kJ/kg-mol
Process.dHx Specific enthalpy derivative for exit node. Will be DD 0 No
/sec
zero if State Option is TEMPERATURE.
Inlet node temperature derivative
Process.dTi Temperature derivative for inlet node. Will be DD 0 No K/sec
zero if State Option is ENTHALPY.
Exit node temperature derivative
Process.dTx Temperature derivative for exit node. Will be zero DD 0 No K/sec
if State Option is ENTHALPY.
Inlet node composition derivative Process.
Process.dZi Derivative of inlet node specific component DD 0 No Comp fraction/sec
holdups. Slate
Exit node composition derivative Process.
Process.dZx Derivative of exit node specific component DD 0 No Comp fraction/sec
holdups. Slate

Utility Exchanger
Inlet node temperature derivative

Utility.dTi Will be zero for CONSTANT TEMPERAURE and DD 0 No K/sec
Exit node temperature derivative
Utility.dTx Will be zero for CONSTANT TEMPERAURE and DD 0 No K/sec
Internal
Name Description Cls Val Ok Siz UOM
Process.Fbyp Bypass mole flow rate DD 0 No kg-mol/sec

Utility Exchanger
States
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Inlet node enthalpy
Process.Hi SD 1 No kJ/kg-mol
Inlet node fluid and metal energy holdup.
Exit node enthalpy
Process.Hx SD 1 No kJ/kg-mol
Exit node fluid and metal energy holdup.
Inlet node temperature
Process.Ti SD 298.15 No K
Inlet node fluid and metal temperature.
Exit node temperature
Process.Tx SD 298.15 No K
Exit node fluid and metal temperature.
Process.
Inlet node composition
Process.Zi SD 1 No Comp fraction
Inlet node mole fraction holdup.
Slate
Process.
Exit node composition
Process.Zx SD 1 No Comp fraction
Exit node mole fraction holdup.
Slate
Inlet node temperature
Utility.Ti SD 298.15 No K
Inlet node fluid and metal temperature.
Exit node temperature
Utility.Tx SD 298.15 No K
Exit node fluid and metal temperature.
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Process.OFeedStream Feed stream STREAM No
Process.OProdStream Product stream. STREAM No
Product heat stream
HEAT
Utility.OProdHeatStream A product heat stream must be connected No
STREAM
for HEATSTREAM UtilityOption.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Utility Exchanger
FAQ
Q. How do I model heat transfer in submerged coils for a vessel?
A. Heat transfer to submerged coils can be modeled in Drum, Separator and Tank models by
defining the internal coil in these vessels and connecting the utility exchanger output to the
internal coil using a Heat Stream.
In the following example a submerged coil in Drum has been modeled using a Utility Exchanger
and Heat Stream. The Drum consists of process water and has an internal steam heating coil.
The details of the Drum are:
1.5 m
Drum
0.5 m Internal Heating Coil
0.4 m

Utility Exchanger
The position of the coil and the hold up of the coil can be defined in the Internals Data Entry Tab
of the Drum, Separator, or Tank models.
The Utility Exchanger represents the heat transfer taking place in the coil (steam condensation in
this case) and is connected using a heat stream to the vessel.
The heat transfer coefficients are set on the Utility Exchanger heat transfer tab. The heat transfer
depends on the level of liquid in the vessel and the fraction of submergence. The heat transfer is
calculated using the liquid heat transfer coefficient for the submerged area and the vapor heat
transfer coefficient for the area above the liquid level. To make the heat transfer zero when the
level of liquid falls below the depth of the coil, set the vapor heat transfer coefficient to zero.
Q. How do I foul the heat transfer on a side of a heat exchanger?
A. Please set the fouling factor for that side of the exchanger. You may not use a constant overall
U with the fouling malfunction.

Valve
Valve
Introduction
Valve is a flow device which is used to model diaphragm and motor-operated valves (MOV).
Diaphragm-actuated valves have a single open input command that sets the position of the valve
and are used for control valve applications. Motor-actuated valves have independent open and
close commands and are used for isolation valve applications.
Valve can model the actuator only without any stream connections. In this way the valve can
provide a position or conductance to another model. For example, valve can provide a position to
a Compressor inlet guide vane or a conductance to an Expander or Heat Exchanger bypass. This
configuration is known as a graphical valve.
Valve has linear, equal percentage, quick opening, butterfly, modified linear, uni-rotational,
counter rotational and custom trims.
Valve flow calculations are based on Instrument Society of America (ISA) equations for sub-
critical flow for gases and liquids with an option for critical flow for gases.
Valve has an optional flash that can calculate outlet stream properties temperature, density, and
vapor fraction. If the flash is not active, the Valve simply sets outlet properties equal to inlet
properties.
Valve can fail to its failure position on loss of motive power which defaults to the global
standalone point INSTAIR. Valve also has a set of pre-defined malfunctions.
Valve has an option to attach a bypass valve and isolation valve for modeling a typical control
valve loop. Bypass and isolation valves are modeled as graphical valve.

Valve
Fundamentals
Actuator design
There are two actuator types, Diaphragm and Motor. Both have the following features
• Open and close times (default 30 seconds)

• Custom trim (Area vs. Lift)
• Custom cam (Lift vs. Pos)
• Limit and travel switches
• Normalized motive power. Partial power will cause Valve to move at partial rate. No
power will cause Valve to fail in place.
• Direct or reverse acting (default is direct).
The following figure illustrates the sequence of calculations in the actuators to calculate Valve
position (Pos), Lift (L), fractional area (A), and finally conductance J. If there is no cam, then
position Pos and lift L are equal. If the trim is linear, then lift and area are equal.
Op/Cl
Actuator
Pos
Cam
L
Trim
CalcJ
Flow Calc
The Valve actuator includes a deadband such that the Valve will not respond to changes in the
open and close command that are smaller than a user specified value. The default value is zero
deadband so that there is no deadband.

Valve
Diaphragm Actuator
Diaphragm-actuated Valves only require a single open command to control the Valve. If the
actuator travel is Linear (Rtype), the following equation represents what is used in the model.
d  −1 1 
Pos = LIMV Op − Pos,
TimeCl TimeOp 
,
dt 
where:
Op - Open command (fraction)
TimeOp - Time to open Valve (sec)
TimeCl - Time to close Valve (sec)
LIMV - Function to limit value between a minimum and maximum
If the actuator travel is first order, the following simplified equation is used.
d  Op − Pos 
Pos = LIMV  ,0.,1.
dt  TimeOp 
In this case, TimeOp is the time constant for the first order lag. The Valve will take
approximately three to four times the value of TimeOp for full travel.
Motor-operated Valve
Motor-operated Valves require two commands for control. An open command (Op) causes the
Valve to open while a close command (Cl) causes the Valve to close. If the actuator travel is
Linear (Rtype), the following simplified equations represent what is used in the model.
d  −1 1 
Pos = LIMV Op − Cl ,
TimeCl TimeOp 
,
dt 

Op - Open command (fraction)
Cl - Close command (fraction)
TimeOp - Time to open Valve (sec)
TimeCl - Time to close Valve (sec)
LIMV - Function to limit value between a minimum and maximum
Typically only Op or Cl will have a value of 1, but not both. If the actuator travel is first order,
then the following equation is used.
d Op − Pos Cl − Pos
Pos = −
dt TimeOp TimeCl

Valve
Motor-operated Valves can be pulse modulated such that they only travel when Op or Cl have a
value. Alternatively, a full travel relay option is provided such that the Valve will travel fully if
FTRelay is set to true.
Custom Trim
There are seven standard Valve trims (lift vs. area) available, in addition to the user defined trim.
The default is linear (lift = area). The standard Valve trims available are shown in the following
graph.
Valve custom trim

Linear
1.0
Equal
0.9 Percent
0.8
Quick Open
0.7
0.6
Area
Butterfly
0.5
0.4
Modified
0.3 Linear
0.2
Unirotational
0.1
Louvers
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Counter
Rotational
Lift Louvers
The examples below shows the butterfly Valve and custom trim Valve configuration. If it is
desired to model a user defined custom trim, the relationship between lift (L) and fractional area
(A), can be defined using a CusTrim interpolation table.
An Example of Butterfly Trim Valve
VALVE: V1
Cv 100 Cv Valve Cv
CusTrim BUTTERFLY Custom trim table
An Example of Custom Trim Valve
VALVE: V2
Cv 100 Cv Valve Cv
CusTrim MY_TRIM[0] Custom trim table

Valve
STATIC_DOUBLE: MY_TRIM[0]
User defined custom trim table

Value[0] 4.0, 0.0, My custom trim (CINTRP1 table
0.0, 0.0, format). The first value (4) is the
0.2, 0.5, number of data pairs. The second
0.5, 0.8, value (0) is not used. Thereafter, lift
1.0, 1.0 (L) is first column, fractional area
(A) is second column.
Custom Cam
The default Valve operation sets lift (L) equal to position (Pos). If it is desired to model a cam,
thereby changing the relationship between position (Pos) and lift(L), use the CusCam parameter
as shown in the following example.
VALVE: V1
Example custom cam Valve
Cv 100 Cv Valve Cv
CusCamTable MY_CAM[0] Custom cam table
STATIC_DOUBLE: MY_CAM[0]
User defined custom cam table

Value[0] 4.0, 0.0, My custom cam (CINTRP1 table
0.0, 0.0, format). The first value (4) is the
0.2, 0.5, number of data pairs. The second
0.5, 0.8, value (0) is not used. Thereafter,
1.0, 1.0 position (Pos) is first column, lift (L)
is second column.
Subcritical Flow calculations based on Cv
The following equation is used for calculating flow conductance through the Valve.
Valve flow calculations are based on the inlet stream density. Please refer to Base Equipment
Fundamentals section on Flow Conductance for more details on how the flow conductance J is
applied to subcritical flow calculations.
Choked (Critical) Flow Calculations
Compressible Flow
The ISA equation is used for calculating choked flow for compressible flow through the Valve
when the CriticalFlag (Calculate compressible and/or choked flow flag in the DEW) is set true.

Valve
 ∆P 
X = MIN  , X T 
 Pi 
 
 X 
Y =1− 
 3 ⋅ C P / CV ⋅ X 
 
 
T
1.4
W = J . Y Rmass . X . Pi
where:
∆P - Pressure difference across the Valve (kPa)
Pi - Inlet pressure (kPa)
XT - Critical flow constant (dimensionless)
Cp/Cv - Specific heat ratio (dimensionless)
Cv - Valve conductance (Cv)
Y - Flow factor
Rmass - Inlet mass density (kg/m3)
J - Flow conductance ( (kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3) )
W - Mass flow through valve (kg/sec)
The factors X and Y are used to adjust the calculated flow to allow for the onset of choking.
Critical flow constant (XT) and specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) shall be supplied by the user under the
Compressible flow section.
Incompressible Flow
Valve also has an option to calculate the choked flow for incompressible flow when Choked flow
flag is turned on. Choked flow option can be used when the pressure drop, ∆P is greater than or
equal to the choked pressure drop ∆P choked for incompressible flow. The equations for handling
choked flow of incompressible fluid are given below. These calculations are invoked under
incompressible flow section when the CriticalFlag is set true.
If ∆P ≥ FL2 (Pi − FF PV )
The flow shall be determined by
W = C.N 1 XPi R1
PV
FF = 0.96 − 0.28
PC
The absolute thermodynamic critical pressure PC for a mixture is calculated using the modified
rule of Prausnitz and Gunn (1958; The Properties of Gases and Liquids) given below

Valve
 n   n 
 ∑ z i Z Ci  R ∑ z i TCi 
PC = Cm Cm =  i =1   i =1 
Z RT
Vcm  n 
 ∑ z iVCi 
 i =1 
∆Pchoked = FL (Pi − FF PV )
2
∆Pchoked
X =
Pi
where:
C = flow coefficient (Cv)
FL = Liquid pressure recovery factor of a control valve
FF = Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
N1 = Numerical constants = 0.0865 (when Q is in m3/h and P is in kPa)
Pi = Inlet absolute static pressure (kPa)
PV = Absolute vapor pressure of the liquid at inlet temperature (kPa)
PC = Absolute thermodynamic critical temperature (kPa)
∆Pchoked = Differential choked pressure (kPa)
X = Ratio of choked pressure differential to inlet absolute pressure
R1/R0 = Relative density
R = gas constant = 8.314472E-03 (m3 kPa K-1 mol-1)
TCi = Absolute thermodynamic critical temperature of component i (K)
VCi = Absolute thermodynamic critical volume of component i (m3)
ZCi = Absolute thermodynamic critical compressibility factor of component i.
zi = mole-fraction of the component i.
The constant N1, is obtained from ANSI/ISA-75.01.01 (IEC 60534-2-1 Mod) – 2007. The values
of FL depend the type of valve used (ANSI/ISA-75.01.01 (IEC 60534-2-1 Mod) – 2007).
In these calculations the user has the option to select Vapor pressure calculation method out of
SIMPLE and RIGOROUS options similar to pump NPSH calculations. SIMPLE option requires
user input of Fluid vapor pressure and when RIGOROUS option is selected, valve model does a
bubble point flash at the valve inlet to predict the vapor pressure of the fluid when there is no
vapor in inlet stream. These options can be selected when the critical flow flag is turned on, under
the liquid flow. Liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve (FL) and PV for SIMPLE vapor
pressure calculation method shall be entered in the incompressible flow section when critical flow
flag is turned on.
Valve sizing
The Valve Cv can be calculated based on either reference process conditions or pipe line size.

Valve
Cv based on process conditions
In this case the user has to provide reference operating conditions (mass flow rate, fractional area,
pressure drop and mass density) to calculate Cv. Following equation is used to size the valve.
Wref
C = C v ,subcrit =
v 0.00075943 ⋅ Aref ⋅ ∆Pref ⋅ Rmass ref
where:
Wref – reference flow rate (kg/sec)
Aref – fractional area (fraction)
∆Pref – reference pressure drop at Aref (kPa)
Rmassref – reference density (kg/m3)
For critical valve Cv calculations, the user has to provide reference inlet pressure (Piref) along with
mass flow, fractional area, pressure drop and mass density. Critical valve Cv calculations will be
performed only when critical flag is true. Following equations are used to size a critical valve.
where:
Piref – Reference inlet pressure (kPa)
For critical flow Cv calculations, Cv is taken as maximum between subcritical Cv and critical Cv.
C v = MAX (C v , subcrit ,C v ,crit )
If reference operating conditions are not provided, then valve inlet stream properties will
be used to calculate Cv.
Cv based on line size
Valve Cv can also be calculated based on line size (pipe internal diameter). The user has to
provide valve body type (Globe, Butterfly, Gate or Ball) along with the internal diameter of the
line. Following equation (from Crane technical paper 410) is used to calculate Cv.
29.9 ⋅ d 2 29.9 ⋅ d 2
Cv = =
L K
f⋅
D

Valve
where:
d – pipe internal diameter (in)
f – pipe friction factor (dimensionless)
L/D – equivalent length of valve in pipe diameter (dimensionless)
K – resistance coefficient (dimensionless)
Colebrook equation is used to estimate the friction factor in pipe based on the diameter. (Please
refer to fundamentals section (flow calculations) for Pipe model).
The table lists the L/D values (from Crane technical paper 410) for different valve body types.
Valve body L/D

Globe 340
Gate 8
Ball 3
Butterfly 45 (d < 8”)
35 (10” < d < 14”)
25 (d > 16”)
Flash Calculations
Valve has an optional flash submodel called Flash. By default, the flash is turned off so that
outlet properties are not calculated. Stream properties such as temperature, density, and vapor
fraction will be passed from the inlet stream to the exit stream in the case of forward flow and
exit stream to inlet stream in the case of reverse flow. If the flash is turned on, these stream
properties will be calculated at the downstream pressure.

Valve
Malfunctions
The Valve model supports nine different malfunctions. These malfunctions can be divided into
two categories, Analog and Discrete. Analog malfunctions can take any numerical value between
the high and low limit. Discrete malfunctions have either one or two states.
Analog Malfunctions
Fail to Position
The Fail to Position malfunction when activated will result in the Valve to fail to the specified
position. Allowable values range from 0 to 100% Valve position.
Positioner Bias
This malfunction introduces bias on the Valve position demand by the Mature Value. The
demand may be biased from full open to full closed. This malfunction will have no effect on
MOV Valves. It results in increase of flow for a positive bias and decrease in flow for a negative
bias. Allowable values range from –100 to 100% Valve position.
Valve Blockage
This malfunction creates a blockage in the Valve. It is similar to the Positioner Bias except that it
does not alter the Valve position. It results in decrease in the flow through the Valve. Allowable
values range from 0 to 100% Valve position.
Valve Leakage
This malfunction creates a leakage in the Valve. It is exactly opposite to the Valve Blockage. It
results in increase of flow through Valve when the opening is small or zero. At higher openings
of the Valve, leakage does not have any effect in flow. Allowable values range from 0 to 100%
Valve position.
Valve Travel Rate
This malfunction scales the Valve travel rate by the Mature Value. Allowable values range from
0 to 1000% of normal movement rate. A value above 100% results in an increase in the normal
movement rate. A value below 100% results in a decrease in the normal movement rate.
Dead Band
This malfunction creates a positioner deadband with magnitude given by the Mature Value.
When the position error is less than deadband (|position demand - position| < Mature Value) the
Valve will freeze. This malfunction will have no effect on MOV Valves. Allowable values range
from 0 to 100% Valve position.

Valve
Discrete Malfunctions
Broken Valve Stem
This malfunction will decouple Valve lift from Valve stem position. When triggered, flow
through the Valve will not change with change in position.
Open Limit Switch
This malfunction will decouple the open limit switch from Valve position.
• Switch stuck off (Ls0 = 0 regardless of Valve position where LS0 stands for Limit Switch
at 0% position)
• Switch stuck on (Ls0 = 1 regardless of Valve position).
Closed Limit Switch
This malfunction will decouple the closed limit switch from Valve position.
• Switch stuck off (Ls1 = 0 regardless of Valve position where LS1 stands for Limit Switch
at 100% position)
• Switch stuck on (Ls1 = 1 regardless of Valve position).

Valve
Example
The following example shows configuration of a linear Valve (XV1) used for flow control.
Saturated steam at 300 kPa pressure is fed to a Sink (SNK1) at 100 kPa. It is desired to maintain
the flow at 5 kg/sec using a control valve (FC1).
At steady state the upstream and downstream valve pressures are 300 kPa and 100 kPa,
respectively. The Valve is designed for a steady state flow of 5 kg/sec and 60 percent opening for
a pressure drop of 200 kPa. The Cv for the Valve is calculated to be 99. Reverse flow is expected
when the downstream pressure is more than the upstream pressure and the capacity of the Valve
for reverse flow is same as for forward flow, therefore the reverse flow factor is set to 1. Since
the pressure drop across the Valve is high, significant change in the exit stream properties is
expected. The flag for calculating exit stream properties must be checked, to perform exit flash
and update exit stream properties. A flow PID controller controls the flow through the Valve, so
the flow PID controller output is given to the Op parameter of the Valve.
SOURCE: SRC1
Source product stream to the Valve
OProdStream[0] S1
XV1
Mb[H20] 1 kg-mol Boundary composition
Spec PVF Boundary condition specification.
VFb 1 fraction Boundary vapor fraction
VALVE: XV1
Valve feed stream from Source
OFeedStream S1
SRC1
OProdStream S2 Valve product stream to Sink SNK1
Cv 99 Cv Valve Cv
Flow PID controller (FC1) output
Op FC1.OUT fraction
connecting to Valve open parameter
Flag to calculate exit stream
FlashFlag 1
properties

Valve
PID: FC1
Stream S2 mass rate assigned to PV
PV S2.W kg/sec
of Flow PID controller
SP 5 kg/sec Set point of the flow PID controller
KP 1 PID controller proportional gain
KI 1 1/seec PID controller integral gain
Hi_In 10 kg/sec High limit on PID controller input
Lo_In 0 kg/sec Low limit on PID controller input
Hi_Out 1 fraction High limit on PID controller output
Lo_Out 0 fraction Low limit on PID controller output
SINK: SNK1
OFeedStream[0] S2 Sink feed stream from Valve XV1

Valve
Basic Tab
Flow Calculation
Valve Cv corresponds to the Cv parameter. This value can be obtained from the control valve
datasheet. This value can also be calculated from the desired steady state flow and the pressure
drop. The user may have to adjust this value based on an initial trial to obtain the desired results.
The reverse flow conductance factor corresponds to the KJr parameter. If no reverse flow is
desired, then set this value to 0, otherwise leave it at the default value of 1.
Calculate compressible and/or choked flow corresponds to the CriticalFlag parameter. Check
this flag to perform choked flow calculations in the Valve. In the Compressible Calculations
section, Critical flow coefficient XT, and Fluid specific heat ratio (CpCv) shall be entered by the
user.

Valve
XT (linked) can be obtained from the valve manufacturer. The default value is typical for most
globe valves. Please refer to the FAQ section on how to calculate XT from either Fisher C1 or
Masoneilan Cf critical flow coefficients.
The user must specify CpCv for accurate calculation of critical flow. The default value is good for
gases such as air or nitrogen.
In the Incompressible Calculations section, Liquid pressure recovery factor FL,Vapor pressure
calculation method (SIMPLE or RIGOROUS), and Upstream (inlet) vapor pressure Pvapuser shall
be entered by the user. For SIMPLE vapor pressure calculation method Pvap is user entered Pvapuser.
For RIGOROUS method a TVF flash is carried out at the inlet conditions to calculate the vapor
pressure similar to NPSH calculations of Pump.
The default value of FL is 0.8.
Other Parameters
outlet stream parameters such as temperature, density, and vapor fraction rather than pass them
down from the upstream conditions. This selection will not have any impact on the overall
energy balance, but may impact the pressure profile since the density to the downstream flow
device, if there is one, will be calculated.

Valve
Trim Tab
Valve Trim
Trim type corresponds to the CusTrim parameter. Linear trim is the default option. Linear and
Equal Percent are commonly used for control valves. Quick Open trim is used for
gate/throttle/isolation valves. Uni-rotational and counter-rotational trims are used when the valve
actuator is used to manipulate fan louver position, Compressor inlet guide vane position etc. User
defined trim can be used to set any user specified trim.
Use custom trim type corresponds to the CusTrimTable parameter. To set the user defined
custom trim type, specify the Static Float table pointer containing custom trim data. For details
of how to set Static Float Table, refer to FAQ section.

Valve
Actuator Tab
Valve Actuator
Actuator type corresponds to the ActType parameter. Select Diaphragm option when used as
control valve. Select Motor option when used as gate/isolation valve. Typically, Motor is only
used for training simulator projects where the DCS provides separate Open and Close commands.
Action corresponds to the Action parameter. Select Direct for direct acting valves and Reverse
for reverse acting valves.
Type of rate travel corresponds to Rtype parameter. Allowable options are: Linear and First
order lag.
Failure position corresponds to the PosNoMp parameter. When set to –1, the valve will fail in its
current position. When set between 0 and 1, valve will fail in this specified position.

Valve
Time to open corresponds to the TimeOp parameter. The default value is 30 and can be used for
most cases. Use a low value (1 to 5 sec) for fast opening and trip valves.
Time to close corresponds to the TimeCl parameter. The default value is 30 and can be used for
most cases. Use a low value (1 to 5 sec) for fast closing and trip valves.

Valve
Sizing Tab
Size valve Cv corresponds to SizeFlag parameter. Set this flag to true for calculating Cv based on
reference process conditions or line size.
Sizing basis corresponds to SizeBasis parameter. Select either process conditions or line size
valve to calculate Cv.
Reference process conditions
Mass flow corresponds to Wref parameter. If Wref is not specified, valve inlet stream mass flow
will be used for calculation of Cv.
Pressure drop corresponds to DPref parameter. The default value is 70 kPa.
Mass density corresponds to Rmassref parameter. If Rmassref is not specified, valve inlet stream
mass density will be used.

Valve
Valve open command corresponds to Aref parameter. The default value is 0.6.
Inlet pressure corresponds to Piref parameter. If Piref is not specified, valve inlet stream pressure
will be used. This parameter is used only for critical Cv calculations.
Line size valve
Pipe inside diameter corresponds to Dia parameter. The default value is 0.164 m.
Valve type corresponds to ValveBody parameter. The default valve body type is Globe. Other
available valve body type options are Butterfly, Gate and Ball.

Valve
External Inputs Tab
be attached to these parameters. The numerical value of these parameters cannot be changed in
the running engine through Data Entry Window and will have no affect on the running model.
Control Signals
Open command corresponds to the Op parameter. For diaphragm, the PID controller output is
assigned to this parameter. In motor-operated valves, control signal for valve opening is assigned
to this parameter.
Close command corresponds to the Cl parameter. In motor-operated valves, control signal for
valve closing is assigned to this parameter. Close command is not used for diaphragm valves.

Valve
Failure Position
Normalized motive power corresponds to the Mp parameter. When this value is zero, the valve
goes to its failure position. By default, this parameter is connected to the global parameter
INSTAIR. Set INSTAIR to zero to cause a global instrument air failure for all control valves.

Valve
Thermo Tab
Thermo Options
parameter, Local thermo options to the LocalThermoOption parameter, and Local flash option
to the LocalFlashOption.
Phase Options
flash performed by SIM4ME Thermo. No flash will be performed unless “Calculate Outlet
properties:” is checked on the Basic tab.

Valve
Notes Tab

Valve
Parameter Table
Basic
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Valve Cv
Cv KD 100 Yes Cv
Control valve Cv provided by valve manufacturer.
Critical flow constant
Critical flow constant used in the ISA equation.
Available from valve manufacturer. XT=(C1/40)2 and
XT KD 0.7 Yes fraction
XT=0.84*Cf2 where C1 is from the Fisher critical flow
constant and Cf is the Masoneillan critical flow
constant.
This factor represents the fraction of the forward flow
KJr KD 1 Yes fraction
conductance available for reverse flow. A value of zero
will make the conductance device act like a check valve.
Leak factor
KJLeak KD 0 Yes fraction
This factor represents the fraction of the leak flow.
Compressible and /or choked flow flag
Indicates that the valve will apply compressible and/or
CriticalFlag KB 0 No
choked flow limitations to the flow calculation. A value
of true results in increased computation time.
Calculate outlet properties
Flag to perform a flash on the outlet stream to calculate
properties for the downstream equipment. If false, outlet
FlashFlag KB 0 No
density, temperature, and vapor fraction will be assumed
the same as the upstream conditions. Setting to true
results in increases computation time.
CpCv Specific heat ratio KD 1.4 Yes fraction
Liquid pressure recovery factor
FL Liquid pressure recovery factor is used in the calculation KD 0.8 No
of choked pressure drop.
Vapor pressure calculation method
Vapor pressure calculation is the method has two
VPCalcMethod options KD 0 No
0 – SIMPLE
1 – RIGOROUS
Vapor pressure
Pvapuser For SIMPLE vapor calculation method this shall be KD 0 Yes kPa
entered by the user.
Actuator
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Actuator type
ActType KI DIAPHRAGM No
Allowable values are

Valve

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
0 = DIAPHRAGM
1 = MOTOR.
Action flag
Action 0 = REVERSE KI DIRECT Yes
1 = DIRECT
Reverse action reverses direction of valve travel.
Position with no motive power
PosNoMp Position that the valve travels to if MP is zero. KD 0 Yes fraction
Has no effect on valves with MOTOR actuators.
Time to open
TimeOp KD 30 Yes sec
Time from full closed to full open.
Time to close
TimeCl KD 30 Yes sec
Time from full open to full closed.
Rtype Type of rate travel
KI LINEAR No
0 = LINEAR
1 = FIRST_ORDER
Full travel relay flag
For motor actuators only. If set to zero, the valve
FTRelay position will only move for the duration of the KB 0 Yes
signal pulse. If set to one, the valve will move fully
to an open or closed position upon a single pulse.
Sizing
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Size valve Cv during Load full
Flag to size valve. If Wref ,DPref, Rmassref, or
SizeFlag Aref are left blank, current operating conditions KB 0 No
will be used. Piref is only required to size critical
flow valves.
Valve sizing basis
Set to Conditions to size the valve from reference
SizeBasis KI CONDITIONS No
process conditions.
Set to Line to specify a line size valve.
Reference mass flow rate
Reference mass flow for valve sizing. If left blank,
Wref KD Yes kg/sec
current operating flow will be used to size the
valve.
Reference pressure drop
DPref KD 70 Yes kPa
Reference pressure drop for valve sizing.
Reference mass density
Reference mass density for valve sizing. If left
Rmassref KD Yes kg/m3
blank, current operating mass density will be
used to size the valve.

Valve

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Aref Reference area fraction
KD 0.6 Yes fraction
Reference area fraction for Valve sizing.
Reference inlet pressure
Reference inlet pressure for critical valve sizing.
Piref If left blank, current inlet pressure will be used to KD Yes kPa
size the valve. Piref is only required for valves
with critical flow flag checked.
Dia Internal pipe (line) diameter KD 0.164 No m
Valve body for line size valve sizing
Body type for sizing line size valves.
0 = GLOBE
ValveBody KI Globe No
1 = BUTTERFLY
2 = GATE
3 = BALL
External Inputs
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Open command
Op Open command is the only input signal for SD 0 Yes fraction
DIAPHRAGM actuators.
Close command
Used for motor-operated valves with separate open
and close commands. When equal to one, the valve
Cl SD 0 Yes fraction
will move to the closed position. The valve will
only move while Cl is set to one unless FTRelay is
set to one
Normalized motive power
Note that this may be used in conjunction with
PosNoMP for override control.
PosNoMP < 0 (default):

If MP < 1,valve will fail in place. If MP = 1,valve
demand will be Op/Cl demand
Mp DD INSTAIR Yes fraction
.
PosNoMP >= 0 (user specified):
If MP = 0, valve demand will be PosNoMP.
If 1 > MP > 0,Valve demand will vary
linearly with MP between Op/Cl demand and
PosNoMP. If MP = 1, Valve demand will be
Op/Cl demand.
Stop command
Stop Command to stop travel of motor-operated Valve if SI 0 Yes
FTRelay is set to one.
Bypass valve flow conductance (kg/sec)/
Jbyp DD No
Connect the calculated flow conductance J from a sqrt(kPa-

Valve
separate bypass valve to the Jbyp of the actual m3)

valve. Specify Cv in the bypass valve. The bypass
valve should not have any stream connections.
Isolation valve flow conductance
Connect the calculated flow conductance J from a (kg/sec)/
Jiso separate isolation valve to Jiso of the actual valve. DD sqrt(kPa-
Specify Cv in the isolation valve. The isolation m3)
valve should not have any stream connections.

Valve
Limit Switches
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Closed limit switch
Set to one to create a closed limit switch.
Ls0 DI 1 No
0 = Open Limit Switch
1 = Closed Limit Switch
Close limit switch setting
Closed limit switch is on when Pos <=( 0.0 - Ks0s + Ls0s).
Ls0s KD 0 No
(typical value is 0.001)Ls0s should be less than (-Ks0s) value to
allow full travel.
Open limit switch
Set to one to create an open limit switch.
Ls1 DI 0 No
Open limit switch setting
Open limit switch is on when Pos >=(1.0 + Ks1s - Ls1)s
Ls1s KD 0 No
.(typical value is 0.001)Ls1s should be less than Ks1s value to
allow full travel.
Torque Switches
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Torque switch @ 0% position
Set to one to create a closed torque switch.
Qs0 DI 0 No
Close torque switch setting
Closed torque switch on when Pos <=( 0.0 - Ks0s + Qs0s).
Qs0s KD 0 No
Qs0s should be less than (-Ks0s) value to allow full travel.
Typical value is 0.001.
Torque switch @ 100% position
Set to one to create a open torque switch.
Qs1 DI 0 No
Open torque switch setting
Open torque switch on when Pos >= (1.0 + Ks1s - Qs1s).
Qs1s KD 0 No
Qs1s should be less than Ks1s value to allow full travel.
Typical value is 0.001.
Torque switch pulse duration
QsPulse If initialized minimum pulse duration is Period, otherwise KD 0 No sec
duration is infinite
QsTimer Torque switch timer SD 0 No sec

Valve
Advanced
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
CusTrim Custom trim table (A Vs L)
Predefined custom trim types include
0 = LINEAR
1 = EQUALPERCENT
2 = QUICKOPEN
3 = BUTTERFLY
KI LINEAR No
4 = MODLIN
5 = UNIROT
6 = COUNTERROT
7 =USER
If User is selected, CusTrimTable must also be
provided.
CusTrimTable Custom trim table (A vs. L)
Custom trim table for user defined trim type.
Create a standalone STATIC DOUBLE
function table that defines the desired valve
characteristic. Give it a name such as
VALVETRIMCURVE. Typical table,may look
like this:
6 -999
User
0.0 0.0 KD 0 Yes
Specified
0.2 0.3
0.4 0.5
0.6 0.9
0.8 0.95
1.0 1.0
Refer to this curve as VALVETRIMCURVE[0].
Be sure to indicate that it is a vector with the
trailing zero.
CusCamTable Custom cam table (L vs. Pos)
Custom cam table. Linear table (L = Pos) is
used if custom cam table is not specified. To
use, create a standalone STATIC DOUBLE
function table that defines the desired valve
cam
characteristic. Give it a name such as
VALVECAMCURVE. Typical table may look
like this, User
KD 0 No
6 -999 Specified
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.3
0.4 0.5
0.6 0.9
0.8 0.95
1.0 1.0
Refer to this curve as VALVECAMCURVE[0].
Be sure to indicate that it is a vector with the

Valve

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
trailing zero.
Deadband Positioner Deadband
Valve will not move for input signal changes KD 0 Yes fraction
smaller than deadband. Default value is 0.
Ks0s KD 0.001 No
Closed position travel limit = 0.0 - Ks0s.
Ks1s KD 0.001 No
Open position travel limit = 1.0 + Ks0s.
Calculated Values
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Normalized area
A Normalized area calculated from Valve lift L and custom DD 0 No fraction
trim.
Valve lift
L Valve lift calculated from Valve position and custom cam. DD 0 No fraction
For standard linear cam, L is equal to Pos.
Flow Conductance
(kg/sec)/
J DD 0 No sqrt(kPa-
(∆P * R) where W is mass flow, ∆P is pressure drop, and R
m3)
is mass density in internal units.
Valve stem position (measured)
Pos This corresponds to the measured stem position and should SD 0 No fraction
be used for control cross-referencing.
Position demand (internal)
PosDemInt SD 0 No fraction
Internally calculated position demand.
Status of full travel relay
Travel Travel indication. +1 indicates opening, 0 indicates static, KI 0 No
and -1 indicates closing.
DP Pressure drop across Valve DD 0 No kPa
Derivatives
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Valve stem position derivative
dPos Derivative of Valve position. A positive value indicates DD 0 No fraction/sec
that the Valve is opening.

Valve
Topology
Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Feed Stream
Valve feed stream. Identifies the feed, or inlet, stream
and its associated fluid properties. This entry must be
unique to all other feed streams in the flowsheet.
OFeedStream STREAM
However, this entry can be the same as a product
stream identifier from another unit. OFeedStream
and OProdStream cannot be the same. Only one feed
stream can be connected to the Valve.
Product Stream
Valve product stream. Identifies the product, or
outlet, stream and its associated fluid properties. This
entry must be unique to all other product streams in
OProdStream STREAM
the flowsheet. However, this entry can be the same as
a feed stream identifier to another unit. OFeedStream
and OProdStream cannot be the same. Only one
product stream can be connected from the Valve.
Legend:
not a vector.
reaction submodel.

Valve
FAQ
Q. What is a valve Cv and what value should I use?
A. Valve Cv is the standard measure of valve capacitance. By definition, a valve with a Cv of one
can pass one gpm of water with a pressure drop of one psi at standard conditions. Control valve
Cvs are available from valve manufacturer catalogs or instrument data sheets. If the control valve
Cv is not available, use DYNSIM model valve Cv calculator (valve sizing) or select an
approximate control Cv from the table below.
Line Diameter (in.) Control (Full port globe Isolation (Gate valve)
valve)
2 50 320
6 180 1200
12 2000 13000
18 4200 27000
However, this Cv should be further tuned by consulting a control valve manufacturer sizing
manual or use the following equation.
W
C v = 1327 ⋅
A ⋅ ∆P ⋅ Rmass
where:
W – Design mass flow rate in (kg/sec)
ΔP – Design valve pressure drop in (kPa)
Rmass – Mass density in (kg/m3)
Cv – Control valve Cv in (Cv)
A – Design valve opening in (fraction).
These design values may represent a typical steady state operating conditions where all selected
values are on a consistent basis. Typically, valves should be designed to operate at about 60%
open, so use a design valve opening of around 0.6. Most actual control valves need a minimum
pressure drop 100 kPa (15 psi) for adequate control. This equation applies only to valves without
choked flow. Refer to the section on Flow Conductance in the Base Equipment fundamentals
section for more discussion.
Please note that most of the discussion applies to control valves. Isolation valves are typically in
series with control valves and their Cv can be approximated from the table above without a
significant impact on model accuracy.
In DYNSIM application, it is best to use reasonable Cvs to maintain stable pressure flow
behavior.

Valve
Q. How do I use the DYNSIM model Valve Cv calculator?
A. In DYNSIM model, valve Cv can be calculated by providing either reference operating

conditions or line size (pipe internal diameter).
To calculate the Cv using the operating conditions, provide the desired mass flow and pressure
drop at 60% valve opening along with the fluid mass density. Note that the valve inlet stream
mass flow and mass density will be used if reference operating conditions are not provided.
Critical valve Cv can also be calculated by providing inlet valve pressure along with the
mentioned operating conditions.
To calculate the Cv for a line size valve, specify line valve body type (Globe, Gate, Butterfly or
Ball) along with the line internal diameter.
Q. What is the difference between a Valve diaphragm and motor actuator?
A. A diaphragm-actuated has a single input command called Op. A motor actuator has two input
commands Op for open and Cl for close. The use of two input signals for open and close is
required for OTS applications since these are the signals from the DCS.
Q. My flow calculation does not seem correct for the conductance that I calculated.
A. The flow in the Valve could be critical, if the critical flag is set. Also, if the pressure drop is
very low, a flow is calculated as a linear function of delta pressure rather than as the square root
of delta pressure. This will be the case if the delta pressure is less than the value of the flow
device parameter DPLin. DPLin can be increased to avoid flow instability around zero flow
conditions.
Q. What is the critical parameter XT for a Valve and where do I get it?
A. XT is used by the ISA (Instrument Society of America) for calculating critical or choked flow
in a Valve. A default value of 0.7 is usually good for globe valves. XT is available from most
valve manufacturers. However, some manufactures have used different equations and critical
flow constants. Masoneilan used Cf and Fisher used C1. Here is how to calculate XT from either
Cf or C1.
2
X T = 0.84C f
2
C 
XT =  1 
 40 
Q. How do I model a check valve to keep flows from reversing?
A. Set the KJr parameter to 0. If there is a flow path, setting KJr to 0 for just one of the flow
devices in the flow path will ensure that there will be no reverse flow.

Valve
Q. I know that the liquid should be flashing across a Valve, but the outlet stream vapor
fraction is zero, and temperature is not changing.
A. To reduce unnecessary calculations, flow devices such as Valve do not flash their outlet
properties unless they are requested. Check the "Calculate Outlet Properties" box on the Data
Entry Window, or set FlashFlag equal to true in the OEV to update the outlet stream temperature,
vapor fraction and density.
Q. I want to use a custom valve trim or custom cam, but I can’t figure out how to do it.
A. To create a custom trim, you must first define a standalone point. To define a custom trim or
cam, create an standalone STATIC_DOUBLE function table that defines the desired
characteristic. Select STATIC_DOUBLE and give it a name such as VALVE_CURVE. Select
function table and put in points like this.
6 -999
0 0.
0.2 0.30
0.4 0.50
0.6 0.90
0.8 0.95
1.0 1.0
Where 6 is the number of pairs. Each row is an x/y pair. Refer to this standalone point vector in
the custom trim. Be sure to indicate that it is a vector by adding the [0]
CUSTRIM = VALVE_CURVE[0]
Q. How do I fail all control valves in a simulation due to plant wide loss of instrument air?
A. There is a global standalone point called INSTAIR, which is set by default to the motive
power of each Valve. Place a point reference on any flowsheet. Edit attributes and check "Allow
Setting Value.” Then, you may set the value to one to have full instrument air pressure and to
zero to have complete loss of instrument air. The result of failure of instrument air varies with
the setting of parameter PosNoMP.
Q. How do I fail a control valve due to instrument air tube leakage/rupture of a control
valve?
A. The Valve.MP parameter should be dis-associated from global point INSTAIR. Then you
may set the value of Valve.MP to one to have full instrument air pressure and to zero to have
complete loss of instrument air.

Appendix I
Appendix I – Legacy Pressure-Flow Solver

With DYNSIM model 4.0, a new Simultaneous pressure-flow solver was introduced that replaces
the old iterated system of nested nodes and flow paths. Since simulations created before
DYNSIM model 4.0 will still be using the old solver, the documentation for the legacy solver is
preserved here for reference purposes.
Networks
The pressure flow solver views a simulation as a group of networks. Each network includes sets
of flow paths and pressure nodes surrounded by explicit pressure boundaries.
• The boundaries to a network have a constant pressure for the duration of the integration
time step. It can be a Source, a Sink, or other pressure node with a pressure boundary
flag set, or an explicitly integrated pressure node. By definition, the network is
completely bounded by explicit state or boundary pressure nodes
• Pressure nodes that are not explicit are solved iteratively by the network. The pressure in
an incompressible holdup is solved so that they are constantly in mass balance.
Compressible holdups are solved by implicit integration.
• The flow path determines the flow in each flow path (flow device chain) between two
pressure nodes.
The network coordinates the solution of the flow paths to determine the pressure node pressures.
The network also automatically determines the pressure node nesting strategy.
Flow Paths
A flow path is a chain of flow devices between pressure nodes. The flow path is identified by the
name of the first stream entering the first flow device. The net flow calculator is a hidden model
that coordinates the execution of flow devices from one pressure node to another to solve the flow
path. There can only be a single inlet and a single exit in a flow path.
Simple Conductance Chain
A simple conductance is one that can be modeled with the Darcy Equation described in flow
conductance. Each flow device provides conductivity, mole density, and molecular weight for
the downstream model. For a simple conductance flow path, the flow rate is calculated by the net
flow calculator and not the equipment model.
Simple conductance devices include:
• Pipe without sonic flow

• Valve without critical flow
• Heat Exchanger (process side)
• Pump/Compressor at zero speed
• Stream Set
• Slate Change
• Fired Heater (Tube Pass)
• Multi Exchanger (Flow Pass).

Appendix I
For Valves, Cv is the user supplied flow conductance parameter. The Valve calculates the
internal conductance, J, from the Cv and Valve position, and returns this value to the net flow
calculator. Similarly, the Pipe can determine the internal conductance from Pipe diameter,
length, and Moody friction factor calculated from the Colebrook equation. Since the density
changes through the flow path, an equivalent J that includes density dependence is used.
J eq = J ⋅ R
The flow through the flow path is then determined using the equivalent conductance for all the
flow devices in the flow path.
1 Flow
 1 
Jeq 2
= ∑  J
Path i
2 
⋅R
or
∆P
F = EQFF ( J 1 R1 , J 2 R2 ,......, J i Ri ) ⋅
MW
where:
F - Flow (kg-mol/sec)
Ji - Flow conductance of ith flow device ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
i - Total number of flow devices in a flow path
Jeq - Equivalent conductance for the flow path ((kg/sec)/sqrt(kPa-kg/m3))
∆P - Pressure drop across the flow path (kPa)
Ri - Mole density in ith flow device (kg-mol/m3)
EQFF - Function that determines the equivalent conductance for flow devices in series.
By default, the flash calculations for each flow device are turned off such that the same
density is used for each flow device (other than flow devices that have incompressible holdups
such as Pipe and heat exchanger). Where densities change significantly, the flash in the upstream
device may be turned on so that the flow device has the correct inlet density in the feed stream.
Single Critical Flow Device
Critical flow devices are those that cannot be modeled by the Darcy Equation. If there is a single
critical flow device between two pressure nodes, the net flow calculator calls the flow device to
calculate the flow rate from the inlet and exit pressure. Flow devices with critical flow
calculations include:
• Relief Valve
• Pipe with sonic flow
• Valve with critical flow
• Compressor
• Expander
• Pump.

Appendix I
If there is only a single critical flow device in the flow path, there can be critical flow in either the
forward or reverse direction.
Multiple Flow Devices with One or More Critical Device
If there are multiple flow devices, and one or more of the flow devices are critical, the flow path
cannot be collapsed into a simple conductance chain as described above or solved by a single
flow device. An iterative algorithm guesses flow rate to calculate the flow path’s inlet pressure
from its exit pressure. Flow is iterated until the inlet pressure calculated by the flow path equals
that of the upstream pressure node. The flow path calls the flow device to calculate the inlet
pressure from the exit pressure and flow.
DYNSIM application will calculate inlet pressure for this situation rather than exit
pressure since inlet pressure is always determinate for critical flow conditions. Exit pressure is
not determinate for critical flow conditions. Therefore, it is only possible to calculate critical
flow in the forward direction for multiple flow devices in a flow path. For reverse flow, flow
devices only perform non-critical flow (Darcy) calculations.
Elevation
The effect of elevation is important to modeling pressure flow systems for liquids. Each pressure
node has an associated elevation. The pressures of streams attached to a pressure node reflect the
static head from the liquid level to the stream’s nozzle elevation. Streams that are between flow
devices reflect the minimum elevation of the flow path inlet elevation and flow path exit
elevation. Flow devices do not require information regarding elevation or even change in
elevation, but use the elevation of the flow path inlet steam and the flow path exit stream to
calculate the effect of static head on the flow path.
Forced Flow
If there is a "Forced-Flow" flow device, such as the Stream Set model with a flow boundary set,
then the flow path uses the value set by the forced flow. All other flow devices are ignored in the
calculation of flow and the entire pressure drop is assumed to occur across the Forced flow
device. The only equipment model that can force a flow is the Stream Set model.
Blocked Flow Path
If a flow path is blocked, and there are multiple flow devices in the flow path, the flow is set to
zero. The pressures from the upstream pressure node are copied to all of the streams up to the
inlet stream of the blocked flow device, and the pressures from the downstream stream are copied
to all of the streams back to the exit stream of the blocked flow device. If there is more than one
blocked flow device, the intermediate pressures are assumed to remain constant until at least one
side of the blockage is removed.
Pressure Node Solutions

Appendix I
Pressure nodes with compressible holdups and large volumes can be solved by explicit
integration using the solution option called Explicit. The pressures of Explicit pressure nodes are
solved outside the pressure flow solver such that their pressure is regarded as a boundary pressure
for the network for that time step. However pressure nodes with Incompressible holdups, or
Compressible holdups with small volumes must be solved using an iterative approach.
Iterated-Incompressible Solution
Incompressible holdups are solved by assuming a mole balance around the pressure node. The
pressure is iterated until the sum of all flows in and out equal zero.
Inlet Exit
∑ Fi ⋅ MWi =
Streams
∑F
Streams
x ⋅ MW x
where:
Fi - Flow rate of inlet streams (kg-mol/sec)
MWi - Molecular weight of inlet streams (kg/kg-mol)
Fx - Flow rate of exit streams (kg-mol/sec)
MWx - Molecular weight of xth exit streams (kg/kg-mol)
Examples include:
• Liquid-filled Headers.
• Headers that contain vapor but have small volumes.
• Drums and Separators those become liquid filled.
The Incompressible solution is general and can be used for either Incompressible or Compressible
fluids. An Iterated-Incompressible solution is usually preferred for Compressible fluids since the
algorithm is faster than the implicit integration required for Iterated-Compressible holdups.
Iterated-Compressible Solution (Implicit Integration)
Compressible holdups are solved by guessing the pressure until the total mole derivative
calculated by the sum of all flows equals the total mole derivative calculated by performing a
flash. Implicit integration is performed locally and iteratively to guarantee numerical stability.
Examples where Iterated-Compressible solution should be used include:
• Very small vessels such as a thermosyphon reboiler that exhibit numerical instability
• Headers that contain vapor but have small volumes. Please note that an Incompressible
solution may be sufficiently accurate for these Headers.
Either Iterated-Incompressible or Explicit Compressible solutions should be tried before using an

Iterated-Compressible solution. Iterated-Compressible should only be used if the other options
exhibit unacceptable dynamics or numerical instability.

Appendix I
The use of an Iterated-Compressible solution should be used judiciously. Use it when an

Incompressible solution results in an unacceptable pressure cycling that occurs every simulation
time step. Iterated-Compressible solutions avoids reducing the time step for an entire simulation
just for a single equipment model that may not be numerically stable using explicit integration at
the large time step.
Explicit Compressible Integration
Explicit Compressible integration is performed outside of the pressure flow solver. The Explicit
pressure node provides a pressure boundary for the network. Use this option if Compressible
dynamics are required and numerical instability is not observed.
Explicit-Incompressible Integration
Explicit integration is most commonly used for Compressible holdups. However, Explicit
integration is also available for Incompressible holdups. Explicit-Incompressible solution is
sometimes required to separate one large pressure flow network into two smaller networks. It is
also used for Explicit Compressible vessels that may become liquid filled during the course of a
simulation. Pressure for the following time step is calculated by determining a pressure
derivative based on the flow imbalance in the pressure node and also assuming an artificial
compressibility for the fluid. This compressibility should be tuned so that it is as fast as possible
while maintaining numerically stable results.
Inlet Exit
d
∑ Fi − ∑ Fx
P = KdPs ⋅ Streams Streams
dt ∂F
∂P
where:
Fi - Inlet mole flow rate (kg-mol/sec)
Fx - Exit mole flow rate (kg-mol/sec)
KdPs - Pressure derivative scale factor (fraction)
P - Equipment pressure in (kPa)
δF/δP - Flow sensitivity to pressure (kg-mol/sec/kPa)
Nested Pressure Nodes
The pressure flow solver automatically sets the convergence criteria for each Header. The flow
tolerance FTol parameter of the pressure node will be used to set the value of all top level
iterations in the network. For example, the pressures in Header H2 will be solved until all of the
flows in and out sum to FTol where H1, H3, and H4 are explicit or boundary pressures.

Appendix I
Each lower level of nesting will have smaller convergence criteria, scaled by the parameter
ConFac. For example in the following figure, H2 will be solved to the tolerance FTol (0.0001),
while H4 will be solved to the tolerance ConFac*FTol (0.000025), where H1, H3, H5, and H6 are
explicit or boundary pressures.
The parameters FTOL and ConFac are advanced and can only be accessed through the
advanced edit view of the object editor viewer. Networks with deeply nested Headers can be
slow to solve. Unnecessary Headers should be eliminated by combining flow devices into a
single flow path. Also consider separating large networks into two smaller networks using
Explicit pressure Nodes.
Local-Iterated
Local-Iterated is a hybrid of the Explicit and Iterated solutions where each pressure node
pressure is solved iteratively as a top-level pressure node such that there is not an exact
simultaneous solution of the network. A Local-Iterated solution shows increased numerical
stability compared to Explicit and is computationally faster than nested iterated Headers. The

Appendix I
disadvantage of Local-Iterated solution is that the solution may not be exact such that a mass and
energy balance may not be perfectly maintained. Therefore, care should be exercised in using
Local-Iterated solutions. Local-Iterated is also referred to as a “Semi-Implicit” solution.
Network Statistics
The Network Statistics tool provides a display of major parameters for the pressure nodes and
flow paths of an engine. To use network statistics, select it from the Tools drop-down menu of
the main SIM4ME DYNSIM screen. A sample of the network statistics dialog box is shown
below.
All the networks in the simulation are listed under the Network tree display frame. The primary
level of the tree is the list of all network objects in the simulation. Expanding the tree provides a
list of pressure nodes and flow devices in the network. The tree does not provide any other
functionality. To the right of network tree display is the data display frame. The Simultaneous
Pressure Nodes table displays lists all the pressure nodes, including any intermediate pressure
nodes between flow devices. These intermediate pressure nodes have the Class name
“FlowDevicePNode”.
The network name BASEMODEL_NETWORK is for use with DYNSIM model’s legacy
pressure flow solver. The Netsolve Headers and Flows are to be used with the Netsolve library
for power plant simulators, and are not included with the standard DYNSIM product release.
Clicking on any column heading in the data display panel sorts the table by that column. A
second click reverses the sort order.
The table shows data for the network object expanded and highlighted in the tree. You must
expand the object to display the associated Headers and flows in the table. The tree branch
location indicates the level of iteration nesting.

Appendix I
Base Pressure Node Table Column Legend

Parameter
Description
Name
Name Pressure node name
Class Pressure node type, such as Header or Drum
Nest Lv1 Iteration nesting level of pressure node
TOP – top level of iteration
1,2, or 3….. – level of nesting
Blank – pressure node is not an Iterated pressure node
Type Pressure solution type (Explicit/ Iterated)
P Pressure
Volume Pressure node volume
DFDP Instantaneous sensitivity of flow with respect to pressure. The larger this
number, the more difficult it is for the solver to converge quickly
DFDPAVG Time averaged sensitivity of flow with respect to pressure. The larger this
number, the more difficult it is for the solver to converge quickly
NITERS Total number of iterations per simulation time step. For nested Iterated
Headers, the number of iterations per convergence is NITERS/ NCALLS
NCALLS Total number of convergence calls per simulation time step
CONV Flow squared convergence criteria
BAL Mole balance of the flows in and out of pressure node
Base Flow Paths Node Table Column Legend

Parameter
Description
Name
Name Stream name
Type Flow path type
Density Density
MW Molecular weight
NITERS Number of iterations to converge the intermedium pressure
PTOL Flow path intermedium pressure tolerance
DPLIN Flow path flow linearization delta pressure
WLIN Flow path property linearization mass flow

Appendix I
Simultaneous Pressure Node Table Column Legend

Parameter
Description
Name
Name Pressure node name
Class Pressure node type, such as Header or Drum, or FlowDevicePNode
Type Pressure solution type (Simultaneous)
P Pressure
Volume Pressure node volume
NITERS Total number of iterations per simulation time step.
NCALLS Total number of convergence calls per simulation time step
BAL Mole balance of the flows in and out of pressure node
Simultaneous Flow Devices Node Table Column Legend

Parameter
Description
Name
Name Flow device name
Type Simple or Critical
Density Density
MW Molecular weight
NITERS Total number of iterations per simulation time step.
DPLIN Flow path flow linearization delta pressure
Notes:
•
All values are shown in internal units of measure (UOM), regardless of the
current display UOM slate setting (only for net solve Headers and flows). Base
Pressure Nodes – UOM shown is as per the current UOM slate selected
• For simultaneous networks, the first cell in a row is marked yellow if the network is
converging slowly (NITERS >= 64). It is marked in red if the Simultaneous
solution fails to converge. For the BASEMODEL_NETWORK, a red-highlighted
row indicates a slowly converging Iterated Header. This signals a possible
performance problem, and is a hint to the engineer to investigate the cause. The
criteria for a red-highlighted row in an iteratively solved network is either
DFDPAVG > 500 or NITERS / NCALLS > 5.
• Iterated Headers are shown in the tree, branched by nested iteration relationship
• Base Pressure Nodes are shown in the tree, grouped by pressure solution type:
Iterated or Explicit.
• Simultaneous pressure nodes, including any artificial pressure nodes associated with
flow devices are shown one level below.

Appendix I
Flow Path First Stream Parameters

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
First stream on the flow path
The flag is used to indicate whether it is the first stream
FirstStream KB No
on the flow path. If it is the first stream, then some
parameters will be created for continuity calculation.
Flow path property linearization mass flow
WLin If the mass flow rate is lower than this value, continuity KD 0.1 No kg/sec
will be activated on stream and flow device properties.
MaxNiters Flow path intermedium maximum iterations. KI 30 Yes
DPLin Flow path flow linearization delta pressure. KD 10 Yes kPa
(kg/sec)/
Flow path property linearization closed conductance.
JClosed KD 0.01 Yes sqrt(kPa-
Used to calculate continuity for the streams.
kg/m3)
Number of iterations to converge the intermedium
Niters DI No
pressure
Flow Device Base Parameters

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
DP Pressure drop across flow device. DD No kPa
Pressure difference due to static head.
This is the pressure difference due to static head based
DPHead DD No 0 kPa
on inlet minus outlet. It is used by the pressure flow
solver.
Pressure Node Base Parameters

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Mole flow balance
kg-mol/
Bal This value indicates the Mole flow balance of the pressure DD No
sec
node.
Nested tolerance convergence factor
It is used to calculate a tighter tolerance for nested
ConFac KD 0.25 No 0
pressure nodes. A smaller value results in a tighter
tolerance for more deeply nested pressure nodes.
Sensitivity of flow to pressure.
kg-mol/
dFdP This value indicates the sensitivity of flow to pressure for DD No
sec/kPa
the last iteration.
Average sensitivity of flow to pressure
kg-mol/
dFdPAvg This value indicates the average sensitivity of flow to DD No
sec/kPa
pressure for the last iteration.
Relative elevation
E KD 0 No 0 m

Appendix I

Description UOM
Name Cls Val Ok Siz
Network Fail Rate
This value indicates the network failure rate in fraction for
FailRate DD No
the pressure node itself and all its nested pressure nodes.
It is a moving averaging value with 20 sample counts.
Flow convergence tolerance
Flow convergence tolerance for ITERATED and
LOCAL_ITERATED solution with flow base converging kg-
FTol KD 0.001 No 0
algorithm. This includes pressure nodes with mol/sec
INCOMPRESSIBLE spec and Header with ConvType =
FLOW.
Explicit-Incompressible derivative tuning factor.
This parameter is used to dampen dynamic response for
KdPs KD 1 Yes 0 fraction
EXPLICIT integration solution when INCOMPRESSIBLE
or liquid filled.
Maximum number of iterations.
MaxNiters Defines maximum number of iterations for the network KI 20 No
solver. The default is 20.
Number of calls
NCalls This is the total number of calls that the pressure nodes DI No
execute each time step.
Number of iterations
This is the total number of iterations that the pressure
nodes executed each time step. For nested pressure nodes,
NIters DI No
the total number will be cumulative from all solutions with
higher-level pressure nodes. To determine the total
number of iterations per solution, use NITERS/NCALLS.
Legend:
not a vector.

Invensys Systems, Inc.
26561 Rancho Parkway South
Lake Forest, CA 92630
United States of America
http://iom.invensys.com
Global Customer Support

Inside U.S.: 1-866-746-6477
Outside U.S.: 1-508-549-2424 or contact your
local Invensys Representative.
Email: iom.support@invensys.com
Website: http://support.ips.invensys.com

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Pipe

Parameter Dft Dft Eq Arr

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lves This number is used for the calculation of

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heat transfer from fluid to metal.

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FlowPattern contains the flow regimes

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Calculate kinetic energy change flag

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Q. How do I tune the heat loss to ambient?

Q. How do I model long gas pipelines?

Q. Can I model water hammer in long liquid pipelines?

A. Yes. Use FlowCalcOption as Darcy with Fluid Inertia, DynamicsOption as Incompressible

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Q. How do I avoid residence time warning message?

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There are three operating regions for a Pump:

• Normal Pump operation where the head is always positive

Pump does not include either fluid or metal thermal holdup.

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Default Performance Curve

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Default performance curve

User Defined Performance Curve

User defined performance curve

1.4 Entered Data

Performance Curve Adjustments

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AdjustedETAData = ETAScale ⋅ ETAData

Wind milling and Reverse Flow

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NPSH available is calculated by the equation below:

1000 ⋅ ( Pi + StHead − Pvap )

(iStrmEi − iStrmEx ) × g × Rf × MWf

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Data Entry Window Usage

Pump Design Conditions

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Wind milling and Reverse Flow

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Solution Options Tab

The interpolation method corresponds to the InterpolationMethod parameter. If the number of

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External Inputs Tab

External Speed Calculations

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Parameter Dft Dft Eq Arr

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